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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Pre-Cabraline_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Marajoara_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marajoara_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Marajoara culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marajoara_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Early Brazil</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_Brazil-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Early Brazil subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Early_Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Iberian_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iberian_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Iberian Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iberian_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indigenous_rebellions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indigenous_rebellions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Indigenous rebellions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indigenous_rebellions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sugar_age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sugar_age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Sugar age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sugar_age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slave_rebellions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slave_rebellions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Slave rebellions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slave_rebellions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gold_and_diamond_rush" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gold_and_diamond_rush"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Gold and diamond rush</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gold_and_diamond_rush-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kingdom_and_Empire_of_Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kingdom_and_Empire_of_Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Kingdom and Empire of Brazil</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Kingdom_and_Empire_of_Brazil-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Kingdom and Empire of Brazil subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Kingdom_and_Empire_of_Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Coffee_plantations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coffee_plantations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Coffee plantations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coffee_plantations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rubber" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rubber"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Rubber</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rubber-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Republic</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Republic-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Republic subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Old_Republic_(1889–1930)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old_Republic_(1889–1930)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Old Republic (1889–1930)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Old_Republic_(1889–1930)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Populism_and_development_(1930–1964)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Populism_and_development_(1930–1964)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Populism and development (1930–1964)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Populism_and_development_(1930–1964)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_dictatorship_(1964–1985)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_dictatorship_(1964–1985)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Military dictatorship (1964–1985)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_dictatorship_(1964–1985)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Redemocratization_to_present_(1985–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Redemocratization_to_present_(1985–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Redemocratization to present (1985–present)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Redemocratization_to_present_(1985–present)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Redemocratization to present (1985–present) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Redemocratization_to_present_(1985–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religious_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Religious change</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cited_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cited_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Cited sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cited_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Historiography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Portuguese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Portuguese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>In Portuguese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Portuguese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">History of Brazil</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 49 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%84" title="تاريخ البرازيل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تاريخ البرازيل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_de_Brasil" title="Historia de Brasil – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Historia de Brasil" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="ব্রাজিলের ইতিহাস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ব্রাজিলের ইতিহাস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%96" title="Гісторыя Бразіліі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гісторыя Бразіліі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="История на Бразилия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="История на Бразилия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hist%C3%B2ria_del_Brasil" title="Història del Brasil – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Història del Brasil" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%9Bjiny_Braz%C3%ADlie" title="Dějiny Brazílie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dějiny Brazílie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanes_Brasil" title="Hanes Brasil – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hanes Brasil" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasiliens_historie" title="Brasiliens historie – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Brasiliens historie" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschichte_Brasiliens" title="Geschichte Brasiliens – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Geschichte Brasiliens" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%92%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B6%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Ιστορία της Βραζιλίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιστορία της Βραζιλίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_del_Brasil" title="Historia del Brasil – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Historia del Brasil" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historio_de_Brazilo" title="Historio de Brazilo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Historio de Brazilo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasilgo_historia" title="Brasilgo historia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Brasilgo historia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%84" title="تاریخ برزیل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تاریخ برزیل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_du_Br%C3%A9sil" title="Histoire du Brésil – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Histoire du Brésil" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_do_Brasil" title="Historia do Brasil – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Historia do Brasil" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B8%8C%EB%9D%BC%EC%A7%88%EC%9D%98_%EC%97%AD%EC%82%AC" title="브라질의 역사 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="브라질의 역사" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Բրազիլիայի պատմություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բրազիլիայի պատմություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Povijest_Brazila" title="Povijest Brazila – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Povijest Brazila" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historio_di_Brazilia" title="Historio di Brazilia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Historio di Brazilia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_de_Brasil" title="Historia de Brasil – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Historia de Brasil" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storia_del_Brasile" title="Storia del Brasile – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Storia del Brasile" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%96%D7%99%D7%9C" title="היסטוריה של ברזיל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="היסטוריה של ברזיל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ბრაზილიის ისტორია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბრაზილიის ისტორია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_Brasiliensis" title="Historia Brasiliensis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Historia Brasiliensis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilijos_istorija" title="Brazilijos istorija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Brazilijos istorija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braz%C3%ADlia_t%C3%B6rt%C3%A9nelme" title="Brazília történelme – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Brazília történelme" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Историја на Бразил – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Историја на Бразил" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9D%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="ब्राझीलचा इतिहास – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ब्राझीलचा इतिहास" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%B3ria_de_l_Brasil" title="Stória de l Brasil – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Stória de l Brasil" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschiedenis_van_Brazili%C3%AB" title="Geschiedenis van Brazilië – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Geschiedenis van Brazilië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%96%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B8%E3%83%AB%E3%81%AE%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2" title="ブラジルの歴史 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ブラジルの歴史" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasils_historie" title="Brasils historie – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Brasils historie" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braziliya_tarixi" title="Braziliya tarixi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Braziliya tarixi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_Brazylii" title="Historia Brazylii – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Historia Brazylii" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hist%C3%B3ria_do_Brasil" title="História do Brasil – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="História do Brasil" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istoria_Braziliei" title="Istoria Braziliei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Istoria Braziliei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="История Бразилии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="История Бразилии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_e_Brazilit" title="Historia e Brazilit – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Historia e Brazilit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istorija_Brazila" title="Istorija Brazila – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Istorija Brazila" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasilian_historia" title="Brasilian historia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Brasilian historia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasiliens_historia" title="Brasiliens historia – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Brasiliens historia" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brezilya_tarihi" title="Brezilya tarihi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Brezilya tarihi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%97" title="Історія Бразилії – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Історія Бразилії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%E1%BB%8Bch_s%E1%BB%AD_Brasil" title="Lịch sử Brasil – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lịch sử Brasil" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Brazil" title="Category:History of Brazil">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History of Brazil</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brazil_16thc_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Brazil_16thc_map.jpg/250px-Brazil_16thc_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Brazil_16thc_map.jpg/375px-Brazil_16thc_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Brazil_16thc_map.jpg/500px-Brazil_16thc_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="14028" data-file-height="9829" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><i>Terra Brasilis</i>, <a href="/wiki/Miller_Atlas" title="Miller Atlas">Miller Atlas</a>, 1519</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Pre-Cabraline_history_of_Brazil" title="Pre-Cabraline history of Brazil">Pre-Cabraline</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Brazil#History" title="Indigenous peoples in Brazil">Indigenous Peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luzia_Woman" title="Luzia Woman">Luzia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuhikugu" title="Kuhikugu">Kuhikugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marajoara_culture" title="Marajoara culture">Marajoara culture</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Brazil" title="Colonial Brazil">Colonial Brazil</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillas" title="Treaty of Tordesillas">Treaty of Tordesillas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Portuguese_India_Armada_(Cabral,_1500)" title="2nd Portuguese India Armada (Cabral, 1500)">Pedro Álvares Cabral's voyage</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_Brazil" title="Discovery of Brazil">European discovery</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Letter_of_Pero_Vaz_de_Caminha" title="Letter of Pero Vaz de Caminha">Letter of Pero Vaz de Caminha</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincies_of_Brazil" title="Captaincies of Brazil">Captaincies</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazilwood_cycle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brazilwood cycle (page does not exist)">Brazilwood cycle</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciclo_do_pau-brasil" class="extiw" title="pt:Ciclo do pau-brasil">pt</a>]</span></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_sugar_cycle" title="Brazilian sugar cycle">Sugar cycle</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Brazil" title="Slavery in Brazil">Slavery</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade_to_Brazil" title="Atlantic slave trade to Brazil">Slave trade</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Brazil" title="State of Brazil">State of Brazil</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/France_Antarctique" title="France Antarctique">France Antarctique</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bandeirantes" title="Bandeirantes">Bandeirantes</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jesuit_missions_among_the_Guaran%C3%AD" title="Jesuit missions among the Guaraní">Jesuit missions</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Palmares_(quilombo)" title="Palmares (quilombo)">Quilombo dos Palmares</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Equinoctial_France" title="Equinoctial France">France Equinoxiale</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dutch_invasions_of_Brazil" title="Dutch invasions of Brazil">Dutch invasions</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Brazil" title="Dutch Brazil">Dutch Brazil</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Gold_Rush" title="Brazilian Gold Rush">Gold cycle</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Emboabas" title="War of the Emboabas">War of the Emboabas</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mascate_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Mascate War">Mascate War</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vila_Rica_Revolt" title="Vila Rica Revolt">Vila Rica Revolt</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93Portuguese_War_(1735%E2%80%931737)" title="Spanish–Portuguese War (1735–1737)">Spanish–Portuguese War (1735–1737)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Madrid_(13_January_1750)" title="Treaty of Madrid (13 January 1750)">Treaty of Madrid</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Guaran%C3%AD_War" title="Guaraní War">Guaraní War</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93Portuguese_War_(1776%E2%80%931777)" title="Spanish–Portuguese War (1776–1777)">Spanish–Portuguese War (1776–1777)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Inconfid%C3%AAncia_Mineira" title="Inconfidência Mineira">Minas Gerais Conspiracy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Transfer_of_the_Portuguese_court_to_Brazil" title="Transfer of the Portuguese court to Brazil">Transfer of the Portuguese court to Brazil</a> <dl><dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Decree_Opening_Ports_to_Friendly_Nations&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Decree Opening Ports to Friendly Nations (page does not exist)">Opening of the ports</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decreto_de_Abertura_dos_Portos_%C3%A0s_Na%C3%A7%C3%B5es_Amigas" class="extiw" title="pt:Decreto de Abertura dos Portos às Nações Amigas">pt</a>]</span></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_invasion_of_the_Banda_Oriental_(1811%E2%80%931812)" title="Portuguese invasion of the Banda Oriental (1811–1812)">Invasion of the Banda Oriental</a></dd></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Portugal,_Brazil_and_the_Algarves" title="United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves">United Kingdom with Portugal</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pernambucan_revolt" title="Pernambucan revolt">Pernambuco Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_conquest_of_French_Guiana" title="Portuguese conquest of French Guiana">Conquest of French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_conquest_of_the_Banda_Oriental" title="Portuguese conquest of the Banda Oriental">Conquest of the Banda Oriental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constituent_Cortes_of_1820" title="Constituent Cortes of 1820">Constituent Cortes of 1820</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Brazil" title="Independence of Brazil">Independence</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dia_do_Fico" title="Dia do Fico">Dia do Fico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ipiranga_Brook#Declaration_of_Independence" title="Ipiranga Brook">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_War_of_Independence" title="Brazilian War of Independence">War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Rio_de_Janeiro_(1825)" title="Treaty of Rio de Janeiro (1825)">Recognition of Independence</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Empire of Brazil</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_reign_(Empire_of_Brazil)" title="First reign (Empire of Brazil)">Reign of Pedro I</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Constituent_Assembly_(1823)" title="Brazilian Constituent Assembly (1823)">1823 Constituent Assembly</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Night_of_Agony" title="Night of Agony">Night of Agony</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Constitution_of_1824" title="Brazilian Constitution of 1824">1824 Constitution</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Equator" title="Confederation of the Equator">Confederation of the Equator</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cisplatine_War" title="Cisplatine War">Cisplatine War</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Abdication_of_Pedro_I_of_Brazil" title="Abdication of Pedro I of Brazil">Abdication of Pedro I</a></dd></dl> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regency_period_(Empire_of_Brazil)" title="Regency period (Empire of Brazil)">Regency Period</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/April_Revolt_(Pernambuco)" title="April Revolt (Pernambuco)">April Revolt</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/1834_Additional_Act" title="1834 Additional Act">1834 Additional Act</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mal%C3%AA_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Malê Revolt">Malê Revolt</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cabanagem" title="Cabanagem">Cabanagem</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ragamuffin_War" title="Ragamuffin War">Ragamuffin War</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Balaiada" title="Balaiada">Balaiada</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_majority_of_Pedro_II" title="Declaration of majority of Pedro II">Declaration of majority of Pedro II</a></dd></dl> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_reign_(Empire_of_Brazil)" title="Second reign (Empire of Brazil)">Reign of Pedro II</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Liberal_rebellions_of_1842" title="Liberal rebellions of 1842">Liberal rebellions of 1842</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Praieira_revolt" title="Praieira revolt">Praieira revolt</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Coffee_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Coffee cycle">Coffee cycle</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eus%C3%A9bio_de_Queir%C3%B3s_Law" title="Eusébio de Queirós Law">Eusébio de Queirós Law</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Platine_War" title="Platine War">Platine War</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Christie_Question" title="Christie Question">Christie Affair</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_War" title="Uruguayan War">Uruguayan War</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_War" title="Paraguayan War">Paraguayan War</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Religious_Issue" title="Religious Issue">Religious Issue</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Muckers" title="Revolt of the Muckers">Revolt of the Muckers</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Grande_Seca" title="Grande Seca">Grande Seca</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Military_Question" title="Military Question">Military Question</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lei_%C3%81urea" title="Lei Áurea">Abolition of Slavery</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Post-abolition_in_Brazil" title="Post-abolition in Brazil">Post–abolition of slavery</a></dd></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/First_Brazilian_Republic" title="First Brazilian Republic">Old Republic</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Republic_(Brazil)" title="Proclamation of the Republic (Brazil)">Proclamation of the Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Constitution_of_1891" title="Brazilian Constitution of 1891">1891 Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_the_Sword&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Republic of the Sword (page does not exist)">Republic of the Sword</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_da_Espada" class="extiw" title="pt:República da Espada">pt</a>]</span></li></ul> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Encilhamento" title="Encilhamento">Encilhamento</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Revolta_da_Armada" title="Revolta da Armada">Navy Revolts</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Revolution" title="Federalist Revolution">Federalist Revolution</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Belle_%C3%89poque" title="Brazilian Belle Époque">Belle Époque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_with_milk_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Coffee with milk politics">Coffee with milk politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronelism" title="Coronelism">Coronelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_rubber_boom" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon rubber boom">Amazon rubber boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Canudos" title="War of Canudos">War of Canudos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acre_War" title="Acre War">Annexation of Acre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_Revolt" title="Vaccine Revolt">Vaccine Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taubat%C3%A9_Agreement" title="Taubaté Agreement">Taubaté Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_American_dreadnought_race" title="South American dreadnought race">Naval arms race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Lash" title="Revolt of the Lash">Revolt of the Lash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contestado_War" title="Contestado War">Contestado War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_during_World_War_I" title="Brazil during World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenentism" title="Tenentism">Lieutenant revolts</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Vargas_Era" title="Vargas Era">Vargas Era</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vargas_Era#Second_Brazilian_Republic" title="Vargas Era">Second Brazilian Republic</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Revolution_of_1930" title="Brazilian Revolution of 1930">Revolution of 1930</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalist_Revolution" title="Constitutionalist Revolution">Constitutionalist Revolution</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Constitution_of_1934" title="Brazilian Constitution of 1934">1934 Constitution</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Communist_uprising_of_1935" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist uprising of 1935">Communist uprising of 1935</a></dd></dl> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Brazil)" title="Estado Novo (Brazil)">Estado Novo</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/1937_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1937 Brazilian coup d'état">1937 Brazilian coup d'état</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Constitution_of_1937" title="Brazilian Constitution of 1937">1937 Constitution</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Integralist_Uprising" title="Integralist Uprising">Integralist Uprising</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Brazil_in_World_War_II" title="Brazil in World War II">World War II</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/1945_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1945 Brazilian coup d'état">Ousting of Getúlio Vargas</a></dd></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Brazilian_Republic" title="Fourth Brazilian Republic">Populist Republic</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preventative_Coup_of_November_11" title="Preventative Coup of November 11">Lott's preventative coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragar%C3%A7as_Revolt" title="Aragarças Revolt">Aragarças Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bras%C3%ADlia" title="History of Brasília">Construction of Brasília</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_Campaign" title="Legality Campaign">Legality Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plano_Trienal" title="Plano Trienal">Plano Trienal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Sailors%27_Revolt" title="1964 Sailors' Revolt">Sailors' Revolt</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship_in_Brazil" title="Military dictatorship in Brazil">Military dictatorship</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1964_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1964 Brazilian coup d'état">1964 Brazilian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_vacancy_in_the_Presidency_of_Brazil" title="1964 vacancy in the Presidency of Brazil">Vacancy in the Presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_Acts" title="Institutional Acts">Institutional Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araguaia_Guerrilla_War" title="Araguaia Guerrilla War">Araguaia Guerrilla War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_the_One_Hundred_Thousand" title="March of the One Hundred Thousand">March of the One Hundred Thousand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Miracle" title="Brazilian Miracle">Brazilian Miracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemocratization_in_Brazil" title="Redemocratization in Brazil">Redemocratization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diretas_J%C3%A1" title="Diretas Já">Diretas Já</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brazil_(1985%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Brazil (1985–present)">New Republic</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brazil_(1985%E2%80%93present)#The_"lost_decade":_stagnation,_inflation,_and_crisis" title="History of Brazil (1985–present)">Lost Decade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Constituent_Assembly_(1988)" title="Brazilian Constituent Assembly (1988)">1988 Constituent Assembly</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Brazil" title="Constitution of Brazil">1988 Constitution</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plano_Collor" title="Plano Collor">Plano Collor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Collor_de_Mello#Corruption_charges_and_impeachment" title="Fernando Collor de Mello">Impeachment of Fernando Collor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercosul" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercosul">Mercosul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_constitutional_referendum,_1993" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian constitutional referendum, 1993">1993 Constitutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plano_Real" title="Plano Real">Plano Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mensal%C3%A3o_scandal" title="Mensalão scandal">Mensalão</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Car_Wash" title="Operation Car Wash">Car Wash investigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Dilma_Rousseff" title="Impeachment of Dilma Rousseff">Impeachment of Dilma Rousseff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Brazil" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil">Coronavirus pandemic</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Federative_units_of_Brazil" title="Federative units of Brazil">By federative unit</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Acre" title="History of Acre">Acre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alagoas" title="History of Alagoas">Alagoas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Amap%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Amapá">Amapá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Amazonas" title="History of Amazonas">Amazonas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bahia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Bahia">Bahia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cear%C3%A1" title="History of Ceará">Ceará</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bras%C3%ADlia" title="History of Brasília">Federal District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Esp%C3%ADrito_Santo" title="History of Espírito Santo">Espírito Santo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Goi%C3%A1s" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Goiás">Goiás</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maranh%C3%A3o" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Maranhão">Maranhão</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mato_Grosso" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Mato Grosso">Mato Grosso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mato_Grosso_do_Sul" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Mato Grosso do Sul">Mato Grosso do Sul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Minas_Gerais" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Minas Gerais">Minas Gerais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Par%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Pará">Pará</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Para%C3%ADba" title="History of Paraíba">Paraíba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Paran%C3%A1" title="History of Paraná">Paraná</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pernambuco" title="History of Pernambuco">Pernambuco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Piau%C3%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Piauí">Piauí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rio_de_Janeiro_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Rio de Janeiro (state)">Rio de Janeiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rio_Grande_do_Norte" title="History of Rio Grande do Norte">Rio Grande do Norte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rio_Grande_do_Sul" title="History of Rio Grande do Sul">Rio Grande do Sul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rond%C3%B4nia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Rondônia">Rondônia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Roraima" title="History of Roraima">Roraima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Santa_Catarina_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Santa Catarina (state)">Santa Catarina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_state_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="History of the state of São Paulo">São Paulo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sergipe" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Sergipe">Sergipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tocantins" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Tocantins">Tocantins</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Brazilian_history" title="Afro-Brazilian history">Afro-Brazilians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Brazil" title="Anarchism in Brazil">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brazilian_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Brazilian animation">Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_book_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the book in Brazil">Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church_in_Brazil" title="History of the Catholic Church in Brazil">Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Constitution_of_Brazil" title="History of the Constitution of Brazil">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Brazil" title="Economic history of Brazil">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ethanol_fuel_in_Brazil" title="History of ethanol fuel in Brazil">Ethanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Brazil" title="Name of Brazil">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_football_in_Brazil" title="History of football in Brazil">Football</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Brazil_national_football_team" title="History of the Brazil national football team">Football Team</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Brazil">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Brazil" title="History of the Jews in Brazil">Jewish Brazilians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Brazil" title="Military history of Brazil">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brazilian_nationality" title="History of Brazilian nationality">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Brazil" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Brazil">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Brazil" title="History of rail transport in Brazil">Rail transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_socialist_movement_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the socialist movement in Brazil">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_Brazil" title="Transgender history in Brazil">Transgender</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)">Research</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Brazilian_history" title="Timeline of Brazilian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Brazil" title="List of wars involving Brazil">Conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Brazil" title="List of years in Brazil">Years in Brazil</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/16px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/24px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/32px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Brazil" title="Portal:Brazil">Brazil portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Brazil" title="Template:History of Brazil"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Brazil" title="Template talk:History of Brazil"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Brazil" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Brazil"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Before the arrival of the Europeans, the lands that now constitute Brazil were occupied, fought over and settled by diverse tribes. Thus, the history of Brazil begins with the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_people_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous people in Brazil">indigenous people in Brazil</a>. The Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_Brazil" title="Discovery of Brazil">arrived to the land</a> that would become <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> on April 22, 1500, commanded by <a href="/wiki/Pedro_%C3%81lvares_Cabral" title="Pedro Álvares Cabral">Pedro Álvares Cabral</a>, an explorer on his way to India under the sponsorship of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Kingdom of Portugal</a> and the support of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>. </p><p>From the 16th to the early 19th century, Brazil was created and expanded as a colony, kingdom and an integral part of the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a>. Brazil was briefly named "Land of the Holy Cross" by Portuguese explorers and crusaders before being named "Land of Brazil" by the Brazilian-Portuguese settlers and merchants dealing with <a href="/wiki/Paubrasilia" title="Paubrasilia">brazilwood</a>. The country expanded south along the coast and west along the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_River" title="Amazon River">Amazon</a> and other inland rivers from the original 15 <a href="/wiki/Captaincies_of_Brazil" title="Captaincies of Brazil">hereditary captaincy</a> colonies established on the northeast Atlantic coast east of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillas" title="Treaty of Tordesillas">Tordesillas Line</a> of 1494 that divided the Portuguese domain to the east from the Spanish domain to the west.<sup id="cite_ref-thebrazilbusiness.com_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thebrazilbusiness.com-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The country's borders were only finalized in the early 20th century, with most of the expansion occurring before the independence, resulting in the largest contiguous territory in the Americas. </p><p>On September 7, 1822, prince regent <a href="/wiki/Pedro_I_of_Brazil" title="Pedro I of Brazil">Pedro de Alcântara</a> declared Brazil's <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Brazil" title="Independence of Brazil">independence</a> from Portugal and so the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Portugal,_Brazil_and_the_Algarves" title="United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves">Kingdom of Brazil</a> became the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Empire of Brazil</a>. The country became a dictatorial republic in 1889 following a military <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Republic_(Brazil)" title="Proclamation of the Republic (Brazil)">coup d'état</a>. An authoritarian <a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship_in_Brazil" title="Military dictatorship in Brazil">military junta</a> came to power <a href="/wiki/1964_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1964 Brazilian coup d'état">in 1964</a> and ruled until 1985, after which civilian governance and democracy resumed. Brazil is a <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democratic</a> <a href="/wiki/Federal_republic" title="Federal republic">federal republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Constituição_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Constituição-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to its rich culture and history, the country ranks <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Brazil" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Brazil">thirteenth in the world</a> by number of <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Sites</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brazil is a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/Community_of_Portuguese_Language_Countries" title="Community of Portuguese Language Countries">Community of Portuguese Language Countries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mercosur" title="Mercosur">Mercosul</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, the <a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">G20</a>, <a href="/wiki/BRICS" title="BRICS">BRICS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Ibero-American_States" title="Organization of Ibero-American States">Organization of Ibero-American States</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pre-Cabraline_history">Pre-Cabraline history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Pre-Cabraline history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_history_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Columbian history of Brazil">Pre-Columbian history of Brazil</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Brazil" title="Indigenous peoples in Brazil">Indigenous peoples in Brazil</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Serra_da_Capivara_-_Several_Paintings_2b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Serra_da_Capivara_-_Several_Paintings_2b.jpg/220px-Serra_da_Capivara_-_Several_Paintings_2b.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Serra_da_Capivara_-_Several_Paintings_2b.jpg/330px-Serra_da_Capivara_-_Several_Paintings_2b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Serra_da_Capivara_-_Several_Paintings_2b.jpg/440px-Serra_da_Capivara_-_Several_Paintings_2b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2295" data-file-height="1512" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cave_painting" title="Cave painting">Cave painting</a> at <a href="/wiki/Serra_da_Capivara_National_Park" title="Serra da Capivara National Park">Serra da Capivara National Park</a>. This area has the largest concentration of prehistoric sites in the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Some of the earliest human remains found in the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luzia_Woman" title="Luzia Woman">Luzia Woman</a>, were found in the area of <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Leopoldo" title="Pedro Leopoldo">Pedro Leopoldo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minas_Gerais" title="Minas Gerais">Minas Gerais</a> and provide evidence of human habitation going back at least 11,000 years.<sup id="cite_ref-LevineCrocitti1999_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LevineCrocitti1999-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Portuguese explorers arrived in Brazil, the region was inhabited by hundreds of different native tribes, "the earliest going back at least 10,000 years in the highlands of <a href="/wiki/Minas_Gerais" title="Minas Gerais">Minas Gerais</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-LevineCrocitti1999_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LevineCrocitti1999-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dating of the origins of the first inhabitants, who were called "Indians" (<i>índios</i>) by the Portuguese, is still a matter of dispute among archaeologists. The earliest pottery ever found in the Western Hemisphere, radiocarbon-dated 8,000 years old, has been excavated in the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_basin" title="Amazon basin">Amazon basin</a> of Brazil, near <a href="/wiki/Santar%C3%A9m,_Par%C3%A1" title="Santarém, Pará">Santarém</a>, providing evidence to overturn the assumption that the tropical forest region was too poor in resources to have supported a complex prehistoric culture.<sup id="cite_ref-Eighth_Millennium_Pottery_from_a_Prehistoric_Shell_Midden_in_the_Brazilian_Amazon_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eighth_Millennium_Pottery_from_a_Prehistoric_Shell_Midden_in_the_Brazilian_Amazon-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The current most widely accepted view of anthropologists, linguists and geneticists is that the early tribes were part of the first wave of migrant hunters who came into the Americas from Asia, either by land, across the Bering Strait, or by coastal sea routes along the Pacific, or both. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a> and the mountain ranges of northern South America created a rather sharp cultural boundary between the settled agrarian civilizations of the west coast and the semi-nomadic tribes of the east, who never developed written records or permanent monumental architecture. For this reason, very little is known about the history of Brazil before 1500. Archaeological remains (mainly pottery) indicate a complex pattern of regional cultural developments, internal migrations, and occasional large state-like federations. </p><p>At the time of European discovery, the territory of modern-day Brazil had as many as 2,000 tribes. The Indigenous peoples were traditionally mostly semi-nomadic tribes that subsisted on hunting, fishing, gathering, and migrant agriculture. When the Portuguese arrived in 1500, the Natives lived mainly on the coast and along the banks of major rivers. </p> <table class="toccolours" style="float:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background:#f8eaba; text-align:center;"> <div class="center"> <dl><dt>Marajoara culture</dt></dl> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 99.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 97.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Burian_urn,_AD_1000-1250,_Marajoara_culture_-_AMNH_-_DSC06177_b.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Burial urn"><img alt="Burial urn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Burian_urn%2C_AD_1000-1250%2C_Marajoara_culture_-_AMNH_-_DSC06177_b.jpg/146px-Burian_urn%2C_AD_1000-1250%2C_Marajoara_culture_-_AMNH_-_DSC06177_b.jpg" decoding="async" width="98" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Burian_urn%2C_AD_1000-1250%2C_Marajoara_culture_-_AMNH_-_DSC06177_b.jpg/220px-Burian_urn%2C_AD_1000-1250%2C_Marajoara_culture_-_AMNH_-_DSC06177_b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Burian_urn%2C_AD_1000-1250%2C_Marajoara_culture_-_AMNH_-_DSC06177_b.jpg/292px-Burian_urn%2C_AD_1000-1250%2C_Marajoara_culture_-_AMNH_-_DSC06177_b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3240" data-file-height="4320" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Burial urn</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 166.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 164.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cultura_Marajoara_-_Cer%C3%A2mica_MN_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Marajoara bowl"><img alt="Marajoara bowl" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Cultura_Marajoara_-_Cer%C3%A2mica_MN_05.jpg/247px-Cultura_Marajoara_-_Cer%C3%A2mica_MN_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Cultura_Marajoara_-_Cer%C3%A2mica_MN_05.jpg/371px-Cultura_Marajoara_-_Cer%C3%A2mica_MN_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Cultura_Marajoara_-_Cer%C3%A2mica_MN_05.jpg/494px-Cultura_Marajoara_-_Cer%C3%A2mica_MN_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1974" data-file-height="1558" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Marajoara bowl</div> </li> </ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 197.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Plate_MET_2005.461_a.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Marajoara plate"><img alt="Marajoara plate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Plate_MET_2005.461_a.jpg/293px-Plate_MET_2005.461_a.jpg" decoding="async" width="196" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Plate_MET_2005.461_a.jpg/440px-Plate_MET_2005.461_a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Plate_MET_2005.461_a.jpg/585px-Plate_MET_2005.461_a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3137" data-file-height="2091" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Marajoara plate</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 99.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 97.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Funerary_vessel_Collection_H_Law_172_n1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Funerary urn"><img alt="Funerary urn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Funerary_vessel_Collection_H_Law_172_n1.jpg/146px-Funerary_vessel_Collection_H_Law_172_n1.jpg" decoding="async" width="98" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Funerary_vessel_Collection_H_Law_172_n1.jpg/220px-Funerary_vessel_Collection_H_Law_172_n1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Funerary_vessel_Collection_H_Law_172_n1.jpg/292px-Funerary_vessel_Collection_H_Law_172_n1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2825" data-file-height="3767" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Funerary urn</div> </li> </ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Tribal warfare, anthropophagy and the pursuit of <a href="/wiki/Brazilwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilwood">brazilwood</a> for its treasured red dye convinced the Portuguese that they should Christianize the natives. But the Portuguese, like the Spanish in their South American possessions, had brought diseases with them, against which many Natives were helpless due to lack of immunity. <a href="/wiki/Measles" title="Measles">Measles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gonorrhea" title="Gonorrhea">gonorrhea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza">influenza</a> killed tens of thousands of indigenous people. The diseases spread quickly along the indigenous trade routes, and whole tribes were probably annihilated without ever coming in direct contact with Europeans. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Archaeology_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeology in Brazil">Archaeology in Brazil</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marajoara_culture">Marajoara culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Marajoara culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Marajoara_culture" title="Marajoara culture">Marajoara culture</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Marajoara_culture" title="Marajoara culture">Marajoara culture</a> flourished on <a href="/wiki/Maraj%C3%B3" title="Marajó">Marajó island</a> at the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_River" title="Amazon River">Amazon River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mann_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mann-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archeologists have found sophisticated <a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">pottery</a> in their excavations on the island. These pieces are large, and elaborately painted and incised with representations of plants and animals. These provided the first evidence that a complex society had existed in Marajó. Evidence of <a href="/wiki/Mound_building" class="mw-redirect" title="Mound building">mound building</a> further suggests that well-populated, complex and sophisticated settlements developed on this island, as only such settlements were believed capable of such extended projects as major earthworks.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The extent, level of complexity, and resource interactions of the Marajoara culture have been disputed. Working in the 1950s in some of her earliest research, American <a href="/wiki/Betty_Meggers" title="Betty Meggers">Betty Meggers</a> suggested that the society migrated from the Andes and settled on the island. Many researchers believed that the Andes were populated by Paleoindian migrants from North America who gradually moved south after being hunters on the plains. </p><p>In the 1980s, another American archaeologist, <a href="/wiki/Anna_Curtenius_Roosevelt" title="Anna Curtenius Roosevelt">Anna Curtenius Roosevelt</a>, led excavations and geophysical surveys of the mound Teso dos Bichos. She concluded that the society that constructed the mounds originated on the island itself.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The pre-Columbian culture of Marajó may have developed <a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">social stratification</a> and supported a population as large as 100,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-Mann_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mann-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Native Americans of the Amazon rainforest may have used their method of developing and working in <a href="/wiki/Terra_preta" title="Terra preta">Terra preta</a> to make the land suitable for the large-scale agriculture needed to support large populations and complex social formations such as <a href="/wiki/Chiefdoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiefdoms">chiefdoms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mann_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mann-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_Brazil">Early Brazil</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early Brazil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Brazil" title="Colonial Brazil">Colonial Brazil</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Brazil" title="Slavery in Brazil">Slavery in Brazil</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Early Brazil</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><table style="border-collapse:collapse;text-align:center;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;margin:auto;width:360px"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:180px;text-align:center;:"><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;width:180px;height:150px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Portugal_(1495).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Portugal_%281495%29.svg/150px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281495%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Portugal_%281495%29.svg/225px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281495%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Portugal_%281495%29.svg/300px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281495%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div><div style="padding:1px">Royal Flag (1495–1521)</div></td><td style="width:180px;text-align:center;:"><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;width:180px;height:150px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_indigenous_peoples_of_Brazil_(16th_C.).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Map_of_indigenous_peoples_of_Brazil_%2816th_C.%29.jpg/129px-Map_of_indigenous_peoples_of_Brazil_%2816th_C.%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="129" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Map_of_indigenous_peoples_of_Brazil_%2816th_C.%29.jpg/193px-Map_of_indigenous_peoples_of_Brazil_%2816th_C.%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Map_of_indigenous_peoples_of_Brazil_%2816th_C.%29.jpg/257px-Map_of_indigenous_peoples_of_Brazil_%2816th_C.%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="605" data-file-height="705" /></a></span></div><div style="padding:1px">Distribution of Tupi and Tapuia people on the coast of Brazil, on the eve of colonialism in the 16th century</div></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:180px;text-align:center;:"><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;width:180px;height:150px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cer%C3%A2mica_Tupi-Guarani_5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Cer%C3%A2mica_Tupi-Guarani_5.jpg/180px-Cer%C3%A2mica_Tupi-Guarani_5.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Cer%C3%A2mica_Tupi-Guarani_5.jpg/270px-Cer%C3%A2mica_Tupi-Guarani_5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Cer%C3%A2mica_Tupi-Guarani_5.jpg/360px-Cer%C3%A2mica_Tupi-Guarani_5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="617" /></a></span></div><div style="padding:1px">Guaraní ceramics</div></td><td style="width:180px;text-align:center;:"><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;width:180px;height:150px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_Soldiers_from_the_Coritiba_Province_Escorting_Native_Prisoners.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Indian_Soldiers_from_the_Coritiba_Province_Escorting_Native_Prisoners.jpg/180px-Indian_Soldiers_from_the_Coritiba_Province_Escorting_Native_Prisoners.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Indian_Soldiers_from_the_Coritiba_Province_Escorting_Native_Prisoners.jpg/270px-Indian_Soldiers_from_the_Coritiba_Province_Escorting_Native_Prisoners.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Indian_Soldiers_from_the_Coritiba_Province_Escorting_Native_Prisoners.jpg/360px-Indian_Soldiers_from_the_Coritiba_Province_Escorting_Native_Prisoners.jpg 2x" data-file-width="820" data-file-height="529" /></a></span></div><div style="padding:1px">A Guaraní family captured by slave hunters. By <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Debret" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Baptiste Debret">Jean Baptiste Debret</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The papal bull <a href="/wiki/Inter_caetera" title="Inter caetera">inter caetera</a> had divided the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a> between Spain and Portugal in 1493, and the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillas" title="Treaty of Tordesillas">Treaty of Tordesillas</a> added to this by moving the dividing line westwards.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some say that <a href="/wiki/Duarte_Pacheco_Pereira" title="Duarte Pacheco Pereira">Duarte Pacheco Pereira</a> was the first European to reach Brazil, between November and December 1498.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In late 1499 part of the expedition led by <a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Ojeda" title="Alonso de Ojeda">Alonso de Ojeda</a>, in which <a href="/wiki/Amerigo_Vespucci" title="Amerigo Vespucci">Amerigo Vespucci</a> took part, sighted Brazil.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly after the expedition led by <a href="/wiki/Spanish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish people">Spanish</a> navigator and explorer <a href="/wiki/Vicente_Y%C3%A1%C3%B1ez_Pinz%C3%B3n" title="Vicente Yáñez Pinzón">Vicente Yáñez Pinzón</a>, a Spanish navigator who had accompanied Columbus in his first voyage of discovery to the Americas, reached the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cape_of_Santo_Agostinho&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cape of Santo Agostinho (page does not exist)">Cape of Santo Agostinho</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabo_de_Santo_Agostinho_(acidente_geogr%C3%A1fico)" class="extiw" title="pt:Cabo de Santo Agostinho (acidente geográfico)">pt</a>]</span>, a promontory located in the current state of <a href="/wiki/Pernambuco" title="Pernambuco">Pernambuco</a>, on 26 January 1500. This is the oldest confirmed European landing in Brazilian territory.<sup id="cite_ref-herr_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-herr-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pinz_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pinz-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pinzón was unable to claim the land because of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillas" title="Treaty of Tordesillas">Treaty of Tordesillas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 1500, Brazil was claimed for Portugal on <a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_Brazil" title="Discovery of Brazil">the arrival of the Portuguese fleet</a> commanded by <a href="/wiki/Pedro_%C3%81lvares_Cabral" title="Pedro Álvares Cabral">Pedro Álvares Cabral</a>. The Portuguese encountered stone-using natives divided into several tribes, many of whom shared the same <a href="/wiki/Tupi%E2%80%93Guarani" class="mw-redirect" title="Tupi–Guarani">Tupi–Guarani</a> language family, and fought among themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early names for the country included <i>Santa Cruz</i> (Holy Cross) and <i>Terra dos Papagaios</i> (Land of the Parrots).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After European arrival, the land's major export was a type of tree the traders and colonists called <i>pau-Brasil</i> (Latin for wood red like an ember) or <a href="/wiki/Brazilwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilwood">brazilwood</a> from which gave it its final name, a large tree (<i><a href="/wiki/Caesalpinia_echinata" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesalpinia echinata">Caesalpinia echinata</a></i>) whose trunk yields a prized red dye, and which was nearly wiped out as a result of <a href="/wiki/Overexploitation" title="Overexploitation">overexploitation</a>. </p><p>Until 1529 Portugal had little interest in settling Brazil mainly due to being focused on the high profits gained through its commerce with India, China, and the East Indies. This lack of interest allowed traders, pirates, and privateers of several countries to poach profitable Brazilwood in lands claimed by Portugal, with France setting up the short-lived colony of <a href="/wiki/France_Antarctique" title="France Antarctique">France Antarctique</a> in 1555. In response, the Portuguese Crown devised a system to effectively settle Brazil. Through the <a href="/wiki/Captaincies_of_Brazil" title="Captaincies of Brazil">hereditary Captaincies</a> system, Brazil was divided into strips of land that were donated to Portuguese noblemen, who were in turn responsible for the occupation and administration of the land and answered to the King. The system was later substituted to a dual state government in 1572, where the country was divided into the Northern Government based in <a href="/wiki/Salvador,_Bahia" title="Salvador, Bahia">Salvador</a> and the Southern Government based in <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Portuguese-Brazilian settlers introduced and propagated old-world cultures such as <a href="/wiki/History_of_rice_cultivation" title="History of rice cultivation">rice</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_coffee" title="History of coffee">coffee</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_sugar" title="History of sugar">sugar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicken" title="Chicken">chicken</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pig" title="Pig">pigs</a>, bread (<a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a>), <a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">wine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orange_(fruit)" title="Orange (fruit)">oranges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stonemasonry" title="Stonemasonry">stonemasonry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metalworking" title="Metalworking">metalworking</a> and <a href="/wiki/Viola_caipira" title="Viola caipira">guitars</a> (and more).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">Portuguese</a> have favoured assimilation and tolerance for other peoples, and intermarriage was more acceptable. Since colonial times Portuguese settlers intermarried with Indigenous and African populations. Thus, made the Brazilian population diverse since colonial times with the most common mixtures occurring between white (Portuguese settlers), Indigenous, and African populations. In present times, the largest ethnic groups are Brazilians of mainly European descent which account for nearly one-half (47.7%) of the population, while roughly the other half of the population (43.1%) are people of mixed ethnic backgrounds of the total are mulattos (mulattos; people of mixed African and European ancestry). The remaining racial composition of the population consists of entirely African ancestry (7.6%), Asian which accounts for nearly 1.1% of the population, and Indigenous which accounts of only 0.4% of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iberian_Union">Iberian Union</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Iberian Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brazil_states.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Brazil_states.gif/250px-Brazil_states.gif" decoding="async" width="250" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Brazil_states.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="330" /></a><figcaption>Territorial evolution of Brazil</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1578, the young King <a href="/wiki/Sebastian,_King_of_Portugal" title="Sebastian, King of Portugal">Sebastian, King of Portugal</a> disappeared in a crusade in Morocco, during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alc%C3%A1cer_Quibir" title="Battle of Alcácer Quibir">Battle of Alcácer Quibir</a>. The king had entered the war without much-allied support or the necessary resources to fight properly. With his disappearance, and since he had no direct heirs, <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II of Spain</a>, who was his uncle (and whose grandfather was the Portuguese King <a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_of_Portugal" title="Manuel I of Portugal">Manuel I of Portugal</a>), was the only successor and took the Portuguese administration in hands in 1580, in what was called the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Union" title="Iberian Union">Iberian Union</a> which lasted 60 years. Later, in 1640 <a href="/wiki/John_IV_of_Portugal" title="John IV of Portugal">John IV of Portugal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Braganza" title="Duke of Braganza">Duke of Braganza</a>, restored Portuguese independence and formed the 3rd Portuguese Royal Dynasty, the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Braganza" title="House of Braganza">House of Braganza</a>. </p><p>With the merging of the crowns in the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Union" title="Iberian Union">Iberian Union</a>, Portuguese/Brazilian settlers were legally allowed to cross beyond the Treaty of Tordesillas line, and thus more interior expansions of Brazil began or were at least officialized and cartographed during that period.<sup id="cite_ref-thebrazilbusiness.com_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thebrazilbusiness.com-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sebastian never returned which originated the messianic line of thought <a href="/wiki/Sebastianism" title="Sebastianism">Sebastianism</a>, which would see the rightful King return from the mists and restore the Kingdom to its former glory. <a href="/wiki/Sebastianism" title="Sebastianism">Sebastianism</a> permeates the <a href="/wiki/Lusophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Lusophone">Lusophone</a> culture even today in different ways around the world—but a transformation is happening in Portugal in regards to how to approach and feel this prophecy/metaphor. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> the most important manifestation of Sebastianism took place in the context of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Brazil_(1889%E2%80%931930)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Brazil (1889–1930)">Proclamation of the Republic</a>, when movements defending a return to the monarchy emerged. It is categorised as an example of the <a href="/wiki/King_asleep_in_mountain" title="King asleep in mountain">King asleep in mountain</a> folk motif, typified by people awaiting a hero. The Portuguese author <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Pessoa" title="Fernando Pessoa">Fernando Pessoa</a> wrote about such a hero in his epic <i>Mensagem</i> (<i>The Message</i>). </p><p>It is the longest-lived and most influential <a href="/wiki/Millenarianism" title="Millenarianism">millenarian</a> legends in Western Europe, having had profound political and cultural resonances from the time of Sebastian's death until at least the late 19th century in Brazil.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indigenous_rebellions">Indigenous rebellions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Indigenous rebellions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Debret2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Debret2.jpg/220px-Debret2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Debret2.jpg/330px-Debret2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Debret2.jpg/440px-Debret2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="564" data-file-height="853" /></a><figcaption>A Charrua warrior depicted by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Debret" title="Jean-Baptiste Debret">Jean-Baptiste Debret</a> in the early 19th century</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i>Tamoyo Confederation</i> (<i>Confederação dos Tamoios</i> in <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese language</a>) was a <a href="/wiki/Military_alliance" title="Military alliance">military alliance</a> of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Brazil" title="Indigenous peoples in Brazil">aboriginal</a> chieftains of the sea coast ranging from what is today <a href="/wiki/Santos,_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="Santos, São Paulo">Santos</a> to <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>, which occurred from 1554 to 1567. </p><p>The main reason for this rather unusual alliance between separate <a href="/wiki/Tribe" title="Tribe">tribes</a> was to react against <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a> and wholesale murder and destruction brought by the early <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">Portuguese</a> discoverers and settlers of Brazil onto the <a href="/wiki/Tupinamb%C3%A1_people" title="Tupinambá people">Tupinambá</a> people. In the <a href="/wiki/Tupi_language" title="Tupi language">Tupi language</a>, "Tamuya" means 'elder' or 'grandfather'. <a href="/wiki/Cunhambebe" title="Cunhambebe">Cunhambebe</a> was elected chief of the Confederation by his counterparts, and together with chiefs Pindobuçú, Koakira, Araraí and Aimberê, declared war on the Portuguese. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sugar_age">Sugar age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sugar age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Brazil" title="Dutch Brazil">Dutch Brazil</a></div> <p>Starting in the sixteenth century, <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">sugarcane</a> grown on <a href="/wiki/Sugar_plantations_in_the_Caribbean" title="Sugar plantations in the Caribbean">plantations</a> called <i><a href="/wiki/Engenho" title="Engenho">engenhos</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> along the northeast coast (Brazil's <i>Nordeste</i>) became the base of Brazilian economy and society, with the use of slaves on large plantations to produce sugar for Europe. At first, settlers tried to enslave the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Brazil" title="Indigenous peoples in Brazil">natives</a> as labour to work the fields. Portugal pioneered the plantation system in the Atlantic islands of <a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a> and <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9" title="São Tomé">São Tomé</a>, with forced labour, high capital inputs of machinery, slaves, and work animals. The extensive cultivation of sugar was for an export market, necessitating land that could be acquired with relatively little conflict from existing occupants. By 1570, Brazil's sugar output rivalled that of the Atlantic islands. In the mid-seventeenth century, the Dutch seized productive areas of northeast Brazil, from 1630 to 1654, and took over the plantations. When the Dutch were expelled from Brazil, following a strong push by <a href="/wiki/Portuguese-Brazilians" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese-Brazilians">Portuguese-Brazilians</a> and their indigenous and <a href="/wiki/Afro-Brazilian" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Brazilian">Afro-Brazilian</a> allies, the Dutch as well as the English and French set up sugar production on the plantation model of Brazil in the Caribbean. Increased production and competition meant that the price of sugar dropped, and Brazil's market share dropped. Brazil's recovery from the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Brazil" title="Dutch Brazil">Dutch incursion</a> was slow since warfare had taken its toll on sugar plantations. In Bahia, tobacco was cultivated for the African export market, with tobacco dipped in molasses (derived from sugar production) being traded for African slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brazil's settlement and economic development was largely on its lengthy coastline. The Dutch incursion had underlined the vulnerability of Brazil to foreigners, and the crown responded by building coastal forts and creating a marine patrol to protect the colony.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Victor_Meirelles_-_%27Battle_of_Guararapes%27,_1879,_oil_on_canvas,_Museu_Nacional_de_Belas_Artes,_Rio_de_Janeiro.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Victor_Meirelles_-_%27Battle_of_Guararapes%27%2C_1879%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_Museu_Nacional_de_Belas_Artes%2C_Rio_de_Janeiro.JPG/220px-Victor_Meirelles_-_%27Battle_of_Guararapes%27%2C_1879%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_Museu_Nacional_de_Belas_Artes%2C_Rio_de_Janeiro.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Victor_Meirelles_-_%27Battle_of_Guararapes%27%2C_1879%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_Museu_Nacional_de_Belas_Artes%2C_Rio_de_Janeiro.JPG/330px-Victor_Meirelles_-_%27Battle_of_Guararapes%27%2C_1879%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_Museu_Nacional_de_Belas_Artes%2C_Rio_de_Janeiro.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Victor_Meirelles_-_%27Battle_of_Guararapes%27%2C_1879%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_Museu_Nacional_de_Belas_Artes%2C_Rio_de_Janeiro.JPG/440px-Victor_Meirelles_-_%27Battle_of_Guararapes%27%2C_1879%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_Museu_Nacional_de_Belas_Artes%2C_Rio_de_Janeiro.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2864" data-file-height="1668" /></a><figcaption>The Portuguese victory at the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Guararapes" title="Second Battle of Guararapes">Battle of Guararapes</a> ended Dutch presence in Brazil.</figcaption></figure> <p>The initial exploration of Brazil's interior was largely due to para-military adventurers, the <i><a href="/wiki/Bandeirantes" title="Bandeirantes">bandeirantes</a></i>, who entered the jungle in search of gold and native slaves. However colonists were unable to continually enslave natives, and Portuguese sugar planters soon turned to import millions of slaves from Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mortality rates for slaves in sugar and gold enterprises<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag is ambiguous, and needs clarification. (January 2014)">ambiguous</span></a></i>]</sup> were dramatic, and there were often not enough females or proper conditions to replenish the slave population through natural increase. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Treaty_of_Tordesillas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Treaty_of_Tordesillas.jpg/220px-Treaty_of_Tordesillas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Treaty_of_Tordesillas.jpg/330px-Treaty_of_Tordesillas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Treaty_of_Tordesillas.jpg/440px-Treaty_of_Tordesillas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="536" data-file-height="736" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillas" title="Treaty of Tordesillas">Treaty of Tordesillas</a> (1494), signed between <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> to distribute the lands discovered and "to be discovered", defined the course of the history of the "future" Brazil.</figcaption></figure> <p><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Still, Africans became a substantial section of the Brazilian population, and long before the end of slavery (1888) they had begun to merge with the European Brazilian population through <a href="/wiki/Miscegenation" title="Miscegenation">miscegenation</a>. </p><p>During the first 150 years of the colonial period, attracted by the vast natural resources and untapped land, other European powers tried to establish colonies in several parts of Brazilian territory, in defiance of the <a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">papal bull</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Inter_caetera" title="Inter caetera">Inter caetera</a></i>) and the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillas" title="Treaty of Tordesillas">Treaty of Tordesillas</a>, which had divided the New World into two parts between Portugal and <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>. <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a> colonists tried to settle in present-day <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>, from 1555 to 1567 (the so-called <a href="/wiki/France_Antarctique" title="France Antarctique">France Antarctique</a> episode), and in present-day <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Lu%C3%ADs,_Maranh%C3%A3o" title="São Luís, Maranhão">São Luís</a>, from 1612 to 1614 (the so-called <a href="/wiki/France_%C3%89quinoxiale" class="mw-redirect" title="France Équinoxiale">France Équinoxiale</a>). <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a> arrived early and established <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a>, evangelising the natives. These native allies of the Jesuits assisted the Portuguese in driving out the French. The unsuccessful Dutch intrusion into Brazil was longer lasting and more troublesome to Portugal (<a href="/wiki/Dutch_Brazil" title="Dutch Brazil">Dutch Brazil</a>). Dutch privateers began by plundering the coast: they sacked <a href="/wiki/Bahia" title="Bahia">Bahia</a> in 1604, and even temporarily captured the capital <a href="/wiki/Salvador,_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Salvador, Brazil">Salvador</a>. From 1630 to 1654, the Dutch set up more permanently in the northwest and controlled a long stretch of the coast most accessible to Europe, without, however, penetrating the interior. But the colonists of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_West_India_Company" title="Dutch West India Company">Dutch West India Company</a> in Brazil were in a constant state of siege, despite the presence in <a href="/wiki/Recife" title="Recife">Recife</a> of <a href="/wiki/John_Maurice_of_Nassau" class="mw-redirect" title="John Maurice of Nassau">John Maurice of Nassau</a> as governor. After several years of open warfare, the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Guararapes" title="Second Battle of Guararapes">Dutch withdrew by 1654</a>. Little French and Dutch cultural and ethnic influences remained of these failed attempts and the Portuguese subsequently defended its coastline more vigorously. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slave_rebellions">Slave rebellions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Slave rebellions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Zumbi" title="Zumbi">Zumbi</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title"><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Brazil" title="Slavery in Brazil">Slavery in Brazil</a></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><table style="border-collapse:collapse;text-align:center;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;margin:auto;width:360px"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:180px;text-align:center;:"><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;width:180px;height:150px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Slavery_in_Brazil,_by_Jean-Baptiste_Debret_(1768-1848).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Slavery_in_Brazil%2C_by_Jean-Baptiste_Debret_%281768-1848%29.jpg/180px-Slavery_in_Brazil%2C_by_Jean-Baptiste_Debret_%281768-1848%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Slavery_in_Brazil%2C_by_Jean-Baptiste_Debret_%281768-1848%29.jpg/270px-Slavery_in_Brazil%2C_by_Jean-Baptiste_Debret_%281768-1848%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Slavery_in_Brazil%2C_by_Jean-Baptiste_Debret_%281768-1848%29.jpg/360px-Slavery_in_Brazil%2C_by_Jean-Baptiste_Debret_%281768-1848%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3756" data-file-height="2717" /></a></span></div><div style="padding:1px"><i>Slavery in Brazil</i> by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Debret" title="Jean-Baptiste Debret">Jean-Baptiste Debret</a>. A slave owner punishes a slave in Brazil.</div></td><td style="width:180px;text-align:center;:"><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;width:180px;height:150px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Navio_negreiro_-_Rugendas_1830.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Navio_negreiro_-_Rugendas_1830.jpg/180px-Navio_negreiro_-_Rugendas_1830.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Navio_negreiro_-_Rugendas_1830.jpg/270px-Navio_negreiro_-_Rugendas_1830.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Navio_negreiro_-_Rugendas_1830.jpg/360px-Navio_negreiro_-_Rugendas_1830.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3423" data-file-height="2052" /></a></span></div><div style="padding:1px">This painting by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Moritz_Rugendas" title="Johann Moritz Rugendas">Johann Moritz Rugendas</a> depicts a scene below the deck of a slave ship headed to Brazil. Rugendas was an eyewitness to the scene.</div></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:180px;text-align:center;:"><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;width:180px;height:150px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Punishing_negroes_at_Calabouco.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Punishing_negroes_at_Calabouco.jpg/167px-Punishing_negroes_at_Calabouco.jpg" decoding="async" width="167" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Punishing_negroes_at_Calabouco.jpg/251px-Punishing_negroes_at_Calabouco.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Punishing_negroes_at_Calabouco.jpg/334px-Punishing_negroes_at_Calabouco.jpg 2x" data-file-width="589" data-file-height="529" /></a></span></div><div style="padding:1px">Punishing slaves at Calabouço, in <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1822</span></div></td><td style="width:180px;text-align:center;:"><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;width:180px;height:150px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rugendasroda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Rugendasroda.jpg/180px-Rugendasroda.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Rugendasroda.jpg/270px-Rugendasroda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Rugendasroda.jpg/360px-Rugendasroda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1108" /></a></span></div><div style="padding:1px"><i><a href="/wiki/Capoeira" title="Capoeira">Capoeira</a> or the Dance of War</i> by Johann Moritz Rugendas, 1835</div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Slave rebellions were frequent until the practice of slavery was abolished in 1888.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most famous of the revolts was led by <a href="/wiki/Zumbi_dos_Palmares" class="mw-redirect" title="Zumbi dos Palmares">Zumbi dos Palmares</a>. The state he established, named the Quilombo dos Palmares, was a self-sustaining republic of <a href="/wiki/Maroon_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maroon (people)">Maroons</a> escaped from the <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portuguese</a> settlements in Brazil, and was "a region perhaps the size of Portugal in the hinterland of Pernambuco".<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At its height, Palmares had a population of over 30,000.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Forced to defend against repeated attacks by <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portuguese</a> colonial power, the warriors of Palmares were experts in <a href="/wiki/Capoeira" title="Capoeira">capoeira</a>, a martial arts form developed in Brazil by African slaves in the 16th century. </p><p>An African known only as Zumbi was born free in Palmares in 1655 but was captured by the Portuguese and given to a missionary, Father Antônio Melo when he was approximately 6 years old. Baptized Francisco, Zumbi was taught the sacraments, learned Portuguese and Latin, and helped with daily <a href="/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)" title="Mass (liturgy)">mass</a>. Despite attempts to "civilize" him, Zumbi escaped in 1670 and, at the age of 15, returned to his birthplace. Zumbi became known for his physical prowess and cunning in battle and was a respected military strategist by the time he was in his early twenties. </p><p>By 1678, the governor of the captaincy of <a href="/wiki/Pernambuco" title="Pernambuco">Pernambuco</a>, Pedro Almeida, weary of the longstanding conflict with Palmares, approached its leader <a href="/wiki/Ganga_Zumba" title="Ganga Zumba">Ganga Zumba</a> with an olive branch. Almeida offered freedom for all runaway slaves if Palmares would submit to Portuguese authority, a proposal which Ganga Zumba favoured. But Zumbi was distrustful of the Portuguese. Further, he refused to accept freedom for the people of Palmares while other Africans remained enslaved. He rejected Almeida's overture and challenged Ganga Zumba's leadership. Vowing to continue the resistance to Portuguese oppression, Zumbi became the new leader of Palmares. </p><p>Fifteen years after Zumbi assumed leadership of Palmares, Portuguese military commanders Domingos Jorge Velho and Vieira de Melo mounted an artillery assault on the quilombo. On February 6, 1694, after 67 years of ceaseless conflict with the <a href="/wiki/Cafuzo" class="mw-redirect" title="Cafuzo">cafuzos</a> (Maroons) of Palmares, the Portuguese succeeded in destroying <a href="/wiki/Cerca_do_Macaco" title="Cerca do Macaco">Cerca do Macaco</a>, the republic's central settlement. Palmares' warriors were no match for the Portuguese artillery; the republic fell, and Zumbi was wounded. Though he survived and managed to elude the Portuguese, he was betrayed, captured almost two years later and beheaded on the spot on November 20, 1695. The Portuguese transported Zumbi's head to <a href="/wiki/Recife" title="Recife">Recife</a>, where it was displayed in the central <a href="/wiki/Pra%C3%A7a" class="mw-redirect" title="Praça">praça</a> as proof that, contrary to popular legend among African slaves, Zumbi was not immortal. It was also done as a warning of what would happen to others if they tried to be as brave as him. Remnants of the old quilombos continued to reside in the region for another hundred years. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gold_and_diamond_rush">Gold and diamond rush</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Gold and diamond rush"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Gold_Rush" title="Brazilian Gold Rush">Brazilian Gold Rush</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Minas_geiras,_moneta_d%27oro_del_brasile_portoghese,_xviii_sec.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Minas_geiras%2C_moneta_d%27oro_del_brasile_portoghese%2C_xviii_sec.JPG/220px-Minas_geiras%2C_moneta_d%27oro_del_brasile_portoghese%2C_xviii_sec.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Minas_geiras%2C_moneta_d%27oro_del_brasile_portoghese%2C_xviii_sec.JPG/330px-Minas_geiras%2C_moneta_d%27oro_del_brasile_portoghese%2C_xviii_sec.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Minas_geiras%2C_moneta_d%27oro_del_brasile_portoghese%2C_xviii_sec.JPG/440px-Minas_geiras%2C_moneta_d%27oro_del_brasile_portoghese%2C_xviii_sec.JPG 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="748" /></a><figcaption>Portuguese colonial Brazil gold coin from the southeastern Brazilian state of <a href="/wiki/Minas_Gerais" title="Minas Gerais">Minas Gerais</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The discovery of gold in the early eighteenth century was met with great enthusiasm by Portugal, which had an economy in disarray following years of wars against Spain and the Netherlands.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Gold_rush" title="Gold rush">gold rush</a> quickly ensued, with people from other parts of the colony and Portugal flooding the region in the first half of the eighteenth century. The large portion of the Brazilian inland where gold was extracted became known as the <a href="/wiki/Minas_Gerais" title="Minas Gerais">Minas Gerais</a> (General Mines). Gold mining in this area became the main economic activity of colonial Brazil during the eighteenth century. In Portugal, the gold was mainly used to pay for industrialized goods (textiles, weapons) obtained from countries such as England and, especially during the reign of <a href="/wiki/John_V_of_Portugal" title="John V of Portugal">King John V</a>, to build <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> monuments such as the <a href="/wiki/Convent_of_Mafra" class="mw-redirect" title="Convent of Mafra">Convent of Mafra</a>. In Brasil it resulted in the emergence of towns and cities that are today UNESCO World Heritage Sites such as <a href="/wiki/Ouro_Preto" title="Ouro Preto">Ouro Preto</a>, one of the biggest most populous towns in the Americas during that period, and many other historical towns with lush <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_colonial_architecture" title="Portuguese colonial architecture">architecture</a>: <a href="/wiki/Paraty" title="Paraty">Paraty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olinda" title="Olinda">Olinda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Congonhas" title="Congonhas">Congonhas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goi%C3%A1s,_Goi%C3%A1s" title="Goiás, Goiás">Goiás</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diamantina,_Minas_Gerais" title="Diamantina, Minas Gerais">Diamantina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Historic_Center_of_Salvador" title="Historic Center of Salvador">Salvador</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Lu%C3%ADs,_Maranh%C3%A3o" title="São Luís, Maranhão">São Luís, Maranhão</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Francisco_Square" title="São Francisco Square">São Francisco Square</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_Basilica_of_Salvador" title="Cathedral Basilica of Salvador">Cathedral Basilica of Salvador</a> and Rio de Janeiro. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:View_over_the_Town_from_the_Road_into_Town_-_Ouro_Preto_-_Minas_Gerais_-_Brazil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/View_over_the_Town_from_the_Road_into_Town_-_Ouro_Preto_-_Minas_Gerais_-_Brazil.jpg/220px-View_over_the_Town_from_the_Road_into_Town_-_Ouro_Preto_-_Minas_Gerais_-_Brazil.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/View_over_the_Town_from_the_Road_into_Town_-_Ouro_Preto_-_Minas_Gerais_-_Brazil.jpg/330px-View_over_the_Town_from_the_Road_into_Town_-_Ouro_Preto_-_Minas_Gerais_-_Brazil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/View_over_the_Town_from_the_Road_into_Town_-_Ouro_Preto_-_Minas_Gerais_-_Brazil.jpg/440px-View_over_the_Town_from_the_Road_into_Town_-_Ouro_Preto_-_Minas_Gerais_-_Brazil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ouro_Preto" title="Ouro Preto">Ouro Preto</a> is the jewel in the crown of Minas Gerais's colonial towns. It was Brazil's wealthiest city during the 18th-century gold boom. Besides being an open-air museum, Ouro Preto is also a major university town, with a youthful and vibrant ambience.</figcaption></figure> <p>Minas Gerais was the gold mining centre of Brazil, during the 18th century. Slave labour was generally used for the workforce.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The discovery of gold in the area caused a huge influx of European immigrants and the government decided to bring in bureaucrats from Portugal to control operations.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They set up numerous bureaucracies, often with conflicting duties and jurisdictions. The officials generally proved unequal to the task of controlling this highly lucrative industry.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following Brazilian independence, the British pursued extensive economic activity in Brazil. In 1830, the <a href="/wiki/Saint_John_d%27El_Rey_Mining_Company" title="Saint John d'El Rey Mining Company">Saint John d'El Rey Mining Company</a>, controlled by the British, opened the largest gold mine in Latin America. The British brought in modern management techniques and engineering expertise. Located in <a href="/wiki/Nova_Lima" title="Nova Lima">Nova Lima</a>, the mine produced ore for 125 years.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Diamond deposits were found near Vila do Príncipe, around the village of Tijuco in the 1720s, and a rush to extract the precious stones ensued, flooding the European market. The Portuguese crown intervened to control production in <a href="/wiki/Diamantina,_Minas_Gerais" title="Diamantina, Minas Gerais">Diamantina</a>, the Diamond District. A system of bids for the right to extract diamonds was established, but in 1771, it was abolished and the crown retained the monopoly.<sup id="cite_ref-A.J.R._Russell-Wood_p._416_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A.J.R._Russell-Wood_p._416-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mining stimulated regional growth in southern Brazil, not just from the extraction of gold and diamonds, but the stimulation of food production for local consumption. More importantly, it stimulated commerce and the development of merchant communities in port cities.<sup id="cite_ref-A.J.R._Russell-Wood_p._416_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A.J.R._Russell-Wood_p._416-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nominally, the Portuguese controlled the trade to Brazil, banning the establishment of productive capacity for goods produced in Portugal. In practice, Portugal was an entrepôt for the import and export of goods from elsewhere, which were then re-exported to Brazil. Direct trade with foreign nations was forbidden, but before the Dutch incursion, much of Brazil's exports were carried in Dutch ships. After the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>, U.S. ships called at Brazilian ports. When the Portuguese monarchy fled Iberia to Brazil in 1808 during the Napoleonic wars, one of the first acts of the monarch was to open Brazilian ports to foreign ships.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kingdom_and_Empire_of_Brazil">Kingdom and Empire of Brazil</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Kingdom and Empire of Brazil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Portugal,_Brazil_and_the_Algarves" title="United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves">United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves</a>; <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Declaration_of_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian Declaration of Independence">Brazilian Declaration of Independence</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Empire of Brazil</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dona_Maria_I_of_Portugal_held_at_Queluz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Dona_Maria_I_of_Portugal_held_at_Queluz.jpg/220px-Dona_Maria_I_of_Portugal_held_at_Queluz.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Dona_Maria_I_of_Portugal_held_at_Queluz.jpg/330px-Dona_Maria_I_of_Portugal_held_at_Queluz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Dona_Maria_I_of_Portugal_held_at_Queluz.jpg/440px-Dona_Maria_I_of_Portugal_held_at_Queluz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1351" data-file-height="1742" /></a><figcaption>Queen <a href="/wiki/Maria_I_of_the_United_Kingdom_of_Portugal,_Brazil_and_the_Algarves" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria I of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves">Maria I of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Brazil was one of only three modern states in <a href="/wiki/The_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="The Americas">the Americas</a> to have a monarchy (the other two were <a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Empire" title="First Mexican Empire">Mexico</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>)—for almost 90 years. </p><p>As the Haitian Revolution for independence against the French crown was taking place in the late 1700s, Brazil, then a colony of Portugal, was also on the verge of starting its own revolution for independence. In the early 1790s, plots to overthrow the Portuguese colonial government flooded the streets of Brazil. Poor whites, a few upper-class whites, freed persons, slaves and mixed-race natives wanted to revolt against the Portuguese crown to abolish slavery, take power from the Catholic Church, end all forms of racial oppression, and establish a new governmental system that provided equal opportunities to all citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-:0a_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0a-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Povo_pa%C3%A7o_1888.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An old photograph showing a crowded square in front of a large, white, multi-storied building" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Povo_pa%C3%A7o_1888.png/220px-Povo_pa%C3%A7o_1888.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Povo_pa%C3%A7o_1888.png/330px-Povo_pa%C3%A7o_1888.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Povo_pa%C3%A7o_1888.png/440px-Povo_pa%C3%A7o_1888.png 2x" data-file-width="1725" data-file-height="1352" /></a><figcaption>A few moments after signing the <a href="/wiki/Lei_%C3%81urea" title="Lei Áurea">Golden Law</a>, Princess <a href="/wiki/Isabel,_Princess_Imperial_of_Brazil" title="Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil">Isabel</a> is greeted from the central balcony of the City Palace by a huge crowd below in the street.</figcaption></figure> <p>Though original plots had been foiled by royal authorities, Brazilians remained persistent in forming plots for revolutions after an outbreak of successful independence movements. The plan was similar to that of the French Revolutions, which by this period had established the revolutionary rhetoric for much of the colonial world. However, the harsh punishment inflicted upon poor whites, working people of colour, and slaves had silenced many voices of the revolution. As for the white elites, while some remained influenced by the revolutionary ideals spreading through France, others saw the incredible and intimidating strength of the lower classes through the Haitian Revolution and feared that an uprising from their own lower class may lead to something equally as catastrophic to their society.<sup id="cite_ref-:0a_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0a-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It would not be until September 7, 1822, that the Portuguese Prince Dom Pedro would declare Brazil as its own independent empire.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1808, the Portuguese court, fleeing from <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>'s invasion of Portugal during the <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a> in a large fleet escorted by British men-of-war, moved the government apparatus to its then-colony, Brazil, establishing themselves in the city of Rio de Janeiro. From there the Portuguese king, John VI, ruled his empire for 15 years, and there he would have remained for the rest of his life if it were not for the turmoil aroused in Portugal due, among other reasons, to his long stay in Brazil after the end of Napoleon's reign. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:408px;max-width:408px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_of_Portugal,_Brazil,_and_the_Algarves.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_of_Portugal%2C_Brazil%2C_and_the_Algarves.svg/200px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_of_Portugal%2C_Brazil%2C_and_the_Algarves.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_of_Portugal%2C_Brazil%2C_and_the_Algarves.svg/300px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_of_Portugal%2C_Brazil%2C_and_the_Algarves.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_of_Portugal%2C_Brazil%2C_and_the_Algarves.svg/400px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_of_Portugal%2C_Brazil%2C_and_the_Algarves.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="957" data-file-height="716" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves (1816–1821)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Brazil_(1870%E2%80%931889).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Flag_of_Brazil_%281870%E2%80%931889%29.svg/200px-Flag_of_Brazil_%281870%E2%80%931889%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Flag_of_Brazil_%281870%E2%80%931889%29.svg/300px-Flag_of_Brazil_%281870%E2%80%931889%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Flag_of_Brazil_%281870%E2%80%931889%29.svg/400px-Flag_of_Brazil_%281870%E2%80%931889%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="638" data-file-height="411" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The Empire Flag (October 12, 1822 – November 15, 1889)</div></div></div></div></div> <p>In 1815 the king vested Brazil with the dignity of a united kingdom with Portugal and <a href="/wiki/Algarves" class="mw-redirect" title="Algarves">Algarves</a>. In 1817 <a href="/wiki/Pernambucan_revolt" title="Pernambucan revolt">a revolt occurred in the province of Pernambuco</a>. In two months it was suppressed. </p><p>When king <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_VI_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="João VI of Portugal">João VI of Portugal</a> left Brazil to return to Portugal in 1821, his elder son, <a href="/wiki/Pedro_I_of_Brazil" title="Pedro I of Brazil">Pedro</a>, stayed in his stead as regent of Brazil. One year later, Pedro stated the reasons for the secession of Brazil from Portugal and led the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_War_of_Independence#The_Independence_War" title="Brazilian War of Independence">Independence War</a>, instituted a constitutional monarchy in Brazil assuming its head as <a href="/wiki/Pedro_I_of_Brazil" title="Pedro I of Brazil">Emperor Pedro I of Brazil</a> and then returning to Portugal to fight for a constitutional monarchy and against his absolutist usurper brother <a href="/wiki/Miguel_I_of_Portugal" title="Miguel I of Portugal">Miguel I of Portugal</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Wars" title="Liberal Wars">Liberal Wars</a>. Brazil's independence was recognized with the Treaty of Rio de Janeiro, in 1825. </p><p>Brazil's territorial dimension as a nation was achieved before the independence by the Portuguese-Brazilian monarchy (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Bragan%C3%A7a" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Bragança">House of Bragança</a>) in 1822, with later some territorial expansion and disputes with neighbouring Spanish ex-colonies, making Brazil the largest contiguous territory in the Americas today. It is worth noting that before the independence, Rio de Janeiro in Brazil had been the capital of the Portuguese Empire for 14 years. </p><p>D. <a href="/wiki/Pedro_I_of_Brazil" title="Pedro I of Brazil">Pedro</a> of Bragança (I of Brazil, IV of Portugal), abdicated the Brazilian Imperial throne in 1831 for political incompatibilities (displeased, both by the <a href="/wiki/Landed_elite" class="mw-redirect" title="Landed elite">landed elites</a>, who thought him too <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberal</a> and by the intellectuals, who felt he was not liberal enough), and left for Portugal to defend his daughter's D. <a href="/wiki/Maria_II_of_Portugal" title="Maria II of Portugal">Maria II of Portugal</a> claim to the Portuguese throne and establish a constitutional monarchy in Portugal, leaving his five-year-old son D. <a href="/wiki/Pedro_II_of_Brazil" title="Pedro II of Brazil">Pedro II of Brazil</a> whose mother was <a href="/wiki/Maria_Leopoldina_of_Austria" title="Maria Leopoldina of Austria">Maria Leopoldina of Austria</a> as future Emperor of Brazil. During his childhood, the country was under the regency of D. Pedro's guardian <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Bonif%C3%A1cio_de_Andrade_e_Silva" class="mw-redirect" title="José Bonifácio de Andrade e Silva">José Bonifácio de Andrade e Silva</a> between 1831 and 1840 (see <a href="/wiki/Early_life_of_Pedro_II_of_Brazil" title="Early life of Pedro II of Brazil">Early life of Pedro II of Brazil</a>). This period was beset by rebellions of various motivations, such as the <a href="/wiki/Sabinada" title="Sabinada">Sabinada</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ragamuffin_War" title="Ragamuffin War">Ragamuffin War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mal%C3%AA_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Malê Revolt">Malê Revolt</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cabanagem" title="Cabanagem">Cabanagem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Balaiada" title="Balaiada">Balaiada</a>, among others. After this period, <a href="/wiki/Pedro_II_of_Brazil" title="Pedro II of Brazil">Pedro II</a> was crowned at 14 years old and assumed his full prerogatives with dedication. <a href="/wiki/Pedro_II_of_Brazil" title="Pedro II of Brazil">Pedro II of Brazil</a> started a parliamentary monarchy which lasted almost 50 years and brought prosperity and development to the nation. D. Pedro II spoke 8 languages: Portuguese, Tupi-Guarani, German, French, Latin, Italian, Spanish, Hebrew and could read Greek, Arabic, Sanskrit and Provençal.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Brazil's imperial flag</a> introduced the green background with a yellow diamond, representing the colours of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Braganza" title="House of Braganza">House of Braganza</a> and the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg-Lorraine" title="House of Habsburg-Lorraine">House of Habsburg-Lorraine</a> respectively, and maintained the Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Armillary_sphere" title="Armillary sphere">armillary sphere</a> motif and the blue and white colours of <a href="/wiki/Portugal_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Portugal in the Middle Ages">Portugal</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Christ_Cross" title="Order of Christ Cross">Cross</a> within the sphere. The <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Brazil" title="Flag of Brazil">republican flag</a> maintained the armillary sphere motif in the form of a blue globe, crossed with a white stripe and dotted with white stars representing each Brazilian state and forming the <a href="/wiki/Crux" title="Crux">Southern <b>Cross</b> constellation</a> within the globe. The green and yellow also became associated with the lush forests and mineral wealth of Brazil.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Externally, apart from the Independence war, stood out decades of pressure from Great Britain for the country to end its participation in the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a>, and the wars fought in the region of <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_la_Plata" class="mw-redirect" title="Rio de la Plata">La Plata river</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Cisplatine_War" title="Cisplatine War">Cisplatine War</a> (in 2nd half of the 1820s), the <a href="/wiki/Platine_War" title="Platine War">Platine War</a> (in the 1850s), the <a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_War" title="Uruguayan War">Uruguayan War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_War" title="Paraguayan War">Paraguayan War</a> (in the 1860s). This last war against <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a> also was the bloodiest and most expensive in South American history, after which the country entered a period that continues to the present day, averse to external political and military interventions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coffee_plantations">Coffee plantations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Coffee plantations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Coffee_production_in_Brazil" title="Coffee production in Brazil">Coffee production in Brazil</a></div> <p>The coffee crop was introduced in 1720, and by 1850 Brazil was producing half of the world's coffee. The state set up a marketing board to protect and encourage the industry. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Slaves_in_coffee_farm_by_marc_ferrez_1885.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Slaves_in_coffee_farm_by_marc_ferrez_1885.jpg/220px-Slaves_in_coffee_farm_by_marc_ferrez_1885.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Slaves_in_coffee_farm_by_marc_ferrez_1885.jpg/330px-Slaves_in_coffee_farm_by_marc_ferrez_1885.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Slaves_in_coffee_farm_by_marc_ferrez_1885.jpg/440px-Slaves_in_coffee_farm_by_marc_ferrez_1885.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2740" data-file-height="2003" /></a><figcaption>Slaves on a <i><a href="/wiki/Fazenda" title="Fazenda">fazenda</a></i> (coffee farm), <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1885</span></figcaption></figure> <p>The major export crop in the 19th century was coffee, grown on large-scale plantations in the São Paulo area. The Zona da Mata Mineira district grew 90% of the coffee in the Minas Gerais region during the 1880s and 70% during the 1920s. Most of the workers were black men, including both slaves and free. Increasingly Italian, Spanish and Japanese immigrants provided the expanded labour force.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While railway lines were built to haul the coffee beans to market, they also provided essential internal transportation for both freight and passengers, as well as providing work opportunities for a large skilled labour force.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the early 20th century, coffee accounted for 16% of Brazil's gross national product, and three-quarters of its export earnings. </p><p>The growers and exporters played major roles in politics; however, historians debate whether or not they were the most powerful actors in the political system.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before the 1960s, historians generally ignored the coffee industry. Coffee was not a major industry in the colonial period. In any one particular locality, the coffee industry flourished for a few decades and then moved on as the soil lost its fertility; therefore it was not deeply embedded in the history of any one locality. After independence, coffee plantations were associated with slavery, underdevelopment, and a political oligarchy, and not the modern development of state and society.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historians now recognize the importance of the industry, and there is a flourishing scholarly literature.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rubber">Rubber</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Rubber"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Amazon_rubber_boom" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon rubber boom">rubber boom in the Amazon</a> in the 1880s–1910s radically reshaped the Amazonian economy. For example, it turned the remote poor jungle village of <a href="/wiki/Manaus" title="Manaus">Manaus</a> into a rich, sophisticated, progressive urban centre, with a cosmopolitan population that patronized the theatre, literary societies, and luxury stores, and supported good schools.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In general, key characteristics of the rubber boom included the dispersed plantations, and a durable form of organization, yet did not respond to Asian competition. The rubber boom had major long-term effects: the private estate became the usual form of land tenure; trading networks were built throughout the Amazon basin; barter became a major form of exchange; and native peoples often were displaced. The boom firmly established the influence of the state throughout the region. The boom ended abruptly in the 1920s, and income levels returned to the poverty levels of the 1870s.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were major negative effects on the fragile Amazonian environment.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Republic">Republic</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Old_Republic_(1889–1930)"><span id="Old_Republic_.281889.E2.80.931930.29"></span>Old Republic (1889–1930)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Old Republic (1889–1930)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Velha" class="mw-redirect" title="República Velha">República Velha</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/South_American_dreadnought_race" title="South American dreadnought race">South American dreadnought race</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coronelismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronelismo">Coronelismo</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henrique_Bernardelli_-_Retrato_do_General_Deodoro_da_Fonseca.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Henrique_Bernardelli_-_Retrato_do_General_Deodoro_da_Fonseca.jpg/220px-Henrique_Bernardelli_-_Retrato_do_General_Deodoro_da_Fonseca.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Henrique_Bernardelli_-_Retrato_do_General_Deodoro_da_Fonseca.jpg/330px-Henrique_Bernardelli_-_Retrato_do_General_Deodoro_da_Fonseca.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Henrique_Bernardelli_-_Retrato_do_General_Deodoro_da_Fonseca.jpg 2x" data-file-width="355" data-file-height="538" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Henrique_Bernardelli" title="Henrique Bernardelli">Henrique Bernardelli</a>: <i>Marechal Deodoro da Fonseca</i>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1900</span></figcaption></figure> <p>Pedro II was deposed on November 15, 1889, by a Republican military coup led by General <a href="/wiki/Deodoro_da_Fonseca" title="Deodoro da Fonseca">Deodoro da Fonseca</a>, who became the country's first <i>de facto</i> president through military ascension. The country's name became the <i>Republic of the United States of Brazil</i> (which in 1967 was changed to <i>Federative Republic of Brazil</i>). Two military presidents ruled through four years of dictatorship amid conflicts among the military and political elites (two <a href="/wiki/Revolta_da_Armada" title="Revolta da Armada">Naval revolts</a>, followed by a <a href="/wiki/Federalist_Riograndense_Revolution_(Brazil)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federalist Riograndense Revolution (Brazil)">Federalist revolt</a>), and an economic crisis due to the effects of the burst of a financial bubble, the <a href="/wiki/Encilhamento" title="Encilhamento">encilhamento</a>. </p><p>From 1889 to 1930, although the country was formally a constitutional democracy, the First Republican Constitution, created in 1891, established that women and the illiterate (then the majority of the population) were prevented from voting. Presidentialism<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag is ambiguous, and needs clarification. (January 2014)">ambiguous</span></a></i>]</sup> was adopted as the form of government and the State was divided into three powers (Legislative, Executive and Judiciary) "harmonic and independent of one another".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The presidential term was fixed at four years, and the elections became direct. </p><p>After 1894, the presidency of the republic was occupied by coffee farmers (oligarchies) from <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minas_Gerais" title="Minas Gerais">Minas Gerais</a>, alternately. This policy was called <i>política do café com leite</i> ("coffee with milk" policy). The elections for president and governors were ruled by the <i>Política dos Governadores</i> (Governor's policy), in which they had mutual support to ensure the elections of some candidates. The exchanges of favours also happened among politicians and big landowners. They used the power to control the votes of the population in return for favors (this was called <i>coronelismo</i>). </p><p>Between 1893 and 1926 several movements, civilians and military, shook the country. The military movements had their origins both in the lower officers' corps of the Army and Navy (which, dissatisfied with the regime, called for democratic changes) while the civilian ones, such <a href="/wiki/Canudos_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Canudos War">Canudos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Contestado_War" title="Contestado War">Contestado War</a>, were usually led by messianic leaders, without conventional political goals. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2014</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Internationally, the country would stick to a course of conduct that extended throughout the twentieth century: an almost isolationist policy, interspersed with sporadic automatic alignments with major Western powers, its main economic partners, in moments of high turbulence. Standing out of this period: the resolution of the <a href="/wiki/Acre_(state)#Land_dispute" title="Acre (state)">Acreanian's Question</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Technical_language" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style"><span title="The material near this tag may be using jargon that limits the article's accessibility. (February 2014)">jargon</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Brazil_during_World_War_I" title="Brazil during World War I">its tiny role</a> in the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, of which highlights the mission accomplished by its Navy on <a href="/wiki/U-boat_Campaign_(World_War_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="U-boat Campaign (World War I)">anti-submarine warfare</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and an effort to play a leading role in the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Populism_and_development_(1930–1964)"><span id="Populism_and_development_.281930.E2.80.931964.29"></span>Populism and development (1930–1964)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Populism and development (1930–1964)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Brazil_(1930%E2%80%931945)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Brazil (1930–1945)">History of Brazil (1930–1945)</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Brazil_(1945%E2%80%931964)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Brazil (1945–1964)">History of Brazil (1945–1964)</a></div> <p>After 1930, the successive governments continued industrial and agriculture growth and development of the vast interior of Brazil. <a href="/wiki/Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas" title="Getúlio Vargas">Getúlio Vargas</a> led a <a href="/wiki/Military_junta" title="Military junta">military junta</a> that had taken control in 1930 and would continue to rule from 1930 to 1945 with the backing of the Brazilian military, especially the Army. In this period, he faced internally the <a href="/wiki/Constitutionalist_Revolution" title="Constitutionalist Revolution">Constitutionalist Revolt</a> in 1932 and two separate coup d'état attempts: by Communists in 1935 and by local right-wing elements of the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralism" title="Brazilian Integralism">Brazilian Integralism</a> movement in 1938. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Revolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_1930.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Revolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_1930.jpg/220px-Revolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_1930.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Revolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_1930.jpg/330px-Revolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_1930.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Revolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_1930.jpg/440px-Revolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_1930.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1104" data-file-height="736" /></a><figcaption>Getúlio Vargas after the 1930 revolution, which began the Vargas era</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Constru%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_Congresso_Nacional_Esplanada_dos_Minist%C3%A9rios_1959-10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Constru%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_Congresso_Nacional_Esplanada_dos_Minist%C3%A9rios_1959-10.jpg/220px-Constru%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_Congresso_Nacional_Esplanada_dos_Minist%C3%A9rios_1959-10.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Constru%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_Congresso_Nacional_Esplanada_dos_Minist%C3%A9rios_1959-10.jpg/330px-Constru%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_Congresso_Nacional_Esplanada_dos_Minist%C3%A9rios_1959-10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Constru%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_Congresso_Nacional_Esplanada_dos_Minist%C3%A9rios_1959-10.jpg/440px-Constru%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_Congresso_Nacional_Esplanada_dos_Minist%C3%A9rios_1959-10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1430" data-file-height="1427" /></a><figcaption>Headquarters of the National Congress of Brazil in 1959, during the construction of the new federal capital</figcaption></figure> <p>The liberal revolution of 1930 overthrew the oligarchic coffee plantation owners and brought to power an urban middle class and business interests that promoted industrialization and modernization. Aggressive promotion of new industry turned around the economy by 1933. Brazil's leaders in the 1920s and 1930s decided that Argentina's implicit foreign policy goal was to isolate Portuguese-speaking Brazil from Spanish-speaking neighbours, thus facilitating the expansion of Argentine economic and political influence in South America. Even worse, was the fear that a more powerful Argentine Army would launch a surprise attack on the weaker Brazilian Army. To counter this threat, President <a href="/wiki/Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas" title="Getúlio Vargas">Getúlio Vargas</a> forged closer links with the United States. Meanwhile, Argentina moved in the opposite direction. During World War II, Brazil was a staunch ally of the United States and sent its military to Europe. The United States provided over $100 million in <a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a> grants, in return for free rent on air bases used to transport American soldiers and supplies across the Atlantic, and naval bases for anti-submarine operations. In sharp contrast, Argentina was officially neutral and at times favoured Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A democratic regime prevailed from 1945 to 1964. In the 1950s after Vargas' second period (this time, democratically elected), the country experienced an economic boom during <a href="/wiki/Juscelino_Kubitschek" title="Juscelino Kubitschek">Juscelino Kubitschek</a>'s years, during which the capital was moved from Rio de Janeiro to <a href="/wiki/Bras%C3%ADlia" title="Brasília">Brasília</a>. </p><p>Externally, after a relative isolation during the first half of the 1930s due to the effects of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">1929 Crisis</a>, in the second half of the 1930s, there was a rapprochement with the fascist regimes of Italy and Germany. However, after the fascist coup attempt in 1938 and the naval blockade imposed on these two countries by the British navy from the beginning of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, in the decade of 1940 there was a return to the old foreign policy of the previous period. </p><p>During the early 1940s, Brazil joined the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">allied forces</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Campaign_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Campaign (World War II)">Italian Campaign</a>; in the 1950s the country began its participation in the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>' <a href="/wiki/Peacekeeping" title="Peacekeeping">peacekeeping missions</a><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Emergency_Force" title="United Nations Emergency Force">Suez Canal in 1956</a> and at the beginning of the 1960s, during the presidency of <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A2nio_Quadros" title="Jânio Quadros">Janio Quadros</a>, its first attempts to break the automatic alignment (that had started in the 1940s) with the US.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The institutional crisis of succession for the presidency, triggered by the Quadros' resignation, coupled with external pressure from the United States against a more nationalist government, would lead to the military intervention of 1964 and the end of this period. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_dictatorship_(1964–1985)"><span id="Military_dictatorship_.281964.E2.80.931985.29"></span>Military dictatorship (1964–1985)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Military dictatorship (1964–1985)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/History_of_Brazil" title="Special:EditPage/History of Brazil">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2007</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/1964_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1964 Brazilian coup d'état">1964 Brazilian coup d'état</a>, <a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship_in_Brazil" title="Military dictatorship in Brazil">Military dictatorship in Brazil</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Brazil_(1964%E2%80%931985)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Brazil (1964–1985)">History of Brazil (1964–1985)</a></div> <p>The <b>Brazilian military government</b>, also known in Brazil as the <b> United States of Brazil</b> or <b>Fifth Brazilian Republic</b>, was the <a href="/wiki/Authoritarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Authoritarian">authoritarian</a> <a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">military dictatorship</a> that ruled <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> from 1 April 1964 to 15 March 1985. It began with the <a href="/wiki/1964_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1964 Brazilian coup d'état">1964 <i>coup d'état</i></a> led by the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Armed_Forces" title="Brazilian Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a> against the administration of President <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Goulart" title="João Goulart">João Goulart</a>. </p><p>The coup was planned and executed by the commanders of the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Army" title="Brazilian Army">Brazilian Army</a> and received the support of almost all high-ranking members of the military, along with conservative elements in society, such as the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Brazil" title="Catholic Church in Brazil">Catholic Church</a> and anti-communist civil movements among the Brazilian middle and upper classes. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/State_Department_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="State Department of the United States">State Department of the United States</a> backed the coup through <a href="/wiki/Operation_Brother_Sam" title="Operation Brother Sam">Operation Brother Sam</a> and supported the dictatorship through its embassy in <a href="/wiki/Brasilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Brasilia">Brasilia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Corpo_de_Edson_Lu%C3%ADs_de_Lima_Souto.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Corpo_de_Edson_Lu%C3%ADs_de_Lima_Souto.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Corpo_de_Edson_Lu%C3%ADs_de_Lima_Souto.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Corpo_de_Edson_Lu%C3%ADs_de_Lima_Souto.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Corpo_de_Edson_Lu%C3%ADs_de_Lima_Souto.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Corpo_de_Edson_Lu%C3%ADs_de_Lima_Souto.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Corpo_de_Edson_Lu%C3%ADs_de_Lima_Souto.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6804" data-file-height="4999" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Edson_Lu%C3%ADs_de_Lima_Souto" title="Edson Luís de Lima Souto">Edson Luís de Lima Souto</a> was one of the first students to be killed by the military state. His killing contributed to tensions preceding the <a href="/wiki/Institutional_Act_Number_Five" title="Institutional Act Number Five">Institutional Act Number Five</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The military dictatorship lasted for almost twenty-one years; despite initial pledges to the contrary, the military government, in 1967, enacted a <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Constitution_of_Brazil#Sixth_Constitution_(1967)" title="History of the Constitution of Brazil">new, restrictive Constitution</a>, and stifled <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of speech</a> and <a href="/wiki/Political_opposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Political opposition">political opposition</a>. The regime adopted <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_nationalism" title="Brazilian nationalism">nationalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-communism</a> as its guidelines. </p><p>The dictatorship achieved growth in GDP in the 1970s with the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Miracle" title="Brazilian Miracle">Brazilian Miracle</a>" while <a href="/wiki/Censorship_under_the_military_dictatorship_in_Brazil" title="Censorship under the military dictatorship in Brazil">censoring the media</a> and committing widespread <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_abuses_of_the_military_dictatorship_in_Brazil_(1964-1985)" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights abuses of the military dictatorship in Brazil (1964-1985)">human rights abuses</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Torture_in_Brazil#During_the_Military_Dictatorship_(1964-1985)" title="Torture in Brazil">torturing</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_killed_by_and_disappeared_during_the_Brazilian_military_dictatorship" title="List of people killed by and disappeared during the Brazilian military dictatorship">assassinating</a> dissidents.<i><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Figueiredo" title="João Figueiredo">João Figueiredo</a> became president in March 1979; in the same year he passed the <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_Law#Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Amnesty Law">Amnesty Law</a> for political crimes committed for and against the regime. By this time soaring inequality and economic instability had replaced the earlier growth, and Figueiredo could not control the <a href="/wiki/Recession" title="Recession">crumbling economy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chronic_inflation" title="Chronic inflation">chronic inflation</a> and concurrent fall of other military dictatorships in South America. Amid <a href="/wiki/Diretas_J%C3%A1" title="Diretas Já">massive popular demonstrations</a> in the streets of the main cities of the country, the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_legislative_election,_1982" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian legislative election, 1982">first free elections</a> in 20 years were held for the national legislature in 1982. In 1988, a <a href="/wiki/1988_Brazilian_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="1988 Brazilian Constitution">new Constitution</a> was passed and Brazil officially returned to <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a>. Since then, the military has remained under the control of civilian politicians, with no official role in domestic politics. </p><p>In May 2018, the United States government released a memorandum, written by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a>, dating back to April 1974 (when he was serving as <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a>), confirming that the leadership of the Brazilian military regime was fully aware of the killing of dissidents. It is estimated that <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_killed_and_politically_disappeared_people_during_the_Brazilian_military_dictatorship" class="mw-redirect" title="List of the killed and politically disappeared people during the Brazilian military dictatorship">434 people were either confirmed killed or went missing</a> (not to be seen again), 8,000 <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Brazil" title="Indigenous peoples in Brazil">indigenous people</a> suffered a <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a> and 20,000 people were <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">tortured</a> during the military dictatorship in Brazil, while some human rights activists and others assert that the true figure could be much higher. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Redemocratization_to_present_(1985–present)"><span id="Redemocratization_to_present_.281985.E2.80.93present.29"></span>Redemocratization to present (1985–present)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Redemocratization to present (1985–present)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Brazil_since_1985" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Brazil since 1985">History of Brazil since 1985</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Tancredo_Neves" title="Tancredo Neves">Tancredo Neves</a> was elected president in an indirect election in 1985 as the nation returned to civilian rule. He died before being sworn in, and the elected vice president, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Sarney" title="José Sarney">José Sarney</a>, was sworn in as president in his place. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Collor_de_Mello" title="Fernando Collor de Mello">Fernando Collor de Mello</a> was the first elected president by popular vote after the military regime in December 1989 defeating <a href="/wiki/Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva" title="Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva">Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva</a> in a two-round presidential race and 35 million votes. Collor won in the state of São Paulo against many prominent political figures. The first democratically elected President of Brazil in 29 years, Collor spent much of the early years of his government battling hyper-inflation, which at times reached rates of 25% per month.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Collor's neoliberal program was also followed by his successor <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Henrique_Cardoso" title="Fernando Henrique Cardoso">Fernando Henrique Cardoso</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who maintained free trade and privatization programs.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Collor's administration began the process of <a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">privatization</a> of a number of government-owned enterprises such as <i><a href="/wiki/Acesita" class="mw-redirect" title="Acesita">Acesita</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Embraer" title="Embraer">Embraer</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Telebr%C3%A1s" title="Telebrás">Telebrás</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Companhia_Vale_do_Rio_Doce" class="mw-redirect" title="Companhia Vale do Rio Doce">Companhia Vale do Rio Doce</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the exception of Acesita, the privatizations were all completed during the term of Fernando Henrique Cardoso. </p><p>Following Collor's impeachment, acting president, <a href="/wiki/Itamar_Franco" title="Itamar Franco">Itamar Franco</a>, was sworn in as president. In elections held on October 3, 1994, <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Henrique_Cardoso" title="Fernando Henrique Cardoso">Fernando Henrique Cardoso</a>, his finance minister, defeated <a href="/wiki/Left-wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-wing">left-wing</a> Lula da Silva again. He was elected president due to the success of the so-called <i>Plano Real</i>. Reelected in 1998, he guided Brazil through a wave of financial crises. In 2000, Cardoso ordered the declassifying of some military files concerning <a href="/wiki/Operation_Condor" title="Operation Condor">Operation Condor</a>, a network of South American military dictatorships that kidnapped and assassinated political opponents. </p><p>Brazil's most severe problem today is arguably its highly unequal distribution of wealth and income, one of the most extreme in the world. By the 1990s, more than one out of four Brazilians continued to survive on less than one dollar a day. These socio-economic contradictions helped elect <a href="/wiki/Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva" title="Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva">Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_(Brazil)" title="Workers' Party (Brazil)">Partido dos Trabalhadores</a> (PT) in 2002. On 1 January 2003, Lula was sworn in as the first-ever elected leftist President of Brazil.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the few months before the election, investors were scared by Lula's campaign platform for social change, and his past identification with labour unions and leftist ideology. As his victory became more certain, the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Real" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian Real">Real</a> <a href="/wiki/Devaluation" title="Devaluation">devalued</a> and Brazil's investment risk rating plummeted (the causes of these events are disputed since Cardoso left a very small foreign reserve). After taking office, however, Lula maintained Cardoso's economic policies,<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> warning that social reforms would take years and that Brazil had no alternative but to extend fiscal austerity policies. The <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Real" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian Real">Real</a> and the nation's risk rating soon recovered. </p><p>Lula, however, has given a substantial increase in the <a href="/wiki/Minimum_wage" title="Minimum wage">minimum wage</a> (raising from R$200 to R$350 in four years). Lula also spearheaded legislation to drastically cut retirement benefits for public servants. His primary significant social initiative, on the other hand, was the <i><a href="/wiki/Fome_Zero" title="Fome Zero">Fome Zero</a></i> (Zero Hunger) program, designed to give each Brazilian three meals a day. </p><p>In 2005 Lula's government suffered a serious blow with several <a href="/wiki/Mensal%C3%A3o_scandal" title="Mensalão scandal">accusations of corruption and misuse of authority</a> against his cabinet, forcing some of its members to resign. Most political analysts at the time were certain that Lula's political career was doomed, but he managed to hold onto power, partly by highlighting the achievements of his term (e.g., reduction in poverty, unemployment and dependence on external resources, such as oil), and to distance himself from the scandal. Lula was re-elected President in the general <a href="/wiki/2006_Brazilian_general_election" title="2006 Brazilian general election">elections</a> of October 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The income of the poorest increased by 14% in 2004, with <a href="/wiki/Bolsa_Familia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolsa Familia">Bolsa Familia</a> accounting for an estimated two-thirds of this growth. In 2004, Lula launched the "popular pharmacies" programme, designed to make medicines considered essential and accessible to the most disadvantaged. During Lula's first term in office, child malnutrition declined by 46 per cent. In May 2010, the UN World Food Programme (WFP) awarded Lula da Silva the title of "world champion in the fight against hunger".<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Having served two terms as president, Lula was forbidden by the Brazilian Constitution from standing again. In the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_presidential_election,_2010" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian presidential election, 2010">2010 presidential election</a>, the PT candidate was <a href="/wiki/Dilma_Rousseff" title="Dilma Rousseff">Dilma Rousseff</a>. Rousseff won and assumed office on January 1, 2011, as the country's first female president.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:478px;max-width:478px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_football_fans_at_the_FIFA_Fan_Fest_in_Bras%C3%ADlia,_during_the_2014_FIFA_World_Cup" title="Brazilian football fans at the FIFA Fan Fest in Brasília, during the 2014 FIFA World Cup"><img alt="Brazilian football fans at the FIFA Fan Fest in Brasília, during the 2014 FIFA World Cup" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Fan_fest_Bras%C3%ADlia.jpg/250px-Fan_fest_Bras%C3%ADlia.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Fan_fest_Bras%C3%ADlia.jpg/375px-Fan_fest_Bras%C3%ADlia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Fan_fest_Bras%C3%ADlia.jpg/500px-Fan_fest_Bras%C3%ADlia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2160" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Brazilian football fans at the FIFA Fan Fest in Brasília, during the <a href="/wiki/2014_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2014 FIFA World Cup">2014 FIFA World Cup</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/A_scene_from_the_opening_ceremony_of_the_2016_Summer_Olympics_in_Rio_de_Janeiro" title="A scene from the opening ceremony of the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro"><img alt="A scene from the opening ceremony of the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/2016_Summer_Olympics_opening_ceremony_1035300-05082016-_v9a2067_04.08.16.jpg/220px-2016_Summer_Olympics_opening_ceremony_1035300-05082016-_v9a2067_04.08.16.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/2016_Summer_Olympics_opening_ceremony_1035300-05082016-_v9a2067_04.08.16.jpg/330px-2016_Summer_Olympics_opening_ceremony_1035300-05082016-_v9a2067_04.08.16.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/2016_Summer_Olympics_opening_ceremony_1035300-05082016-_v9a2067_04.08.16.jpg/440px-2016_Summer_Olympics_opening_ceremony_1035300-05082016-_v9a2067_04.08.16.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">A scene from the opening ceremony of the <a href="/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics" title="2016 Summer Olympics">2016 Summer Olympics</a> in Rio de Janeiro</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center">Brazil won the right to host the <a href="/wiki/2014_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2014 FIFA World Cup">2014 FIFA World Cup</a> and the <a href="/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics" title="2016 Summer Olympics">2016 Summer Olympics</a>.</div></div></div></div> <p>Nationwide protests broke out in <a href="/wiki/2013_protests_in_Brazil" title="2013 protests in Brazil">2013</a> and <a href="/wiki/2014_protests_in_Brazil" title="2014 protests in Brazil">2014</a> primarily over public transport fares and government expenditures on the <a href="/wiki/2014_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2014 FIFA World Cup">2014 FIFA World Cup</a>. Rousseff faced a conservative challenger for her re-election bid in the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_general_election,_2014" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian general election, 2014">October 26, 2014, runoff</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but managed to secure re-election with just over 51% of votes.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Protests resumed in <a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_protests_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="2015–16 protests in Brazil">2015 and 2016</a> in response to a corruption scandal and a <a href="/wiki/2014%E2%80%932016_Brazilian_economic_recession" class="mw-redirect" title="2014–2016 Brazilian economic recession">recession that began in 2014</a>, resulting in the <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Dilma_Rousseff" title="Impeachment of Dilma Rousseff">impeachment of President Rousseff</a> for mismanagement and disregard of the national budget in August 2016. In 2016, Rio de Janeiro was the host of the <a href="/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics" title="2016 Summer Olympics">2016 Summer Olympics</a> and the <a href="/wiki/2016_Summer_Paralympics" title="2016 Summer Paralympics">2016 Summer Paralympics</a>, making the city the first South American and <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_where_Portuguese_is_an_official_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries where Portuguese is an official language">Portuguese-speaking city</a> to ever host the events, and the third time the Olympics were held in a Southern Hemisphere city.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2018, <a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">far-right</a> congressman and former <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Army" title="Brazilian Army">army</a> captain <a href="/wiki/Jair_Bolsonaro" title="Jair Bolsonaro">Jair Bolsonaro</a> was <a href="/wiki/2018_Brazilian_general_election" title="2018 Brazilian general election">elected</a> President of Brazil, disrupting sixteen years of continuous <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">left-wing</a> rule by the <a href="/wiki/Worker%27s_Party_(Brazil)" class="mw-redirect" title="Worker's Party (Brazil)">Worker's Party</a> (PT).<sup id="cite_ref-One_year_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-One_year-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With an <a href="/wiki/Operation_Car_Wash" title="Operation Car Wash">unprecedented corruption scandal</a> eroding the public's trust of institutions, Bolsonaro's position as a political outsider along with his hardline ideology against crime and corruption helped him win the presidential election. </p><p>During Bolsonaro's presidency, the installation of <a href="/wiki/Wind_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Wind energy">wind energy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solar_energy" title="Solar energy">solar energy</a> reached its highest level in Brazilian history.<sup id="cite_ref-RENEWABLE_CAPACITY_STATISTICS_2021_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RENEWABLE_CAPACITY_STATISTICS_2021-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the main objectives of the Bolsonaro Government is to try to complete the execution of more than 14,000 works promised by previous governments, which were never completed, many not even started. According to calculations, the execution and completion of works that have already started would cost something around R$144 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These public works include expanding and developing roadways and railways.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was during the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Jair_Bolsonaro" title="Presidency of Jair Bolsonaro">Bolsonaro government</a> that the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Brazil" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil">COVID-19 pandemic</a> began. In the year <a href="/wiki/2020_in_Brazil" title="2020 in Brazil">2020</a>, the first of the pandemic, the Brazilian <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">gross domestic product</a> plummeted by more than 4%.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also during <a href="/wiki/2020_in_Brazil" title="2020 in Brazil">2020</a> that the protests against the current Brazilian government and the impeachment orders against Bolsonaro gained strength, motivated by unscientific statements—inspired by <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>—propagated by the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Brazil" title="President of Brazil">Brazilian president</a>, who encouraged the use of medicines without medical evidence and discouraged the use of masks and vaccination.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under pressure from the <a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_Brazil" title="National Congress of Brazil">Brazilian Congress</a>, during the pandemic, "emergency assistance" was created for low-income people (in the amount of R$600).<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2021, the second year of the pandemic, the Brazilian Senate created a parliamentary inquiry commission (CPI, in Portuguese) to investigate President Bolsonaro's conduct of the pandemic.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Bolsonaro government, Brazil reached 33 million people suffering from hunger, a number that less than 2 years earlier was 19.1 million,<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also during his government, Brazil became the second country with the most deaths from <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a>, more than 670,000 deaths with more than 30 million infections were reported.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several allegations of corruption erupted in the Bolsonaro government, such as <a href="/wiki/Covaxgate" title="Covaxgate">Covaxgate</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the "Tractorgate"(Tratoraço in Portuguese),<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the "<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolsol%C3%A3o_do_MEC" class="extiw" title="pt:Bolsolão do MEC">Bolsolão do MEC</a>". </p><p>On January 1, 2023, <a href="/wiki/Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva" title="Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva">Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva</a>, also known as Lula da Silva or simply Lula, became the 39th president of Brazil. He recently held the post as the 35th President from 2003 to 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_change">Religious change</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Religious change"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Brazil" title="Religion in Brazil">Religion in Brazil</a></div> <p>Until recently Catholicism was overwhelmingly dominant. Rapid change in the 21st century has led to a growth in secularism (no religious affiliation). Just as dramatic is the sudden rise of evangelical Protestantism to over 22% of the population. The 2010 census indicates that fewer than 65% of Brazilians consider themselves Catholic, down from 90% in 1970. The decline is associated with falling birth rates to one of Latin America's lowest at 1.83 children per woman, which is below replacement levels. It has led Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Cl%C3%A1udio_Hummes" title="Cláudio Hummes">Cláudio Hummes</a> to comment, "We wonder with anxiety: how long will Brazil remain a Catholic country?".<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Brazilian_history" title="Timeline of Brazilian history">Timeline of Brazilian history</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>engenho</i> is Portuguese for sugar mill, but came to refer also to the entire estate and plantation surrounding it</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Some slaves escaped from the plantations and tried to establish independent settlements (<i><a href="/wiki/Quilombos" class="mw-redirect" title="Quilombos">quilombos</a></i>) in remote areas. The most important of these, the quilombo of <a href="/wiki/Palmares_(quilombo)" title="Palmares (quilombo)">Palmares</a>, was the largest runaway slave settlement in the Americas and was a consolidated kingdom of some 30,000 people at its height in the 1670s and 80s. However, these settlements were mostly destroyed by the crown and private troops, which in some cases required long <a href="/wiki/Siege" title="Siege">sieges</a> and the use of <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-thebrazilbusiness.com-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-thebrazilbusiness.com_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thebrazilbusiness.com_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFVerotti_Farah,_Ana_Gabriela2014" class="citation web cs1">Verotti Farah, Ana Gabriela (8 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thebrazilbusiness.com/article/history-of-colonial-brazil">"History of Colonial Brazil"</a>. <i>The Brazil Business</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Brazil+Business&rft.atitle=History+of+Colonial+Brazil&rft.date=2014-05-08&rft.au=Verotti+Farah%2C+Ana+Gabriela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthebrazilbusiness.com%2Farticle%2Fhistory-of-colonial-brazil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Constituição-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Constituição_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071213194044/http://www.planalto.gov.br/CCIVIL_03/Constituicao/Constitui%C3%A7ao.htm">"Brazilian Federal Constitution"</a> (in Portuguese). Presidency of the Republic. 1988. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/Constituicao/Constituiçao.htm">the original</a> on 13 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brazilian+Federal+Constitution&rft.pub=Presidency+of+the+Republic&rft.date=1988&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.planalto.gov.br%2Fccivil_03%2FConstituicao%2FConstitui%C3%A7ao.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180928070506/http://www.v-brazil.com/government/laws/titleI.html">"Brazilian Federal Constitution"</a>. v-brazil.com. 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.v-brazil.com/government/laws/titleI.html">the original</a> on 28 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2008</span>. <q>Unofficial translate</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brazilian+Federal+Constitution&rft.pub=v-brazil.com&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.v-brazil.com%2Fgovernment%2Flaws%2FtitleI.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list">"UNESCO World Heritage Centre — World Heritage List"</a>. UNESCO<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre+%E2%80%94+World+Heritage+List&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomero2014" class="citation web cs1">Romero, Simon (27 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/28/world/americas/discoveries-challenge-beliefs-on-humans-arrival-in-the-americas.html">"Discoveries Challenge Beliefs on Humans' Arrival in the Americas"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Discoveries+Challenge+Beliefs+on+Humans%27+Arrival+in+the+Americas&rft.date=2014-03-27&rft.aulast=Romero&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F03%2F28%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Fdiscoveries-challenge-beliefs-on-humans-arrival-in-the-americas.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LevineCrocitti1999-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LevineCrocitti1999_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LevineCrocitti1999_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevine,_Robert_M.Crocitti,_John_J.1999" class="citation book cs1">Levine, Robert M.; Crocitti, John J. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R28K2JA9PM8C&pg=PA11"><i>The Brazil Reader: History, Culture, Politics</i></a>. Duke University Press. pp. 11–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-2290-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-2290-0"><bdi>978-0-8223-2290-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Brazil+Reader%3A+History%2C+Culture%2C+Politics&rft.pages=11-&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-2290-0&rft.au=Levine%2C+Robert+M.&rft.au=Crocitti%2C+John+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR28K2JA9PM8C%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eighth_Millennium_Pottery_from_a_Prehistoric_Shell_Midden_in_the_Brazilian_Amazon-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Eighth_Millennium_Pottery_from_a_Prehistoric_Shell_Midden_in_the_Brazilian_Amazon_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRooseveltHousleyImazio_Da_SilveiraMaranca1991" class="citation journal cs1">Roosevelt, A. C.; Housley, R. A.; Imazio Da Silveira, M.; Maranca, S.; Johnson, R. (1991). "Eighth Millennium Pottery from a Prehistoric Shell Midden in the Brazilian Amazon". <i>Science</i>. <b>254</b> (5038): 1621–1624. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991Sci...254.1621R">1991Sci...254.1621R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.254.5038.1621">10.1126/science.254.5038.1621</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17782213">17782213</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:34969614">34969614</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Eighth+Millennium+Pottery+from+a+Prehistoric+Shell+Midden+in+the+Brazilian+Amazon&rft.volume=254&rft.issue=5038&rft.pages=1621-1624&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.254.5038.1621&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A34969614%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17782213&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1991Sci...254.1621R&rft.aulast=Roosevelt&rft.aufirst=A.+C.&rft.au=Housley%2C+R.+A.&rft.au=Imazio+Da+Silveira%2C+M.&rft.au=Maranca%2C+S.&rft.au=Johnson%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mann-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mann_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mann_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mann_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMann2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_C._Mann" title="Charles C. Mann">Mann, Charles C.</a> (2006) [2005]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/149100char/page/326"><i>1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus</i></a>. Vintage Books. pp. 326–333. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-3205-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-3205-1"><bdi>978-1-4000-3205-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1491%3A+New+Revelations+of+the+Americas+Before+Columbus&rft.pages=326-333&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4000-3205-1&rft.aulast=Mann&rft.aufirst=Charles+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F149100char%2Fpage%2F326&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrann2009" class="citation book cs1">Grann, David (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lostcityofztaleo00gran/page/315"><i>The Lost City of Z: A Tale of Deadly Obsession in the Amazon</i></a>. Doubleday. p. 315. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-51353-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-51353-1"><bdi>978-0-385-51353-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lost+City+of+Z%3A+A+Tale+of+Deadly+Obsession+in+the+Amazon&rft.pages=315&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-385-51353-1&rft.aulast=Grann&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flostcityofztaleo00gran%2Fpage%2F315&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoosevelt1991" class="citation book cs1">Roosevelt, Anna C. (1991). <i>Moundbuilders of the Amazon: Geophysical Archaeology on Marajó Island, Brazil</i>. Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-125-95348-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-125-95348-1"><bdi>978-0-125-95348-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moundbuilders+of+the+Amazon%3A+Geophysical+Archaeology+on+Maraj%C3%B3+Island%2C+Brazil&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-125-95348-1&rft.aulast=Roosevelt&rft.aufirst=Anna+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwarczStarling2018" class="citation book cs1">Schwarcz, Lilia M.; Starling, Heloisa M. 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Farrar, Straus and Giroux. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-374-71070-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-374-71070-5"><bdi>978-0-374-71070-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brazil%3A+A+Biography&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-374-71070-5&rft.aulast=Schwarcz&rft.aufirst=Lilia+M.&rft.au=Starling%2C+Heloisa+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5M2YDQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.souparaense.com/2011/04/quem-descobriu-o-brasil-pedro-alvares.html">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110429071300/http://www.souparaense.com/2011/04/quem-descobriu-o-brasil-pedro-alvares.html">Archived</a> 2011-04-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Quem descobriu o Brasil?</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPohl2013" class="citation book cs1">Pohl, Frederick Julius (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gaosBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA196"><i>Amerigo Vespucci Pilot Cb: Amerigo Vespucci Pilot Ma</i></a>. Routledge. p. 196. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136227134" title="Special:BookSources/9781136227134"><bdi>9781136227134</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historia+general+de+los+hechos+de+los+Castellanos+en+las+islas+y+tierra+firme+de+el+Mar+Oceano%2C+Volume+2&rft.pages=348&rft.date=2024-02-03&rft.au=Antonio+de+Herrera+y+Tordesillas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwQoiGk0-7f8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pinz-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pinz_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Martin-Alonso-Pinzon">"Martín Alonso Pinzón and Vicente Yáñez Pinzón"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905085759/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Martin-Alonso-Pinzon">Archived</a> from the original on 5 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mart%C3%ADn+Alonso+Pinz%C3%B3n+and+Vicente+Y%C3%A1%C3%B1ez+Pinz%C3%B3n&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FMartin-Alonso-Pinzon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morison, Samuel (1974). <i>The European Discovery of America: The Southern Voyages, 1492–1616</i>. New York: Oxford University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetcalf2005" class="citation book cs1">Metcalf, Alida C. (2005). <i>Go-Betweens and the Colonization of Brazil : 1500-1600</i>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abiarroz.com.br/site-en/history-of-rice.php#:~:text=The%20origin%20of%20rice%20in%20Brazil%20and%20its%20development&text=In%20the%20middle%20of%20the,)%20and%20Bahia%20(1857).">the original</a> on 2023-02-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Abiarroz+-+Associa%C3%A7%C3%A3o+Brasileita+da+Ind%C3%BAstria+do+Arroz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abiarroz.com.br%2Fsite-en%2Fhistory-of-rice.php%23%3A~%3Atext%3DThe%2520origin%2520of%2520rice%2520in%2520Brazil%2520and%2520its%2520development%26text%3DIn%2520the%2520middle%2520of%2520the%2C%29%2520and%2520Bahia%2520%281857%29.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drivencoffee.com/blog/brazilian-coffee-origins/#:~:text=Coffee%20is%20believed%20to%20have,the%20border%E2%80%94apparently%20it%20worked.">"Brazilian Coffee: Get to Know Your Coffee Origins"</a>. 6 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brazilian+Coffee%3A+Get+to+Know+Your+Coffee+Origins&rft.date=2018-07-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.drivencoffee.com%2Fblog%2Fbrazilian-coffee-origins%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DCoffee%2520is%2520believed%2520to%2520have%2Cthe%2520border%25E2%2580%2594apparently%2520it%2520worked.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brazilcham.com/white-papers/key-issues-facing-brazils-sugar-and-ethanol-industry/#:~:text=The%20Portuguese%20first%20planted%20sugarcane,social%2C%20political%20and%20economic%20history.">"Key Issues Facing Brazil's Sugar and Ethanol Industry"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Key+Issues+Facing+Brazil%27s+Sugar+and+Ethanol+Industry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrazilcham.com%2Fwhite-papers%2Fkey-issues-facing-brazils-sugar-and-ethanol-industry%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DThe%2520Portuguese%2520first%2520planted%2520sugarcane%2Csocial%252C%2520political%2520and%2520economic%2520history.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fao.org/3/xii/0568-b1.htm">"Cattle ranching in the Amazon rainforest"</a>. <i>www.fao.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.fao.org&rft.atitle=Cattle+ranching+in+the+Amazon+rainforest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2F3%2Fxii%2F0568-b1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernandes2019" class="citation web cs1">Fernandes, Carla (December 6, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rehagro.com.br/blog/origem-do-trigo-no-brasil/">"Trigo: origem e histórico do cultivo no Brasil"</a>. <i>Rehagro Blog</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rehagro+Blog&rft.atitle=Trigo%3A+origem+e+hist%C3%B3rico+do+cultivo+no+Brasil&rft.date=2019-12-06&rft.aulast=Fernandes&rft.aufirst=Carla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frehagro.com.br%2Fblog%2Forigem-do-trigo-no-brasil%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.enologia.org.br/curiosidade/a-historia-do-vinho-no-brasil">"Associação Brasileira de Enologia - 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pmt.usp.br/notas/notas.htm">the original</a> on 2022-08-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pmt.usp.br&rft.atitle=Notas+sobre+a+hist%C3%B3ria+da+Metalurgia+no+pa%C3%ADs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pmt.usp.br%2Fnotas%2Fnotas.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://themusicabr.wordpress.com/2014/10/10/nosso-brasil-a-viola-caipira/">"Nosso Brasil – A Viola Caipira"</a>. October 10, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nosso+Brasil+%E2%80%93+A+Viola+Caipira&rft.date=2014-10-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthemusicabr.wordpress.com%2F2014%2F10%2F10%2Fnosso-brasil-a-viola-caipira%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.diversityabroad.com/articles/travel-guide/brazil#:~:text=For%20more%20additional%2C%20identity%2Dspecific,Diversity%20%26%20Inclusion%20Guides%20to%20Brazil.&text=211%2C715%2C973%20(July%202020%20est.)&text=Ethnic%20groups%3A,0.4%25%20(2010%20est.)">"Diversity in Brazil"</a>. <i>diversityabroad.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=diversityabroad.com&rft.atitle=Diversity+in+Brazil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.diversityabroad.com%2Farticles%2Ftravel-guide%2Fbrazil%23%3A~%3Atext%3DFor%2520more%2520additional%252C%2520identity%252Dspecific%2CDiversity%2520%2526%2520Inclusion%2520Guides%2520to%2520Brazil.%26text%3D211%252C715%252C973%2520%28July%25202020%2520est.%29%26text%3DEthnic%2520groups%253A%2C0.4%2525%2520%282010%2520est.%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140514090334/http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/caracteristicas_raciais/pcerp_classificacoes_e_identidades.pdf">"Características Étnico-raciais da População:Classificações e identidades"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Portuguese). IBGE. 2010. p. 58. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/caracteristicas_raciais/pcerp_classificacoes_e_identidades.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 14 May 2014. <q>(Trans.) Since 1945, a Brazilian Black movement has resulted in more people using the term (and concept) of Afro-Brazilian. But, this term was coined by and remains associated with the United States and its culture, derived from a culturalist viewpoint.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Caracter%C3%ADsticas+%C3%89tnico-raciais+da+Popula%C3%A7%C3%A3o%3AClassifica%C3%A7%C3%B5es+e+identidades&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=IBGE&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibge.gov.br%2Fhome%2Festatistica%2Fpopulacao%2Fcaracteristicas_raciais%2Fpcerp_classificacoes_e_identidades.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLovemanMunizBailey2011" class="citation journal cs1">Loveman, Mara; Muniz, Jeronimo O.; Bailey, Stanley R. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ssc.wisc.edu/~mloveman/papers/LovemanMunizBailey_ERS_2011.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2014-02-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethnic+and+Racial+Studies&rft.atitle=Brazil+in+black+and+white%3F+Race+categories%2C+the+census%2C+and+the+study+of+inequality&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1466-1483&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01419870.2011.607503&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A32438550%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Loveman&rft.aufirst=Mara&rft.au=Muniz%2C+Jeronimo+O.&rft.au=Bailey%2C+Stanley+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ssc.wisc.edu%2F~mloveman%2Fpapers%2FLovemanMunizBailey_ERS_2011.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bryan Givens: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EuiOWqJ7u8YC&q=sebastianismSebastianism&pg=PA127">in <i>Theory and Practice in Early Modern Portugal</i></a> in <i>Braudel Revisited</i> University of Toronto Press, 2010, p. 127</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Russell-Wood">Russell-Wood</a>, pp. 415–16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Russell-Wood">Russell-Wood</a>, p. 414.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.brown.edu/fivecenturiesofchange/chapters/chapter-2/native-populations/">"Bandeirantes, Natives, and Indigenous Slavery"</a>. <i>Brazil: Five Centuries of Change online</i>. Brown University Library<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brazil%3A+Five+Centuries+of+Change+online&rft.atitle=Bandeirantes%2C+Natives%2C+and+Indigenous+Slavery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibrary.brown.edu%2Ffivecenturiesofchange%2Fchapters%2Fchapter-2%2Fnative-populations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herbert S. Klein, and Francisco Vidal Luna, <i>Slavery in Brazil</i> (Cambridge University Press, 2009).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Fernand_Braudel" title="Fernand Braudel">Braudel, Fernand</a> (1984) <i>The Perspective of the World,</i> Vol. III of <i>Civilization and Capitalism</i>. pp. 232–35. p. 390. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0060153175" title="Special:BookSources/978-0060153175">978-0060153175</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodriguez1997" class="citation book cs1">Rodriguez, Junius (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ATq5_6h2AT0C&q=Palmares+30%2C000&pg=PA489"><i>The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery: Volume 1</i></a>. 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"Keeping a Tight Lid: The Architecture and Landscape Design of Coffee Plantations in Nineteenth-Century Rio de Janeiro, Brazil". <i>Review: A Journal of the Fernand Braudel Center</i>. <b>34</b> (1–2): 193–215. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23595139">23595139</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Review%3A+A+Journal+of+the+Fernand+Braudel+Center&rft.atitle=Keeping+a+Tight+Lid%3A+The+Architecture+and+Landscape+Design+of+Coffee+Plantations+in+Nineteenth-Century+Rio+de+Janeiro%2C+Brazil&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=193-215&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23595139%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Lima%2C+Tania+Andrade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurns,_E._Bradford1965" class="citation journal cs1">Burns, E. 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(1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0023879100024134">"Reinterpreting the Amazon Rubber Boom: Investment, the State, and Dutch Disease"</a>. <i>Latin American Research Review</i>. <b>29</b> (2): 73–109. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0023879100024134">10.1017/S0023879100024134</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2503594">2503594</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:148548465">148548465</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Latin+American+Research+Review&rft.atitle=Reinterpreting+the+Amazon+Rubber+Boom%3A+Investment%2C+the+State%2C+and+Dutch+Disease&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=73-109&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A148548465%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2503594%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0023879100024134&rft.au=Barham%2C+Bradford+L.&rft.au=Coomes%2C+Oliver+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0023879100024134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dean, Warren (2002) <i>Brazil and the Struggle for Rubber: A Study in Environmental History</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-52692-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-52692-2">0-521-52692-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scheina, Robert L. (2003) <i>Latin America's Wars Volume II: The Age of the Professional Soldier, 1900–2001</i>. Potomac Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57488-452-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-57488-452-2">1-57488-452-2</a>. Part 4; Chapter 5 – World War I and Brazil, 1917–18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ellis, Charles Howard (2003) <i>The origin, structure & working of the League of Nations</i>. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Globo+Comunica%C3%A7%C3%A3o+e+Participa%C3%A7%C3%B5es&rft.atitle=Brasil+ultrapassa+marca+de+670+mil+mortes+por+Covid%3B+em+alta%2C+m%C3%A9dia+m%C3%B3vel+supera+180+v%C3%ADtimas+por+dia&rft.date=2022-06-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fg1.globo.com%2Fsaude%2Fcoronavirus%2Fnoticia%2F2022%2F06%2F24%2Fbrasil-ultrapassa-marca-de-670-mil-mortes-por-covid-em-alta-media-movel-supera-180-vitimas-por-dia.ghtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brasildefato.com.br/2021/06/29/caso-covaxin-o-que-se-sabe-ate-agora">"Caso Covaxin: O que se sabe até agora?"</a>. 29 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Caso+Covaxin%3A+O+que+se+sabe+at%C3%A9+agora%3F&rft.date=2021-06-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brasildefato.com.br%2F2021%2F06%2F29%2Fcaso-covaxin-o-que-se-sabe-ate-agora&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConteúdo2021" class="citation news cs1">Conteúdo, Estadão (6 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jc.ne10.uol.com.br/politica/2021/07/12618225-caso-covaxin-senadora-aponta-falsificacao-em-documento-usado-pelo-governo-bolsonaro.html">"Caso Covaxin: Senadora aponta falsificação em documento usado pelo governo Bolsonaro"</a>. <i>Jc</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jc&rft.atitle=Caso+Covaxin%3A+Senadora+aponta+falsifica%C3%A7%C3%A3o+em+documento+usado+pelo+governo+Bolsonaro&rft.date=2021-07-06&rft.aulast=Conte%C3%BAdo&rft.aufirst=Estad%C3%A3o&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjc.ne10.uol.com.br%2Fpolitica%2F2021%2F07%2F12618225-caso-covaxin-senadora-aponta-falsificacao-em-documento-usado-pelo-governo-bolsonaro.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economia.uol.com.br/noticias/bbc/2021/05/12/tratoraco-entenda-o-suposto-orcamento-secreto-de-bolsonaro-que-devera-ser-investigado-pelo-tcu.htm?aff_source=56d95533a8284936a374e3a6da3d7996%26utm_term%3D56d95533a8284936a374e3a6da3d7996%26utm_campaign%3DHome+Esporte+Clube%26utm_medium%3Daffiliate%26utm_source%3Dafiliado%26utm_content%3DUOL+Esporte+Clube">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Tratoraço': Entenda o suposto 'orçamento secreto' de Bolsonaro, que deverá ser investigado pelo TCU"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Tratora%C3%A7o%27%3A+Entenda+o+suposto+%27or%C3%A7amento+secreto%27+de+Bolsonaro%2C+que+dever%C3%A1+ser+investigado+pelo+TCU&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomia.uol.com.br%2Fnoticias%2Fbbc%2F2021%2F05%2F12%2Ftratoraco-entenda-o-suposto-orcamento-secreto-de-bolsonaro-que-devera-ser-investigado-pelo-tcu.htm%3Faff_source%3D56d95533a8284936a374e3a6da3d7996%2526utm_term%253D56d95533a8284936a374e3a6da3d7996%2526utm_campaign%253DHome%2BEsporte%2BClube%2526utm_medium%253Daffiliate%2526utm_source%253Dafiliado%2526utm_content%253DUOL%2BEsporte%2BClube&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.correiobraziliense.com.br/politica/2021/10/4957706-tratoraco-recebeu-verbas-publicas-destinadas-por-30-parlamentares.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Tratoraço' recebeu verbas públicas destinadas por 30 parlamentares"</a>. 24 October 0318.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Tratora%C3%A7o%27+recebeu+verbas+p%C3%BAblicas+destinadas+por+30+parlamentares&rft.date=318&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.correiobraziliense.com.br%2Fpolitica%2F2021%2F10%2F4957706-tratoraco-recebeu-verbas-publicas-destinadas-por-30-parlamentares.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-64138739">"Lula sworn in as Brazil president as predecessor Bolsonaro flies to US"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 2023-01-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-06-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Lula+sworn+in+as+Brazil+president+as+predecessor+Bolsonaro+flies+to+US&rft.date=2023-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-latin-america-64138739&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Simon Romero, "A Laboratory for Revitalizing Catholicism," <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/15/world/americas/in-brazil-growing-threats-to-catholicisms-sway.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0"><i>The New York Times</i> Feb 14, 2013</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cited_sources">Cited sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Cited sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Russell-Wood" class="citation book cs1">Russell-Wood, A.J.R. (1996). "Brazil: The Colonial Era, 1500–1808". <i>Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture</i>. Vol. 1. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0684804804" title="Special:BookSources/978-0684804804"><bdi>978-0684804804</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Brazil%3A+The+Colonial+Era%2C+1500%E2%80%931808&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Latin+American+History+and+Culture&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0684804804&rft.au=Russell-Wood%2C+A.J.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li>Alden, Dauril. <i>Royal Government in Colonial Brazil</i>. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press 1968.</li> <li>Barickman, Bert Jude. <i>A Bahian counterpoint: Sugar, tobacco, cassava, and slavery in the Recôncavo, 1780-1860</i> (Stanford University Press, 1998).</li> <li>Barman, Roderick J. <i>Brazil The Forging of a Nation, 1798–1852</i> (1988)</li> <li>Bethell, Leslie. <i>Colonial Brazil</i> (Cambridge History of Latin America) (1987) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Colonial-Brazil-Cambridge-History-America/dp/0521349257/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Bethell, Leslie, ed. <i>Brazil: Empire and Republic 1822–1930</i> (1989)</li> <li>Burns, E. Bradford. <i>A History of Brazil</i> (1993) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/History-Brazil-E-Bradford-Burns/dp/0231079559/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Burns, E. Bradford. <i>The Unwritten Alliance: Rio Branco and Brazilian-American Relations</i>. New York: Columbia University Press 1966.</li> <li>Dean, Warren, <i>Rio Claro: A Brazilian Plantation System, 1820–1920</i>. Stanford: Stanford University Press 1976.</li> <li>Dean, Warren. <i>With Broad Axe and Firebrand: The Destruction of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest</i>. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press 1995.</li> <li>Eakin, Marshall. <i>Brazil: The Once and Future Country</i> (2nd ed. 1998), an interpretive synthesis of Brazil's history.</li> <li>Fausto, Boris, and Arthur Brakel. <i>A Concise History of Brazil</i> (Cambridge Concise Histories) (2nd ed. 2014) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0521563321/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Garfield, Seth. <i>In Search of the Amazon: Brazil, the United States, and the Nature of a Region</i>. Durham: Duke University Press 2013.</li> <li>Goertzel, Ted and Paulo Roberto Almeida, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00NZBPX8A">The Drama of Brazilian Politics from Dom João to Marina Silva</a></i> Amazon Digital Services. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4951-2981-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4951-2981-0">978-1-4951-2981-0</a>.</li> <li>Graham, Richard. <i>Feeding the City: From Street Market to Liberal Reform in Salvador, Brazil</i>. Austin: University of Texas Press 2010.</li> <li>Graham, Richard. <i>Britain and the Onset of Modernization in Brazil, 1850–1914</i>. New York: Cambridge University Press 1968.</li> <li>Hahner, June E. <i>Emancipating the Female Sex: The Struggle for Women's Rights in Brazil</i> (1990)</li> <li>Hilton, Stanley E. <i>Brazil and the Great Powers, 1930–1939</i>. Austin: University of Texas Press 1975.</li> <li>Kerr, Gordon. <i>A Short History of Brazil: From Pre-Colonial Peoples to Modern Economic Miracle</i> (2014)</li> <li>Klein, Herbert S. and Francisco Vidal Luna. <i>Slavery in Brazil</i> (Cambridge University Press, 2009).</li> <li>Leff, Nathaniel. <i>Underdevelopment and Development in Nineteenth-Century Brazil</i>. Allen and Unwin 1982.</li> <li>Lesser, Jeffrey. <i>Immigration, Ethnicity, and National Identity in Brazil, 1808–Present</i> (Cambridge UP, 2013). 208 pp.</li> <li>Levine, Robert M. <i>The History of Brazil</i> (Greenwood Histories of the Modern Nations) (2003) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/1403962553/">excerpt and text search</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Levine, Robert M. and John Crocitti, eds. <i>The Brazil Reader: History, Culture, Politics</i> (1999) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0822322900/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Levine, Robert M. <i>Historical dictionary of Brazil</i> (1979) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio00levi">online</a></li> <li>Lewin, Linda. <i>Politics and Parentela in Paraíba: A Case Study of Family Based Oligarchy in Brazil</i>. Princeton: Princeton University Press 1987.</li> <li>Lewin, Linda. <i>Surprise Heirs I: Illegitimacy, Patrimonial Rights, and Legal Nationalism in Luso-Brazilian Inheritance, 1750–1821</i>. Stanford: Stanford University Press 2003.</li> <li>Lewin, Linda. <i>Surprise Heirs II: Illegitimacy, Inheritance Rights, and Public Power in the Formation of Imperial Brazil, 1822–1889</i>. Stanford: Stanford University Press 2003.</li> <li>Love, Joseph L. <i>Rio Grande do Sul and Brazilian Regionalism, 1882–1930</i>. Stanford: Stanford University Press 1971.</li> <li>Luna Vidal, Francisco, and Herbert S. Klein. <i>The Economic and Social History of Brazil since 1889</i> (Cambridge University Press, 2014) 439 pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eh.net/book_reviews/the-economic-and-social-history-of-brazil-since-1889/">online review</a></li> <li>Marx, Anthony. <i>Making Race and Nation: A Comparison of the United States, South Africa, and Brazil</i> (1998).</li> <li>McCann, Bryan. <i>Hello, Hello Brazil: Popular Music in the Making of Modern Brazil</i>. Durham: Duke University Press 2004.</li> <li>McCann, Frank D. Jr. <i>The Brazilian-American Alliance, 1937–1945</i>. Princeton: Princeton University Press 1973.</li> <li>Metcalf, Alida. <i>Family and Frontier in Colonial Brazil: Santana de Parnaiba, 1580–1822</i>. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press 1992.</li> <li>Myscofski, Carole A. <i>Amazons, Wives, Nuns, and Witches: Women and the Catholic Church in Colonial Brazil, 1500–1822</i> (University of Texas Press; 2013) 308 pages; a study of women's religious lives in colonial Brazil & examines the gender ideals upheld by Jesuit missionaries, church officials, and Portuguese inquisitors.</li> <li>Schneider, Ronald M. <i>"Order and Progress": A Political History of Brazil</i> (1991)</li> <li>Schwartz, Stuart B. <i>Sugar Plantations in the Formation of Brazilian Society: Bahia 1550–1835</i>. New York: Cambridge University Press 1985.</li> <li>Schwartz, Stuart B. <i>Sovereignty and Society in Colonial Brazil: The High Court and its Judges 1609–1751</i>. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press 1973.</li> <li>Skidmore, Thomas. <i>Black into White: Race and Nationality in Brazilian Thought</i>. New York: Oxford University Press 1974.</li> <li>Skidmore, Thomas. <i>Brazil: Five Centuries of Change</i> (2nd ed. 2009) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Brazil-Centuries-Thomas-E-Skidmore/dp/019537455X/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Skidmore, Thomas. <i>Politics in Brazil, 1930–1964: An experiment in democracy</i> (1986) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Politics-Brazil-1930-1964-Experiment-Democracy/dp/0195332695/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Smith, Joseph. <i>A history of Brazil</i> (Routledge, 2014)</li> <li>Stein, Stanley J. <i>Vassouras: A Brazilian Coffee Country, 1850–1900</i>. Cambridge: Harvard University Press 1957.</li> <li>Van Groesen, Michiel (ed.). <i>The Legacy of Dutch Brazil</i> (2014) <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.cambridge.org/hn/academic/subjects/history/latin-american-history/legacy-dutch-brazil">[3]</a></li> <li>Van Groesen, Michiel. "Amsterdam's Atlantic: Print Culture and the Making of Dutch Brazil". Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2017.</li> <li>Wirth, John D. <i>Minas Gerais in the Brazilian Federation: 1889–1937</i>. Stanford: Stanford University Press 1977.</li> <li>Wirth, John D. <i>The Politics of Brazilian Development, 1930–1954</i>. Stanford: Stanford University Press 1970.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiography">Historiography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Historiography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>de Almeida, Carla Maria Carvalho, and Jurandir Malerba. "Rediscovering Portuguese America: Internal Dynamics and New Social Actors in the Historiography of Colonial Brazil: a Tribute to Ciro Flamarion Cardoso." <i>Storia della storiografia</i> 67#1 (2015): 87–100. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/download/37953468/Rediscovering_Portuguese_America_-_draft.docx">online</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2024">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ejournals.epublishing.ekt.gr/index.php/historein/">Historein/Ιστορείν. A review of the past and other stories</a></i>, vol. 17.1 (2018) (issue dedicated on "Brazilian Historiography: Memory, Time and Knowledge in the Writing of History").</li> <li>Perez, Carlos. "Brazil" in Kelly Boyd, ed. <i>Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing, vol 1</i> (1999) 1:115-22.</li> <li>Schulze, Frederik, and Georg Fischer. "Brazilian history as global history." <i>Bulletin of Latin American Research</i> 38.4 (2019): 408-422. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/blar.12781">online</a></li> <li>Skidmore, Thomas E. "The Historiography of Brazil, 1889–1964: Part I." <i>Hispanic American Historical Review</i> 55#4 (1975): 716–748. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2511951">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Stein, Stanley J. "The historiography of Brazil 1808–1889." <i>Hispanic American Historical Review</i> 40#2 (1960): 234–278. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2510025">in JSTOR</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Portuguese">In Portuguese</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: In Portuguese"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Abreu, Capistrano de. <i>Capítulos de História Colonial</i>. <a class="external text" href="https://pt.wikisource.org/wiki/Cap%C3%ADtulos_de_Hist%C3%B3ria_Colonial">Capítulos de História Colonial in Portuguese</a></li> <li>Calógeras, João Pandiá. <i>Formação Histórica do Brasil</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/P/Gazetteer/Places/America/Brazil/_Texts/CALFHB/home.html">Formação Histórica do Brasil in Portuguese</a></li> <li>Furtado, Celso. <i>Formação econômica do Brasil</i>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.afoiceeomartelo.com.br/posfsa/Autores/Furtado,%20Celso/Celso%20Furtado%20-%20Forma%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20Econ%C3%B4mica%20do%20Brasil.pdf">http://www.afoiceeomartelo.com.br/posfsa/Autores/Furtado,%20Celso/Celso%20Furtado%20-%20Forma%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20Econ%C3%B4mica%20do%20Brasil.pdf</a>)</li> <li>Prado Junior, Caio. <i>História econômica do Brasil</i>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.afoiceeomartelo.com.br/posfsa/Autores/Prado%20Jr,%20Caio/Historia%20Economica%20do%20Brasil.pdf">http://www.afoiceeomartelo.com.br/posfsa/Autores/Prado%20Jr,%20Caio/Historia%20Economica%20do%20Brasil.pdf</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="languageicon">(in English)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02745c.htm">Brazil</a> – Article on Brazil from the 1913 <i>Catholic Encyclopedia</i>.</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in English)</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLatin_American_Network_Information_Center" class="citation web cs1">Latin American Network Information Center. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lanic.utexas.edu/la/brazil/#history">"Brazil: History"</a>. USA: University of Texas at Austin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brazil%3A+History&rft.place=USA&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+at+Austin&rft.au=Latin+American+Network+Information+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flanic.utexas.edu%2Fla%2Fbrazil%2F%23history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Portuguese)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://library.brown.edu/fivecenturiesofchange/">[4]</a> – Online supplement to the textbook <i>Brazil: Five Centuries of Change</i> by Thomas Skidmore.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Brazil_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Brazil_topics" title="Template:Brazil topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Brazil_topics" title="Template talk:Brazil topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Brazil_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Brazil topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Brazil_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Brazil" title="Outline of Brazil">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Brazilian_history" title="Timeline of Brazilian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Brazil" title="Indigenous peoples in Brazil">Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_Brazil" title="LGBTQ history in Brazil">LGBTQ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_Brazil" title="Transgender history in Brazil">T</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Brazil" title="Colonial Brazil">Colonial Brazil (1500–1815)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Portugal,_Brazil_and_the_Algarves" title="United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves">United Kingdom (1815–1822)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Empire (1822–1889)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Brazilian_Republic" title="First Brazilian Republic">First (Old) Republic (1889–1930)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vargas_Era" title="Vargas Era">Vargas Era (1930–1946)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Brazilian_Republic" title="Fourth Brazilian Republic">Fourth Republic (1946–1964)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship_in_Brazil" title="Military dictatorship in Brazil">Military dictatorship (1964–1985)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brazil_(1985%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Brazil (1985–present)">Sixth (New) Republic (1985–present)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Brazil" title="Geography of Brazil">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_basin" title="Amazon basin">Amazon basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Antarctica" title="Brazilian Antarctica">Brazilian Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Brazil" title="Climate of Brazil">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Brazil" title="Climate change in Brazil">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastline_of_Brazil" title="Coastline of Brazil">Coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Brazil" title="Environment of Brazil">Environment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Brazil" title="Environmental issues in Brazil">Environmental issues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_Brazil" title="List of extreme points of Brazil">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Brazil" title="Geology of Brazil">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Brazil" title="List of islands of Brazil">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Brazil_by_population" title="List of cities in Brazil by population">Largest cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Brazil" title="List of mountains in Brazil">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantanal" title="Pantanal">Pantanal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Brazil" title="Protected areas of Brazil">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Brazil" title="Regions of Brazil">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Brazil" title="List of rivers of Brazil">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Brazil" title="Time in Brazil">Time Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources_management_in_Brazil" title="Water resources management in Brazil">Water resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Brazil" title="Wildlife of Brazil">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Brazil" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Brazil">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Brazil" title="Politics of Brazil">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Brazil" title="Subdivisions of Brazil">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Brazil" title="Constitution of Brazil">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Brazil" title="Elections in Brazil">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Brazil" title="Foreign relations of Brazil">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_Brazil" title="Federal government of Brazil">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Brazil" title="Human rights in Brazil">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech_in_Brazil" title="Freedom of speech in Brazil">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Brazil" title="LGBTQ rights in Brazil">LGBTQ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Brazil" title="Transgender rights in Brazil">T</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights_in_Brazil" title="Women's rights in Brazil">Women's rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Brazil" title="Judiciary of Brazil">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Brazil" title="Law of Brazil">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Brazil" title="Law enforcement in Brazil">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Armed_Forces" title="Brazilian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_Brazil" title="National Congress of Brazil">National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Brazil" title="List of political parties in Brazil">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Brazil" title="President of Brazil">President of the Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Brazil" title="Economy of Brazil">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Brazil" title="Agriculture in Brazil">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry_in_Brazil" title="Animal husbandry in Brazil">Animal husbandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Brazil" title="Automotive industry in Brazil">Automotive industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Brazil" title="Central Bank of Brazil">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Brazil" title="Economic history of Brazil">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Brazil" title="Energy in Brazil">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_Brazil" title="List of exports of Brazil">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industry_in_Brazil" title="Industry in Brazil">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Brazil" title="Mining in Brazil">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_real" title="Brazilian real">Real <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Brazil" title="Science and technology in Brazil">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dndice_Bovespa" title="Índice Bovespa">Stock index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Brazil" title="Taxation in Brazil">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Brazil" title="Telecommunications in Brazil">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Brazil" title="Tourism in Brazil">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Brazil" title="Transport in Brazil">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Brazil" title="Rail transport in Brazil">Rail transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Brazil" title="Category:Society of Brazil">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Brazil" title="Abortion in Brazil">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Brazil" title="Censorship in Brazil">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Brazil" title="Corruption in Brazil">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Brazil" title="Crime in Brazil">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Brazil" title="Demographics of Brazil">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Brazil" title="Education in Brazil">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Brazil" title="Health in Brazil">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Brazil" title="Immigration to Brazil">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_Brazil" title="Income inequality in Brazil">Income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Brazil" title="Languages of Brazil">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Brazilian_states_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Brazilian states by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilians" title="Brazilians">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_issues_in_Brazil" title="Social issues in Brazil">Social issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Brazilian_federative_units_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of Brazilian federative units by Human Development Index">States by HDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_Brazil" title="Unemployment in Brazil">Unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Brazil" title="Water supply and sanitation in Brazil">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolsa_Fam%C3%ADlia" title="Bolsa Família">Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_in_Brazil" title="Youth in Brazil">Youth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Brazil" title="Culture of Brazil">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brazilian_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Brazilian animation">Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeology in Brazil">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_art" title="Brazilian art">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Carnival" title="Brazilian Carnival">Carnaval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Brazil" title="Cinema of Brazil">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_comics" title="Brazilian comics">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_cuisine" title="Brazilian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_people_in_Brazil" title="LGBTQ people in Brazil">LGBTQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_literature" title="Brazilian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malandragem" title="Malandragem">Malandragem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brazil" title="Music of Brazil">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_mythology" title="Brazilian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Brazil" title="National symbols of Brazil">National symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Brazil" title="List of newspapers in Brazil">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_painting" title="Brazilian painting">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Brazil" title="Public holidays in Brazil">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_sculpture" title="Brazilian sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_science_fiction" title="Brazilian science fiction">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Brazil" title="Sport in Brazil">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Brazil" title="Television in Brazil">Television</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Brazil" title="Religion in Brazil">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Brazil" title="Freedom of religion in Brazil">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_Brazil" title="Baháʼí Faith in Brazil">Baháʼí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brazil" title="Buddhism in Brazil">Buddhism</a></li> <li>Christianity <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Brazil" title="Catholic Church in Brazil">Catholicism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholic_Apostolic_Exarchate_of_Latin_America_and_Mexico" title="Armenian Catholic Apostolic Exarchate of Latin America and Mexico">Armenian Catholic</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Our_Lady_of_Lebanon_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Our Lady of Lebanon of São Paulo">Maronite</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Nossa_Senhora_do_Para%C3%ADso_em_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="Melkite Greek Catholic Eparchy of Nossa Senhora do Paraíso em São Paulo">Melkite</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_S%C3%A3o_Jo%C3%A3o_Batista_em_Curitiba" title="Ukrainian Catholic Archeparchy of São João Batista em Curitiba">Ukrainian Catholic</a></small></li></ul></li> <li>Eastern Orthodoxy <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Antiochian_Orthodox_Archdiocese_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_and_All_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiochian Orthodox Archdiocese of São Paulo and All Brazil">Antiochian</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_in_Brazil" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Brazil">LDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Brazil" title="Protestantism in Brazil">Protestantism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Brazil" title="Islam in Brazil">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Brazil" title="Hinduism in Brazil">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Brazil" title="History of the Jews in Brazil">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Syncretic_Religions" title="Brazilian Syncretic Religions">Syncretic Religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9" title="Candomblé">Candomblé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quimbanda" title="Quimbanda">Quimbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbanda" title="Umbanda">Umbanda</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Brazil" title="Outline of Brazil">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Brazil" title="Outline of Brazil">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Brazil" title="Category:Brazil">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Brazil" title="Portal:Brazil">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_South_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_South_America" title="Template:History of South America"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_South_America" title="Template talk:History of South America"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_South_America" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of South America"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_South_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_America" title="History of South America">History of South America</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Argentina" title="History of Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bolivia" title="History of Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chile" title="History of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Colombia" title="History of Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ecuador" title="History of Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guyana" title="History of Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Paraguay" title="History of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Peru" title="History of Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Suriname" title="History of Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Uruguay" title="History of Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Venezuela" title="History of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Falkland_Islands" title="History of the Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_French_Guiana" title="History of French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="History of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands"><span style="white-space:normal;">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved 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