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Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BA_(%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0)" title="Жалезны воўк (Літва) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Жалезны воўк (Літва)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BA" title="Жалезны воўк – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Жалезны воўк" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llop_de_Ferro" title="Llop de Ferro – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llop de Ferro" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jernulven" title="Jernulven – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Jernulven" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiserner_Wolf" title="Eiserner Wolf – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Eiserner Wolf" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gele%C5%BEinis_Vilkas" title="Geležinis Vilkas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Geležinis Vilkas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loups_de_Fer" title="Loups de Fer – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Loups de Fer" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupi_di_Ferro" title="Lupi di Ferro – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lupi di Ferro" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzelzs_Vilks_(organiz%C4%81cija)" title="Dzelzs Vilks (organizācija) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dzelzs Vilks (organizācija)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gele%C5%BEinis_Vilkas_(organizacija)" title="Geležinis Vilkas (organizacija) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Geležinis Vilkas (organizacija)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/IJzeren_Wolf_(organisatie)" title="IJzeren Wolf (organisatie) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="IJzeren Wolf (organisatie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%89%84%E3%81%AE%E7%8B%BC" title="鉄の狼 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="鉄の狼" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BBelazny_Wilk" title="Żelazny Wilk – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Żelazny Wilk" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA_(%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0)" title="Железный волк (Литва) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Железный волк (Литва)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA_(%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0)" title="Залізний вовк (Литва) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Залізний вовк (Литва)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%93%81%E7%8B%BC_(%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87)" title="铁狼 (组织) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="铁狼 (组织)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1313550#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Iron_Wolf_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Iron Wolf (disambiguation)">Iron Wolf (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Augustinas_Voldemaras.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Augustinas_Voldemaras.jpg/220px-Augustinas_Voldemaras.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Augustinas_Voldemaras.jpg/330px-Augustinas_Voldemaras.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Augustinas_Voldemaras.jpg/440px-Augustinas_Voldemaras.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2262" data-file-height="2883" /></a><figcaption>Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Augustinas_Voldemaras" title="Augustinas Voldemaras">Augustinas Voldemaras</a>, chief of Iron Wolf</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Iron Wolf</b> (<a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a>: <i lang="lt">Geležinis Vilkas</i>) was a semi-official Lithuanian militarized organization active in 1928–1930, led by Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Augustinas_Voldemaras" title="Augustinas Voldemaras">Augustinas Voldemaras</a>. Established at the end of 1927 by the ruling <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Nationalist_Union" title="Lithuanian Nationalist Union">Lithuanian Nationalist Union</a> to help suppress its opposition, it was inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Blackshirts" title="Blackshirts">Blackshirts</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Italian_Fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Fascism">Italian fascist</a> organization. The organization was secret; it was officially a sports union from May 1928. The organization spied on its political opponents, engaged in limited physical coercion, and launched propaganda initiatives. It had more than 4,000 members. </p><p>When Voldemaras was removed as Prime Minister in September 1929, <a href="/wiki/Antanas_Smetona" title="Antanas Smetona">Antanas Smetona</a> attempted to install his men. When that failed, the organization was officially closed on 24 May 1930. However, supporters of Voldemaras remained active and became known as <i><a href="/wiki/Voldemarininkai" title="Voldemarininkai">Voldemarininkai</a></i> ("Voldemarians", "Voldemarists"). They planned several anti-Smetona coups, became increasingly sympathetic to <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a>, and often collaborated with Nazis during the <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Lithuania_during_World_War_II" title="German occupation of Lithuania during World War II">German occupation of Lithuania</a>. Iron Wolf was briefly reestablished in 1941 to support the pro-Nazi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithuanian_Nationalist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lithuanian Nationalist Party (page does not exist)">Lithuanian Nationalist Party</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lietuvi%C5%B3_nacionalist%C5%B3_partija" class="extiw" title="lt:Lietuvių nacionalistų partija">lt</a>]</span>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Establishment_and_organization">Establishment and organization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_Wolf_(organization)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Establishment and organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable floatright"> <caption>Iron Wolf membership as of 1 June 1929<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetronis2018229_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetronis2018229-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>By profession</th> <th>Number</th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <td>Farmers</td> <td>1,631</td> <td>39.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Government employees</td> <td>1,024</td> <td>24.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Police employees</td> <td>551</td> <td>13.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Students</td> <td>523</td> <td>12.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Craftsmen</td> <td>192</td> <td>4.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Workers</td> <td>98</td> <td>2.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Others</td> <td>145</td> <td>3.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>By age</th> <th>Number</th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <td>Under 21</td> <td>418</td> <td>10% </td></tr> <tr> <td>21 to 40</td> <td>3,426</td> <td>82.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Over 40</td> <td>320</td> <td>7.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>By military service</th> <th>Number</th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <td>Reserve officers</td> <td>194</td> <td>4.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Reserve soldiers</td> <td>2,126</td> <td>51% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Active military</td> <td>15</td> <td>0.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td>No military</td> <td>1,829</td> <td>43.9% </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total</th> <th>4,164</th> <th>100% </th></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Nationalist_Union" title="Lithuanian Nationalist Union">Lithuanian Nationalist Union</a> came to power as a result of the <a href="/wiki/1926_Lithuanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1926 Lithuanian coup d'état">December 1926 coup d'état</a>. Two unsuccessful counter-coups were staged in 1927, one in March by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Juozas_Pajaujis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juozas Pajaujis (page does not exist)">Juozas Pajaujis</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juozas_Pajaujis" class="extiw" title="lt:Juozas Pajaujis">lt</a>]</span> and another in September (see <a href="/wiki/Taurag%C4%97_Revolt" title="Tauragė Revolt">Tauragė Revolt</a>). Thus, the nationalists felt insecure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetronis2018221_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetronis2018221-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iron Wolf, named after the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Wolf_(character)" title="Iron Wolf (character)">howling iron wolf</a> featured in the legend on the founding of <a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a>, was established to help the new regime fight its opponents. The organization was officially established on 8 January 1928 though preparations started few months earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetronis2018221_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetronis2018221-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Blackshirts" title="Blackshirts">Blackshirts</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Italian_Fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Fascism">Italian fascist</a> organization loyal to <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetronis2013105,_110,_113,_119_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetronis2013105,_110,_113,_119-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially, Iron Wolf was a secret organization. On 26 May 1928, it established the Iron Wolf Sports Union, chaired by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jonas_Pyragius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jonas Pyragius (page does not exist)">Jonas Pyragius</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Pyragius" class="extiw" title="lt:Jonas Pyragius">lt</a>]</span>, which became its public <a href="/wiki/Front_organization" title="Front organization">front organization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetronis2013108_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetronis2013108-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the only militarized sports club in <a href="/wiki/Interwar_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Interwar Lithuania">interwar Lithuania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetronis2018223_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetronis2018223-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The secret organization, to distinguish it from the legal sports union, was referred to as the National Defense of Lithuania "Iron Wolf" (<span title="Lithuanian-language text"><i lang="lt">Lietuvos tautinė apsauga "Geležinis vilkas"</i></span>) or simply Defense (<span title="Lithuanian-language text"><i lang="lt">Apsauga</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetronis2013107_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetronis2013107-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite secrecy, existence of Iron Wolf became known.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetronis2018223_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetronis2018223-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While its chief was Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Augustinas_Voldemaras" title="Augustinas Voldemaras">Augustinas Voldemaras</a>, the organization was headed by the Supreme Staff (<span title="Lithuanian-language text"><i lang="lt">Vyriausiasis štabas</i></span>) commanded by Algirdas Sliesoraitis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudis2018_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudis2018-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The structure of Iron Wolf was based on military order and hierarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetronis2018222_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetronis2018222-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The organization attracted police officers, soldiers, government employees as well as students and teachers. In January 1929, it had about 3,500 members and 1,500 candidates divided into 252 groups.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudis2018_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudis2018-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By June 1, it grew to 4,164 members.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetronis2018229_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetronis2018229-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iron Wolf was funded from the special government funds by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Interior_(Lithuania)" title="Ministry of the Interior (Lithuania)">Ministry of the Interior</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetronis2013111_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetronis2013111-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its motto was "Nation's honor and State's prosperity" (<span title="Lithuanian-language text"><i lang="lt">Tautos garbė, valstybės gerovė</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetronis2018222_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetronis2018222-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Activities">Activities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_Wolf_(organization)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Members of Iron Wolf were assigned one of three main tasks: </p> <ul><li>activist (taking verbal or physical action when ordered)</li> <li>spying (report on private conversations and infiltrate other organizations),</li> <li>propaganda (openly propagate Iron Wolf's ideology).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetronis2018226_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetronis2018226-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_of_force">Use of force</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_Wolf_(organization)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Use of force"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The members collected information about the political opponents of the new regime and the overall situation and mood of the general public. The reports were forwarded to the Supreme Staff, which decided on further actions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetronis2018224_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetronis2018224-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If called, the members were supposed to help the Lithuanian Nationalist Union suppress protests, coups, or other anti-government disturbances.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudis2018_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudis2018-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Detail plans were drawn up on rapid response to threats; in this regard Iron Wolf duplicated the functions of the police and the military.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetronis2018227_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetronis2018227-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It does not appear that these plans were used in practice except, perhaps, on 6 May 1929 when suspects were apprehended after an unsuccessful assassination attempt against Voldemaras.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetronis2018228_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetronis2018228-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Members of Iron Wolf used intimidation tactics against political opponents. However, very little is known about the violent activities of Iron Wolf as most of these records were destroyed when the organization was liquidated in 1930.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetronis2018228_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetronis2018228-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetronis2013118_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetronis2013118-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They patrolled city streets, followed activists, on occasion engaged in public scuffles, particularly with members of national minorities (Poles and Jews).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetronis2013117_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetronis2013117-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is no evidence that Iron Wolf murdered anyone.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetronis2018234_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetronis2018234-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Iron Wolf was suspected of kidnapping and torturing newspaper editor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazys_Brid%C5%BEius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kazys Bridžius (page does not exist)">Kazys Bridžius</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazys_Brid%C5%BEius" class="extiw" title="lt:Kazys Bridžius">lt</a>]</span> in August 1928.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetronis2013116_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetronis2013116-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bridžius refused to submit a complaint to the police and resigned; the newspaper <i>Momentas</i> (Moment) was taken over by members of Iron Wolf.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetronis2018230_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetronis2018230-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early 1929, a group of Iron Wolf members vandalized Jewish store signs in <a href="/wiki/Kaunas" title="Kaunas">Kaunas</a>; this was done without approval from superiors and the perpetrators were threatened with disciplinary sanctions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudis2006_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudis2006-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of incidents increased after the May 1929 assassination attempt on Voldemaras.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetronis2018228,_230_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetronis2018228,_230-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Supreme Staff lost control of some of the more extreme members and started purging the ranks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetronis2018228_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetronis2018228-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most serious incident occurred during the night from 1 to 2 August 1929 in the <a href="/wiki/Vilijampol%C4%97" title="Vilijampolė">Vilijampolė</a> district of <a href="/wiki/Kaunas" title="Kaunas">Kaunas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudis2006_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudis2006-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetronis2018230_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetronis2018230-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the day, communists organized a protest and the police arrested 81 people, including 76 Jews. During the night, several men (officially identified as members of the <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Riflemen%27s_Union" title="Lithuanian Riflemen's Union">Lithuanian Riflemen's Union</a>) started patrolling the streets and asking Jews for identification documents.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudis2006_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudis2006-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Jews refused, the men started beating every passing Jew. Next morning, 30 Jews submitted a complaint to the police. Initially, the official press of the Lithuanian Nationalist Union defended and excused the perpetrators. But later they were condemned and 17 men were tried in May 1932. Twelve of them were sentenced to prison for two to nine months.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudis2006_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudis2006-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Iron Wolf was not mentioned in any proceedings, behind the scenes Minister of the Interior <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ignas_Musteikis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ignas Musteikis (page does not exist)">Ignas Musteikis</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignas_Musteikis" class="extiw" title="lt:Ignas Musteikis">lt</a>]</span> blamed leaders of Iron Wolf for the failure to contain their men.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudis2006_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudis2006-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetronis2018230_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetronis2018230-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Iron Wolf developed a strategy for dealing with its political opponents. Together with the police and other authorities, members of Iron Wolf searched and apprehended members of openly anti-government organizations (e.g. members of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Lithuania" title="Communist Party of Lithuania">Communist Party of Lithuania</a> or the so-called <i><a href="/wiki/Ple%C4%8Dkaitininkai" title="Plečkaitininkai">Plečkaitininkai</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetronis2018226_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetronis2018226-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Members of the popular and influential <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Christian_Democratic_Party" title="Lithuanian Christian Democratic Party">Lithuanian Christian Democratic Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Popular_Peasants%27_Union" title="Lithuanian Popular Peasants' Union">Lithuanian Popular Peasants' Union</a> were recruited to join organizations established by nationalists – the Lithuanian Catholic Union (<span title="Lithuanian-language text"><i lang="lt">Lietuvos katalikų sąjunga</i></span>) and the Lithuanian Farmers Unity (<span title="Lithuanian-language text"><i lang="lt">Lietuvos ūkininkų vienybė</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetronis2018226_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetronis2018226-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nationalists did not establish an organization to siphon members of the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Lithuania" title="Social Democratic Party of Lithuania">Social Democratic Party of Lithuania</a> as very few members of Iron Wolf were workers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetronis2018227_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetronis2018227-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Propaganda_and_indoctrination">Propaganda and indoctrination</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_Wolf_(organization)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Propaganda and indoctrination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Iron Wolf emphasized and demanded absolute obedience from its members.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetronis2013111,_116_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetronis2013111,_116-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iron Wolf declared itself to be an apolitical organization – it did not have a political program and only stood active guard against anti-government threats. However, very quickly leaders of Iron Wolf developed their own ideology that rejected <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a> for radicalism and <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudis2006_19-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudis2006-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Members were required to promote the ideas of Iron Wolf – participate in pro-government gatherings, publish articles, etc. – to create an illusion of the popular support to the new regime. Its propaganda efforts were referred to as the <i>wolfization</i> (<span title="Lithuanian-language text"><i lang="lt">suvilkinimas</i></span>) of the society.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetronis2018223–224_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetronis2018223–224-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1928 to December 1929, Iron Wolf published its periodical <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tautos_kelias&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tautos kelias (page does not exist)">Tautos kelias</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tautos_kelias" class="extiw" title="lt:Tautos kelias">lt</a>]</span></i> (Path of the Nation) twice a month. In total, 84 issues were published.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETapinas1997507_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETapinas1997507-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was a lot more radical than other periodicals published by the Lithuanian Nationalist Union.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudis2006_19-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudis2006-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this periodical, Iron Wolf did not defend that it was <a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">chauvinist</a> but rejected any accusations that it was <a href="/wiki/Anti-Semitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Semitic">anti-Semitic</a>. In its internal documents, Iron Wolf prohibited any excesses against the Jews but worked on a program to reduce Jewish economic influence and to support Lithuanian-owned businesses (i.e. to "free Lithuanians from economic subjugation by the Jews").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudis2006_19-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudis2006-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Tautos kelias</i> published some articles exposing corruption or lack of patriotism based on secret reports submitted to the Supreme Staff. The newspaper was sued several times for publishing false information and slander.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetronis2018224_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetronis2018224-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The members were mandated to join the <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Riflemen%27s_Union" title="Lithuanian Riflemen's Union">Lithuanian Riflemen's Union</a> which had somewhat similar goals of creating a people's militia. Joining the riflemen allowed members to acquire and practice weapons without raising suspicion. Eventually, Iron Wolf planned to infiltrate the riflemen and "cleanse" it of "ideologically unreliable" personnel.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetronis2013108_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetronis2013108-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iron Wolf promoted sports, particularly those that were related to military preparedness. Special attention was paid to <a href="/wiki/Shooting_sports" title="Shooting sports">shooting sports</a> and weapons instruction. Iron Wolf hired military instructors and requisitioned three <a href="/wiki/Machine_gun" title="Machine gun">machine guns</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetronis2013114_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetronis2013114-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Starting in fall 1928, Iron Wolf started creating sections of the sports union in various schools to recruit youth into the organization. When Iron Wolf sections were blocked by legal obstacles, the organization worked with school groups organized by <a href="/wiki/Young_Lithuania" title="Young Lithuania">Young Lithuania</a>, the youth branch of the Lithuanian Nationalist Union.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetronis2013112_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetronis2013112-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 1929, Minister of Education <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konstantinas_%C5%A0akenis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konstantinas Šakenis (page does not exist)">Konstantinas Šakenis</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantinas_%C5%A0akenis" class="extiw" title="lt:Konstantinas Šakenis">lt</a>]</span> approved school curriculum on military preparedness and removed legal obstacles for Iron Wolf to organize student groups.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetronis2013113_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetronis2013113-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In parallel, Iron Wolf worked to infiltrate and "cleanse" Dr. <a href="/wiki/Jonas_Basanavi%C4%8Dius" title="Jonas Basanavičius">Jonas Basanavičius</a> Nationalist Teachers' Union and to remove "non-patriotic" teachers from schools.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetronis2018224–225_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetronis2018224–225-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disestablishment">Disestablishment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_Wolf_(organization)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Disestablishment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Iron Wolf was loyal to Voldemaras and there were rumors that he might use it to oust President <a href="/wiki/Antanas_Smetona" title="Antanas Smetona">Antanas Smetona</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetronis2018231_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetronis2018231-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smetona acted first and removed Voldemaras as Prime Minister on 19 September 1929. Smetona demanded Sliesoraitis' resignation, but he refused and Iron Wolf split into two – those loyal to Smetona and those loyal to Voldemaras. Supporters of Voldemaras were persecuted and went underground; many other members resigned.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetronis2018231_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetronis2018231-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 30 November 1930, the office of the Supreme Staff was bombed, giving Smetona an impetus for a full-scale prosecution of Voldemaras supporters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetronis2018232_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetronis2018232-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Lithuanian Nationalist Union installed new commanders, Kazys Matulevičius and Brunonas Štencelis,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudis2018_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudis2018-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who attempted to cleanse and reorganize the severely reduced organization. <i>Tautos kelias</i> was renamed to <i>Mūsų tautos kelias</i> (Path of Our Nation). However, the organization was in total disarray and was officially closed on 24 May 1930.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetronis2018232_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetronis2018232-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sports union was disbanded on 7 November 1930.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetronis2013118_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetronis2013118-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The old Iron Wolf loyal to Voldemaras continued as an underground group known as <a href="/wiki/Voldemarininkai" title="Voldemarininkai">Voldemarininkai</a>. In 1934, its members <a href="/wiki/1934_Lithuanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1934 Lithuanian coup d'état attempt">attempted a failed <i>coup d'état</i></a> against President Smetona. Voldemaras was imprisoned, but was released in 1938 and emigrated to France. Nevertheless, Voldemarininkai continued to be active. They reestablished Iron Wolf after <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Lithuania_during_World_War_II" title="German occupation of Lithuania during World War II">Lithuania was occupied by Germany</a> in 1941. It was supposed to be similar to Nazi <a href="/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">SA</a> or <a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">SS</a> and support the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithuanian_Nationalist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lithuanian Nationalist Party (page does not exist)">Lithuanian Nationalist Party</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lietuvi%C5%B3_nacionalist%C5%B3_partija" class="extiw" title="lt:Lietuvių nacionalistų partija">lt</a>]</span> (Lithuanian equivalent to the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnezys2000_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnezys2000-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the party was officially closed in December 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrandišauskas2019_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandišauskas2019-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_Wolf_(organization)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetronis2018229-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetronis2018229_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetronis2018229_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPetronis2018">Petronis 2018</a>, p. 229.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetronis2018221-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetronis2018221_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetronis2018221_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPetronis2018">Petronis 2018</a>, p. 221.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetronis2013105,_110,_113,_119-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetronis2013105,_110,_113,_119_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPetronis2013">Petronis 2013</a>, pp. 105, 110, 113, 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetronis2013108-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetronis2013108_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetronis2013108_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPetronis2013">Petronis 2013</a>, p. 108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetronis2018223-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetronis2018223_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetronis2018223_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPetronis2018">Petronis 2018</a>, p. 223.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetronis2013107-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetronis2013107_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPetronis2013">Petronis 2013</a>, p. 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERudis2018-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudis2018_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudis2018_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudis2018_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudis2018_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRudis2018">Rudis 2018</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetronis2018222-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetronis2018222_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetronis2018222_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPetronis2018">Petronis 2018</a>, p. 222.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetronis2013111-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetronis2013111_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPetronis2013">Petronis 2013</a>, p. 111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetronis2018226-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetronis2018226_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetronis2018226_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetronis2018226_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPetronis2018">Petronis 2018</a>, p. 226.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetronis2018224-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetronis2018224_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetronis2018224_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPetronis2018">Petronis 2018</a>, p. 224.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetronis2018227-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetronis2018227_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetronis2018227_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPetronis2018">Petronis 2018</a>, p. 227.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetronis2018228-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetronis2018228_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetronis2018228_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetronis2018228_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPetronis2018">Petronis 2018</a>, p. 228.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetronis2013118-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetronis2013118_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetronis2013118_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPetronis2013">Petronis 2013</a>, p. 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetronis2013117-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetronis2013117_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPetronis2013">Petronis 2013</a>, p. 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetronis2018234-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetronis2018234_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPetronis2018">Petronis 2018</a>, p. 234.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetronis2013116-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetronis2013116_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPetronis2013">Petronis 2013</a>, p. 116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetronis2018230-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetronis2018230_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetronis2018230_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetronis2018230_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPetronis2018">Petronis 2018</a>, p. 230.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERudis2006-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudis2006_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudis2006_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudis2006_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudis2006_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudis2006_19-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudis2006_19-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudis2006_19-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudis2006_19-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRudis2006">Rudis 2006</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetronis2018228,_230-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetronis2018228,_230_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPetronis2018">Petronis 2018</a>, pp. 228, 230.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetronis2013111,_116-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetronis2013111,_116_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPetronis2013">Petronis 2013</a>, pp. 111, 116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetronis2018223–224-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetronis2018223–224_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPetronis2018">Petronis 2018</a>, pp. 223–224.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETapinas1997507-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETapinas1997507_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTapinas1997">Tapinas 1997</a>, p. 507.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetronis2013114-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetronis2013114_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPetronis2013">Petronis 2013</a>, p. 114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetronis2013112-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetronis2013112_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPetronis2013">Petronis 2013</a>, p. 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetronis2013113-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetronis2013113_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPetronis2013">Petronis 2013</a>, p. 113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetronis2018224–225-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetronis2018224–225_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPetronis2018">Petronis 2018</a>, pp. 224–225.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetronis2018231-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetronis2018231_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetronis2018231_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPetronis2018">Petronis 2018</a>, p. 231.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetronis2018232-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetronis2018232_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetronis2018232_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPetronis2018">Petronis 2018</a>, p. 232.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnezys2000-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnezys2000_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKnezys2000">Knezys 2000</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandišauskas2019-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrandišauskas2019_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrandišauskas2019">Brandišauskas 2019</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_Wolf_(organization)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output 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(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBrandišauskas2019" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Brandišauskas, Valentinas (25 February 2019) [2008]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vle.lt/Straipsnis/Lietuviu-nacionalistu-partija-15418">"Lietuvių nacionalistų partija"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Visuotin%C4%97_lietuvi%C5%B3_enciklopedija" title="Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija">Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija</a></i> (in Lithuanian). Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos centras.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lietuvi%C5%B3+nacionalist%C5%B3+partija&rft.btitle=Visuotin%C4%97+lietuvi%C5%B3+enciklopedija&rft.pub=Mokslo+ir+enciklopedij%C5%B3+leidybos+centras&rft.date=2019-02-25&rft.aulast=Brandi%C5%A1auskas&rft.aufirst=Valentinas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vle.lt%2FStraipsnis%2FLietuviu-nacionalistu-partija-15418&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron+Wolf+%28organization%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKnezys2000" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Knezys, Stasys (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.genocid.lt/Leidyba/7/stasys_knezys.htm">"Kauno karo komendantūros Tautinio darbo batalionas 1941 m."</a> <i>Genocidas Ir Rezistencija</i> (in Lithuanian). <b>7</b> (1). <a 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href="https://etalpykla.lituanistikadb.lt/object/LT-LDB-0001:J.04~2014~1488811694739/J.04~2014~1488811694739.pdf">"Po sporto priedanga: Radikalus dešinysis judėjimas ir "Geležinio Vilko" Sporto Sąjunga Lietuvoje (1928-1930)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Lietuvos istorijos metraštis</i> (in Lithuanian). <b>1</b>: <span class="nowrap">101–</span>120. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0202-3342">0202-3342</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lietuvos+istorijos+metra%C5%A1tis&rft.atitle=Po+sporto+priedanga%3A+Radikalus+de%C5%A1inysis+jud%C4%97jimas+ir+%22Gele%C5%BEinio+Vilko%22+Sporto+S%C4%85junga+Lietuvoje+%281928-1930%29&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E101-%3C%2Fspan%3E120&rft.date=2013&rft.issn=0202-3342&rft.aulast=Petronis&rft.aufirst=Vytautas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fetalpykla.lituanistikadb.lt%2Fobject%2FLT-LDB-0001%3AJ.04~2014~1488811694739%2FJ.04~2014~1488811694739.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron+Wolf+%28organization%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPetronis2018" class="citation journal cs1">Petronis, Vytautas (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01629778.2017.1421241">"Guarding the Honor of the Nation and the Prosperity of the State: National Defense of Lithuania "Iron Wolf" (1928-1930)"</a>. <i>Journal of Baltic Studies</i>. <b>2</b> (49): <span class="nowrap">215–</span>239. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01629778.2017.1421241">10.1080/01629778.2017.1421241</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1751-7877">1751-7877</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149156249">149156249</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Baltic+Studies&rft.atitle=Guarding+the+Honor+of+the+Nation+and+the+Prosperity+of+the+State%3A+National+Defense+of+Lithuania+%22Iron+Wolf%22+%281928-1930%29&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=49&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E215-%3C%2Fspan%3E239&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A149156249%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1751-7877&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01629778.2017.1421241&rft.aulast=Petronis&rft.aufirst=Vytautas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F01629778.2017.1421241&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron+Wolf+%28organization%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRudis2018" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rudis, Gediminas (24 September 2018) [2004]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vle.lt/Straipsnis/Gelezinis-Vilkas-43193">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Geležinis Vilkas"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Visuotin%C4%97_lietuvi%C5%B3_enciklopedija" title="Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija">Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija</a></i> (in Lithuanian). Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos centras.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%22Gele%C5%BEinis+Vilkas%22&rft.btitle=Visuotin%C4%97+lietuvi%C5%B3+enciklopedija&rft.pub=Mokslo+ir+enciklopedij%C5%B3+leidybos+centras&rft.date=2018-09-24&rft.aulast=Rudis&rft.aufirst=Gediminas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vle.lt%2FStraipsnis%2FGelezinis-Vilkas-43193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron+Wolf+%28organization%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRudis2006" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rudis, Gediminas (31 May 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070311062152/http://www.komisija.lt/lt/naujiena.php?id=37">"Antisemitinės tendencijos voldemarininkų judėjime 1928–1940 m."</a> (in Lithuanian). <a href="/wiki/International_Commission_for_the_Evaluation_of_the_Crimes_of_the_Nazi_and_Soviet_Occupation_Regimes_in_Lithuania" title="International Commission for the Evaluation of the Crimes of the Nazi and Soviet Occupation Regimes in Lithuania">International Commission for the Evaluation of the Crimes of the Nazi and Soviet Occupation Regimes in Lithuania</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.komisija.lt/lt/naujiena.php?id=37">the original</a> on 11 March 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Antisemitin%C4%97s+tendencijos+voldemarinink%C5%B3+jud%C4%97jime+1928%E2%80%931940+m.&rft.pub=International+Commission+for+the+Evaluation+of+the+Crimes+of+the+Nazi+and+Soviet+Occupation+Regimes+in+Lithuania&rft.date=2006-05-31&rft.aulast=Rudis&rft.aufirst=Gediminas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.komisija.lt%2Flt%2Fnaujiena.php%3Fid%3D37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron+Wolf+%28organization%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTapinas1997" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tapinas, Laimonas; et al., eds. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kf.vu.lt/dokumentai/publikacijos/Zurnalistikos-enciklopedija.pdf">"Tautos kelias"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Žurnalistikos enciklopedija</i> (in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Pradai. p. 507. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9986-776-62-7" title="Special:BookSources/9986-776-62-7"><bdi>9986-776-62-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tautos+kelias&rft.btitle=%C5%BDurnalistikos+enciklopedija&rft.place=Vilnius&rft.pages=507&rft.pub=Pradai&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9986-776-62-7&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kf.vu.lt%2Fdokumentai%2Fpublikacijos%2FZurnalistikos-enciklopedija.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron+Wolf+%28organization%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iron_Wolf_(organization)&oldid=1256124769">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iron_Wolf_(organization)&oldid=1256124769</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1928_establishments_in_Lithuania" title="Category:1928 establishments in Lithuania">1928 establishments in Lithuania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Organizations_established_in_1928" title="Category:Organizations established in 1928">Organizations established in 1928</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1930_disestablishments_in_Lithuania" title="Category:1930 disestablishments in Lithuania">1930 disestablishments in Lithuania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Organizations_disestablished_in_1930" title="Category:Organizations disestablished in 1930">Organizations disestablished in 1930</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Defunct_organizations_based_in_Lithuania" title="Category:Defunct organizations based in Lithuania">Defunct organizations based in Lithuania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Far-right_politics_in_Lithuania" title="Category:Far-right politics in Lithuania">Far-right politics in Lithuania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fascist_organizations" title="Category:Fascist organizations">Fascist organizations</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Lithuanian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Lithuanian-language text">Articles containing Lithuanian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Lithuanian-language_sources_(lt)" title="Category:CS1 Lithuanian-language sources (lt)">CS1 Lithuanian-language sources (lt)</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 8 November 2024, at 09:57<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>16 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> 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