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href="//sd.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="سنواريو" href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="وڪيپيڊيا (sd)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//sd.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.sd"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="وڪيپيڊيا اڻو روان رسد" href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki rtl sitedir-rtl mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-ناسا rootpage-ناسا skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">مواد ڏانھن هلو</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="سائيٽ"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="مک مينيو" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">مک مينيو</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">مک مينيو</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">سائڊبار ڏانھن چوريو</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">لڪايو</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> رھنمائي </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8F%DA%A9_%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AD%D9%88" title="مک صفحو گھمو [z]" accesskey="z"><span>مک صفحو</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D9%88%DA%AA%D9%8A%D9%BE%D9%8A%DA%8A%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%82" title="ھن رٿا بابت، توھان ڇا ٿا ڪري سگهو، شيون ڪٿي ڳولھجن"><span>اوطاق</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D9%88%DA%AA%D9%8A%D9%BE%D9%8A%DA%8A%D9%8A%D8%A7:%DA%BE%D8%A7%DA%BB%D9%88%DA%AA%D8%A7_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%B9%D8%A7" title="تازن واقعن تي تفصيلي ڄاڻ لھو"><span>هاڻوڪا واقعا</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="ھن وڪيءَ ۾ تازين تبديلين جي فھرست [r]" accesskey="r"><span>تازيون تبديليون</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A8" title="ڪو بلاترتيب صفحو اتاريو [x]" accesskey="x"><span>بلاترتيب صفحو</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%AF:%D9%81%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="ڳولي لھڻ جي جاءِ"><span>مدد</span></a></li><li id="n-sandboxlink-portlet-label" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D9%88%DA%AA%D9%8A%D9%BE%D9%8A%DA%8A%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88"><span>مشق پٽي</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8F%DA%A9_%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AD%D9%88" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="وڪيپيڊيا" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-sd.svg" style="width: 6.8125em; height: 1.75em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-sd.svg" width="135" height="23" style="width: 8.4375em; height: 1.4375em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%DA%B3%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="۾ ڳوليو وڪيپيڊيا [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>ڳولا</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="وڪيپيڊيا ۾ ڳوليو" aria-label="وڪيپيڊيا ۾ ڳوليو" autocapitalize="sentences" title="۾ ڳوليو وڪيپيڊيا [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="خاص:ڳولا"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">ڳوليو</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="ذاتي اوزار"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="ڏيک"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="ڏيک" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">ڏيک</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_sd.wikipedia.org&uselang=sd" class=""><span>امداد ڏيو</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88&returnto=%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="کاتو کولڻ ۽ داخل ٿيڻ تي توھان کي ھمٿايو وڃي ٿو؛ جيتوڻيڪ، اهو ضروري ناھي" class=""><span>کاتو کوليو</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%B1_%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%AF_%D8%A7%D9%90%D9%86&returnto=%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="توھان کي ھمٿائجي ٿو تہ توهان داخل ٿيو؛ بھرحال، اھو لازمي ناھي [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>داخل ٿيو</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="وڌيڪ چارا" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="ذاتي اوزار" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">ذاتي اوزار</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="واپرائيندڙ جو مينيو" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_sd.wikipedia.org&uselang=sd"><span>امداد ڏيو</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88&returnto=%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="کاتو کولڻ ۽ داخل ٿيڻ تي توھان کي ھمٿايو وڃي ٿو؛ جيتوڻيڪ، اهو ضروري ناھي"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>کاتو کوليو</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%B1_%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%AF_%D8%A7%D9%90%D9%86&returnto=%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="توھان کي ھمٿائجي ٿو تہ توهان داخل ٿيو؛ بھرحال، اھو لازمي ناھي [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>داخل ٿيو</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> ٻاھر نڪتل سنواريندڙن لاءِ صفحا <a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%AF:%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%81" aria-label="سنوارڻ بابت وڌيڪ ڄاڻيو"><span>وڌيڪ ڄاڻيو</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D9%85%D9%86%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%DA%80%D8%A7%DA%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="ھن آئپي پتي کان ڪيل سنوارن جي فھرست [y]" accesskey="y"><span>ڀاڱيداريون</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%87" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>هن آءِ پِي سان ڳالهه</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div 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class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="فھرست" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">فھرست</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">سائڊبار ڏانھن چوريو</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">لڪايو</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">تعارف</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-تاريخ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#تاريخ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>تاريخ</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-تاريخ-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>سبسيڪشن تاريخ کي ٽوگل ڪريو</span> </button> <ul id="toc-تاريخ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-قيام" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#قيام"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>قيام</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-قيام-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_orbital_and_hypersonic_flights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_orbital_and_hypersonic_flights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>First orbital and hypersonic flights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_orbital_and_hypersonic_flights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Moon_landing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moon_landing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Moon landing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moon_landing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-End_of_Apollo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_Apollo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>End of Apollo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_Apollo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interplanetary_exploration_and_space_science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interplanetary_exploration_and_space_science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Interplanetary exploration and space science</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interplanetary_exploration_and_space_science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Space_Shuttle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Space_Shuttle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Space Shuttle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Space_Shuttle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Space_stations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Space_stations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Space stations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Space_stations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unleashing_commercial_space_and_return_to_the_Moon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unleashing_commercial_space_and_return_to_the_Moon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Unleashing commercial space and return to the Moon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unleashing_commercial_space_and_return_to_the_Moon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-فعال_پروگرام" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#فعال_پروگرام"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>فعال پروگرام</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-فعال_پروگرام-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-تعاون" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#تعاون"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>تعاون</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-تعاون-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-انتظام" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#انتظام"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>انتظام</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-انتظام-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-استحڪام" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#استحڪام"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>استحڪام</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-استحڪام-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ميڊيا_جي_موجودگي" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ميڊيا_جي_موجودگي"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>ميڊيا جي موجودگي</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ميڊيا_جي_موجودگي-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-گيلري" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#گيلري"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>گيلري</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-گيلري-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-پڻ_ڏسو" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#پڻ_ڏسو"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>پڻ ڏسو</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-پڻ_ڏسو-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-خارجي_لنڪس" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#خارجي_لنڪس"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>خارجي لنڪس</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-خارجي_لنڪس-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-حوالا" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#حوالا"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>حوالا</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-حوالا-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="فھرست" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="عنوانن جي فھرست کي ٽوگل ڪريو" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">عنوانن جي فھرست کي ٽوگل ڪريو</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">ناسا</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="ڪنھن مضمون ڏانھن ڪنھن ٻي ٻوليءَ ۾ وڃو. 148 ٻولين ۾ موجود آھي" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-148" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">148 ٻوليون</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasa" title="Nasa – آفريڪي" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Nasa" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="آفريڪي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – سوئس جرمن" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="سوئس جرمن" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%93%E1%88%B3" title="ናሳ – امهاري" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ናሳ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="امهاري" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – ارگني" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="ارگني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="ناسا – عربي" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ناسا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="عربي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="ناسا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ناسا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="ناسا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ناسا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%BE" title="নাছা – آسامي" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="নাছা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="آسامي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – اسٽورين" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="اسٽورين" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – آزربائيجاني" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="آزربائيجاني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="ناسا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ناسا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%A1%D0%90" title="НАСА – بيلاروسي" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="НАСА" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="بيلاروسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%9E%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D1%96_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%83" title="Нацыянальная ўправа паветраплаваньня і космасу – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Нацыянальная ўправа паветраплаваньня і космасу" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%A1%D0%90" title="НАСА – بلغاريائي" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="НАСА" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="بلغاريائي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE" title="नासा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="नासा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC" title="နာသာ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="နာသာ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE" title="নাসা – بنگلا" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নাসা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="بنگلا" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – بريٽن" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="بريٽن" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – بوسنيائي" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="بوسنيائي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – ڪيٽالان" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="ڪيٽالان" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="ناسا – مرڪزي ڪردش" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ناسا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="مرڪزي ڪردش" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – چيڪ" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="چيڪ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – ويلش" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="ويلش" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – ڊينش" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="ڊينش" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – جرمن" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="جرمن" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – يوناني" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="يوناني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – انگريزي" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="انگريزي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacia_Aerona%C5%ADtika_kaj_Kosma_Administracio" title="Nacia Aeronaŭtika kaj Kosma Administracio – ايسپرانٽو" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nacia Aeronaŭtika kaj Kosma Administracio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="ايسپرانٽو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – هسپانوي" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="هسپانوي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – ايستونائي" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="ايستونائي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – باسق" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="باسق" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="بهترين مضمون"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="ناسا – فارسي" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ناسا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="فارسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasa" title="Nasa – فنش" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nasa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="فنش" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – فيروايس" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="فيروايس" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration" title="National Aeronautics and Space Administration – فرانسيسي" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="National Aeronautics and Space Administration" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="فرانسيسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – مغربي فريشن" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="مغربي فريشن" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – آئرش" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="آئرش" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – اسڪاٽش گيلڪ" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="اسڪاٽش گيلڪ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – گليشئين" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="گليشئين" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%BE" title="નાસા – گجراتي" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="નાસા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="گجراتي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – مينڪس" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="مينڪس" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%A1%22%D7%90" title="נאס"א – عبراني" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נאס"א" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="عبراني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE" title="नासा – هندي" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नासा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="هندي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – ڪروشيائي" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="ڪروشيائي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration" title="National Aeronautics and Space Administration – هيٽي ڪرولي" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="National Aeronautics and Space Administration" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="هيٽي ڪرولي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – هنگري" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="هنگري" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D4%B1%D5%8D%D4%B1" title="ՆԱՍԱ – ارماني" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="ՆԱՍԱ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="ارماني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D4%B1%D5%8D%D4%B1" title="ՆԱՍԱ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="ՆԱՍԱ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – انٽرلنگئا" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="انٽرلنگئا" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badan_Penerbangan_dan_Antariksa" title="Badan Penerbangan dan Antariksa – انڊونيشي" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Badan Penerbangan dan Antariksa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="انڊونيشي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacional_Administrerio_pri_Kosmo_ed_Aeronavigo" title="Nacional Administrerio pri Kosmo ed Aeronavigo – ادو" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Nacional Administrerio pri Kosmo ed Aeronavigo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ادو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geimfer%C3%B0astofnun_Bandar%C3%ADkjanna" title="Geimferðastofnun Bandaríkjanna – آئيس لينڊڪ" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Geimferðastofnun Bandaríkjanna" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="آئيس لينڊڪ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – اطالوي" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="اطالوي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E5%B1%80" title="アメリカ航空宇宙局 – جاپاني" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アメリカ航空宇宙局" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="جاپاني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – جاونيز" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="جاونيز" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – جارجيائي" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="جارجيائي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%A1%D0%90" title="НАСА – قازق" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="НАСА" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="قازق" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE" title="ನಾಸಾ – ڪناڊا" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ನಾಸಾ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="ڪناڊا" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD_%ED%95%AD%EA%B3%B5_%EC%9A%B0%EC%A3%BC%EA%B5%AD" title="미국 항공 우주국 – ڪوريائي" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미국 항공 우주국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="ڪوريائي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%A1%D0%90" title="НАСА – ڪراچي بالڪر" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="НАСА" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="ڪراچي بالڪر" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – ڪردي" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="ڪردي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalis_A%C3%ABronauticae_Spatioque_Administratio" title="Nationalis Aëronauticae Spatioque Administratio – لاطيني" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Nationalis Aëronauticae Spatioque Administratio" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="لاطيني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – لگزمبرگ" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="لگزمبرگ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – لمبرگش" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="لمبرگش" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B2" title="ນາຊາ – لائو" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ນາຊາ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="لائو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – ليٿونيائي" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="ليٿونيائي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacion%C4%81l%C4%81_aeronautikas_un_kosmosa_administr%C4%81cija" title="Nacionālā aeronautikas un kosmosa administrācija – لاتوين" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Nacionālā aeronautikas un kosmosa administrācija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="لاتوين" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE" title="नासा – ميٿلي" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="नासा" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="ميٿلي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – مناڪابوا" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="مناڪابوا" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%A1%D0%90" title="НАСА – ميسي ڊونيائي" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="НАСА" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="ميسي ڊونيائي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8" title="നാസ – مليالم" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നാസ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="مليالم" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – منگولي" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="منگولي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A5" title="ꯅꯥꯁꯥ – ماني پوري" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯅꯥꯁꯥ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="ماني پوري" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE" title="नासा – مراٺي" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="नासा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="مراٺي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentadbiran_Aeronautik_dan_Angkasa_Kebangsaan" title="Pentadbiran Aeronautik dan Angkasa Kebangsaan – ملي" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pentadbiran Aeronautik dan Angkasa Kebangsaan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="ملي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – مالٽي" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="مالٽي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%AC%E1%80%86%E1%80%AC" title="နာဆာ – برمي" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နာဆာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="برمي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – ايريزيا" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="ايريزيا" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="ناسا – مزيندراني" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ناسا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="مزيندراني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – نيپولٽن" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="نيپولٽن" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – لو جرمن" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="لو جرمن" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE" title="नासा – نيپالي" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="नासा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="نيپالي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration" title="National Aeronautics and Space Administration – ڊچ" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="National Aeronautics and Space Administration" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="ڊچ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – نارويائي نيوناسڪ" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="نارويائي نيوناسڪ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – نارويائي بوڪمال" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="نارويائي بوڪمال" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration" title="National Aeronautics and Space Administration – نيانجا" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="National Aeronautics and Space Administration" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="نيانجا" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chi-Chewa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration" title="National Aeronautics and Space Administration – آڪسيٽن" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="National Aeronautics and Space Administration" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="آڪسيٽن" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – اورومو" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="اورومو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BE" title="ନାସା – اوڊيا" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ନାସା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="اوڊيا" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE" title="ਨਾਸਾ – پنجابي" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨਾਸਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="پنجابي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – پاپي امينٽو" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="پاپي امينٽو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – پولش" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="پولش" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aministrassion_Nassional_dl%27Areon%C3%A0utica_e_dl%C3%AB_Spassi" title="Aministrassion Nassional dl'Areonàutica e dlë Spassi – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Aministrassion Nassional dl'Areonàutica e dlë Spassi" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="ناسا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ناسا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="ناسا – پشتو" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ناسا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="پشتو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – پورٽگليز" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="پورٽگليز" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – ڪيچوا" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="ڪيچوا" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – روماني" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="روماني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%A1%D0%90" title="НАСА – روسي" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="НАСА" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="روسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%A1%D0%90" title="НАСА – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="НАСА" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE" title="नासा – سنسڪرت" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="नासा" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="سنسڪرت" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – ساخا" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="ساخا" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱱᱟᱥᱟ – سنتالي" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱱᱟᱥᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="سنتالي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – سسلي" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="سسلي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – اسڪاٽس" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="اسڪاٽس" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8F" title="නාසා – سنهالا" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="නාසා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="سنهالا" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration" title="National Aeronautics and Space Administration – سلواڪي" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="National Aeronautics and Space Administration" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="سلواڪي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – سلوويني" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="سلوويني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – سومالي" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="سومالي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – الباني" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="الباني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Наса – سربيائي" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Наса" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="سربيائي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – سوڊاني" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="سوڊاني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – سويڊش" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="سويڊش" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – سواحيلي" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="سواحيلي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%90%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE)" title="தேசிய வானூர்தியியல் மற்றும் விண்வெளி நிர்வாகம் (ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்கா) – تامل" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தேசிய வானூர்தியியல் மற்றும் விண்வெளி நிர்வாகம் (ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்கா)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="تامل" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BE" title="నాసా – تلگو" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="నాసా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="تلگو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%A1%D0%90" title="НАСА – تاجڪ" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="НАСА" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="تاجڪ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2" title="นาซา – ٿائي" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="นาซา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="ٿائي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – ترڪش" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="ترڪش" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – تاتار" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="تاتار" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="ناسا – يوغور" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ناسا" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="يوغور" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%A1%D0%90" title="НАСА – يوڪراني" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="НАСА" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="يوڪراني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="ناسا – اردو" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ناسا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="اردو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – ازبڪ" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ازبڪ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – ويتنامي" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="ويتنامي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – واري" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="واري" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA%E8%88%AA%E5%A4%A9%E5%B1%80" title="美国国家航空航天局 – وو چيني" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="美国国家航空航天局" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="وو چيني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90" title="ნასა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ნასა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – يدش" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="يدش" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – يوروبا" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="يوروبا" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA%E8%88%AA%E5%A4%A9%E5%B1%80" title="美国国家航空航天局 – چيني" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="美国国家航空航天局" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="چيني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="NASA" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%A4%AA%E7%A9%BA%E7%B8%BD%E7%BD%B2" title="美國太空總署 – ڪينٽونيز" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="美國太空總署" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="ڪينٽونيز" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q23548#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="بين‌الزباني ڳنڍڻا سنواريو" class="wbc-editpage">ڳنڍڻن کي سنواريو</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="نانءُپولارَ"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="مواد جي صفحي کي ڏسو [c]" accesskey="c"><span>مضمون</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%AB:%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="موادي صفحي تي بحث (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>بحث</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" 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background: ; color: ;">نيشنل ايروناٽڪس ۽ اسپيس ايڊمنسٽريشن<br /> National Aeronautics and Space Administration</th></tr><tr class=""><td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:NASA_HQ_Building.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/NASA_HQ_Building.jpg/220px-NASA_HQ_Building.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/NASA_HQ_Building.jpg/330px-NASA_HQ_Building.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/NASA_HQ_Building.jpg/440px-NASA_HQ_Building.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2216" data-file-height="1712" /></a></span></td></tr><tr class=""><th style="padding-right:0.6em;">صدر دفتر</th> <td class="" style="">مريم ڊبليو جيڪسن ناسا هيڊ ڪوارٽر<br /><a href="/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%BD%D9%86_%DA%8A%D9%8A_%D8%B3%D9%8A" title="واشنگٽن ڊي سي">واشنگٽن ڊي سي</a>، <a href="/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%DA%AA%D8%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="آمريڪا">آمريڪا</a></td></tr><tr class=""><th style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">ايڊمنسٽريٽر</div></th> <td class="" style="">بل نيلسن</td></tr><tr class=""><th style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">ڊپٽي ايڊمنسٽريٽر</div></th> <td class="" style="">پاميلا ميلوري</td></tr><tr class=""><th style="padding-right:0.6em;">بجيٽ</th> <td class="" style="">25.4 بلين آمريڪي ڊالر(2023) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:Increase2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%DA%AA%D9%8A_%DA%8A%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1" title="آمريڪي ڊالر">US$</a>25.4 billion</span> <sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class=""><th style="padding-right:0.6em;">ويب سائٽ</th> <td class="" style=""><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/">nasa.gov</a></span></td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>نيشنل ايروناٽڪس ۽ اسپيس ايڊمنسٽريشن، ناسا</b> (NASA) آمريڪي وفاقي حڪومت جو هڪ آزاد ادارو آهي جيڪو سول اسپيس پروگرام، ايروناٽڪس ۽ خلائي تحقيق جو ذميوار آهي ۽ سال 1958ع ۾ قائم ٿيل نيشنل ايڊوائزري ڪميٽي فار ايروناٽڪس (NACA) جو جانشين آهي، ته جيئن آمريڪي خلائي ترقي جي ڪوشش کي هڪ الڳ شهري رخ ڏئي، خلائي سائنس ۾ پرامن ايپليڪيشنن تي زور ڏنو وڃي.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>هن سال 1958ع کان پوءِ آمريڪا جي اڪثر خلائي ڳولا جي پروگرامن جي اڳواڻي ڪئي آهي، جن ۾ پروجيڪٽ مرڪري، پراجيڪٽ جيميني، 1968-1972ع اپولو مون لينڊنگ مشن، اسڪائي ليب اسپيس اسٽيشن ۽ اسپيس شٽل شامل آهن. في الحال، ناسا ڪمرشل ڪريو پروگرام سان گڏ انٽرنيشنل اسپيس اسٽيشن (ISS) کي سپورٽ ڪري ٿو ۽ اورين (Orion) خلائي جهاز جي ترقي ۽ قمري آرٽميس پروگرام لاءِ خلائي لانچ سسٽم جي نگراني ڪري ٿو. </p><p>ناسا جو سائنس ڊويزن ڌرتيءَ جي مشاهدي واري نظام ذريعي ڌرتيءَ کي بهتر طور تي سمجهڻ؛ سائنس مشن ڊائريڪٽوريٽ جي هيليو فزڪس ريسرچ پروگرام جي ذريعي هيليو فزڪس کي اڳتي وڌائڻ؛ جديد روبوٽ خلائي جهازن جهڙوڪ نيو هورائزنز ۽ سياري جي روور جهڙوڪ پرسيورنس سان سڄي نظام شمسي ۾ جسمن جي ڳولا ۽ فلڪياتي فزڪس، جهڙوڪ بگ بينگ، جيمس ويب هبل اسپيس ٽيلي اسڪوپ ذريعي، جي موضوعن تي تحقيق ڪرڻ، چار عظيم آبزرويٽريز ۽ لاڳاپيل پروگرامن تي مرکوز آهي. لانچ سروسز پروگرام ان جي عملي جي بغير لانچن لاءِ لانچ آپريشن جي نگراني ڪري ٿو. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="تاريخ"><span id=".D8.AA.D8.A7.D8.B1.D9.8A.D8.AE"></span>تاريخ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7&action=edit&section=1" title="هيءُ حصو ترميميو: تاريخ"><span>سنواريو</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="قيام"><span id=".D9.82.D9.8A.D8.A7.D9.85"></span>قيام</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7&action=edit&section=2" title="هيءُ حصو ترميميو: قيام"><span>سنواريو</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:Bell_X-1A_in_flight.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Bell_X-1A_in_flight.jpg/220px-Bell_X-1A_in_flight.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Bell_X-1A_in_flight.jpg/330px-Bell_X-1A_in_flight.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Bell_X-1A_in_flight.jpg/440px-Bell_X-1A_in_flight.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>A يو ايس ايئر فورس بيل X-1 ٽيسٽ فلائيٽ</figcaption></figure> <p>ناسا جي جڙون نيشنل ايڊوائزري ڪميٽي فار ايروناٽڪس (NACA) سان ڳنڍيل اهن. هوائ جهاز جي جنم ڀومي هجڻ جي باوجود، سال 1914ع تائين آمريڪا تسليم ڪيو ته هو هوائ جهاز راني جي صلاحيت ۾ يورپ کان گهڻو پوئتي آهي. هوابازي ۾ آمريڪي قيادت کي ٻيهر حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ طئي ٿيل، آمريڪي ڪانگريس سال 1914ع ۾ يو ايس آرمي سگنل ڪور جو ايوي ايشن سيڪشن ٺاهيو ۽ 1915ع ۾ نيشنل ايڊوائزري ڪميٽي فار ايروناٽڪس (NACA) قائم ڪيو ته جيئن فضائي تحقيق ۽ ترقي کي فروغ ڏئي سگهجي. ايندڙ چاليهن سالن ۾، نيشنل ايڊوائزري ڪميٽي، آمريڪي ايئر فورس، آمريڪن فوج، آمريڪن نيوي ۽ سول ايوي ايشن جي سيڪٽرن جي مدد لاء ايروناٽيڪل ريسرچ ڪندو رهيو. ٻي عالمي جنگ جي پڄاڻيءَ کان پوءِ، نيشنل ايڊوائزري ڪميٽي فار ايروناٽڪس (NACA) گائيڊڊ ميزائلن ۽ سپرسونڪ جهازن جي امڪانن ۾ دلچسپي ورتي، آمريڪي ايئر فورس سان گڏ گڏيل پروگرام ۾ بيل X-1 جي ترقي ۽ جانچ ڪئي. نيشنل ايڊوائزري ڪميٽي فار ايروناٽڪس (NACA) جي خلا ۾ دلچسپي، ان جي راڪٽري پروگرام مان، بغير پائلٽ جي ايئر ڪرافٽ ريسرچ ڊويزن سان گڏ وڌي وئي.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:Launch_of_Jupiter_C_with_Explorer_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Launch_of_Jupiter_C_with_Explorer_1.jpg/220px-Launch_of_Jupiter_C_with_Explorer_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Launch_of_Jupiter_C_with_Explorer_1.jpg/330px-Launch_of_Jupiter_C_with_Explorer_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Launch_of_Jupiter_C_with_Explorer_1.jpg/440px-Launch_of_Jupiter_C_with_Explorer_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2183" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Launch of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Army_Ballistic_Missile_Agency&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Army Ballistic Missile Agency (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Army Ballistic Missile Agency</a>'s <a href="/w/index.php?title=Explorer_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Explorer 1 (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Explorer 1</a>, America's first satellite</figcaption></figure> <p>The Soviet Union's launch of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sputnik_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sputnik 1 (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Sputnik 1</a> ushered in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Age&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Space Age (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Space Age</a> and kicked off the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Race&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Space Race (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Space Race</a>. Despite NACA's early rocketry program, the responsibility for launching the first American satellite fell to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Naval_Research_Laboratory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naval Research Laboratory (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Naval Research Laboratory</a>'s <a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Vanguard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Project Vanguard (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Project Vanguard</a>, whose operational issues ensured the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Army_Ballistic_Missile_Agency&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Army Ballistic Missile Agency (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Army Ballistic Missile Agency</a> would launch <a href="/w/index.php?title=Explorer_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Explorer 1 (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Explorer 1</a>, America's first satellite, on February 1, 1958. </p><p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eisenhower_Administration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eisenhower Administration (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Eisenhower Administration</a> decided to split the United States' military and civil spaceflight programs, which were organized together under the <a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Department_of_Defense&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United States Department of Defense (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Defense Department</a>'s <a href="/w/index.php?title=Advanced_Research_Projects_Agency&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Advanced Research Projects Agency (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Advanced Research Projects Agency</a>. NASA was established on July 29, 1958, with the signing of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Act&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Aeronautics and Space Act (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">National Aeronautics and Space Act</a> and it began operations on October 1, 1958.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the United States' premier aeronautics agency, NACA formed the core of NASA's new structure by reassigning 8,000 employees and three major research laboratories. NASA also proceeded to absorb the Naval Research Laboratory's Project Vanguard, the Army's <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a> (JPL), and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Army_Ballistic_Missile_Agency&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Army Ballistic Missile Agency (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Army Ballistic Missile Agency</a> under <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wernher_von_Braun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wernher von Braun (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Wernher von Braun</a>. This left NASA firmly as the United States' civil space lead and the Air Force as the military space lead.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_orbital_and_hypersonic_flights">First orbital and hypersonic flights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7&action=edit&section=3" title="هيءُ حصو ترميميو: First orbital and hypersonic flights"><span>سنواريو</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="boilerplate" id="catmore">اصل مضمون جي لاءِ ڏسو<b> </b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Mercury&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Project Mercury (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Project Mercury</a><b></b></div></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:Launch_of_Friendship_7_-_GPN-2000-000686.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Launch_of_Friendship_7_-_GPN-2000-000686.jpg/220px-Launch_of_Friendship_7_-_GPN-2000-000686.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Launch_of_Friendship_7_-_GPN-2000-000686.jpg/330px-Launch_of_Friendship_7_-_GPN-2000-000686.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Launch_of_Friendship_7_-_GPN-2000-000686.jpg/440px-Launch_of_Friendship_7_-_GPN-2000-000686.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Launch of <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friendship_7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friendship 7 (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Friendship 7</a></i>, NASA's first orbital flight, February 20, 1962</figcaption></figure> <p>Plans for human spaceflight began in the U.S. Armed Forces prior to NASA's creation. The Air Force's <a href="/w/index.php?title=Man_in_Space_Soonest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Man in Space Soonest (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Man in Space Soonest</a> project formed in 1956,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> coupled with the Army's Project Adam, served as the foundation for <a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Mercury&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Project Mercury (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Project Mercury</a>. NASA established the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Task_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Space Task Group (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Space Task Group</a> to manage the program,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which would conduct crewed sub-orbital flights with the Army's <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mercury-Redstone_Launch_Vehicle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mercury-Redstone Launch Vehicle (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Redstone</a> rockets and orbital flights with the Air Force's <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mercury-Atlas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mercury-Atlas (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Atlas</a> launch vehicles. While NASA intended for its first astronauts to be civilians, President Eisenhower directed that they be selected from the military. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mercury_7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mercury 7 (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Mercury 7</a> astronauts included three Air Force pilots, three Navy aviators, and one Marine Corps pilot.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:X-15_flying.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/X-15_flying.jpg/220px-X-15_flying.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/X-15_flying.jpg/330px-X-15_flying.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/X-15_flying.jpg/440px-X-15_flying.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2998" data-file-height="2251" /></a><figcaption>The NASA-Air Force <a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_X-15&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North American X-15 (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">X-15</a> hypersonic aircraft</figcaption></figure> <p>On May 5, 1961 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Shepard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alan Shepard (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Alan Shepard</a> became the first American to enter space, performing a suborbital spaceflight in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mercury-Redstone_3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mercury-Redstone 3 (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)"><i>Freedom 7</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This flight occurred less than a month after the Soviet <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuri_Gagarin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yuri Gagarin (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Yuri Gagarin</a> became the first human in space, executing a full orbital spaceflight. NASA's first orbital spaceflight was conducted by <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Glenn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Glenn (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">John Glenn</a> on February 20, 1962, in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mercury-Atlas_6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mercury-Atlas 6 (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)"><i>Friendship 7</i></a>, making three full orbits before reentering. Glenn had to fly parts of his final two orbits manually due to an autopilot malfunction.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sixth and final Mercury mission was flown by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gordon_Cooper&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gordon Cooper (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Gordon Cooper</a> in May 1963, performing 22 orbits over 34 hours in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mercury-Atlas_9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mercury-Atlas 9 (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)"><i>Faith 7</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mercury Program was wildly recognized as a resounding success, achieving its objectives to orbit a human in space, develop tracking and control systems, and identify other issues associated with human spaceflight.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While much of NASA's attention turned to space, it did not put aside its aeronautics mission. Early aeronautics research attempted to build upon the X-1's <a href="/w/index.php?title=Supersonic_flight&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Supersonic flight (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">supersonic flight</a> to build an aircraft capable of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypersonic_flight&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hypersonic flight (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">hypersonic flight</a>. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_X-15&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North American X-15 (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">North American X-15</a> was a joint NASA–U.S. Air Force program,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the hypersonic test aircraft becoming the first non-dedicated spacecraft to cross from the atmosphere to outer space. The X-15 also served as a testbed for Apollo program technologies, as well as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramjet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ramjet (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">ramjet</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Scramjet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scramjet (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">scramjet</a> propulsion.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moon_landing">Moon landing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7&action=edit&section=4" title="هيءُ حصو ترميميو: Moon landing"><span>سنواريو</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="boilerplate" id="catmore">اصل مضمون/مضمونن جي لاءِ ڏسو<b> </b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Gemini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Project Gemini (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Project Gemini</a><b> ۽ </b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_program&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Apollo program (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Apollo program</a><b></b></div></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:S65-63188.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/S65-63188.jpg/220px-S65-63188.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/S65-63188.jpg/330px-S65-63188.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/S65-63188.jpg/440px-S65-63188.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gemini_6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gemini 6 (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Gemini 6</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gemini_7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gemini 7 (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Gemini 7</a> conduct an orbital rendezvous</figcaption></figure> <p>Escalations in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cold_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cold War (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Cold War</a> between the United States and Soviet Union prompted President <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_F._Kennedy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John F. Kennedy (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">John F. Kennedy</a> to charge NASA with landing an American on the Moon and returning him safely to Earth by the end of the 1960s, and installed <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_E._Webb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James E. Webb (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">James E. Webb</a> as NASA administrator to achieve this goal.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On May<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> </span>25, 1961, President Kennedy openly declared this goal in his "Urgent National Needs" speech to the United States Congress, declaring: </p> <blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I believe this Nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to Earth. No single space project in this period will be more impressive to mankind, or more important for the long-range exploration of space; and none will be so difficult or expensive to accomplish. </p></blockquote> <p>Kennedy gave his "<a href="/w/index.php?title=We_choose_to_go_to_the_Moon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="We choose to go to the Moon (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">We choose to go to the Moon</a>" speech the next year, on September<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> </span>12, 1962 at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rice_University&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rice University (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Rice University</a>, where he addressed the nation hoping to reinforce public support for the Apollo program.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite attacks on the goal of landing astronauts on the Moon from the former president Dwight Eisenhower and 1964 presidential candidate <a href="/w/index.php?title=Barry_Goldwater&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barry Goldwater (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Barry Goldwater</a>, President Kennedy was able to protect NASA's growing budget, of which 50% went directly to human spaceflight and it was later estimated that, at its height, 5% of Americans worked on some aspect of the Apollo program.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:Apollo_11_Launch_-_GPN-2000-000630.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Apollo_11_Launch_-_GPN-2000-000630.jpg/220px-Apollo_11_Launch_-_GPN-2000-000630.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Apollo_11_Launch_-_GPN-2000-000630.jpg/330px-Apollo_11_Launch_-_GPN-2000-000630.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Apollo_11_Launch_-_GPN-2000-000630.jpg/440px-Apollo_11_Launch_-_GPN-2000-000630.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Launch of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_11&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Apollo 11 (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Apollo 11</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Mirroring the Department of Defense's program management concept using redundant systems in building the first intercontinental ballistic missiles, NASA requested the Air Force assign Major General <a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_C._Phillips&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samuel C. Phillips (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Samuel C. Phillips</a> to the space agency where he would serve as the director of the Apollo program. Development of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saturn_V&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saturn V (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Saturn<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> </span>V</a> rocket was led by Wernher von Braun and his team at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marshall_Space_Flight_Center&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marshall Space Flight Center (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Marshall Space Flight Center</a>, derived from the Army Ballistic Missile Agency's original <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saturn_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saturn I (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Saturn<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> </span>I</a>. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_command_and_service_module&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Apollo command and service module (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Apollo spacecraft</a> was designed and built by <a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_Aviation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North American Aviation (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">North American Aviation</a>, while the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_Lunar_Module&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Apollo Lunar Module (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Apollo Lunar Module</a> was designed and built by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Grumman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grumman (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Grumman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To develop the spaceflight skills and equipment required for a lunar mission, NASA initiated <a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Gemini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Project Gemini (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Project Gemini</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using a modified Air Force <a href="/w/index.php?title=Titan_II_GLV&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Titan II GLV (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Titan<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> </span>II</a> launch vehicle, the Gemini capsule could hold two astronauts for flights of over two weeks. Gemini pioneered the use of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuel_cells&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fuel cells (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">fuel cells</a> instead of batteries, and conducted the first American <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spacewalks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spacewalks (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">spacewalks</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_rendezvous&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Space rendezvous (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">rendezvous operations</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:Buzz_salutes_the_U.S._Flag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Buzz_salutes_the_U.S._Flag.jpg/220px-Buzz_salutes_the_U.S._Flag.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Buzz_salutes_the_U.S._Flag.jpg/330px-Buzz_salutes_the_U.S._Flag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Buzz_salutes_the_U.S._Flag.jpg/440px-Buzz_salutes_the_U.S._Flag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3929" data-file-height="3967" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buzz_Aldrin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buzz Aldrin (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Buzz Aldrin</a> salutes the United States flag on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lunar_surface&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lunar surface (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">lunar surface</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ranger_Program&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ranger Program (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Ranger Program</a> was started in the 1950s as a response to Soviet lunar exploration, however most missions ended in failure. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lunar_Orbiter_program&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lunar Orbiter program (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Lunar Orbiter program</a> had greater success, mapping the surface in preparation for Apollo landings and measured <a href="/w/index.php?title=Selenography&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Selenography (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Selenography</a>, conducted meteoroid detection, and measured radiation levels. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Surveyor_program&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Surveyor program (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Surveyor program</a> conducted uncrewed lunar landings and takeoffs, as well as taking surface and regolith observations.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the setback caused by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Apollo 1 (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Apollo<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> </span>1</a> fire, which killed three astronauts, the program proceeded. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Apollo 8 (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Apollo<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> </span>8</a> was the first crewed <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spacecraft&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spacecraft (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">spacecraft</a> to leave <a href="/w/index.php?title=Low_Earth_orbit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Low Earth orbit (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">low Earth orbit</a> and the first <a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_spaceflight&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Human spaceflight (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">human spaceflight</a> to reach the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Moon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moon (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Moon</a>. The crew orbited the Moon ten times on December<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> </span>24 and<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> </span>25, 1968, and then traveled safely back to <a href="/wiki/Earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth">Earth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20181221_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20181221-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20181224a_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20181224a-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20181224b_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20181224b-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The three Apollo<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> </span>8 astronauts—<a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Borman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frank Borman (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Frank Borman</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jim_Lovell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jim Lovell (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">James Lovell</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Anders&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Anders (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">William Anders</a>—were the first humans to see the Earth as a globe in space, the first to witness an <a href="/w/index.php?title=Earthrise&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Earthrise (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Earthrise</a>, and the first to see and manually photograph the far side of the Moon. </p><p>The first lunar landing was conducted by Apollo<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> </span>11. Commanded by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neil_Armstrong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neil Armstrong (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Neil Armstrong</a> with astronauts <a href="/w/index.php?title=Buzz_Aldrin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buzz Aldrin (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Buzz Aldrin</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Collins_(astronaut)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Collins (astronaut) (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Michael Collins</a>, Apollo<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> </span>11 was one of the most significant missions in NASA's history, marking the end of the Space Race when the Soviet Union gave up its lunar ambitions. As the first human to step on the surface of the Moon, Neil Armstrong uttered the now famous words: </p> <blockquote class="templatequote"><p>That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind. </p></blockquote> <p>NASA would conduct six total lunar landings as part of the Apollo program, with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_17&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Apollo 17 (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Apollo<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> </span>17</a> concluding the program in 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="End_of_Apollo">End of Apollo</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7&action=edit&section=5" title="هيءُ حصو ترميميو: End of Apollo"><span>سنواريو</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:Apollo_CSM_lunar_orbit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Apollo_CSM_lunar_orbit.jpg/220px-Apollo_CSM_lunar_orbit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Apollo_CSM_lunar_orbit.jpg/330px-Apollo_CSM_lunar_orbit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Apollo_CSM_lunar_orbit.jpg/440px-Apollo_CSM_lunar_orbit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="904" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_15&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Apollo 15 (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Apollo<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> </span>15</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_command_and_service_module&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Apollo command and service module (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">CSM</a> <i>Endeavour</i> in lunar orbit</figcaption></figure> <p>Wernher von Braun had advocated for NASA to develop a space station since the agency was created. In 1973, following the end of the Apollo lunar missions, NASA launched its first space station, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Skylab&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skylab (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Skylab</a>, on the final launch of the Saturn<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> </span>V. Skylab reused a significant amount of Apollo and Saturn hardware, with a repurposed Saturn<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> </span>V third stage serving as the primary module for the space station. Damage to Skylab during its launch required spacewalks to be performed by the first crew to make it habitable and operational. Skylab hosted nine missions and was decommissioned in 1974 and deorbited in 1979, two years prior to the first launch of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Shuttle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Space Shuttle (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Space Shuttle</a> and any possibility of boosting its orbit.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_6-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1975, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Apollo–Soyuz (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Apollo–Soyuz</a> mission was the first ever international spaceflight and a major diplomatic accomplishment between the Cold War rivals, which also marked the last flight of the Apollo capsule.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_6-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Flown in 1975, a U.S. Apollo spacecraft docked with a Soviet <a href="/w/index.php?title=Soyuz_(spacecraft)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soyuz (spacecraft) (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Soyuz</a> capsule. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interplanetary_exploration_and_space_science">Interplanetary exploration and space science</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7&action=edit&section=6" title="هيءُ حصو ترميميو: Interplanetary exploration and space science"><span>سنواريو</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:Viking2lander1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Viking2lander1.jpg/220px-Viking2lander1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Viking2lander1.jpg/330px-Viking2lander1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Viking2lander1.jpg/440px-Viking2lander1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2818" data-file-height="2224" /></a><figcaption>Image from Mars taken by the <i>Viking 2</i> lander.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the 1960s, NASA started its <a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_science&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Space science (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">space science</a> and interplanetary probe program. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariner_program&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mariner program (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Mariner program</a> was its flagship program, launching probes to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Venus (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Venus</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mars (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Mars</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mercury_(planet)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mercury (planet) (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Mercury</a> in the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Jet Propulsion Laboratory was the lead NASA center for robotic interplanetary exploration, making significant discoveries about the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Inner_planets&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inner planets (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">inner planets</a>. Despite these successes, Congress was unwilling to fund further interplanetary missions and NASA Administrator James Webb suspended all future interplanetary probes to focus resources on the Apollo program.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_6-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the conclusion of the Apollo program, NASA resumed launching interplanetary probes and expanded its <a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_science&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Space science (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">space science</a> program. The first planet tagged for exploration was <a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Venus (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Venus</a>, sharing many similar characteristics to Earth. First visited by American <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariner_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mariner 2 (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Mariner 2</a> spacecraft,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Venus was observed to be a hot and inhospitable planet. Follow-on missions included the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pioneer_Venus_project&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pioneer Venus project (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Pioneer Venus project</a> in the 1970s and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Magellan_(spacecraft)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magellan (spacecraft) (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Magellan</a>, which performed radar mapping of Venus' surface in the 1980s and 1990s. Future missions were flybys of Venus, on their way to other destinations in the Solar System.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_6-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mars (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Mars</a> has long been a planet of intense fascination for NASA, being suspected of potentially having harbored life. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariner_5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mariner 5 (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Mariner 5</a> was the first NASA spacecraft to flyby Mars,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> followed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariner_6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mariner 6 (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Mariner 6</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariner_7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mariner 7 (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Mariner 7</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariner_9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mariner 9 (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Mariner 9</a> was the first orbital mission to Mars. Launched in 1975, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_program&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Viking program (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Viking program</a> consisted of two landings on Mars in 1976. Follow-on missions would not be launched until 1996, with the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Global_Surveyor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mars Global Surveyor (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Mars Global Surveyor</a> orbiter and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Pathfinder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mars Pathfinder (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Mars Pathfinder</a>, deploying the first Mars rover, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sojourner_(rover)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sojourner (rover) (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Sojourner</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the early 2000s, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=2001_Mars_Odyssey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2001 Mars Odyssey (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">2001 Mars Odyssey</a> orbiter reached the planet and in 2004 the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirit_(rover)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spirit (rover) (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Sprit</a></i> and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opportunity_(rover)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Opportunity (rover) (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Opportunity</a></i> rovers landed on the Red Planet. This was followed in 2005 by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a> and 2007 <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenix_(spacecraft)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phoenix (spacecraft) (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Phoenix</a></i> Mars lander. The 2012 landing of <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Curiosity_(rover)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Curiosity (rover) (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Curiosity</a></i> discovered that the radiation levels on Mars were equal to those on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Space_Station&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Space Station (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">International Space Station</a>, greatly increasing the possibility of Human exploration, and observed the key chemical ingredients for life to occur. In 2013, the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution (<a href="/w/index.php?title=MAVEN&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MAVEN (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">MAVEN</a>) mission observed the Martian upper atmosphere and space environment and in 2018, the Interior exploration using Seismic Investigations Geodesy, and Heat Transport (<a href="/w/index.php?title=InSight&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="InSight (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">InSight</a>) studied the Martian interior. The 2021 <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perseverance_(rover)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perseverance (rover) (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Perseverance</a></i> rover carried the first extraplanetary aircraft, a helicopter named <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ingenuity_(helicopter)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ingenuity (helicopter) (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Ingenuity</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_6-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:Curiosity_Self-Portrait_at_%27Big_Sky%27_Drilling_Site.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Curiosity_Self-Portrait_at_%27Big_Sky%27_Drilling_Site.jpg/220px-Curiosity_Self-Portrait_at_%27Big_Sky%27_Drilling_Site.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Curiosity_Self-Portrait_at_%27Big_Sky%27_Drilling_Site.jpg/330px-Curiosity_Self-Portrait_at_%27Big_Sky%27_Drilling_Site.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Curiosity_Self-Portrait_at_%27Big_Sky%27_Drilling_Site.jpg/440px-Curiosity_Self-Portrait_at_%27Big_Sky%27_Drilling_Site.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4483" data-file-height="6180" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Curiosity_(rover)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Curiosity (rover) (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Curiosity</a></i> on the surface of Mars</figcaption></figure> <p>NASA also launched missions to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mercury_(planet)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mercury (planet) (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Mercury</a> in 2004, with the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=MESSENGER&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MESSENGER (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">MESSENGER</a></i> probe demonstrating as the first use of a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Solar_sail&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Solar sail (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">solar sail</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NASA also launched probes to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Outer_Solar_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Outer Solar System (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">outer Solar System</a> starting in the 1960s. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pioneer_10&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pioneer 10 (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Pioneer 10</a></i> was the first probe to the outer planets, flying by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jupiter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jupiter (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Jupiter</a>, while <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pioneer_11&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pioneer 11 (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Pioneer 11</a></i> provided the first close up view of the planet. Both probes became the first objects to leave the Solar System. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Voyager_program&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voyager program (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Voyager program</a> launched in 1977, conducting flybys of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jupiter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jupiter (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Jupiter</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saturn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saturn (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Saturn</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neptune&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neptune (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Neptune</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Uranus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uranus (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Uranus</a> on a trajectory to leave the Solar System.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galileo_(spacecraft)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galileo (spacecraft) (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Galileo</a></i> spacecraft, deployed from the Space Shuttle flight <a href="/w/index.php?title=STS-34&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="STS-34 (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">STS-34</a>, was the first spacecraft to orbit Jupiter, discovering evidence of subsurface oceans on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Europa_(moon)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Europa (moon) (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Europa</a> and observed that the moon may hold ice or liquid water.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A joint NASA-<a href="/w/index.php?title=European_Space_Agency&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="European Space Agency (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">European Space Agency</a>-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_Space_Agency&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Italian Space Agency (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Italian Space Agency</a> mission, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cassini–Huygens (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Cassini–Huygens</a>, was sent to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saturn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saturn (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Saturn</a>'s moon <a href="/w/index.php?title=Titan_(moon)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Titan (moon) (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Titan</a>, which, along with Mars and Europa, are the only celestial bodies in the Solar System suspected of being capable of harboring life.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cassini discovered three new moons of Saturn and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Huygens_(spacecraft)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huygens (spacecraft) (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Huygens</a> probe entered Titan's atmosphere. The mission discovered evidence of liquid hydrocarbon lakes on Titan and subsurface water oceans on the moon of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Enceladus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enceladus (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Enceladus</a>, which could harbor life. Finally launched in 2006, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Horizons&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Horizons (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">New Horizons</a> mission was the first spacecraft to visit <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pluto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pluto (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Pluto</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuiper_Belt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuiper Belt (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Kuiper Belt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_6-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beyond interplanetary probes, NASA has launched many <a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_telescopes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Space telescopes (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">space telescopes</a>. Launched in the 1960s, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbiting_Astronomical_Observatory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orbiting Astronomical Observatory (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Orbiting Astronomical Observatory</a> were NASA's first orbital telescopes,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> providing ultraviolet, gamma-ray, x-ray, and infrared observations. NASA launched the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbiting_Geophysical_Observatory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orbiting Geophysical Observatory (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Orbiting Geophysical Observatory</a> in the 1960s and 1970s to look down at Earth and observe its interactions with the Sun. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Uhuru_(satellite)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uhuru (satellite) (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Uhuru</a> satellite was the first dedicated x-ray telescope, mapping 85% of the sky and discovering a large number of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_holes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Black holes (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">black holes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_6-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:View_of_Hubble_after_Being_Released_from_the_Shuttle_Atlantis_(28045752710).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/View_of_Hubble_after_Being_Released_from_the_Shuttle_Atlantis_%2828045752710%29.jpg/220px-View_of_Hubble_after_Being_Released_from_the_Shuttle_Atlantis_%2828045752710%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/View_of_Hubble_after_Being_Released_from_the_Shuttle_Atlantis_%2828045752710%29.jpg/330px-View_of_Hubble_after_Being_Released_from_the_Shuttle_Atlantis_%2828045752710%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/View_of_Hubble_after_Being_Released_from_the_Shuttle_Atlantis_%2828045752710%29.jpg/440px-View_of_Hubble_after_Being_Released_from_the_Shuttle_Atlantis_%2828045752710%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1993" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hubble_Space_Telescope&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hubble Space Telescope (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Hubble Space Telescope</a> in Low Earth Orbit</figcaption></figure> <p>Launched in the 1990s and early 2000s, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Observatories_program&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Great Observatories program (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Great Observatories program</a> are among NASA's most powerful telescopes. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hubble_Space_Telescope&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hubble Space Telescope (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Hubble Space Telescope</a> was launched in 1990 on <a href="/w/index.php?title=STS-31&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="STS-31 (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">STS-31</a> from the <i>Discovery</i> and could view galaxies 15 billion light years away.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A major defect in the telescope's mirror could have crippled the program, had NASA not used computer enhancement to compensate for the imperfection and launched five Space Shuttle servicing flights to replace the damaged components. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Compton_Gamma_Ray_Observatory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Compton Gamma Ray Observatory</a> was launched from the <i>Atlantis</i> on <a href="/w/index.php?title=STS-37&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="STS-37 (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">STS-37</a> in 1991, discovering a possible source of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antimatter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antimatter (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">antimatter</a> at the center of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Milky_Way&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Milky Way (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Milky Way</a> and observing that the majority of gamma-ray bursts occur outside of the Milky Way galaxy. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandra_X-ray_Observatory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chandra X-ray Observatory (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Chandra X-ray Observatory</a> was launched from the <i>Columbia</i> on <a href="/w/index.php?title=STS-93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="STS-93 (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">STS-93</a> in 1999, observing black holes, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Quasars&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quasars (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">quasars</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Supernova&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Supernova (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">supernova</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dark_matter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dark matter (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">dark matter</a>. It provided critical observations on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sagittarius_A*&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sagittarius A* (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Sagittarius A*</a> black hole at the center of the Milky Way galaxy and the separation of dark and regular matter during galactic collisions. Finally, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spitzer_Space_Telescope&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spitzer Space Telescope (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Spitzer Space Telescope</a> is an infrared telescope launched in 2003 from a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Delta_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Delta II (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Delta II</a> rocket. It is in a trailing orbit around the Sun, following the Earth and discovered the existence of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown_dwarf_star&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brown dwarf star (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">brown dwarf stars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_6-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other telescopes, such as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cosmic_Background_Explorer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cosmic Background Explorer (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Cosmic Background Explorer</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilkinson_Microwave_Anisotropy_Probe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe</a>, provided evidence to support the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Bang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Big Bang (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Big Bang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Webb_Space_Telescope&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Webb Space Telescope (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">James Webb Space Telescope</a>, named after the NASA administrator who lead the Apollo program, is an infrared observatory launched in 2021. The James Webb Space Telescope is a direct successor to the Hubble Space Telescope, intended to observe the formation of the first galaxies.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other space telescopes include the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kepler_space_telescope&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kepler space telescope (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Kepler space telescope</a>, launched in 2009 to identify planets orbiting extrasolar stars that may be Terran and possibly harbor life. The first exoplanet that the Keplar space telescope confirmed was <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kepler-22b&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kepler-22b (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Kepler-22b</a>, orbiting within the habitable zone of its star.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_6-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>NASA also launched a number of different satellites to study Earth, such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Television_Infrared_Observation_Satellite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Television Infrared Observation Satellite (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Television Infrared Observation Satellite</a> (TIROS) in 1960, which was the first weather satellite.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NASA and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Weather_Bureau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United States Weather Bureau (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">United States Weather Bureau</a> cooperated on future TIROS and the second generation <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nimbus_program&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nimbus program (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Nimbus program</a> of weather satellites. It also worked with the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_Science_Services_Administration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Environmental Science Services Administration (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Environmental Science Services Administration</a> on a series of weather satellites and the agency launched its experimental <a href="/w/index.php?title=Applications_Technology_Satellites&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Applications Technology Satellites (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Applications Technology Satellites</a> into geosynchronous orbit. NASA's first dedicated Earth observation satellite, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Landsat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Landsat (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Landsat</a>, was launched in 1972. This led to NASA and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a> jointly developing the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Geostationary_Operational_Environmental_Satellite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite</a> and discovering <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozone_depletion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ozone depletion (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Ozone depletion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_6-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Space_Shuttle">Space Shuttle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7&action=edit&section=7" title="هيءُ حصو ترميميو: Space Shuttle"><span>سنواريو</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="boilerplate" id="catmore">اصل مضمون جي لاءِ ڏسو<b> </b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Shuttle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Space Shuttle (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Space Shuttle</a><b></b></div></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:STS120LaunchHiRes-edit1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/STS120LaunchHiRes-edit1.jpg/220px-STS120LaunchHiRes-edit1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="344" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/STS120LaunchHiRes-edit1.jpg/330px-STS120LaunchHiRes-edit1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/STS120LaunchHiRes-edit1.jpg/440px-STS120LaunchHiRes-edit1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1888" data-file-height="2956" /></a><figcaption>Launch of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Shuttle_Discovery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Space Shuttle Discovery (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Space Shuttle <i>Discovery</i></a> on <a href="/w/index.php?title=STS-120&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="STS-120 (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">STS-120</a></figcaption></figure> <p>NASA had been pursuing <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spaceplane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spaceplane (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">spaceplane</a> development since the 1960s, blending the administration's dual aeronautics and space missions. NASA viewed a spaceplane as part of a larger program, providing routine and economical logistical support to a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_station&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Space station (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">space station</a> in Earth orbit that would be used as a hub for lunar and Mars missions. A reusable launch vehicle would then have ended the need for expensive and expendable boosters like the Saturn V.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_6-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1969, NASA designated the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johnson_Space_Center&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johnson Space Center (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Johnson Space Center</a> as the lead center for the design, development, and manufacturing of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Shuttle_orbiter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Space Shuttle orbiter (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Space Shuttle orbiter</a>, while the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marshall_Space_Flight_Center&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marshall Space Flight Center (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Marshall Space Flight Center</a> would lead the development of the launch system. NASA's series of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lifting_body&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lifting body (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">lifting body</a> aircraft, culminating in the joint NASA-U.S. Air Force <a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Marietta_X-24&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martin Marietta X-24 (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Martin Marietta X-24</a>, directly informed the development of the Space Shuttle and future hypersonic flight aircraft. Official development of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Shuttle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Space Shuttle (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Space Shuttle</a> began in 1972, with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rockwell_International&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rockwell International (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Rockwell International</a> contracted to design the orbiter and engines, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Marietta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martin Marietta (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Martin Marietta</a> for the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Shuttle_external_tank&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Space Shuttle external tank (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">external fuel tank</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Morton_Thiokol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Morton Thiokol (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Morton Thiokol</a> for the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Shuttle_Solid_Rocket_Booster&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">solid rocket boosters</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NASA acquired six orbiters: the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Shuttle_Enterprise&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Space Shuttle Enterprise (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Enterprise</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Shuttle_Columbia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Space Shuttle Columbia (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Columbia</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Shuttle_Challenger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Space Shuttle Challenger (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Challenger</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Shuttle_Discovery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Space Shuttle Discovery (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Discovery</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Shuttle_Atlantis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Space Shuttle Atlantis (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Atlantis</a></i>, and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Shuttle_Endeavour&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Space Shuttle Endeavour (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Endeavour</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-auto_6-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Space Shuttle program also allowed NASA to make major changes to its <a href="/w/index.php?title=NASA_Astronaut_Corps&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NASA Astronaut Corps (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Astronaut Corps</a>. While almost all previous astronauts were Air Force or Naval test pilots, the Space Shuttle allowed NASA to begin recruiting more non-military scientific and technical experts. A prime example is <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sally_Ride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sally Ride (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Sally Ride</a>, who became the first American woman to fly in space on <a href="/w/index.php?title=STS-7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="STS-7 (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">STS-7</a>. This new astronaut selection process also allowed NASA to accept exchange astronauts from U.S. allies and partners for the first time.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_6-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first Space Shuttle flight occurred in 1981, when the <i>Columbia</i> launched on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=STS-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="STS-1 (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">STS-1</a> mission, designed to serve as a flight test for the new spaceplane.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NASA intended for the Space Shuttle to replace expendable launch systems like the Air Force's <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atlas_(rocket_family)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atlas (rocket family) (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Atlas</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Delta_(rocket_family)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Delta (rocket family) (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Delta</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Titan_(rocket_family)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Titan (rocket family) (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Titan</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=European_Space_Agency&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="European Space Agency (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">European Space Agency</a>'s <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ariane_(rocket_family)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ariane (rocket family) (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Ariane</a>. The Space Shuttle's <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spacelab&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spacelab (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Spacelab</a> payload, developed by the European Space Agency, increased the scientific capabilities of shuttle missions over anything NASA was able to previously accomplish.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_6-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:Space_Shuttle_Discovery.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Space_Shuttle_Discovery.png/220px-Space_Shuttle_Discovery.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Space_Shuttle_Discovery.png/330px-Space_Shuttle_Discovery.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Space_Shuttle_Discovery.png/440px-Space_Shuttle_Discovery.png 2x" data-file-width="2490" data-file-height="1767" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Shuttle_Discovery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Space Shuttle Discovery (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Space Shuttle <i>Discovery</i></a> in Low Earth Orbit on <a href="/w/index.php?title=STS-120&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="STS-120 (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">STS-120</a></figcaption></figure> <p>NASA launched its first commercial satellites on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=STS-5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="STS-5 (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">STS-5</a> mission and in 1984, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=STS-41-C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="STS-41-C (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">STS-41-C</a> mission conducted the world's first <a href="/w/index.php?title=On-orbit_satellite_servicing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="On-orbit satellite servicing (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">on-orbit satellite servicing</a> mission when the <i>Challenger</i> captured and repaired the malfunctioning <a href="/w/index.php?title=Solar_Maximum_Mission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Solar Maximum Mission (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Solar Maximum Mission</a> satellite. It also had the capability to return malfunctioning satellite to Earth, like it did with the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Palapa_B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palapa B2 (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Palapa B2</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Westar_6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Westar 6 (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Westar 6</a> satellites. Once returned to Earth, the satellites were repaired and relaunched.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_6-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite ushering in a new era of spaceflight, where NASA was contracting launch services to commercial companies, the Space Shuttle was criticized for not being as reusable and cost-effective as advertised. In 1986, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Shuttle_Challenger_disaster&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Space Shuttle Challenger disaster (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)"><i>Challenger</i> disaster</a> on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=STS-51L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="STS-51L (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">STS-51L</a> mission resulted in the loss of the spacecraft and all seven astronauts on launch, grounding the entire space shuttle fleet for 36 months and forced the 44 commercial companies that contracted with NASA to deploy their satellites to return to expendable launch vehicles.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the Space Shuttle returned to flight with the <a href="/w/index.php?title=STS-26&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="STS-26 (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">STS-26</a> mission, it had undergone significant modifications to improve its reliability and safety.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_6-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:STS-44_DSP_deployment.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/STS-44_DSP_deployment.jpg/220px-STS-44_DSP_deployment.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/STS-44_DSP_deployment.jpg/330px-STS-44_DSP_deployment.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/STS-44_DSP_deployment.jpg/440px-STS-44_DSP_deployment.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3904" data-file-height="3840" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_Force_Space_Command&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Air Force Space Command (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Air Force Space Command</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Defense_Support_Program&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Defense Support Program (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Defense Support Program</a> missile warning spacecraft deploys from the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Shuttle_Atlantis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Space Shuttle Atlantis (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Space Shuttle <i>Atlantis</i></a> on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=STS-44&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="STS-44 (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">STS-44</a> mission.</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Russian Federation and United States initiated the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shuttle–Mir program (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Shuttle-<i>Mir</i> program</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first Russian cosmonaut flew on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=STS-60&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="STS-60 (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">STS-60</a> mission in 1994 and the <i>Discovery</i> rendezvoused, but did not dock with, the Russian <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mir (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Mir</a></i> in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=STS-63&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="STS-63 (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">STS-63</a> mission. This was followed by <i>Atlantis'</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=STS-71&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="STS-71 (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">STS-71</a> mission where it accomplished the initial intended mission for the Space Shuttle, docking with a space station and transferring supplies and personnel. The Shuttle-<i>Mir</i> program would continue until 1998, when a series of orbital accidents on the space station spelled an end to the program.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_6-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2003, a second space shuttle was destroyed when the <i>Columbia</i> was <a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Shuttle_Columbia_disaster&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Space Shuttle Columbia disaster (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">destroyed</a> upon reentry during the <a href="/w/index.php?title=STS-107&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="STS-107 (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">STS-107</a> mission, resulting in the loss of the spacecraft and all seven astronauts.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This accident marked the beginning of the retiring of the Space Shuttle program, with President <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_W._Bush&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George W. Bush (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">George W. Bush</a> directing that upon the completion of the International Space Station, the space shuttle be retired. In 2006, the Space Shuttle returned to flight, conducting several mission to service the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hubble_Space_Telescope&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hubble Space Telescope (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Hubble Space Telescope</a>, but was retired following the <a href="/w/index.php?title=STS-135&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="STS-135 (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">STS-135</a> resupply mission to the International Space Station in 2011. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Space_stations">Space stations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7&action=edit&section=8" title="هيءُ حصو ترميميو: Space stations"><span>سنواريو</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="boilerplate" id="catmore">اصل مضمون/مضمونن جي لاءِ ڏسو<b> </b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Station_Freedom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Space Station Freedom (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Space Station Freedom</a><b> ۽ </b><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Space_Station&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Space Station (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">International Space Station</a><b></b></div></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:Skylab_(SL-4).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Skylab_%28SL-4%29.jpg/220px-Skylab_%28SL-4%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Skylab_%28SL-4%29.jpg/330px-Skylab_%28SL-4%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Skylab_%28SL-4%29.jpg/440px-Skylab_%28SL-4%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="1576" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skylab&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skylab (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Skylab</a> seen on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Skylab_4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skylab 4 (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Skylab 4</a> mission</figcaption></figure> <p>NASA never gave up on the idea of a space station after Skylab's reentry in 1979. The agency began lobbying politicians to support building a larger space station as soon as the Space Shuttle began flying, selling it as an orbital laboratory, repair station, and a jumping off point for lunar and Mars missions. NASA found a strong advocate in President <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ronald_Reagan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ronald Reagan (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Ronald Reagan</a>, who declared in a 1984 speech: </p> <blockquote class="templatequote"><p>America has always been greatest when we dared to be great. We can reach for greatness again. We can follow our dreams to distant stars, living and working in space for peaceful, economic, and scientific gain. Tonight I am directing NASA to develop a permanently manned space station and to do it within a decade. </p></blockquote> <p>In 1985, NASA proposed the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Station_Freedom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Space Station Freedom (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Space Station <i>Freedom</i></a>, which both the agency and President Reagan intended to be an international program.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While this would add legitimacy to the program, there were concerns within NASA that the international component would dilute its authority within the project, having never been willing to work with domestic or international partners as true equals. There was also a concern with sharing sensitive space technologies with the Europeans, which had the potential to dilute America's technical lead. Ultimately, an international agreement to develop the Space Station <i>Freedom</i> program would be signed with thirteen countries in 1985, including the <a href="/w/index.php?title=European_Space_Agency&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="European Space Agency (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">European Space Agency</a> member states, Canada, and Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_6-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite its status as the first international space program, the Space Station <i>Freedom</i> was controversial, with much of the debate centering on cost. Several redesigns to reduce cost were conducted in the early 1990s, stripping away much of its functions. Despite calls for Congress to terminate the program, it continued, in large part because by 1992 it had created 75,000 jobs across 39 states. By 1993, President <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bill_Clinton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bill Clinton (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Bill Clinton</a> attempted to significantly reduce NASA's budget and directed costs be significantly reduced, aerospace industry jobs were not lost, and the Russians be included.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_6-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:International_Space_Station_after_undocking_of_STS-132.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/International_Space_Station_after_undocking_of_STS-132.jpg/220px-International_Space_Station_after_undocking_of_STS-132.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/International_Space_Station_after_undocking_of_STS-132.jpg/330px-International_Space_Station_after_undocking_of_STS-132.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/International_Space_Station_after_undocking_of_STS-132.jpg/440px-International_Space_Station_after_undocking_of_STS-132.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3319" data-file-height="2116" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Space_Station&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Space Station (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">International Space Station</a> seen from the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Shuttle_Atlantis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Space Shuttle Atlantis (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Space Shuttle <i>Atlantis</i></a> on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=STS-132&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="STS-132 (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">STS-132</a> mission.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1993, the Clinton Administration announced that the Space Station <i>Freedom</i> would become the <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Space_Station&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Space Station (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">International Space Station</a> in an agreement with the Russian Federation.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This allowed the Russians to maintain their space program through an infusion of American currency to maintain their status as one of the two premier space programs. While the United States built and launched the majority of the International Space Station, Russia, Canada, Japan, and the European Space Agency all contributed components. Despite NASA's insistence that costs would be kept at a budget of $17.4, they kept rising and NASA had to transfer funds from other programs to keep the International Space Station solvent. Ultimately, the total cost of the station was $150 billion, with the United States paying for two-thirds.Following the Space Shuttle <i>Columbia</i> disaster in 2003, NASA was forced to rely on Russian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Soyuz_(spacecraft)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soyuz (spacecraft) (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Soyuz</a> launches for its astronauts and the 2011 retirement of the Space Shuttle accelerated the station's completion.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_6-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1980s, right after the first flight of the Space Shuttle, NASA started a joint program with the Department of Defense to develop the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rockwell_X-30&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rockwell X-30 (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Rockwell X-30</a> National Aerospace Plane. NASA realized that the Space Shuttle, while a massive technological accomplishment, would not be able to live up to all its promises. Designed to be a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Single-stage-to-orbit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Single-stage-to-orbit (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">single-stage-to-orbit</a> spaceplane, the X-30 had both civil and military applications. With the end of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cold_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cold War (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Cold War</a>, the X-30 was canceled in 1992 before reaching flight status.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_6-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unleashing_commercial_space_and_return_to_the_Moon">Unleashing commercial space and return to the Moon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7&action=edit&section=9" title="هيءُ حصو ترميميو: Unleashing commercial space and return to the Moon"><span>سنواريو</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="boilerplate" id="catmore">اصل مضمون/مضمونن جي لاءِ ڏسو<b> </b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commercial_Crew_Program&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Commercial Crew Program (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Commercial Crew Program</a><b> ۽ </b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artemis_program&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Artemis program (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Artemis program</a><b></b></div></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:SpaceX_Demo-2_Launch_(NHQ202005300044).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/SpaceX_Demo-2_Launch_%28NHQ202005300044%29.jpg/220px-SpaceX_Demo-2_Launch_%28NHQ202005300044%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/SpaceX_Demo-2_Launch_%28NHQ202005300044%29.jpg/330px-SpaceX_Demo-2_Launch_%28NHQ202005300044%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/SpaceX_Demo-2_Launch_%28NHQ202005300044%29.jpg/440px-SpaceX_Demo-2_Launch_%28NHQ202005300044%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="4358" /></a><figcaption>Launch of <a href="/w/index.php?title=SpaceX_Demo-2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SpaceX Demo-2 (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">SpaceX Demo-2</a> from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kennedy_Space_Center&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kennedy Space Center (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Kennedy Space Center</a>, the first U.S. crewed space launch since the end of the Space Shuttle program</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Shuttle_Columbia_disaster&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Space Shuttle Columbia disaster (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Space Shuttle <i>Columbia</i> disaster</a> in 2003, President Bush started the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Constellation_program&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constellation program (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Constellation program</a> to smoothly replace the Space Shuttle and expand space exploration beyond low Earth orbit.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Constellation was intended to use a significant amount of former Space Shuttle equipment and return astronauts to the Moon. This program was canceled by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Obama_Administration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Obama Administration (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Obama Administration</a>. Former astronauts <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neil_Armstrong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neil Armstrong (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Neil Armstrong</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gene_Cernan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gene Cernan (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Gene Cernan</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jim_Lovell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jim Lovell (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Jim Lovell</a> sent a letter to President <a href="/w/index.php?title=Barack_Obama&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barack Obama (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Barack Obama</a> to warn him that if the United States did not get new human spaceflight ability, the U.S. risked become a second or third-rate space power.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_6-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:The_SpaceX_Crew_Dragon_Endeavour_approaches_the_International_Space_Station_(iss065e002231).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/The_SpaceX_Crew_Dragon_Endeavour_approaches_the_International_Space_Station_%28iss065e002231%29.jpg/220px-The_SpaceX_Crew_Dragon_Endeavour_approaches_the_International_Space_Station_%28iss065e002231%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/The_SpaceX_Crew_Dragon_Endeavour_approaches_the_International_Space_Station_%28iss065e002231%29.jpg/330px-The_SpaceX_Crew_Dragon_Endeavour_approaches_the_International_Space_Station_%28iss065e002231%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/The_SpaceX_Crew_Dragon_Endeavour_approaches_the_International_Space_Station_%28iss065e002231%29.jpg/440px-The_SpaceX_Crew_Dragon_Endeavour_approaches_the_International_Space_Station_%28iss065e002231%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5568" data-file-height="3712" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=SpaceX_Crew-2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SpaceX Crew-2 (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">SpaceX Crew-2</a> docks with the <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Space_Station&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Space Station (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">International Space Station</a></figcaption></figure> <p>As early as the Reagan Administration, there had been calls for NASA to expand private sector involvement in space exploration rather than do it all in-house. In the 1990s, NASA and Lockheed Martin entered into an agreement to develop the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lockheed_Martin_X-33&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lockheed Martin X-33 (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Lockheed Martin X-33</a> demonstrator of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=VentureStar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="VentureStar (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">VentureStar</a> spaceplane, which was intended to replace the Space Shuttle.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to technical challenges, the spacecraft was cancelled in 2001. Despite this, it was the first time a commercial space company directly expended a significant amount of its resources into spacecraft development. The advent of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_tourism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Space tourism (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">space tourism</a> also forced NASA to challenge its assumption that only governments would have people in space. The first space tourist was <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dennis_Tito&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dennis Tito (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Dennis Tito</a>, an American investment manager and former aerospace engineer who contracted with the Russians to fly to the International Space Station for four days, despite the opposition of NASA to the idea.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_6-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:Launch_of_Artemis_1_(NHQ202211160002)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Launch_of_Artemis_1_%28NHQ202211160002%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Launch_of_Artemis_1_%28NHQ202211160002%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Launch_of_Artemis_1_%28NHQ202211160002%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Launch_of_Artemis_1_%28NHQ202211160002%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Launch_of_Artemis_1_%28NHQ202211160002%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Launch_of_Artemis_1_%28NHQ202211160002%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4260" data-file-height="4818" /></a><figcaption>آرٽيمس اول (Artemis I) جي لانچنگ</figcaption></figure> <p>ناسا لاءِ هن نئين تجارتي طريقي جي حمايت ڪندڙن ۾ اڳوڻو خلاباز بز آلڊرين شامل هو، جنهن چيو ته اهو ناسا کي پنهنجي جڙڙن ڏانهن هڪ ريسرچ ۽ ڊولپمينٽ ايجنسي جي طور تي واپس آڻيندو ۽ هن وقت نجي تجارتي ادارا اصل ۾ خلائي نظام کي هلائي رهيا آهن. ڪارپوريشنز کي مداري عملن تي قبضو ڪرڻ پڻ ناسا کي، پنهنجون سموريون ڪوششون گندي خلائي ڳولا ۽ انسانن کي چنڊ ڏانهن موٽڻ ۽ مريخ ڏانهن وڃڻ جي اجازت ڏيندو. هن طريقي کي قبول ڪندي، ناسا جو تجارتي عملي جو پروگرام بين الاقوامي اسپيس اسٽيشن تي سامان پهچائڻ جو معاهدو ڪندي شروع ڪيو ۽ اسپيس-X ڪريو-1 تي پنهنجي پهرين آپريشنل معاهدي واري مشن کي اڏايو. خلائي شٽل جي ريٽائرمينٽ کان پوءِ اهو پهريون ڀيرو نشان لڳايو ويو آهي ته ناسا آمريڪا کان، هڪ آمريڪي خلائي جهاز تي پنهنجا خلاباز لانچ ڪرڻ جي قابل ٿي، روسين تي هڪ ڏهاڪي جي انحصار کي ختم ڪري ڇڏيو.<sup id="cite_ref-auto3_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>سال 2019ع ۾، ناسا آرٽميس پروگرام جو اعلان ڪيو ۽ چنڊ ڏانهن موٽڻ ۽ مستقل انساني موجودگي قائم ڪرڻ جو ارادو ڪيو.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> هن کي اتحادي ملڪنن سان آرٽيمس معاهدي سان جوڙيو ويو ته جيئن چنڊ تي خلائي ڪمرشلائيزيشن جا اصول ۽ ضابطا قائم ڪيا وڃن.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>سال 2023ع ۾، ناسا "چنڊ کان مارس پروگرام" آفيس قائم ڪيو. آفيس مختلف منصوبن، مشن آرڪيٽيڪچرز ۽ قمري ۽ مريخ جي ڳولا ۽ سائنس سان لاڳاپيل لاڳاپيل پروگرامن جي نگراني ڪرڻ لاء ٺهيل آهي.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="فعال_پروگرام"><span id=".D9.81.D8.B9.D8.A7.D9.84_.D9.BE.D8.B1.D9.88.DA.AF.D8.B1.D8.A7.D9.85"></span>فعال پروگرام</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7&action=edit&section=10" title="هيءُ حصو ترميميو: فعال پروگرام"><span>سنواريو</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="تعاون"><span id=".D8.AA.D8.B9.D8.A7.D9.88.D9.86"></span>تعاون</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7&action=edit&section=11" title="هيءُ حصو ترميميو: تعاون"><span>سنواريو</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="انتظام"><span id=".D8.A7.D9.86.D8.AA.D8.B8.D8.A7.D9.85"></span>انتظام</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7&action=edit&section=12" title="هيءُ حصو ترميميو: انتظام"><span>سنواريو</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="استحڪام"><span id=".D8.A7.D8.B3.D8.AA.D8.AD.DA.AA.D8.A7.D9.85"></span>استحڪام</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7&action=edit&section=13" title="هيءُ حصو ترميميو: استحڪام"><span>سنواريو</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ميڊيا_جي_موجودگي"><span id=".D9.85.D9.8A.DA.8A.D9.8A.D8.A7_.D8.AC.D9.8A_.D9.85.D9.88.D8.AC.D9.88.D8.AF.DA.AF.D9.8A"></span>ميڊيا جي موجودگي</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7&action=edit&section=14" title="هيءُ حصو ترميميو: ميڊيا جي موجودگي"><span>سنواريو</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="گيلري"><span id=".DA.AF.D9.8A.D9.84.D8.B1.D9.8A"></span>گيلري</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7&action=edit&section=15" title="هيءُ حصو ترميميو: گيلري"><span>سنواريو</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table style="background:transparent;margin-top:0.5em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;width:738px"><tbody><tr><th style="text-align:center;font-weight:bold">NASA spacecraft observations of the Solar System</th></tr><tr><td><table style="width:140px;float:left;border-collapse:collapse;margin:3px"><tbody><tr><td style="height:140px;border:1px solid #CCCCCC;background-color:#F8F8F8;padding:0px;text-align:center">[[The Sun by the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly of NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory - 20100819.jpg|center|border|120x120px|alt=|<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sun (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Sun</a> image by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Solar_Dynamics_Observatory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Solar Dynamics Observatory (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Solar Dynamics Observatory</a>, 2010]]</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="display:block;font-size:1em;padding:0px"><div class="gallerytext" style="min-height:3.1em;width:127px;line-height:1.3em;padding:2px 6px 1px 6px;margin:0px;border:none;border-width:0px"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sun (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Sun</a> image by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Solar_Dynamics_Observatory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Solar Dynamics Observatory (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Solar Dynamics Observatory</a>, 2010 </div></td></tr></tbody></table><table style="width:140px;float:left;border-collapse:collapse;margin:3px"><tbody><tr><td style="height:140px;border:1px solid #CCCCCC;background-color:#F8F8F8;padding:0px;text-align:center"><figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:Mercury_in_true_color.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Planet Mercury image by MESSENGER, 2008"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Mercury_in_true_color.jpg/120px-Mercury_in_true_color.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Mercury_in_true_color.jpg/180px-Mercury_in_true_color.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Mercury_in_true_color.jpg/240px-Mercury_in_true_color.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1040" data-file-height="1040" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mercury_(planet)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mercury (planet) (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Planet Mercury</a> image by <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=MESSENGER&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MESSENGER (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">MESSENGER</a></i>, 2008</figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="display:block;font-size:1em;padding:0px"><div class="gallerytext" style="min-height:3.1em;width:127px;line-height:1.3em;padding:2px 6px 1px 6px;margin:0px;border:none;border-width:0px"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mercury_(planet)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mercury (planet) (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Planet Mercury</a> image by <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=MESSENGER&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MESSENGER (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">MESSENGER</a></i>, 2008 </div></td></tr></tbody></table><table style="width:140px;float:left;border-collapse:collapse;margin:3px"><tbody><tr><td style="height:140px;border:1px solid #CCCCCC;background-color:#F8F8F8;padding:0px;text-align:center"><figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:Venus_from_Mariner_10.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Planet Venus image by Mariner 10, 1974"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Venus_from_Mariner_10.jpg/120px-Venus_from_Mariner_10.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Venus_from_Mariner_10.jpg/180px-Venus_from_Mariner_10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Venus_from_Mariner_10.jpg/240px-Venus_from_Mariner_10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Venus (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Planet Venus</a> image by <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariner_10&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mariner 10 (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Mariner 10</a></i>, 1974</figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="display:block;font-size:1em;padding:0px"><div class="gallerytext" style="min-height:3.1em;width:127px;line-height:1.3em;padding:2px 6px 1px 6px;margin:0px;border:none;border-width:0px"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Venus (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Planet Venus</a> image by <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariner_10&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mariner 10 (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Mariner 10</a></i>, 1974 </div></td></tr></tbody></table><table style="width:140px;float:left;border-collapse:collapse;margin:3px"><tbody><tr><td style="height:140px;border:1px solid #CCCCCC;background-color:#F8F8F8;padding:0px;text-align:center"><figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:The_Blue_Marble_(remastered).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Planet Earth image by Apollo 17 crew, 1972"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/The_Blue_Marble_%28remastered%29.jpg/120px-The_Blue_Marble_%28remastered%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/The_Blue_Marble_%28remastered%29.jpg/180px-The_Blue_Marble_%28remastered%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/The_Blue_Marble_%28remastered%29.jpg/240px-The_Blue_Marble_%28remastered%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth">Planet Earth</a> image by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_17&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Apollo 17 (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Apollo 17</a> crew, 1972</figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="display:block;font-size:1em;padding:0px"><div class="gallerytext" style="min-height:3.1em;width:127px;line-height:1.3em;padding:2px 6px 1px 6px;margin:0px;border:none;border-width:0px"><a href="/wiki/Earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth">Planet Earth</a> image by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_17&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Apollo 17 (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Apollo 17</a> crew, 1972 </div></td></tr></tbody></table><table style="width:140px;float:left;border-collapse:collapse;margin:3px"><tbody><tr><td style="height:140px;border:1px solid #CCCCCC;background-color:#F8F8F8;padding:0px;text-align:center"><figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:Apollo_8_Image_of_the_Moon_(AS08-14-2506).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Moon image by Apollo 8 crew, 1968"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Apollo_8_Image_of_the_Moon_%28AS08-14-2506%29.jpg/120px-Apollo_8_Image_of_the_Moon_%28AS08-14-2506%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Apollo_8_Image_of_the_Moon_%28AS08-14-2506%29.jpg/180px-Apollo_8_Image_of_the_Moon_%28AS08-14-2506%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Apollo_8_Image_of_the_Moon_%28AS08-14-2506%29.jpg/240px-Apollo_8_Image_of_the_Moon_%28AS08-14-2506%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3997" data-file-height="3306" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moon (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Moon</a> image by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Apollo 8 (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Apollo 8</a> crew, 1968</figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="display:block;font-size:1em;padding:0px"><div class="gallerytext" style="min-height:3.1em;width:127px;line-height:1.3em;padding:2px 6px 1px 6px;margin:0px;border:none;border-width:0px"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moon (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Moon</a> image by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Apollo 8 (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Apollo 8</a> crew, 1968 </div></td></tr></tbody></table><table style="width:140px;float:left;border-collapse:collapse;margin:3px"><tbody><tr><td style="height:140px;border:1px solid #CCCCCC;background-color:#F8F8F8;padding:0px;text-align:center"><figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:Mars_Valles_Marineris.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Planet Mars image by Viking 1, 1976"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Mars_Valles_Marineris.jpeg/120px-Mars_Valles_Marineris.jpeg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Mars_Valles_Marineris.jpeg/180px-Mars_Valles_Marineris.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Mars_Valles_Marineris.jpeg/240px-Mars_Valles_Marineris.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1552" data-file-height="1552" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mars (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Planet Mars</a> image by <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Viking 1 (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Viking 1</a></i>, 1976</figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="display:block;font-size:1em;padding:0px"><div class="gallerytext" style="min-height:3.1em;width:127px;line-height:1.3em;padding:2px 6px 1px 6px;margin:0px;border:none;border-width:0px"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mars (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Planet Mars</a> image by <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Viking 1 (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Viking 1</a></i>, 1976 </div></td></tr></tbody></table><table style="width:140px;float:left;border-collapse:collapse;margin:3px"><tbody><tr><td style="height:140px;border:1px solid #CCCCCC;background-color:#F8F8F8;padding:0px;text-align:center"><figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:Eros_-_PIA02923_(color).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Asteroid 433 Eros image by NEAR Shoemaker, 2000"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Eros_-_PIA02923_%28color%29.jpg/109px-Eros_-_PIA02923_%28color%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="109" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Eros_-_PIA02923_%28color%29.jpg/163px-Eros_-_PIA02923_%28color%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Eros_-_PIA02923_%28color%29.jpg/218px-Eros_-_PIA02923_%28color%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="838" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asteroid_433_Eros&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asteroid 433 Eros (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Asteroid 433 Eros</a> image by <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=NEAR_Shoemaker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NEAR Shoemaker (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">NEAR Shoemaker</a></i>, 2000</figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="display:block;font-size:1em;padding:0px"><div class="gallerytext" style="min-height:3.1em;width:127px;line-height:1.3em;padding:2px 6px 1px 6px;margin:0px;border:none;border-width:0px"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asteroid_433_Eros&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asteroid 433 Eros (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Asteroid 433 Eros</a> image by <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=NEAR_Shoemaker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NEAR Shoemaker (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">NEAR Shoemaker</a></i>, 2000 </div></td></tr></tbody></table><table style="width:140px;float:left;border-collapse:collapse;margin:3px"><tbody><tr><td style="height:140px;border:1px solid #CCCCCC;background-color:#F8F8F8;padding:0px;text-align:center"><figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:PIA18920-Ceres-DwarfPlanet-20150219.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dwarf planet Ceres image by Dawn, 2015"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/PIA18920-Ceres-DwarfPlanet-20150219.jpg/120px-PIA18920-Ceres-DwarfPlanet-20150219.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/PIA18920-Ceres-DwarfPlanet-20150219.jpg/180px-PIA18920-Ceres-DwarfPlanet-20150219.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/PIA18920-Ceres-DwarfPlanet-20150219.jpg/240px-PIA18920-Ceres-DwarfPlanet-20150219.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="1100" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceres_(dwarf_planet)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ceres (dwarf planet) (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Dwarf planet Ceres</a> image by <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dawn_(spacecraft)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dawn (spacecraft) (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Dawn</a></i>, 2015</figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="display:block;font-size:1em;padding:0px"><div class="gallerytext" style="min-height:3.1em;width:127px;line-height:1.3em;padding:2px 6px 1px 6px;margin:0px;border:none;border-width:0px"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceres_(dwarf_planet)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ceres (dwarf planet) (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Dwarf planet Ceres</a> image by <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dawn_(spacecraft)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dawn (spacecraft) (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Dawn</a></i>, 2015 </div></td></tr></tbody></table><table style="width:140px;float:left;border-collapse:collapse;margin:3px"><tbody><tr><td style="height:140px;border:1px solid #CCCCCC;background-color:#F8F8F8;padding:0px;text-align:center"><figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:PIA22946-Jupiter-RedSpot-JunoSpacecraft-20190212.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Planet Jupiter image by Juno, 2019"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/PIA22946-Jupiter-RedSpot-JunoSpacecraft-20190212.jpg/120px-PIA22946-Jupiter-RedSpot-JunoSpacecraft-20190212.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/PIA22946-Jupiter-RedSpot-JunoSpacecraft-20190212.jpg/180px-PIA22946-Jupiter-RedSpot-JunoSpacecraft-20190212.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/PIA22946-Jupiter-RedSpot-JunoSpacecraft-20190212.jpg/240px-PIA22946-Jupiter-RedSpot-JunoSpacecraft-20190212.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jupiter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jupiter (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Planet Jupiter</a> image by <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juno_(spacecraft)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juno (spacecraft) (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Juno</a></i>, 2019</figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="display:block;font-size:1em;padding:0px"><div class="gallerytext" style="min-height:3.1em;width:127px;line-height:1.3em;padding:2px 6px 1px 6px;margin:0px;border:none;border-width:0px"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jupiter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jupiter (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Planet Jupiter</a> image by <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juno_(spacecraft)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juno (spacecraft) (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Juno</a></i>, 2019 </div></td></tr></tbody></table><table style="width:140px;float:left;border-collapse:collapse;margin:3px"><tbody><tr><td style="height:140px;border:1px solid #CCCCCC;background-color:#F8F8F8;padding:0px;text-align:center"><figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:Io_highest_resolution_true_color.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Moon Io (Jupiter) image by Galileo, 1999"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Io_highest_resolution_true_color.jpg/120px-Io_highest_resolution_true_color.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Io_highest_resolution_true_color.jpg/180px-Io_highest_resolution_true_color.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Io_highest_resolution_true_color.jpg/240px-Io_highest_resolution_true_color.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3196" data-file-height="3196" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Io_(moon)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Io (moon) (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Moon Io (Jupiter)</a> image by <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galileo_(spacecraft)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galileo (spacecraft) (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Galileo</a></i>, 1999</figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="display:block;font-size:1em;padding:0px"><div class="gallerytext" style="min-height:3.1em;width:127px;line-height:1.3em;padding:2px 6px 1px 6px;margin:0px;border:none;border-width:0px"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Io_(moon)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Io (moon) (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Moon Io (Jupiter)</a> image by <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galileo_(spacecraft)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galileo (spacecraft) (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Galileo</a></i>, 1999 </div></td></tr></tbody></table><table style="width:140px;float:left;border-collapse:collapse;margin:3px"><tbody><tr><td style="height:140px;border:1px solid #CCCCCC;background-color:#F8F8F8;padding:0px;text-align:center"><figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:Saturn_Storm.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Planet Saturn image by Cassini, 2016"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Saturn_Storm.jpg/120px-Saturn_Storm.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Saturn_Storm.jpg/180px-Saturn_Storm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Saturn_Storm.jpg/240px-Saturn_Storm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1015" data-file-height="1015" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saturn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saturn (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Planet Saturn</a> image by <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cassini–Huygens (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Cassini</a></i>, 2016</figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="display:block;font-size:1em;padding:0px"><div class="gallerytext" style="min-height:3.1em;width:127px;line-height:1.3em;padding:2px 6px 1px 6px;margin:0px;border:none;border-width:0px"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saturn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saturn (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Planet Saturn</a> image by <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cassini–Huygens (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Cassini</a></i>, 2016 </div></td></tr></tbody></table><table style="width:140px;float:left;border-collapse:collapse;margin:3px"><tbody><tr><td style="height:140px;border:1px solid #CCCCCC;background-color:#F8F8F8;padding:0px;text-align:center"><figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:Mimas_Cassini.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Moon Mimas (Saturn) image by Cassini, 2010"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Mimas_Cassini.jpg/120px-Mimas_Cassini.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Mimas_Cassini.jpg/180px-Mimas_Cassini.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Mimas_Cassini.jpg/240px-Mimas_Cassini.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimas_(moon)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mimas (moon) (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Moon Mimas (Saturn)</a> image by <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cassini–Huygens (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Cassini</a></i>, 2010</figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="display:block;font-size:1em;padding:0px"><div class="gallerytext" style="min-height:3.1em;width:127px;line-height:1.3em;padding:2px 6px 1px 6px;margin:0px;border:none;border-width:0px"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mimas_(moon)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mimas (moon) (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Moon Mimas (Saturn)</a> image by <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cassini–Huygens (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Cassini</a></i>, 2010 </div></td></tr></tbody></table><table style="width:140px;float:left;border-collapse:collapse;margin:3px"><tbody><tr><td style="height:140px;border:1px solid #CCCCCC;background-color:#F8F8F8;padding:0px;text-align:center"><figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:Uranus_Voyager2_color_calibrated.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Planet Uranus by Voyager 2, 1986"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Uranus_Voyager2_color_calibrated.png/120px-Uranus_Voyager2_color_calibrated.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Uranus_Voyager2_color_calibrated.png/180px-Uranus_Voyager2_color_calibrated.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Uranus_Voyager2_color_calibrated.png/240px-Uranus_Voyager2_color_calibrated.png 2x" data-file-width="830" data-file-height="830" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uranus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uranus (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Planet Uranus</a> by <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voyager_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voyager 2 (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Voyager 2</a></i>, 1986</figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="display:block;font-size:1em;padding:0px"><div class="gallerytext" style="min-height:3.1em;width:127px;line-height:1.3em;padding:2px 6px 1px 6px;margin:0px;border:none;border-width:0px"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uranus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uranus (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Planet Uranus</a> by <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voyager_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voyager 2 (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Voyager 2</a></i>, 1986 </div></td></tr></tbody></table><table style="width:140px;float:left;border-collapse:collapse;margin:3px"><tbody><tr><td style="height:140px;border:1px solid #CCCCCC;background-color:#F8F8F8;padding:0px;text-align:center"><figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:Miranda_mosaic_in_color_-_Voyager_2.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Moon Miranda (Uranus) image by Voyager 2, 1986"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Miranda_mosaic_in_color_-_Voyager_2.png/120px-Miranda_mosaic_in_color_-_Voyager_2.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Miranda_mosaic_in_color_-_Voyager_2.png/180px-Miranda_mosaic_in_color_-_Voyager_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Miranda_mosaic_in_color_-_Voyager_2.png/240px-Miranda_mosaic_in_color_-_Voyager_2.png 2x" data-file-width="2320" data-file-height="2320" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miranda_(moon)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Miranda (moon) (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Moon Miranda (Uranus)</a> image by <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voyager_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voyager 2 (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Voyager 2</a></i>, 1986</figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="display:block;font-size:1em;padding:0px"><div class="gallerytext" style="min-height:3.1em;width:127px;line-height:1.3em;padding:2px 6px 1px 6px;margin:0px;border:none;border-width:0px"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miranda_(moon)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Miranda (moon) (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Moon Miranda (Uranus)</a> image by <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voyager_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voyager 2 (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Voyager 2</a></i>, 1986 </div></td></tr></tbody></table><table style="width:140px;float:left;border-collapse:collapse;margin:3px"><tbody><tr><td style="height:140px;border:1px solid #CCCCCC;background-color:#F8F8F8;padding:0px;text-align:center"><figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:Neptune_Voyager2_color_calibrated.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Planet Neptune image by Voyager 2, 1989"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Neptune_Voyager2_color_calibrated.png/120px-Neptune_Voyager2_color_calibrated.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Neptune_Voyager2_color_calibrated.png/180px-Neptune_Voyager2_color_calibrated.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Neptune_Voyager2_color_calibrated.png/240px-Neptune_Voyager2_color_calibrated.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neptune&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neptune (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Planet Neptune</a> image by <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voyager_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voyager 2 (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Voyager 2</a></i>, 1989</figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="display:block;font-size:1em;padding:0px"><div class="gallerytext" style="min-height:3.1em;width:127px;line-height:1.3em;padding:2px 6px 1px 6px;margin:0px;border:none;border-width:0px"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neptune&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neptune (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Planet Neptune</a> image by <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voyager_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voyager 2 (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Voyager 2</a></i>, 1989 </div></td></tr></tbody></table><table style="width:140px;float:left;border-collapse:collapse;margin:3px"><tbody><tr><td style="height:140px;border:1px solid #CCCCCC;background-color:#F8F8F8;padding:0px;text-align:center"><figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:Pluto_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dwarf planet Pluto image by New Horizons, 2015"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Pluto_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg/120px-Pluto_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Pluto_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg/180px-Pluto_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Pluto_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg/240px-Pluto_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8000" data-file-height="8000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pluto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pluto (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Dwarf planet Pluto</a> image by <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Horizons&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Horizons (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">New Horizons</a></i>, 2015</figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="display:block;font-size:1em;padding:0px"><div class="gallerytext" style="min-height:3.1em;width:127px;line-height:1.3em;padding:2px 6px 1px 6px;margin:0px;border:none;border-width:0px"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pluto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pluto (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Dwarf planet Pluto</a> image by <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Horizons&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Horizons (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">New Horizons</a></i>, 2015 </div></td></tr></tbody></table><table style="width:140px;float:left;border-collapse:collapse;margin:3px"><tbody><tr><td style="height:140px;border:1px solid #CCCCCC;background-color:#F8F8F8;padding:0px;text-align:center"><figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:Charon_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Moon Charon (Pluto) image by New Horizons, 2015"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Charon_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg/120px-Charon_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Charon_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg/180px-Charon_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Charon_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg/240px-Charon_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charon_(moon)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charon (moon) (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Moon Charon (Pluto)</a> image by <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Horizons&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Horizons (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">New Horizons</a></i>, 2015</figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="display:block;font-size:1em;padding:0px"><div class="gallerytext" style="min-height:3.1em;width:127px;line-height:1.3em;padding:2px 6px 1px 6px;margin:0px;border:none;border-width:0px"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charon_(moon)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charon (moon) (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Moon Charon (Pluto)</a> image by <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Horizons&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Horizons (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">New Horizons</a></i>, 2015 </div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="background:transparent;margin-top:0.5em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><tbody><tr><th style="text-align:center;font-weight:bold">NASA Great Observatory images</th></tr><tr><td><table style="width:140px;float:left;border-collapse:collapse;margin:3px"><tbody><tr><td style="height:140px;border:1px solid #CCCCCC;background-color:#F8F8F8;padding:0px;text-align:center"><figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:Comets_Kick_up_Dust_in_Helix_Nebula_(PIA09178).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Helix Nebula by Spitzer Space Telescope, 2007"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Comets_Kick_up_Dust_in_Helix_Nebula_%28PIA09178%29.jpg/120px-Comets_Kick_up_Dust_in_Helix_Nebula_%28PIA09178%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Comets_Kick_up_Dust_in_Helix_Nebula_%28PIA09178%29.jpg/180px-Comets_Kick_up_Dust_in_Helix_Nebula_%28PIA09178%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Comets_Kick_up_Dust_in_Helix_Nebula_%28PIA09178%29.jpg/240px-Comets_Kick_up_Dust_in_Helix_Nebula_%28PIA09178%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4279" data-file-height="3559" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helix_Nebula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Helix Nebula (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Helix Nebula</a> by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spitzer_Space_Telescope&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spitzer Space Telescope (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Spitzer Space Telescope</a>, 2007</figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="display:block;font-size:1em;padding:0px"><div class="gallerytext" style="min-height:3.1em;width:127px;line-height:1.3em;padding:2px 6px 1px 6px;margin:0px;border:none;border-width:0px"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helix_Nebula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Helix Nebula (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Helix Nebula</a> by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spitzer_Space_Telescope&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spitzer Space Telescope (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Spitzer Space Telescope</a>, 2007 </div></td></tr></tbody></table><table style="width:140px;float:left;border-collapse:collapse;margin:3px"><tbody><tr><td style="height:140px;border:1px solid #CCCCCC;background-color:#F8F8F8;padding:0px;text-align:center"><figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:GKPersei-MiniSuperNova-20150316.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1901 GK Persei supernova by Chandra X-ray Observatory, 2015"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/GKPersei-MiniSuperNova-20150316.jpg/120px-GKPersei-MiniSuperNova-20150316.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/GKPersei-MiniSuperNova-20150316.jpg/180px-GKPersei-MiniSuperNova-20150316.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/GKPersei-MiniSuperNova-20150316.jpg/240px-GKPersei-MiniSuperNova-20150316.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2802" /></a><figcaption>1901 GK Persei supernova by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandra_X-ray_Observatory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chandra X-ray Observatory (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Chandra X-ray Observatory</a>, 2015</figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="display:block;font-size:1em;padding:0px"><div class="gallerytext" style="min-height:3.1em;width:127px;line-height:1.3em;padding:2px 6px 1px 6px;margin:0px;border:none;border-width:0px">1901 GK Persei supernova by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandra_X-ray_Observatory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chandra X-ray Observatory (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Chandra X-ray Observatory</a>, 2015 </div></td></tr></tbody></table><table style="width:140px;float:left;border-collapse:collapse;margin:3px"><tbody><tr><td style="height:140px;border:1px solid #CCCCCC;background-color:#F8F8F8;padding:0px;text-align:center"><figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:HH_901_and_HH_902_in_the_Carina_nebula_(captured_by_the_Hubble_Space_Telescope).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Carina Nebula by Hubble Space Telescope, 2010"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/HH_901_and_HH_902_in_the_Carina_nebula_%28captured_by_the_Hubble_Space_Telescope%29.jpg/120px-HH_901_and_HH_902_in_the_Carina_nebula_%28captured_by_the_Hubble_Space_Telescope%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/HH_901_and_HH_902_in_the_Carina_nebula_%28captured_by_the_Hubble_Space_Telescope%29.jpg/180px-HH_901_and_HH_902_in_the_Carina_nebula_%28captured_by_the_Hubble_Space_Telescope%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/HH_901_and_HH_902_in_the_Carina_nebula_%28captured_by_the_Hubble_Space_Telescope%29.jpg/240px-HH_901_and_HH_902_in_the_Carina_nebula_%28captured_by_the_Hubble_Space_Telescope%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2104" data-file-height="1937" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carina_Nebula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carina Nebula (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Carina Nebula</a> by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hubble_Space_Telescope&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hubble Space Telescope (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Hubble Space Telescope</a>, 2010</figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="display:block;font-size:1em;padding:0px"><div class="gallerytext" style="min-height:3.1em;width:127px;line-height:1.3em;padding:2px 6px 1px 6px;margin:0px;border:none;border-width:0px"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carina_Nebula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carina Nebula (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Carina Nebula</a> by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hubble_Space_Telescope&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hubble Space Telescope (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Hubble Space Telescope</a>, 2010 </div></td></tr></tbody></table><table style="width:140px;float:left;border-collapse:collapse;margin:3px"><tbody><tr><td style="height:140px;border:1px solid #CCCCCC;background-color:#F8F8F8;padding:0px;text-align:center"><figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:Stephan%27s_Quintet_taken_by_James_Webb_Space_Telescope.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stephens quintet by James Webb Space Telescope, Jul 2022"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Stephan%27s_Quintet_taken_by_James_Webb_Space_Telescope.jpg/120px-Stephan%27s_Quintet_taken_by_James_Webb_Space_Telescope.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Stephan%27s_Quintet_taken_by_James_Webb_Space_Telescope.jpg/180px-Stephan%27s_Quintet_taken_by_James_Webb_Space_Telescope.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Stephan%27s_Quintet_taken_by_James_Webb_Space_Telescope.jpg/240px-Stephan%27s_Quintet_taken_by_James_Webb_Space_Telescope.jpg 2x" data-file-width="12654" data-file-height="12132" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephan%27s_Quintet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stephan's Quintet (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Stephens quintet</a> by <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Webb_Space_Telescope&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Webb Space Telescope (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">James Webb Space Telescope</a>, Jul 2022</figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="display:block;font-size:1em;padding:0px"><div class="gallerytext" style="min-height:3.1em;width:127px;line-height:1.3em;padding:2px 6px 1px 6px;margin:0px;border:none;border-width:0px"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephan%27s_Quintet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stephan's Quintet (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Stephens quintet</a> by <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Webb_Space_Telescope&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Webb Space Telescope (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">James Webb Space Telescope</a>, Jul 2022 </div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="background:transparent;margin-top:0.5em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;width:738px"><tbody><tr><th style="text-align:center;font-weight:bold">NASA spacecraft</th></tr><tr><td><table style="width:140px;float:left;border-collapse:collapse;margin:3px"><tbody><tr><td style="height:140px;border:1px solid #CCCCCC;background-color:#F8F8F8;padding:0px;text-align:center"><figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:NASA_spacecraft_comparison.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Comparison of Apollo, Gemini, and Mercury systems"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/NASA_spacecraft_comparison.jpg/120px-NASA_spacecraft_comparison.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/NASA_spacecraft_comparison.jpg/180px-NASA_spacecraft_comparison.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/NASA_spacecraft_comparison.jpg/240px-NASA_spacecraft_comparison.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4669" data-file-height="3559" /></a><figcaption>Comparison of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_(spacecraft)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Apollo (spacecraft) (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Apollo</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gemini_(spacecraft)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gemini (spacecraft) (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Gemini</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Mercury&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Project Mercury (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Mercury</a> systems</figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="display:block;font-size:1em;padding:0px"><div class="gallerytext" style="min-height:3.1em;width:127px;line-height:1.3em;padding:2px 6px 1px 6px;margin:0px;border:none;border-width:0px">Comparison of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_(spacecraft)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Apollo (spacecraft) (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Apollo</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gemini_(spacecraft)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gemini (spacecraft) (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Gemini</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Mercury&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Project Mercury (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Mercury</a> systems<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><table style="width:140px;float:left;border-collapse:collapse;margin:3px"><tbody><tr><td style="height:140px;border:1px solid #CCCCCC;background-color:#F8F8F8;padding:0px;text-align:center"><figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:Apollo12ConradSurveyor.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Surveyor 3, Pete Conrad, and Apollo 12 on the Moon, 1969"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Apollo12ConradSurveyor.jpg/120px-Apollo12ConradSurveyor.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Apollo12ConradSurveyor.jpg/180px-Apollo12ConradSurveyor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Apollo12ConradSurveyor.jpg/240px-Apollo12ConradSurveyor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1818" data-file-height="1678" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surveyor_3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Surveyor 3 (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Surveyor 3</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pete_Conrad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pete Conrad (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Pete Conrad</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_12&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Apollo 12 (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Apollo 12</a> on the Moon, 1969</figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="display:block;font-size:1em;padding:0px"><div class="gallerytext" style="min-height:3.1em;width:127px;line-height:1.3em;padding:2px 6px 1px 6px;margin:0px;border:none;border-width:0px"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surveyor_3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Surveyor 3 (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Surveyor 3</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pete_Conrad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pete Conrad (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Pete Conrad</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_12&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Apollo 12 (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Apollo 12</a> on the Moon, 1969 </div></td></tr></tbody></table><table style="width:140px;float:left;border-collapse:collapse;margin:3px"><tbody><tr><td style="height:140px;border:1px solid #CCCCCC;background-color:#F8F8F8;padding:0px;text-align:center"><figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:STS-123_Dextre%26Kibo_ELM-PS_in_orbit_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Space Shuttle Endeavor in orbit, 2008"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/STS-123_Dextre%26Kibo_ELM-PS_in_orbit_%28cropped%29.jpg/120px-STS-123_Dextre%26Kibo_ELM-PS_in_orbit_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/STS-123_Dextre%26Kibo_ELM-PS_in_orbit_%28cropped%29.jpg/180px-STS-123_Dextre%26Kibo_ELM-PS_in_orbit_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/STS-123_Dextre%26Kibo_ELM-PS_in_orbit_%28cropped%29.jpg/240px-STS-123_Dextre%26Kibo_ELM-PS_in_orbit_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3680" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Shuttle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Space Shuttle (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Space Shuttle</a> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Shuttle_Endeavour&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Space Shuttle Endeavour (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Endeavor</a></i> in orbit, 2008</figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="display:block;font-size:1em;padding:0px"><div class="gallerytext" style="min-height:3.1em;width:127px;line-height:1.3em;padding:2px 6px 1px 6px;margin:0px;border:none;border-width:0px"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Shuttle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Space Shuttle (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Space Shuttle</a> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Shuttle_Endeavour&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Space Shuttle Endeavour (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Endeavor</a></i> in orbit, 2008 </div></td></tr></tbody></table><table style="width:140px;float:left;border-collapse:collapse;margin:3px"><tbody><tr><td style="height:140px;border:1px solid #CCCCCC;background-color:#F8F8F8;padding:0px;text-align:center"><figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:HST-SM4.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hubble Space Telescope released in orbit after servicing, 2009."><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/HST-SM4.jpeg/120px-HST-SM4.jpeg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/HST-SM4.jpeg/180px-HST-SM4.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/HST-SM4.jpeg/240px-HST-SM4.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2022" data-file-height="1518" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hubble_Space_Telescope&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hubble Space Telescope (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Hubble Space Telescope</a> released in orbit after servicing, 2009.</figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="display:block;font-size:1em;padding:0px"><div class="gallerytext" style="min-height:3.1em;width:127px;line-height:1.3em;padding:2px 6px 1px 6px;margin:0px;border:none;border-width:0px"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hubble_Space_Telescope&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hubble Space Telescope (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Hubble Space Telescope</a> released in orbit after servicing, 2009. </div></td></tr></tbody></table><table style="width:140px;float:left;border-collapse:collapse;margin:3px"><tbody><tr><td style="height:140px;border:1px solid #CCCCCC;background-color:#F8F8F8;padding:0px;text-align:center"><figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:James_Webb_Space_Telescope_2009_top.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="James Webb Space Telescope now in orbit, 2022."><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/James_Webb_Space_Telescope_2009_top.jpg/120px-James_Webb_Space_Telescope_2009_top.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/James_Webb_Space_Telescope_2009_top.jpg/180px-James_Webb_Space_Telescope_2009_top.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/James_Webb_Space_Telescope_2009_top.jpg/240px-James_Webb_Space_Telescope_2009_top.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10240" data-file-height="8192" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Webb_Space_Telescope&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Webb Space Telescope (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">James Webb Space Telescope</a> now in orbit, 2022.</figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="display:block;font-size:1em;padding:0px"><div class="gallerytext" style="min-height:3.1em;width:127px;line-height:1.3em;padding:2px 6px 1px 6px;margin:0px;border:none;border-width:0px"><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Webb_Space_Telescope&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Webb Space Telescope (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">James Webb Space Telescope</a> now in orbit, 2022. </div></td></tr></tbody></table><table style="width:140px;float:left;border-collapse:collapse;margin:3px"><tbody><tr><td style="height:140px;border:1px solid #CCCCCC;background-color:#F8F8F8;padding:0px;text-align:center"><figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:NASA_Mars_Rover.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Opportunity rover on surface of Mars (rendering), 2003"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/NASA_Mars_Rover.jpg/120px-NASA_Mars_Rover.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/NASA_Mars_Rover.jpg/180px-NASA_Mars_Rover.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/NASA_Mars_Rover.jpg/240px-NASA_Mars_Rover.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opportunity_(rover)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Opportunity (rover) (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Opportunity</a></i> rover on surface of Mars (rendering), 2003</figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="display:block;font-size:1em;padding:0px"><div class="gallerytext" style="min-height:3.1em;width:127px;line-height:1.3em;padding:2px 6px 1px 6px;margin:0px;border:none;border-width:0px"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opportunity_(rover)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Opportunity (rover) (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Opportunity</a></i> rover on surface of Mars (rendering), 2003 </div></td></tr></tbody></table><table style="width:140px;float:left;border-collapse:collapse;margin:3px"><tbody><tr><td style="height:140px;border:1px solid #CCCCCC;background-color:#F8F8F8;padding:0px;text-align:center"><figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:MSL_Sol_3070_-_MAHLI_(Version_2)_(51084526931).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Curiosity rover self-portrait on Mars, 2021"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/MSL_Sol_3070_-_MAHLI_%28Version_2%29_%2851084526931%29.jpg/120px-MSL_Sol_3070_-_MAHLI_%28Version_2%29_%2851084526931%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/MSL_Sol_3070_-_MAHLI_%28Version_2%29_%2851084526931%29.jpg/180px-MSL_Sol_3070_-_MAHLI_%28Version_2%29_%2851084526931%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/MSL_Sol_3070_-_MAHLI_%28Version_2%29_%2851084526931%29.jpg/240px-MSL_Sol_3070_-_MAHLI_%28Version_2%29_%2851084526931%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8749" data-file-height="6313" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Curiosity_(rover)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Curiosity (rover) (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Curiosity</a></i> rover self-portrait on Mars, 2021</figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="display:block;font-size:1em;padding:0px"><div class="gallerytext" style="min-height:3.1em;width:127px;line-height:1.3em;padding:2px 6px 1px 6px;margin:0px;border:none;border-width:0px"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Curiosity_(rover)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Curiosity (rover) (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Curiosity</a></i> rover self-portrait on Mars, 2021 </div></td></tr></tbody></table><table style="width:140px;float:left;border-collapse:collapse;margin:3px"><tbody><tr><td style="height:140px;border:1px solid #CCCCCC;background-color:#F8F8F8;padding:0px;text-align:center"><figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:Perseverance_Landing_Skycrane_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Perseverance rover during Mars skycrane landing, February 2021"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Perseverance_Landing_Skycrane_%28cropped%29.jpg/120px-Perseverance_Landing_Skycrane_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Perseverance_Landing_Skycrane_%28cropped%29.jpg/180px-Perseverance_Landing_Skycrane_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Perseverance_Landing_Skycrane_%28cropped%29.jpg/240px-Perseverance_Landing_Skycrane_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1416" data-file-height="1308" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perseverance_(rover)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perseverance (rover) (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Perseverance</a></i> rover during Mars skycrane landing, February 2021</figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="display:block;font-size:1em;padding:0px"><div class="gallerytext" style="min-height:3.1em;width:127px;line-height:1.3em;padding:2px 6px 1px 6px;margin:0px;border:none;border-width:0px"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perseverance_(rover)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perseverance (rover) (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Perseverance</a></i> rover during Mars skycrane landing, February 2021 </div></td></tr></tbody></table><table style="width:140px;float:left;border-collapse:collapse;margin:3px"><tbody><tr><td style="height:140px;border:1px solid #CCCCCC;background-color:#F8F8F8;padding:0px;text-align:center"><figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:Voyager_spacecraft.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Voyager 2, now 19.5 billion kilometers from the Earth, July 2022"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Voyager_spacecraft.jpg/120px-Voyager_spacecraft.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Voyager_spacecraft.jpg/180px-Voyager_spacecraft.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Voyager_spacecraft.jpg/240px-Voyager_spacecraft.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3017" data-file-height="2494" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voyager_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voyager 2 (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Voyager 2</a></i>, now 19.5 billion kilometers from the Earth, July 2022</figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="display:block;font-size:1em;padding:0px"><div class="gallerytext" style="min-height:3.1em;width:127px;line-height:1.3em;padding:2px 6px 1px 6px;margin:0px;border:none;border-width:0px"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voyager_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voyager 2 (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Voyager 2</a></i>, now 19.5 billion kilometers from the Earth, July 2022 </div></td></tr></tbody></table><table style="width:140px;float:left;border-collapse:collapse;margin:3px"><tbody><tr><td style="height:140px;border:1px solid #CCCCCC;background-color:#F8F8F8;padding:0px;text-align:center"><figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:Artemis_I_Orion_October_12,_2020.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Orion spacecraft and European Service Module testing, 2020"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Artemis_I_Orion_October_12%2C_2020.jpg/120px-Artemis_I_Orion_October_12%2C_2020.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Artemis_I_Orion_October_12%2C_2020.jpg/180px-Artemis_I_Orion_October_12%2C_2020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Artemis_I_Orion_October_12%2C_2020.jpg/240px-Artemis_I_Orion_October_12%2C_2020.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8368" data-file-height="5584" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orion_(spacecraft)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orion (spacecraft) (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)"><i>Orion</i> spacecraft</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=European_Service_Module&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="European Service Module (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">European Service Module</a> testing, 2020</figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="display:block;font-size:1em;padding:0px"><div class="gallerytext" style="min-height:3.1em;width:127px;line-height:1.3em;padding:2px 6px 1px 6px;margin:0px;border:none;border-width:0px"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orion_(spacecraft)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orion (spacecraft) (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)"><i>Orion</i> spacecraft</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=European_Service_Module&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="European Service Module (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">European Service Module</a> testing, 2020 </div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="background:transparent;margin-top:0.5em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><tbody><tr><th style="text-align:center;font-weight:bold">NASA space launch systems</th></tr><tr><td><table style="width:140px;float:left;border-collapse:collapse;margin:3px"><tbody><tr><td style="height:180px;border:1px solid #CCCCCC;background-color:#F8F8F8;padding:0px;text-align:center"><figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:Apollo_11_Launch_-_GPN-2000-000630.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Saturn V and Apollo 11 at launch, Jul 1969"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Apollo_11_Launch_-_GPN-2000-000630.jpg/120px-Apollo_11_Launch_-_GPN-2000-000630.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Apollo_11_Launch_-_GPN-2000-000630.jpg/180px-Apollo_11_Launch_-_GPN-2000-000630.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Apollo_11_Launch_-_GPN-2000-000630.jpg/240px-Apollo_11_Launch_-_GPN-2000-000630.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saturn_V&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saturn V (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Saturn V</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_11&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Apollo 11 (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Apollo 11</a> at launch, Jul 1969</figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="display:block;font-size:1em;padding:0px"><div class="gallerytext" style="min-height:3.1em;width:127px;line-height:1.3em;padding:2px 6px 1px 6px;margin:0px;border:none;border-width:0px"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saturn_V&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saturn V (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Saturn V</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo_11&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Apollo 11 (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Apollo 11</a> at launch, Jul 1969 </div></td></tr></tbody></table><table style="width:140px;float:left;border-collapse:collapse;margin:3px"><tbody><tr><td style="height:180px;border:1px solid #CCCCCC;background-color:#F8F8F8;padding:0px;text-align:center"><figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:Titan_3E_Centaur_launches_Voyager_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Titan III/Centaur launching Voyager 2 spacecraft, Jul 1977"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Titan_3E_Centaur_launches_Voyager_2.jpg/120px-Titan_3E_Centaur_launches_Voyager_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Titan_3E_Centaur_launches_Voyager_2.jpg/180px-Titan_3E_Centaur_launches_Voyager_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Titan_3E_Centaur_launches_Voyager_2.jpg/240px-Titan_3E_Centaur_launches_Voyager_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2260" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titan_IIIE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Titan IIIE (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Titan III/Centaur</a> launching <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voyager_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voyager 2 (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Voyager 2</a></i> spacecraft, Jul 1977</figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="display:block;font-size:1em;padding:0px"><div class="gallerytext" style="min-height:3.1em;width:127px;line-height:1.3em;padding:2px 6px 1px 6px;margin:0px;border:none;border-width:0px"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titan_IIIE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Titan IIIE (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Titan III/Centaur</a> launching <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voyager_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voyager 2 (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Voyager 2</a></i> spacecraft, Jul 1977 </div></td></tr></tbody></table><table style="width:140px;float:left;border-collapse:collapse;margin:3px"><tbody><tr><td style="height:180px;border:1px solid #CCCCCC;background-color:#F8F8F8;padding:0px;text-align:center"><figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:Lancement_Spirit_fusee_Delta_IIs_10062003.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Delta II launching Spirit rover, Jun 2003"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Lancement_Spirit_fusee_Delta_IIs_10062003.jpg/106px-Lancement_Spirit_fusee_Delta_IIs_10062003.jpg" decoding="async" width="106" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Lancement_Spirit_fusee_Delta_IIs_10062003.jpg/159px-Lancement_Spirit_fusee_Delta_IIs_10062003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Lancement_Spirit_fusee_Delta_IIs_10062003.jpg/213px-Lancement_Spirit_fusee_Delta_IIs_10062003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1995" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Delta_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Delta II (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Delta II</a> launching <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirit_(rover)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spirit (rover) (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Spirit</a></i> rover, Jun 2003</figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="display:block;font-size:1em;padding:0px"><div class="gallerytext" style="min-height:3.1em;width:127px;line-height:1.3em;padding:2px 6px 1px 6px;margin:0px;border:none;border-width:0px"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Delta_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Delta II (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Delta II</a> launching <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirit_(rover)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spirit (rover) (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Spirit</a></i> rover, Jun 2003 </div></td></tr></tbody></table><table style="width:140px;float:left;border-collapse:collapse;margin:3px"><tbody><tr><td style="height:180px;border:1px solid #CCCCCC;background-color:#F8F8F8;padding:0px;text-align:center"><figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:STS-124_launch_closeup.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Space Shuttle (STS-124) during launch, May 2008"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/STS-124_launch_closeup.jpg/107px-STS-124_launch_closeup.jpg" decoding="async" width="107" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/STS-124_launch_closeup.jpg/160px-STS-124_launch_closeup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/STS-124_launch_closeup.jpg/214px-STS-124_launch_closeup.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2008" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Shuttle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Space Shuttle (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Space Shuttle</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=STS-124&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="STS-124 (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">STS-124</a>) during launch, May 2008</figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="display:block;font-size:1em;padding:0px"><div class="gallerytext" style="min-height:3.1em;width:127px;line-height:1.3em;padding:2px 6px 1px 6px;margin:0px;border:none;border-width:0px"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Shuttle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Space Shuttle (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Space Shuttle</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=STS-124&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="STS-124 (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">STS-124</a>) during launch, May 2008 </div></td></tr></tbody></table><table style="width:140px;float:left;border-collapse:collapse;margin:3px"><tbody><tr><td style="height:180px;border:1px solid #CCCCCC;background-color:#F8F8F8;padding:0px;text-align:center"><figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:Launch_of_Artemis_1_(KSC-20221116-PH-KED03_0011).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Space Launch System and Artemis I at launch, Nov 2022"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Launch_of_Artemis_1_%28KSC-20221116-PH-KED03_0011%29.jpg/106px-Launch_of_Artemis_1_%28KSC-20221116-PH-KED03_0011%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="106" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Launch_of_Artemis_1_%28KSC-20221116-PH-KED03_0011%29.jpg/160px-Launch_of_Artemis_1_%28KSC-20221116-PH-KED03_0011%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Launch_of_Artemis_1_%28KSC-20221116-PH-KED03_0011%29.jpg/213px-Launch_of_Artemis_1_%28KSC-20221116-PH-KED03_0011%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2832" data-file-height="4256" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Launch_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Space Launch System (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Space Launch System</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Artemis_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Artemis I (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Artemis I</a> at launch, Nov 2022</figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="display:block;font-size:1em;padding:0px"><div class="gallerytext" style="min-height:3.1em;width:127px;line-height:1.3em;padding:2px 6px 1px 6px;margin:0px;border:none;border-width:0px"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Launch_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Space Launch System (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Space Launch System</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Artemis_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Artemis I (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Artemis I</a> at launch, Nov 2022 </div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="background:transparent;margin-top:0.5em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;width:592px"><tbody><tr><th style="text-align:center;font-weight:bold">Concepts and plans</th></tr><tr><td><table style="width:140px;float:left;border-collapse:collapse;margin:3px"><tbody><tr><td style="height:110px;border:1px solid #CCCCCC;background-color:#F8F8F8;padding:0px;text-align:center"><figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:Cargo_transport_from_Space_Shuttle_with_the_space_tug_to_Nuclear_shuttle.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Concept of space tug cargo transport to a Nuclear Shuttle, 1960s"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Cargo_transport_from_Space_Shuttle_with_the_space_tug_to_Nuclear_shuttle.jpg/118px-Cargo_transport_from_Space_Shuttle_with_the_space_tug_to_Nuclear_shuttle.jpg" decoding="async" width="118" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Cargo_transport_from_Space_Shuttle_with_the_space_tug_to_Nuclear_shuttle.jpg/177px-Cargo_transport_from_Space_Shuttle_with_the_space_tug_to_Nuclear_shuttle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Cargo_transport_from_Space_Shuttle_with_the_space_tug_to_Nuclear_shuttle.jpg/236px-Cargo_transport_from_Space_Shuttle_with_the_space_tug_to_Nuclear_shuttle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="780" /></a><figcaption>Concept of space tug cargo transport to a Nuclear Shuttle, 1960s</figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="display:block;font-size:1em;padding:0px"><div class="gallerytext" style="min-height:3.1em;width:127px;line-height:1.3em;padding:2px 6px 1px 6px;margin:0px;border:none;border-width:0px">Concept of space tug cargo transport to a Nuclear Shuttle, 1960s </div></td></tr></tbody></table><table style="width:140px;float:left;border-collapse:collapse;margin:3px"><tbody><tr><td style="height:110px;border:1px solid #CCCCCC;background-color:#F8F8F8;padding:0px;text-align:center"><figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:Space_tug_module_for_astronauts.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Space Tug concept, 1970s"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Space_tug_module_for_astronauts.jpg/120px-Space_tug_module_for_astronauts.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Space_tug_module_for_astronauts.jpg/180px-Space_tug_module_for_astronauts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Space_tug_module_for_astronauts.jpg/240px-Space_tug_module_for_astronauts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="709" /></a><figcaption>Space Tug concept, 1970s</figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="display:block;font-size:1em;padding:0px"><div class="gallerytext" style="min-height:3.1em;width:127px;line-height:1.3em;padding:2px 6px 1px 6px;margin:0px;border:none;border-width:0px">Space Tug concept, 1970s </div></td></tr></tbody></table><table style="width:140px;float:left;border-collapse:collapse;margin:3px"><tbody><tr><td style="height:110px;border:1px solid #CCCCCC;background-color:#F8F8F8;padding:0px;text-align:center"><figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:Interstellar_Probe_(2020s).png" class="mw-file-description" title="NASA Interstellar probe concept, 2022"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Interstellar_Probe_%282020s%29.png/120px-Interstellar_Probe_%282020s%29.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Interstellar_Probe_%282020s%29.png/180px-Interstellar_Probe_%282020s%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Interstellar_Probe_%282020s%29.png/240px-Interstellar_Probe_%282020s%29.png 2x" data-file-width="874" data-file-height="655" /></a><figcaption>NASA Interstellar probe concept, 2022</figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="display:block;font-size:1em;padding:0px"><div class="gallerytext" style="min-height:3.1em;width:127px;line-height:1.3em;padding:2px 6px 1px 6px;margin:0px;border:none;border-width:0px">NASA Interstellar probe concept, 2022 </div></td></tr></tbody></table><table style="width:140px;float:left;border-collapse:collapse;margin:3px"><tbody><tr><td style="height:110px;border:1px solid #CCCCCC;background-color:#F8F8F8;padding:0px;text-align:center"><figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:Mars_Ice_Home_concept.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Langley's Mars Ice Dome design for a Mars habitat, 2010s"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Mars_Ice_Home_concept.jpg/90px-Mars_Ice_Home_concept.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Mars_Ice_Home_concept.jpg/135px-Mars_Ice_Home_concept.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Mars_Ice_Home_concept.jpg/180px-Mars_Ice_Home_concept.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4800" data-file-height="4800" /></a><figcaption>Langley's Mars Ice Dome design for a Mars habitat, 2010s</figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="display:block;font-size:1em;padding:0px"><div class="gallerytext" style="min-height:3.1em;width:127px;line-height:1.3em;padding:2px 6px 1px 6px;margin:0px;border:none;border-width:0px">Langley's Mars Ice Dome design for a Mars habitat, 2010s </div></td></tr></tbody></table><table style="width:140px;float:left;border-collapse:collapse;margin:3px"><tbody><tr><td style="height:110px;border:1px solid #CCCCCC;background-color:#F8F8F8;padding:0px;text-align:center"><figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:GATEWAY_(Moon_Space_Station).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lunar Gateway space station, 2020"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/GATEWAY_%28Moon_Space_Station%29.jpg/120px-GATEWAY_%28Moon_Space_Station%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/GATEWAY_%28Moon_Space_Station%29.jpg/180px-GATEWAY_%28Moon_Space_Station%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/GATEWAY_%28Moon_Space_Station%29.jpg/240px-GATEWAY_%28Moon_Space_Station%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lunar_Gateway&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lunar Gateway (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Lunar Gateway</a> space station, 2020</figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="display:block;font-size:1em;padding:0px"><div class="gallerytext" style="min-height:3.1em;width:127px;line-height:1.3em;padding:2px 6px 1px 6px;margin:0px;border:none;border-width:0px"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lunar_Gateway&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lunar Gateway (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Lunar Gateway</a> space station, 2020 </div></td></tr></tbody></table><table style="width:140px;float:left;border-collapse:collapse;margin:3px"><tbody><tr><td style="height:110px;border:1px solid #CCCCCC;background-color:#F8F8F8;padding:0px;text-align:center"><figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:Entering_a_Lunar_Outpost.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="NASA lunar outpost concept, 2006"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Entering_a_Lunar_Outpost.jpg/120px-Entering_a_Lunar_Outpost.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Entering_a_Lunar_Outpost.jpg/180px-Entering_a_Lunar_Outpost.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Entering_a_Lunar_Outpost.jpg/240px-Entering_a_Lunar_Outpost.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1687" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=NASA_lunar_outpost_concepts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NASA lunar outpost concepts (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">NASA lunar outpost concept</a>, 2006</figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="display:block;font-size:1em;padding:0px"><div class="gallerytext" style="min-height:3.1em;width:127px;line-height:1.3em;padding:2px 6px 1px 6px;margin:0px;border:none;border-width:0px"><a href="/w/index.php?title=NASA_lunar_outpost_concepts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NASA lunar outpost concepts (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">NASA lunar outpost concept</a>, 2006 </div></td></tr></tbody></table><table style="width:140px;float:left;border-collapse:collapse;margin:3px"><tbody><tr><td style="height:110px;border:1px solid #CCCCCC;background-color:#F8F8F8;padding:0px;text-align:center"><figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:NASA_Cloud_City_on_Venus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="NASA concept for crewed floating outpost on Venus, 2014"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/NASA_Cloud_City_on_Venus.jpg/120px-NASA_Cloud_City_on_Venus.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/NASA_Cloud_City_on_Venus.jpg/180px-NASA_Cloud_City_on_Venus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/NASA_Cloud_City_on_Venus.jpg/240px-NASA_Cloud_City_on_Venus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>NASA concept for crewed floating outpost on Venus, 2014</figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="display:block;font-size:1em;padding:0px"><div class="gallerytext" style="min-height:3.1em;width:127px;line-height:1.3em;padding:2px 6px 1px 6px;margin:0px;border:none;border-width:0px">NASA concept for crewed floating outpost on Venus, 2014 </div></td></tr></tbody></table><table style="width:140px;float:left;border-collapse:collapse;margin:3px"><tbody><tr><td style="height:110px;border:1px solid #CCCCCC;background-color:#F8F8F8;padding:0px;text-align:center"><figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:NanoSail-D_in_orbit_(artist_depiction).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="NASA concept for 2069 Alpha Centauri solar sail mission"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/NanoSail-D_in_orbit_%28artist_depiction%29.jpg/120px-NanoSail-D_in_orbit_%28artist_depiction%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/NanoSail-D_in_orbit_%28artist_depiction%29.jpg/180px-NanoSail-D_in_orbit_%28artist_depiction%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/NanoSail-D_in_orbit_%28artist_depiction%29.jpg/240px-NanoSail-D_in_orbit_%28artist_depiction%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3032" data-file-height="2006" /></a><figcaption>NASA concept for 2069 Alpha Centauri solar sail mission</figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="display:block;font-size:1em;padding:0px"><div class="gallerytext" style="min-height:3.1em;width:127px;line-height:1.3em;padding:2px 6px 1px 6px;margin:0px;border:none;border-width:0px">NASA concept for 2069 Alpha Centauri solar sail mission </div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="پڻ_ڏسو"><span id=".D9.BE.DA.BB_.DA.8F.D8.B3.D9.88"></span>پڻ ڏسو</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span 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style="border:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1); background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:inherit;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="Search Wikimedia Commons"><img alt="Search Wikimedia Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></td> <td class="mbox-text" style=""> <small>وڪيميڊيا العام ۾ <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:NASA" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:NASA">ناسا </a></b></i> سان لاڳاپيل ابلاغي مواد ڏسو. </small> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <table class="metadata plainlinks mbox-small" style="border:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1); background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:inherit;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="Search sister project"><img alt="Search sister project" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Wikimedia-logo.svg/40px-Wikimedia-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Wikimedia-logo.svg/60px-Wikimedia-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Wikimedia-logo.svg/80px-Wikimedia-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></td> <td class="mbox-text" style=""> <a href="/wiki/%D9%88%DA%AA%D9%8A_%D9%82%D9%88%D9%84" title="وڪي قول">وڪي قول</a> ۾ <b><a 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href="/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%88%D8%A6%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%BD%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%86%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%BF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%BD%D9%8A_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84" title="ورچوئل انٽرنيشنل اٿارٽي فائل">وي آءِ اي ايف</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/146202023">146202023</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/%DA%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3_%DA%AA%D9%86%D9%BD%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84_%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="ڪانگريس ڪنٽرول نمبر لائبريري">ايل سي سي اين</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n78087581">n78087581</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A_%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88_%D8%B3%DA%83%D8%A7%DA%BB%D9%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="بين الاقوامي معياري نالو سڃاڻپ (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">آءِ ايس اين آءِ</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isni.org/isni/0000000449071619">0000 0004 4907 1619</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%B9%DA%AA%D8%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="واسطيدار اختياري عڪس (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">جي اين ڊي</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/2294-9">2294-9</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=LIBRIS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LIBRIS (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">SELIBR</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//libris.kb.se/auth/123881">123881</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%BD%D9%8A_%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A_%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="يونيورسٽي دستاويزي نظام (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">ايس يو ڊي او سي</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.idref.fr/027773299">027773299</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3_%D8%AC%D9%8A_%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%86%D9%84_%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="فرانس جي نيشنل لائبريري (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">بي اين ايف</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11868484t">cb11868484t</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11868484t">(data)</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=BIBSYS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BIBSYS (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">BIBSYS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ask.bibsys.no/ask/action/result?cmd=&kilde=biblio&cql=bs.autid+%3D+7052330&feltselect=bs.autid">7052330</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_List_of_Artist_Names&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Union List of Artist Names (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">يو ايل اي اين</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500265440">500265440</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B2%DA%AA%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ميوزڪبرينز (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">ميوزڪبرينز</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//musicbrainz.org/artist/7e779bc3-c034-468b-9cc2-b3d99ad50cfd">7e779bc3-c034-468b-9cc2-b3d99ad50cfd</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Diet_Library&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Diet Library (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">اين ڊي ايل</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00276299">00276299</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AC%D9%87%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7_%DA%86%D9%8A%DA%AA_%D8%AC%D9%8A_%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%86%D9%84_%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="جهموريا چيڪ جي نيشنل لائبريري (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">اين ڪي سي</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kn20010711417&CON_LNG=ENG">kn20010711417</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biblioteca Nacional de España (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">بي اين اي</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX148293">XX148293</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=CiNii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CiNii (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">CiNii</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA0256551X?l=en">DA0256551X</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="حوالا"><span id=".D8.AD.D9.88.D8.A7.D9.84.D8.A7"></span>حوالا</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7&action=edit&section=18" title="هيءُ حصو ترميميو: حوالا"><span>سنواريو</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230324094555/https://www.planetary.org/space-policy/nasas-fy-2023-budget">"NASA's FY 2023 Budget"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Planetary_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Planetary Society (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">The Planetary Society</a></i>. وقت March 24, 2023 تي <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.planetary.org/space-policy/nasas-fy-2023-budget">اصل</a> کان آرڪائيو ٿيل<span class="reference-accessdate">. حاصل ڪيل <span class="nowrap">July 27,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsd.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7&rft.atitle=NASA%27s+FY+2023+Budget&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Planetary+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.planetary.org%2Fspace-policy%2Fnasas-fy-2023-budget&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%AF:%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B31_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%B1%D8%B2#parameter_ignored" class="mw-redirect" title="مدد:سي ايس1 ايررز">مدد</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140220005256/http://www.centennialofflight.net/essay/Evolution_of_Technology/NACA/Tech1.htm">"The National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA)"</a>. <i>web.archive.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. حاصل ڪيل <span class="nowrap">2024-09-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsd.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7&rft.atitle=The+National+Advisory+Committee+for+Aeronautics+%28NACA%29&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=web.archive.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20140220005256%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.centennialofflight.net%2Fessay%2FEvolution_of_Technology%2FNACA%2FTech1.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.planetary.org/space-policy/nasas-fy-2023-budget">"NASA's FY 2023 Budget"</a>. <i>The Planetary Society</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. حاصل ڪيل <span class="nowrap">2024-09-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsd.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7&rft.atitle=NASA%27s+FY+2023+Budget&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Planetary+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.planetary.org%2Fspace-policy%2Fnasas-fy-2023-budget&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shufunews.com/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85-%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7-%D8%AA%D8%B7%D9%84%D9%82-%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%88-%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC/">"اليوم… ناسا تطلق مركبة الفضاء كرو دراجون"</a>. <i>Shufu News</i> (ٻولي ۾ Arabic)<span class="reference-accessdate">. حاصل ڪيل <span class="nowrap">2024-09-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsd.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7&rft.atitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85%A6+%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7+%D8%AA%D8%B7%D9%84%D9%82+%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A1+%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%88+%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Shufu+News&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fshufunews.com%2F%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%258A%25D9%2588%25D9%2585-%25D9%2586%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B3%25D8%25A7-%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B7%25D9%2584%25D9%2582-%25D9%2585%25D8%25B1%25D9%2583%25D8%25A8%25D8%25A9-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2581%25D8%25B6%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A1-%25D9%2583%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588-%25D8%25AF%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AC%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto2-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-auto2_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230505075936/https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/naca_to_nasa_to_now_tagged.pdf">"Naca to Nasa to Now – The frontiers of air and space in the American century"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. وقت May 5, 2023 تي <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/naca_to_nasa_to_now_tagged.pdf">اصل</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> کان آرڪائيو ٿيل<span class="reference-accessdate">. حاصل ڪيل <span class="nowrap">June 8,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsd.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7&rft.btitle=Naca+to+Nasa+to+Now+%93+The+frontiers+of+air+and+space+in+the+American+century&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fatoms%2Ffiles%2Fnaca_to_nasa_to_now_tagged.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%AF:%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B31_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%B1%D8%B2#parameter_ignored" class="mw-redirect" title="مدد:سي ايس1 ايررز">مدد</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-auto_6-0">6.00</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-auto_6-1">6.01</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-auto_6-2">6.02</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-auto_6-3">6.03</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-auto_6-4">6.04</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-auto_6-5">6.05</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-auto_6-6">6.06</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-auto_6-7">6.07</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-auto_6-8">6.08</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-auto_6-9">6.09</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-auto_6-10">6.10</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-auto_6-11">6.11</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-auto_6-12">6.12</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-auto_6-13">6.13</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-auto_6-14">6.14</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-auto_6-15">6.15</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-auto_6-16">6.16</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-auto_6-17">6.17</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-auto_6-18">6.18</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-auto_6-19">6.19</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-auto_6-20">6.20</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-auto_6-21">6.21</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-auto_6-22">6.22</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-auto_6-23">6.23</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-auto_6-24">6.24</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-auto_6-25">6.25</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-auto_6-26">6.26</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-auto_6-27">6.27</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-auto_6-28">6.28</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-auto_6-29">6.29</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-auto_6-30">6.30</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-auto_6-31">6.31</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230505075936/https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/naca_to_nasa_to_now_tagged.pdf">"Naca to Nasa to Now – The frontiers of air and space in the American century"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. وقت May 5, 2023 تي <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/naca_to_nasa_to_now_tagged.pdf">اصل</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> کان آرڪائيو ٿيل<span class="reference-accessdate">. حاصل ڪيل <span class="nowrap">June 8,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsd.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7&rft.btitle=Naca+to+Nasa+to+Now+%93+The+frontiers+of+air+and+space+in+the+American+century&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fatoms%2Ffiles%2Fnaca_to_nasa_to_now_tagged.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%AF:%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B31_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%B1%D8%B2#parameter_ignored" class="mw-redirect" title="مدد:سي ايس1 ايررز">مدد</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Avilla, Aeryn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spaceflighthistories.com/post/man-in-space-soonest">"Wild Blue Yonder: USAF's Man In Space Soonest"</a>. <i>SpaceflightHistories</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. حاصل ڪيل <span class="nowrap">2024-05-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsd.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7&rft.atitle=Wild+Blue+Yonder%3A+USAF%27s+Man+In+Space+Soonest&rft.aufirst=Aeryn&rft.aulast=Avilla&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SpaceflightHistories&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spaceflighthistories.com%2Fpost%2Fman-in-space-soonest&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Grimwood, James M. (February 13, 2006). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spacemedicineassociation.org/videos/Project%20Mercury-A%20Chronology-NASA%20SP-4001.pdf">Project Mercury – A Chronology</a>". <i>NASA Office of Scientific and Technical Information</i>: 44, 45<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://spacemedicineassociation.org/videos/Project%20Mercury-A%20Chronology-NASA%20SP-4001.pdf">https://spacemedicineassociation.org/videos/Project%20Mercury-A%20Chronology-NASA%20SP-4001.pdf</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Project+Mercury+%E2%80%93+A+Chronology&rft.jtitle=NASA+Office+of+Scientific+and+Technical+Information&rft.aulast=Grimwood&rft.aufirst=James+M.&rft.au=Grimwood%2C%26%2332%3BJames+M.&rft.date=February+13%2C+2006&rft.pages=44%2C+45&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspacemedicineassociation.org%2Fvideos%2FProject%2520Mercury-A%2520Chronology-NASA%2520SP-4001.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Gabriel, Angeli. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxweather.com/earth-space/on-this-day-alan-shepard-first-american-space">"On this day in 1961: First American astronaut goes to space"</a>. <i>Fox Weather</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. حاصل ڪيل <span class="nowrap">2024-05-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsd.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7&rft.atitle=On+this+day+in+1961%3A+First+American+astronaut+goes+to+space&rft.aufirst=Angeli&rft.aulast=Gabriel&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fox+Weather&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxweather.com%2Fearth-space%2Fon-this-day-alan-shepard-first-american-space&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Richard, Witkin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/library/national/science/nasa/022162sci-nasa-witkin.html">"Glenn Orbits Earth 3 Times Safely"</a>. <i>archive.nytimes.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. حاصل ڪيل <span class="nowrap">2024-05-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsd.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7&rft.atitle=Glenn+Orbits+Earth+3+Times+Safely&rft.aufirst=Witkin&rft.aulast=Richard&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archive.nytimes.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.nytimes.com%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Flibrary%2Fnational%2Fscience%2Fnasa%2F022162sci-nasa-witkin.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Elizabeth Howell. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.space.com/24520-gordon-cooper.html">"Gordon Cooper: Record-Setting Astronaut in Mercury & Gemini Programs"</a>. <i>Space.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. حاصل ڪيل <span class="nowrap">2024-05-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsd.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7&rft.atitle=Gordon+Cooper%3A+Record-Setting+Astronaut+in+Mercury+%26+Gemini+Programs&rft.au=Elizabeth+Howell&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Space.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2F24520-gordon-cooper.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://airandspace.si.edu/collection-objects/north-american-x-15/nasm_A19690360000">"North American X-15 | National Air and Space Museum"</a>. <i>airandspace.si.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. حاصل ڪيل <span class="nowrap">2024-05-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsd.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7&rft.atitle=North+American+X-15+%7C+National+Air+and+Space+Museum&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=airandspace.si.edu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fairandspace.si.edu%2Fcollection-objects%2Fnorth-american-x-15%2Fnasm_A19690360000&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nmspacemuseum.org/inductee/james-e-webb/">"James E. Webb"</a>. <i>New Mexico Museum of Space History</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. حاصل ڪيل <span class="nowrap">2024-05-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsd.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7&rft.atitle=James+E.+Webb&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Mexico+Museum+of+Space+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nmspacemuseum.org%2Finductee%2Fjames-e-webb%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Ketterer, Samantha. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.houstonchronicle.com/news/houston-texas/space/article/JFK-Rice-moon-speech-anniversary-space-exploration-17430937.php">JFK's moon speech at Rice Stadium was 60 years ago. Has the U.S. lived up to it?</a>" (en ۾). <i>Houston Chronicle</i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.houstonchronicle.com/news/houston-texas/space/article/JFK-Rice-moon-speech-anniversary-space-exploration-17430937.php">https://www.houstonchronicle.com/news/houston-texas/space/article/JFK-Rice-moon-speech-anniversary-space-exploration-17430937.php</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=JFK%27s+moon+speech+at+Rice+Stadium+was+60+years+ago.+Has+the+U.S.+lived+up+to+it%3F&rft.jtitle=Houston+Chronicle&rft.aulast=Ketterer&rft.aufirst=Samantha&rft.au=Ketterer%2C%26%2332%3BSamantha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.houstonchronicle.com%2Fnews%2Fhouston-texas%2Fspace%2Farticle%2FJFK-Rice-moon-speech-anniversary-space-exploration-17430937.php&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Karl Tate. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.space.com/29549-how-nasa-gemini-spacecraft-worked-infographic.html">"How NASA's Gemini Spacecraft Worked (Infographic)"</a>. <i>Space.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. حاصل ڪيل <span class="nowrap">2024-05-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsd.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7&rft.atitle=How+NASA%27s+Gemini+Spacecraft+Worked+%28Infographic%29&rft.au=Karl+Tate&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Space.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2F29549-how-nasa-gemini-spacecraft-worked-infographic.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-20181221-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT-20181221_16-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dennis_Overbye&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dennis Overbye (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Overbye, Dennis</a> (December 21, 2018). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/21/science/earthrise-moon-apollo-nasa.html">Apollo 8's Earthrise: The Shot Seen Round the World – Half a century ago today, a photograph from the moon helped humans rediscover Earth.</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/21/science/earthrise-moon-apollo-nasa.html">https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/21/science/earthrise-moon-apollo-nasa.html</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Apollo+8%27s+Earthrise%3A+The+Shot+Seen+Round+the+World+%E2%80%93+Half+a+century+ago+today%2C+a+photograph+from+the+moon+helped+humans+rediscover+Earth.&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BThe+New+York+Times%5D%5D&rft.aulast=Overbye&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft.au=Overbye%2C%26%2332%3BDennis&rft.date=December+21%2C+2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F12%2F21%2Fscience%2Fearthrise-moon-apollo-nasa.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-20181224a-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT-20181224a_17-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Boulton, Matthew Myer; Heithaus, Joseph (December 24, 2018). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/24/opinion/earth-space-christmas-eve-apollo-8.html">We Are All Riders on the Same Planet – Seen from space 50 years ago, Earth appeared as a gift to preserve and cherish. What happened?</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/24/opinion/earth-space-christmas-eve-apollo-8.html">https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/24/opinion/earth-space-christmas-eve-apollo-8.html</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=We+Are+All+Riders+on+the+Same+Planet+%E2%80%93+Seen+from+space+50+years+ago%2C+Earth+appeared+as+a+gift+to+preserve+and+cherish.+What+happened%3F&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BThe+New+York+Times%5D%5D&rft.aulast=Boulton&rft.aufirst=Matthew+Myer&rft.au=Boulton%2C%26%2332%3BMatthew+Myer&rft.au=Heithaus%2C%26%2332%3BJoseph&rft.date=December+24%2C+2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F12%2F24%2Fopinion%2Fearth-space-christmas-eve-apollo-8.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-20181224b-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT-20181224b_18-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Widmer, Ted (December 24, 2018). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/24/opinion/plato-earth-christmas-eve-apollo-8.html">What Did Plato Think the Earth Looked Like? – For millenniums, humans have tried to imagine the world in space. Fifty years ago, we finally saw it.</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/24/opinion/plato-earth-christmas-eve-apollo-8.html">https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/24/opinion/plato-earth-christmas-eve-apollo-8.html</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=What+Did+Plato+Think+the+Earth+Looked+Like%3F+%E2%80%93+For+millenniums%2C+humans+have+tried+to+imagine+the+world+in+space.+Fifty+years+ago%2C+we+finally+saw+it.&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BThe+New+York+Times%5D%5D&rft.aulast=Widmer&rft.aufirst=Ted&rft.au=Widmer%2C%26%2332%3BTed&rft.date=December+24%2C+2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F12%2F24%2Fopinion%2Fplato-earth-christmas-eve-apollo-8.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/mariner-program/mars-mariner-missions/">"Mars Mariner Missions – NASA Science"</a>. <i>science.nasa.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. حاصل ڪيل <span class="nowrap">2024-05-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsd.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7&rft.atitle=Mars+Mariner+Missions+%93+NASA+Science&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=science.nasa.gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscience.nasa.gov%2Fmission%2Fmariner-program%2Fmars-mariner-missions%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://i4is.org/the-mariner-program/">"The Mariner program"</a>. <i>i4is.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. حاصل ڪيل <span class="nowrap">2024-05-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsd.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7&rft.atitle=The+Mariner+program&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=i4is.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fi4is.org%2Fthe-mariner-program%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Couch, Inez. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://payloadspace.com/60-years-since-mariner-2s-venus-flyby/">"60 Years Since Mariner 2's Venus Flyby"</a>. <i>Payload</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. حاصل ڪيل <span class="nowrap">2024-05-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsd.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7&rft.atitle=60+Years+Since+Mariner+2%27s+Venus+Flyby&rft.aufirst=Inez&rft.aulast=Couch&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Payload&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpayloadspace.com%2F60-years-since-mariner-2s-venus-flyby%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lasp.colorado.edu/missions/mariner-5/">"Mariner 5"</a>. <i>Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. حاصل ڪيل <span class="nowrap">2024-05-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsd.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7&rft.atitle=Mariner+5&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Laboratory+for+Atmospheric+and+Space+Physics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flasp.colorado.edu%2Fmissions%2Fmariner-5%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Atkinson, Stuart. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.astronomy.com/space-exploration/sojourner-nasas-first-mars-rover/">"Sojourner: NASA's first Mars rover | Astronomy.com"</a>. <i>Astronomy Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. حاصل ڪيل <span class="nowrap">2024-05-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsd.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7&rft.atitle=Sojourner%3A+NASA%27s+first+Mars+rover+%7C+Astronomy.com&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft.aulast=Atkinson&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Astronomy+Magazine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.astronomy.com%2Fspace-exploration%2Fsojourner-nasas-first-mars-rover%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Yuhas, Alan (2015-05-01). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2015/apr/30/nasa-messenger-spacecraft-mercury-crash">Crash course: Nasa Messenger spacecraft completes four-year mission to Mercury</a>" (en-GB ۾). <i>The Guardian</i>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2015/apr/30/nasa-messenger-spacecraft-mercury-crash">https://www.theguardian.com/science/2015/apr/30/nasa-messenger-spacecraft-mercury-crash</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Crash+course%3A+Nasa+Messenger+spacecraft+completes+four-year+mission+to+Mercury&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.aulast=Yuhas&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft.au=Yuhas%2C%26%2332%3BAlan&rft.date=2015-05-01&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fscience%2F2015%2Fapr%2F30%2Fnasa-messenger-spacecraft-mercury-crash&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.planetary.org/space-missions/voyager">"The Voyager missions"</a>. <i>The Planetary Society</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. حاصل ڪيل <span class="nowrap">2024-05-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsd.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7&rft.atitle=The+Voyager+missions&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Planetary+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.planetary.org%2Fspace-missions%2Fvoyager&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Elizabeth Howell. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.space.com/18632-galileo-spacecraft.html">"Spacecraft Galileo: To Jupiter and Its Moons"</a>. <i>Space.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. حاصل ڪيل <span class="nowrap">2024-05-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsd.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7&rft.atitle=Spacecraft+Galileo%3A+To+Jupiter+and+Its+Moons&rft.au=Elizabeth+Howell&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Space.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2F18632-galileo-spacecraft.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.technologyreview.com/2021/06/16/1026473/best-worlds-extraterrestrial-life-solar-system-ranked/">"The best places to find extraterrestrial life in our solar system, ranked"</a>. <i>MIT Technology Review</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. حاصل ڪيل <span class="nowrap">2024-05-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsd.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7&rft.atitle=The+best+places+to+find+extraterrestrial+life+in+our+solar+system%2C+ranked&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MIT+Technology+Review&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.technologyreview.com%2F2021%2F06%2F16%2F1026473%2Fbest-worlds-extraterrestrial-life-solar-system-ranked%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.wisc.edu/reaching-for-the-stars/">"Reaching for the stars: 50 years of space astronomy"</a>. <i>news.wisc.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. حاصل ڪيل <span class="nowrap">2024-05-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsd.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7&rft.atitle=Reaching+for+the+stars%3A+50+years+of+space+astronomy&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=news.wisc.edu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.wisc.edu%2Freaching-for-the-stars%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Hubble_overview">"Hubble overview"</a>. <i>www.esa.int</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. حاصل ڪيل <span class="nowrap">2024-05-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsd.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7&rft.atitle=Hubble+overview&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.esa.int&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.esa.int%2FScience_Exploration%2FSpace_Science%2FHubble_overview&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.skyatnightmagazine.com/space-missions/wmap-cosmic-microwave-background">"WMAP: the NASA mission that mapped the cosmic microwave background"</a>. <i>www.skyatnightmagazine.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. حاصل ڪيل <span class="nowrap">2024-05-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsd.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7&rft.atitle=WMAP%3A+the+NASA+mission+that+mapped+the+cosmic+microwave+background&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.skyatnightmagazine.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.skyatnightmagazine.com%2Fspace-missions%2Fwmap-cosmic-microwave-background&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Specktor, Andrew MayContributions from Brandon; updated, Mindy Weisberger last. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livescience.com/james-webb-space-telescope">"James Webb Space Telescope: Origins, design and mission objectives"</a>. <i>livescience.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. حاصل ڪيل <span class="nowrap">2024-05-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsd.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7&rft.atitle=James+Webb+Space+Telescope%3A+Origins%2C+design+and+mission+objectives&rft.au=updated%2C+Mindy+Weisberger+last&rft.aufirst=Andrew+MayContributions+from+Brandon&rft.aulast=Specktor&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=livescience.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livescience.com%2Fjames-webb-space-telescope&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://airandspace.si.edu/collection-objects/meteorological-satellite-tiros/nasm_A19650289000">"TIROS Meteorological Satellite | National Air and Space Museum"</a>. <i>airandspace.si.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. حاصل ڪيل <span class="nowrap">2024-05-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsd.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7&rft.atitle=TIROS+Meteorological+Satellite+%7C+National+Air+and+Space+Museum&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=airandspace.si.edu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fairandspace.si.edu%2Fcollection-objects%2Fmeteorological-satellite-tiros%2Fnasm_A19650289000&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spaceline.org/united-states-manned-space-flight/space-shuttle-program-history/">"SPACE SHUTTLE PROGRAM HISTORY | Spaceline"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. حاصل ڪيل <span class="nowrap">2024-05-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsd.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7&rft.btitle=SPACE+SHUTTLE+PROGRAM+HISTORY+%7C+Spaceline&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spaceline.org%2Funited-states-manned-space-flight%2Fspace-shuttle-program-history%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Corp, Pelmorex. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theweathernetwork.com/en/news/science/space/this-day-in-weather-history-april-12-1981-usa-first-shuttle-launch">"Remembering Columbia's inaugural flight – NASA's first space shuttle launch"</a>. <i>The Weather Network</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. حاصل ڪيل <span class="nowrap">2024-05-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsd.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7&rft.atitle=Remembering+Columbia%27s+inaugural+flight+%93+NASA%27s+first+space+shuttle+launch&rft.aufirst=Pelmorex&rft.aulast=Corp&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Weather+Network&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theweathernetwork.com%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fscience%2Fspace%2Fthis-day-in-weather-history-april-12-1981-usa-first-shuttle-launch&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">McKelvie, Elizabeth HowellContributions from Callum; published, Vicky Stein. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.space.com/18084-space-shuttle-challenger.html">"Challenger: Shuttle Disaster That Changed NASA"</a>. <i>Space.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. حاصل ڪيل <span class="nowrap">2024-05-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsd.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7&rft.atitle=Challenger%3A+Shuttle+Disaster+That+Changed+NASA&rft.au=published%2C+Vicky+Stein&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+HowellContributions+from+Callum&rft.aulast=McKelvie&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Space.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2F18084-space-shuttle-challenger.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-8732(94)90049-3">NASA and Russian space agency agree additional space shuttle/MIR missions</a>". <i>COSPAR Information Bulletin</i> <b>1994</b> (129): 37–38. April 1994. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0045-8732%2894%2990049-3">10.1016/0045-8732(94)90049-3</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0045-8732">0045-8732</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Bibcode</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994CIBu..129S..37.">1994CIBu..129S..37.</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-8732(94)90049-3">http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-8732(94)90049-3</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=NASA+and+Russian+space+agency+agree+additional+space+shuttle%2FMIR+missions&rft.jtitle=COSPAR+Information+Bulletin&rft.date=April+1994&rft.volume=1994&rft.issue=129&rft.pages=37%E2%80%9338&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2F0045-8732%2894%2990049-3&rft_id=info:bibcode/1994CIBu..129S..37.&rft.issn=0045-8732&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1016%2F0045-8732%2894%2990049-3&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Wattles, Jackie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2024/04/13/world/columbia-space-shuttle-disaster-nasa-scn/index.html">"How the Columbia disaster changed the future of spaceflight"</a>. <i>CNN</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. حاصل ڪيل <span class="nowrap">2024-05-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsd.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7&rft.atitle=How+the+Columbia+disaster+changed+the+future+of+spaceflight&rft.aufirst=Jackie&rft.aulast=Wattles&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2024%2F04%2F13%2Fworld%2Fcolumbia-space-shuttle-disaster-nasa-scn%2Findex.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Leary, Warren E. (1993-06-08). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1993/06/08/science/fate-of-space-station-is-in-doubt-as-all-options-exceed-cost-goals.html">Fate of Space Station Is in Doubt As All Options Exceed Cost Goals</a>" (en-US ۾). <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1993/06/08/science/fate-of-space-station-is-in-doubt-as-all-options-exceed-cost-goals.html">https://www.nytimes.com/1993/06/08/science/fate-of-space-station-is-in-doubt-as-all-options-exceed-cost-goals.html</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Fate+of+Space+Station+Is+in+Doubt+As+All+Options+Exceed+Cost+Goals&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.aulast=Leary&rft.aufirst=Warren+E.&rft.au=Leary%2C%26%2332%3BWarren+E.&rft.date=1993-06-08&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1993%2F06%2F08%2Fscience%2Ffate-of-space-station-is-in-doubt-as-all-options-exceed-cost-goals.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1993/11/05/us-proposes-space-merger-with-russia/88a4b85e-ade1-4f53-9cf3-df97a5be891d/">U.S. PROPOSES SPACE MERGER WITH RUSSIA</a>" (en-US ۾). <i>Washington Post</i>. 2024-01-05. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1993/11/05/us-proposes-space-merger-with-russia/88a4b85e-ade1-4f53-9cf3-df97a5be891d/">https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1993/11/05/us-proposes-space-merger-with-russia/88a4b85e-ade1-4f53-9cf3-df97a5be891d/</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=U.S.+PROPOSES+SPACE+MERGER+WITH+RUSSIA&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.date=2024-01-05&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fpolitics%2F1993%2F11%2F05%2Fus-proposes-space-merger-with-russia%2F88a4b85e-ade1-4f53-9cf3-df97a5be891d%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna3950099">"Bush sets 'new course' for moon and beyond"</a>. <i>NBC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. حاصل ڪيل <span class="nowrap">2024-05-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsd.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7&rft.atitle=Bush+sets+%27new+course%27+for+moon+and+beyond&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fid%2Fwbna3950099&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Bergin, Chris. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2006/01/x-33venturestar-what-really-happened/">"X-33/VentureStar – What really happened"</a>. <i>NASASpaceFlight.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. حاصل ڪيل <span class="nowrap">2024-05-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsd.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7&rft.atitle=X-33%2FVentureStar+%93+What+really+happened&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft.aulast=Bergin&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASASpaceFlight.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasaspaceflight.com%2F2006%2F01%2Fx-33venturestar-what-really-happened%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto3-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-auto3_42-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230505075936/https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/naca_to_nasa_to_now_tagged.pdf">"Naca to Nasa to Now – The frontiers of air and space in the American century"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. وقت May 5, 2023 تي <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/naca_to_nasa_to_now_tagged.pdf">اصل</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> کان آرڪائيو ٿيل<span class="reference-accessdate">. حاصل ڪيل <span class="nowrap">June 8,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsd.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7&rft.btitle=Naca+to+Nasa+to+Now+%93+The+frontiers+of+air+and+space+in+the+American+century&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fatoms%2Ffiles%2Fnaca_to_nasa_to_now_tagged.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%AF:%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B31_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%B1%D8%B2#parameter_ignored" class="mw-redirect" title="مدد:سي ايس1 ايررز">مدد</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Mann, Adam; Harvey, Ailsa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417175557/https://www.space.com/artemis-program.html">"NASA's Artemis program: Everything you need to know"</a>. <i>Space.com</i>. وقت April 17, 2021 تي <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.space.com/artemis-program.html">اصل</a> کان آرڪائيو ٿيل<span class="reference-accessdate">. حاصل ڪيل <span class="nowrap">June 8,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsd.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7&rft.atitle=NASA%27s+Artemis+program%3A+Everything+you+need+to+know&rft.au=Harvey%2C+Ailsa&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft.aulast=Mann&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Space.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2Fartemis-program.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%AF:%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B31_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%B1%D8%B2#parameter_ignored" class="mw-redirect" title="مدد:سي ايس1 ايررز">مدد</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200516053058/https://www.nasa.gov/specials/artemis-accords/index.html">"NASA: Artemis Accords"</a>. <i>NASA</i>. وقت May 16, 2020 تي <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/specials/artemis-accords/index.html">اصل</a> کان آرڪائيو ٿيل<span class="reference-accessdate">. حاصل ڪيل <span class="nowrap">June 8,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsd.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7&rft.atitle=NASA%3A+Artemis+Accords&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fspecials%2Fartemis-accords%2Findex.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%AF:%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B31_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%B1%D8%B2#parameter_ignored" class="mw-redirect" title="مدد:سي ايس1 ايررز">مدد</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/new-program-office-leads-nasas-path-forward-for-moon-mars/">"New Program Office Leads NASA's Path Forward for Moon, Mars – NASA"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. حاصل ڪيل <span class="nowrap">2024-05-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsd.wikipedia.org%3A%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7&rft.btitle=New+Program+Office+Leads+NASA%27s+Path+Forward+for+Moon%2C+Mars+%93+NASA&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fnews-release%2Fnew-program-office-leads-nasas-path-forward-for-moon-mars%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <p><br /><span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="sd" dir="rtl">حوالي جي چڪ: "note" نالي جي حوالن جي لاءِ ٽيگ <code><ref></code> آهن، پر لاڳاپيل ٽيگ <code><references group="note"/></code> نہ مليو</span> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">"<a dir="ltr" href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ناسا&oldid=292079">https://sd.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ناسا&oldid=292079</a>" تان ورتل</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="خاص:زمرا">زمرا</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%88:%D8%A7%DA%BE%D9%8A_%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AD%D8%A7_%D8%AC%D9%8A%DA%AA%D9%8A_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%86%D9%86_%D8%AC%D9%8A_%D8%B3%DA%8F%D9%86_%DB%BE_%D9%BB%D9%BD%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84_%DA%AA%D9%86_%D9%BF%D8%A7" title="زمرو:اھي صفحا جيڪي سانچن جي سڏن ۾ ٻٽيون شيون استعمال ڪن ٿا">اھي صفحا جيڪي سانچن جي سڏن ۾ ٻٽيون شيون استعمال ڪن ٿا</a></li><li><a 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