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Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullet_time" title="Bullet time – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bullet time" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullet_Time" title="Bullet Time – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bullet Time" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiempo_bala" title="Tiempo bala – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tiempo bala" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A3%D8%AE%DB%8C%D8%B1_%DA%AF%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84%D9%87" title="تأخیر گلوله – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تأخیر گلوله" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullet_time" title="Bullet time – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bullet time" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B6%88%EB%A6%BF_%ED%83%80%EC%9E%84" title="불릿 타임 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="불릿 타임" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skott%C3%ADmi" title="Skottími – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Skottími" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullet_time" title="Bullet time – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bullet time" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%9E%D7%9F_%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A2" title="זמן קליע – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="זמן קליע" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullettime" title="Bullettime – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bullettime" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%83%AC%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A0" title="バレットタイム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バレットタイム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullet_time" title="Bullet time – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bullet time" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullet_time" title="Bullet time – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bullet time" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullet_time" title="Bullet time – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bullet time" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82-%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC" title="Буллет-тайм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Буллет-тайм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullet_time" title="Bullet time – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Bullet time" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullet-time" title="Bullet-time – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bullet-time" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mermi_zaman%C4%B1" title="Mermi zamanı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mermi zamanı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullet_time" title="Bullet time – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Bullet time" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullet_time" title="Bullet time – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bullet time" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%90%E5%BC%B9%E6%97%B6%E9%97%B4" title="子弹时间 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="子弹时间" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1004422#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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.hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the novel, see <a href="/wiki/Bullet_Time_(novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bullet Time (novel)">Bullet Time (novel)</a>.</div> <p><b>Bullet time</b> (also known as <b>frozen moment</b>, <b>dead time</b>, <b>flow motion</b> or <b>time slice</b>)<sup id="cite_ref-frozen_time_new_morph_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frozen_time_new_morph-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Visual_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Visual effect">visual effect</a> or visual impression of detaching the time and space of a camera (or viewer) from that of its visible subject. It is a depth enhanced <a href="/wiki/Simulation" title="Simulation">simulation</a> of variable-speed action and performance found in <a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">films</a>, broadcast advertisements, and <a href="/wiki/Realtime_graphics" class="mw-redirect" title="Realtime graphics">realtime graphics</a> within <a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">video games</a> and other special media. It is characterized by its extreme transformation of both time (slow enough to show normally imperceptible and unfilmable events, such as flying <a href="/wiki/Bullet" title="Bullet">bullets</a>), and of space (by way of the ability of the <a href="/wiki/Camera_angle" title="Camera angle">camera angle</a>—the audience's <a href="/wiki/Camera_angle" title="Camera angle">point-of-view</a>—to move around the scene at a normal speed while events are slowed). This is almost impossible with conventional <a href="/wiki/Slow_motion" title="Slow motion">slow motion</a>, as the physical camera would have to move implausibly fast; the concept implies that only a "<a href="/wiki/Virtual_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtual camera">virtual camera</a>", often illustrated within the confines of a computer-generated environment such as a <a href="/wiki/Virtual_world" title="Virtual world">virtual world</a> or <a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">virtual reality</a>, would be capable of "filming" bullet-time types of moments. Technical and historical variations of this effect have been referred to as time slicing, view <a href="/wiki/Morphing" title="Morphing">morphing</a>, <i>temps mort</i> (French: "dead time") and <a href="/wiki/Virtual_cinematography" title="Virtual cinematography">virtual cinematography</a>. </p><p>The term "bullet time" was first used with reference to the 1999 film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Matrix" title="The Matrix">The Matrix</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-guardian-sfx_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian-sfx-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later in reference to the slow motion effects in the 2001 video game <i><a href="/wiki/Max_Payne_(video_game)" title="Max Payne (video game)">Max Payne</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-max_payne_manual_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-max_payne_manual-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the years since the introduction of the term via the <i>Matrix</i> films it has become a commonly applied expression in popular culture. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bullet_time&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Animal_locomotion._Plate_522_(Boston_Public_Library).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Animal_locomotion._Plate_522_%28Boston_Public_Library%29.jpg/220px-Animal_locomotion._Plate_522_%28Boston_Public_Library%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Animal_locomotion._Plate_522_%28Boston_Public_Library%29.jpg/330px-Animal_locomotion._Plate_522_%28Boston_Public_Library%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Animal_locomotion._Plate_522_%28Boston_Public_Library%29.jpg/440px-Animal_locomotion._Plate_522_%28Boston_Public_Library%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2648" data-file-height="2624" /></a><figcaption>Muybridge <i><a href="/wiki/Animal_Locomotion" title="Animal Locomotion">Animal Locomotion</a></i> (1887) Plate 522. <i>A 97, jumping; B 98, hand-spring; C 98, somersault; D 99, Somersault; E 99, spring over man's back</i><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eadweard_Muybridge_Animal_Locomotion_Plate_172.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Eadweard_Muybridge_Animal_Locomotion_Plate_172.jpg/220px-Eadweard_Muybridge_Animal_Locomotion_Plate_172.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Eadweard_Muybridge_Animal_Locomotion_Plate_172.jpg/330px-Eadweard_Muybridge_Animal_Locomotion_Plate_172.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Eadweard_Muybridge_Animal_Locomotion_Plate_172.jpg/440px-Eadweard_Muybridge_Animal_Locomotion_Plate_172.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5679" data-file-height="2784" /></a><figcaption>Muybridge <i>Animal Locomotion. Plate 172. Model 12. Stepping up on a trestle; jumping down, turning</i></figcaption></figure> <p>The technique of using a group of still cameras to freeze motion occurred before the invention of cinema itself with preliminary work by <a href="/wiki/Eadweard_Muybridge" title="Eadweard Muybridge">Eadweard Muybridge</a> on <a href="/wiki/Chronophotography" title="Chronophotography">chronophotography</a>. In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Horse_in_Motion" title="The Horse in Motion">The Horse in Motion</a></i> (1878), Muybridge analyzed the motion of a galloping horse by using a line of cameras to photograph the animal as it ran past.<sup id="cite_ref-frozen_time_new_morph_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frozen_time_new_morph-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eadweard Muybridge used still <a href="/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">cameras</a> placed along a racetrack, and each camera was actuated by a taut string stretched across the track; as the horse galloped past, the camera shutters snapped, taking one frame at a time. Muybridge later assembled the pictures into a rudimentary <a href="/wiki/Animation" title="Animation">animation</a>, by having them traced onto a glass disk, rotating in a type of magic lantern with a stroboscopic shutter. This <a href="/wiki/Zoopraxiscope" title="Zoopraxiscope">zoopraxiscope</a> may have been an inspiration for <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a> to explore the idea of <a href="/wiki/Film#History" title="Film">motion pictures</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1878–1879, Muybridge made dozens of studies of foreshortenings of horses and athletes with five cameras capturing the same moment from different positions.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For his studies with the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a>, published as <i><a href="/wiki/Animal_Locomotion" title="Animal Locomotion">Animal Locomotion</a></i> (1887), Muybridge also took photos from six angles at the same instant, as well as series of 12 phases from three angles. </p><p>A debt may also be owed to <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a> professor <a href="/wiki/Harold_Eugene_Edgerton" class="mw-redirect" title="Harold Eugene Edgerton">Harold Edgerton</a>, who, in the 1940s, captured now-iconic photos of bullets using xenon strobe lights to "freeze" motion.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bullet-time as a concept was frequently developed in <a href="/wiki/Traditional_animation" title="Traditional animation">cel animation</a>. One of the earliest examples is the shot at the end of the title sequence for the 1966 <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japanese</a> <a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">anime</a> series <i><a href="/wiki/Speed_Racer" title="Speed Racer">Speed Racer</a></i>: as Speed leaps from the <a href="/wiki/Mach_Five" title="Mach Five">Mach Five</a>, he freezes in mid-jump, and then the "camera" does an arc shot from front to sideways. </p><p>In 1980, Tim Macmillan started producing pioneering film and later, video,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in this field while studying for a BA at the (then named) <a href="/wiki/Bath_School_of_Art_and_Design" title="Bath School of Art and Design">Bath Academy of Art</a> using 16mm film arranged in a progressing circular arrangement of pinhole cameras. They were the first iteration of the <span style="padding-right:.15em;">"</span>'Time-Slice' Motion-Picture Array Cameras" which he developed in the early 1990s when still cameras for the array capable of high image quality for broadcast and movie applications became available. In 1997 he founded Time-Slice Films Ltd. (UK).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He applied the technique to his artistic practice in a video projection, titled <i>Dead Horse</i><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in an ironic reference to Muybridge, that was exhibited at the London Electronic Arts Gallery in 1998 and in 2000 was nominated for the Citibank Prize for photography.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another precursor of the bullet-time technique was "Midnight Mover", a 1985 <a href="/wiki/Accept_(band)" title="Accept (band)">Accept</a> video.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this video, Academy Award winning special effects director <a href="/wiki/Zbigniew_Rybczy%C5%84ski" title="Zbigniew Rybczyński">Zbigniew Rybczynski</a> mounted thirteen 16mm film cameras on a specially constructed hexagonal rig that encircled the performers. The resulting footage was meticulously edited to create the illusion of the band members spinning in place while moving in real time. In the 1990s, a morphing-based<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> variation on time-slicing was employed by director <a href="/wiki/Michel_Gondry" title="Michel Gondry">Michel Gondry</a> and the visual effects company <a href="/wiki/BUF_Compagnie" title="BUF Compagnie">BUF Compagnie</a> in the music video for <a href="/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones" title="The Rolling Stones">The Rolling Stones</a>' "<a href="/wiki/Like_A_Rolling_Stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Like A Rolling Stone">Like A Rolling Stone</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-frozen_time_new_morph_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frozen_time_new_morph-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BUF-rolling_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BUF-rolling-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in a 1996 <a href="/wiki/Smirnoff" title="Smirnoff">Smirnoff</a> commercial the effect was used to depict slow-motion bullets being dodged.<sup id="cite_ref-BUF-smirnoff_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BUF-smirnoff-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar time-slice effects were also featured in commercials for <a href="/wiki/Gap_(clothing_retailer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gap (clothing retailer)">The Gap</a><sup id="cite_ref-guardian-sfx_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian-sfx-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (which was directed by M. Rolston and again produced by BUF),<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in feature films such as <i><a href="/wiki/Lost_in_Space_(film)" title="Lost in Space (film)">Lost in Space</a></i> (1998)<sup id="cite_ref-frozen_time_new_morph_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frozen_time_new_morph-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_%2766" title="Buffalo '66">Buffalo '66</a></i> (1998)<sup id="cite_ref-guardian-sfx_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian-sfx-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the television program <i><a href="/wiki/The_Human_Body_(TV_series)" title="The Human Body (TV series)">The Human Body</a></i>. </p><p>It is well-established for feature films' action scenes to be depicted using slow-motion footage, for example the gunfights in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wild_Bunch" title="The Wild Bunch">The Wild Bunch</a></i> (directed by <a href="/wiki/Sam_Peckinpah" title="Sam Peckinpah">Sam Peckinpah</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Heroic_bloodshed" title="Heroic bloodshed">heroic bloodshed</a> films of <a href="/wiki/John_Woo" title="John Woo">John Woo</a>. Subsequently, the 1998 film <i><a href="/wiki/Blade_(1998_film)" title="Blade (1998 film)">Blade</a></i> featured a scene that used computer-generated bullets and slow-motion footage to illustrate characters' superhuman bullet-dodging reflexes. The 1999 film <i>The Matrix</i> combined these elements (gunfight action scenes, superhuman bullet-dodging, and time-slice effects), popularizing both the effect and the term "bullet-time". <i>The Matrix</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> version of the effect was created by <a href="/wiki/John_Gaeta" title="John Gaeta">John Gaeta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manex_Visual_Effects" title="Manex Visual Effects">Manex Visual Effects</a>. Rigs of still cameras were set up in patterns determined by simulations,<sup id="cite_ref-guardian-sfx_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian-sfx-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and then shot either simultaneously (producing an effect similar to previous time-slice scenes) or sequentially (which added a temporal element to the effect). <a href="/wiki/Interpolation" title="Interpolation">Interpolation</a> effects, digital compositing, and computer-generated "virtual" scenery were used to improve the fluidity of the apparent camera motion. Gaeta said of <i>The Matrix</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> use of the effect: </p> <blockquote><p>For artistic inspiration for bullet time, I would credit <a href="/wiki/Otomo_Katsuhiro" class="mw-redirect" title="Otomo Katsuhiro">Otomo Katsuhiro</a>, who co-wrote and directed <i><a href="/wiki/Akira_(1988_film)" title="Akira (1988 film)">Akira</a></i>, which definitely blew me away, along with director <a href="/wiki/Michel_Gondry" title="Michel Gondry">Michel Gondry</a>. His music videos experimented with a different type of technique called view-morphing and it was just part of the beginning of uncovering the creative approaches toward using still cameras for special effects. Our technique was significantly different because we built it to move around objects that were themselves in motion, and we were also able to create slow-motion events that 'virtual cameras' could move around – rather than the static action in Gondry's music videos with limited camera moves.<sup id="cite_ref-gaeta-empire_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gaeta-empire-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Following <i>The Matrix</i>, bullet time and other slow-motion effects were featured as key gameplay mechanics in various <a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">video games</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While some games like <a href="/wiki/Cyclone_Studios" title="Cyclone Studios">Cyclone Studios</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/Requiem:_Avenging_Angel" title="Requiem: Avenging Angel">Requiem: Avenging Angel</a></i>, released in March 1999, featured slow-motion effects,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Remedy_Entertainment" title="Remedy Entertainment">Remedy Entertainment</a>'s 2001 video game <i><a href="/wiki/Max_Payne_(video_game)" title="Max Payne (video game)">Max Payne</a></i> is considered to be the first true implementation of a bullet-time effect that enables the player to have added limited control (such as aiming and shooting) during the slow-motion mechanic; this mechanic was explicitly called "Bullet Time" in the game.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mechanic is also used extensively in the <i><a href="/wiki/F.E.A.R._(series)" class="mw-redirect" title="F.E.A.R. (series)">F.E.A.R.</a></i> series, combining it with squad-based enemy design encouraging the player to use bullet time to avoid being overwhelmed.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bullet time was used for the first time in a <a href="/wiki/Concert" title="Concert">live music</a> environment in October 2009 for <a href="/wiki/Creed_(band)" title="Creed (band)">Creed</a>'s live DVD <i><a href="/wiki/Creed_Live" title="Creed Live">Creed Live</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The popular science television program, <i><a href="/wiki/Time_Warp_(TV_series)" title="Time Warp (TV series)">Time Warp</a></i>, used high speed camera techniques to examine everyday occurrences and singular talents, including breaking glass, bullet trajectories and their impact effects. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technology">Technology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bullet_time&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Camera_setup_for_bullet_time.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Camera_setup_for_bullet_time.jpg/220px-Camera_setup_for_bullet_time.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Camera_setup_for_bullet_time.jpg/330px-Camera_setup_for_bullet_time.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Camera_setup_for_bullet_time.jpg/440px-Camera_setup_for_bullet_time.jpg 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="299" /></a><figcaption>A row of small cameras set up to film a "bullet time" effect</figcaption></figure> <p>The bullet time effect was originally achieved photographically by a set of <a href="/wiki/Still_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Still camera">still cameras</a> surrounding the subject. The cameras are fired sequentially, or all at the same time, depending on the desired effect. Single frames from each camera are then arranged and displayed consecutively to produce an orbiting viewpoint of an action frozen in time or as hyper-<a href="/wiki/Slow-motion" class="mw-redirect" title="Slow-motion">slow-motion</a>. This technique suggests the limitless perspectives and variable frame rates possible with a virtual camera. However, if the still array process is done with real cameras, it is often limited to assigned paths. </p><p>In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Matrix" title="The Matrix">The Matrix</a></i>, the camera path was pre-designed using computer-generated visualizations as a guide. Cameras were arranged, behind a green or blue screen, on a track and aligned through a laser targeting system, forming a complex curve through space. The cameras were then triggered at extremely close intervals, so the action continued to unfold, in extreme slow-motion, while the viewpoint moved. Additionally, the individual frames were scanned for computer processing. Using sophisticated <a href="/wiki/Interpolation" title="Interpolation">interpolation</a> software, extra frames could be inserted to slow down the action further and improve the fluidity of the movement (especially the <a href="/wiki/Frame_rate" title="Frame rate">frame rate</a> of the images); frames could also be dropped to speed up the action. This approach provides greater flexibility than a purely photographic one. The same effect can also be simulated using pure <a href="/wiki/3D_computer_graphics" title="3D computer graphics">CGI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Motion_capture" title="Motion capture">motion capture</a> and other approaches. </p><p>Bullet time evolved further through <i>The Matrix</i> series with the introduction of high-definition computer-generated approaches like virtual cinematography and universal capture. Universal capture, a machine vision guided system, was the first ever motion picture deployment of an array of high definition cameras focused on a common human subject (actor, Neo) in order to create a <a href="/wiki/Volumetric_photography" class="mw-redirect" title="Volumetric photography">volumetric photography</a>. Like the concept of bullet time, the subject could be viewed from any angle yet, at the same time, the depth based media could be recomposed as well as spatially integrated within computer-generated constructs. It moved past a visual concept of a virtual camera to becoming an actual virtual camera. Virtual elements within the Matrix Trilogy utilized state-of-the-art image-based computer rendering techniques pioneered in <a href="/wiki/Paul_Debevec" title="Paul Debevec">Paul Debevec</a>'s 1997 film <i>The Campanile</i> and custom evolved for <i>The Matrix</i> by George Borshukov, an early collaborator of Debevec. Inspiration aside, virtual camera methodologies pioneered within the <i>Matrix</i> trilogy have been often credited as fundamentally contributing to capture approaches required for emergent virtual reality and other immersive experience platforms. </p><p>For many years, it has been possible to use <a href="/wiki/Computer_vision" title="Computer vision">computer vision</a> techniques to capture scenes and render images of novel viewpoints sufficient for bullet time type effects. More recently, these have been formalized into what is becoming known as <a href="/wiki/Free_viewpoint_television" title="Free viewpoint television">free viewpoint television</a> (FTV). At the time of <i>The Matrix</i>, FTV was not a fully <a href="/wiki/Mature_technology" title="Mature technology">mature technology</a>. FTV is effectively the live action version of bullet time, without the slow motion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bullet_time&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Time-lapse_photography" title="Time-lapse photography">Time-lapse photography</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bullet_time&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-frozen_time_new_morph-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-frozen_time_new_morph_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-frozen_time_new_morph_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-frozen_time_new_morph_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-frozen_time_new_morph_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFArgy2001" class="citation magazine cs1">Argy, Stephanie (21 January 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://variety.com/2001/film/awards/frozen-f-x-still-in-action-1117792382/">"Frozen f/x still in action: There's less love for morph"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Variety_(magazine)" title="Variety (magazine)">Variety</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120403015704/http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117792382?refCatId=2400">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Variety&rft.atitle=Frozen+f%2Fx+still+in+action%3A+There%27s+less+love+for+morph&rft.date=2001-01-21&rft.aulast=Argy&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvariety.com%2F2001%2Ffilm%2Fawards%2Ffrozen-f-x-still-in-action-1117792382%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABullet+time" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guardian-sfx-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-guardian-sfx_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guardian-sfx_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guardian-sfx_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guardian-sfx_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen1999" class="citation news cs1">Green, Dave (June 5, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/film/1999/jun/05/features2">"Better than SFX"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191223102908/https://www.theguardian.com/film/1999/jun/05/features2">Archived</a> from the original on December 23, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 18,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Better+than+SFX&rft.date=1999-06-05&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ffilm%2F1999%2Fjun%2F05%2Ffeatures2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABullet+time" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-max_payne_manual-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-max_payne_manual_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Max Payne: Official Police Dossier (game manual)</i>. The Game World: Bullet Time. PC CD ROM version. 2001. p. 19. <q>When pressed into a tight spot, Max can activate Bullet Time, which will slow the action around him, while allowing him to aim his weapons in real-time. This ... even allows Max to dodge oncoming bullets.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Max+Payne%3A+Official+Police+Dossier+%28game+manual%29&rft.series=PC+CD+ROM+version&rft.pages=19&rft.date=2001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABullet+time" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ign.com/articles/2001/07/27/max-payne-8">"Max Payne"</a>. <i>IGN</i>. 27 July 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090813025534/http://uk.pc.ign.com/articles/161/161645p1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2009-08-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-07-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IGN&rft.atitle=Max+Payne&rft.date=2001-07-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ign.com%2Farticles%2F2001%2F07%2F27%2Fmax-payne-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABullet+time" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuybridgeUniversity_of_Pennsylvania1887" class="citation book cs1">Muybridge, Eadweard; University of Pennsylvania (1887). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/cu31924024580353"><i>Animal locomotion : an electro-photographic investigation of consecutive phases of animal movements : prospectus and catalogue of plates</i></a>. Cornell University Library. Philadelphia : Printed by J.B. Lippincott company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Animal+locomotion+%3A+an+electro-photographic+investigation+of+consecutive+phases+of+animal+movements+%3A+prospectus+and+catalogue+of+plates&rft.pub=Philadelphia+%3A+Printed+by+J.B.+Lippincott+company&rft.date=1887&rft.aulast=Muybridge&rft.aufirst=Eadweard&rft.au=University+of+Pennsylvania&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924024580353&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABullet+time" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHendricks1961" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Hendricks" title="Gordon Hendricks">Hendricks, Gordon</a> (1961). <i>The Edison Motion Picture Myth</i>. Berkeley, California: University of California Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Edison+Motion+Picture+Myth&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+California&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Hendricks&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABullet+time" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/2009631258/">"Horses. Running"</a>. <i>Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-08-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress%2C+Washington%2C+D.C.+20540+USA&rft.atitle=Horses.+Running&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fitem%2F2009631258%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABullet+time" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edgerton-digital-collections.org/techniques/high-speed-photography">"High Speed Camera"</a>. Edgerton Digital Collections. 2009-11-28. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100207035431/http://edgerton-digital-collections.org/techniques/high-speed-photography">Archived</a> from the original on 2010-02-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-11-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=High+Speed+Camera&rft.pub=Edgerton+Digital+Collections&rft.date=2009-11-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedgerton-digital-collections.org%2Ftechniques%2Fhigh-speed-photography&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABullet+time" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Video of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vimeo.com/6165108">Tim Macmillan Early Work 1980–1994</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100125175830/http://vimeo.com/6165108">Archived</a> 2010-01-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> on Vimeo</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rehak, B. (2007). "The migration of forms: Bullet time as microgenre". <i>Film Criticism</i>, 32(1), 26–48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Galloway, Alexander R. 2014. "Polygraphic Photography and the Origins of 3-D Animation". In <i>Animating Film Theory</i>, edited by Karen Beckman, p.67, n.17. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The British Journal of Photography (Archive: 1860–2005), 145(7283), 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020215044049/http://wolfhoffmann.com/html/metalheart.html">"Accept Remembered – Discography – Metal Heart"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wolfhoffmann.com/html/metalheart.html">the original</a> on 15 February 2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Accept+Remembered+%E2%80%93+Discography+%E2%80%93+Metal+Heart&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwolfhoffmann.com%2Fhtml%2Fmetalheart.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABullet+time" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThill,_Scott" class="citation web cs1">Thill, Scott. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.morphizm.com/recommends/interviews/gondry_block.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'How My Brain Works': An Interview with Michel Gondry"</a>. <i>Morphizm.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130122143933/http://www.morphizm.com/recommends/interviews/gondry_block.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-01-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-07-30</span></span>. <q>Like with The Rolling Stones' video for "Like a Rolling Stone", which is already ten years old. I used morphing in a different way than it was used at the time.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Morphizm.com&rft.atitle=%27How+My+Brain+Works%27%3A+An+Interview+with+Michel+Gondry&rft.au=Thill%2C+Scott&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.morphizm.com%2Frecommends%2Finterviews%2Fgondry_block.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABullet+time" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BUF-rolling-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BUF-rolling_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buf.com/tv.php?id=573&display=movie&year=1995&type=VideoClip">"BUF"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BUF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.buf.com%2Ftv.php%3Fid%3D573%26display%3Dmovie%26year%3D1995%26type%3DVideoClip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABullet+time" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BUF-smirnoff-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BUF-smirnoff_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buf.com/tv.php?id=141&display=movie&year=1996&type=Commercial">"BUF"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BUF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.buf.com%2Ftv.php%3Fid%3D141%26display%3Dmovie%26year%3D1996%26type%3DCommercial&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABullet+time" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130118194251/http://www.buf.com/tv.php?id=176&display=gallery&year=1998&type=Commercial">"BUF"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buf.com/tv.php?id=176&display=gallery&year=1998&type=Commercial">the original</a> on January 18, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BUF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.buf.com%2Ftv.php%3Fid%3D176%26display%3Dgallery%26year%3D1998%26type%3DCommercial&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABullet+time" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gaeta-empire-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gaeta-empire_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"200 Things That Rocked Our World: Bullet Time". <i><a href="/wiki/Empire_(magazine)" title="Empire (magazine)">Empire</a></i> (200). <a href="/wiki/EMAP" class="mw-redirect" title="EMAP">EMAP</a>: 136. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+videogame+history+of+bullet-time&rft.pub=GamesRadar&rft.date=2010-09-01&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=Will&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamesradar.com%2Fa-videogame-history-of-bullet-time%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABullet+time" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gamespot.com/requiem-avenging-angel/reviews/requiem-avenging-angel-review-2532785/">"Requiem: Avenging Angel Review"</a>. Gamespot. April 25, 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120901180353/http://www.gamespot.com/requiem-avenging-angel/reviews/requiem-avenging-angel-review-2532785/">Archived</a> from the original on September 1, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 7,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Requiem%3A+Avenging+Angel+Review&rft.pub=Gamespot&rft.date=1999-04-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamespot.com%2Frequiem-avenging-angel%2Freviews%2Frequiem-avenging-angel-review-2532785%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABullet+time" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoveridge2016" class="citation web cs1">Loveridge, Sam (July 23, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.digitalspy.com/gaming/feature/a801996/15-things-you-didnt-know-about-max-payne/">"15 things you didn't know about Max Payne"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Digital_Spy" title="Digital Spy">Digital Spy</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180110205916/http://www.digitalspy.com/gaming/feature/a801996/15-things-you-didnt-know-about-max-payne/">Archived</a> from the original on January 10, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 9,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Digital+Spy&rft.atitle=15+things+you+didn%27t+know+about+Max+Payne&rft.date=2016-07-23&rft.aulast=Loveridge&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.digitalspy.com%2Fgaming%2Ffeature%2Fa801996%2F15-things-you-didnt-know-about-max-payne%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABullet+time" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurford2013" class="citation web cs1">Burford, GB (5 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kotaku.com/the-remarkable-achievements-of-a-game-called-f-e-a-r-1789604106">"The Remarkable Achievements Of A Game Called F.E.A.R."</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Kotaku" title="Kotaku">Kotaku</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161203150936/http://kotaku.com/the-remarkable-achievements-of-a-game-called-f-e-a-r-1789604106">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kotaku&rft.atitle=The+Remarkable+Achievements+Of+A+Game+Called+F.E.A.R.&rft.date=2013-01-05&rft.aulast=Burford&rft.aufirst=GB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkotaku.com%2Fthe-remarkable-achievements-of-a-game-called-f-e-a-r-1789604106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABullet+time" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100110105612/http://www.guitarworld.com/article/creed_announce_first_live_dvd">"Creed Announce First Live DVD"</a>. <i>Guitar World</i>. November 24, 2009. 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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Matrix:_Original_Motion_Picture_Score" title="The Matrix: Original Motion Picture Score">score</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Matrix:_Music_from_the_Motion_Picture" title="The Matrix: Music from the Motion Picture">soundtrack</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Matrix_Reloaded" title="The Matrix Reloaded">The Matrix Reloaded</a></i> (2003) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Matrix_Reloaded:_Limited_Edition" title="The Matrix Reloaded: Limited Edition">score</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Matrix_Reloaded:_The_Album" title="The Matrix Reloaded: The Album">soundtrack</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Matrix_Revolutions" title="The Matrix Revolutions">The Matrix Revolutions</a></i> (2003) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Matrix_Revolutions_(score)" title="The Matrix Revolutions (score)">score</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Matrix_Revolutions_(soundtrack)" title="The Matrix Revolutions (soundtrack)">soundtrack</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Matrix_Resurrections" title="The Matrix Resurrections">The Matrix Resurrections</a></i> (2021) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Matrix_Resurrections_(soundtrack)" title="The Matrix Resurrections (soundtrack)">score</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Matrix_Revisited" title="The Matrix Revisited">The Matrix Revisited</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Animatrix" title="The Animatrix">The Animatrix</a></i> (2003)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fictional universe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Matrix_series_characters" title="List of Matrix series characters">Characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agent_(The_Matrix)" title="Agent (The Matrix)">Agents</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agent_Smith" title="Agent Smith">Smith</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keymaker" title="Keymaker">Keymaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morpheus_(The_Matrix)" title="Morpheus (The Matrix)">Morpheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo_(The_Matrix)" title="Neo (The Matrix)">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niobe_(The_Matrix)" title="Niobe (The Matrix)">Niobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Oracle_(The_Matrix)" title="The Oracle (The Matrix)">Oracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persephone_(The_Matrix)" title="Persephone (The Matrix)">Persephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_(The_Matrix)" title="Trinity (The Matrix)">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twins_(The_Matrix)" title="Twins (The Matrix)">Twins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bullet time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrix_digital_rain" title="Matrix digital rain">Digital rain</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_(The_Matrix)" title="Nebuchadnezzar (The Matrix)">Nebuchadnezzar</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_pill_and_blue_pill" title="Red pill and blue pill">Red pill and blue pill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zion_(The_Matrix)" title="Zion (The Matrix)">Zion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Video games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Enter_the_Matrix" title="Enter the Matrix">Enter the Matrix</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Matrix_Online" title="The Matrix Online">Online</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Matrix:_Path_of_Neo" title="The Matrix: Path of Neo">Path of Neo</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Matrix_Awakens" title="The Matrix Awakens">Awakens</a></i> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_accolades_received_by_The_Matrix_film_series" title="List of accolades received by The Matrix film series">Accolades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrix_defense" title="Matrix defense"><i>Matrix</i> defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrixism" title="Matrixism">Matrixism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsung_SPH-N270" title="Samsung SPH-N270">Samsung SPH-N270</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Matrix_Comics" title="The Matrix Comics">The Matrix Comics</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Meatrix" title="The Meatrix">The Meatrix</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Official_Matrix_Exhibit" title="The Official Matrix Exhibit">The Official Matrix Exhibit</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MultiVersus" title="MultiVersus">MultiVersus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Max_Payne" title="Template:Max Payne"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Max_Payne" title="Template talk:Max Payne"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Max_Payne" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Max Payne"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Max_Payne" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i><a href="/wiki/Max_Payne" title="Max Payne">Max Payne</a></i></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Max_Payne_(video_game)" title="Max Payne (video game)">Max Payne</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Max_Payne_2:_The_Fall_of_Max_Payne" title="Max Payne 2: The Fall of Max Payne">Max Payne 2: The Fall of Max Payne</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Max_Payne_3" title="Max Payne 3">Max Payne 3</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Characters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Max_Payne_(character)" title="Max Payne (character)">Max Payne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mona_Sax" title="Mona Sax">Mona Sax</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Max_Payne_(film)" title="Max Payne (film)">Film</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Late_Goodbye" title="Late Goodbye">Late Goodbye</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td 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