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title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="infobox" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 125%;">Manly–Balzer </th></tr> <tr> <th>Type </th> <td>5-cylinder water-cooled <a href="/wiki/Radial_engine" title="Radial engine">radial engine</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span class="nowrap">National origin</span> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>First run </th> <td>1903 </td></tr> <tr> <th><span class="nowrap">Major applications</span> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Langley_Aerodrome_(aircraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Langley Aerodrome (aircraft)">Langley Aerodrome</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>The <b>Manly–Balzer</b> was the first purpose-designed <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_engine" title="Aircraft engine">aircraft engine</a>, built in 1901 for the <a href="/wiki/Langley_Aerodrome_(aircraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Langley Aerodrome (aircraft)">Langley Aerodrome</a> project. The engine was originally ordered from Stephen Balzer (1864–1940) in <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, but his five-cylinder <a href="/wiki/Radial_engine" title="Radial engine">radial engine</a> design failed to live up to its claims. Langley's chief assistant, <a href="/wiki/Charles_M._Manly" title="Charles M. Manly">Charles Manly</a>, then reworked the engine to produce a design that held the record for <a href="/wiki/Power-to-weight_ratio" title="Power-to-weight ratio">power-to-weight ratio</a> for any engine for many years. Manly later worked for <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Curtiss" title="Glenn Curtiss">Glenn Curtiss</a>, and was one of the team-members who designed the mass-produced <a href="/wiki/Curtiss_OX-5" title="Curtiss OX-5">Curtiss OX-5</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manly%E2%80%93Balzer_engine&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The problem with powering the Aerodrome had been known as early as 1898 when work on the person-carrying versions first started. At the time the gasoline engine was a fairly new invention, and no engine in the world had the needed performance. After a short search they decided to contract the development to one of the few engine builders in the area, New York's <a href="/wiki/Stephen_M._Balzer" title="Stephen M. Balzer">Stephen M. Balzer</a>. </p><p>Balzer was a Hungarian immigrant who had a mechanical bent and started designing various devices while working in the watch repair department in Tiffany's. He followed this with a night course in engineering, and struck out on his own to develop what would become New York's first car in 1894, a small four-wheel carriage powered by a three-cylinder <a href="/wiki/Rotary_engine" title="Rotary engine">rotary engine</a> of his design. Balzer was convinced he could build an engine to Langley's requirements by scaling up his existing design into a larger five-cylinder one. Langley gave him a contract in December 1898, and work started on the new design. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Engine_development">Engine development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manly%E2%80%93Balzer_engine&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Engine development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The engine was completed fairly quickly, but proved to be underpowered, delivering 8–10 hp (6–7 kW) compared to the 12 hp (9 kW) Langley wanted. As would be rediscovered by many engineers after him, Balzer found that scaling up his existing design simply didn't work. Manly worked with him to try to improve the design, but by 1899 it was clear that it wasn't going to work any time soon. Balzer never gave up on the engine, and continued to work on it for years, eventually going bankrupt. </p><p>Every engineer Manly met on a trip to Europe in 1900 told him the rotary design was hopeless. Manly eventually became convinced as well and started work on adapting one of the existing Balzer engines into a non-rotating <a href="/wiki/Radial_engine" title="Radial engine">radial engine</a>. The main concern was cooling, which he solved by welding a jacket to each cylinder and filling it with water. The results were promising, and the engine was soon delivering 12–16 hp (9–12 kW), double its previous output. This version was soon in place on a <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span>-scale model of the "Great Aerodrome", which flew successfully in 1901. </p><p>Encouraged by this success, Manly started scaling up the engine with larger cylinders and new lightweight pistons. The resulting design weighed 120 lb (54 kg), and delivered 52 hp (39 kW), making it by far the most powerful lightweight engine of its era, far outperforming the one that would eventually be successful on the <a href="/wiki/Wright_Flyer" title="Wright Flyer">Wright Flyer</a>. The engine was delivered in March 1903 and installed on the Aerodrome for testing that summer. In September the aircraft was moved to a launch platform on a houseboat in the <a href="/wiki/Potomac_River" title="Potomac River">Potomac River</a>. With Manly aboard as pilot, the Aerodrome crashed in spectacular fashion in its first test on October 7. Langley had also fallen prey to the "scale it up" problem, and the full-sized model of what was a sturdy <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span>-scale model was hopelessly fragile. A second test also ended in a crash into the river on December 8. Manly survived both times. </p><p>In 1914 <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Curtiss" title="Glenn Curtiss">Glenn Curtiss</a> used the engine in the heavily modified Aerodrome in an effort to break the Wright brothers aircraft control system patent. In additional flight tests the Curtiss team used a different and more modern engine. </p><p>Years later the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a> asked Manly for a monograph about the engine, and he wrote an account that significantly downplayed Balzer's contribution, reducing it to supplying a non-working design that he rebuilt. Balzer's family was upset, and the Smithsonian eventually wrote a much more balanced version. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Specifications">Specifications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manly%E2%80%93Balzer_engine&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Specifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_characteristics">General characteristics</h3></div> <ul><li><b>Type:</b> 5-cylinder water-cooled one-row <a href="/wiki/Radial_engine" title="Radial engine">radial engine</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bore_(engine)" title="Bore (engine)">Bore</a>:</b> 5.0 in (127 mm)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Stroke_(engine)" title="Stroke (engine)">Stroke</a>:</b> 5.5 in (140 mm)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Engine_displacement" title="Engine displacement">Displacement</a>:</b> 540 in³ (8.85 L)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dry_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="Dry weight">Dry weight</a>:</b> 136 lb (62 kg)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Components">Components</h3></div> <ul><li><b>Cooling system:</b> Water-cooled</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Performance">Performance</h3></div> <ul><li><b>Power output:</b> 52 hp (39 kW) at 950 rpm</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Power_density" title="Power density">Specific power</a>:</b> 0.10 hp/in³ (4.4 kW/L)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Power-to-weight_ratio" title="Power-to-weight ratio">Power-to-weight ratio</a>:</b> 0.38 hp/lb (0.63 kW/kg)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manly%E2%80%93Balzer_engine&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPark1997" class="citation journal cs1">Park, Edwards (November 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/langleys-feat-and-folly-145999254/">"Langley's Feat--and Folly"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_(magazine)" title="Smithsonian (magazine)">Smithsonian</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian&rft.atitle=Langley%27s+Feat--and+Folly&rft.date=1997-11&rft.aulast=Park&rft.aufirst=Edwards&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fhistory%2Flangleys-feat-and-folly-145999254%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManly%E2%80%93Balzer+engine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i>A History of Aircraft Piston Engines</i>, Herschel Smith, Sunflower University Press, 1986, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-058472-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-058472-9">0-07-058472-9</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSetright,_Power_to_Fly" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/L._J._K._Setright" title="L. J. K. Setright">Setright, L J K</a> (1971). <i>The Power To Fly</i>. George Allen & Unwin. pp. 19–24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-04-338041-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-04-338041-7"><bdi>0-04-338041-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Power+To+Fly&rft.pages=19-24&rft.pub=George+Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=0-04-338041-7&rft.aulast=Setright&rft.aufirst=L+J+K&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManly%E2%80%93Balzer+engine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangleyManly1911" class="citation book cs1">Langley, Samuel Pierpont; Manly, Charles M. (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/langleymemoironm00lang/page/234">"Chapter X: Construction and Tests of the Large Engine"</a>. <i>Langley Memoir on Mechanical Flight</i>. Smithsonian Institution. pp. 234–250.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+X%3A+Construction+and+Tests+of+the+Large+Engine&rft.btitle=Langley+Memoir+on+Mechanical+Flight&rft.pages=234-250&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Langley&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Pierpont&rft.au=Manly%2C+Charles+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flangleymemoironm00lang%2Fpage%2F234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManly%E2%80%93Balzer+engine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1915/1915%20-%201011.html">"Some American Aero Engines. The Manly (1901)"</a>. <i>Flight</i>. <b>VII</b> (50): 975. 10 December 1915.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Flight&rft.atitle=Some+American+Aero+Engines.+The+Manly+%281901%29.&rft.volume=VII&rft.issue=50&rft.pages=975&rft.date=1915-12-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.flightglobal.com%2Fpdfarchive%2Fview%2F1915%2F1915%2520-%25201011.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManly%E2%80%93Balzer+engine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_B._Meyer,_Jr.1962" class="citation book cs1">Robert B. Meyer, Jr. (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/annualreportofbo1961smit/page/360">"Three Famous Early Aero Engines"</a>. <i>Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution, 1961</i>. U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 360–363.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Three+Famous+Early+Aero+Engines&rft.btitle=Annual+Report+of+the+Board+of+Regents+of+the+Smithsonian+Institution%2C+1961&rft.pages=360-363&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1962&rft.au=Robert+B.+Meyer%2C+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fannualreportofbo1961smit%2Fpage%2F360&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManly%E2%80%93Balzer+engine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_B._Meyer,_Jr.1971" class="citation book cs1">Robert B. Meyer, Jr., ed. (1971). <i>Smithsonian Annals of Flight, Number 6: Langley's Aero Engine of 1903</i>. Smithsonian Institution Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5479%2Fsi.AnnalsFlight.6">10.5479/si.AnnalsFlight.6</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10088%2F18676">10088/18676</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Smithsonian+Annals+of+Flight%2C+Number+6%3A+Langley%27s+Aero+Engine+of+1903&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution+Press&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10088%2F18676&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5479%2Fsi.AnnalsFlight.6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManly%E2%80%93Balzer+engine" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manly%E2%80%93Balzer_engine&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://americanhistory.si.edu/onthemove/collection/object_1282.html">Balzer automobile patents</a> - has several images of Balzer's engine patents, and a picture of the engine itself</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manly–Balzer_engine&oldid=1218513251">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manly–Balzer_engine&oldid=1218513251</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1900s_aircraft_piston_engines" title="Category:1900s aircraft piston engines">1900s aircraft piston engines</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_aviation_pioneers" title="Category:American aviation pioneers">American aviation pioneers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_aviation" title="Category:History of aviation">History of aviation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Water-cooled_radial_engines" title="Category:Water-cooled radial engines">Water-cooled radial engines</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_in-text_citations_from_September_2022" title="Category:Articles lacking in-text citations from September 2022">Articles lacking in-text citations from September 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_in-text_citations" title="Category:All articles lacking in-text citations">All articles lacking in-text citations</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 12 April 2024, at 04:30<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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