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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computaci%C3%B3n_d%27altu_rindimientu" title="Computación d'altu rindimientu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Computación d'altu rindimientu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82" title="উচ্চ-কর্মদক্ষতা কম্পিউটিং – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উচ্চ-কর্মদক্ষতা কম্পিউটিং" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computaci%C3%B3_d%27alt_rendiment" title="Computació d'alt rendiment – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Computació d'alt rendiment" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%BDpo%C4%8Detn%C3%AD_cluster" title="Výpočetní cluster – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Výpočetní cluster" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B8jpr%C3%A6stationsudregning" title="Højpræstationsudregning – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Højpræstationsudregning" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hochleistungsrechnen" title="Hochleistungsrechnen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hochleistungsrechnen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computaci%C3%B3n_de_alto_rendimiento" title="Computación de alto rendimiento – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Computación de alto rendimiento" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcul_intensif" title="Calcul intensif – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Calcul intensif" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EC%84%B1%EB%8A%A5_%EC%BB%B4%ED%93%A8%ED%8C%85" title="고성능 컴퓨팅 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="고성능 컴퓨팅" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komputasi_kinerja_tinggi" title="Komputasi kinerja tinggi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Komputasi kinerja tinggi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_performance_computing" title="High performance computing – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="High performance computing" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%80%A7%E8%83%BD%E8%A8%88%E7%AE%97" title="高性能計算 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="高性能計算" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_alto_desempenho" title="Computação de alto desempenho – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Computação de alto desempenho" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informatika_me_performanc%C3%AB_t%C3%AB_lart%C3%AB" title="Informatika me performancë të lartë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Informatika me performancë të lartë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suurteholaskenta" title="Suurteholaskenta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Suurteholaskenta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B6gpresterande_datorsystem" title="Högpresterande datorsystem – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Högpresterande datorsystem" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_performance_computing" title="High performance computing – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="High performance computing" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%BCksek_ba%C5%9Far%C4%B1ml%C4%B1_hesaplama" title="Yüksek başarımlı hesaplama – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yüksek başarımlı hesaplama" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%80%A7%E8%83%BD%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97" title="高性能计算 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Computing with supercomputers and clusters</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/High-throughput_computing" title="High-throughput computing">high-throughput computing</a> or <a href="/wiki/Many-task_computing" title="Many-task computing">many-task computing</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nanoscience_High-Performance_Computing_Facility.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Nanoscience_High-Performance_Computing_Facility.jpg/300px-Nanoscience_High-Performance_Computing_Facility.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Nanoscience_High-Performance_Computing_Facility.jpg/450px-Nanoscience_High-Performance_Computing_Facility.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Nanoscience_High-Performance_Computing_Facility.jpg/600px-Nanoscience_High-Performance_Computing_Facility.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1391" /></a><figcaption>The Center for Nanoscale Materials at the <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Photon_Source" title="Advanced Photon Source">Advanced Photon Source</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>High-performance computing</b> (<b>HPC</b>) uses <a href="/wiki/Supercomputer" title="Supercomputer">supercomputers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Computer_cluster" title="Computer cluster">computer clusters</a> to solve advanced computation problems. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-performance_computing&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>HPC integrates <a href="/wiki/Systems_administrator" class="mw-redirect" title="Systems administrator">systems administration</a> (including network and security knowledge) and <a href="/wiki/Parallel_computing" title="Parallel computing">parallel programming</a> into a multidisciplinary field that combines <a href="/wiki/Digital_electronics" title="Digital electronics">digital electronics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computer_architecture" title="Computer architecture">computer architecture</a>, <a href="/wiki/System_software" title="System software">system software</a>, <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algorithm" title="Algorithm">algorithms</a> and computational techniques.<sup id="cite_ref-tstc2005_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tstc2005-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> HPC technologies are the tools and systems used to implement and create high performance computing systems.<sup id="cite_ref-usdoe2004_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usdoe2004-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recently<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (November 2011)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup>, HPC systems have shifted from supercomputing to computing <a href="/wiki/Computer_cluster" title="Computer cluster">clusters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grid_computing" title="Grid computing">grids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tstc2005_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tstc2005-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of the need of networking in clusters and grids, High Performance Computing Technologies are being promoted<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (November 2011)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> by the use of a <a href="/wiki/Collapsed_backbone_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Collapsed backbone network">collapsed network backbone</a>, because the collapsed backbone architecture is simple to troubleshoot and upgrades can be applied to a single router as opposed to multiple ones. </p><p>The term is most commonly associated with computing used for scientific research or <a href="/wiki/Computational_science" title="Computational science">computational science</a>. A related term, <a href="/wiki/High-performance_technical_computing" title="High-performance technical computing">high-performance technical computing</a> (HPTC), generally refers to the engineering applications of cluster-based computing (such as <a href="/wiki/Computational_fluid_dynamics" title="Computational fluid dynamics">computational fluid dynamics</a> and the building and testing of <a href="/wiki/Virtual_prototypes" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtual prototypes">virtual prototypes</a>). HPC has also been applied to <a href="/wiki/Business" title="Business">business</a> uses such as <a href="/wiki/Data_warehouse" title="Data warehouse">data warehouses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Line_of_business" title="Line of business">line of business</a> (LOB) applications, and <a href="/wiki/Transaction_processing" title="Transaction processing">transaction processing</a>. </p><p>High-performance computing (HPC) as a term arose after the term "supercomputing".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> HPC is sometimes used as a synonym for supercomputing; but, in other contexts, "supercomputer" is used to refer to a more powerful subset of "high-performance computers", and the term "supercomputing" becomes a subset of "high-performance computing". The potential for confusion over the use of these terms is apparent. </p><p>Because most current applications are not designed for HPC technologies but are retrofitted, they are not designed or tested for scaling to more powerful processors or machines.<sup id="cite_ref-usdoe2004_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usdoe2004-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since networking clusters and grids use <a href="/wiki/Multiprocessing" title="Multiprocessing">multiple processors</a> and computers, these scaling problems can cripple critical systems in future supercomputing systems. Therefore, either the existing tools do not address the needs of the high performance computing community or the HPC community is unaware of these tools.<sup id="cite_ref-usdoe2004_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usdoe2004-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few examples of commercial HPC technologies include: </p> <ul><li>the simulation of car crashes for structural design</li> <li>molecular interaction for new drug design</li> <li>the airflow over automobiles or airplanes</li></ul> <p>In government and research institutions, scientists simulate galaxy creation, fusion energy, and global warming, as well as work to create more accurate short- and long-term weather forecasts.<sup id="cite_ref-drdobbs2007_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drdobbs2007-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The world's tenth most powerful supercomputer in 2008, <a href="/wiki/IBM_Roadrunner" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM Roadrunner">IBM Roadrunner</a> (located at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">United States Department of Energy</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Los_Alamos_National_Laboratory" title="Los Alamos National Laboratory">Los Alamos National Laboratory</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> simulated the performance, safety, and reliability of nuclear weapons and certifies their functionality.<sup id="cite_ref-usdoe2008_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usdoe2008-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="TOP500">TOP500</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-performance_computing&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: TOP500"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/TOP500" title="TOP500">TOP500</a></div> <p>TOP500 ranks the world's 500 fastest high-performance computers, as measured by the <a href="/wiki/HPL_(benchmark)" class="mw-redirect" title="HPL (benchmark)">High Performance LINPACK</a> (HPL) benchmark. Not all existing computers are ranked, either because they are ineligible (e.g., they cannot run the HPL benchmark) or because their owners have not submitted an HPL score (e.g., because they do not wish the size of their system to become public information, for defense reasons). In addition, the use of the single LINPACK benchmark is controversial, in that no single measure can test all aspects of a high-performance computer. To help overcome the limitations of the LINPACK test, the U.S. government commissioned one of its originators, <a href="/wiki/Jack_Dongarra" title="Jack Dongarra">Jack Dongarra</a> of the University of Tennessee, to create a suite of benchmark tests that includes LINPACK and others, called the HPC Challenge benchmark suite. This evolving suite has been used in some HPC procurements, but, because it is not reducible to a single number, it has been unable to overcome the publicity advantage of the less useful TOP500 LINPACK test. The TOP500 list is updated twice a year, once in June at the ISC European Supercomputing Conference and again at a US Supercomputing Conference in November. </p><p>Many ideas for the new wave of <a href="/wiki/Grid_computing" title="Grid computing">grid computing</a> were originally borrowed from HPC. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="High_performance_computing_in_the_cloud">High performance computing in the cloud</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-performance_computing&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: High performance computing in the cloud"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing">Cloud computing</a></div> <p>Traditionally, HPC has involved an <a href="/wiki/On-premises_software" title="On-premises software">on-premises</a> infrastructure, investing in supercomputers or computer clusters. Over the last decade, <a href="/wiki/Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing">cloud computing</a> has grown in popularity for offering computer resources in the commercial sector regardless of their investment capabilities.<sup id="cite_ref-uk_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uk-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some characteristics like scalability and <a href="/wiki/OS-level_virtualization" title="OS-level virtualization">containerization</a> also have raised interest in academia.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However <a href="/wiki/Cloud_computing_security" title="Cloud computing security">security in the cloud</a> concerns such as data confidentiality are still considered when deciding between cloud or on-premise HPC resources.<sup id="cite_ref-uk_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uk-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-performance_computing&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_computing" title="Distributed computing">Distributed computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_computing" title="Quantum computing">Quantum computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metacomputing" title="Metacomputing">Metacomputing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Challenge" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Challenge">Grand Challenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Productivity_Computing_Systems" title="High Productivity Computing Systems">High Productivity Computing Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-availability_cluster" title="High-availability cluster">High-availability cluster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-throughput_computing" title="High-throughput computing">High-throughput computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Many-task_computing" title="Many-task computing">Many-task computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urgent_computing" title="Urgent computing">Urgent computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workstation#Current_market" title="Workstation">GPU workstation</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-performance_computing&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-tstc2005-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tstc2005_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tstc2005_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBrazellBettersworth2005" class="citation report cs1">Brazell, Jim; Bettersworth, Michael (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100731043053/http://system.tstc.edu:80/forecasting/techbriefs/HPC.asp">High Performance Computing</a> (Report). Texas State Technical College. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://system.tstc.edu/forecasting/techbriefs/HPC.asp">the original</a> on 2010-07-31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=High+Performance+Computing&rft.pub=Texas+State+Technical+College&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Brazell&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft.au=Bettersworth%2C+Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsystem.tstc.edu%2Fforecasting%2Ftechbriefs%2FHPC.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-performance+computing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-usdoe2004-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-usdoe2004_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-usdoe2004_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-usdoe2004_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColletteCoreyJohnson2004" class="citation report cs1">Collette, Michael; Corey, Bob; Johnson, John (December 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170830034938/https://computing.llnl.gov/tutorials/performance_tools/HighPerformanceToolsTechnologiesLC.pdf">High Performance Tools & Technologies</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://computing.llnl.gov/tutorials/performance_tools/HighPerformanceToolsTechnologiesLC.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2017-08-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=High+Performance+Tools+%26+Technologies&rft.pub=Lawrence+Livermore+National+Laboratory%2C+U.S.+Department+of+Energy&rft.date=2004-12&rft.aulast=Collette&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Corey%2C+Bob&rft.au=Johnson%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcomputing.llnl.gov%2Ftutorials%2Fperformance_tools%2FHighPerformanceToolsTechnologiesLC.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-performance+computing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-supercomputing" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/319183">"supercomputing"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=supercomputing&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fview%2FEntry%2F319183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-performance+computing" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span> "Supercomputing" is attested from 1944.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-drdobbs2007-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-drdobbs2007_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schulman, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://drdobbs.com/high-performance-computing/199201209">"High Performance Computing: RAM vs CPU"</a>. Dr. Dobbs High Performance Computing, April 30, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.energy.gov/science/articles/launching-new-class-us-supercomputing">"Launching a New Class of U.S. Supercomputing"</a>. Department of Energy. 17 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Launching+a+New+Class+of+U.S.+Supercomputing&rft.pub=Department+of+Energy&rft.date=2022-11-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.energy.gov%2Fscience%2Farticles%2Flaunching-new-class-us-supercomputing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-performance+computing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-usdoe2008-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-usdoe2008_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090730002907/http://cio.energy.gov/high-performance-computing.htm">"High Performance Computing"</a>. US Department of Energy. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cio.energy.gov/high-performance-computing.htm">the original</a> on 30 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=High+Performance+Computing&rft.pub=US+Department+of+Energy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcio.energy.gov%2Fhigh-performance-computing.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-performance+computing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-uk-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-uk_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-uk_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan_EldredDr._Alice_GoodCarl_Adams2018" class="citation web cs1">Morgan Eldred; Dr. Alice Good; Carl Adams (24 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pure.port.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/8527525/A_case_study_on_data_protection.pdf">"A case study on data protection and security decisions in cloud HPC"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. School of Computing, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, U.K.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+case+study+on+data+protection+and+security+decisions+in+cloud+HPC&rft.pub=School+of+Computing%2C+University+of+Portsmouth%2C+Portsmouth%2C+U.K.&rft.date=2018-01-24&rft.au=Morgan+Eldred&rft.au=Dr.+Alice+Good&rft.au=Carl+Adams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpure.port.ac.uk%2Fws%2Fportalfiles%2Fportal%2F8527525%2FA_case_study_on_data_protection.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-performance+computing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSebastian_von_Alfthan2016" class="citation web cs1">Sebastian von Alfthan (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.csc.fi/documents/10180/187845/High-performance+computing+in+the+cloud.pdf">"High-performance computing in the cloud?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. CSC – IT Center for Science.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=High-performance+computing+in+the+cloud%3F&rft.pub=CSC+%E2%80%93+IT+Center+for+Science&rft.date=2016&rft.au=Sebastian+von+Alfthan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.csc.fi%2Fdocuments%2F10180%2F187845%2FHigh-performance%2Bcomputing%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bcloud.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-performance+computing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-performance_computing&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.HPCwire.com">HPCwire</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.top500.org">Top 500 supercomputers</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rocksclusters.org">Rocks Clusters</a> Open-Source High Performance Linux Clusters</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120610080201/http://www.icse.umich.edu/news-articles--policy-reports.html">News Articles & Policy Reports on High-Performance Scientific Computing</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.modelingimmunity.org">The Center for Modeling Immunity to Enteric Pathogens (MIEP)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theartofhpc.com/">The Art of HPC: Textbooks by Victor Eijkhout of TACC</a> <ul><li>Vol.1: The Science of Computing</li> <li>Vol.2: Parallel Programming for Science Engineering</li> <li>Vol.3: Introduction to Scientific Programming in C++17/Fortran2008</li> <li>Vol.4: Tutorials for High Performance Scientific Computing</li></ul></li></ul> <div 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Parallel_computing" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Parallel_computing" title="Template:Parallel computing"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Parallel_computing" title="Template talk:Parallel computing"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Parallel_computing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Parallel computing"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Parallel_computing" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Parallel_computing" title="Parallel computing">Parallel computing</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_computing" title="Distributed computing">Distributed computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_computing" title="Parallel computing">Parallel computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massively_parallel" title="Massively parallel">Massively parallel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing">Cloud computing</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">High-performance computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiprocessing" title="Multiprocessing">Multiprocessing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manycore_processor" title="Manycore processor">Manycore processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General-purpose_computing_on_graphics_processing_units" title="General-purpose computing on graphics processing units">GPGPU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systolic_array" title="Systolic array">Systolic array</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Levels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bit-level_parallelism" title="Bit-level parallelism">Bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instruction-level_parallelism" title="Instruction-level parallelism">Instruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Task_parallelism" title="Task parallelism">Thread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Task_parallelism" title="Task parallelism">Task</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_parallelism" title="Data parallelism">Data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory-level_parallelism" title="Memory-level parallelism">Memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loop-level_parallelism" title="Loop-level parallelism">Loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipeline_(computing)" title="Pipeline (computing)">Pipeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multithreading_(computer_architecture)" title="Multithreading (computer architecture)">Multithreading</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_multithreading" title="Temporal multithreading">Temporal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simultaneous_multithreading" title="Simultaneous multithreading">Simultaneous</a> (SMT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simultaneous_and_heterogeneous_multithreading" title="Simultaneous and heterogeneous multithreading">Simultaneous and heterogenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speculative_multithreading" title="Speculative multithreading">Speculative</a> (SpMT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preemption_(computing)" title="Preemption (computing)">Preemptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_multitasking#Cooperative_multitasking" title="Computer multitasking">Cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulldozer_(microarchitecture)#Bulldozer_core" title="Bulldozer (microarchitecture)">Clustered multi-thread</a> (CMT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_scout" title="Hardware scout">Hardware scout</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_RAM" title="Parallel RAM">PRAM model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_external_memory" title="Parallel external memory">PEM model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analysis_of_parallel_algorithms" title="Analysis of parallel algorithms">Analysis of parallel algorithms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amdahl%27s_law" title="Amdahl's law">Amdahl's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustafson%27s_law" title="Gustafson's law">Gustafson's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cost_efficiency" title="Cost efficiency">Cost efficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karp%E2%80%93Flatt_metric" title="Karp–Flatt metric">Karp–Flatt metric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_slowdown" title="Parallel slowdown">Slowdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speedup" title="Speedup">Speedup</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Process_(computing)" title="Process (computing)">Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thread_(computing)" title="Thread (computing)">Thread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber_(computer_science)" title="Fiber (computer science)">Fiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instruction_window" title="Instruction window">Instruction window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Array_(data_structure)" title="Array (data structure)">Array</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Coordination</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiprocessing" title="Multiprocessing">Multiprocessing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_coherence" title="Memory coherence">Memory coherence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cache_coherence" title="Cache coherence">Cache coherence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cache_invalidation" title="Cache invalidation">Cache invalidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrier_(computer_science)" title="Barrier (computer science)">Barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchronization_(computer_science)" title="Synchronization (computer science)">Synchronization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Application_checkpointing" title="Application checkpointing">Application checkpointing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_programming" title="Computer programming">Programming</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stream_processing" title="Stream processing">Stream processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dataflow_programming" title="Dataflow programming">Dataflow programming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_programming_model" title="Parallel programming model">Models</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Implicit_parallelism" title="Implicit parallelism">Implicit parallelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explicit_parallelism" title="Explicit parallelism">Explicit parallelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concurrency_(computer_science)" title="Concurrency (computer science)">Concurrency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-blocking_algorithm" title="Non-blocking algorithm">Non-blocking algorithm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">Hardware</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flynn%27s_taxonomy" title="Flynn's taxonomy">Flynn's taxonomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_instruction,_single_data" title="Single instruction, single data">SISD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_instruction,_multiple_data" title="Single instruction, multiple data">SIMD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_instruction,_multiple_threads" title="Single instruction, multiple threads">Array processing</a> (SIMT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flynn%27s_taxonomy#Pipelined_processor" title="Flynn's taxonomy">Pipelined processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flynn%27s_taxonomy#Associative_processor" title="Flynn's taxonomy">Associative processing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_instruction,_single_data" title="Multiple instruction, single data">MISD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_instruction,_multiple_data" title="Multiple instruction, multiple data">MIMD</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dataflow_architecture" title="Dataflow architecture">Dataflow architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instruction_pipelining" title="Instruction pipelining">Pipelined processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superscalar_processor" title="Superscalar processor">Superscalar processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vector_processor" title="Vector processor">Vector processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiprocessing" title="Multiprocessing">Multiprocessor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Symmetric_multiprocessing" title="Symmetric multiprocessing">symmetric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_multiprocessing" title="Asymmetric multiprocessing">asymmetric</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_memory" title="Semiconductor memory">Memory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shared_memory" title="Shared memory">shared</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_memory" title="Distributed memory">distributed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_shared_memory" title="Distributed shared memory">distributed shared</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_memory_access" title="Uniform memory access">UMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-uniform_memory_access" title="Non-uniform memory access">NUMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cache-only_memory_architecture" title="Cache-only memory architecture">COMA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massively_parallel" title="Massively parallel">Massively parallel</a> computer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_cluster" title="Computer cluster">Computer cluster</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beowulf_cluster" title="Beowulf cluster">Beowulf cluster</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grid_computing" title="Grid computing">Grid computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_acceleration" title="Hardware acceleration">Hardware acceleration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/API" title="API">APIs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ateji_PX" title="Ateji PX">Ateji PX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boost_(C%2B%2B_libraries)" title="Boost (C++ libraries)">Boost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapel_(programming_language)" title="Chapel (programming language)">Chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HPX" title="HPX">HPX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charm%2B%2B" title="Charm++">Charm++</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilk" title="Cilk">Cilk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coarray_Fortran" title="Coarray Fortran">Coarray Fortran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CUDA" title="CUDA">CUDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dryad_(programming)" title="Dryad (programming)">Dryad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B_AMP" title="C++ AMP">C++ AMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Arrays" title="Global Arrays">Global Arrays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPUOpen" title="GPUOpen">GPUOpen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Message_Passing_Interface" title="Message Passing Interface">MPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenMP" title="OpenMP">OpenMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenCL" title="OpenCL">OpenCL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenHMPP" title="OpenHMPP">OpenHMPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenACC" title="OpenACC">OpenACC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_Extensions" title="Parallel Extensions">Parallel Extensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_Virtual_Machine" title="Parallel Virtual Machine">PVM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pthreads" title="Pthreads">pthreads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RaftLib" title="RaftLib">RaftLib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ROCm" title="ROCm">ROCm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Parallel_C" title="Unified Parallel C">UPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threading_Building_Blocks" title="Threading Building Blocks">TBB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZPL_(programming_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="ZPL (programming language)">ZPL</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Problems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_parallelization" title="Automatic parallelization">Automatic parallelization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deadlock_(computer_science)" title="Deadlock (computer science)">Deadlock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deterministic_algorithm" title="Deterministic algorithm">Deterministic algorithm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embarrassingly_parallel" title="Embarrassingly parallel">Embarrassingly parallel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_slowdown" title="Parallel slowdown">Parallel slowdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_condition" title="Race condition">Race condition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_lockout" title="Software lockout">Software lockout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalability" title="Scalability">Scalability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starvation_(computer_science)" title="Starvation (computer science)">Starvation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Parallel_computing" title="Category:Parallel computing">Category: Parallel computing</a></li></ul> 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