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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Textualism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literalisme_jur%C3%ADdic" title="Literalisme jurídic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Literalisme jurídic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekstualisme" title="Tekstualisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tekstualisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textualismus" title="Textualismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Textualismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literalismo_jur%C3%ADdico" title="Literalismo jurídico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Literalismo jurídico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%B8%E6%B3%95%E6%9D%A1%E6%96%87%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="司法条文主義 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="司法条文主義" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textualismo" title="Textualismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Textualismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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title="Interpretation (Catholic canon law)">In Catholic canon law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">In Islamic jurisprudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kritarchy" title="Kritarchy">Kritarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statutory_interpretation" title="Statutory interpretation">Statutory interpretation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_vires" title="Ultra vires">Ultra vires</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_activism" title="Judicial activism">Judicial activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_discretion" title="Judicial discretion">Judicial discretion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_restraint" title="Judicial restraint">Judicial restraint</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> General rules of interpretation</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accountability" title="Accountability">Accountability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adversarial_system" title="Adversarial system">Adversarial system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appeal" title="Appeal">Appeal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_laws" title="Conflict of laws">Conflict of laws</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forum_shopping" title="Forum shopping">Forum shopping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurisdictional_arbitrage" title="Jurisdictional arbitrage">Jurisdictional arbitrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lex_loci" title="Lex loci">Lex loci</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_rule_(law)" title="Golden rule (law)">Golden rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisitorial_system" title="Inquisitorial system">Inquisitorial system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpretation_Act" title="Interpretation Act">Interpretation Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jury_nullification" title="Jury nullification">Jury nullification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justiciability" title="Justiciability">Justiciability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_and_spirit_of_the_law" title="Letter and spirit of the law">Letter and spirit of the law</a></li> <li><a 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class="sidebar-heading"> General theories of interpretation</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_good_constitutionalism" title="Common good constitutionalism">Common good constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_administration" title="Court administration">Court administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_reform" title="Judicial reform">Judicial reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">Jurisprudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indeterminacy_debate_in_legal_theory" title="Indeterminacy debate in legal theory">Indeterminacy debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_realism" title="Legal realism">Legal realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_process_(jurisprudence)" title="Legal process (jurisprudence)">Legal process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_formalism" title="Legal formalism">Legal formalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(political)" class="mw-redirect" title="Legitimacy (political)">Legitimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_Constitution" title="Living Constitution">Living Constitution</a> / <a href="/wiki/Living_tree_doctrine" title="Living tree doctrine">Living tree</a> / <a href="/wiki/Living_instrument_doctrine" title="Living instrument doctrine">Living instrument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opinio_juris_sive_necessitatis" title="Opinio juris sive necessitatis">Opinio juris sive necessitatis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Originalism" title="Originalism">Originalism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Original_meaning" class="mw-redirect" title="Original meaning">original meaning</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_intent" title="Original intent">Original intent</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Legislative_intent" title="Legislative intent">legislative intent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Legislative_history" title="Legislative history">legislative history</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purposive_approach" title="Purposive approach">Purposive approach</a></li> <li><a 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_law_of_the_United_States" title="Constitutional law of the United States">Constitutional law<br />of the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Scale_of_justice_2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Scale_of_justice_2.svg/100px-Scale_of_justice_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Scale_of_justice_2.svg/150px-Scale_of_justice_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Scale_of_justice_2.svg/200px-Scale_of_justice_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="208" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#f5f5dc"> Overview</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_amendments_to_the_Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="List of amendments to the Constitution of the United States">Amendments</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="History of the United States Constitution">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_review_in_the_United_States" title="Judicial review in the United States">Judicial review</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#f5f5dc"> Principles</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Separation of powers under the United States Constitution">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_right#United_States" title="Constitutional right">Individual rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law#United_States" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_footing" title="Equal footing">Equal footing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_review" title="Standard of review">Tiers of scrutiny</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#f5f5dc"> Government structure</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Legislative branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">Executive branch</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Judicial branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_governments_of_the_United_States" title="State governments of the United States">State government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_United_States" title="Local government in the United States">Local government</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#f5f5dc"> Individual rights</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_the_United_States" title="Freedom of religion in the United States">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech_in_the_United_States" title="Freedom of speech in the United States">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press_in_the_United_States" title="Freedom of the press in the United States">Freedom of the press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly" title="Freedom of assembly">Freedom of assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_petition_in_the_United_States" title="Right to petition in the United States">Right to petition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_association#United_States_Constitution" title="Freedom of association">Freedom of association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms_in_the_United_States" title="Right to keep and bear arms in the United States">Right to keep and bear arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juries_in_the_United_States" title="Juries in the United States">Right to trial by jury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_constitutional_criminal_procedure" title="United States constitutional criminal procedure">Criminal procedural rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privacy_laws_of_the_United_States" title="Privacy laws of the United States">Right to privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Freedom from slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Due_Process_Clause" title="Due Process Clause">Due process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_Protection_Clause" title="Equal Protection Clause">Equal protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_nationality_law" title="United States nationality law">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Voting rights in the United States">Voting rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballot_access" title="Ballot access">Right to candidacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagueness_doctrine" title="Vagueness doctrine">Comprehensible rules</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#f5f5dc"> Theory</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Living_Constitution" title="Living Constitution">Living Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Originalism" title="Originalism">Originalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substantive_due_process" title="Substantive due process">Substantive due process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_process_theory_(law)" title="Political process theory (law)">Political process theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_restraint" title="Judicial restraint">Judicial restraint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purposive_approach" title="Purposive approach">Purposivism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Textualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strict_constructionism" title="Strict constructionism">Strict constructionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_good_constitutionalism" title="Common good constitutionalism">Common good constitutionalism</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_constitutional_law" title="Template:United States constitutional law"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_constitutional_law" title="Template talk:United States constitutional law"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_constitutional_law" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States constitutional law"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Textualism</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Legal_formalism" title="Legal formalism">formalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Theory" title="Theory">theory</a> in which the <a href="/wiki/Statutory_interpretation" title="Statutory interpretation">interpretation</a> of the law is <a href="/wiki/Plain_meaning_rule" title="Plain meaning rule">based exclusively on</a> the ordinary meaning of the legal text, where no consideration is given to <a href="/wiki/Text_linguistics" title="Text linguistics">non-textual</a> <a href="/wiki/Discourse_analysis" title="Discourse analysis">sources</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Intentionalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Intentionalism">intention</a> of the law <a href="/wiki/Originalism" title="Originalism">when passed</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Purposive_approach" title="Purposive approach">problem</a> it was intended to <a href="/wiki/Mischief_rule" title="Mischief rule">remedy</a>, or significant questions regarding the <a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">justice</a> or <a href="/wiki/Golden_rule_(law)" title="Golden rule (law)">rectitude</a> of the law.<sup id="cite_ref-Whitt_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whitt-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Textualism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The textualist will "look at the statutory structure and hear the words as they would sound in the mind of a skilled, objectively reasonable user of words."<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The textualist thus does not give weight to <a href="/wiki/Legislative_history" title="Legislative history">legislative history</a> materials when attempting to ascertain the meaning of a text.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Textualism is often erroneously conflated with <a href="/wiki/Originalism" title="Originalism">originalism</a>, and was advocated by United States Supreme Court Justices such as <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Black" title="Hugo Black">Hugo Black</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Antonin Scalia</a>; the latter staked out his claim in his 1997 <a href="/wiki/Tanner_Lecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanner Lecture">Tanner Lecture</a>: "[it] is the <i>law</i> that governs, not the intent of the lawgiver."<sup id="cite_ref-"Scalia"_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-"Scalia"-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Jr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.">Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.</a>, although not a textualist himself, well-captured this philosophy, and its rejection of <a href="/wiki/Intentionalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Intentionalism">intentionalism</a>: "We ask, not what this man meant, but what those words would mean in the mouth of a normal speaker of English, using them in the circumstances in which they were used ... We do not inquire what the legislature meant; we ask only what the statutes mean."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The magazine <a href="/wiki/Washington_Monthly" title="Washington Monthly">Washington Monthly</a> described the difference between textualism and originalism at the end of December 2023 in this way with respect to the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">United States Supreme Court</a>: "The Court’s conservative majority says it adheres to the doctrinal trail of the late Justice Antonin Scalia, who was a textualist (<i>What are the words used by the framers?</i>) and an originalist (<i>What was society’s original understanding then as to what those words mean?</i>)."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (emphasis in original) </p><p>Textualists argue courts should read the words of a statutory text as any <a href="/wiki/Natural_language" title="Natural language">ordinary</a> Member of Congress<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> would have read them. They look for the meaning "that a reasonable person would gather from the text of the law, placed alongside the remainder of the <i>corpus juris</i> [the body of law]."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (June 2024)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The textualist cares about the statutory purpose to the extent that is suggested from the text. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Textualist judges have contended, with much practical impact, that courts should not treat committee reports or sponsors' statements as authoritative evidence of legislative intent. These judges base their resistance to that interpretive practice on two major premises: first, that a 535-member legislature has no "genuine" collective intent concerning the proper resolution of statutory ambiguity (and that, even if it did, there would be no reliable basis for equating the views of a committee or sponsor with the "intent" of Congress as a whole); second, that giving weight to legislative history offends the <a href="/wiki/Constitutionality" title="Constitutionality">constitutionally</a> mandated process of <a href="/wiki/Bicameralism" title="Bicameralism">bicameralism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Presentment_Clause" title="Presentment Clause">presentment</a>.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/John_F._Manning" title="John F. Manning">John F. Manning</a>, "Textualism as a Nondelegation Doctrine", 97 <i><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Law_Review" title="Columbia Law Review">Colum. L. Rev.</a></i> 673, 1997, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1123360">1123360</a></cite></div></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Strict_constructionism" title="Strict constructionism">Strict constructionism</a> is often misused by laypersons and <a href="/wiki/Critics" class="mw-redirect" title="Critics">critics</a> as a synonym for textualism. Nevertheless, although a textualist could be a strict constructionist, these are distinctive views. To illustrate this, we may quote Justice Scalia, who warns that "[t]extualism should not be confused with so-called strict constructionism, a degraded form of textualism that brings the whole philosophy into disrepute. I am not a strict constructionist, and no one ought to be... A text should not be construed strictly, and it should not be construed leniently; it should be construed reasonably, to contain all that it fairly means."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, textualism should not be confused with the "<a href="/wiki/Plain_meaning" class="mw-redirect" title="Plain meaning">plain meaning</a>" approach, a simpler theory used prominently by the <a href="/wiki/Burger_Court" title="Burger Court">Burger Court</a> in cases such as <i><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Authority_v._Hill" title="Tennessee Valley Authority v. Hill">Tennessee Valley Authority v. Hill</a></i>, which looked to the dictionary definitions of words, without reference to common public understanding or context. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Methods">Methods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Textualism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Textualism looks to the ordinary meaning of the language of the text, but it looks at the ordinary meaning of the <i>text</i>, not merely the possible range of meaning of each of its constituent <i>words</i> (see <a href="/wiki/Noscitur_a_sociis" class="mw-redirect" title="Noscitur a sociis">Noscitur a sociis</a>): </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The statute excludes only merchandise "of foreign manufacture," which <a href="/wiki/Majority_opinion" title="Majority opinion">the majority says</a> might mean "manufactured by a foreigner" rather than "manufactured in a foreign country." I think not. Words, like syllables, acquire meaning not in isolation but within their context. While looking up the separate word "foreign" in a dictionary might produce the reading the majority suggests, that approach would also interpret the phrase "I have a foreign object in my eye" as referring, perhaps, to something from Italy. The phrase "of foreign manufacture" is a common usage, well understood to mean "manufactured abroad."</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i>K-Mart v. Cartier</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/cgi-bin/getcase.pl?court=US&vol=486&invol=281#318">486 U.S. 281, 319</a> (1988) Scalia, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part</cite></div></blockquote> <p>As an illustrative example, Justice Scalia refers to a case in which the law provided for a longer sentence when the defendant "uses a firearm" "during and in relation to" a "drug trafficking crime." In the case, the defendant had offered to trade an unloaded gun as barter for cocaine, and the majority (wrongly, in his view) took this meeting the standard for the enhanced penalty. He writes that "a proper textualist" would have decided differently: "The phrase 'uses a gun' fairly connoted use of a gun for what guns are normally used for, that is, as a weapon. As I put the point in my dissent, when you ask someone, 'Do you use a cane?' you are not inquiring whether he has hung his grandfather's antique cane as a decoration in the hallway."<sup id="cite_ref-Scalia,_2011_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scalia,_2011-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Justice Scalia has also written: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The meaning of terms on the statute books ought to be determined, not on the basis of which meaning can be shown to have been understood by a larger handful of the Members of Congress; but rather on the basis of which meaning is (1) most in accord with context and ordinary usage, and thus most likely to have been understood by the whole Congress which voted on the words of the statute (not to mention the citizens subject to it), and (2) most compatible with the surrounding body of law into which the provision must be integrated – a compatibility that, by a benign fiction, we assume Congress always has in mind. I would not permit any of the historical and legislative material discussed by the Court, or all of it combined, to lead me to a result different from the one that these factors suggest.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i>Green v. Bock Laundry Mach. Co.</i>, 490 U.S. 504, 528 (1989) Scalia, J., concurring</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Textualists do not, generally, accept the authority of the Courts to "refine" statutes: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Even if we were to assume, however, contrary to all reason, that every constitutional claim is <i><a href="/wiki/Ipso_facto" title="Ipso facto">ipso facto</a></i> more worthy, and every statutory claim less worthy, of judicial review, there would be no basis for writing that preference into a statute that makes no distinction between the two. We have rejected such judicial rewriting of legislation even in the more appealing situation where particular applications of a statute are not merely less desirable but in fact raise "grave constitutional doubts." That, we have said, only permits us to adopt one rather than another permissible reading of the statute, but not, by altering its terms, "to ignore the legislative will in order to avoid constitutional adjudication.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i><a href="/wiki/Webster_v._Doe" title="Webster v. Doe">Webster v. Doe</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/cgi-bin/getcase.pl?court=US&vol=486&invol=592#619">486 U.S. 592, 619</a> Scalia, J., dissenting</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Textualists acknowledge the interpretive doctrine of <i>lapsus linguae</i> (slip of the tongue), also called "<a href="/wiki/Clerical_error" title="Clerical error">scrivener's error</a>." This doctrine accounts for the situation when on the very face of the statute, it is apparent that there is a mistake of expression. (See, e.g., <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._X-Citement_Video" class="mw-redirect" title="United States v. X-Citement Video">United States v. X-Citement Video</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://straylight.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/93-723.ZD.html">513 U.S. 64</a>) (1994) (Scalia, J., dissenting) ("I have been willing, in the case of civil statutes, to acknowledge a doctrine of 'scrivener's error' that permits a court to give an unusual (though not unheard of) meaning to a word which, if given its normal meaning, would produce an absurd and arguably unconstitutional result") and even break it (see, e.g., <i>Green v. Bock Laundry Machine Co.</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/cgi-bin/getcase.pl?court=US&vol=490&invol=504#f35">490 U.S. 504, 527</a>) (1989) (Scalia, J., concurring) ("We are confronted here with a statute which, if interpreted literally, produces an absurd, and perhaps unconstitutional, result. Our task is to give some alternative meaning to the word "defendant" in Federal Rule of Evidence 609(a)(1) that avoids this consequence; and then to determine whether Rule 609(a)(1) excludes the operation of Federal Rule of Evidence 403.") Other textualists might reach alternative conclusions. Scalia's apparent inconsistency<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (January 2021)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> is perhaps explained by his choice to sometimes adhere to the more venerable judicial canons of interpretation, such as the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_avoidance" title="Constitutional avoidance">constitutional avoidance</a> canon. </p><p>The word "textualism" was first used by Mark Pattison in 1863 to criticize Puritan theology, according to the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Justice <a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Jackson" title="Robert H. Jackson">Robert Jackson</a> first used the word "textualism" in a Supreme Court opinion a century later in <i><a href="/wiki/Youngstown_Sheet_%26_Tube_Co._v._Sawyer" title="Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer">Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Australia">Australia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Textualism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Textualism was influential in Australia, and was particularly prominent in the interpretative approach of Sir <a href="/wiki/Garfield_Barwick" title="Garfield Barwick">Garfield Barwick</a>. Amendments to the <a href="/wiki/Acts_Interpretation_Act_1901" title="Acts Interpretation Act 1901">Acts Interpretation Act 1901</a> have rejected key elements of textualism, stating that statements made in the Second Reading speech by Ministers introducing an Act may be used in the interpretation of that act.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Textualism_v._purposivism">Textualism v. purposivism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Textualism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Textualism v. purposivism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Purposivism" class="mw-redirect" title="Purposivism">Purposivism</a> is the perspective of statutory interpretation in which the judges should construe statutes to execute their legislative purpose. Textualism is the perspective of statutory interpretation in which the courts should read the words of that statutory text as any ordinary member of congress would have read them.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (August 2022)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Textualism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_activism" title="Judicial activism">Judicial activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_positivism" title="Legal positivism">Legal positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_and_spirit_of_the_law" title="Letter and spirit of the law">Letter and spirit of the law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Originalism" title="Originalism">Originalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_theology_(Islam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditionalist theology (Islam)">Traditionalist theology (Islam)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Textualism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Whitt-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Whitt_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Keith E. Whittington, Constitutional Interpretation: Textual Meaning, Original Intent, and Judicial Review (2001) <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1141-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1141-6">978-0-7006-1141-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEasterbrook1988" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frank_H._Easterbrook" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank H. Easterbrook">Easterbrook, Frank H.</a> (1988). "The Role of Original Intent in Statutory Construction". <i>Harv. J.L. & Pub. Pol'y</i>. <b>11</b>: 59 [p. 65].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harv.+J.L.+%26+Pub.+Pol%27y&rft.atitle=The+Role+of+Original+Intent+in+Statutory+Construction&rft.volume=11&rft.pages=59+p.+65&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Easterbrook&rft.aufirst=Frank+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATextualism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLund2020" class="citation journal cs1">Lund, Nelson Robert (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3651120">"Unleashed and Unbound: Living Textualism in Bostock V. Clayton County"</a>. <i>SSRN Electronic Journal</i>: 179. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2139%2Fssrn.3651120">10.2139/ssrn.3651120</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1556-5068">1556-5068</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225784659">225784659</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SSRN+Electronic+Journal&rft.atitle=Unleashed+and+Unbound%3A+Living+Textualism+in+Bostock+V.+Clayton+County&rft.pages=179&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A225784659%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1556-5068&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2139%2Fssrn.3651120&rft.aulast=Lund&rft.aufirst=Nelson+Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.2139%2Fssrn.3651120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATextualism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNourse2014" class="citation journal cs1">Nourse, Victoria F. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2467&context=facpub">"The Constitution and Legislative History"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Constitution+and+Legislative+History&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Nourse&rft.aufirst=Victoria+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarship.law.georgetown.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D2467%26context%3Dfacpub&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATextualism" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-"Scalia"-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-"Scalia"_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFScalia" class="citation web cs1">Scalia, Antonin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tannerlectures.utah.edu/_documents/a-to-z/s/scalia97.pdf">"Common-Law Courts in a Civil-Law System: The Role of United States Federal Courts in Interpreting the Constitution and Laws"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Tanner Lectures on Human Values</i>. University of Utah. p. 92<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 15,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Tanner+Lectures+on+Human+Values&rft.atitle=Common-Law+Courts+in+a+Civil-Law+System%3A+The+Role+of+United+States+Federal+Courts+in+Interpreting+the+Constitution+and+Laws&rft.pages=92&rft.aulast=Scalia&rft.aufirst=Antonin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftannerlectures.utah.edu%2F_documents%2Fa-to-z%2Fs%2Fscalia97.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATextualism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHolmes1899" class="citation journal cs1">Holmes (1899). "The Theory of Legal Interpretation". <i><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_Review" title="Harvard Law Review">Harv. L. Rev.</a></i> <b>12</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">417–</span>420. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1321531">10.2307/1321531</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1321531">1321531</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harv.+L.+Rev.&rft.atitle=The+Theory+of+Legal+Interpretation&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E417-%3C%2Fspan%3E420&rft.date=1899&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1321531&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1321531%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Holmes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATextualism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJames_D._Zirin2023" class="citation news cs1">James D. Zirin (December 27, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240714112734/https://washingtonmonthly.com/2023/12/27/will-trumps-disqualification-turn-on-whether-an-1869-case-was-wrongly-decided/">"Law and Justice: Will Trump's Disqualification Turn on Whether an 1869 Case Was Wrongly Decided?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Washington_Monthly" title="Washington Monthly">Washington Monthly</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Washington_Monthly" title="Washington Monthly">Washington Monthly</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/2023/12/27/will-trumps-disqualification-turn-on-whether-an-1869-case-was-wrongly-decided/">the original</a> on July 14, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 14,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Monthly&rft.atitle=Law+and+Justice%3A+Will+Trump%E2%80%99s+Disqualification+Turn+on+Whether+an+1869+Case+Was+Wrongly+Decided%3F&rft.date=2023-12-27&rft.au=James+D.+Zirin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwashingtonmonthly.com%2F2023%2F12%2F27%2Fwill-trumps-disqualification-turn-on-whether-an-1869-case-was-wrongly-decided%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATextualism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrannon" class="citation book cs1">Brannon, Valerie C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/1079394200"><i>Statutory interpretation : theories, tools, and trends</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1079394200">1079394200</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Statutory+interpretation+%3A+theories%2C+tools%2C+and+trends&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1079394200&rft.aulast=Brannon&rft.aufirst=Valerie+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1079394200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATextualism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Antonin Scalia, A Matter of Interpretation 23 (1997).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scalia,_2011-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Scalia,_2011_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFScalia2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Scalia, Antonin</a> (2010). "Textualism and the Constitution". In Bruce Miroff; Raymond Seidelman; Todd Swanstrom (eds.). <i>Debating Democracy: A Reader in American Politics</i> (Seventh ed.). Boston, MA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. pp. <span class="nowrap">288–</span>294. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-495-91347-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-495-91347-4"><bdi>978-0-495-91347-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Textualism+and+the+Constitution&rft.btitle=Debating+Democracy%3A+A+Reader+in+American+Politics&rft.place=Boston%2C+MA&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E288-%3C%2Fspan%3E294&rft.edition=Seventh&rft.pub=Wadsworth+Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-495-91347-4&rft.aulast=Scalia&rft.aufirst=Antonin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATextualism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">17 Oxford English Dictionary 854 (2d ed. 1989)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jackson wrote that he preferred to "give to the enumerated powers the scope and elasticity afforded by what seem to be reasonable, practical implications, instead of the rigidity dictated by a doctrinaire textualism." 343 U.S. at 640 (Jackson, J., concurring). Jackson's use of the term should be approached with caution, however, as what he had in mind in criticizing textualism was not the textualism known today.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrannon" class="citation journal cs1">Brannon, Valerie. "Statutory Interpretation: Theories, Tools, and Trends". <i>Congressional Research Service</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Congressional+Research+Service&rft.atitle=Statutory+Interpretation%3A+Theories%2C+Tools%2C+and+Trends&rft.aulast=Brannon&rft.aufirst=Valerie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATextualism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Textualism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Solum, Lawrence, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lsolum.typepad.com/legaltheory/2012/05/legal-theory-lexicon-textualism.html">Legal Theory Lexicon: Textualism</a></i>, Legal Theory Blog.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFManning2005" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_F._Manning" title="John F. Manning">Manning, John F.</a> (2005). "Textualism and Legislative Intent". <i><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Law_Review" title="Virginia Law Review">Va. L. Rev.</a></i> <b>91</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">419–</span>450. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3649428">3649428</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Va.+L.+Rev.&rft.atitle=Textualism+and+Legislative+Intent&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E419-%3C%2Fspan%3E450&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3649428%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Manning&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATextualism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNelson2005" class="citation journal cs1">Nelson, Caleb (2005). "What is Textualism?". <i>Va. L. Rev</i>. <b>91</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">347–</span>418. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3649427">3649427</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Va.+L.+Rev.&rft.atitle=What+is+Textualism%3F&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E347-%3C%2Fspan%3E418&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3649427%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Caleb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATextualism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFManning2001" class="citation journal cs1">Manning, John F. (2001). "Textualism and the Equity of the Statute". <i>Colum. L. Rev</i>. <b>101</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>127. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1123509">10.2307/1123509</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1123509">1123509</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Colum.+L.+Rev.&rft.atitle=Textualism+and+the+Equity+of+the+Statute&rft.volume=101&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E127&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1123509&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1123509%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Manning&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATextualism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFScalia1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Scalia, Antonin</a> (1997). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/matterofinterpre00scal/page/35"><i>A Matter of Interpretation: Federal Courts and the Law</i></a></span>. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/matterofinterpre00scal/page/35">35–36</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-02630-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-02630-0"><bdi>0-691-02630-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Matter+of+Interpretation%3A+Federal+Courts+and+the+Law&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pages=35-36&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-691-02630-0&rft.aulast=Scalia&rft.aufirst=Antonin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmatterofinterpre00scal%2Fpage%2F35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATextualism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFarber1992" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_A._Farber" title="Daniel A. Farber">Farber, Daniel A.</a> (1992). "The Inevitability of Practical Reason: Statutes, Formalism, and the Rule of Law". <i>Vand. L. Rev</i>. <b>45</b>: 533.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vand.+L.+Rev.&rft.atitle=The+Inevitability+of+Practical+Reason%3A+Statutes%2C+Formalism%2C+and+the+Rule+of+Law&rft.volume=45&rft.pages=533&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Farber&rft.aufirst=Daniel+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATextualism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNourse2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Victoria_F._Nourse" title="Victoria F. Nourse">Nourse, Victoria F.</a> (2016). <i>Misreading Law Misreading Democracy</i>. Harvard: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674971417" title="Special:BookSources/9780674971417"><bdi>9780674971417</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Misreading+Law+Misreading+Democracy&rft.place=Harvard&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780674971417&rft.aulast=Nourse&rft.aufirst=Victoria+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATextualism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Textualism&oldid=1250812394">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Textualism&oldid=1250812394</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Theories_of_constitutional_interpretation" title="Category:Theories of constitutional interpretation">Theories of constitutional interpretation</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_missing_periodical" title="Category:CS1 errors: missing periodical">CS1 errors: missing periodical</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_American_English_from_January_2019" title="Category:Use American English from January 2019">Use American English from January 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_American_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in American English">All Wikipedia articles written in American English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_January_2019" title="Category:Use mdy dates from January 2019">Use mdy dates from January 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_December_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from December 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_incomplete_citations" title="Category:All articles with incomplete citations">All articles with incomplete citations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_incomplete_citations_from_June_2024" title="Category:Articles with incomplete citations from June 2024">Articles with incomplete citations from June 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases" title="Category:All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases">All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases_from_January_2021" title="Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from January 2021">Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from January 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2018" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018">Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_incomplete_citations_from_August_2022" title="Category:Articles with incomplete citations from August 2022">Articles with incomplete citations from August 2022</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 12 October 2024, at 17:17<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; 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