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subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Image_diameter_and_coverage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Image_diameter_and_coverage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Image diameter and coverage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Image_diameter_and_coverage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Focal_length" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Focal_length"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Focal length </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Focal_length-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Circular_fisheyes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Circular_fisheyes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Circular fisheyes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Circular_fisheyes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diagonal_fisheyes_(a.k.a._full-frame_or_rectangular)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diagonal_fisheyes_(a.k.a._full-frame_or_rectangular)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Diagonal fisheyes (a.k.a. full-frame or rectangular) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diagonal_fisheyes_(a.k.a._full-frame_or_rectangular)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portrait_or_cropped-circle_fisheyes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portrait_or_cropped-circle_fisheyes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Portrait or cropped-circle fisheyes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portrait_or_cropped-circle_fisheyes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Miniature_fisheye_lenses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Miniature_fisheye_lenses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Miniature fisheye lenses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Miniature_fisheye_lenses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples_and_specific_models" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples_and_specific_models"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Examples and specific models </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Examples_and_specific_models-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Examples and specific models subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Examples_and_specific_models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Noteworthy_fisheye_lenses_for_APS-C_cameras" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noteworthy_fisheye_lenses_for_APS-C_cameras"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Noteworthy fisheye lenses for APS-C cameras </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noteworthy_fisheye_lenses_for_APS-C_cameras-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Circular_APS-C_fisheye_lenses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Circular_APS-C_fisheye_lenses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Circular APS-C fisheye lenses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Circular_APS-C_fisheye_lenses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diagonal_APS-C_fisheye_lenses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diagonal_APS-C_fisheye_lenses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.2 Diagonal APS-C fisheye lenses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diagonal_APS-C_fisheye_lenses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zoom_APS-C_fisheye_lenses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zoom_APS-C_fisheye_lenses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.3 Zoom APS-C fisheye lenses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zoom_APS-C_fisheye_lenses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Noteworthy_fisheye_lenses_for_35_mm_full_frame_cameras" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noteworthy_fisheye_lenses_for_35_mm_full_frame_cameras"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Noteworthy fisheye lenses for 35 mm full frame cameras </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noteworthy_fisheye_lenses_for_35_mm_full_frame_cameras-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Circular_fisheye_lenses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Circular_fisheye_lenses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 Circular fisheye lenses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Circular_fisheye_lenses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Full-frame_(i.e._diagonal)_fisheye_lenses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Full-frame_(i.e._diagonal)_fisheye_lenses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.2 Full-frame (i.e. diagonal) fisheye lenses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Full-frame_(i.e._diagonal)_fisheye_lenses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zoom_fisheye_lenses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zoom_fisheye_lenses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.3 Zoom fisheye lenses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zoom_fisheye_lenses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Curiosities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Curiosities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.4 Curiosities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Curiosities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sample_images" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sample_images"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Sample images </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sample_images-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Other applications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mapping_function" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mapping_function"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Mapping function </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mapping_function-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul 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Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" > 28 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryb%C3%AD_oko" title="Rybí oko – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rybí oko" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiske%C3%B8jeobjektiv" title="Fiskeøjeobjektiv – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fiskeøjeobjektiv" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fischaugenobjektiv" title="Fischaugenobjektiv – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Fischaugenobjektiv" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalasilm" title="Kalasilm – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kalasilm" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objetivo_ojo_de_pez" title="Objetivo ojo de pez – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Objetivo ojo de pez" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrain-begi_objektibo" title="Arrain-begi objektibo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Arrain-begi objektibo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B2_%DA%86%D8%B4%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C" title="لنز چشم‌ماهی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لنز چشم‌ماهی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objectif_fisheye" title="Objectif fisheye – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Objectif fisheye" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionsa_s%C3%BAil_%C3%A9isc" title="Lionsa súil éisc – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Lionsa súil éisc" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%96%B4%EC%95%88_%EB%A0%8C%EC%A6%88" title="어안 렌즈 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="어안 렌즈" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lensa_mata_ikan" title="Lensa mata ikan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lensa mata ikan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%C3%A6%D1%84%D0%B4%D0%B7%C3%A6%D1%81%D1%82" title="Кæфдзæст – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Кæфдзæст" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish-eye" title="Fish-eye – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fish-eye" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%93%D7%A9%D7%AA_%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%93%D7%92" title="עדשת עין הדג – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עדשת עין הדג" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halszemoptika" title="Halszemoptika – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Halszemoptika" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanta_mata_ikan" title="Kanta mata ikan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kanta mata ikan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisheye-objectief" title="Fisheye-objectief – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Fisheye-objectief" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AD%9A%E7%9C%BC%E3%83%AC%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BA" title="魚眼レンズ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="魚眼レンズ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rybie_oko" title="Rybie oko – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rybie oko" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objetiva_olho_de_peixe" title="Objetiva olho de peixe – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Objetiva olho de peixe" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7_(%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2)" title="Рыбий глаз (объектив) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Рыбий глаз (объектив)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisheye_lens" title="Fisheye lens – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Fisheye lens" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribje_oko_(objektiv)" title="Ribje oko (objektiv) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ribje oko (objektiv)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalansilm%C3%A4" title="Kalansilmä – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kalansilmä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisk%C3%B6geobjektiv" title="Fiskögeobjektiv – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fiskögeobjektiv" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2" title="เลนส์ตาปลา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เลนส์ตาปลา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%B1%27%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Риб'яче око – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Риб'яче око" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B1%BC%E7%9C%BC%E9%95%9C%E5%A4%B4" title="鱼眼镜头 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="鱼眼镜头" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q121567#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Fisheye</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Fisheye-Nikkor_Auto_8mm_1-2.8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Fisheye-Nikkor_Auto_8mm_1-2.8.jpg/220px-Fisheye-Nikkor_Auto_8mm_1-2.8.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Fisheye-Nikkor_Auto_8mm_1-2.8.jpg/330px-Fisheye-Nikkor_Auto_8mm_1-2.8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Fisheye-Nikkor_Auto_8mm_1-2.8.jpg/440px-Fisheye-Nikkor_Auto_8mm_1-2.8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="3070" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Introduced in</th><td class="infobox-data">1924</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Author</th><td class="infobox-data">Wood (1905),<a href="#cite_note-Wood-1906-1">[1]</a> Bond (1922),<a href="#cite_note-Bond-1922-2">[2]</a> and Hill (1924)<a href="#cite_note-Hill-1924-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Construction</th><td class="infobox-data">Var. elements in Var. groups</td></tr></tbody></table> A fisheye lens is an <a href="/wiki/Ultra_wide_angle_lens" title="Ultra wide angle lens">ultra wide-angle lens</a> that produces strong <a href="/wiki/Distortion_(optics)" title="Distortion (optics)">visual distortion</a> intended to create a wide <a href="/wiki/Panorama" title="Panorama">panoramic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sphere#Hemisphere" title="Sphere">hemispherical</a> image.<a href="#cite_note-Horenstein-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kingslake-5">[5]</a>: 145  Fisheye lenses achieve extremely wide <a href="/wiki/Angle_of_view" class="mw-redirect" title="Angle of view">angles of view</a>, well beyond any rectilinear lens. Instead of producing images with straight lines of perspective (<a href="/wiki/Rectilinear_lens" title="Rectilinear lens">rectilinear images</a>), fisheye lenses use a special mapping ("distortion"; for example: <a href="/wiki/Lambert_azimuthal_equal-area_projection" title="Lambert azimuthal equal-area projection">equisolid angle</a>, see below), which gives images a characteristic convex non-rectilinear appearance. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Circular_fisheye_view_of_Oude_Kerk_Amsterdam_Daniel_D._Teoli_Jr..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Circular_fisheye_view_of_Oude_Kerk_Amsterdam_Daniel_D._Teoli_Jr..jpg/220px-Circular_fisheye_view_of_Oude_Kerk_Amsterdam_Daniel_D._Teoli_Jr..jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Circular_fisheye_view_of_Oude_Kerk_Amsterdam_Daniel_D._Teoli_Jr..jpg/330px-Circular_fisheye_view_of_Oude_Kerk_Amsterdam_Daniel_D._Teoli_Jr..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Circular_fisheye_view_of_Oude_Kerk_Amsterdam_Daniel_D._Teoli_Jr..jpg/440px-Circular_fisheye_view_of_Oude_Kerk_Amsterdam_Daniel_D._Teoli_Jr..jpg 2x" data-file-width="2417" data-file-height="2396" /></a><figcaption>Circular fisheye photograph of Oude Kerk Amsterdam. <a href="/wiki/Chromatic_aberration" title="Chromatic aberration">Chromatic aberration</a> can clearly be seen toward the outer edges.</figcaption></figure> The term fisheye was coined in 1906 by American physicist and inventor <a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Wood" title="Robert W. Wood">Robert W. Wood</a> based on how a fish would see an ultrawide hemispherical view from beneath the water (a phenomenon known as <a href="/wiki/Snell%27s_window" title="Snell's window">Snell's window</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Wood-1906-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kingslake-5">[5]</a>: 145  Their first practical use was in the 1920s for use in <a href="/wiki/Meteorology" title="Meteorology">meteorology</a><a href="#cite_note-Hill-1924-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brooks-6">[6]</a> to study cloud formation giving them the name whole-sky lenses. The angle of view of a fisheye lens is usually between 100 and 180 degrees,<a href="#cite_note-Horenstein-4">[4]</a> although lenses covering up to 280 degrees exist (see below). Their <a href="/wiki/Focal_length" title="Focal length">focal lengths</a> depend on the <a href="/wiki/Film_format" title="Film format">film format</a> they are designed for. <a href="/wiki/Mass_production" title="Mass production">Mass-produced</a> fisheye lenses for <a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">photography</a> first appeared in the early 1960s<a href="#cite_note-Compendium-7">[7]</a> and are generally used for their unique, distorted appearance. For the popular <a href="/wiki/135_film" title="135 film">35 mm film</a> format, typical focal lengths of fisheye lenses are 8–10 mm for circular images, and 12–18 mm for diagonal images filling the entire frame. For digital cameras using smaller imagers such as 1/4 in and 1/3 in format <a href="/wiki/Charge-coupled_device" title="Charge-coupled device">CCD</a> or <a href="/wiki/CMOS" title="CMOS">CMOS</a> sensors, the focal length of "miniature" fisheye lenses can be as short as 1–2 mm. Fisheye lenses also have other applications, such as re-projecting images originally filmed through a fisheye lens, or created via computer-generated graphics, onto hemispherical screens. They are also used for <a href="/w/index.php?title=Scientific_photography&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scientific photography (page does not exist)">scientific photography</a>, such as recordings of <a href="/wiki/Aurora_(astronomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aurora (astronomy)">aurora</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meteor" class="mw-redirect" title="Meteor">meteors</a>, and to study plant canopy geometry, and to calculate near-ground <a href="/wiki/Solar_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar radiation">solar radiation</a>. In everyday life, they are perhaps most commonly encountered as <a href="/wiki/Peephole" title="Peephole">peephole</a> door viewers to give a wide field of view. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_development">History and development</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fisheye_lens&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History and development">edit</a>]</div> Panoramas with fisheye distortion predate photography and the fisheye lens. In 1779, <a href="/wiki/Horace_B%C3%A9n%C3%A9dict_de_Saussure" title="Horace Bénédict de Saussure">Horace Bénédict de Saussure</a> published his downward-facing fisheye view of the Alps: "All the objects are drawn in perspective from the centre".<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 211.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 209.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Vue_circulaire_des_montagnes_qu_%E2%80%98on_decouvre_du_sommet_du_Glacier_de_Buet,_from_Horace-Benedict_de_Saussure,_Voyage_dans_les_Alpes,_pr%C3%A9c%C3%A9d%C3%A9s_d%27un_essai_sur_l%27histoire_naturelle_des_environs_de_Geneve._Neuchatel,_l779-96,_pl._8.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title=""Vue circulaire des montagnes qu'on découvre du sommet du Glacier de Buet", Horace-Benedict de Saussure[9]"><img alt=""Vue circulaire des montagnes qu'on découvre du sommet du Glacier de Buet", Horace-Benedict de Saussure[9]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Vue_circulaire_des_montagnes_qu_%E2%80%98on_decouvre_du_sommet_du_Glacier_de_Buet%2C_from_Horace-Benedict_de_Saussure%2C_Voyage_dans_les_Alpes%2C_pr%C3%A9c%C3%A9d%C3%A9s_d%27un_essai_sur_l%27histoire_naturelle_des_environs_de_Geneve._Neuchatel%2C_l779-96%2C_pl._8.jpg/314px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Vue_circulaire_des_montagnes_qu_%E2%80%98on_decouvre_du_sommet_du_Glacier_de_Buet%2C_from_Horace-Benedict_de_Saussure%2C_Voyage_dans_les_Alpes%2C_pr%C3%A9c%C3%A9d%C3%A9s_d%27un_essai_sur_l%27histoire_naturelle_des_environs_de_Geneve._Neuchatel%2C_l779-96%2C_pl._8.jpg/471px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Vue_circulaire_des_montagnes_qu_%E2%80%98on_decouvre_du_sommet_du_Glacier_de_Buet%2C_from_Horace-Benedict_de_Saussure%2C_Voyage_dans_les_Alpes%2C_pr%C3%A9c%C3%A9d%C3%A9s_d%27un_essai_sur_l%27histoire_naturelle_des_environs_de_Geneve._Neuchatel%2C_l779-96%2C_pl._8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="573" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">"Vue circulaire des montagnes qu'on découvre du sommet du Glacier de Buet", <a href="/wiki/Horace-Benedict_de_Saussure" class="mw-redirect" title="Horace-Benedict de Saussure">Horace-Benedict de Saussure</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 133.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Wood-1906_-_Fig_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wood's pail (top) and improved (bottom) camera (1906)"><img alt="Wood's pail (top) and improved (bottom) camera (1906)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Wood-1906_-_Fig_1.jpg/200px-Wood-1906_-_Fig_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Wood-1906_-_Fig_1.jpg/300px-Wood-1906_-_Fig_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Wood-1906_-_Fig_1.jpg/400px-Wood-1906_-_Fig_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="729" data-file-height="1092" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Wood's pail (top) and improved (bottom) camera (1906)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 194px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 192px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Wood-1906_-_Fig_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="First known fisheye image recorded in 1905 using Wood's pail apparatus (1906)"><img alt="First known fisheye image recorded in 1905 using Wood's pail apparatus (1906)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Wood-1906_-_Fig_2.jpg/288px-Wood-1906_-_Fig_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="192" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Wood-1906_-_Fig_2.jpg/432px-Wood-1906_-_Fig_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Wood-1906_-_Fig_2.jpg/576px-Wood-1906_-_Fig_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="621" data-file-height="647" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">First known fisheye image recorded in 1905 using Wood's pail apparatus (1906)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 221.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 219.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bond-1922_-_Fig_1.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Bond's hemispherical lens (1922)"><img alt="Bond's hemispherical lens (1922)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Bond-1922_-_Fig_1.png/329px-Bond-1922_-_Fig_1.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Bond-1922_-_Fig_1.png/493px-Bond-1922_-_Fig_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Bond-1922_-_Fig_1.png/657px-Bond-1922_-_Fig_1.png 2x" data-file-width="747" data-file-height="682" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bond's hemispherical lens (1922)</div> </li> </ul> In 1906, Wood published a paper detailing an experiment in which he built a camera in a water-filled pail starting with a photographic plate at the bottom, a short focus lens with a pinhole diaphragm located approximately halfway up the pail, and a sheet of glass at the rim to suppress ripples in the water. The experiment was Wood's attempt "to ascertain how the external world appears to the fish" and hence the title of the paper was "Fish-Eye Views, and Vision under Water".<a href="#cite_note-Wood-1906-1">[1]</a> Wood subsequently built an improved "horizontal" version of the camera omitting the lens, instead using a pinhole pierced in the side of a tank, which was filled with water and a photographic plate. In the text, he described a third "Fish-Eye" camera built using sheet brass, the primary advantages being that this one was more portable than the other two cameras, and was "absolutely leaktight".<a href="#cite_note-Wood-1906-1">[1]</a> In his conclusion, Wood thought that "the device will photograph the entire sky [so] a sunshine recorder could be made on this principle, which would require no adjustment for latitude or month" but also wryly noted "the views used for the illustration of this paper savour somewhat of the 'freak' pictures of the magazines."<a href="#cite_note-Wood-1906-1">[1]</a> W.N. Bond described an improvement to Wood's apparatus in 1922 which replaced the tank of water with a simple hemispheric glass lens, making the camera significantly more portable. The focal length depended on the refractive index and radius of the hemispherical lens, and the maximum aperture was approximately <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1207775266">.mw-parser-output span.fnumber,.mw-parser-output .fnumber-fallback{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;width:max-content}.mw-parser-output span.fnumber::first-letter,.mw-parser-output .fnumber-fallback .first-letter{font-style:italic;font-family:Trebuchet MS,Candara,Georgia,Calibri,Corbel,serif}</style>f/50; it was not corrected for <a href="/wiki/Chromatic_aberration" title="Chromatic aberration">chromatic aberration</a> and projected a curved field onto a flat plate. Bond noted the new lens could be used to record cloud cover or lightning strikes at a given location.<a href="#cite_note-Bond-1922-2">[2]</a> Bond's hemispheric lens also reduced the need for a pinhole aperture to ensure sharp focus, so exposure times were also reduced.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hill_Sky_Lens">Hill Sky Lens</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fisheye_lens&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Hill Sky Lens">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hill_Sky_Lens_(1924).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Hill_Sky_Lens_%281924%29.svg/220px-Hill_Sky_Lens_%281924%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Hill_Sky_Lens_%281924%29.svg/330px-Hill_Sky_Lens_%281924%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Hill_Sky_Lens_%281924%29.svg/440px-Hill_Sky_Lens_%281924%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="260" /></a><figcaption>Hill/Beck Sky Lens (1923, GB 225,398)<a href="#cite_note-GB225398-11">[11]</a></figcaption></figure> In 1924, Robin Hill first described a lens with 180° coverage that had been used for a cloud survey in September 1923<a href="#cite_note-Hill-1924-3">[3]</a> The lens, designed by Hill and <a href="/wiki/R_%26_J_Beck" title="R & J Beck">R. & J. Beck, Ltd.</a>, was patented in December 1923.<a href="#cite_note-GB225398-11">[11]</a> The Hill Sky Lens is now credited as the first fisheye lens.<a href="#cite_note-Kingslake-5">[5]</a>: 146  Hill also described three different mapping functions of a lens designed to capture an entire hemisphere (stereographic, equidistant, and orthographic).<a href="#cite_note-Hill-1924-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Miyamoto-1964-12">[12]</a> Distortion is unavoidable in a lens that encompasses an angle of view exceeding 125°, but Hill and Beck claimed in the patent that stereographic or equidistant projection were the preferred mapping functions.<a href="#cite_note-GB225398-11">[11]</a> The three-element, three-group lens design uses a highly divergent <a href="/wiki/Meniscus_lens" class="mw-redirect" title="Meniscus lens">meniscus lens</a> as the first element to bring in light over a wide view followed by a converging lens system to project the view onto a flat photographic plate.<a href="#cite_note-GB225398-11">[11]</a> The Hill Sky Lens was fitted to a <a href="/wiki/Whole_sky_camera" title="Whole sky camera">whole sky camera</a>, typically used in a pair separated by 500 metres (1,600 ft) for <a href="/wiki/Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">stereo imaging</a>, and equipped with a red filter for contrast; in its original form, the lens had a focal length of 0.84 in (21 mm) and cast an image 2.5 in (64 mm) in diameter at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266">f/8.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Conrad Beck described the camera system in an article published in 1925.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> At least one has been reconstructed.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="German_and_Japanese_development">German and Japanese development</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fisheye_lens&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: German and Japanese development">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AEG_Weitwinkelobjectiv_(1932).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/AEG_Weitwinkelobjectiv_%281932%29.svg/220px-AEG_Weitwinkelobjectiv_%281932%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/AEG_Weitwinkelobjectiv_%281932%29.svg/330px-AEG_Weitwinkelobjectiv_%281932%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/AEG_Weitwinkelobjectiv_%281932%29.svg/440px-AEG_Weitwinkelobjectiv_%281932%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="120" data-file-height="100" /></a><figcaption>Schulz/AEG Weitwinkelobjektiv (1932, DE 620538)<a href="#cite_note-DE620538-16">[16]</a></figcaption></figure> In 1932, the German firm <a href="/wiki/AEG_(German_company)" title="AEG (German company)">Allgemeine Elektricitäts-Gesellschaft AG (AEG)</a> filed for a patent on the Weitwinkelobjektiv (wide-angle lens), a 5-element, 4-group development of the Hill Sky Lens.<a href="#cite_note-Kingslake-5">[5]</a>: 148 <a href="#cite_note-DE620538-16">[16]</a> Compared to the 1923 Hill Sky Lens, the 1932 Weitwinkelobjektiv featured two diverging meniscus elements ahead of the stop and used a cemented achromatic group in the converging section.<a href="#cite_note-DE620538-16">[16]</a> Miyamoto credits Hans Schulz with the design of the Weitwinkelobjektiv.<a href="#cite_note-Miyamoto-1964-12">[12]</a> The basic patented design was produced for cloud recording as a 17 mm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266">f/6.3 lens,<a href="#cite_note-AEG-patent-17">[17]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Otto_Umbehr" title="Otto Umbehr">Umbo</a> used the AEG lens for artistic purposes, with photographs published in a 1937 issue of Volk und Welt.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> The AEG Weitwinkelobjektiv formed the basis of the later Nippon Kogaku (Nikon) Fisheye-Nikkor 16 mm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266">f/8 lens of 1938, which was used for military and scientific (cloud cover) purposes.<a href="#cite_note-AEG-patent-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cavina-35-19">[19]</a> Nikon, which had a contract to supply optics to the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Imperial Japanese Navy</a>, possibly gained access to the AEG design under the <a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Steel" title="Pact of Steel">Pact of Steel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cavina-35-19">[19]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Richter-Zeiss_Pleon_(1938).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Richter-Zeiss_Pleon_%281938%29.svg/220px-Richter-Zeiss_Pleon_%281938%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Richter-Zeiss_Pleon_%281938%29.svg/330px-Richter-Zeiss_Pleon_%281938%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Richter-Zeiss_Pleon_%281938%29.svg/440px-Richter-Zeiss_Pleon_%281938%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="140" /></a><figcaption>Richter/Zeiss Pleon (1938, US 2,247,068)<a href="#cite_note-US2247068-20">[20]</a></figcaption></figure> Also in 1938, Robert Richter of <a href="/wiki/Carl_Zeiss_AG" title="Carl Zeiss AG">Carl Zeiss AG</a> patented the 6-element, 5-group Pleon lens,<a href="#cite_note-US2247068-20">[20]</a> which was used for aerial surveillance during World War II. The converging rear group of the Pleon was symmetrical, derived from the 4-element <a href="/wiki/Topogon" title="Topogon">Topogon</a> lens designed by Richter for Zeiss in 1933. Testing on a captured lens after the war showed the Pleon provided an equidistant projection to cover a field of approximately 130°, and negatives were printed using a special rectifying enlarger to eliminate distortion.<a href="#cite_note-Kingslake-5">[5]</a>: 149 <a href="#cite_note-Pleon-47-21">[21]</a> The Pleon had a focal length of approximately 72.5 mm with a maximum aperture of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266">f/8 and used a plano-concave front element 300 mm (12 in) in diameter; the image on the negative was approximately 85 mm (3.3 in) in diameter.<a href="#cite_note-Pleon-47-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="35_mm_development">35 mm development</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fisheye_lens&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 35 mm development">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mert%C3%A9-Zeiss_Sphaerogon_(1935,_fig_1).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Mert%C3%A9-Zeiss_Sphaerogon_%281935%2C_fig_1%29.svg/150px-Mert%C3%A9-Zeiss_Sphaerogon_%281935%2C_fig_1%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Mert%C3%A9-Zeiss_Sphaerogon_%281935%2C_fig_1%29.svg/225px-Mert%C3%A9-Zeiss_Sphaerogon_%281935%2C_fig_1%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Mert%C3%A9-Zeiss_Sphaerogon_%281935%2C_fig_1%29.svg/300px-Mert%C3%A9-Zeiss_Sphaerogon_%281935%2C_fig_1%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="2200" /></a><figcaption>Merté/Zeiss Sphaerogon (1935, DE 672 393<a href="#cite_note-DE672393-22">[22]</a> and US 2,126,126)<a href="#cite_note-US2126126-23">[23]</a></figcaption></figure> At approximately the same time that Schulz was developing the Weitwinkelobjektiv at AEG, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Willy_Mert%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Willy Merté (page does not exist)">Willy Merté</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Mert%C3%A9" class="extiw" title="de:Willy Merté">de</a>] at Zeiss was developing the Sphaerogon, which was also designed to encompass a 180° field of view.<a href="#cite_note-DE672393-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-US2126126-23">[23]</a> Unlike the Weitwinkelobjektiv, Merté's Sphaerogon was not limited to medium format cameras; prototype versions of the Sphaerogon were constructed for the <a href="/wiki/Contax_I" title="Contax I">Contax I</a> miniature format camera. The first prototype Sphaerogon lenses constructed had a maximum aperture of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266">f/8, but later examples were computed half a stop faster, to <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266">f/6.8.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Several prototype examples of Sphaerogon lenses were recovered as part of the Zeiss Lens Collection seized by the <a href="/wiki/Army_Signal_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="Army Signal Corps">Army Signal Corps</a> as war reparations in 1945;<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> the collection, which the Zeiss firm had retained as a record of their designs, was later documented by Merté, the former head of optical computation for CZJ, working under Signal Corps officer Edward Kaprelian.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> After the war, the Fisheye-Nikkor lens was mated to a medium format camera and was produced in slightly modified form (focal length increased slightly to 16.3 mm) as the "Sky-image Recording Camera" in March 1957 for the Japanese government,<a href="#cite_note-Nikon-FEC-28">[28]</a> followed by a commercial release as the Nikon Fisheye Camera (also known as the "Nikon Sky Camera" or "Nikon Cloud Camera") in September 1960, which had a retail price of ¥200,000 (equivalent to ¥1,130,000 in 2019).<a href="#cite_note-Nikon-history-29">[29]</a> The revised lens created a circular image 50 mm (2.0 in) in diameter and covered a complete hemispherical field of 180°.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Only 30 examples of the Nikon Fisheye Camera were manufactured, and of those, 18 were sold to customers, mainly in the United States; Nikon likely destroyed the remaining stock to avoid tax penalties.<a href="#cite_note-Grays-31">[31]</a> Photographs taken with the Fisheye Camera that were published in <a href="/wiki/Life_(magazine)" title="Life (magazine)">Life</a> in 1957 marked the first wide exposure of the public to fisheye distortion;<a href="#cite_note-PopPhoto2019-32">[32]</a> including a photograph of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> caucus room, taken by <a href="/wiki/Ed_Clark_(photographer)" title="Ed Clark (photographer)">Ed Clark</a> and published in an April 1957 issue,<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> and a photograph of <a href="/wiki/Pole_vault" title="Pole vault">pole vaulter</a> <a href="/wiki/Bob_Gutowski" title="Bob Gutowski">Bob Gutowski</a> taken by Ralph Crane, published in July 1957.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Are_You_Experienced_-_US_cover-edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Are_You_Experienced_-_US_cover-edit.jpg/220px-Are_You_Experienced_-_US_cover-edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Are_You_Experienced_-_US_cover-edit.jpg/330px-Are_You_Experienced_-_US_cover-edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Are_You_Experienced_-_US_cover-edit.jpg/440px-Are_You_Experienced_-_US_cover-edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2034" data-file-height="2034" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Album_cover" title="Album cover">Album cover</a> of <a href="/wiki/Are_You_Experienced" title="Are You Experienced">Are You Experienced</a> (1967) by <a href="/wiki/The_Jimi_Hendrix_Experience" class="mw-redirect" title="The Jimi Hendrix Experience">The Jimi Hendrix Experience</a>, featuring the trio photographed using a fisheye lens</figcaption></figure> The Nikon Fisheye Camera was discontinued in September 1961,<a href="#cite_note-Nikon-FEC-28">[28]</a> and Nikon subsequently introduced the first regular production fisheye lens for 35 mm cameras in 1962,<a href="#cite_note-Miyamoto-1964-12">[12]</a> the Fisheye-Nikkor 8 mm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266">f/8,<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> which required the reflex mirror on its <a href="/wiki/Nikon_F" title="Nikon F">Nikon F</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nikkormat" title="Nikkormat">Nikkormat</a> cameras to be locked up prior to mounting the lens. Prior to the early 1960s, fisheye lenses were used primarily by professional and scientific photographers, but the advent of the fisheye for the 35 mm format increased its popular use.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> The Fisheye-Nikkor 8 mm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266">f/8 has a field of view of 180° and uses 9 elements in 5 groups; it has a fixed focus and built-in filters intended for black-and-white photography. Research indicates that fewer than 1,400 lenses were built.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> As fisheye lenses became more widely available, the distinctive distortion grew in popularity, especially for <a href="/wiki/Album_cover" title="Album cover">album covers</a>. For example, British fashion photographer <a href="/wiki/Tim_Walker" title="Tim Walker">Tim Walker</a> used a fisheye lens to capture the cover of <a href="/wiki/Harry_Styles" title="Harry Styles">Harry Styles</a>' 2019 pop/rock album, <a href="/wiki/Fine_Line_(Harry_Styles_album)" title="Fine Line (Harry Styles album)">Fine Line</a>.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Other genres that have taken advantage of the fisheye lens look include punk rock, hip-hop, and skateboarding videos.<a href="#cite_note-PopPhoto2019-32">[32]</a> In particular, the fisheye lens became a signature style of music video director <a href="/wiki/Hype_Williams" title="Hype Williams">Hype Williams</a>, especially in the mid-to-late 1990s when he directed videos for artists such as <a href="/wiki/Busta_Rhymes" title="Busta Rhymes">Busta Rhymes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Missy_Elliott" title="Missy Elliott">Missy Elliott</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sean_Combs" title="Sean Combs">Puff Daddy</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Isshiki_(1967).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Isshiki_%281967%29.svg/220px-Isshiki_%281967%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Isshiki_%281967%29.svg/330px-Isshiki_%281967%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Isshiki_%281967%29.svg/440px-Isshiki_%281967%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="1300" /></a><figcaption>Isshiki & Matsuki/Nikon Fisheye-Nikkor 6 mm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266">f/5.6 (US 3,542,697)<a href="#cite_note-US3524697-39">[39]</a></figcaption></figure> Nikon subsequently released several more milestone circular fisheye lenses in Nikon F mount through the 1960s and 70s: <ul><li>10 mm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266">f/5.6 OP (1968), the first fisheye to feature orthographic projection, which was also the first lens to feature an aspherical element<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></li> <li>6 mm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266">f/5.6 (1969), the first fisheye to feature a 220° field of view;<a href="#cite_note-Compendium-7">[7]</a> the patent accompanying this lens includes a design for a lens with a 270° field of view.<a href="#cite_note-US3524697-39">[39]</a> A 6.2 mm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266">f/5.6 SAP fisheye was later produced in limited numbers with an aspherical surface, encompassing a 230° field of view.<a href="#cite_note-Sato-53-41">[41]</a></li> <li>8 mm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266">f/2.8 (1970), the first circular fisheye with variable focus, automatic aperture, and reflex viewing (mirror lock-up no longer required).<a href="#cite_note-Compendium-7">[7]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pentax_K-1_with_flat_Fisheye_(34927515900).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Pentax_K-1_with_flat_Fisheye_%2834927515900%29.jpg/220px-Pentax_K-1_with_flat_Fisheye_%2834927515900%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Pentax_K-1_with_flat_Fisheye_%2834927515900%29.jpg/330px-Pentax_K-1_with_flat_Fisheye_%2834927515900%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Pentax_K-1_with_flat_Fisheye_%2834927515900%29.jpg/440px-Pentax_K-1_with_flat_Fisheye_%2834927515900%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2631" /></a><figcaption>Fish-eye Takumar 11/18mm on a modern Pentax K-1 DSLR</figcaption></figure> Contemporaneously, other Japanese manufacturers were developing the so-called "full-frame" or diagonal fisheyes, which captured approximately a 180° field of view across the diagonal of the film frame. The first such diagonal fisheye was the Fish-eye Takumar 18 mm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266">f/11, released by Pentax (Asahi Optical) in 1962,<a href="#cite_note-Sato-53-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> followed by the slightly faster UW Rokkor-PG 18 mm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266">f/9.5 from Minolta in 1966.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Both of these were reflex-viewing and fixed-focus. Both Pentax and Minolta followed up with faster lenses with variable focus in 1967 (Super Fish-eye-Takumar 17 mm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266">f/4)<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> and 1969 (<a href="/wiki/Minolta_Fish-Eye_Rokkor_16mm_f/2.8" title="Minolta Fish-Eye Rokkor 16mm f/2.8">Rokkor-OK 16 mm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266">f/2.8</a>),<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-US3589798-47">[47]</a> respectively. The 16 mm Rokkor was later adopted by Leica as the Fisheye-Elmarit-R (1974) for its <a href="/wiki/Leica_R_mount" class="mw-redirect" title="Leica R mount">SLRs</a> and then <a href="/wiki/Minolta_AF_Fish-Eye_16mm_f/2.8" title="Minolta AF Fish-Eye 16mm f/2.8">converted to autofocus</a> (1986) for the <a href="/wiki/Minolta_A-mount_system" title="Minolta A-mount system">Alpha system</a>. As of 2018<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fisheye_lens&action=edit">[update]</a>, the same basic optical design is still sold as the Sony SAL16F28. <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fisheye_lens&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Design">edit</a>]</div> Unlike rectilinear lenses, fisheye lenses are not fully characterised by focal length and aperture alone. Angle of view, image diameter, projection type, and sensor coverage all vary independently of these. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Image_diameter_and_coverage">Image diameter and coverage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fisheye_lens&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Image diameter and coverage">edit</a>]</div> <table style="float:right; margin-left:1em; border:solid 1px #cccccc; text-align:center;"> <caption style="text-align:left; font-weight:bold;">Types of using format </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="width:135px;">Circular </th> <th style="width:135px;">Cropped circle </th> <th style="width:135px;">Full-frame </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:3-2-circular.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/3-2-circular.png/134px-3-2-circular.png" decoding="async" width="134" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/3-2-circular.png/201px-3-2-circular.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/3-2-circular.png/268px-3-2-circular.png 2x" data-file-width="4680" data-file-height="4680" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:3-2-circumcised.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/3-2-circumcised.png/134px-3-2-circumcised.png" decoding="async" width="134" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/3-2-circumcised.png/201px-3-2-circumcised.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/3-2-circumcised.png/268px-3-2-circumcised.png 2x" data-file-width="4680" data-file-height="4680" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:3-2-fullFrame.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/3-2-fullFrame.png/134px-3-2-fullFrame.png" decoding="async" width="134" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/3-2-fullFrame.png/201px-3-2-fullFrame.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/3-2-fullFrame.png/268px-3-2-fullFrame.png 2x" data-file-width="4680" data-file-height="4680" /></a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; font-size:85%;"> <td style="width:20px; font-weight:bold;">3:2 </td> <td style="width:104px;"><a href="/wiki/File:3-2-circular.png" title="File:3-2-circular.png">52% sensor</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:3-2-circumcised.png" title="File:3-2-circumcised.png">78% FOV, 92% sensor</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:3-2-fullFrame.png" title="File:3-2-fullFrame.png">59% FOV</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; font-size:85%;"> <td style="font-weight:bold;">4:3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:4-3-circular.png" title="File:4-3-circular.png">59% sensor</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:4-3-circumcised.png" title="File:4-3-circumcised.png">86% FOV, 90% sensor</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:4-3-fullFrame.png" title="File:4-3-fullFrame.png">61% FOV</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:middle; font-size:85%;"> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/File:Peleng_8mm_Fisheye_8225.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Peleng_8mm_Fisheye_8225.jpg/134px-Peleng_8mm_Fisheye_8225.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Peleng_8mm_Fisheye_8225.jpg/201px-Peleng_8mm_Fisheye_8225.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Peleng_8mm_Fisheye_8225.jpg/268px-Peleng_8mm_Fisheye_8225.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a> Circular fisheye for 35 mm   </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Sigma_10_mm_F2,8_EX_DC_HSM_Fisheye.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Sigma_10_mm_F2%2C8_EX_DC_HSM_Fisheye.jpg/134px-Sigma_10_mm_F2%2C8_EX_DC_HSM_Fisheye.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Sigma_10_mm_F2%2C8_EX_DC_HSM_Fisheye.jpg/201px-Sigma_10_mm_F2%2C8_EX_DC_HSM_Fisheye.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Sigma_10_mm_F2%2C8_EX_DC_HSM_Fisheye.jpg/268px-Sigma_10_mm_F2%2C8_EX_DC_HSM_Fisheye.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2900" data-file-height="2174" /></a> Full-frame fisheye with rudimentary lens hood   </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; font-size:85%;"> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:Imagine_being_a_fly_VLT.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Imagine_being_a_fly_VLT.jpg/134px-Imagine_being_a_fly_VLT.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Imagine_being_a_fly_VLT.jpg/201px-Imagine_being_a_fly_VLT.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Imagine_being_a_fly_VLT.jpg/268px-Imagine_being_a_fly_VLT.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3552" data-file-height="2832" /></a> <a href="/wiki/ESO" class="mw-redirect" title="ESO">ESO</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Very_Large_Telescope" title="Very Large Telescope">VLT</a> image taken with a circular fisheye lens. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:The_Squirrels_0048.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/The_Squirrels_0048.jpg/134px-The_Squirrels_0048.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/The_Squirrels_0048.jpg/201px-The_Squirrels_0048.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/The_Squirrels_0048.jpg/268px-The_Squirrels_0048.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a> 35 mm circular fisheye with <a href="/wiki/Nikon_DX_format" title="Nikon DX format">DX-format</a>-camera  </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Vlg_shop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Vlg_shop.jpg/134px-Vlg_shop.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Vlg_shop.jpg/201px-Vlg_shop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Vlg_shop.jpg/268px-Vlg_shop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a> Diagonal fisheye used in a closed space (<a href="/wiki/Nikkor" title="Nikkor">Nikkor</a> 10.5 mm) </td></tr></tbody></table> In a circular fisheye lens, the <a href="/wiki/Image_circle" title="Image circle">image circle</a> is <a href="/wiki/Inscribed" class="mw-redirect" title="Inscribed">inscribed</a> in the film or sensor area; in a diagonal ("full-frame") fisheye lens, the image circle is <a href="/wiki/Circumscribed" class="mw-redirect" title="Circumscribed">circumscribed</a> around the film or sensor area. This implies that using a fisheye lens for a different format than it was intended for is easy (as opposed to a rectilinear lens), and may change its characteristic. Further, different fisheye lenses map ("distort") images differently, and the manner of distortion is referred to as their <a href="#Mapping_function">mapping function</a>. A common type for consumer use is equi<a href="/wiki/Solid_angle" title="Solid angle">solid angle</a>. Although there are digital fisheye effects available both in-camera and as computer software, neither can extend the angle of view of the original images to the very large one of a true fisheye lens. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Focal_length">Focal length</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fisheye_lens&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Focal length">edit</a>]</div> The focal length is determined by the angular coverage, the specific mapping function used, and the required dimensions of the final image. Focal lengths for popular amateur camera sizes are computed as: <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size:85%;"> <caption>Calculated fisheye focal lengths<a href="#cite_note-48">[a]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="width:10.0%;">  </th> <th style="width:22.5%;">Stereographic </th> <th style="width:22.5%;">Equidistant </th> <th style="width:22.5%;">Equisolid angle </th> <th style="width:22.5%;">Orthographic </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Inverse mapping function<a href="#cite_note-IMO-05-49">[48]</a> </th> <td><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f={\dfrac {r}{2\tan {\dfrac {\theta }{2}}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>f</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mfrac> <mi>r</mi> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mi>tan</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mfrac> <mi>θ</mi> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mstyle> </mrow> </mrow> </mfrac> </mstyle> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f={\dfrac {r}{2\tan {\dfrac {\theta }{2}}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0d514f2cfc4d8c7a0ad8c4af578c58656d6a9ce1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -5.171ex; width:12.508ex; height:8.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f={\dfrac {r}{2\tan {\dfrac {\theta }{2}}}}}"> </td> <td><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f={\frac {r}{\theta }}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>f</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>r</mi> <mi>θ</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f={\frac {r}{\theta }}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ceac755aff1eff04608ae05eda275d571cb1dcc5" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:6.304ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f={\frac {r}{\theta }}}"> </td> <td><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f={\dfrac {r}{2\sin {\dfrac {\theta }{2}}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>f</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mfrac> <mi>r</mi> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mi>sin</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mfrac> <mi>θ</mi> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mstyle> </mrow> </mrow> </mfrac> </mstyle> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f={\dfrac {r}{2\sin {\dfrac {\theta }{2}}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2945592eef6a3cf9bd2b3713d504ec6d0e03e58f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -5.171ex; width:12.004ex; height:8.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f={\dfrac {r}{2\sin {\dfrac {\theta }{2}}}}}"> </td> <td><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f={\frac {r}{\sin \theta }}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>f</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>r</mi> <mrow> <mi>sin</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mi>θ</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f={\frac {r}{\sin \theta }}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/44a061271bf22b263c8edeca1e0ffadb8bad209f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:9.546ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f={\frac {r}{\sin \theta }}}"> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">Circular<a href="#cite_note-50">[b]</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/APS-C" title="APS-C">APS-C</a> (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>r</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0d1ecb613aa2984f0576f70f86650b7c2a132538" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.049ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r}"> = 8.4 mm) </th> <td>4.2</td> <td>5.3</td> <td>5.9</td> <td>8.4 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/35_mm_format" class="mw-redirect" title="35 mm format">135</a> (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>r</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0d1ecb613aa2984f0576f70f86650b7c2a132538" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.049ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r}"> = 12 mm) </th> <td>6.0</td> <td>7.6</td> <td>8.5</td> <td>12.0 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/120_film" title="120 film">6×6</a> (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>r</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0d1ecb613aa2984f0576f70f86650b7c2a132538" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.049ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r}"> = 28 mm) </th> <td>14.0</td> <td>17.8</td> <td>19.8</td> <td>28.0 </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">Diagonal<a href="#cite_note-51">[c]</a> </th> <th>APS-C (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>r</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0d1ecb613aa2984f0576f70f86650b7c2a132538" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.049ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r}"> = 15.1 mm) </th> <td>7.5</td> <td>9.6</td> <td>10.6</td> <td>15.1 </td></tr> <tr> <th>135 (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>r</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0d1ecb613aa2984f0576f70f86650b7c2a132538" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.049ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r}"> = 21.7 mm) </th> <td>10.8</td> <td>13.8</td> <td>15.3</td> <td>21.7 </td></tr> <tr> <th>6×6 (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>r</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0d1ecb613aa2984f0576f70f86650b7c2a132538" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.049ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r}"> = 39.6 mm) </th> <td>19.8</td> <td>25.2</td> <td>28.0</td> <td>39.6 </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dt>Notes</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Assumes 180° maximum <a href="/wiki/Angle_of_view" class="mw-redirect" title="Angle of view">angle of view</a> for the mapping function, <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \theta ={\frac {\pi }{2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>θ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>π</mi> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \theta ={\frac {\pi }{2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8f25a81387603d7efba9f62eceb58cb5bb477b07" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:6.357ex; height:4.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \theta ={\frac {\pi }{2}}}"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> For circular fisheyes, the maximum dimension <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>r</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0d1ecb613aa2984f0576f70f86650b7c2a132538" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.049ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r}"> is half the length of the shortest side. </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> For full-frame fisheyes, the maximum dimension <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>r</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0d1ecb613aa2984f0576f70f86650b7c2a132538" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.049ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r}"> is half the length of the diagonal. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Circular_fisheyes">Circular fisheyes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fisheye_lens&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Circular fisheyes">edit</a>]</div> The first types of fisheye lenses developed were "circular" — lenses which took in a 180° hemisphere and projected it as a circle within the film frame. By design, circular fisheye lenses thus cover a smaller image circle than rectilinear lenses designed for the same sensor size. The corners of a circular fisheye image will be completely black. This blackness is different from the gradual vignetting of rectilinear lenses and sets on abruptly. Some circular fisheyes were available in <a href="/wiki/Orthographic_projection_(cartography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthographic projection (cartography)">orthographic projection</a> models for scientific applications. These have a 180° vertical, horizontal and diagonal <a href="/wiki/Angle_of_view" class="mw-redirect" title="Angle of view">angle of view</a>. For APS and m43 cameras, several lenses have emerged that retain a 180° field of view on a crop body. The first of these was the Sigma 4.5 mm.<a href="#cite_note-52">[49]</a> Sunex also makes a 5.6 mm fisheye lens that captures a circular 185° field of view on a 1.5x Nikon and 1.6x Canon DSLR cameras. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fisheye-Nikkor_Auto_6mm_f2.8_lens_2015_Nikon_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Fisheye-Nikkor_Auto_6mm_f2.8_lens_2015_Nikon_Museum.jpg/330px-Fisheye-Nikkor_Auto_6mm_f2.8_lens_2015_Nikon_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Fisheye-Nikkor_Auto_6mm_f2.8_lens_2015_Nikon_Museum.jpg/495px-Fisheye-Nikkor_Auto_6mm_f2.8_lens_2015_Nikon_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Fisheye-Nikkor_Auto_6mm_f2.8_lens_2015_Nikon_Museum.jpg/660px-Fisheye-Nikkor_Auto_6mm_f2.8_lens_2015_Nikon_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>Fisheye-Nikkor 6mm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266">f/2.8 mounted on a <a href="/wiki/Nikon_F2" title="Nikon F2">Nikon F2</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Nikon_Museum" title="Nikon Museum">Nikon Museum</a>.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Nikon" title="Nikon">Nikon</a> produced a 6 mm circular fisheye lens for 35 mm film that was initially designed for an expedition to <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a>. It featured a 220° field of view, designed to capture the entire sky and surrounding ground when pointed straight up. This lens is no longer manufactured,<a href="#cite_note-53">[50]</a> and is used nowadays to produce interactive virtual-reality images such as <a href="/wiki/QuickTime_VR" title="QuickTime VR">QuickTime VR</a> and <a href="/wiki/IPIX" title="IPIX">IPIX</a>. Because of its very wide field of view, it is very large — weighing 5.2 kilograms (11 lb), having a diameter of 236 millimetres (9.3 in), a length of 171 millimetres (6.7 in) and an angle of view of 220 degrees. It dwarfs a regular 35 mm SLR camera<a href="#cite_note-54">[51]</a> and has its own tripod mounting point, a feature normally seen in large <a href="/wiki/Long_focus_lens" class="mw-redirect" title="Long focus lens">long-focus</a> or <a href="/wiki/Telephoto_lens" title="Telephoto lens">telephoto lenses</a> to reduce strain on the <a href="/wiki/Lens_mount" title="Lens mount">lens mount</a>. The lens is extremely rare.<a href="#cite_note-55">[52]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Venus.Optics.Laowa.4mm.f2.8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Venus.Optics.Laowa.4mm.f2.8.jpg/220px-Venus.Optics.Laowa.4mm.f2.8.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Venus.Optics.Laowa.4mm.f2.8.jpg/330px-Venus.Optics.Laowa.4mm.f2.8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Venus.Optics.Laowa.4mm.f2.8.jpg/440px-Venus.Optics.Laowa.4mm.f2.8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1301" data-file-height="1301" /></a><figcaption>The fish eye lens Laowa 4 mm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266">f/2,8 of the manufacturer <a href="/wiki/Venus_Optics" title="Venus Optics">Venus Optics</a></figcaption></figure> More recently, the Japanese manufacturer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Entaniya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Entaniya (page does not exist)">Entaniya</a> offers several fisheye lenses with angles of view up to 250° on 35 mm full frame, and up to 280° on smaller sensors (see list below). In 2018, <a href="/wiki/Venus_Optics" title="Venus Optics">Venus Optics</a> introduced a 210° fisheye lens for the <a href="/wiki/Micro_Four_Thirds_system" title="Micro Four Thirds system">Micro Four Thirds</a> system.<a href="#cite_note-56">[53]</a> The 8 mm and 7.5 mm circular fisheye lenses made by <a href="/wiki/Nikon" title="Nikon">Nikon</a> have proven useful for scientific purposes because of their equidistant (equiangular) projection, in which distance along the radius of the circular image is proportional to the <a href="/wiki/Zenith_angle" class="mw-redirect" title="Zenith angle">zenith angle</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diagonal_fisheyes_(a.k.a._full-frame_or_rectangular)">Diagonal fisheyes (a.k.a. full-frame or rectangular)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fisheye_lens&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Diagonal fisheyes (a.k.a. full-frame or rectangular)">edit</a>]</div> As fisheye lenses gained popularity in general photography, camera companies began manufacturing fisheye lenses with an enlarged image circle to cover the entire rectangular film frame. They are called diagonal, or sometimes "rectangular" or "full-frame", fisheyes. (This was well before digital photography, so the use of the term "full frame" with respect to fisheyes has nothing to do with the use of the term to designate a digital sensor measuring 36x24 mm).<a href="#cite_note-57">[54]</a> The angle of view produced by diagonal fisheyes only measures 180° from corner to corner: they have a 180° diagonal <a href="/wiki/Angle_of_view" class="mw-redirect" title="Angle of view">angle of view (AOV)</a>, while the horizontal and vertical angles of view will be smaller. For an equisolid angle 15 mm full-frame fisheye, the horizontal AOV will be 147°, and the vertical AOV will be 94°.<a href="#cite_note-FOV-formula-58">[55]</a> One of the first diagonal fisheye lenses to be mass-produced was the Nikon Fisheye-Nikkor F 16mm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266">f/3.5, made in the early 1970s. To obtain the same effect on digital cameras with smaller sensors, shorter focal lengths are required. Nikon makes a 10.5 mm fisheye for their APS DX SLRs.<a href="#cite_note-59">[56]</a> Several other companies make "full frame", i.e. diagonal, fisheyes for APS and m43 cameras, see next paragraph. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portrait_or_cropped-circle_fisheyes">Portrait or cropped-circle fisheyes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fisheye_lens&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Portrait or cropped-circle fisheyes">edit</a>]</div> An intermediate between a diagonal and a circular fisheye consists of a circular image optimised for the width of the film format rather than the height. As a result, on any non-square film format, the circular image will be cropped at the top and bottom, but still show black edges on the left and right. This format is called a "portrait" fisheye;<a href="#cite_note-60">[57]</a> historically, it has been rather rare – only the 12 mm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266">f/8 Accura lens (see list below) directly follows the portrait principle. Today however, a portrait fisheye effect is easily achieved by using a fisheye lens intended for full coverage of a smaller sensor format, like an APS diagonal fisheye on a 35 mm full frame camera, or an m43 diagonal fisheye on APS. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Miniature_fisheye_lenses">Miniature fisheye lenses</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fisheye_lens&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Miniature fisheye lenses">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Miniature_digital_camera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Miniature digital camera (page does not exist)">Miniature digital cameras</a>, especially when used as <a href="/wiki/Security_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Security camera">security cameras</a>, often tend to have fisheye lenses to maximize coverage. Miniature fisheye lenses are designed for small-format CCD/CMOS imagers commonly used in consumer and security cameras.<a href="#cite_note-61">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[59]</a> Popular <a href="/wiki/Image_sensor_format#Table_of_sensor_formats_and_sizes" title="Image sensor format">image sensor format sizes used</a> include <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>1⁄4", <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">1⁄3", and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">1⁄2". Depending on the active area of the image sensor, the same lens can form a circular image on a larger image sensor (e.g. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">1⁄2"), and a full frame on a smaller one (e.g. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">1⁄4"). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples_and_specific_models">Examples and specific models</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fisheye_lens&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Examples and specific models">edit</a>]</div> For a comprehensive list of all current and all past fisheye lenses, see External Links below. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Noteworthy_fisheye_lenses_for_APS-C_cameras">Noteworthy fisheye lenses for APS-C cameras</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fisheye_lens&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Noteworthy fisheye lenses for APS-C cameras">edit</a>]</div> The APS-C image sensor used in Canon cameras is 22.3 mm × 14.9 mm (0.88 in × 0.59 in), or 26.82 mm (1.056 in) on the diagonal, which is slightly smaller than the sensor size used by other popular manufacturers of cameras with APS-C sensors, such as Fuji, Minolta, Nikon, Pentax, and Sony. The other common APS-C sensors range from 23.6 to 23.7 mm (0.93 to 0.93 in) on the long dimension and 15.6 mm (0.61 in) on the shorter side, for a diagonal between 28.2 to 28.4 mm (1.11 to 1.12 in). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Circular_APS-C_fisheye_lenses">Circular APS-C fisheye lenses</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fisheye_lens&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Circular APS-C fisheye lenses">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_4.5mm_F2.8_EX_DC_Circular_Fisheye_HSM_lens" class="mw-redirect" title="Sigma 4.5mm F2.8 EX DC Circular Fisheye HSM lens">Sigma 4.5 mm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266">f/2.8</a></li> <li>Lensbaby 5.8 mm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266">f/3.5</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Diagonal_APS-C_fisheye_lenses">Diagonal APS-C fisheye lenses</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fisheye_lens&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Diagonal APS-C fisheye lenses">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nikon_AF_DX_Fisheye-Nikkor_10.5mm_f/2.8G_ED" title="Nikon AF DX Fisheye-Nikkor 10.5mm f/2.8G ED">Nikon 10.5 mm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266">f/2.8</a> for Nikon F DSLRs</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samyang_8mm_f3.5_fisheye" title="Samyang 8mm f3.5 fisheye">Samyang 8 mm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266">f/3.5</a> for various APS DSLRs. Notable for its <a href="/wiki/Stereographic_projection" title="Stereographic projection">stereographic projection</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samyang_8mm_f2.8_fisheye&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samyang 8mm f2.8 fisheye (page does not exist)">Samyang 8 mm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266">f/2.8</a> for various mirrorless mounts. Notable for its <a href="/wiki/Stereographic_projection" title="Stereographic projection">stereographic projection</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_10mm_F2.8_EX_DC_Fisheye_HSM_lens" class="mw-redirect" title="Sigma 10mm F2.8 EX DC Fisheye HSM lens">Sigma 10 mm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266">f/2.8</a> for various APS DSLRs.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Zoom_APS-C_fisheye_lenses">Zoom APS-C fisheye lenses</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fisheye_lens&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Zoom APS-C fisheye lenses">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pentax_DA_10-17mm_lens" title="Pentax DA 10-17mm lens">Pentax 10–17 mm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266">f/3.5–4.5</a> = <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tokina_AF_10-17mm_f/3.5-4.5_AT-X_DX&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tokina AF 10-17mm f/3.5-4.5 AT-X DX (page does not exist)">Tokina 10–17 mm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266">f/3.5–4.5</a> (jointly developed) for various APS DSLRs.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Noteworthy_fisheye_lenses_for_35_mm_full_frame_cameras">Noteworthy fisheye lenses for 35 mm full frame cameras</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fisheye_lens&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Noteworthy fisheye lenses for 35 mm full frame cameras">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Circular_fisheye_lenses">Circular fisheye lenses</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fisheye_lens&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Circular fisheye lenses">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peleng_8mm_Fisheye_8225.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Peleng_8mm_Fisheye_8225.jpg/220px-Peleng_8mm_Fisheye_8225.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Peleng_8mm_Fisheye_8225.jpg/330px-Peleng_8mm_Fisheye_8225.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Peleng_8mm_Fisheye_8225.jpg/440px-Peleng_8mm_Fisheye_8225.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>The Peleng 8 mm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266">f/3.5 circular fisheye lens</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Accura 12 mm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266">f/8 (180° portrait fisheye lens, i.e. optimised for the height rather than the width of the frame, thus giving a circular image of larger diameter, i.e. cropped at the top and bottom. 1968. Sold as Beroflex, Berolina, Panomar, Sigma, Spiratone, Universa, Upsilon, Vemar etc. Very bad.)<a href="#cite_note-63">[60]</a></li> <li>C-4 Optics Hyperfisheye 4.9 mm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266">f/3.5 (270°, 2020, for <a href="/wiki/Mirrorless_camera" title="Mirrorless camera">mirrorless camera</a> only, 13kg)<a href="#cite_note-64">[61]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_FD_lens_mount" title="Canon FD lens mount">Canon FD</a> 7.5 mm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266">f/5.6 (180°, 1971, three versions: initial version with silver bayonet ring, 1973 S.S.C. version with silver bayonet ring, 1979 NewFD version with the same SSC coating, black bayonet ring; all have inbuilt, wheel-selectable colour filters)<a href="#cite_note-:0-65">[62]</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Entaniya_HAL&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Entaniya HAL (page does not exist)">Entaniya HAL</a> 200 6 mm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266">f/4 (200°, 19.9 mm image diameter, for <a href="/wiki/Mirrorless_camera" title="Mirrorless camera">mirrorless camera</a> only)<a href="#cite_note-66">[63]</a></li> <li>Entaniya HAL 250 6 mm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266">f/5.6 (250°, 23.7 mm image diameter, for <a href="/wiki/Mirrorless_camera" title="Mirrorless camera">mirrorless camera</a> only, fixed aperture, 2 kg (the company also makes a 280° model with however only 5mm image diameter))<a href="#cite_note-67">[64]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikon_F-mount" title="Nikon F-mount">Nikon F</a> 6 mm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266">f/2.8 (220°, 1972)<a href="#cite_note-:1-68">[65]</a></li> <li>Nikon F 6 mm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266">f/5.6 (220°, 1970)<a href="#cite_note-:1-68">[65]</a></li> <li>Nikon F 6.2 mm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266">f/5.6 (230° and at its time the widest fisheye. Looks like the aforementioned 6 mm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266">f/5.6, but different engraving: 6.2 mm 230°. Reportedly the rarest Nikon lens in existence, only 3 produced)<a href="#cite_note-69">[66]</a></li> <li>Nikon F 7.5 mm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266">f/5.6 (220°, 1966)<a href="#cite_note-:1-68">[65]</a></li> <li>Nikon F 8 mm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266">f/2.8 (180°, 1970)<a href="#cite_note-:1-68">[65]</a></li> <li>Nikon F 8 mm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266">f/8 (180°, 1962)<a href="#cite_note-:1-68">[65]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympus_OM_system" title="Olympus OM system">Olympus OM</a> Auto-Fisheye 8 mm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266">f/2.4 (180°, rare)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peleng_lens" title="Peleng lens">Peleng</a> 8 mm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266">f/3.5 (180°)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_8mm_f/4_EX_DG_lens" title="Sigma 8mm f/4 EX DG lens">Sigma 8 mm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266">f/4.0</a> EX DG (180°)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_8mm_f/3.5_EX_DG_lens" title="Sigma 8mm f/3.5 EX DG lens">Sigma 8 mm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266">f/3.5</a> EX DG (180°, successor to the Sigma 8 mm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266">f/4.0)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Full-frame_(i.e._diagonal)_fisheye_lenses">Full-frame (i.e. diagonal) fisheye lenses</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fisheye_lens&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Full-frame (i.e. diagonal) fisheye lenses">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canon_EF_15_mm_lens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Canon EF 15 mm lens (page does not exist)">Canon EF 15 mm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266">f/2.8</a> (optically simpler successor of the below FD model; since discontinued)<a href="#cite_note-:0-65">[62]</a></li> <li>Canon Fisheye FD 15 mm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266">f/2.8 (predecessor of the above, incompatible with EF mount. Two versions: original with silver bayonet ring, 1973; NewFD with black bayonet ring, 1980. Both have inbuilt colour filters and S.S.C. coating)<a href="#cite_note-:0-65">[62]</a></li> <li>Fuji Photo Film Co. EBC Fujinon Fish Eye 16 mm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266">f/2.8 (M42 and X-Fujinon mounts, discontinued)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minolta_AF_16_mm_f/2.8_Fisheye_lens" class="mw-redirect" title="Minolta AF 16 mm f/2.8 Fisheye lens">Minolta AF 16 mm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266">f/2.8</a>, since continued as Sony A</li> <li>Nikon Fisheye-Nikkor 16 mm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266">f/2.8 AI-s and AF D (since 1979)</li> <li>Nikon Fisheye-Nikkor 16 mm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266">f/3.5 (1973, predecessor of the above)</li> <li>Pentax SMC 17 mm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266">f/4 Fish-Eye</li> <li>Pentax 18 mm f/11 <a href="/wiki/Pancake_lens" title="Pancake lens">Pancake</a> Fisheye (160°)<a href="#cite_note-70">[67]</a></li> <li>Samyang 12 mm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266">f/2.8 ED AS NCS Diagonal Fisheye (famous for its stereographic projection; available in several SLR and mirrorless camera mounts)</li> <li>Sigma 15 mm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266">f/2.8 EX DG Diagonal Fisheye</li> <li>TTArtisan 11mm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266">f/2.8 Fisheye (notable as the first fisheye lens marketed, among others, in Leica M rangefinder mount and for Fuji GFX (the lens does not cover the full GFX frame, though!). An expert found it is actually 15 mm in focal length and has an angle of view of only 176°.<a href="#cite_note-71">[68]</a>)</li> <li>Zenitar 16 mm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266">f/2.8 Fisheye lens</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Zoom_fisheye_lenses">Zoom fisheye lenses</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fisheye_lens&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Zoom fisheye lenses">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canon_EF_8-15mm_lens" title="Canon EF 8-15mm lens">Canon EF 8–15 mm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266">f/4L Fisheye USM</a> – 180° at all focal lengths, but turning from a circular to a diagonal fisheye on a 35 mm full-frame camera, i.e. changing in vertical angle of view. On a crop camera with APS-C/H size sensors, it only yields a cropped circular and full-frame image. A zoom lock is included which avoids leaving the focal length range of full coverage on crop sensor cameras.</li> <li>Nikon AF-S Fisheye Nikkor 8–15 mm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266">f/3.5–4.5E ED – designed for full-frame and FX cameras, this lens behaves identically to the Canon.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokina" title="Tokina">Tokina</a> AT-X AF DX = <a href="/wiki/Pentax_DA_10-17mm_lens" title="Pentax DA 10-17mm lens">Pentax DA ED IF</a> 10–17 mm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266">f/3.4–4.5 – a fisheye zoom lens designed for APS-C sensor cameras, also sold as an NH version without integrated lens hood: then, it is usable on full frame cameras.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentax_F_17-28mm_lens" title="Pentax F 17-28mm lens">Pentax F 17–28 mm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266">f/3.5–4.5 Fisheye</a> – This lens was born for 35 mm full frame film cameras, to take the place of the 16 mm f/2.8 in the AF era. It starts from a 17 mm full-frame (diagonal) fisheye. When it reaches 28 mm, the fisheye effect is almost gone, leaving an overdistorted wideangle image. It was intended as a "special effect" lens and is claimed not to have sold too many copies.<a href="#cite_note-72">[69]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Curiosities">Curiosities</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fisheye_lens&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Curiosities">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Canon 5.2 mm f/2.8 RF L<a href="#cite_note-73">[70]</a> (a 190° stereographic fisheye with two fisheye lens systems: for 3D virtual reality shooting onto a single 35 mm full-frame image sensor, and less relevant for photography: fitting two image circles onto one frame of 36 mm width means that each can only be 18 mm in diameter, wasting quite a bit of resolution)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentax_K-mount" title="Pentax K-mount">Pentax K</a> "Bird's eye" 8.4 mm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266">f/2.8 (prototype, 1982, rendition not quite the same as a fisheye)<a href="#cite_note-74">[71]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sample_images">Sample images</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fisheye_lens&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Sample images">edit</a>]</div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 220px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Museumfisheye.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An image of the Louvre museum entry taken with the 7.5 mm f/5.6 circular fisheye Nikkor lens"><img alt="An image of the Louvre museum entry taken with the 7.5 mm f/5.6 circular fisheye Nikkor lens" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/24/Museumfisheye.jpg/193px-Museumfisheye.jpg" decoding="async" width="193" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/24/Museumfisheye.jpg/290px-Museumfisheye.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/24/Museumfisheye.jpg/386px-Museumfisheye.jpg 2x" data-file-width="733" data-file-height="721" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">An image of the <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a> museum entry taken with the 7.5 mm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266">f/5.6 circular fisheye Nikkor lens</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 220px;"><a href="/wiki/File:WellsCathedral-28F12wyrdlight.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fisheye used to capture entire Wells Cathedral Chapter House room"><img alt="Fisheye used to capture entire Wells Cathedral Chapter House room" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/WellsCathedral-28F12wyrdlight.jpg/190px-WellsCathedral-28F12wyrdlight.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/WellsCathedral-28F12wyrdlight.jpg/285px-WellsCathedral-28F12wyrdlight.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/WellsCathedral-28F12wyrdlight.jpg/380px-WellsCathedral-28F12wyrdlight.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1500" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Fisheye used to capture entire Wells Cathedral Chapter House room</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 220px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Car_Fisheye.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Canon 8–15 mm zoom at 8 mm of BMW M3"><img alt="Canon 8–15 mm zoom at 8 mm of BMW M3" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cd/Car_Fisheye.jpg/196px-Car_Fisheye.jpg" decoding="async" width="196" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cd/Car_Fisheye.jpg/294px-Car_Fisheye.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cd/Car_Fisheye.jpg/392px-Car_Fisheye.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2972" data-file-height="2884" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Canon 8–15 mm zoom at 8 mm of BMW M3</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 220px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Panotools5618.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image shot with a 16 mm full-frame fisheye lens before and after remapping to rectilinear perspective.[n 1]"><img alt="Image shot with a 16 mm full-frame fisheye lens before and after remapping to rectilinear perspective.[n 1]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Panotools5618.jpg/200px-Panotools5618.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Panotools5618.jpg/300px-Panotools5618.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Panotools5618.jpg/400px-Panotools5618.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1880" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Image shot with a 16 mm full-frame fisheye lens before and after remapping to <a href="/wiki/Rectilinear_lens" title="Rectilinear lens">rectilinear</a> perspective.<a href="#cite_note-75">[n 1]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 220px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Fisheye_16mm_vs_Ultra_Wide_Angle_11mm.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Comparison of rectilinear 11mm lens and fisheye 16mm lens on a full frame DSLR"><img alt="Comparison of rectilinear 11mm lens and fisheye 16mm lens on a full frame DSLR" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Fisheye_16mm_vs_Ultra_Wide_Angle_11mm.jpg/142px-Fisheye_16mm_vs_Ultra_Wide_Angle_11mm.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Fisheye_16mm_vs_Ultra_Wide_Angle_11mm.jpg/214px-Fisheye_16mm_vs_Ultra_Wide_Angle_11mm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Fisheye_16mm_vs_Ultra_Wide_Angle_11mm.jpg/285px-Fisheye_16mm_vs_Ultra_Wide_Angle_11mm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6064" data-file-height="8080" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Comparison of rectilinear 11mm lens and fisheye 16mm lens on a full frame DSLR</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 220px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Fisheye_mapping_function_(animation).gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Comparison of conventional (rectilinear) mapping function with four different fisheye mapping functions, given a constant focal length."><img alt="Comparison of conventional (rectilinear) mapping function with four different fisheye mapping functions, given a constant focal length." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Fisheye_mapping_function_%28animation%29.gif/87px-Fisheye_mapping_function_%28animation%29.gif" decoding="async" width="87" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Fisheye_mapping_function_%28animation%29.gif/130px-Fisheye_mapping_function_%28animation%29.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Fisheye_mapping_function_%28animation%29.gif/174px-Fisheye_mapping_function_%28animation%29.gif 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="960" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Comparison of conventional (rectilinear) mapping function with four different fisheye mapping functions, given a constant focal length.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_applications">Other applications</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fisheye_lens&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Other applications">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Curves_of_ESO%E2%80%99s_Headquarters.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/The_Curves_of_ESO%E2%80%99s_Headquarters.jpg/220px-The_Curves_of_ESO%E2%80%99s_Headquarters.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/The_Curves_of_ESO%E2%80%99s_Headquarters.jpg/330px-The_Curves_of_ESO%E2%80%99s_Headquarters.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/The_Curves_of_ESO%E2%80%99s_Headquarters.jpg/440px-The_Curves_of_ESO%E2%80%99s_Headquarters.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>The curves of <a href="/wiki/ESO" class="mw-redirect" title="ESO">ESO</a>'s headquarters through a fish-eye lens.<a href="#cite_note-76">[72]</a> </figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Many <a href="/wiki/Planetarium" title="Planetarium">planetariums</a> now use fisheye projection lenses to project the night sky or other digital content onto the interior of a dome.</li> <li>Fish-eye lenses are used in <a href="/wiki/POV_pornography" class="mw-redirect" title="POV pornography">POV pornography</a> to make things right in front of the camera look bigger.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_simulators" class="mw-redirect" title="Flight simulators">Flight simulators</a> and visual combat simulators use fisheye projection lenses in order to create an immersive environment for pilots, air traffic controllers, or military personnel to train in.</li> <li>Similarly, the <a href="/wiki/IMAX#IMAX_Dome/OMNIMAX" title="IMAX">IMAX Dome</a> (previously 'OMNIMAX') motion-picture format involves photography through a circular fisheye lens, and projection through the same onto a hemispherical screen.</li> <li>Scientists and resource managers (e.g., biologists, foresters, and meteorologists) use fisheye lenses for <a href="/wiki/Hemispherical_photography" title="Hemispherical photography">hemispherical photography</a> to calculate plant canopy indices and near-ground solar radiation. Applications include evaluation of forest health, characterization of <a href="/wiki/Monarch_butterfly" title="Monarch butterfly">monarch butterfly</a> winter roosting sites, and management of <a href="/wiki/Vineyards" class="mw-redirect" title="Vineyards">vineyards</a>.</li> <li>Astronomers use fisheye lenses to capture cloud cover and <a href="/wiki/Light_pollution" title="Light pollution">light pollution</a> data.</li> <li>Photographers and videographers use fisheye lenses so they can get the camera as close as possible for action shots whilst also capturing context, for example in <a href="/wiki/Skateboarding" title="Skateboarding">skateboarding</a> to focus on the board and still retain an image of the skater.</li> <li>The "eye" of the <a href="/wiki/HAL_9000" title="HAL 9000">HAL 9000</a> computer from <a href="/wiki/2001:_A_Space_Odyssey_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="2001: A Space Odyssey (film)">2001: A Space Odyssey</a> was constructed using a Fisheye-Nikkor 8 mm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266">f/8 lens.<a href="#cite_note-77">[73]</a> HAL's point-of-view was filmed using a Fairchild-Curtis 'bug-eye' lens originally designed for films in the <a href="/wiki/Cinerama" title="Cinerama">Cinerama</a> 360 dome format.<a href="#cite_note-78">[74]</a></li> <li>The first music video to be shot completely with fisheye lens was for the <a href="/wiki/Beastie_Boys" title="Beastie Boys">Beastie Boys</a> song "<a href="/wiki/Hold_It_Now,_Hit_It" title="Hold It Now, Hit It">Hold It Now, Hit It</a>" in 1987.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Computer_Graphics" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer Graphics">Computer Graphics</a>, circular fisheye images can be used to create <a href="/wiki/Environment_map" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment map">environment maps</a> from the physical world. One complete 180-degree wide angle fisheye image will fit to half of cubic mapping space using the proper algorithm. Environment maps can be used to render 3D objects and virtual panoramic scenes.</li> <li>Many personal <a href="/wiki/Weather_station" title="Weather station">weather station</a> online cameras around the world upload fisheye images of the current local sky conditions as well as a previous day time-lapse sequence with climate conditions such as temperature, humidity, wind and rainfall amounts.<a href="#cite_note-79">[75]</a></li> <li>In door's <a href="/wiki/Peephole" title="Peephole">peepholes</a>, to allow the viewer inside to see a wider view from the outside.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mapping_function">Mapping function</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fisheye_lens&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Mapping function">edit</a>]</div> The subject is placed in the image by the lens according to the mapping function of the lens. The mapping function gives r, the position of the object from the center of the image, as a function of f, the focal length, and θ, the angle from the optical axis, in <a href="/wiki/Radian" title="Radian">radians</a>. <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Comparison of mapping functions </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Subject </th> <td colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/File:PeterW_zt_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/PeterW_zt_1.png/300px-PeterW_zt_1.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/PeterW_zt_1.png/450px-PeterW_zt_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/PeterW_zt_1.png/600px-PeterW_zt_1.png 2x" data-file-width="7680" data-file-height="4320" /></a> Original tunnel to be photographed, with camera looking from inside center to left wall. </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" style="width:10%;"> </th> <th>Normal</th> <th colspan="4">Fisheye<a href="#cite_note-80">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-IMO-05-49">[48]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="width:18%;">Rectilinear </th> <th style="width:18%;">Stereographic<a href="#cite_note-81">[77]</a> </th> <th style="width:18%;">Equidistant </th> <th style="width:18%;">Equisolid angle </th> <th style="width:18%;">Orthographic </th></tr> <tr> <th>Other names </th> <td>gnomonic, perspective, conventional </td> <td>panoramic, conform, planisphere </td> <td>linear, linear-scaled </td> <td>equal-area </td> <td>orthogonal </td></tr> <tr> <th>Image </th> <td><a href="/wiki/File:PeterW_zt_2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/PeterW_zt_2.png/130px-PeterW_zt_2.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/PeterW_zt_2.png/195px-PeterW_zt_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/PeterW_zt_2.png/260px-PeterW_zt_2.png 2x" data-file-width="7680" data-file-height="4320" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:PeterW_zt_4.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/PeterW_zt_4.png/130px-PeterW_zt_4.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/PeterW_zt_4.png/195px-PeterW_zt_4.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/PeterW_zt_4.png/260px-PeterW_zt_4.png 2x" data-file-width="7680" data-file-height="4320" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:PeterW_zt_5.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/PeterW_zt_5.png/130px-PeterW_zt_5.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/PeterW_zt_5.png/195px-PeterW_zt_5.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/PeterW_zt_5.png/260px-PeterW_zt_5.png 2x" data-file-width="7680" data-file-height="4320" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:PeterW_zt_6.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/PeterW_zt_6.png/130px-PeterW_zt_6.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/PeterW_zt_6.png/195px-PeterW_zt_6.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/PeterW_zt_6.png/260px-PeterW_zt_6.png 2x" data-file-width="7680" data-file-height="4320" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:PeterW_zt_7.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/PeterW_zt_7.png/130px-PeterW_zt_7.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/PeterW_zt_7.png/195px-PeterW_zt_7.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/PeterW_zt_7.png/260px-PeterW_zt_7.png 2x" data-file-width="7680" data-file-height="4320" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Mapping function<a href="#cite_note-IMO-05-49">[48]</a> </th> <td><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r=f\tan \theta }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>r</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>f</mi> <mi>tan</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mi>θ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r=f\tan \theta }</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5f2c7cd5158c66456a6cb9383a58e43f6fdec668" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.65ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r=f\tan \theta }"> </td> <td><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r=2f\tan {\frac {\theta }{2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>r</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mi>f</mi> <mi>tan</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>θ</mi> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r=2f\tan {\frac {\theta }{2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0d31c256aca388f65b812e15e96a2adc864bdaae" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:12.721ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r=2f\tan {\frac {\theta }{2}}}"> </td> <td><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r=f\,\theta }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>r</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>f</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mi>θ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r=f\,\theta }</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d4bba0e4f6256162d88d0e26545ed6dc4b4eecf6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:6.903ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r=f\,\theta }"> </td> <td><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r=2f\sin {\frac {\theta }{2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>r</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mi>f</mi> <mi>sin</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>θ</mi> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r=2f\sin {\frac {\theta }{2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/22782254201aa17ca175cbff76520dcfacf2dbd1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:12.217ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r=2f\sin {\frac {\theta }{2}}}"><a href="#cite_note-NotESA-82">[a]</a> </td> <td><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r=f\sin \theta }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>r</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>f</mi> <mi>sin</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mi>θ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r=f\sin \theta }</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2cd2c3540284fd69fe00cc07629e7138e8add608" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.146ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r=f\sin \theta }"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left; font-size:85%;"> <th>Notes </th> <td>Works like the pinhole camera. Straight lines remain straight (distortion free). <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \theta }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>θ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \theta }</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6e5ab2664b422d53eb0c7df3b87e1360d75ad9af" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.09ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \theta }"> has to be smaller than 90°. The aperture angle is gaged symmetrically to the optical axis and has to be smaller than 180°. Large aperture angles are difficult to design and lead to high prices. </td> <td>Maintains angles. This mapping would be ideal for photographers because it doesn't compress marginal objects as much. <a href="/wiki/Samyang_Optics" title="Samyang Optics">Samyang</a> is the only manufacturer to produce this kind of fisheye lens, but it is available under different brand names. This mapping is easily implemented by software. </td> <td>Maintains angular distances. Practical for angle measurement (e.g., star maps). <a href="/wiki/Panorama_Tools_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Panorama Tools (software)">PanoTools</a> uses this type of mapping. </td> <td>Maintains surface relations. Every pixel subtends an equal <a href="/wiki/Solid_angle" title="Solid angle">solid angle</a>, or an equal area on the <a href="/wiki/Unit_sphere" title="Unit sphere">unit sphere</a>. Looks like a mirror image on a ball, best special effect (unsophisticated distances), suitable for area comparison (clouds grade determination). This type is popular but it compresses marginal objects. The prices of these lenses are high, but not extreme. </td> <td>Maintains planar illuminance. Looks like an orb with the surroundings lying on < max. 180° aperture angle. Highly distorted near the edge of the image, but image in center is less compressed. </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; font-size:85%;"> <th>Examples<a href="#cite_note-83">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[80]</a> </th> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">(Numerous) </td> <td> <ul><li>Samyang 8 mm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266">f/2.8</li> <li>Samyang 12 mm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266">f/2.8</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>Canon FD 7.5 mm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266">f/5.6</li> <li>Coastal Optical 7.45 mm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266">f/5.6</li> <li>Nikkor 6 mm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266">f/2.8</li> <li>Nikkor 7.5 mm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266">f/5.6</li> <li>Nikkor 8 mm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266">f/2.8</li> <li>Nikkor 8 mm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266">f/8.0</li> <li>Peleng 8 mm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266">f/3.5</li> <li>Rokkor 7.5 mm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266">f/4.0</li> <li>Sigma 8 mm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266">f/3.5</li> <li>Samyang 7.5 mm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266">f/3.5</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>Canon EF 15 mm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266">f/2.8 (1988)</li> <li>Minolta 16 mm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266">f/2.8 (1971)</li> <li>Nikkor 10.5 mm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266">f/2.8<a href="#cite_note-87">[b]</a></li> <li>Nikkor 16 mm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266">f/2.8 (1995)</li> <li>Sigma 4.5 mm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266">f/2.8</li> <li>Sigma 8 mm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266">f/4.0<a href="#cite_note-88">[c]</a></li> <li>Sigma 15 mm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266">f/2.8 (1990)</li> <li>Zuiko 8 mm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266">f/2.8</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>Nikkor 10 mm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266">f/5.6 OP</li> <li>Yasuhara Madoka180 7.3 mm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266">f/4</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NotESA-82"><a href="#cite_ref-NotESA_82-0">^</a> Special case of r = k1 f sin <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214402035">.mw-parser-output .sfrac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .sfrac.tion,.mw-parser-output .sfrac .tion{display:inline-block;vertical-align:-0.5em;font-size:85%;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .num{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.0em 0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .den{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.1em 0.1em}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>⁠θ/k2⁠, where k1 = k2 =2. Some fisheyes, such as the AF Nikkor DX 10.5 mm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266">f/2.8 have slightly different values for k1 and k2. </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> For this lens, k1 = 1.47 and 1/k2 = 0.713, determined empirically.<a href="#cite_note-Thoby-86">[81]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> In this case, k1 = 1.88 and 1/k2 = 0.54.<a href="#cite_note-Thoby-86">[81]</a> </li> </ol></div> Other mapping functions (for example <a href="/wiki/Panomorph" title="Panomorph">Panomorph</a> Lenses) are also possible for enhancing the off-axis resolution of fisheye lenses. With appropriate software, the <a href="/wiki/Curvilinear_perspective" title="Curvilinear perspective">curvilinear</a> images produced by a fisheye lens can be remapped to a conventional <a href="/wiki/Rectilinear_lens" title="Rectilinear lens">rectilinear</a> projection. Although this entails some loss of detail at the edges of the frame, the technique can produce an image with a field of view greater than that of a conventional rectilinear lens. This is particularly useful for creating <a href="/wiki/Panoramic_photography" title="Panoramic photography">panoramic images</a>. All types of fisheye lenses bend straight lines. Aperture angles of 180° or more are possible only with large amounts of <a href="/wiki/Barrel_distortion" class="mw-redirect" title="Barrel distortion">barrel distortion</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fisheye_lens&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Graphical_projection" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphical projection">Graphical projection</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Axonometric_projection.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Axonometric_projection.svg/150px-Axonometric_projection.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Axonometric_projection.svg/225px-Axonometric_projection.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Axonometric_projection.svg/300px-Axonometric_projection.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="467" data-file-height="397" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Planar_projection" title="Planar projection">Planar</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_projection" title="Parallel projection">Parallel projection</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthographic_projection" title="Orthographic projection">Orthographic projection</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isometric_projection" title="Isometric projection">Isometric projection</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblique_projection" title="Oblique projection">Oblique projection</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perspective_(graphical)" title="Perspective (graphical)">Perspective projection</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curvilinear_perspective" title="Curvilinear perspective">Curvilinear perspective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_perspective" title="Reverse perspective">Reverse perspective</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Views</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bird%27s-eye_view" title="Bird's-eye view">Bird's-eye view</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_section_(geometry)" title="Cross section (geometry)">Cross section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutaway_drawing" title="Cutaway drawing">Cutaway drawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploded_view_drawing" class="mw-redirect" title="Exploded view drawing">Exploded view drawing</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fisheye lens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiview_projection" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiview projection">Multiviews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panorama" title="Panorama">Panorama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worm%27s-eye_view" title="Worm's-eye view">Worm's-eye view</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoom_lens" title="Zoom lens">Zoom lens</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3D_projection" title="3D projection">3D projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anamorphosis" title="Anamorphosis">Anamorphosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axonometry" title="Axonometry">Axonometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_graphics" title="Computer graphics">Computer graphics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer-aided_design" title="Computer-aided design">Computer-aided design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descriptive_geometry" title="Descriptive geometry">Descriptive geometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_drawing" title="Engineering drawing">Engineering drawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Map_projection" title="Map projection">Map projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picture_plane" title="Picture plane">Picture plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plans_(drawings)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plans (drawings)">Plans (drawings)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Projection_(linear_algebra)" title="Projection (linear algebra)">Projection (linear algebra)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Projection_plane" title="Projection plane">Projection plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Projective_geometry" title="Projective geometry">Projective geometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">Stereoscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_drawing" title="Technical drawing">Technical drawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True_length" title="True length">True length</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanishing_point" title="Vanishing point">Vanishing point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_graphics" title="Video game graphics">Video game graphics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viewing_frustum" title="Viewing frustum">Viewing frustum</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Views" title="Template:Views"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Views" title="Template talk:Views"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Views" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Views"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azimuthal_equidistant_projection" title="Azimuthal equidistant projection">Azimuthal equidistant projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curvilinear_perspective" title="Curvilinear perspective">Curvilinear perspective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dashcam" title="Dashcam">Dashcam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miniature_faking" title="Miniature faking">Miniature faking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereographic_projection" title="Stereographic projection">Stereographic projection</a></li> <li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fischaugenobjektiv" class="extiw" title="de:Fischaugenobjektiv">de:Fischaugenobjektiv</a> Fisheye lens with more information in German</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fisheye_lens&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Camera: a 35 mm format digital SLR, editing tool: <a href="/wiki/Panorama_Tools" title="Panorama Tools">Panorama Tools</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fisheye_lens&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Wood-1906-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wood-1906_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wood-1906_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wood-1906_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wood-1906_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wood-1906_1-4">e</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWood,_R._W.1906" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Wood" title="Robert W. Wood">Wood, R. W.</a> (August 1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1725410">"Fish-Eye Views, and Vision under Water"</a>. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science. 6. XII (LXVIII): 159–161. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14786440609463529">10.1080/14786440609463529</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London%2C+Edinburgh%2C+and+Dublin+Philosophical+Magazine+and+Journal+of+Science&rft.atitle=Fish-Eye+Views%2C+and+Vision+under+Water&rft.volume=XII&rft.issue=LXVIII&rft.pages=159-161&rft.date=1906-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14786440609463529&rft.au=Wood%2C+R.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1725410&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFisheye+lens" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bond-1922-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bond-1922_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bond-1922_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBond,_W._N.1922" class="citation journal cs1">Bond, W. N. (November 1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015077756651;view=1up;seq=1033">"A Wide Angle Lens for Cloud Recording"</a>. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science. 6. XLIV (CCLXIII): 999–1001. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14786441208562576">10.1080/14786441208562576</a>. Retrieved 6 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London%2C+Edinburgh%2C+and+Dublin+Philosophical+Magazine+and+Journal+of+Science&rft.atitle=A+Wide+Angle+Lens+for+Cloud+Recording&rft.volume=XLIV&rft.issue=CCLXIII&rft.pages=999-1001&rft.date=1922-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14786441208562576&rft.au=Bond%2C+W.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dmdp.39015077756651%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D1033&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFisheye+lens" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hill-1924-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hill-1924_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hill-1924_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hill-1924_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hill-1924_3-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill1924" class="citation journal cs1">Hill, Robin (July 1924). "A lens for whole sky photographs". Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society. 50 (211): 227–235. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1924QJRMS..50..227H">1924QJRMS..50..227H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fqj.49705021110">10.1002/qj.49705021110</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quarterly+Journal+of+the+Royal+Meteorological+Society&rft.atitle=A+lens+for+whole+sky+photographs&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=211&rft.pages=227-235&rft.date=1924-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fqj.49705021110&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1924QJRMS..50..227H&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Robin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFisheye+lens" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Horenstein-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Horenstein_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Horenstein_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenry_Horenstein2005" class="citation book cs1">Henry Horenstein (2005-04-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/blackwhitephotog00hore_0">Black and White Photography: A Basic Manual</a>. Little, Brown. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/blackwhitephotog00hore_0/page/55">55</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780316373050" title="Special:BookSources/9780316373050"><bdi>9780316373050</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+and+White+Photography%3A+A+Basic+Manual&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown&rft.date=2005-04-20&rft.isbn=9780316373050&rft.au=Henry+Horenstein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fblackwhitephotog00hore_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFisheye+lens" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kingslake-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kingslake_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kingslake_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kingslake_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kingslake_5-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kingslake_5-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKingslake1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Kingslake" title="Rudolf Kingslake">Kingslake, Rudolf</a> (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofphotogr0000king/page/140/mode/2up">"10. Reversed Telephoto Lenses"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofphotogr0000king/">A History of the Photographic Lens</a>. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 141–152. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-12-408640-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-12-408640-3"><bdi>0-12-408640-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 27 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=10.+Reversed+Telephoto+Lenses&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Photographic+Lens&rft.place=San+Diego&rft.pages=141-152&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-12-408640-3&rft.aulast=Kingslake&rft.aufirst=Rudolf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofphotogr0000king%2Fpage%2F140%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFisheye+lens" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brooks-6"><a href="#cite_ref-Brooks_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Brooks1982" class="citation book cs1">David Brooks (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_gqwwMWZm84C&q=first+practical+fisheye+lens">Lenses and lens accessories: a photographer's guide</a>. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780930764340" title="Special:BookSources/9780930764340"><bdi>9780930764340</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lenses+and+lens+accessories%3A+a+photographer%27s+guide&rft.pages=29&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=9780930764340&rft.au=David+Brooks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_gqwwMWZm84C%26q%3Dfirst%2Bpractical%2Bfisheye%2Blens&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFisheye+lens" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Compendium-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Compendium_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Compendium_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Compendium_7-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStafford,_SimonHillebrand,_RudiHauschild,_Hans-Joachim2004" class="citation book cs1">Stafford, Simon; Hillebrand, Rudi; Hauschild, Hans-Joachim (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u4rXBqSmjPAC&pg=PA209">The New Nikon Compendium</a>. Lark Books. pp. 209–210. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57990-592-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-57990-592-7"><bdi>1-57990-592-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Nikon+Compendium&rft.pages=209-210&rft.pub=Lark+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-57990-592-7&rft.au=Stafford%2C+Simon&rft.au=Hillebrand%2C+Rudi&rft.au=Hauschild%2C+Hans-Joachim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du4rXBqSmjPAC%26pg%3DPA209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFisheye+lens" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Veronica della Dora, "Mountains as a Way of Seeing: From Mount of Temptation to Mont Blanc", in Emily Goetsch, Mountains, Mobilities and Movement, 2017, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1137586354" title="Special:BookSources/1137586354">1137586354</a>, p. 205 </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Voyage dans les Alpes, précédés d'un essai sur l'histoire naturelle des environs de Geneve. Neuchatel, 1779–96, pl. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGuffie,_K.Henderson-Sellers,_A.1989" class="citation journal cs1">McGuffie, K.; Henderson-Sellers, A. (October 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0477%281989%29070%3C1243%3AAACOCO%3E2.0.CO%3B2">"Almost a Century of "Imaging" Clouds Over the Whole-Sky Dome"</a>. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 70 (10): 1243–1253. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989BAMS...70.1243M">1989BAMS...70.1243M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0477%281989%29070%3C1243%3AAACOCO%3E2.0.CO%3B2">10.1175/1520-0477(1989)070<1243:AACOCO>2.0.CO;2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+American+Meteorological+Society&rft.atitle=Almost+a+Century+of+%22Imaging%22+Clouds+Over+the+Whole-Sky+Dome&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1243-1253&rft.date=1989-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1175%2F1520-0477%281989%29070%3C1243%3AAACOCO%3E2.0.CO%3B2&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1989BAMS...70.1243M&rft.au=McGuffie%2C+K.&rft.au=Henderson-Sellers%2C+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1175%252F1520-0477%25281989%2529070%253C1243%253AAACOCO%253E2.0.CO%253B2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFisheye+lens" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GB225398-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GB225398_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GB225398_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GB225398_11-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GB225398_11-3">d</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/GB225398A/">GB Application 225398</a>, Robin Hill, "Improvements in photographic lenses", published 4 December 1924, assigned to R & J Beck Ltd.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=225398&rft.cc=GB&rft.title=Improvements+in+photographic+lenses&rft.inventor=Robin+Hill&rft.assignee=R+%26+J+Beck+Ltd.&rft.pubdate=4 December 1924&rft.prioritydate=20 December 1923">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Miyamoto-1964-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Miyamoto-1964_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miyamoto-1964_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miyamoto-1964_12-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiyamoto,_Kenro1964" class="citation journal cs1">Miyamoto, Kenro (1964). "Fish Eye Lens". Journal of the Optical Society of America. 54 (8): 1060–1061. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1364%2FJOSA.54.001060">10.1364/JOSA.54.001060</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Optical+Society+of+America&rft.atitle=Fish+Eye+Lens&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1060-1061&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1364%2FJOSA.54.001060&rft.au=Miyamoto%2C+Kenro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFisheye+lens" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRay,_Sidney1999" class="citation book cs1">Ray, Sidney (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h6zMCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA535">"Fisheye lens photography"</a>. Scientific Photography and Applied Imaging. Burlington, Massachusetts: Focal Press. p. 535. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-240-51323-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-240-51323-2"><bdi>978-0-240-51323-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 7 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fisheye+lens+photography&rft.btitle=Scientific+Photography+and+Applied+Imaging&rft.place=Burlington%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=535&rft.pub=Focal+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-240-51323-2&rft.au=Ray%2C+Sidney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh6zMCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA535&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFisheye+lens" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeck,_Conrad1925" class="citation journal cs1">Beck, Conrad (1925). "Apparatus to photograph the whole sky". Journal of Scientific Instruments. 2 (4): 135–139. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1925JScI....2..135B">1925JScI....2..135B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0950-7671%2F2%2F4%2F305">10.1088/0950-7671/2/4/305</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Scientific+Instruments&rft.atitle=Apparatus+to+photograph+the+whole+sky&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=135-139&rft.date=1925&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F0950-7671%2F2%2F4%2F305&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1925JScI....2..135B&rft.au=Beck%2C+Conrad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFisheye+lens" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.novacon.com.br/odditycameras/hillscloud.htm">"1920s Hill's Cloud Camera with Hill Sky lens made by Beck London"</a>. 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International Meteor Organization: 9–14. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005JIMO...33....9B">2005JIMO...33....9B</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WGN&rft.atitle=Imaging%3A+Fisheye+lenses&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=9-14&rft.date=2005-03-06&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005JIMO...33....9B&rft.au=Bettonvil%2C+Felix&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFisheye+lens" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sigmaphoto.com/lenses/fisheye-lenses/45mm-f28-ex-dc-hsm-circular-fisheye">4.5mm F2.8 EX DC Circular Fisheye</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mir.com.my/rb/photography/companies/nikon/nikkoresources/fisheyes/6mmf28.htm">"Additional Information on Fisheye-Nikkor 6mm f/2.8 lens"</a>. 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Retrieved 24 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Photography&rft.atitle=Rare+extreme+wide-angle+Nikkor+lens+goes+on+sale&rft.date=2012-04-23&rft.aulast=Laurent&rft.aufirst=Olivier+Laurent&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bjp-online.com%2Fbritish-journal-of-photography%2Fnews%2F2169615%2Frare-extreme-wide-angle-nikkor-lens-goes-sale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFisheye+lens" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dpreview.com/products/venus/lenses/venus_laowa_4_2p8_fisheye_mft">Venus Laowa 4mm F2.8 Fisheye MFT</a>, dpreview, 20 April 2018, retrieved 30 September 2018 </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheppard2006" class="citation book cs1">Sheppard, Rob (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P39ysk_UwZcC&pg=PA33">The Magic of Digital Nature Photography</a>. Sterling Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781579907730" title="Special:BookSources/9781579907730"><bdi>9781579907730</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Magic+of+Digital+Nature+Photography&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781579907730&rft.aulast=Sheppard&rft.aufirst=Rob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP39ysk_UwZcC%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFisheye+lens" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOV-formula-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOV-formula_58-0">^</a> For an equisolid angle projection (typical of full-frame fisheyes), the angle of view is double <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \theta }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>θ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \theta }</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6e5ab2664b422d53eb0c7df3b87e1360d75ad9af" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.09ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \theta }">, the angle from the optical axis, and the resulting formula is <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{AOV}}=4\cdot \arcsin \left({\frac {\text{frame size}}{4\cdot {\text{focal length}}}}\right)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>AOV</mtext> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>4</mn> <mo>⋅</mo> <mi>arcsin</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mtext>frame size</mtext> <mrow> <mn>4</mn> <mo>⋅</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>focal length</mtext> </mrow> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{AOV}}=4\cdot \arcsin \left({\frac {\text{frame size}}{4\cdot {\text{focal length}}}}\right)}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/99f38834c031b857e413161fce0e1b7fab10f60a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:35.923ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{AOV}}=4\cdot \arcsin \left({\frac {\text{frame size}}{4\cdot {\text{focal length}}}}\right)}">, where <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{frame size}}=2\cdot r}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>frame size</mtext> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo>⋅</mo> <mi>r</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{frame size}}=2\cdot r}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d2f10ba6ed67cc966a994d931f56479e2ab405c3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:16.951ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{frame size}}=2\cdot r}"> which comes from <a href="/wiki/Inverse_function" title="Inverse function">solving</a> the <a href="#Mapping_function">mapping function</a> for <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \theta }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>θ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \theta }</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6e5ab2664b422d53eb0c7df3b87e1360d75ad9af" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; 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Retrieved 6 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+the+various+projections+of+the+photographic+objective+lenses&rft.date=2012-11-06&rft.au=Thoby%2C+Michel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmichel.thoby.free.fr%2FFisheye_history_short%2FProjections%2FVarious_lens_projection.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFisheye+lens" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToscani,_Pierre2010" class="citation web cs1">Toscani, Pierre (20 December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pierretoscani.com/fisheyes-(in-english).html">"Fisheyes"</a>. Retrieved 6 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fisheyes&rft.date=2010-12-20&rft.au=Toscani%2C+Pierre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pierretoscani.com%2Ffisheyes-%28in-english%29.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFisheye+lens" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181115030631/http://www.kurazumi.net/home/fisheye">"Fish-eye lenses"</a>. Kurazumi Office. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kurazumi.net/home/fisheye">the original</a> on 15 November 2018. Retrieved 14 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fish-eye+lenses&rft.pub=Kurazumi+Office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kurazumi.net%2Fhome%2Ffisheye&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFisheye+lens" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thoby-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thoby_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thoby_86-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThoby,_Michel2006" class="citation web cs1">Thoby, Michel (20 December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://michel.thoby.free.fr/Blur_Panorama/Nikkor10-5mm_or_Sigma8mm/Sigma_or_Nikkor/Deux_Fiheyes_Compares.html">"Comparaison de deux objectifs Fisheye: Sigma 8 mm f/4 et Nikkor 10,5 mm f/2,8"</a> [Comparison of two Fisheye lenses: Sigma 8 mm f/4 and Nikkor 10.5 mm f/2.8]. Retrieved 14 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Comparaison+de+deux+objectifs+Fisheye%3A+Sigma+8+mm+f%2F4+et+Nikkor+10%2C5+mm+f%2F2%2C8&rft.date=2006-12-20&rft.au=Thoby%2C+Michel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmichel.thoby.free.fr%2FBlur_Panorama%2FNikkor10-5mm_or_Sigma8mm%2FSigma_or_Nikkor%2FDeux_Fiheyes_Compares.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFisheye+lens" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fisheye_lens&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fisheye_lenses" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Fisheye lenses">Fisheye lenses</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wiki.panotools.org/Fisheye_Projection">Fisheye projection theory</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1hqXPmpR_zBitA3g2aJknDAawy2pvvHnGHymTcJaGU9o/edit?usp=sharing">List of all Current and all Affordable Photography Fisheye Lenses</a></li> <li>T<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thefisheyelist.com/">he New Fish List, Luca Vascon, 2021</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://michel.thoby.free.fr/Fisheye_history_short/Projections/Various_lens_projection.html">Various fisheye projections</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumler,_James_"Jay"Bauer,_Martin2000" class="citation conference cs1">Kumler, James "Jay"; Bauer, Martin (2000). Fish-eye lens designs and their relative performance. International Symposium of Optical Science and Technology. San Diego, California: SPIE. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1117%2F12.405226">10.1117/12.405226</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Fish-eye+lens+designs+and+their+relative+performance&rft.place=San+Diego%2C+California&rft.pub=SPIE&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1117%2F12.405226&rft.au=Kumler%2C+James+%22Jay%22&rft.au=Bauer%2C+Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFisheye+lens" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050128213649/http://www.coastalopt.com/pdfs/FisheyeComparison_SPIE.pdf">Alternative archived URL</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Photography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">Photography</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">Camera</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Light_field_camera" title="Light field camera">light-field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_camera" title="Field camera">field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_camera" title="Instant camera">instant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_phone" title="Camera phone">phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinhole_camera" title="Pinhole camera">pinhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Press_camera" title="Press camera">press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangefinder_camera" title="Rangefinder camera">rangefinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-lens_reflex_camera" title="Single-lens reflex camera">SLR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">still</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin-lens_reflex_camera" title="Twin-lens reflex camera">TLR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy_camera" title="Toy camera">toy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/View_camera" title="View camera">view</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darkroom" title="Darkroom">Darkroom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlarger" title="Enlarger">enlarger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safelight" title="Safelight">safelight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_film" title="Photographic film">Film</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Film_base" title="Film base">base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_format" title="Film format">format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_holder" title="Film holder">holder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_stock" title="Film stock">stock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographic_films" title="List of photographic films">available films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_discontinued_photographic_films" title="List of discontinued photographic films">discontinued films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_filter" title="Photographic filter">Filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_(photography)" title="Flash (photography)">Flash</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beauty_dish" title="Beauty dish">beauty dish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cucoloris" title="Cucoloris">cucoloris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobo_(lighting)" title="Gobo (lighting)">gobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_shoe" title="Hot shoe">hot shoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lens_hood" title="Lens hood">lens hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monolight" title="Monolight">monolight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflector_(photography)" title="Reflector (photography)">reflector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snoot" title="Snoot">snoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Softbox" title="Softbox">softbox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_lens" title="Camera lens">Lens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long-focus_lens" title="Long-focus lens">long-focus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_lens" title="Prime lens">prime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoom_lens" title="Zoom lens">zoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide-angle_lens" title="Wide-angle lens">wide-angle</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">fisheye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swivel_lens" title="Swivel lens">swivel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephoto_lens" title="Telephoto lens">telephoto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographic_equipment_makers" title="List of photographic equipment makers">Manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopod" title="Monopod">Monopod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movie_projector" title="Movie projector">Movie projector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slide_projector" title="Slide projector">Slide projector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripod_(photography)" title="Tripod (photography)">Tripod</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tripod_head" title="Tripod head">head</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zone_plate" title="Zone plate">Zone plate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/35_mm_equivalent_focal_length" title="35 mm equivalent focal length">35 mm equivalent focal length</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angle_of_view_(photography)" title="Angle of view (photography)">Angle of view</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aperture" title="Aperture">Aperture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backscatter_(photography)" title="Backscatter (photography)">Backscatter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">Black-and-white</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromatic_aberration" title="Chromatic aberration">Chromatic aberration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circle_of_confusion" title="Circle of confusion">Circle of confusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clipping_(photography)" title="Clipping (photography)">Clipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_balance" title="Color balance">Color balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_temperature" title="Color temperature">Color temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depth_of_field" title="Depth of field">Depth of field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depth_of_focus" title="Depth of focus">Depth of focus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_(photography)" title="Exposure (photography)">Exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_compensation" title="Exposure compensation">Exposure compensation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_value" title="Exposure value">Exposure value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebra_patterning" title="Zebra patterning">Zebra patterning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-number" title="F-number">F-number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_format" title="Film format">Film format</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Large_format" title="Large format">large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium_format" title="Medium format">medium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">Film speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focal_length" title="Focal length">Focal length</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guide_number" title="Guide number">Guide number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperfocal_distance" title="Hyperfocal distance">Hyperfocal distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lens_flare" title="Lens flare">Lens flare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metering_mode" title="Metering mode">Metering mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perspective_distortion" title="Perspective distortion">Perspective distortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photograph" title="Photograph">Photograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_printing" title="Photographic printing">Photographic printing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albumen_print" title="Albumen print">Albumen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographic_processes" title="List of photographic processes">Photographic processes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocity_(photography)" title="Reciprocity (photography)">Reciprocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-eye_effect" title="Red-eye effect">Red-eye effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_of_photography" title="Science of photography">Science of photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shutter_speed" title="Shutter speed">Shutter speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_synchronization" title="Flash synchronization">Sync</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zone_System" title="Zone System">Zone System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_photography" title="Abstract photography">Abstract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_photography" title="Aerial photography">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_spotting" title="Aircraft spotting">Aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_photography" title="Architectural photography">Architectural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrophotography" title="Astrophotography">Astrophotography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banquet_photography" title="Banquet photography">Banquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candid_photography" title="Candid photography">Candid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_photography" title="Conceptual photography">Conceptual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_photography" title="Conservation photography">Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloudscape_photography" title="Cloudscape photography">Cloudscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_photography" title="Documentary photography">Documentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclipse_photography" title="Eclipse photography">Eclipse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_anthropology" title="Visual anthropology">Ethnographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_photography" title="Erotic photography">Erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_photography" title="Fashion photography">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fine-art_photography" title="Fine-art photography">Fine-art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_photography" title="Fire photography">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_photography" title="Forensic photography">Forensic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glamour_photography" title="Glamour photography">Glamour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_photography" title="High-speed photography">High-speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_photography" title="Landscape photography">Landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monochrome_photography" title="Monochrome photography">Monochrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_photography" title="Nature photography">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neues_Sehen" title="Neues Sehen">Neues Sehen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nude_photography" title="Nude photography">Nude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photojournalism" title="Photojournalism">Photojournalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictorialism" title="Pictorialism">Pictorialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography" title="Pornography">Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrait_photography" title="Portrait photography">Portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-mortem_photography" title="Post-mortem photography">Post-mortem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruins_photography" title="Ruins photography">Ruins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selfie" title="Selfie">Selfie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_selfie" title="Space selfie">space selfie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_documentary_photography" title="Social documentary photography">Social documentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_photography" title="Sports photography">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Still_life_photography" title="Still life photography">Still life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_photography" title="Stock photography">Stock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_photography" title="Straight photography">Straight photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_photography" title="Street photography">Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy_camera" title="Toy camera">Toy camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_photography" title="Underwater photography">Underwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernacular_photography" title="Vernacular photography">Vernacular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_photography" title="Wedding photography">Wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_photography" title="Wildlife photography">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afocal_photography" title="Afocal photography">Afocal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bokeh" title="Bokeh">Bokeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brenizer_method" title="Brenizer method">Brenizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burst_mode_(photography)" title="Burst mode (photography)">Burst mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contre-jour" title="Contre-jour">Contre-jour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposing_to_the_right" title="Exposing to the right">ETTR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fill_flash" title="Fill flash">Fill flash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireworks_photography" title="Fireworks photography">Fireworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand-colouring_of_photographs" title="Hand-colouring of photographs">Hand-colouring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harris_shutter" title="Harris shutter">Harris shutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_photography" title="High-speed photography">High-speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holography" title="Holography">Holography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_photography" title="Infrared photography">Infrared</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_camera_movement" title="Intentional camera movement">Intentional camera movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirlian_photography" title="Kirlian photography">Kirlian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kite_aerial_photography" title="Kite aerial photography">Kite aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo-fi_photography" title="Lo-fi photography">Lo-fi photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-exposure_photography" title="Long-exposure photography">Long-exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminogram" title="Luminogram">Luminogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro_photography" title="Macro photography">Macro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordan%C3%A7age" title="Mordançage">Mordançage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_exposure" title="Multiple exposure">Multiple exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-exposure_HDR_capture" title="Multi-exposure HDR capture">Multi-exposure HDR capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_photography" title="Night photography">Night</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panning_(camera)" title="Panning (camera)">Panning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panoramic_photography" title="Panoramic photography">Panoramic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photogram" title="Photogram">Photogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_print_toning" title="Photographic print toning">Print toning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigeon_photography" title="Pigeon photography">Pigeon photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redscale" title="Redscale">Redscale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rephotography" title="Rephotography">Rephotography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollout_photography" title="Rollout photography">Rollout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scanography" title="Scanography">Scanography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schlieren_photography" title="Schlieren photography">Schlieren photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabattier_effect" title="Sabattier effect">Sabattier effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_motion" title="Slow motion">Slow motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">Stereoscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stopping_down" title="Stopping down">Stopping down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strip_photography" title="Strip photography">Strip</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slit-scan_photography" title="Slit-scan photography">Slit-scan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_printing" title="Sun printing">Sun printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilt%E2%80%93shift_photography" title="Tilt–shift photography">Tilt–shift</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miniature_faking" title="Miniature faking">Miniature faking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-lapse_photography" title="Time-lapse photography">Time-lapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_photography" title="Ultraviolet photography">Ultraviolet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vignetting" title="Vignetting">Vignetting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerox_art" title="Xerox art">Xerography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoom_burst" title="Zoom burst">Zoom burst</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Composition_(visual_arts)" title="Composition (visual arts)">Composition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diagonal_method" title="Diagonal method">Diagonal method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framing_(visual_arts)" title="Framing (visual arts)">Framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headroom_(photographic_framing)" title="Headroom (photographic framing)">Headroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_room" title="Lead room">Lead room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_thirds" title="Rule of thirds">Rule of thirds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplicity_(photography)" title="Simplicity (photography)">Simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_triangle_(composition)" title="Golden triangle (composition)">Golden triangle (composition)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_photography" title="History of photography">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_photography_technology" title="Timeline of photography technology">Timeline of photography technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrotype" title="Ambrotype">Ambrotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analog_photography" title="Analog photography">Analog photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autochrome_Lumi%C3%A8re" title="Autochrome Lumière">Autochrome Lumière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_camera" title="Box camera">Box camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calotype" title="Calotype">Calotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_obscura" title="Camera obscura">Camera obscura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daguerreotype" title="Daguerreotype">Daguerreotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dufaycolor" title="Dufaycolor">Dufaycolor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliography" title="Heliography">Heliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lippmann_plate" title="Lippmann plate">Lippmann plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painted_photography_backdrops" title="Painted photography backdrops">Painted photography backdrops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_and_the_law" title="Photography and the law">Photography and the law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_plate" title="Photographic plate">Glass plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tintype" title="Tintype">Tintype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">Visual arts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Albania" title="Photography in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Bangladesh" title="Photography in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Canada" title="Photography in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_China" title="Photography in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Denmark" title="Photography in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Greece" title="Photography in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_India" title="Photography in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Japan" title="Photography in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Korea" title="Photography in Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Luxembourg" title="Photography in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Norway" title="Photography in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_the_Philippines" title="Photography in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Serbia" title="Photography in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Photography in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Sudan" title="Photography in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Taiwan" title="Photography in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Turkey" title="Photography in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Ukraine" title="Photography in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_the_United_States" title="Photography in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Uzbekistan" title="Photography in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Vietnam" title="Photography in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digital_photography" title="Digital photography">Digital photography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">Digital camera</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_single-lens_reflex_camera" title="Digital single-lens reflex camera">D-SLR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_digital_SLRs" title="Comparison of digital SLRs">comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirrorless_camera" title="Mirrorless camera">MILC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_camera_back" title="Digital camera back">camera back</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digiscoping" title="Digiscoping">Digiscoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_digital_and_film_photography" title="Comparison of digital and film photography">Comparison of digital and film photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_scanner" title="Film scanner">Film scanner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_sensor" title="Image sensor">Image sensor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active-pixel_sensor" title="Active-pixel sensor">CMOS APS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge-coupled_device" title="Charge-coupled device">CCD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-CCD_camera" title="Three-CCD camera">Three-CCD camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foveon_X3_sensor" title="Foveon X3 sensor">Foveon X3 sensor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_sharing" title="Image sharing">Image sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel" title="Pixel">Pixel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_photography" title="Color photography">Color photography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_print_film" title="Color print film">Print film</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromogenic_print" title="Chromogenic print">Chromogenic print</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reversal_film" title="Reversal film">Reversal film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_management" title="Color management">Color management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_space" title="Color space">color space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_color" title="Primary color">primary color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMYK_color_model" title="CMYK color model">CMYK color model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RGB_color_model" title="RGB color model">RGB color model</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Photographic_processing" title="Photographic processing">Photographic processing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bleach_bypass" title="Bleach bypass">Bleach bypass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-41_process" title="C-41 process">C-41 process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collodion_process" title="Collodion process">Collodion process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_processing" title="Cross processing">Cross processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanotype" title="Cyanotype">Cyanotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_developer" title="Photographic developer">Developer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_image_processing" title="Digital image processing">Digital image processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dye_coupler" title="Dye coupler">Dye coupler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-6_process" title="E-6 process">E-6 process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_fixer" title="Photographic fixer">Fixer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelatin_silver_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Gelatin silver process">Gelatin silver process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gum_printing" title="Gum printing">Gum printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_film" title="Instant film">Instant film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-14_process" title="K-14 process">K-14 process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Print_permanence" title="Print permanence">Print permanence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Push_processing" title="Push processing">Push processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_bath" title="Stop bath">Stop bath</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_photographs" title="List of largest photographs">Largest photographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_photographs" title="List of most expensive photographs">Most expensive photographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_devoted_to_one_photographer" title="List of museums devoted to one photographer">Museums devoted to one photographer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographs_considered_the_most_important" title="List of photographs considered the most important">Photographs considered the most important</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographers" title="List of photographers">Photographers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Norwegian_photographers" title="List of Norwegian photographers">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_photographers" title="List of Polish photographers">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_street_photographers" title="List of street photographers">street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women_photographers" title="List of women photographers">women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photography_periodicals" title="List of photography periodicals">Photography periodicals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_photographs" title="Conservation and restoration of photographs">Conservation and restoration of photographs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_film" title="Conservation and restoration of film">film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_photographic_plates" title="Conservation and restoration of photographic plates">photographic plates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy_camera#Lomography" title="Toy camera">Lomography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polaroid_art" title="Polaroid art">Polaroid art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">Stereoscopy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Photography" title="Category:Photography">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_photography" title="Outline of photography">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    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