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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vehicle-mounted"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Vehicle-mounted</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Vehicle-mounted-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Vehicle-mounted subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Vehicle-mounted-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Approvals_or_certifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Approvals_or_certifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Approvals or certifications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Approvals_or_certifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Best_practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Best_practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Best practices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Best_practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes and references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet 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Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">39 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirene" title="Sirene – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sirene" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%B0%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="صفارة إنذار – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صفارة إنذار" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0)" title="Сирена (аларма) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сирена (аларма)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirena_(instrument_ac%C3%BAstic)" title="Sirena (instrument acústic) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sirena (instrument acústic)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir%C3%A9na_(technika)" title="Siréna (technika) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Siréna (technika)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirene_(lydgiver)" title="Sirene (lydgiver) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sirene (lydgiver)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirene_(Ger%C3%A4t)" title="Sirene (Gerät) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sirene (Gerät)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sireen" title="Sireen – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sireen" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%AE%CE%BD%CE%B1" title="Σειρήνα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σειρήνα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirena_(instrumento_ac%C3%BAstico)" title="Sirena (instrumento acústico) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sirena (instrumento acústico)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sireno_(avertilo)" title="Sireno (avertilo) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sireno (avertilo)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DA%98%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="آژیر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آژیر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir%C3%A8ne_(appareil_sonore)" title="Sirène (appareil sonore) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sirène (appareil sonore)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EC%9D%B4%EB%A0%8C" title="사이렌 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사이렌" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirene" title="Sirene – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sirene" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirena_(acustica)" title="Sirena (acustica) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sirena (acustica)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Сирена – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сирена" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siren_(instrumentum_soni)" title="Siren (instrumentum soni) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Siren (instrumentum soni)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sireen_(Apparat)" title="Sireen (Apparat) – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Sireen (Apparat)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirena_(mechanizmas)" title="Sirena (mechanizmas) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sirena (mechanizmas)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semboyan" title="Semboyan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Semboyan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirene_(apparaat)" title="Sirene (apparaat) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sirene (apparaat)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AC%E3%83%B3" title="サイレン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サイレン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirene_(alarm)" title="Sirene (alarm) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sirene (alarm)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirene" title="Sirene – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sirene" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirena" title="Sirena – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sirena" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrena_(urz%C4%85dzenie_do_sygnalizacji_d%C5%BAwi%C4%99kowej)" title="Syrena (urządzenie do sygnalizacji dźwiękowej) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Syrena (urządzenie do sygnalizacji dźwiękowej)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirene" title="Sirene – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sirene" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siren%C4%83_(dispozitiv)" title="Sirenă (dispozitiv) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sirenă (dispozitiv)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%B5" title="Излучатели звука необратимые – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Излучатели звука необратимые" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siren_(noisemaker)" title="Siren (noisemaker) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Siren (noisemaker)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%95%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="زەنگتاس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زەنگتاس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sireeni_(merkinantov%C3%A4line)" title="Sireeni (merkinantoväline) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sireeni (merkinantoväline)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljudsiren" title="Ljudsiren – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ljudsiren" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirena_(alarma)" title="Sirena (alarma) – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sirena (alarma)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siren_(alarm)" title="Siren (alarm) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Siren (alarm)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8E%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%87" title="Газоструменевий випромінювач – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Газоструменевий випромінювач" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%A2_(%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9D)" title="סירענע (אלארם) – Yiddish" 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the alarm device. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Siren_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Siren (disambiguation)">Siren</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Electronic_Sirens_Pavian_by_Telegrafia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Electronic_Sirens_Pavian_by_Telegrafia.jpg/220px-Electronic_Sirens_Pavian_by_Telegrafia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="352" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Electronic_Sirens_Pavian_by_Telegrafia.jpg/330px-Electronic_Sirens_Pavian_by_Telegrafia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Electronic_Sirens_Pavian_by_Telegrafia.jpg/440px-Electronic_Sirens_Pavian_by_Telegrafia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Electronic Sirens Pavian by Telegrafia</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TWS_295_Sirens,_Saudi_Arabia_Warning_System.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/TWS_295_Sirens%2C_Saudi_Arabia_Warning_System.jpg/220px-TWS_295_Sirens%2C_Saudi_Arabia_Warning_System.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/TWS_295_Sirens%2C_Saudi_Arabia_Warning_System.jpg/330px-TWS_295_Sirens%2C_Saudi_Arabia_Warning_System.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/TWS_295_Sirens%2C_Saudi_Arabia_Warning_System.jpg/440px-TWS_295_Sirens%2C_Saudi_Arabia_Warning_System.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>A Whelen WPS electronic siren imported to Saudi Arabia by HSS Engineering for use as a Civil Defense siren.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Picswiss_BL-56-08.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Picswiss_BL-56-08.jpg/220px-Picswiss_BL-56-08.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Picswiss_BL-56-08.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>There are 8,200 alarm sirens for <a href="/wiki/Civil_protection" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil protection">civil protection</a> throughout <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>. They are tested once a year, on the first Wednesday in February.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/4\/43\/BABS_-_Allgemeiner_Alarm.ogg\/BABS_-_Allgemeiner_Alarm.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"Sound sample"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"BABS - Allgemeiner Alarm.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/43/BABS_-_Allgemeiner_Alarm.ogg/BABS_-_Allgemeiner_Alarm.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">Sound sample</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:BABS_-_Allgemeiner_Alarm.ogg" title="File:BABS - Allgemeiner Alarm.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siren_(Harper%27s_Engraving).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Siren_%28Harper%27s_Engraving%29.png/220px-Siren_%28Harper%27s_Engraving%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Siren_%28Harper%27s_Engraving%29.png/330px-Siren_%28Harper%27s_Engraving%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Siren_%28Harper%27s_Engraving%29.png/440px-Siren_%28Harper%27s_Engraving%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1846" data-file-height="1700" /></a><figcaption>An 1860s-era siren.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>siren</b> is a loud noise-making device. <a href="/wiki/Civil_defense_siren" title="Civil defense siren">Civil defense sirens</a> are mounted in fixed locations and used to warn of natural disasters or attacks. Sirens are used on <a href="/wiki/Emergency_service" title="Emergency service">emergency service</a> vehicles such as <a href="/wiki/Ambulance" title="Ambulance">ambulances</a>, <a href="/wiki/Police_car" title="Police car">police cars</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fire_engine" title="Fire engine">fire engines</a>. There are two general types: mechanical and electronic. </p><p>Many fire sirens (used for summoning volunteer firefighters) serve double duty as <a href="/wiki/Tornado" title="Tornado">tornado</a> or <a href="/wiki/Civil_defense" title="Civil defense">civil defense</a> sirens, alerting an entire community of impending danger. Most fire sirens are either mounted on the roof of a fire station or on a pole next to the fire station. Fire sirens can also be mounted on or near government buildings, on tall structures such as <a href="/wiki/Water_tower" title="Water tower">water towers</a>, as well as in systems where several sirens are distributed around a town for better sound coverage. Most fire sirens are single tone and mechanically driven by electric motors with a rotor attached to the shaft. Some newer sirens are <a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">electronically</a> driven speakers. </p><p>Fire sirens are often called <i>fire whistles</i>, <i>fire alarms</i>, or <i>fire horns</i>. Although there is no standard signaling of fire sirens, some utilize codes to inform firefighters of the location of the fire. Civil defense sirens also used as fire sirens often can produce an alternating "hi-lo" signal (similar to emergency vehicles in many European countries) as the fire signal, or attack (slow wail), typically 3x, as to not confuse the public with the standard civil defense signals of alert (steady tone) and fast wail (fast wavering tone). Fire sirens are often tested once a day at noon and are also called <i>noon sirens</i> or <i>noon whistles</i>. </p><p>The first emergency vehicles relied on a bell. In the 1970s, they switched to a duotone airhorn, which was itself overtaken in the 1980s by an electronic wail. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siren_(alarm)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some time before 1799, the siren was invented by the Scottish natural philosopher <a href="/wiki/John_Robison_(physicist)" title="John Robison (physicist)">John Robison</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Robison's sirens were used as musical instruments; specifically, they powered some of the pipes in an organ. Robison's siren consisted of a <a href="/wiki/Stopcock" title="Stopcock">stopcock</a> that opened and closed a pneumatic tube. The stopcock was apparently driven by the rotation of a wheel. </p><p>In 1819, an improved siren was developed and named by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Cagniard_de_la_Tour" title="Charles Cagniard de la Tour">Baron Charles Cagniard de la Tour</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De la Tour's siren consisted of two perforated disks that were mounted coaxially at the outlet of a pneumatic tube. One disk was stationary, while the other disk rotated. The rotating disk periodically interrupted the flow of air through the fixed disk, producing a tone.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De la Tour's siren could produce sound under water,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suggesting a link with the <a href="/wiki/Siren_(mythology)" title="Siren (mythology)">sirens</a> of Greek mythology; hence the name he gave to the instrument.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Instead of disks, most modern mechanical sirens use two concentric cylinders, which have slots parallel to their length. The inner cylinder rotates while the outer one remains stationary. As air under pressure flows out of the slots of the inner cylinder and then escapes through the slots of the outer cylinder, the flow is periodically interrupted, creating a tone.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest such sirens were developed during 1877–1880 by James Douglass and <a href="/wiki/George_Henry_Slight" title="George Henry Slight">George Slight</a> (1859–1934)<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of <a href="/wiki/Trinity_House" title="Trinity House">Trinity House</a>; the final version was first installed in 1887 at the <a href="/wiki/Ailsa_Craig" title="Ailsa Craig">Ailsa Craig</a> lighthouse in Scotland's <a href="/wiki/Firth_of_Clyde" title="Firth of Clyde">Firth of Clyde</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When commercial electric power became available, sirens were no longer driven by external sources of compressed air, but by electric motors, which generated the necessary flow of air via a simple <a href="/wiki/Centrifugal_fan" title="Centrifugal fan">centrifugal fan</a>, which was incorporated into the siren's inner cylinder. </p><p>To direct a siren's sound and to maximize its power output, a siren is often fitted with a <a href="/wiki/Horn_loudspeaker" title="Horn loudspeaker">horn</a>, which transforms the high-pressure sound waves in the siren to lower-pressure sound waves in the open air. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lowestoft_siren.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Lowestoft_siren.jpg/260px-Lowestoft_siren.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Lowestoft_siren.jpg/390px-Lowestoft_siren.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Lowestoft_siren.jpg/520px-Lowestoft_siren.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The electrically powered cylinder siren used to alert the town of <a href="/wiki/Lowestoft" title="Lowestoft">Lowestoft</a> during World War Two.</figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest way of summoning volunteer firemen to a fire was by ringing of a <a href="/wiki/Bell_(instrument)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell (instrument)">bell</a>, either mounted atop the fire station, or in the belfry of a local <a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">church</a>. As <a href="/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">electricity</a> became available, the first fire sirens were manufactured. In 1886 French electrical engineer <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Trouv%C3%A9" title="Gustave Trouvé">Gustave Trouvé</a> developed a siren to announce the silent arrival of his electric boats. Two early fire siren manufacturers were William A. Box Iron Works, who made the "Denver" sirens as early as 1905, and the Inter-State Machine Company (later the Sterling Siren Fire Alarm Company) who made the ubiquitous Model "M" electric siren, which was the first dual tone siren. The popularity of fire sirens took off by the 1920s, with many manufacturers including the Federal Electric Company and Decot Machine Works creating their own sirens. Since the 1970s, many communities have since deactivated their fire sirens as pagers became available for fire department use. Some sirens still remain as a backup to pager systems. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, the British civil defence used a network of sirens to alert the general population to the imminence of an air raid. A single tone denoted an "all clear". A series of tones denoted an air raid. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siren_(alarm)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pneumatic">Pneumatic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siren_(alarm)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pneumatic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pneumatic_siren.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Pneumatic_siren.jpg/260px-Pneumatic_siren.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Pneumatic_siren.jpg/390px-Pneumatic_siren.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Pneumatic_siren.jpg/520px-Pneumatic_siren.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>A motor siren (a German E57) <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/f\/f9\/Motorsirene_-_Feuerwehralarm.ogg\/Motorsirene_-_Feuerwehralarm.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"Sound sample"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Motorsirene - Feuerwehralarm.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f9/Motorsirene_-_Feuerwehralarm.ogg/Motorsirene_-_Feuerwehralarm.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">Sound sample</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Motorsirene_-_Feuerwehralarm.ogg" title="File:Motorsirene - Feuerwehralarm.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></figcaption></figure> <p>The pneumatic siren, which is a free <a href="/wiki/Aerophone" title="Aerophone">aerophone</a>, consists of a rotating disk with holes in it (called a chopper, <a href="/wiki/Siren_disk" title="Siren disk">siren disk</a> or <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rotor" class="extiw" title="wikt:rotor">rotor</a>), such that the material between the holes interrupts a flow of air from fixed holes on the outside of the unit (called a stator). As the holes in the rotating disk alternately prevent and allow air to flow it results in alternating compressed and rarefied air pressure, i.e. <a href="/wiki/Sound" title="Sound">sound</a>. Such sirens can consume large amounts of <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a>. To reduce the energy consumption without losing sound volume, some designs of pneumatic sirens are boosted by forcing compressed air from a tank that can be refilled by a low powered compressor through the siren disk. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">United States English language</a> usage, vehicular pneumatic sirens are sometimes referred to as <b>mechanical</b> or <b>coaster</b> sirens, to differentiate them from electronic devices. Mechanical sirens driven by an electric motor are often called "electromechanical". One example is the <a href="/wiki/Q2B" title="Q2B">Q2B</a> siren sold by <a href="/wiki/Federal_Signal_Corporation" title="Federal Signal Corporation">Federal Signal Corporation</a>. Because of its high current draw (100 <a href="/wiki/Ampere" title="Ampere">amps</a> when power is applied)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> its application is normally limited to <a href="/wiki/Firefighting" title="Firefighting">fire apparatus</a>, though it has seen increasing use on type IV <a href="/wiki/Ambulance" title="Ambulance">ambulances</a> and rescue-squad vehicles. Its distinct tone of urgency, high sound pressure level (123 <a href="/wiki/Decibel#Acoustics_2" title="Decibel">dB</a> at 10 <a href="/wiki/Foot_(length)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foot (length)">feet</a>) and square sound waves account for its effectiveness. </p><p>In Germany and some other European countries, the pneumatic two-tone (hi-lo) siren consists of two sets of air horns, one high pitched and the other low pitched. An air compressor blows the air into one set of horns, and then it automatically switches to the other set. As this back and forth switching occurs, the sound changes tones. Its sound power varies, but could get as high as approximately 125 dB, depending on the compressor and the horns. Comparing with the mechanical sirens, it uses much less electricity but needs more maintenance. </p><p>In a pneumatic siren, the stator is the part which cuts off and reopens air as rotating blades of a chopper move past the port holes of the stator, generating sound. The pitch of the siren's sound is a function of the speed of the rotor and the number of holes in the stator. A siren with only one row of ports is called a single tone siren. A siren with two rows of ports is known as a dual tone siren. By placing a second stator over the main stator and attaching a <a href="/wiki/Solenoid" title="Solenoid">solenoid</a> to it, one can repeatedly close and open all of the stator ports thus creating a tone called a pulse. If this is done while the siren is wailing (rather than sounding a steady tone) then it is called a pulse wail. By doing this separately over each row of ports on a dual tone siren, one can alternately sound each of the two tones back and forth, creating a tone known as Hi/Lo. If this is done while the siren is wailing, it is called a Hi/Lo wail. This equipment can also do pulse or pulse wail. The ports can be opened and closed to send <a href="/wiki/Morse_code" title="Morse code">Morse code</a>. A siren which can do both pulse and Morse code is known as a code siren. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electronic">Electronic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siren_(alarm)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Electronic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_B_422_Bild-0010,_Sirene.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Bundesarchiv_B_422_Bild-0010%2C_Sirene.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_B_422_Bild-0010%2C_Sirene.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Bundesarchiv_B_422_Bild-0010%2C_Sirene.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_B_422_Bild-0010%2C_Sirene.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Bundesarchiv_B_422_Bild-0010%2C_Sirene.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_B_422_Bild-0010%2C_Sirene.jpg 2x" data-file-width="532" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Hörmann HLS-381 Pneumatic siren</figcaption></figure> <p>Electronic sirens incorporate circuits such as <a href="/wiki/Oscillator" class="mw-redirect" title="Oscillator">oscillators</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modulation" title="Modulation">modulators</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Amplifier" title="Amplifier">amplifiers</a> to synthesize a selected siren tone (wail, yelp, pierce/priority/phaser, hi-lo, scan, airhorn, manual, and a few more) which is played through external speakers. It is not unusual, especially in the case of modern fire engines, to see an emergency vehicle equipped with both types of sirens. Often, police sirens also use the interval of a <a href="/wiki/Tritone" title="Tritone">tritone</a> to help draw attention. The first electronic siren that mimicked the sound of a mechanical siren was invented in 1965 by Motorola employees Ronald H. Chapman and Charles W. Stephens.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_types">Other types</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siren_(alarm)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Other types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Whelen_WPS-2750.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Whelen_WPS-2750.jpg/220px-Whelen_WPS-2750.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Whelen_WPS-2750.jpg/330px-Whelen_WPS-2750.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Whelen_WPS-2750.jpg/440px-Whelen_WPS-2750.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Whelen_Engineering_Company" title="Whelen Engineering Company">Whelen</a> electronic siren (WPS-2750) in <a href="/wiki/Milpitas,_California" title="Milpitas, California">Milpitas, CA</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Steam_whistle" title="Steam whistle">Steam whistles</a> were also used as a warning device if a supply of steam was present, such as a sawmill or factory. These were common before fire sirens became widely available, particularly in the former <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. Fire horns, large compressed air horns, also were and still are used as an alternative to a fire siren. Many fire horn systems were wired to fire pull boxes that were located around a town, and this would "blast out" a code in respect to that box's location. For example, pull box number 233, when pulled, would trigger the fire horn to sound two blasts, followed by a pause, followed by three blasts, followed by a pause, followed by three more blasts. In the days before telephones, this was the only way firefighters would know the location of a fire. The coded blasts were usually repeated several times. This technology was also applied to many steam whistles as well. Some fire sirens are fitted with brakes and dampers, enabling them to sound out codes as well. These units tended to be unreliable, and are now uncommon.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physics_of_the_sound">Physics of the sound</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siren_(alarm)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Physics of the sound"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mechanical sirens blow air through a slotted disk or rotor. The cyclic waves of air pressure are the physical form of sound. In many sirens, a centrifugal blower and rotor are integrated into a single piece of material, spun by an electric motor. </p><p>Electronic sirens are high efficiency <a href="/wiki/Loudspeaker" title="Loudspeaker">loudspeakers</a>, with specialized amplifiers and tone generation. They usually imitate the sounds of mechanical sirens in order to be recognizable as sirens. </p><p>To improve the efficiency of the siren, it uses a relatively low frequency, usually several hundred <a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">hertz</a>. Lower frequency sound waves go around corners and through holes better. </p><p>Sirens often use horns to aim the pressure waves. This uses the siren's energy more efficiently by aiming it. Exponential horns achieve similar efficiencies with less material. </p><p>The frequency, i.e. the cycles per second of the sound of a mechanical siren is controlled by the speed of its rotor, and the number of openings. The wailing of a mechanical siren occurs as the rotor speeds and slows. Wailing usually identifies an attack or urgent emergency. </p><p>The characteristic <a href="/wiki/Timbre" title="Timbre">timbre</a> or musical quality of a mechanical siren is caused because it is a triangle wave, when graphed as pressure over time. As the openings widen, the emitted pressure increases. As they close, it decreases. So, the characteristic frequency distribution of the sound has harmonics at odd (1, 3, 5...) multiples of the fundamental. The power of the harmonics roll off in an inverse square to their frequency. Distant sirens sound more "mellow" or "warmer" because their harsh high frequencies are absorbed by nearby objects. </p><p>Two tone sirens are often designed to emit a minor third, musically considered a "sad" sound. To do this, they have two rotors with different numbers of openings. The upper tone is produced by a rotor with a count of openings divisible by six. The lower tone's rotor has a count of openings divisible by five. Unlike an organ, a mechanical siren's minor third is almost always physical, not <a href="/wiki/Musical_temperament" title="Musical temperament">tempered</a>. To achieve tempered ratios in a mechanical siren, the rotors must either be geared, run by different motors, or have very large numbers of openings. Electronic sirens can easily produce a tempered minor third. </p><p>A mechanical siren that can alternate between its tones uses solenoids to move rotary shutters that cut off the air supply to one rotor, then the other. This is often used to identify a fire warning. </p><p>When testing, a frightening sound is not desirable. So, electronic sirens then usually emit musical tones: Westminster chimes is common. Mechanical sirens sometimes self-test by "growling", i.e. operating at low speeds. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_music">In music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siren_(alarm)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: In music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sirens are also used as <a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">musical instruments</a>. They have been prominently featured in works by <a href="/wiki/Avant-garde_music" title="Avant-garde music">avant-garde</a> and <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_classical_music" title="Contemporary classical music">contemporary classical</a> composers. Examples include <a href="/wiki/Edgard_Var%C3%A8se" title="Edgard Varèse">Edgard Varèse</a>'s compositions <i><a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9riques" title="Amériques">Amériques</a></i> (1918–21, rev. 1927), <i><a href="/wiki/Hyperprism_(Var%C3%A8se)" title="Hyperprism (Varèse)">Hyperprism</a></i> (1924), and <i><a href="/wiki/Ionisation_(Var%C3%A8se)" title="Ionisation (Varèse)">Ionisation</a></i> (1931);<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Arseny_Avraamov" title="Arseny Avraamov">Arseny Avraamov</a>'s <i>Symphony of Factory Sirens</i> (1922);<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/George_Antheil" title="George Antheil">George Antheil</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Ballet_M%C3%A9canique" title="Ballet Mécanique">Ballet Mécanique</a></i> (1926); <a href="/wiki/Dimitri_Shostakovich" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimitri Shostakovich">Dimitri Shostakovich</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._2_(Shostakovich)" title="Symphony No. 2 (Shostakovich)">Symphony No. 2</a></i> (1927), and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Fillmore" title="Henry Fillmore">Henry Fillmore</a>'s "The Klaxon: March of the Automobiles" (1929), which features a <a href="/wiki/Klaxophone" title="Klaxophone">klaxophone</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Popular_music" title="Popular music">popular music</a>, sirens have been used in <a href="/wiki/The_Chemical_Brothers" title="The Chemical Brothers">The Chemical Brothers</a>' "<a href="/wiki/Song_to_the_Siren_(The_Chemical_Brothers_song)" title="Song to the Siren (The Chemical Brothers song)">Song to the Siren</a>" (1992) and in a CBS News <i><a href="/wiki/60_Minutes" title="60 Minutes">60 Minutes</a></i> segment played by percussionist <a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Glennie" title="Evelyn Glennie">Evelyn Glennie</a>. A variation of a siren, played on a <a href="/wiki/Keyboard_instrument" title="Keyboard instrument">keyboard</a>, are the opening notes of the <a href="/wiki/REO_Speedwagon" title="REO Speedwagon">REO Speedwagon</a> song "<a href="/wiki/Ridin%27_the_Storm_Out" title="Ridin' the Storm Out">Ridin' the Storm Out</a>". Some heavy metal bands also use air raid type siren intros at the beginning of their shows.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The opening measure of <a href="/wiki/Money_City_Maniacs" title="Money City Maniacs">Money City Maniacs</a> 1998 by Canadian band Sloan uses multiple sirens overlapped. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vehicle-mounted">Vehicle-mounted</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siren_(alarm)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Vehicle-mounted"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FireEngine-5236.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/FireEngine-5236.jpg/260px-FireEngine-5236.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/FireEngine-5236.jpg/390px-FireEngine-5236.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/FireEngine-5236.jpg/520px-FireEngine-5236.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Warning siren and <a href="/wiki/Emergency_vehicle_lighting" title="Emergency vehicle lighting">emergency lights</a> mounted on a fire truck</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Approvals_or_certifications">Approvals or certifications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siren_(alarm)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Approvals or certifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Governments may have standards for vehicle-mounted sirens. For example, in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, sirens are designated Class A or Class B. A Class A siren is loud enough that it can be mounted nearly anywhere on a vehicle. Class B sirens are not as loud and must be mounted on a plane parallel to the level roadway and parallel to the direction the vehicle travels when driving in a straight line.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sirens must also be approved by local agencies, in some cases. For example, the <a href="/wiki/California_Highway_Patrol" title="California Highway Patrol">California Highway Patrol</a> approves specific models for use on emergency vehicles in the state.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The approval is important because it ensures the devices perform adequately. Moreover, using unapproved devices could be a factor in determining fault if a collision occurs.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/SAE_International" title="SAE International">SAE International</a> Emergency Warning Lights and Devices committee oversees the SAE emergency vehicle lighting practices and the siren practice, J1849.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This practice was updated through cooperation between the SAE and the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">National Institute of Standards and Technology</a>. Though this version remains quite similar to the California Title 13 standard for sound output at various angles, this updated practice enables an acoustic laboratory to test a dual speaker siren system for compliant sound output.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Best_practices">Best practices</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siren_(alarm)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Best practices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Siren_(alarm)" title="Special:EditPage/Siren (alarm)">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/A_fire_truck_running_the_Q_siren.webm/220px--A_fire_truck_running_the_Q_siren.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="26" data-mwtitle="A_fire_truck_running_the_Q_siren.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:A_fire_truck_running_the_Q_siren.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e0/A_fire_truck_running_the_Q_siren.webm/A_fire_truck_running_the_Q_siren.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/A_fire_truck_running_the_Q_siren.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e0/A_fire_truck_running_the_Q_siren.webm/A_fire_truck_running_the_Q_siren.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e0/A_fire_truck_running_the_Q_siren.webm/A_fire_truck_running_the_Q_siren.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e0/A_fire_truck_running_the_Q_siren.webm/A_fire_truck_running_the_Q_siren.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e0/A_fire_truck_running_the_Q_siren.webm/A_fire_truck_running_the_Q_siren.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e0/A_fire_truck_running_the_Q_siren.webm/A_fire_truck_running_the_Q_siren.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>A fire truck uses a siren</figcaption></figure> <p>Siren speakers, or mechanical sirens, should always be mounted ahead of the passenger compartment. This reduces the noise for occupants and makes two-way radio and mobile telephone audio more intelligible during siren use. It also puts the sound where it will be useful. A 2007 study found passenger compartment sound levels could exceed 90dB(A).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Research has shown that sirens mounted behind the engine grille or under the wheel arches produces less unwanted noise inside the passenger cabin and to the side and rear of the vehicle while maintaining noise levels to give adequate warnings.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The inclusion of broadband sound to sirens has the ability to increase localisation of sirens, as in a <a href="/wiki/Directional_siren" title="Directional siren">directional siren</a>, as a spread of frequencies makes use of the three ways the brain detects a direction of a sound: <a href="/wiki/Interaural_level_difference" class="mw-redirect" title="Interaural level difference">Interaural level difference</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interaural_time_difference" title="Interaural time difference">interaural time difference</a> and <a href="/wiki/Head-related_transfer_function" title="Head-related transfer function">head-related transfer function</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The worst installations are those where the siren sound is emitted above and slightly behind the vehicle occupants such as cases where a light-bar mounted speaker is used on a sedan or pickup. Vehicles with concealed sirens also tend to have high noise levels inside. In some cases, concealed or poor installations produce noise levels which can permanently damage vehicle occupants' hearing.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Electric-motor-driven mechanical sirens may draw 50 to 200 amperes at 12 volts (<a href="/wiki/Direct_current" title="Direct current">DC</a>) when spinning up to operating speed. Appropriate wiring and transient protection for engine control computers is a necessary part of an installation. Wiring should be similar in size to the wiring to the vehicle engine starter motor. Mechanical vehicle mounted devices usually have an electric brake, a solenoid that presses a friction pad against the siren rotor. When an emergency vehicle arrives on-scene or is cancelled en route, the operator can rapidly stop the siren. </p><p>Multi-speaker electronic sirens often are alleged to have dead spots at certain angles to the vehicle's direction of travel. These are caused by phase differences. The sound coming from the speaker array can phase cancel in some situations. This phase cancellation occurs at single frequencies, based upon the spacing of the speakers. These phase differences also account for increases, based upon the frequency and the speaker spacing. However, sirens are designed to sweep the frequency of their sound output, typically, no less than one octave. This sweeping minimizes the effects of phase cancellation. The result is that the average sound output from a dual speaker siren system is 3 dB greater than a single speaker system. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siren_(alarm)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blues_and_twos" class="mw-redirect" title="Blues and twos">Blues and twos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysler_air_raid_siren" class="mw-redirect" title="Chrysler air raid siren">Chrysler air raid siren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_defense_siren" title="Civil defense siren">Civil defense siren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foghorn" title="Foghorn">Foghorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Klaxon">Klaxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunderbolt_siren" class="mw-redirect" title="Thunderbolt siren">Thunderbolt siren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warning_system" title="Warning system">Warning system</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siren_(alarm)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Standard available at <a href="/wiki/SAE_International" title="SAE International">SAE</a> J1849, 2020 Edition, February 2020 - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://global.ihs.com/doc_detail.cfm?document_name=SAE%20J1849&item_s_key=00115464">Emergency Vehicle Sirens</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.babs.admin.ch/en/alarm/sirenentest.html">Testing sirens</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200208133049/https://www.alert.swiss/en/vorsorge/sirenentest.html">Archived</a> 2020-02-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Swiss Federal Office for Civil Protection (page visited on 7 September 2013).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The dials atop the siren are connected, via reduction gears, to the perforated disks (in the cylinder beneath the dials) which produce the siren's sound. The dials allow the siren's frequency to be determined. During the 19th century, sirens were among the few sources of sound having a known frequency. Hence they were used in research on hearing and sound.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <ul><li>John Robison, <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>, 3rd ed., 1799.</li> <li>"Temperament of the scale of music" in: John Robison with David Brewster and James Watt, ed.s, <i>A System of Mechanical Philosophy</i> (Edinburgh, Scotland: 1822), vol. 4, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PcEEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA404">pages 404-405</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221113202206/https://books.google.com/books?id=PcEEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA404">Archived</a> 2022-11-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li>Ernst Robel, <i>Die Sirenen: Ein Beitrag zur Entwickelungsgeschichte der Akustik</i> [Sirens: A contribution to the history of the development of acoustics] (Berlin, Germany: R. Gaertners, 1891), part 1, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bmVCAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP11">pages 7–10</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221113202208/https://books.google.com/books?id=bmVCAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP11">Archived</a> 2022-11-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles Cagniard de la Tour (1819) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=weA3AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA167">"Sur la Sirène, nouvelle machine d'acoustique destinée à mésures les vibrations de l'air qui contient la son"</a> (On the siren, new acoustic machine to be used for measuring the vibrations of sound in air) <i><a href="/wiki/Annales_de_chimie_et_de_physique" title="Annales de chimie et de physique">Annales de chimie et de physique</a></i>, vol. 12, pages 167–171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For descriptions of Robison's and de la Tour's sirens, see: <ul><li>Robert T. Beyer, <i>Sounds of Our Times: Two Hundred Years of Acoustics</i> (New York: Springer Verlag, 1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kebDOljfX7oC&pg=PA30">page 30</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221113202207/https://books.google.com/books?id=kebDOljfX7oC&pg=PA30">Archived</a> 2022-11-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. De la Tour's siren is illustrated on page 31.</li> <li>De la Tour's siren is also illustrated on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GwE6AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA12">page 12</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221113202207/https://books.google.com/books?id=GwE6AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA12">Archived</a> 2022-11-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> of: Hermann von Helmholtz, <i>On the Sensations of Tone as a Physiological Basis for the Theory of Music, 3rd ed.</i> (London, England: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1875). (Reprinted in 1954 by Dover Publishing Inc. of N.Y., N.Y.)</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The rotating disk of such a siren is driven by air pressure alone: The holes in each disk are not drilled perpendicularly to the disk. Instead, the holes slope in a clockwise direction in one disk and counterclockwise in the other. To escape, the flowing air must therefore change direction sharply, driving the rotating disk like a turbine. See: <ul><li>Robert T. Beyer, <i>Sounds of Our Times: Two Hundred Years of Acoustics</i> (New York: Springer Verlag, 1998), page 30.</li> <li>See also: Michael Lamm, "Feel the noise: The art and science of making sound alarming," <i>Invention and Technology Magazine</i>, vol. 18, no. 3, pages 22–27 (Winter 2003). (Lamm's article is available on-line at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/it/2003/3/2003_3_22.shtml">American Heritage</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080218024833/http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/it/2003/3/2003_3_22.shtml">Archived</a> 2008-02-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.)</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See; <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Ganot" title="Adolphe Ganot">Adolphe Ganot</a> (translator: Edmund Atkinson), <i>Elementary Treatise on Physics: Experimental and Applied</i>, 8th ed. (N.Y., N.Y.: Wm. Wood and Co., 1877), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8T0AAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA189">pages 188-189</a>.</li> <li>J.H. Poynting and J.J. Thomson, <i>Sound</i> (London: Charles Griffin and Co., 1899), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I7TkAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA37">page 37</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221113202208/https://books.google.com/books?id=I7TkAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA37">Archived</a> 2022-11-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">de la Tour (1819) "Sur la Sirène, nouvelle machine d'acoustique destinée à mésures les vibrations de l'air qui contient la son," <i>Annales de chimie et de physique</i>, vol. 12, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k65708448/f177.image.langEN">page 171</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015154304/http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k65708448/f177.image.langEN">Archived</a> 2015-10-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: <blockquote><p><i>Original</i>: "Si l'on fait passer de l'eau dans la sirène, au lieu d'air, elle produit également le son, lors même qu'elle est entièrement immergée dans ce fluide, et les mêmes nombres de chocs produisent les mêmes nombre de notes par l'air. C'est à cause de cette propriété d'être sonore dans l'eau, que j'ai cru pouvoir lui donner le nom sous lequel elle est désignée."</p></blockquote> <blockquote><p><i>Translation</i>: If one runs water through the siren instead of air, it still produces sound even though it is fully immersed in this fluid, and the same number of shocks produce the same number of audible vibrations as in air. It is because of this property of making sound in water that I thought I could give it the name by which it is designated.</p></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Some sirens have two pairs of slotted cylinders, allowing such a siren to produce two tones having a musical interval of a <a href="/wiki/Minor_third" title="Minor third">minor</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Major_third" title="Major third">major third</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alan Renton, <i>Lost Sounds: The Story of Coast Fog Signals</i> (Latheronwheel, Scotland: Whittles Publishing, 2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qp_GpRyKoD0C&pg=PA51">page 51</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221113202209/https://books.google.com/books?id=Qp_GpRyKoD0C&pg=PA51">Archived</a> 2022-11-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. For a brief biography of George Slight, see the Spanish Wikipedia article <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Slight" class="extiw" title="es:George Slight">"George Slight"</a> (in Spanish).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <ul><li>David A. Stevenson (1887) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0afFAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA297">“Ailsa Craig lighthouse and fog signals,”</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221113202208/https://books.google.com/books?id=0afFAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA297">Archived</a> 2022-11-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Minutes of the Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers</i>, vol. 89, pages 297-303. Regarding the siren, see pages 300 and 301.</li> <li>Frederick A. Talbot, <i>Lighthouses and Lightships</i> (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: J. B. Lippincott & Co., 1913), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UNQ8AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA62">page 62</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221113202208/https://books.google.com/books?id=UNQ8AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA62">Archived</a> 2022-11-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li>Wayne Wheeler, "The history of fog signals – part 1," <i>The Keeper's Log</i>, vol. 6, no. 4, pages 20–23 (Summer 1990) and "The history of fog signals – part 2," <i>The Keeper's Log</i>, vol. 7, no.1, pages 8–17 (Fall 1990). See especially page 11 of part 2.</li> <li>Brian Clearman, <i>Transportation-markings: A Historical Survey, 1750–2000</i> (St. Benedict, Oregon: Mount Angel Abbey, 2002), pages 170-171. Available on-line at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarsbank.uoregon.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1794/4213/TM_Historical_survey.pdf?sequence=4">University of Oregon</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303211324/https://scholarsbank.uoregon.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1794/4213/TM_Historical_survey.pdf?sequence=4">Archived</a> 2016-03-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li>"Lighthouse," <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i> (1911), 11th ed., vol. 16, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-LkUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA647">page 647</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221113202209/https://books.google.com/books?id=-LkUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA647">Archived</a> 2022-11-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ronald H. Chapman and Charles W. Stephens, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdfpiw.uspto.gov/.piw?Docid=03324408&homeurl=http%3A%2F%2Fpatft.uspto.gov%2Fnetacgi%2Fnph-Parser%3FSect2%3DPTO1%2526Sect2%3DHITOFF%2526p%3D1%2526u%3D%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool.html%2526r%3D1%2526f%3DG%2526l%3D50%2526d%3DPALL%2526S1%3D3324408.PN.%2526OS%3DPN%2F3324408%2526RS%3DPN%2F3324408&PageNum=&Rtype=&SectionNum=&idkey=NONE&Input=View+first+page">"Electronic siren including a shock excited resonant circuit,"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170206072206/http://pdfpiw.uspto.gov/.piw?Docid=03324408&homeurl=http%3A%2F%2Fpatft.uspto.gov%2Fnetacgi%2Fnph-Parser%3FSect2%3DPTO1%2526Sect2%3DHITOFF%2526p%3D1%2526u%3D%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool.html%2526r%3D1%2526f%3DG%2526l%3D50%2526d%3DPALL%2526S1%3D3324408.PN.%2526OS%3DPN%2F3324408%2526RS%3DPN%2F3324408&PageNum=&Rtype=&SectionNum=&idkey=NONE&Input=View+first+page">Archived</a> 2017-02-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> U.S. Patent no. 3,324,408 (filed: Nov. 23, 1965; published: June 6, 1967).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1978/01/27/varese-and-his-fire-siren-not-so-wild/f0b05fd8-0891-4c37-b2dd-e7748b27c2d9/">"Varese and his Fire Siren: Not So Wild"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. 27 January 1978<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Varese+and+his+Fire+Siren%3A+Not+So+Wild&rft.date=1978-01-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Flifestyle%2F1978%2F01%2F27%2Fvarese-and-his-fire-siren-not-so-wild%2Ff0b05fd8-0891-4c37-b2dd-e7748b27c2d9%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiren+%28alarm%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAronson1998" class="citation book cs1">Aronson, Marc (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0NtPNkc8V2IC&pg=PA84"><i>Art Attack: A Short Cultural History of the Avant-Garde</i></a>. 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(2007-08-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/00140130701318780">"A framework for the design of ambulance sirens"</a>. <i>Ergonomics</i>. <b>50</b> (8): 1287–1301. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00140130701318780">10.1080/00140130701318780</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0014-0139">0014-0139</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17558670">17558670</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:28283263">28283263</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ergonomics&rft.atitle=A+framework+for+the+design+of+ambulance+sirens&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1287-1301&rft.date=2007-08-01&rft.issn=0014-0139&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A28283263%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17558670&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00140130701318780&rft.aulast=Catchpole&rft.aufirst=K.&rft.au=Mckeown%2C+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F00140130701318780&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiren+%28alarm%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCatchpoleDenis_Mckeown2007" class="citation journal cs1">Catchpole, Ken; Denis Mckeown (8 June 2007). "A framework for the design of ambulance sirens". <i>Ergonomics</i>. <b>50</b> (8): 1287–1301. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00140130701318780">10.1080/00140130701318780</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17558670">17558670</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:28283263">28283263</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ergonomics&rft.atitle=A+framework+for+the+design+of+ambulance+sirens&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1287-1301&rft.date=2007-06-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A28283263%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17558670&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00140130701318780&rft.aulast=Catchpole&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft.au=Denis+Mckeown&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiren+%28alarm%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.physics.org/featuredetail.asp?id=75">"Alarms and Sirens"</a>. Physics.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alarms+and+Sirens&rft.pub=Physics.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.physics.org%2Ffeaturedetail.asp%3Fid%3D75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiren+%28alarm%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiach2003" class="citation thesis cs1">Riach, Douglas (2003-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1294"><i>Emergency vehicle siren noise: A potential for hearing loss</i></a>. <i>Theses: Doctorates and Masters</i> (Thesis)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Emergency+vehicle+siren+noise%3A+A+potential+for+hearing+loss&rft.date=2003-01-01&rft.aulast=Riach&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fro.ecu.edu.au%2Ftheses%2F1294&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiren+%28alarm%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siren_(alarm)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Warning_sirens" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Warning sirens">Warning sirens</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://physics.kenyon.edu/EarlyApparatus/Acoustics/Siren/siren.htm">Various examples</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070206213822/http://www.chp.ca.gov/pdf/chp810.pdf">"Regulatory requirements for sirens on California-licensed vehicles, (Author: California Highway Patrol)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chp.ca.gov/pdf/chp810.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2007-02-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Regulatory+requirements+for+sirens+on+California-licensed+vehicles%2C+%28Author%3A+California+Highway+Patrol%29.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chp.ca.gov%2Fpdf%2Fchp810.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiren+%28alarm%29" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(206 <a href="/wiki/Kibibyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Kibibyte">KiB</a>)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091013131233/http://whistlemuseum.com/2008/11/07/german-torpedo--siren-whistle-c-1905-1939.aspx">Whistle Museum </a>- Pictures of Siren whistles</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jmarcoz.com/sirens/sirenarchive.htm">The Siren Archive</a> - pictures of fire sirens</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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title="Firefighter">Personnel and organization</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battalion_chief" title="Battalion chief">Battalion chief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_fire_officer" title="Chief fire officer">Chief fire officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_captain" title="Fire captain">Fire captain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_chief" title="Fire chief">Fire chief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Station_officer" title="Station officer">Station officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retained_firefighter" title="Retained firefighter">Retained firefighter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_marshal" title="Fire marshal">Fire marshal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_police" title="Fire police">Fire police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firefighter_assist_and_search_team" title="Firefighter assist and search team">Firefighter assist and search team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handcrew" title="Handcrew">Handcrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_operations_firefighter" title="Special operations firefighter">Special operations firefighter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volunteer_fire_department" title="Volunteer fire department">Volunteer fire department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_firefighting" title="Women in firefighting">Women in firefighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comparative_firefighting_ranks" title="List of comparative firefighting ranks">Fire department ranks by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drill_tower" title="Drill tower">Drill tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_department" title="Fire department">Fire department</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fire_departments" title="List of fire departments">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_lookout_tower" title="Fire lookout tower">Fire lookout tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_station" title="Fire station">Fire station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hose_tower" title="Hose tower">Hose tower</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Firefighting_apparatus" title="Firefighting apparatus">Apparatus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airport_crash_tender" title="Airport crash tender">Airport crash tender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_command_vehicle" title="Fire command vehicle">Fire command vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_engine" title="Fire engine">Fire engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_motorcycle" title="Fire motorcycle">Fire motorcycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireboat" title="Fireboat">Fireboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firefighting_apparatus" title="Firefighting apparatus">Firefighting apparatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazardous_materials_apparatus" title="Hazardous materials apparatus">Hazardous materials apparatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_and_air_unit" title="Light and air unit">Light and air unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quint_(fire_apparatus)" title="Quint (fire apparatus)">Quint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_vehicle" title="Rescue vehicle">Rescue vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_tender" title="Water tender">Water tender</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_firefighting_equipment" title="Glossary of firefighting equipment">Equipment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bunker_gear" title="Bunker gear">Bunker gear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escape_chair" title="Escape chair">Escape chair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_blanket" title="Fire blanket">Fire blanket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_brigade_key" title="Fire brigade key">Fire brigade keys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_bucket" title="Fire bucket">Fire bucket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_extinguisher" title="Fire extinguisher">Fire extinguisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_hose" title="Fire hose">Fire hose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_hydrant" title="Fire hydrant">Fire hydrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_proximity_suit" title="Fire proximity suit">Fire proximity suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_retardant" title="Fire retardant">Fire retardant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_shelter" title="Fire shelter">Fire shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireman%27s_pole" title="Fireman's pole">Fireman's pole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireman%27s_switch" title="Fireman's switch">Fireman's switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flame_retardant" title="Flame retardant">Flame retardant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fog_nozzle" title="Fog nozzle">Fog nozzle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halligan_bar" title="Halligan bar">Halligan bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_suction_hose" title="Hard suction hose">Hard suction hose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazmat_suit" title="Hazmat suit">Hazmat suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_detector" title="Heat detector">Heat detector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hose_bridge" title="Hose bridge">Hose bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_rescue_tool" title="Hydraulic rescue tool">Hydraulic rescue tool</a> ("Jaws of life")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelly_tool" title="Kelly tool">Kelly tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomex" title="Nomex">Nomex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_roof_hook" title="New York roof hook">New York roof hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PASS_device" title="PASS device">PASS device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_pig_(tool)" title="The pig (tool)">The pig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portable_water_tank" title="Portable water tank">Portable water tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotary_saw" title="Rotary saw">Rotary saw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secure_information_box" title="Secure information box">Secure information box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-contained_breathing_apparatus" title="Self-contained breathing apparatus">Self-contained breathing apparatus</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Siren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_detector" title="Smoke detector">Smoke detector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_imaging_camera" title="Thermal imaging camera">Thermal imaging camera</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_firefighting" title="Glossary of firefighting">Terminology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backdraft" title="Backdraft">Backdraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barn_fire" title="Barn fire">Barn fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimney_fire" title="Chimney fire">Chimney fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_man_zone" title="Dead man zone">Dead man zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deluge_gun" title="Deluge gun">Deluge gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Door_breaching" title="Door breaching">Door breaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draft_(water)" title="Draft (water)">Draft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_alarm" title="False alarm">False alarm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_class" title="Fire class">Fire class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_control" title="Fire control">Fire control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_safety" title="Fire safety">Fire safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_triangle" title="Fire triangle">Fire triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireman%27s_carry" title="Fireman's carry">Fireman's carry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firewall_(construction)" title="Firewall (construction)">Firewall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_fire" title="Flash fire">Flash fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flashover" title="Flashover">Flashover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaseous_fire_suppression" title="Gaseous fire suppression">Gaseous fire suppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple-alarm_fire" title="Multiple-alarm fire">Multiple-alarm fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollover_(fire)" title="Rollover (fire)">Rollover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop,_drop_and_roll" title="Stop, drop and roll">Stop, drop and roll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structure_fire" title="Structure fire">Structure fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-in,_two-out" title="Two-in, two-out">Two-in, two-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventilation_(firefighting)" title="Ventilation (firefighting)">Ventilation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candidate_Physical_Ability_Test" title="Candidate Physical Ability Test">Candidate Physical Ability Test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_camp" title="Fire camp">Fire camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_engine_red" title="Fire engine red">Fire engine red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_photography" title="Fire photography">Fire photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_protection_engineering" title="Fire protection engineering">Fire protection engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_firefighting" title="Geography of firefighting">Geography of firefighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_firefighting" title="History of firefighting">History of firefighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Fire_Fighters" title="International Association of Fire Fighters">International Association of Fire Fighters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Firefighters%27_Day" title="International Firefighters' Day">International Firefighters' Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_firefighting_films" title="List of firefighting films">List of firefighting films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muster_(event)" title="Muster (event)">Muster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Florian" title="Saint Florian">Saint Florian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Firefighters_Games" title="World Firefighters Games">World Firefighters Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Police_and_Fire_Games" title="World Police and Fire Games">World Police and Fire Games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">Wildfires</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" 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hose">Fire hose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_lookout_tower" title="Fire lookout tower">Fire lookout tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_rake" title="Fire rake">Fire rake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_retardant" title="Fire retardant">Fire retardant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_retardant_gel" title="Fire retardant gel">Fire retardant gel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_trail" title="Fire trail">Fire trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firebreak" title="Firebreak">Firebreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firefighting_apparatus" title="Firefighting apparatus">Firefighting apparatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firefighting_foam" title="Firefighting foam">Firefighting foam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helicopter_bucket" title="Helicopter bucket">Helicopter bucket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hose_pack" title="Hose pack">Hose pack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McLeod_(tool)" title="McLeod (tool)">McLeod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modular_Airborne_FireFighting_System" title="Modular Airborne FireFighting System">Modular Airborne FireFighting System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulaski_(tool)" title="Pulaski (tool)">Pulaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildfire_suppression_equipment_and_personnel" title="Wildfire suppression equipment and personnel">Wildfire suppression equipment and personnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildland_fire_engine" title="Wildland fire engine">Wildland fire engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildland_water_tender" title="Wildland water tender">Wildland water tender</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personnel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fire_lookout" title="Fire lookout">Fire lookout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handcrew" title="Handcrew">Handcrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helitack" title="Helitack">Helitack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotshot_crew" title="Hotshot crew">Hotshot crew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smokejumper" title="Smokejumper">Smokejumper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildland_fire_module" title="Wildland fire module">Wildland fire module</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Firefighting_in_ancient_Rome" title="Firefighting in ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushfires_in_Australia" title="Bushfires in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildfires_in_the_United_States" title="Wildfires in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_wildfire_suppression_in_the_United_States" title="History of wildfire suppression in the United States">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_California_wildfires" title="List of California wildfires">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Washington_wildfires" title="List of Washington wildfires">Washington</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_wildfire_terms" title="Glossary of wildfire terms">Glossary of wildfire terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wildfires" title="List of wildfires">List of wildfires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Fire" title="Template:Fire">Template:Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Fire_protection" title="Template:Fire protection">Template:Fire protection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td 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