CINXE.COM

Obituary: Vivien John | The Independent | The Independent

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <title>Obituary: Vivien John | The Independent | The Independent</title> <meta charset="utf-8"><meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:large,max-video-preview:-1"><meta property="fb:app_id" content="235586169789578"><meta property="fb:pages" content="https://www.facebook.com/TheIndependentOnline"><meta name="category" content="People"><meta name="sitename" content="The Independent"><meta name="page path" content="/news/people"><meta name="page type" content="Article"><meta name="adPageType" content="Article Page"><meta property="og:locale" content="en_GB"><meta name="description" content="Vivien John, painter: born Dorset 8 March 1915; married 1945 John White (two sons); died London 20 May 1994."><meta property="og:image" content=""><meta property="og:updated_time" content="1994-05-26T23:02:00.000Z"><meta property="article:published_time" content="1994-05-26T23:02:00.000Z"><meta property="article:modified_time" content="1994-05-26T23:02:00.000Z"><meta property="date" content="1994-05-26T23:02:00.000Z"><meta property="og:site_name" content="The Independent"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1,user-scalable=no,minimum-scale=1,maximum-scale=1"><meta name="theme-color" content="#f7f7f7"><meta name="google-signin-client_id" content="329250492844-uqochn2f1j5ljkshuap5gc7qphf1refj.apps.googleusercontent.com"><meta property="article:section" content="News"><meta property="article:subsection" content="People"><meta property="article:author_name" content="Victor Arwas"><meta property="article:content_type" content="story"><meta property="article:word_count" content="491"><meta property="article:image_count" content="0"><meta property="article:embed_count" content="0"><meta property="article:video_count" content="0"><meta property="article:internal_link_count" content="0"><meta property="article:external_link_count" content="0"><meta property="og:title" content="Obituary: Vivien John"><meta name="twitter:title" content="Obituary: Vivien John"><meta property="og:url" content="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-vivien-john-1438836.html"><meta property="og:type" content="article"><meta name="twitter:site" content="@Independent"><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"><meta property="og:description" content="Vivien John, painter: born Dorset 8 March 1915; married 1945 John White (two sons); died London 20 May 1994."><meta name="twitter:description" content="Vivien John, painter: born Dorset 8 March 1915; married 1945 John White (two sons); died London 20 May 1994."><meta name="twitter:image" content=""><meta property="keywords" content="Kensington And Chelsea,Painting,Papua New Guinea,Peter Blake,Internal"> <link rel="manifest" href="/manifest.json" crossOrigin="use-credentials"><link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/ico" href="/img/shortcut-icons/favicon.ico"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="/img/shortcut-icons/icon-192x192.png" sizes="192x192"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="/img/shortcut-icons/icon-512x512.png" sizes="512x512"><link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/img/shortcut-icons/icon-192x192.png"><link href="https://assets.the-independent.com/fonts/Independent-Serif-Medium.woff2" rel="preload" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossOrigin="true"><link href="https://assets.the-independent.com/fonts/Independent-Serif-Medium-Italic.woff2" rel="preload" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossOrigin="true"><link href="//cdn.taboola.com" rel="preconnect" crossOrigin="true"><link rel="canonical" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-vivien-john-1438836.html"><link rel="alternate" hrefLang="en-gb" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-vivien-john-1438836.html"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.the-independent.com/news/people/obituary-vivien-john-1438836.html" hrefLang="en-us"> <style>@font-face{font-display:swap;font-family:"Indy Serif";font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;src:url(https://assets.the-independent.com/fonts/Independent-Serif-Regular.woff2) format('woff2')}@font-face{font-family:"Indy Serif Fallback";font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;ascent-override:normal;descent-override:normal;line-gap-override:4%;size-adjust:101%;src:local(Georgia)}@font-face{font-display:swap;font-family:"Indy Serif";font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;src:url(https://assets.the-independent.com/fonts/Independent-Serif-Regular-Italic.woff2) format('woff2')}@font-face{font-family:"Indy Serif Fallback";font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;ascent-override:normal;descent-override:normal;line-gap-override:7%;size-adjust:98.5%;src:local(Georgia)}@font-face{font-display:swap;font-family:"Indy Serif";font-style:normal;font-weight:bold;src:url(https://assets.the-independent.com/fonts/Independent-Serif-Medium.woff2) format('woff2')}@font-face{font-family:"Indy Serif Fallback";font-style:normal;font-weight:bold;ascent-override:94%;descent-override:21%;line-gap-override:0;size-adjust:103%;src:local(Georgia)}@font-face{font-display:swap;font-family:"Indy Serif";font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;src:url(https://assets.the-independent.com/fonts/Independent-Serif-Medium-Italic.woff2) format('woff2')}@font-face{font-family:"Indy Serif Fallback";font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;ascent-override:normal;descent-override:normal;line-gap-override:4%;size-adjust:101%;src:local(Georgia)}@font-face{font-display:swap;font-family:"Indy Sans";font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;src:url(https://assets.the-independent.com/fonts/Independent-Sans-Regular.woff2) format('woff2')}@font-face{font-family:"Indy Sans Fallback";font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;ascent-override:97%;descent-override:28%;line-gap-override:0;size-adjust:96%;src:local(Georgia)}@font-face{font-display:swap;font-family:"Indy Sans";font-style:normal;font-weight:bold;src:url(https://assets.the-independent.com/fonts/Independent-Sans-Medium.woff2) format('woff2')}@font-face{font-family:"Indy Sans Fallback";font-style:normal;font-weight:bold;ascent-override:97%;descent-override:28%;line-gap-override:0;size-adjust:99%;src:local(Georgia)}@font-face{font-display:swap;font-family:"Indy Sans CAPS";font-style:normal;font-weight:bold;src:url(https://assets.the-independent.com/fonts/Independent-Sans-Medium.woff2) format('woff2')}@font-face{font-family:"Indy Sans CAPS Fallback";font-style:normal;font-weight:bold;ascent-override:90%;descent-override:17%;line-gap-override:0;size-adjust:95%;src:local(Arial)}body{padding:0;margin:0;background-color:#fff;color:#222;font-family:'Indy Serif','Indy Serif Fallback',serif;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;line-height:1.2;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;scroll-padding-top:300px}h1,h2{font-weight:bold;letter-spacing:.22px;line-height:normal}h3{line-height:21px}p,li{font-size:19px;line-height:1.44em}a{color:#ec1a2e;text-decoration:none}a:hover{color:#ac2a2c}button{overflow:visible;width:auto;padding:0;margin:0;border:0;appearance:none;background:transparent;color:inherit;cursor:pointer;font:inherit;-webkit-font-smoothing:inherit;line-height:normal}button::-moz-focus-inner{padding:0;border:0}html.freeze-body body{overflow:hidden !important}[hidden]{display:none !important}.article-premium h3{font-size:19px}span svg{width:100%;height:auto}.limited-access,.limited-access-non-premium{overflow:hidden}.limited-access .social-share,.limited-access-non-premium .social-share{display:none}.limited-access{max-height:127px}.limited-access-non-premium{max-height:360px}@media(max-width:594px){.limited-access-non-premium{max-height:530px}}.tp-backdrop.tp-active{background:rgba(0,0,0,0.5) !important;opacity:1 !important}.tp-modal{overflow-y:auto !important}.tp-iframe-wrapper{box-shadow:none !important}.tp-body-scroll-prevented{background:#fff !important}#pixels-player-amp-dock{position:fixed}@media(max-width:767px){#pixels-player-amp-dock{top:0;left:0;width:100%}}@media(max-width:999px){.parallax{transform:none !important;will-change:unset !important}}amp-consent{z-index:2147483647;min-width:100vw;min-height:100vh;background:transparent}amp-ad[sticky]{z-index:2147483646}amp-sidebar{position:relative;width:100%;max-width:100%;height:auto;min-height:100vh;background:0;font-family:'Indy Sans','Indy Sans Fallback',sans-serif;font-size:19px}@media(min-width:425px){amp-sidebar{width:auto}}#drawermenu{max-width:320px;background:#f7f7f7}amp-lightbox{z-index:1002}amp-script{opacity:1}amp-selector[multiple] [option][selected]{outline:0}.grecaptcha-badge{visibility:hidden}body #tbl-next-up{z-index:2147483646}#body .indy-adtech-widget{min-height:204px}.jw-skin-independent-premium .jw-display-icon-container,.jw-skin-independent-regular .jw-display-icon-container{padding:1em;margin:0 15px;border-radius:50%}.jw-skin-independent-premium .jw-display-icon-container{background-color:#337e81}.jw-skin-independent-premium .jw-display-icon-container:hover{background-color:#386366}.jw-skin-independent-regular .jw-display-icon-container{background-color:#ec1a2e}.jw-skin-independent-regular .jw-display-icon-container:hover{background-color:#ac2a2c}.jw-skin-independent-regular .jw-button-color{color:#fff}.jw-skin-independent-bulletin .jw-display .jw-display-icon-container{padding:0;background-color:#5563ff}.jw-skin-independent-bulletin .jw-display .jw-display-icon-container:hover{background-color:#444fcc}.jw-skin-independent-bulletin .jw-display .jw-display-icon-container .jw-icon{--size:48px;width:var(--size);height:var(--size)}@media(min-width:768px){.jw-skin-independent-bulletin .jw-display .jw-display-icon-container .jw-icon{--size:64px}}@media(min-width:1000px){.jw-skin-independent-bulletin .jw-display .jw-display-icon-container .jw-icon{--size:88px}}.jw-skin-independent-bulletin .jw-display .jw-display-icon-container .jw-icon .jw-svg-icon{--icon-size:calc(var(--size) / 2);width:var(--icon-size);height:var(--icon-size)}@media(min-width:1000px){.jw-skin-independent-bulletin .jw-display .jw-display-icon-container .jw-icon .jw-svg-icon{--icon-size:calc((var(--size) / 2) + 4px)}}html.freeze-body{overflow-x:visible !important}.cspHGj{width:24px;height:24px}.hsDYAr{width:16px;height:16px}.fdygxT{width:12px;height:12px}.fnAcWz{width:32px;height:32px}.kOpooG{display:block;color:currentColor}.dyGycr{display:inline-flex;width:100%;height:42px;box-sizing:border-box;align-items:center;justify-content:center;gap:8px;padding:0 16px;border-radius:4px;font:bold 14px/18px 'Indy Sans','Indy Sans Fallback',sans-serif;outline-offset:4px;text-align:center;text-transform:uppercase;transition:background-color 150ms ease-out;white-space:nowrap;--primary-color:#ec1a2e;--hover-color:#ac2a2c;--disabled-color:#bbb;--color:#fff;background-color:var(--primary-color);color:var(--color)}.dyGycr.is-disabled,.dyGycr:disabled,.dyGycr.is-disabled:focus,.dyGycr:disabled:focus,.dyGycr.is-disabled:hover,.dyGycr:disabled:hover,.dyGycr.is-disabled:active,.dyGycr:disabled:active{pointer-events:none}.dyGycr:focus,.dyGycr:hover,.dyGycr:active{background-color:var(--hover-color);color:var(--color)}.dyGycr.is-disabled,.dyGycr:disabled,.dyGycr.is-disabled:focus,.dyGycr:disabled:focus,.dyGycr.is-disabled:hover,.dyGycr:disabled:hover,.dyGycr.is-disabled:active,.dyGycr:disabled:active{background-color:var(--disabled-color)}.amp-form-submitting .form-submit{outline:0}.amp-form-submitting .form-submit .btn-text{display:none}.amp-form-submitting .form-submit .btn-loader{display:inline-block}.buFgOY{margin:20px 0}.gHXQPb{border:2px solid #fff;border-top:2px solid #ec1a2e}.eEZTEZ:disabled{cursor:initial;user-select:none}@keyframes spin{0%{transform:rotate(0)}100%{transform:rotate(360deg)}}.eEZTEZ .btn-loader{display:none;position:relative;top:2px;width:20px;height:20px;border-radius:50%;animation:spin 2s linear infinite}.dHKhij{position:relative;flex:1;text-align:left}.dHKhij a svg{fill:#646464}.dHKhij input.input-password::-webkit-credentials-auto-fill-button{position:relative;top:-2px;left:-32px;background:#646464}.dHKhij input,.dHKhij select{width:100%;height:56px;box-sizing:border-box;align-self:flex-end;padding:5px 16px 0;border:solid 1px #d3d3d3;border-radius:4px;appearance:none;background:0;color:#222;filter:none;font-family:'Indy Sans','Indy Sans Fallback',sans-serif;font-size:16px;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:.009375em;outline:0;text-decoration:inherit;text-transform:inherit}.dHKhij select~label,.dHKhij input~label{position:absolute;top:-8px;left:16px;overflow:hidden;padding:0 4px;background:#fff;color:#222;font-family:'Indy Sans','Indy Sans Fallback',sans-serif;font-size:12px;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:.009375em;line-height:16px;pointer-events:none;text-align:left;text-overflow:ellipsis;user-select:none;white-space:nowrap}.dHKhij .error-text,.dHKhij .submit-error-text,.dHKhij .help-text{padding-left:16px;margin:0;margin-top:5px;font-family:'Indy Sans','Indy Sans Fallback',sans-serif;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:normal;line-height:16px;text-align:left}.dHKhij .error-text,.dHKhij .submit-error-text{color:#a20021}.dHKhij .help-text{color:#222}.dHKhij select.user-invalid,.dHKhij .is-touched.user-invalid{border-color:#a20021;box-shadow:0 0 0 1px #a20021}.dHKhij .is-touched.user-valid:focus{border-color:#157f1f;box-shadow:0 0 0 1px #157f1f}.dHKhij .is-touched.user-valid~.error-text.visible{display:none}.dHKhij .is-untouched:not(.user-invalid):focus{border-color:#276fbf;box-shadow:0 0 0 1px #276fbf}.dHKhij .is-untouched:not(.form-submitted)~.error-text{display:none}.dHKhij .form-submitted.user-invalid{border-color:#a20021;box-shadow:0 0 0 1px #a20021}.dHKhij select.user-invalid~.help-text,.dHKhij .is-touched.user-invalid~.help-text,.dHKhij .form-submitted.user-invalid~.help-text{display:none}.eOZSho{position:absolute;overflow:hidden;width:.01em;height:.01em;padding:0;border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);white-space:nowrap}.ghzHPh{display:flex;align-items:center}.fwOlvZ{max-width:100%}.lgqWRm>div{position:sticky;top:16px}.jgvCOM{position:absolute}.bhQnpv{padding:0;margin:0;list-style:none}.jKEmdI{display:flex;height:62px;align-items:center}.blzGVC{display:inline-block;width:32px;height:32px;margin:0 15px 0 0;border-radius:50%;background:#222;cursor:pointer;text-decoration:none}.blzGVC svg{width:60%;height:60%;margin:20%;fill:#fff}.blzGVC.fb-link{background:#3b5998}.blzGVC.fb-link:hover{background:#2f4779}.blzGVC.fb-link svg{width:100%;height:100%;margin:0}.blzGVC.tw-link{background:#4a90e2}.blzGVC.x-link{background:#000}.blzGVC.x-link:hover{background:#4e4e4e}.ebslEa{padding:0;margin:0;list-style:none}.bqyBxb{display:block;padding:6px 0;color:#222;cursor:pointer;font:normal 14px/1.28 'Indy Sans','Indy Sans Fallback',sans-serif;text-decoration:none}.jRtgJY{display:flex;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;flex-wrap:wrap;justify-content:space-between;padding:32px 20px;margin:32px 12px;border-top:1px solid #d3d3d3;background-color:#fff}@media(min-width:768px){.jRtgJY{margin:32px 16px 72px}}@media(min-width:1000px){.jRtgJY{padding-right:40px;padding-left:40px;margin:32px 16px}.wrapped_by_ads .jRtgJY{margin:32px 0}}.jRtgJY.hidden{display:none}.bdmwwC{display:flex;width:100%;font:normal 14px/18px 'Indy Sans','Indy Sans Fallback',sans-serif}.bBDWYx{display:grid;width:100%;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;padding:0;margin:0;list-style:none}@media(min-width:768px){.bBDWYx{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr 1fr 1fr}}@media(min-width:1000px){.bBDWYx{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;align-items:flex-start}}.gqbjzo{width:100%;margin-bottom:20px}.gqbjzo:first-of-type{grid-row:span 2}.gqbjzo:nth-of-type(4){order:5}@media(min-width:768px){.gqbjzo{width:auto;grid-row:span 2}.gqbjzo:nth-of-type(2),.gqbjzo:nth-of-type(3){grid-row:span 1}.gqbjzo:nth-of-type(3){order:5}.gqbjzo:nth-of-type(4){order:0}}@media(min-width:1000px){.gqbjzo{width:50%;flex:1 0 145px;margin-bottom:20px}.gqbjzo:nth-of-type(3){order:0}}.jHxRtj{display:block;padding:0;margin:0 0 8px;color:#222;pointer-events:none;font:bold 14px/1 'Indy Sans','Indy Sans Fallback',sans-serif;text-decoration:none;text-transform:uppercase}.cFvWAT{display:block;width:72px;height:72px;margin-bottom:30px;border-radius:50%;background-color:#ec1a2e}.jTkxRT{--bleed:12px;display:flex;box-sizing:border-box;flex-direction:row;gap:32px;padding:16px var(--bleed);background-color:#fff}@media(min-width:768px){.jTkxRT{--bleed:0;max-width:1000px;margin:0 auto}}@media(min-width:1000px){.jTkxRT{--bleed:16px;max-width:1000px;padding:var(--bleed)}}.dhCHDX{background-color:#fff}.dhCHDX.article-liveblog,.dhCHDX.article-liveblog .sc-1fcmxs3-0,.dhCHDX.article-liveblog .sc-1fcmxs3-1{background-color:#f7f7f7}.ejbrpC{display:none;visibility:hidden}.focmqW{border-radius:50%}.jHWEMI{background:#ec1a2e}.hPPUmj{display:flex;overflow:hidden;height:100%;align-items:center;margin:0}.jdGUnr{padding:13px 12px}.jdGUnr .logo-text{width:136px;height:13px}.jdGUnr .logo-stamp{width:23px;height:23px;margin-right:3px}@media(min-width:375px){.jdGUnr{padding:10px 12px}.jdGUnr .logo-text{width:167px;height:16px}.jdGUnr .logo-stamp{width:29px;height:29px;margin-right:4px}}@media(min-width:768px){.jdGUnr{padding:8px 12px}.jdGUnr .logo-text{width:229px;height:22px}.jdGUnr .logo-stamp{width:39px;height:39px;margin-right:6px}}@media(min-width:1000px){.jdGUnr{padding:12px 0}.jdGUnr .logo-text{width:293px;height:28px}.jdGUnr .logo-stamp{width:52px;height:52px;margin-right:7px}}.fQlAru{display:flex;position:absolute;top:9px;left:-500px;z-index:5;height:36px;align-items:center;padding:0 16px;border:2px solid #353533;border-radius:6px;background:#353533;color:#fff;font-family:'Indy Sans','Indy Sans Fallback',sans-serif;font-weight:bold;line-height:16px;outline:0}.fQlAru:focus{left:16px}.fQlAru:hover{background:#fff;color:#353533}.hXApGR{padding-bottom:12px;background:#f7f7f7;clear:both}.hXApGR form.gsc-search-box{box-sizing:border-box;padding:12px 12px 0;margin:0}.hXApGR table.gsc-search-box{overflow:hidden;margin:0;border-radius:4px}.hXApGR table.gsc-search-box td.gsc-input{padding:0}.hXApGR .gsc-input-box{padding:0;border:0}.hXApGR input{height:32px !important}.hXApGR .gsst_a,.hXApGR .gsst_b{display:flex;height:100%;align-items:center;padding:0}.hXApGR .gscb_a{--width:24px;overflow:hidden;width:var(--width);height:var(--width);margin:0 6px;background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20viewBox%3D%220%200%2024%2024%22%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%3E%0A%20%20%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22currentColor%22%20d%3D%22M19%206.41%2017.59%205%2012%2010.59%206.41%205%205%206.41%2010.59%2012%205%2017.59%206.41%2019%2012%2013.41%2017.59%2019%2019%2017.59%2013.41%2012%2019%206.41z%22%2F%3E%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E%0A);text-indent:-9999px}.hXApGR .gsc-search-button{width:40px;height:40px;padding:0;margin:0;border:0;border-radius:0;background:#ec1a2e}.hXApGR .gsc-search-button:hover{background:#ac2a2c}.hXApGR .gsc-search-button svg{width:24px;height:24px}.hXApGR .quick-searchresults{position:absolute;left:3.75%;z-index:7;width:92.5%}.hXApGR .quick-searchresults .gsc-control-cse{padding:0;border:0}.hXApGR .quick-searchresults .gsc-results-wrapper-visible{height:373px;box-shadow:0 2px 4px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.5);overflow-y:scroll}.JwiiU{display:none;position:relative;margin-left:auto;background:0}@media(min-width:1000px){.JwiiU{display:block}}.JwiiU form.gsc-search-box{width:205px;height:32px;box-sizing:border-box;padding:23px 0 0}.JwiiU .gsc-search-button{width:32px;height:32px}.JwiiU .gsc-search-button svg{width:18px;height:18px}.JwiiU input{height:30px !important}.JwiiU table.gsc-input{border:1px solid #d3d3d3;border-radius:4px 0 0 4px;border-right:0}.JwiiU .quick-searchresults{right:0;left:auto;z-index:7000;width:391px;max-height:393px;margin-top:7px}.JwiiU .gsib_a{padding:1px 0 0 12px}.ciyOeI{border-left:1px solid #919191}.ciyOeI:last-child{border-right:1px solid #919191}.fBqrjI{padding-top:24px}.inXiWD{position:relative;z-index:6;margin:0 14px 0 auto}.fbRAkm{margin:0 -2px 0 auto}.kxfuOV{display:flex;position:relative;width:176px;align-items:center;padding:4px 20px;color:#fff;font:normal 14px/18px 'Indy Sans','Indy Sans Fallback',sans-serif}.kxfuOV:hover{color:#fff}.kxfuOV:hover::after{position:absolute;bottom:2px;left:20px;width:calc(100% - 40px);height:1px;background:#fff;content:''}.bwTyRx{list-style-type:none}.imKhmc{padding:9px 0 20px;margin:0}.iAXteY{margin:0 4px 0 20px;float:left}.jYdeWN{display:flex;position:relative;align-items:center;color:#fff;font:bold 20px 'Indy Serif','Indy Serif Fallback',serif;letter-spacing:-0.5px}.jYdeWN:hover{color:#fff}.jYdeWN:hover::after{position:absolute;bottom:-9px;left:0;width:100%;height:4px;background:#337e81;content:''}.hkprJT{display:flex;position:relative;align-items:center;color:#fff;font:bold 20px 'Indy Serif','Indy Serif Fallback',serif;letter-spacing:-0.5px}.hkprJT:hover{color:#fff}.hkprJT:hover::after{position:absolute;bottom:-9px;left:0;width:100%;height:4px;background:#0074bd;content:''}.gcHeD{display:flex;position:relative;align-items:center;color:#fff;font:bold 20px 'Indy Serif','Indy Serif Fallback',serif;letter-spacing:-0.5px}.gcHeD:hover{color:#fff}.gcHeD:hover::after{position:absolute;bottom:-9px;left:0;width:100%;height:4px;background:#ec1a2e;content:''}.iBDYsP{display:none;position:absolute;left:0;width:100vw;background:#353533}.bgiyGu{display:flex;width:1000px;padding:16px 0;margin:0 auto}@media(min-width:1250px){.bgiyGu{width:1250px}}.CnZvM{display:none;z-index:1001;margin-right:auto;font:bold 14px 'Indy Sans CAPS','Indy Sans CAPS Fallback',sans-serif}@media(min-width:1000px){.mode-mouse .CnZvM:hover .primary-link{background:#353533;color:#fff}.mode-mouse .CnZvM:hover .primary-link::after{content:none}.mode-mouse .CnZvM:hover .secondary-nav{display:block}}@media(min-width:1000px){body:not(.mode-touch) .CnZvM:hover .primary-trigger{z-index:1}}.CnZvM.primary-item__open .primary-trigger{color:#fff}.CnZvM.primary-item__open .secondary-nav{display:block}.CnZvM .primary-trigger{position:absolute;z-index:3;overflow:hidden;height:34px;padding:0 12px;border:0;background:0;cursor:default;opacity:0;text-transform:uppercase}@media(min-width:1250px){.CnZvM .primary-trigger{padding:0 16px}}.CnZvM .primary-trigger:focus{opacity:100}@media(min-width:1000px){.CnZvM{display:block}}.kyswij{display:flex;position:relative;z-index:2;height:34px;align-items:center;justify-content:center;padding:0 12px;color:#222;cursor:pointer;line-height:normal;text-transform:uppercase}@media(min-width:1250px){.kyswij{padding:0 16px}}.kyswij:hover{background:#353533;color:#fff}.kyswij:hover::after{content:none}.primary-item__open .kyswij{background:#353533;color:#fff}.primary-item__open .kyswij::after{content:none}.czybAP{margin-left:auto}.aZEtr{list-style-type:none}.aZEtr:first-child{display:none}.mode-keyboard-active .aZEtr:first-child,.mode-touch .aZEtr:first-child{display:list-item}.PybPA{display:flex;width:200px;align-items:center;padding:10px 12px 10px 20px;background:#fff;color:#222;font:normal 16px/1.44em 'Indy Sans','Indy Sans Fallback',sans-serif}.PybPA:hover{background:#353533;color:#fff}.bqemgk{display:none;position:absolute;z-index:1002;padding:1px 0 0;margin:0;box-shadow:0 2px 2px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.25)}.iA-dsQV{display:flex;position:relative;z-index:2;height:34px;align-items:center;justify-content:center;padding:0 12px;color:#222;letter-spacing:-0.2px;line-height:normal;text-transform:uppercase}.iA-dsQV.primary-link{font:normal 14px 'Indy Sans CAPS','Indy Sans CAPS Fallback',sans-serif}.iA-dsQV:hover{color:#222}@media(min-width:1000px){.iA-dsQV{padding:0 12px}.mode-touch .iA-dsQV{pointer-events:none}.primary-item__open .iA-dsQV{background:#f7f7f7}.primary-item__open .iA-dsQV::after{position:absolute;bottom:0;left:0;width:100%;height:4px;background:#ec1a2e;content:''}}@media(min-width:1250px){.iA-dsQV{padding:0 16px}}.fLYihy::after{position:absolute;bottom:0;left:0;width:100%;height:4px;background:#ec1a2e;content:''}.dmIBzE{display:inline-block;font:bold 14px 'Indy Sans','Indy Sans Fallback',sans-serif;list-style-type:none}.dmIBzE:first-child .sc-12qu2kl-0{justify-content:start;padding:0 12px}@media(min-width:1000px){.dmIBzE:first-child .sc-12qu2kl-0{padding:0 12px}}@media(min-width:1250px){.dmIBzE:first-child .sc-12qu2kl-0{padding:0 16px}}@media(min-width:1000px){.mode-mouse .dmIBzE:hover .sc-12qu2kl-0{background:#f7f7f7}.mode-mouse .dmIBzE:hover .sc-12qu2kl-0::after{position:absolute;bottom:0;left:0;width:100%;height:4px;background:#ec1a2e;content:''}.mode-mouse .dmIBzE:hover .sc-12qu2kl-1,.mode-mouse .dmIBzE:hover .sc-12qu2kl-3{background:#fde8ea}.mode-mouse .dmIBzE:hover .sc-12qu2kl-1::after,.mode-mouse .dmIBzE:hover .sc-12qu2kl-3::after{position:absolute;bottom:0;left:0;width:100%;height:4px;background:#ac2a2c;content:''}.mode-mouse .dmIBzE:hover .secondary-nav{display:block}}@media(min-width:1000px){body:not(.mode-touch) .dmIBzE:hover .primary-trigger{z-index:1}}.dmIBzE.primary-item__open .secondary-nav{display:block}.dmIBzE .primary-trigger{display:none;position:absolute;z-index:3;overflow:hidden;height:34px;padding:0 12px;border:0;background:0;cursor:default;letter-spacing:-0.2px;opacity:0;text-transform:uppercase}.dmIBzE .primary-trigger:focus{opacity:100}@media(min-width:1000px){.dmIBzE .primary-trigger{display:block}}@media(min-width:1250px){.dmIBzE .primary-trigger{padding:0 16px}}.gCQcFz{display:flex;overflow:hidden;height:34px;border:solid #d3d3d3;border-width:1px 0}@media(min-width:1000px){.gCQcFz{overflow:visible}}.cuUGzT{display:none;width:128px;height:19px;margin:7px 20px 0 0}@media(min-width:1000px){.cuUGzT{display:flex;align-items:center}}.dUfnkz{display:flex;width:100%;align-items:center}.PERra{display:flex;width:100%;max-width:1000px}@media(min-width:1000px){.PERra{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0 auto;border:solid #d3d3d3;border-width:0 1px}}@media(min-width:1250px){.PERra{max-width:1250px}}.iuTYFi{display:flex;width:100%;height:34px;box-sizing:border-box;flex-flow:wrap;justify-content:space-between;padding:0 2px 0 0;margin:0}@media(min-width:768px){.iuTYFi{display:flex;width:auto;flex-direction:row;flex-wrap:wrap;justify-content:flex-start;padding:0}}.gHYEVW{--bleed:12px;width:100%;padding:0 var(--bleed);margin:0 auto}@media(min-width:768px){.gHYEVW{max-width:640px;padding:0}}@media(min-width:1000px){.gHYEVW{max-width:1000px;padding:0 16px}}.kSzXIA{display:inline}@media(max-width:424px){.kSzXIA{display:none}}.eXLcRx{display:none}@media(max-width:424px){.eXLcRx{display:inline}}.fkPOZn{margin:0;color:#646464;font-family:'Indy Sans','Indy Sans Fallback',sans-serif;font-size:18px;font-weight:normal;line-height:21px}.fDztze{display:flex}.iwnwDu{margin:0;color:#646464;font-family:'Indy Sans','Indy Sans Fallback',sans-serif;font-size:21px;font-weight:bold;line-height:18px}.gusQYW{display:grid;width:100%;align-items:center;margin-left:12px;color:#222;font-family:'Indy Sans','Indy Sans Fallback',sans-serif;grid-gap:12px}@media(max-width:374px){.gusQYW{flex-direction:column;align-items:flex-start}}.kiloul{display:flex;position:sticky;bottom:0;z-index:9999999;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;padding:14px 0;margin:0 auto;border-top:3px solid #157f1f;background:#fff;box-shadow:0 1px 3px rgba(0,0,0,0.5);transition:all .3s ease-in-out}.kiloul.hide{bottom:-100px;opacity:0;visibility:hidden}.iXzeFI{color:#157f1f}.cGjRoo{position:fixed;top:0;bottom:auto}.cGjRoo .sc-govabo-0{box-sizing:border-box}.cGjRoo.hide{bottom:auto;transform:translateY(-100%)}.cXaBJq{border-bottom:1px solid #d3d3d3;background:#f7f7f7}.gQWUzM{display:flex;max-width:1000px;align-items:center;margin:0 auto}@media(min-width:1250px){.gQWUzM{max-width:1250px}}.ichdJt{--border:1px solid #d3d3d3}.ichdJt .sc-zkjqbw-1{height:32px;justify-content:end}.jWUhhI{height:100%;border-right:var(--border);border-left:var(--border)}.diFkEu{margin-right:auto;border:0}.crhajT{display:flex}.fRZImV{--color:#222;color:var(--dropdown-trigger-color,var(--color));cursor:pointer}.fRZImV[aria-disabled='true']{--dropdown-trigger-color:#bbb}.fsGSjK{display:grid;grid-template-rows:0fr;transition:grid-template-rows 150ms ease-in-out}.knSEIJ{overflow:hidden;min-height:var(--dropdown-content-initial-height)}.hmFUdD{margin-right:-4px;transition:transform ease-out .2s}.bfKgyx{background:#f7f7f7}.cFdhkO{display:flex;height:18px;align-items:center;padding:8px 24px;border-top:1px solid #d3d3d3;background-color:transparent;color:#222;font:normal 14px 'Indy Sans','Indy Sans Fallback',sans-serif}.cFdhkO:active,.cFdhkO:hover{background-color:#353533;color:#fff}.cFdhkO .sc-fxzxid-0{margin-left:auto}.cjQBZl{width:144px;padding-right:12px;padding-left:12px;border:solid #d3d3d3;border-width:0 1px;font-weight:normal}.kfGPWG [aria-hidden]{box-shadow:0 2px 2px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.25)}.dICNzG{height:49px;box-sizing:border-box;padding:16px;border:0;background:#fff;cursor:pointer;font-size:12px;font-weight:bold;text-transform:uppercase}.dICNzG:active{outline:0}[aria-expanded='true'] .dICNzG{background-color:#353533;color:#fff}[aria-expanded='true'] .dICNzG .sc-fxzxid-0{transform:rotate(180deg)}@media(min-width:768px){.dICNzG{height:56px}}.bvRWnw{width:170px;height:32px;padding:0 12px;border-right:1px solid #d3d3d3;border-left:1px solid #d3d3d3;background:0;transition:background .2s;font:bold 12px/16px 'Indy Sans','Indy Sans Fallback',sans-serif;text-transform:uppercase}.bvRWnw:hover{background-color:#353533;color:#fff}.bvRWnw .sc-fxzxid-0{margin-left:auto}.cXLKCe{display:flex;height:100%;align-items:center}.cnvwpB{overflow:hidden;width:0}.bFPIDY{margin:0 10px 0 0}.jfaCBj{display:block;margin-top:-1px;color:#222;font-size:10px}.lmSlWJ{display:flex;width:100%;height:49px;box-sizing:border-box;align-items:center;padding:13px 14px 12px;border:solid #d3d3d3;border-width:1px 0;color:#222;font-family:'Indy Sans','Indy Sans Fallback',sans-serif;font-size:12px;font-weight:bold;text-transform:uppercase;transition:background .2s}.lmSlWJ:hover{background:#353533}.lmSlWJ:hover,.lmSlWJ:hover .sc-prfj1i-6{color:#fff}.lmSlWJ.register-profile-link{text-transform:capitalize}.hlVawa{width:auto;height:32px;padding:0 12px;border-top:0;border-bottom:0;background:0}.jOljop{display:none;height:32px;align-items:center;padding:0 12px;border-right:1px solid #d3d3d3;color:#222;text-transform:uppercase;transition:background .2s;font:bold 12px/16px 'Indy Sans','Indy Sans Fallback',sans-serif;text-transform:uppercase}.jOljop:hover{background:#353533;color:#fff}.cjYzEC{display:flex;height:32px;align-items:center;padding:0 12px;border-right:1px solid #d3d3d3;background:#337e81;color:#fff;text-transform:uppercase;transition:background .2s;font:bold 12px/16px 'Indy Sans','Indy Sans Fallback',sans-serif;text-transform:uppercase}.cjYzEC:hover{background:#386366;color:#fff}.eCfgRr{position:relative;z-index:4;margin-top:-49px;border-bottom:1px solid #d3d3d3}@media(min-width:768px){.eCfgRr{margin:0 auto 0 0}}.ijSINX{display:none}@media(min-width:1000px){.ijSINX{display:block}}.fBhkdt{display:flex;width:55px;height:49px;flex-direction:column;align-items:center;justify-content:center;row-gap:4px;column-gap:8px;margin-left:auto;border-left:1px solid #d3d3d3;font-family:'Indy Sans','Indy Sans Fallback',sans-serif;font-size:10px;font-weight:bold}.fBhkdt:active{background-color:#353533;color:#fff}@media(min-width:768px){.fBhkdt{width:88px;height:56px;flex-direction:row-reverse}}@media(min-width:1000px){.fBhkdt{display:none}}.bBqXuH{margin-left:auto}@media(min-width:1000px){.bBqXuH{display:none}}.jeKuoe{display:none;position:absolute;top:12px;right:69px;width:60px;height:24px;box-sizing:border-box;align-items:center;justify-content:center;border-radius:4px;background:#337e81;color:#fff;font-size:10px;line-height:20px}.jeKuoe:hover{background:#386366;color:#fff}@media(min-width:320px){.jeKuoe{display:flex}}@media(min-width:375px){.jeKuoe{top:11px;width:70px;height:26px;font-size:12px}}@media(min-width:768px){.jeKuoe{top:16px;right:102px;width:80px;height:28px;font-size:14px}}@media(min-width:1000px){.jeKuoe{display:none}}.isXhlX{display:none;position:absolute;top:15px;right:190px;box-sizing:border-box;gap:8px}@media(min-width:768px){.isXhlX{display:flex;top:16px}}@media(min-width:1000px){.isXhlX{top:23px;right:222px;gap:16px}}.hCjSXZ{right:204px}@media(min-width:1000px){.hCjSXZ{right:222px}}.bATaaO{display:none;width:140px;height:32px;box-sizing:border-box;flex:1;align-items:center;padding:0 8px;border:1px solid #d3d3d3;border-radius:4px;background:#fff;color:#222;font:bold 12px/16px 'Indy Sans','Indy Sans Fallback',sans-serif;transition:background .2s}.bATaaO:active,.bATaaO:hover{border-color:#353533;background:#353533;color:#fff}.bATaaO:nth-child(2){display:none;margin-left:auto}@media(min-width:1000px){.bATaaO:nth-child(2){display:flex}}@media(min-width:768px){.bATaaO{display:flex;height:28px;justify-content:space-between}}@media(min-width:1000px){.bATaaO{height:32px}}.lihAma{display:block;overflow:hidden;padding-right:12px;line-height:normal;text-overflow:ellipsis;white-space:nowrap}.jNczEZ{position:relative;z-index:1001;margin:0 auto;background:#fff}.hJCoPj{display:flex;position:relative;max-width:1000px;margin:0 auto;font-family:'Indy Sans','Indy Sans Fallback',sans-serif;font-weight:bold}@media(min-width:1250px){.hJCoPj{width:1250px;max-width:none}}.hmFapR{position:relative;width:100%;max-width:1000px;margin:0 auto;background:#222}@media(min-width:1000px){.hmFapR{width:1000px;max-width:none}}@media(min-width:1250px){.hmFapR{width:1250px}}.eGloQu{position:relative;background:#222}.cOYsmh{position:absolute;left:-9999px;opacity:0;visibility:hidden}.hVHEhc{display:flex;gap:8px}.NsxYC{flex-grow:1;padding:8px 0;border-radius:6px;font:bold 14px/18px 'Indy Sans','Indy Sans Fallback',sans-serif}.kzSont{background:linear-gradient(180deg,#276fbf 0,#1f5898 100%);color:#fff}.kzSont:hover{background:linear-gradient(180deg,#276fbf 0,#0f2c4c 100%)}.jCnznq{border:1px solid #d3d3d3;background:#fbfbfb}.jCnznq:hover{background:linear-gradient(180deg,#fbfbfb 0,#d3d3d3 100%)}.cPwahi{margin:0 0 24px;font-size:14px}.lkByAJ{margin:0 0 8px;font-size:14px}@media(min-width:768px){.lkByAJ{font-size:16px}}.cdSPZA{width:68px;height:68px;flex-shrink:0}@media(min-width:768px){.cdSPZA{width:80px;height:80px}}.dVwnkw{display:flex;width:330px;box-sizing:border-box;gap:16px;padding:16px;margin:0 16px;background:#e7e8e9;box-shadow:0 4px 8px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.25);font-family:'Indy Sans','Indy Sans Fallback',sans-serif}@media(min-width:768px){.dVwnkw{width:416px;padding:24px}}.emrnVn{position:fixed;left:50%;z-index:2147483645;opacity:0;transform:translateX(-50%) translateY(-100%);transition:transform 300ms ease-in-out,opacity 300ms ease-in-out}.emrnVn.notification-prompt--show{opacity:1;transform:translateX(-50%) translateY(0)}.laMqUw{position:sticky;bottom:0;z-index:1000000;width:100vw}.laMqUw.hidden{display:none}.laMqUw.bottom-piano-prompt{position:relative}.laMqUw.sticky-prompt{position:sticky}.laMqUw.hide{display:none}.laMqUw.active{background-color:#fff;box-shadow:0 -29px 65px 35px dark:rgba(0,0,0,0.5);light:rgba(0,0,0,0.25)}.bfKLpp{display:none}@media(min-width:1000px){.bfKLpp{display:block}}.SuLPo{flex-direction:column}.kxocFh{position:sticky;top:100px;left:0;z-index:10;height:0;padding:0}.fpbYLV{width:100%;max-width:968px;height:250px;padding:0;margin-right:auto;margin-left:auto;background:transparent;text-align:center;display:none}@media(min-width:1000px){.fpbYLV{display:flex}}.fpbYLV.sticky{position:sticky;top:0;z-index:1000}.fpbYLV #top_banner:not(.sticky){position:sticky;top:0;z-index:1;width:968px}.kChsty{position:absolute;top:0;left:0}.gxeWA{--bg:#fff;position:fixed;bottom:0;left:0;z-index:2147483641;width:100%;height:50px;max-height:100px;margin-bottom:0;background-color:var(--bg);background-image:none;box-shadow:0 0 5px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.5);text-align:center}@media(min-width:768px){.gxeWA{height:90px}}@media(min-width:1000px){.gxeWA{display:none}}.hzqhgn{width:320px;height:50px;margin:0 auto}@media(min-width:768px){.hzqhgn{width:728px;height:90px}}@media(min-width:1000px){.cAUrjB{display:none}}.bNNNXy{width:100%;height:100%}.jJtNAJ{display:flex;flex-direction:column;align-items:center;justify-content:space-around;margin-bottom:16px}@media(min-width:1000px){.jJtNAJ{flex-direction:row}}.jJtNAJ>div{overflow:hidden;width:300px;height:250px;margin:8px}.bGPFDl:has(#taboola-below-article-thumbnails-crime){min-height:3169px}@media(min-width:1000px){.bGPFDl:has(#taboola-below-article-thumbnails-crime){min-height:756px}}.fDXhLE{min-height:360px}@media(min-width:425px){.fDXhLE{min-height:330px}}@media(min-width:768px){.fDXhLE{min-height:320px}}.gSAoMb{position:relative;top:-38px}@media(min-width:425px){.gSAoMb{top:-92px}}@media(min-width:595px){.gSAoMb{top:-53px}}@media(min-width:768px){.gSAoMb{top:-61px}}@media(min-width:1000px){.gSAoMb{top:-100px}}.enNoQV.height-limited{position:relative;height:600px;margin-bottom:15px;overflow-y:hidden}.enNoQV.height-limited::after{--fade-from:rgba(247,247,247,0);--fade-to:#f7f7f7;position:absolute;bottom:0;left:0;z-index:1;width:100%;height:135px;background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,var(--fade-from) var(--fade-to));content:''}.enNoQV>.show-more{position:absolute;right:0;bottom:16px;left:0;z-index:2;padding:8px 16px;margin-right:auto;margin-left:auto;border-radius:4px;background-color:#fff;box-shadow:0 1px 2px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.5),0.5px .5px 2px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.5);color:#646464;font-family:'Indy Sans','Indy Sans Fallback',sans-serif;font-size:12px;line-height:18px}.enNoQV.viafoura .vf-button{border-radius:4px}.enNoQV.viafoura .vf3-comments .vf-heading-text{position:relative;visibility:hidden}.enNoQV.viafoura .vf3-comments .vf-heading-text::after{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;color:#222;content:'Comments';font-family:'Indy Sans','Indy Sans Fallback',sans-serif;font-size:24px;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.08;visibility:visible}.enNoQV.viafoura .vf3-comments .vf-post-form{margin-right:0;margin-left:0}.enNoQV.viafoura .vf3-comments .vf-post-form #add-nickname-form h2{max-width:450px;margin-bottom:5px;font-family:'Indy Sans','Indy Sans Fallback',sans-serif;font-size:18px;font-weight:normal;line-height:18px}.enNoQV.viafoura .vf3-comments .vf-post-form #add-nickname-form p{max-width:450px;color:#646464;font-family:'Indy Sans','Indy Sans Fallback',sans-serif;font-size:12px;font-weight:normal;line-height:18px}.enNoQV.viafoura .vf3-comments .vf-post-form #add-nickname-form div{display:flex;flex-direction:row;padding-top:10px}.enNoQV.viafoura .vf3-comments .vf-post-form #add-nickname-form div input{flex:1;padding:19px 0 17px 16px;margin-right:20px;border:solid 1px #d3d3d3;border-radius:4px;color:#646464;font-size:16px;line-height:20px}.enNoQV.viafoura .vf3-comments .vf-post-form #add-nickname-form div input:invalid{border:solid 2px #a20021;background-color:#fff;outline:0}.enNoQV.viafoura .vf3-comments .vf-post-form #add-nickname-form div button{padding:12px 16px;border-radius:4px;background-color:#ec1a2e;color:#fff;font:bold 14px/18px 'Indy Sans','Indy Sans Fallback',sans-serif}.enNoQV.viafoura .vf3-comments .vf-post-form #add-nickname-form div button:disabled{background-color:#bbb}.enNoQV.viafoura .vf3-comments .vf-post-form .vf-content-layout{padding-left:0}.enNoQV.viafoura .vf3-comments .vf-post-form .vf-content-layout .vf-content-layout__left{display:none}.enNoQV.viafoura .vf3-comments .vf-post-form .vf-content-layout .vf-content-layout__right::before,.enNoQV.viafoura .vf3-comments .vf-post-form .vf-content-layout .vf-content-layout__right::after{top:auto;right:30px;bottom:-6px;left:auto;transform:rotate(-45deg)}.enNoQV.viafoura .vf3-comments .vf-post-form .vf-content-layout .vf-content-layout__right textarea{color:#646464;font-family:'Indy Sans','Indy Sans Fallback',sans-serif;font-size:16px}.enNoQV.viafoura .vf3-comments .vf-post-form .vf-content-layout .vf-content-layout__right textarea::placeholder,.enNoQV.viafoura .vf3-comments .vf-post-form .vf-content-layout .vf-content-layout__right textarea::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:#646464}.enNoQV.viafoura .vf3-comments nav.vf-tabbed-nav{height:56px;border-top:1px solid #d3d3d3}.enNoQV.viafoura .vf3-comments nav.vf-tabbed-nav ul li button.vf-nav-button{padding:11px 0 14px}.enNoQV.viafoura .vf3-comments nav.vf-tabbed-nav ul li button.vf-nav-button::before{border-color:#ec1a2e}.enNoQV.viafoura .vf3-comments nav.vf-tabbed-nav ul li button.vf-nav-button .vf-nav-label .vf-label-text{color:#646464;font-family:'Indy Sans','Indy Sans Fallback',sans-serif;font-size:18px;font-weight:bold;line-height:16px;text-transform:capitalize}.enNoQV.viafoura .vf3-comments nav.vf-tabbed-nav ul li button.vf-nav-button .vf-nav-label .vf-badge{position:relative;top:-3px;font-size:12px;line-height:12px}.enNoQV.viafoura .vf3-comments nav.vf-tabbed-nav .comment-nav-right .vf-dropdown .vf-dropdown-button{color:#646464;font-family:'Indy Sans','Indy Sans Fallback',sans-serif;font-size:16px;font-weight:normal;line-height:16px;text-transform:none}.enNoQV.viafoura .vf3-comments nav.vf-tabbed-nav .comment-nav-right .vf-dropdown .vf-dropdown-button .vf-icon-svg--stroke{stroke:#646464}.enNoQV.viafoura .vf3-comments nav.vf-tabbed-nav .comment-nav-right .vf-dropdown .vf-dropdown-button .vf-icon-svg--stroke line{stroke-width:2px}.enNoQV.viafoura .vf3-comments .all-comments{background-color:#f7f7f7}.enNoQV.viafoura .vf3-comments .all-comments article.vf3-comment::after{background-color:transparent}.enNoQV.viafoura .vf3-comments .all-comments article.vf3-comment .vf-content-layout{padding:12px 15px 16px 27px}.enNoQV.viafoura .vf3-comments .all-comments article.vf3-comment .vf-content-layout .vf-content-layout__left{margin-right:16px}.enNoQV.viafoura .vf3-comments .all-comments article.vf3-comment .vf-content-layout .vf-content-layout__right>.vf3-comment__header>.vf-dropdown{top:20px;opacity:1}.enNoQV.viafoura .vf3-comments .all-comments article.vf3-comment .vf-content-layout .vf3-comment__header{padding-bottom:16px}.enNoQV.viafoura .vf3-comments .all-comments article.vf3-comment .vf-content-layout .vf-post-details{display:block}.enNoQV.viafoura .vf3-comments .all-comments article.vf3-comment .vf-content-layout .vf-post-details .vf-post-name-button em{color:#222;font-family:'Indy Sans','Indy Sans Fallback',sans-serif;font-size:16px;font-weight:bold;line-height:16px}.enNoQV.viafoura .vf3-comments .all-comments article.vf3-comment .vf-content-layout .vf-post-details .vf-label-with-dot{margin:4px 31px 0 0;color:#646464;font-family:'Indy Sans','Indy Sans Fallback',sans-serif;font-size:12px;font-weight:normal;line-height:16px;text-transform:none}.enNoQV.viafoura .vf3-comments .all-comments article.vf3-comment .vf-content-layout .vf-post-details .vf-label-with-dot::before{display:none}.enNoQV.viafoura .vf3-comments .all-comments article.vf3-comment .vf-content-layout .vf-content-text p{color:#646464;font-size:16px;line-height:23.2px}.enNoQV.viafoura .vf3-comments .all-comments article.vf3-comment .vf-content-layout .vf-content-actions.vf-comment-actions .vf-content-actions__left-actions{width:100%}.enNoQV.viafoura .vf3-comments .all-comments article.vf3-comment .vf-content-layout .vf-content-actions.vf-comment-actions .vf-content-actions__left-actions button.vf-content-actions__left-action{color:#646464;font-size:16px;line-height:18px;opacity:1;text-decoration:underline;text-transform:capitalize}.enNoQV.viafoura .vf3-comments .all-comments article.vf3-comment .vf-content-layout .vf-content-actions.vf-comment-actions .vf-content-actions__left-actions button.vf-content-actions__left-action.vf-content-actions__like,.enNoQV.viafoura .vf3-comments .all-comments article.vf3-comment .vf-content-layout .vf-content-actions.vf-comment-actions .vf-content-actions__left-actions button.vf-content-actions__left-action.vf-content-actions__dislike{padding:5px 34px 5px 5px;margin:0;background-color:#f7f7f7;background-repeat:no-repeat;color:#646464;font-size:12px;font-weight:bold;line-height:16px;text-decoration:none}.enNoQV.viafoura .vf3-comments .all-comments article.vf3-comment .vf-content-layout .vf-content-actions.vf-comment-actions .vf-content-actions__left-actions button.vf-content-actions__left-action.vf-content-actions__like svg,.enNoQV.viafoura .vf3-comments .all-comments article.vf3-comment .vf-content-layout .vf-content-actions.vf-comment-actions .vf-content-actions__left-actions button.vf-content-actions__left-action.vf-content-actions__dislike svg{display:none}.enNoQV.viafoura .vf3-comments .all-comments article.vf3-comment .vf-content-layout .vf-content-actions.vf-comment-actions .vf-content-actions__left-actions button.vf-content-actions__left-action.vf-content-actions__like::before,.enNoQV.viafoura .vf3-comments .all-comments article.vf3-comment .vf-content-layout .vf-content-actions.vf-comment-actions .vf-content-actions__left-actions button.vf-content-actions__left-action.vf-content-actions__dislike::before{display:none}.enNoQV.viafoura .vf3-comments .all-comments article.vf3-comment .vf-content-layout .vf-content-actions.vf-comment-actions .vf-content-actions__left-actions button.vf-content-actions__left-action.vf-content-actions__like:hover,.enNoQV.viafoura .vf3-comments .all-comments article.vf3-comment .vf-content-layout .vf-content-actions.vf-comment-actions .vf-content-actions__left-actions button.vf-content-actions__left-action.vf-content-actions__dislike:hover{text-decoration:none}.enNoQV.viafoura .vf3-comments .all-comments article.vf3-comment .vf-content-layout .vf-content-actions.vf-comment-actions .vf-content-actions__left-actions button.vf-content-actions__left-action.vf-content-actions__like{margin-left:auto;border-radius:4px 0 0 4px;background-image:url(/img/comments/like.svg);background-position:73% 30%}.enNoQV.viafoura .vf3-comments .all-comments article.vf3-comment .vf-content-layout .vf-content-actions.vf-comment-actions .vf-content-actions__left-actions button.vf-content-actions__left-action.vf-content-actions__dislike{border-radius:0 4px 4px 0;background-image:url(/img/comments/dislike.svg);background-position:73% 70%}.enNoQV.viafoura .vf3-comments .all-comments article.vf3-comment .vf-content-layout .vf-content-actions.vf-comment-actions .vf-content-actions__right-actions{position:absolute;top:0;right:15px;opacity:1}.enNoQV.viafoura .vf3-comments .all-comments article.vf3-comment .vf-content-layout .vf-content-actions.vf-comment-actions .vf-content-actions__right-actions button{font-size:12px;line-height:12px;text-decoration:underline;text-transform:capitalize}.enNoQV.viafoura .vf3-comments .all-comments .vf-content-focus-container--reply-form .vf-content-layout{padding-left:27px}.enNoQV.viafoura .vf3-comments .vf3-comments__bottom-action{padding:15px 10px;margin:0;background-color:#f7f7f7}.enNoQV.viafoura .vf3-comments .vf3-comments__bottom-action button.vf-button{width:auto;border:0;box-shadow:0 1px 2px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.5),0.5px .5px 2px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.5);color:#646464;font-family:'Indy Sans','Indy Sans Fallback',sans-serif;font-size:12px;font-weight:normal;line-height:18px;text-transform:none}.enNoQV.viafoura .vf3-comments .vf3-comments__bottom-action button.vf-button span{color:#646464}.enNoQV.viafoura .vf3-comments footer.vf3-conversations-footer span svg{width:auto}.enNoQV.viafoura .vf3-comment__header .vf-badge{padding:2px 4px;border-radius:4px;background-color:#ec1a2e;font-family:'Indy Sans','Indy Sans Fallback',sans-serif;text-transform:capitalize}.enNoQV.viafoura .vf3-comment__header .vf-custom-badge--journalist{background-color:#ac2a2c}.enNoQV.viafoura .vf-tray-trigger--floating.vf-button{position:relative;right:0;bottom:0}.cLHRRT{position:fixed;right:0;bottom:50px;z-index:10000004}@media(min-width:768px){.cLHRRT{bottom:90px}}@media(min-width:1000px){.cLHRRT{bottom:30px}}.gihRoV{display:flex;max-height:19px;align-items:center;margin-right:19px}.fxtXwi{--color:#bbb;--color-alt:#bbb;--canvas-color:#fff;display:flex;align-items:center;color:var(--color);font:normal 16px/20px 'Indy Sans','Indy Sans Fallback',sans-serif}.fxtXwi:hover,.fxtXwi:active{--color:var(--color-alt);color:var(--color)}.fxtXwi.comments-loaded{--color:#ec1a2e;--color-alt:#ac2a2c}.fxtXwi.comments-loaded:hover,.fxtXwi.comments-loaded:active{--color:var(--color-alt);color:var(--color)}.kSAOsY{--height:18px;--padding:2px;--font-size:calc(var(--height) - var(--padding) * 2);--border-width:1px;--callout-width:7px;--callout-clip-width:calc(var(--callout-width) - (2 * var(--border-width)));display:block;position:relative;min-width:30px;height:var(--height);box-sizing:border-box;padding:0 var(--padding);margin-right:4px;border:var(--border-width) solid var(--color);font-size:var(--font-size);line-height:var(--height);text-align:center}.kSAOsY::before,.kSAOsY::after{position:absolute;top:100%;width:0;height:0;content:''}.kSAOsY::before{right:-1px;border-top:var(--callout-width) solid var(--color);border-left:var(--callout-width) solid transparent}.kSAOsY::after{right:0;border-top:var(--callout-clip-width) solid var(--canvas-color);border-left:var(--callout-clip-width) solid transparent}.kSAOsY .comments-empty,.kSAOsY .comments-empty::before,.kSAOsY .comments-empty::after{display:block;position:absolute;top:6px;left:12px;width:4px;height:4px;border-radius:50%;background:var(--color)}.kSAOsY .comments-empty::before,.kSAOsY .comments-empty::after{top:0;left:-6px;content:''}.kSAOsY .comments-empty::after{left:6px}.cPUOXM{position:relative;padding:10px 0 8px 35px;margin-bottom:20px;border:solid #d3d3d3;border-width:1px 0}@media(min-width:768px){.cPUOXM{padding:6px 0 4px 50px}}.ePOWEe{display:none;margin-left:2px}.fHoGsk{width:max-content;padding-bottom:6px}.fHoGsk.comments-loaded .sc-qsla4c-1{display:block;width:19px;height:20px}.kQZunw{margin:0 0 8px;color:#646464;font-family:'Indy Sans','Indy Sans Fallback',sans-serif;font-size:12px;line-height:1.33}@media(min-width:768px){.kQZunw{font-size:14px;line-height:1.29}}.goyZT{margin:0 0 4px;color:#222;font-size:16px;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.25}@media(min-width:768px){.goyZT{font-size:18px;line-height:1.45}}.gQogX{position:absolute;top:12px;left:0;width:23px;height:23px;border-radius:50%;background-color:#ec1a2e}@media(min-width:768px){.gQogX{top:10px;width:34px;height:34px}}@media(min-width:1000px){.qHctg .taboola{display:none}}.qHctg:has(#taboola-carousel-thumbnails){min-height:426px}.qHctg:has(#taboola-mid-article-thumbnails-crime){min-height:405px}@media(min-width:1000px){.qHctg:has(#taboola-carousel-thumbnails),.qHctg:has(#taboola-mid-article-thumbnails-crime){min-height:0}}.hCEqSm .tp-container-inner,.hCEqSm .sc-1suqprf-0{position:relative;box-shadow:0 -22px 16px 22px rgba(255,255,255,0.95)}.hCEqSm.closed{display:none}.jZkFWa{width:32px;color:#3b5998}@media(min-width:768px){.jZkFWa.mobile-only{display:none}}.jZkFWa:hover{color:#2f4779}.iyaxjG{width:32px;color:#000}@media(min-width:768px){.iyaxjG.mobile-only{display:none}}.iyaxjG:hover{color:#4e4e4e}.bxTlJH{width:32px;color:#25d366}@media(min-width:768px){.bxTlJH.mobile-only{display:none}}.bxTlJH:hover{color:#1da851}.cSnwsm{width:32px;color:#ec1a2e}@media(min-width:768px){.cSnwsm.mobile-only{display:none}}.cSnwsm:hover{color:#ac2a2c}.wViVX{display:flex;gap:12px}.cArLiK .sc-17yxc4y-0{display:none}.cArLiK:hover .sc-17yxc4y-0,.cArLiK.bookmark-button-saved .sc-17yxc4y-0{display:block}.cArLiK:hover .sc-17yxc4y-1,.cArLiK.bookmark-button-saved .sc-17yxc4y-1{display:none}.cArLiK.bookmark-button-saved .sc-17yxc4y-0{display:block}.cArLiK.bookmark-button-saved .sc-17yxc4y-1{display:none}.cArLiK.bookmark-button-saved:hover .sc-17yxc4y-0{display:none}.cArLiK.bookmark-button-saved:hover .sc-17yxc4y-1{display:block}.ldnLrS{display:inline-block;width:32px;height:32px;color:#337e81}.ixvYXS{display:flex;flex-direction:row;justify-content:center;gap:12px}.hCHeth{display:flex;position:relative;justify-content:center}@media(min-width:768px){.hCHeth{justify-content:flex-end;padding-top:12px;margin:0}}.hvJvAA{display:flex}.sticky .hvJvAA{flex-direction:column}.kciiLJ{overflow:hidden;height:23px;margin-bottom:8px;border-bottom:0;clear:both}@media(min-width:768px){.kciiLJ{height:25px}}.fSsEip{display:inline-block;flex-shrink:0;margin:0 12px 0 0;font:bold 14px/normal 'Indy Sans','Indy Sans Fallback',sans-serif}.fSsEip::after{content:':'}.kdqbii{display:inline-block;margin-right:12px;margin-bottom:4px;color:#222;font:normal 14px/1.29 'Indy Sans','Indy Sans Fallback',sans-serif;text-decoration:underline}.kdqbii::first-letter {text-transform:capitalize}@media(min-width:1000px){.subscribed .lkPksW{margin-top:-184px}.article-feature:not(.article-feature-video) .subscribed .lkPksW{margin-top:-407px}}.lkPksW>p{margin:16px 0}.article-premium .lkPksW>p{line-height:27px}.lkPksW>h2{font-size:21px}.article-climate .lkPksW>h2{color:#ec1a2e}.article-sgi .lkPksW>h2{color:#ec1a2e}.lkPksW>p:first-child{margin-top:0}.lkPksW span:first-child~p:first-of-type{margin-top:0}.cnknzo{display:flex;position:relative;max-width:100%;min-height:600px;justify-content:center;margin:0 auto;background-color:transparent;clear:both}@media(min-width:1000px){.cnknzo{min-height:450px}}.teads .cnknzo{display:block}.cnknzo [data-mpu]{position:sticky;top:16px}@media(min-width:1000px){.dTdlgq{display:none}}.dTdlgq[data-mpu1]{min-height:600px}.dTdlgq.pb-20{padding-bottom:20px}.dbefri{box-sizing:border-box;flex:1;padding:12px 16px 8px 12px}@media(max-width:594px){.dbefri{padding-bottom:12px}}.idMylZ{border-radius:50%}.exnbsn{background:#ec1a2e}.jQGkpO{display:flex;position:relative}.gQaMJW{margin:0;color:#222;font:bold 16px/19.2px 'Indy Serif','Indy Serif Fallback',serif}@media(max-width:594px){.gQaMJW{display:none}}.focVkI{display:none;margin:0;color:#222;font:bold 20px/24px 'Indy Serif','Indy Serif Fallback',serif}@media(max-width:594px){.focVkI{display:block}}.kzxhaH{display:none}.evDZRN{display:flex;flex:1;justify-content:flex-end;margin-left:28px}.evDZRN svg{width:30px;height:30px}.eshVLV{position:relative;overflow:hidden;width:135px}.eshVLV img{object-fit:cover}@media(max-width:594px){.eshVLV{display:none}}.knIyCe{position:relative;color:#646464;cursor:pointer;font-family:'Indy Sans','Indy Sans Fallback',sans-serif;font-size:9px}.knIyCe::before{position:absolute;top:-3px;left:-21px;width:14px;height:14px;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #919191;content:''}@media(max-width:594px){.knIyCe::before{width:24px;height:24px}}.jstemT{display:inline-flex;position:relative;min-height:14px;align-items:center;padding-left:22px;margin-top:14px;cursor:pointer}.jstemT a{display:inline;color:#646464;text-decoration:underline}.jstemT input{position:absolute;width:0;height:0;cursor:pointer;opacity:0}.jstemT input:checked~.sc-76suco-0:before{content:url(/img/icons/checkboxCheckmark.svg)}@media(max-width:594px){.jstemT{padding-left:32px;margin-top:22px}}.cRKQtK{--input-height:38px;margin-top:12px}.cRKQtK .reg-form{position:relative}.cRKQtK .reg-form .sc-1sk658j-1,.cRKQtK .reg-form .error-text{position:absolute;top:var(--input-height);z-index:1;width:calc(100% + 77px + 16px);height:28px;margin:3px 0 0;background:#fff}@media(max-width:594px){.cRKQtK .reg-form .sc-1sk658j-1,.cRKQtK .reg-form .error-text{padding-left:0}}.cRKQtK .reg-form .csr-error-message{position:absolute;top:var(--input-height);z-index:1;width:calc(100% + 77px + 16px);height:28px;margin:3px 0 0;background-color:#fff}.cRKQtK .reg-form .sc-1sk658j-1{width:100%;padding-left:16px;color:#a20021;font:normal 12px/16px 'Indy Sans','Indy Sans Fallback',sans-serif}.cRKQtK .reg-form .not-logged-input:focus{border-color:#276fbf}.cRKQtK .reg-form .not-logged-input:focus~.error-text.visible{display:none}.cRKQtK .reg-form.user-invalid.amp-form-verify-error .not-logged-input{border-color:#a20021}.cRKQtK .reg-form.user-invalid.amp-form-verify-error .not-logged-input:focus~.error-text.visible{display:block}.cRKQtK .reg-form.user-valid .not-logged-input{border-color:#157f1f}.kdQijL{display:flex;flex:1}.kdQijL>div.signup-btn{margin:0 0 0 16px}.kdQijL>div.signup-btn.logged-in{width:100%;margin:0}.kdQijL>div.signup-btn.logged-in button{width:100%}.kdQijL>div.signup-btn button{width:77px;height:var(--input-height)}.kdQijL .form-fields{flex:1}.kdQijL .not-logged-input{height:var(--input-height)}.kdQijL .emailInputWrapper:not([amp-access-hide]){display:flex;flex:1}@media(max-width:594px){.idIGdR .checkmark:before{top:-6px;left:-32px}}@media(max-width:319px){.idIGdR .checkmark:before{top:2px;left:-32px}}.cXWKwW{display:flex;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box;margin:0 0 16px;border:1px solid #d3d3d3}.jHlYLm{min-height:600px}@media(min-width:1000px){.jHlYLm{min-height:450px}}.jHlYLm.mobile-only{display:block}@media(min-width:1000px){.jHlYLm.mobile-only{display:none}}.jHlYLm.desktop-only{display:none}@media(min-width:1000px){.jHlYLm.desktop-only{display:block;margin-bottom:16px}}.jHlYLm.desktop-only+p{margin-top:0}.jHlYLm .third-party-ad{position:sticky;top:16px}.czoMqL{width:100%;flex-grow:1}.czoMqL .amp-article-content[amp-access][amp-access-hide]{display:block;overflow:hidden;max-height:360px}.czoMqL .amp-article-content[amp-access][amp-access-hide] .social-share{display:none}.czoMqL .amp-article-content[amp-access][amp-access-hide].show-all-content{max-height:100%}@media(max-width:594px){.czoMqL .amp-article-content[amp-access][amp-access-hide]{max-height:530px}}.czoMqL .amp-newsletter-reg-gate{position:relative;left:-12px;width:calc(100% + 24px)}.czoMqL .social-share{width:100%;padding-top:10px;padding-bottom:20px}@media(min-width:768px){.czoMqL .social-share{justify-content:flex-start}}.czoMqL .social-share.sticky{display:none}@media(min-width:1000px){.czoMqL .social-share.sticky{display:flex;position:sticky;top:14px;width:34px;flex-direction:column;padding-top:0;margin-top:0;margin-left:-25%}.czoMqL .social-share.sticky amp-social-share,.czoMqL .social-share.sticky .sc-mgcah7-0{margin:0 0 16px}.article-feature-video .czoMqL .social-share.sticky{margin-top:0}.article-feature:not(.article-feature-video) .czoMqL .social-share.sticky{margin-top:35%}}.czoMqL.sponsored-article img,.czoMqL.sponsored-article video{width:100%;max-width:602px;height:auto}.czoMqL.sponsored-article iframe{max-width:602px;max-height:400px}.czoMqL .under-article-prompt-donations{padding-bottom:8px;margin-top:-3px}.czoMqL .big-letter{--color:#222;display:flex;position:relative;width:0;height:0;align-items:center;justify-content:center;padding:40px;margin-top:22px;margin-right:12px;border:1px solid var(--color);float:left;font:normal 52px/1 'Indy Serif','Indy Serif Fallback',serif;text-transform:uppercase}.czoMqL .big-letter:first-child{margin-top:6px}.czoMqL .big-letter::before{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid var(--color);border-radius:50%;content:''}.czoMqL #taboola-below-article-1{min-height:2350px}@media(min-width:768px){.czoMqL #taboola-below-article-1{min-height:3370px}}.czoMqL #taboola-below-article-1-split-num-1{min-height:130px}@media(min-width:768px){.czoMqL #taboola-below-article-1-split-num-1{min-height:415px}}.czoMqL .sc-fwko30-0+.sc-1xtsh2b-0{margin-top:-16px}@media(min-width:768px){.czoMqL{max-width:636px;margin:0}}@media(min-width:1000px){.czoMqL{max-width:624px;margin:0}.czoMqL.subscribed{max-width:636px}}@media(max-width:999px){.czoMqL{padding-right:0}.czoMqL .under-article-prompt-donations{margin-top:-18px}}.czoMqL .anchor-nav-header{scroll-margin-top:79px}.czoMqL .anchor-nav-header a{color:#222}.czoMqL .anchor-nav-header a:hover{color:#222}.clVPNf{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;justify-content:flex-start;margin-bottom:8px;color:#646464;font:normal 16px/20px 'Indy Sans','Indy Sans Fallback',sans-serif}@media(min-width:768px){.clVPNf{width:70%;align-items:center;justify-content:flex-start;margin-bottom:0;font:normal 16px/24px 'Indy Sans','Indy Sans Fallback',sans-serif}}@media(min-width:1000px){.clVPNf{width:70%;margin-bottom:0}}.hIiCJP{display:flex;height:20px;margin:0 12px 8px 0}.article-voices .hIiCJP{height:auto}@media(min-width:425px){.article-voices .hIiCJP{height:20px}}.hIiCJP::before{display:inline-block;align-self:center;margin-top:1px;margin-right:12px;content:'\2022';transform:scale(1.5)}.hIiCJP:first-child::before{content:none}@media(min-width:768px){.hIiCJP{height:24px;margin-bottom:0}.hIiCJP::before{margin-top:2px}}.hIiCJP time{display:block}.hIiCJP time::first-letter {text-transform:capitalize}.eNJptR{display:inline-block;margin:0 12px 8px 0;color:#ec1a2e;font:bold 16px/20px 'Indy Sans','Indy Sans Fallback',sans-serif;letter-spacing:-0.5px}.eNJptR:hover,.eNJptR:active{color:#ac2a2c}@media(min-width:768px){.eNJptR{margin-bottom:0}}.cePgis{margin:0 4px 8px 0}.cePgis::before{display:inline-block;margin-top:2px;margin-right:12px;color:#646464;content:'\2022';transform:scale(1.5)}.cePgis:first-child::before{display:none}@media(min-width:768px){.cePgis{margin-bottom:0}}.kuCYzg{display:flex;justify-content:flex-start;padding:0;margin:0 0 16px}@media(min-width:768px){.kuCYzg{display:flex;width:30%;align-items:center;justify-content:flex-end;margin:0}}@media(min-width:1000px){.kuCYzg{width:30%}}.gpMjkH{padding-top:0;border-top:0;border-bottom:0}@media(min-width:768px){.gpMjkH{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;padding-bottom:16px}.gpMjkH .sc-1qz44j0-0{order:1}.gpMjkH .sc-1qz44j0-6{order:2}}@media(min-width:1000px){.gpMjkH{flex-direction:row}}.hUayVl{padding:16px 12px 12px;text-align:left;font:bold 14px/18px 'Indy Sans','Indy Sans Fallback',sans-serif}@media(min-width:768px){.hUayVl{padding:16px 16px 12px}}.article-infact .hUayVl{padding:16px 0}@media(min-width:1000px){.hUayVl{padding:24px 0 19px}.article-feature .hUayVl{max-width:968px;margin:0 auto}}.hUayVl a{color:#222}.hUayVl a:hover{color:#ac2a2c}.hUayVl a:hover::after{color:#222}.hUayVl a::after{margin-right:4px;margin-left:4px;content:'>'}.hUayVl a:last-child::after{display:none}.bPeEQC{margin:0 0 20px;letter-spacing:0}.iHWilb{margin:0;color:#646464;font:normal 16px/20px 'Indy Sans','Indy Sans Fallback',sans-serif}@media(min-width:768px){.iHWilb{font:normal 18px/22px 'Indy Sans','Indy Sans Fallback',sans-serif}}@media(min-width:1000px){.iHWilb{font:normal 20px/24px 'Indy Sans','Indy Sans Fallback',sans-serif}}.iHWilb p{font:inherit}.article-feature .iHWilb a{font-weight:bold}.gRuXKg{max-width:968px;margin:0 auto;background:#fff}@media(min-width:1000px){.gRuXKg{padding:0 16px}.parallax .gRuXKg{max-width:1240px}}.iYzyM{font:bold 32px/36px 'Indy Serif','Indy Serif Fallback',serif;letter-spacing:-0.0156em}@media(min-width:768px){.iYzyM{font:bold 44px/48px 'Indy Serif','Indy Serif Fallback',serif;letter-spacing:-0.0113em}}@media(min-width:1000px){.iYzyM{font:bold 54px/58px 'Indy Serif','Indy Serif Fallback',serif;letter-spacing:-0.0092em}}.gLQzaj .sc-qvufca-0{margin:0 12px}@media(min-width:768px){.gLQzaj .sc-qvufca-0{max-width:968px;margin-right:16px;margin-left:16px}}@media(min-width:1000px){.gLQzaj .sc-qvufca-0{margin-right:auto;margin-left:auto}}.gLQzaj .sc-qvufca-2{margin-bottom:16px;color:#222}@media(min-width:768px){.gLQzaj .sc-qvufca-2{margin-bottom:18px}}@media(min-width:1000px){.gLQzaj .sc-qvufca-2{margin-top:0}}.article-feature .gLQzaj .sc-qvufca-2{text-align:center}@media(min-width:1000px){.article-feature .gLQzaj .sc-qvufca-2{max-width:968px}}.gLQzaj .sc-aeekvc-0{margin-bottom:16px}@media(min-width:1000px){.gLQzaj .sc-aeekvc-0{max-width:968px}}.gLQzaj .sc-aeekvc-0 p{margin-top:0}@media(min-width:768px){.gLQzaj .sc-aeekvc-0 p{margin-bottom:16px}}@media(min-width:2560px){.gLQzaj .sc-aeekvc-0 p{margin-bottom:12px}}.ilJfaV{overflow:hidden;height:0;color:transparent}.fIgmuu{max-width:100%;margin:0 0 20px}.fIgmuu.sticky{position:sticky;top:16px}.grPbuS{min-height:600px}.grPbuS #mpu1{position:sticky;top:16px}.jfSvuX{min-height:250px}.kdHApG{max-width:100%}.dgoHoz{margin:0 0 6px;color:#646464;font-family:'Indy Sans','Indy Sans Fallback',sans-serif;font-size:15px}.eSkAOW{margin:0 0 12px}.ctSnkl{height:380px}.cCOQKx{width:100%;height:51px}.NgRo{margin-bottom:16px;border-bottom:1px solid #919191}.ksidoU{margin-bottom:16px}.ksidoU [role='listitem']{position:relative;margin-bottom:12px;border-bottom:1px solid #d3d3d3}.ksidoU [role='listitem'] .sc-u4n1j-0{display:flex;position:absolute;bottom:16px;left:10px;width:32px;height:32px;align-items:center;justify-content:center;border-radius:50%;background-color:#ec1a2e}.ksidoU [role='listitem'] .sc-u4n1j-0>svg{width:90%;fill:#fff;stroke:transparent}.ksidoU [role='listitem']:first-child{display:block;padding-bottom:0;margin-bottom:12px}.ksidoU [role='listitem']:first-child .sc-u4n1j-0{top:-15px;bottom:auto;left:12px}.ksidoU [role='listitem']:first-child>*:first-child{display:block;width:100%;height:205px}.ksidoU [role='listitem']:first-child>*:last-child{--content-bg:#222;--content-bg-opaque:rgba(34,34,34,0.7);position:absolute;bottom:0;width:100%;padding:28px 12px 12px;background:linear-gradient(to top,var(--content-bg) 70%,var(--content-bg-opaque) 100%) no-repeat;color:#fff;font-size:17px;font-weight:bold}.ksidoU [role='listitem']:last-child{margin-bottom:0;border-bottom:0 none}.bhdekM{min-height:1924px}@media(max-width:767px){.bhdekM{display:none}}.dvQXpA{width:308px}.dvQXpA.hidden{display:none}@media(max-width:999px){.dvQXpA{display:none}}.article-liveblog .bZTaXI{background-color:#f7f7f7}.wQyIS{justify-content:center}.jQYxbM{justify-content:center}</style> <script type="text/javascript"> (function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i['GoogleAnalyticsObject']=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){ (i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o), m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m) })(window,document,'script','https://www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js','ga'); ga('create', 'G-8S3D4JVXRW', 'auto'); ga('send', 'pageview'); </script><script id="analytics-data" type="application/json">{"page_url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-vivien-john-1438836.html","actual_url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-vivien-john-1438836.html","page_domain":"independent.co.uk","page_path":"/news/people/obituary-vivien-john-1438836.html","user_status":"anonymous","logged_in_status":"not logged in","main_js_version":"main.fed3cca4b153d1288e16.js","page_name":"news/people/article1438836","page_type":"Article","site_sections":"news:people","article_premium_status":"free","article_id":"1438836","article_id_root":"1554436","article_title":"Obituary: Vivien John","article_author":"Victor Arwas","article_category":"News","article_publication_time":"11:02:00","pixel_id":"1554436","published_date":"Thursday, 26 May 1994","first_published_date":"Thursday, 26 May 1994","homepage_section":"","article_page_filename":"obituary-vivien-john-1438836.html","lead_media_item":"image","article_topic_tags":"Kensington And Chelsea,Painting,Papua New Guinea,Peter Blake","word_count":491,"content_source":"Internal","components_list":"A2,A3,F1","desktop_components_list":"2,3,1,9","mobile_components_list":"A1","internal_links_count":0,"internal_topic_links_count":0,"internal_non_topic_links_count":0,"article_swap":"image"}</script><script type="application/ld+json">{"@type":"Organization","@context":"https://schema.org","name":"The Independent","url":"https://www.independent.co.uk","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/img/logo.png","width":504,"height":60},"sameAs":["https://twitter.com/Independent","https://www.facebook.com/TheIndependentOnline","https://www.youtube.com/theindependent"],"@id":"independent.co.uk"}</script><script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"NewsArticle","mainEntityOfPage":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-vivien-john-1438836.html"},"headline":"Obituary: Vivien John | The Independent","datePublished":"1994-05-26T23:02:00.000Z","dateModified":"1994-05-26T23:02:00.000Z","description":"Vivien John, painter: born Dorset 8 March 1915; married 1945 John White (two sons); died London 20 May 1994.","thumbnailUrl":"","articleSection":"People","url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-vivien-john-1438836.html","publisher":{"@type":"Organization","@context":"https://schema.org","name":"The Independent","url":"https://www.independent.co.uk","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/img/logo.png","width":504,"height":60},"sameAs":["https://twitter.com/Independent","https://www.facebook.com/TheIndependentOnline","https://www.youtube.com/theindependent"],"@id":"independent.co.uk"},"author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Victor Arwas","url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/author/victor-arwas"},"image":"","isAccessibleForFree":true,"isPartOf":{"@type":["CreativeWork","Product"],"name":"The Independent","productID":"independent.co.uk:showcase"}}</script><script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"News","item":"https://www.independent.co.uk/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"People","item":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people"}]}</script> <script type="speculationrules"> {"prefetch":[{"where":{"href_matches":"/*"},"eagerness":"moderate"}]} </script> </head> <body id="body"> <script type="application/json" id="piano-meta">{"tags":["kensington-and-chelsea","painting","papua-new-guinea","peter-blake","s_news","s_people","article","archive","receiveIndyBreakingNews"],"contentCreated":"1994-05-26T23:02:00Z","contentAuthor":"Victor Arwas","contentSection":"News"}</script><div class="sc-1pfx6hk-0 fwOlvZ sc-glvuw1-0 jgvCOM sc-11dbwmc-1 bfKLpp"><div data-mpu="true" data-is-video="false" data-tile-name="out-of-page" data-ad-unit-path="/71347885/_main_independent/in_news/in_people/image/out-of-page" data-sizes="1x1" data-refresh-check="false" class="sc-1pfx6hk-2 lgqWRm"></div></div><div data-testid="frame" class="sc-11dbwmc-0 bquEpS"><div class="sc-1exdb30-0 emrnVn notification-prompt"><div class="sc-17j7mtb-7 dVwnkw"><svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 cspHGj sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-17j7mtb-6 cdSPZA"><use href="#d705ac78c0432424"></use></svg><div><h2 class="sc-17j7mtb-5 lkByAJ">Stay up to date with notifications from The聽Independent</h2><p class="sc-17j7mtb-4 cPwahi">Notifications can be managed in browser preferences.</p><div class="sc-17j7mtb-0 hVHEhc"><button class="sc-17j7mtb-1 sc-17j7mtb-3 NsxYC jCnznq notification-prompt__deny">Not now</button><button class="sc-17j7mtb-1 sc-17j7mtb-2 NsxYC kzSont notification-prompt__accept">Yes please</button></div></div></div></div><div class="hydrate-root sc-10wlkbs-0 cFynzd" data-component="SuccessBannerManager" data-theme-name="base-light"></div><script type="application/json">{}</script><header id="header" class="sc-1fvr4xs-0 jNczEZ page-header"><a href="#main-content" class="sc-1arhcyp-0 fQlAru">Jump to content</a><div class="sc-1pkogcm-4 ijSINX"><div class="sc-zkjqbw-0 cXaBJq sc-1ca6zfp-0 ichdJt"><div class="sc-zkjqbw-1 gQWUzM"><div class="sc-1ca6zfp-1 sc-1ca6zfp-2 jWUhhI diFkEu"><div class="hydrate-root sc-10wlkbs-0 cFynzd sc-1pkogcm-3 eCfgRr" data-component="EditionSwitcher" data-theme-name="base-light"><div id="globalnavbar-edition-switcher" class="sc-1wl0eko-0 jRzafy sc-fxzxid-5 kfGPWG"><div id="__dropdown_globalnavbar-edition-switcher_trigger__" role="button" aria-controls="__dropdown_globalnavbar-edition-switcher_content__" aria-expanded="false" aria-disabled="false" tabindex="0" class="sc-1wl0eko-1 fRZImV"><div class="sc-fxzxid-6 sc-fxzxid-7 dICNzG bvRWnw dropdown-trigger"><span class="sc-fxzxid-8 cXLKCe">Asia Edition<span class="sc-fxzxid-10 cnvwpB">Change</span><svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 hsDYAr sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-fxzxid-0 hmFUdD"><use href="#d5d9764c65d2cfa2"></use></svg></span></div></div><div id="__dropdown_globalnavbar-edition-switcher_content__" aria-labelledby="__dropdown_globalnavbar-edition-switcher_trigger__" aria-hidden="true" class="sc-1wl0eko-2 fsGSjK"><div class="sc-1wl0eko-3 knSEIJ"><div class="sc-fxzxid-2 bfKgyx dropdown-content"><a href="https://www.independent.co.uk/" data-edition="UK" class="sc-fxzxid-3 sc-fxzxid-4 cFdhkO cjQBZl">UK Edition<svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 hsDYAr sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-fxzxid-0 hmFUdD"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a><a href="https://www.the-independent.com/" data-edition="US" class="sc-fxzxid-3 sc-fxzxid-4 cFdhkO cjQBZl">US Edition<svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 hsDYAr sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-fxzxid-0 hmFUdD"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a><a href="https://www.independentespanol.com/" data-edition="false" class="sc-fxzxid-3 sc-fxzxid-4 cFdhkO cjQBZl">Edici贸n en Espa帽ol<svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 hsDYAr sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-fxzxid-0 hmFUdD"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a></div></div></div></div></div><script type="application/json">{"changeText":"Change","domain":"independent.co.uk","isHeader":true,"locale":"AS","id":"globalnavbar-edition-switcher","serverEnv":"prod","newEditions":true}</script></div><div class="sc-1ca6zfp-1 sc-1ca6zfp-3 jWUhhI crhajT"><a href="/newsletters" class="sc-1pkogcm-0 jOljop">Sign up to our newsletters</a><a id="header-laptop-subscribe-button" href="/subscribe?itm_channel=native&itm_campaign=top_right_subscribe" class="sc-1pkogcm-1 cjYzEC">Subscribe now</a><div class="hydrate-root sc-10wlkbs-0 cFynzd" data-component="RegisterLoginButton" data-theme-name="base-light"><a href="/login?regSourceMethod=login%20overlay" class="sc-prfj1i-8 sc-prfj1i-9 lmSlWJ hlVawa register-login-link"><svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 cspHGj sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-prfj1i-1 bFPIDY"><use href="#7a455166757b1edf"></use></svg><span>Log in / Register<span class="sc-prfj1i-6 jfaCBj"></span></span></a></div><script type="application/json">{"isHeader":true,"isActiveRecurringDonator":false,"supportButtonCopy":"Support Now"}</script></div></div></div></div><div id="standard-header-main" class="sc-1fvr4xs-1 hJCoPj"><a href="/" aria-label="Back to homepage" class="sc-g8pf3u-3 sc-g8pf3u-6 hPPUmj jdGUnr sc-g8pf3u-7 dlLyRt"><span class="sc-hocvh6-0 ghzHPh"><svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 cspHGj sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-g8pf3u-0 sc-g8pf3u-1 focmqW jHWEMI logo-stamp"><use href="#f9cc7f5596803d67"></use></svg> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" id="5609b156669c1f36" class="logo-text" viewBox="0 0 643 62"><path fill="#1C1B19" d="m.3 1.6 2.5.5c5.9 1.1 6.6 4.6 6.6 7.8v40.7c0 3.3-.8 6.6-6.6 7.8l-2.5.5v1.3h29v-1.3l-2.5-.5c-5.8-1.2-6.6-4.5-6.6-7.8V9.9c0-3.2.8-6.7 6.6-7.8l2.5-.5V.3H.3zM589.6.3v20.1h1.2l3-7.4c3-7.4 6-11.4 13.8-11.4h3.2v49c0 3.2-.7 7-6.6 7.9l-2.5.4v1.3h29v-1.3l-2.6-.4c-5.8-1-6.6-4.7-6.6-8V1.7h3.2c7.8 0 10.9 4 13.8 11.4l3 7.4h1.2V.3zm-25.9 1.3 2.4.3c4.4.6 8.5 2.8 8.6 14.2l.2 27.3-23.2-27.5c-7-8.2-9.8-11.7-11.8-15.4l-.2-.2h-21.2v1.3h.4c4.4.8 7.1 2.6 11.7 7.6l.9 1v31.4c0 13.4-4.2 15.6-9.3 16.9l-1.8.4v1.3h23.8v-1.3l-1.7-.4c-4.5-1.2-9.2-2.5-9.3-17l-.3-29.8 42 49.6.2.1h1.3V16.1c0-11.4 4.3-13.6 8.6-14.2l2.3-.3V.3h-23.6zM320.2 49.4c-4 6.9-8.9 9.4-18 9.4h-2.6c-5 0-7.3-2.5-7.3-8V30l3.7.1c9.1.2 11.6.6 14.5 9.4l1 3.2h1.3V15.8h-1.3l-1 3.3c-2.8 8.8-5.5 9.2-14.5 9.4h-3.7V1.7h6.4c10.8 0 15.6 2.3 19.2 8.9L322 18h1.2V.3h-50.7v1.3l2.5.5c5.5 1 6.6 3.7 6.6 7.6v40.9c0 3.2-.8 7-6.6 7.9l-2.5.4v1.3h53V42.5h-1.2l-4.1 7m189.6 0c-4 6.8-8.9 9.3-18 9.3h-2.5c-5.1 0-7.4-2.5-7.4-8V30l3.7.1c9.2.2 11.7.6 14.5 9.4l1 3.2h1.3V15.8H501l-1 3.3c-2.8 8.8-5.5 9.2-14.5 9.4H482V1.7h6.5c10.7 0 15.5 2.3 19.2 8.9l4 7.4h1.2V.3h-50.7v1.3l2.5.5c5.5 1 6.6 3.7 6.6 7.6v40.9c0 3.2-.7 7-6.6 7.9l-2.5.4v1.3h53V42.5H514l-4 7m-391.4 1V1.6h7.6c15.2 0 24.2 10.7 24.2 28.6 0 18.2-8.5 28.6-23.4 28.6h-2c-5.4 0-6.5-3.3-6.5-8.3M128.7.3H75.2v1.3l2.4.3c5.4.8 8.5 3 8.6 12.5l.2 29-23.2-27.5C56.4 8 53.4 4.2 51.4.5l-.2-.2H30v1.3h.4c4.3.8 7 2.6 11.7 7.6l.9 1v31.4c0 13.4-4.3 15.6-9.4 16.9l-1.7.4v1.3h23.8v-1.3l-1.7-.4c-4.5-1.2-9.2-2.5-9.3-17l-.3-29.8 42.2 49.7h1.3V13c0-7.5 3.3-11.3 10-11.3 6.5 0 9.9 3.8 9.9 11.3v37.6c0 3.5-.8 6.9-6.7 7.9l-2.4.4v1.3h30c10.3 0 19-3.2 25-9.3a29.3 29.3 0 0 0 8.5-21c0-8-3-15.4-8.5-20.7a35 35 0 0 0-25-9m288.6 50.3V1.6h7.6c15.2 0 24.2 10.7 24.2 28.6 0 18.2-8.5 28.6-23.4 28.6h-1.9c-5.4 0-6.5-3.3-6.5-8.3M427.5.3H374v1.3l2.4.3c5.4.8 8.5 3 8.6 12.5l.2 29L362 15.9c-7-8.2-9.8-11.7-11.8-15.4l-.2-.2h-21.2v1.3h.4c4.4.8 7.1 2.6 11.7 7.6l.9 1v31.4c0 13.4-4.3 15.6-9.4 16.9l-1.7.4v1.3h23.8v-1.3l-1.7-.4c-4.5-1.2-9.2-2.5-9.3-17l-.2-29.8 42 49.6.1.1h1.3V13c0-7.5 3.3-11.3 10-11.3 6.5 0 10 3.8 10 11.3v37.6c0 3.5-.9 6.9-6.8 7.9l-2.4.4v1.3h30c10.3 0 19-3.2 25-9.3a29.3 29.3 0 0 0 8.5-21c0-8-3-15.4-8.5-20.7a35 35 0 0 0-25-9M248 .3h-25.9v1.4l2.5.5c5.8 1.1 6.6 4.4 6.6 7.7v40.8c0 3.4-.8 6.6-6.6 7.8l-2.5.5v1.3h30V59l-2-.4c-6.8-1.4-8-2.8-8-8.7V1.7h2.5c9.2 0 14.7 6.2 14.7 16.6 0 10.5-5.5 16.7-14.7 16.7h-.7v1.5h4.1c13.5 0 23-7.5 23-18.2 0-10.6-9.5-18-23-18m-37 49.1c-4 6.8-8.9 9.4-18 9.4h-2.6c-5 0-7.3-2.5-7.3-8V30l3.7.1c9.1.2 11.6.6 14.5 9.4l1 3.2h1.2V15.8h-1.2l-1 3.3c-2.8 8.8-5.5 9.2-14.5 9.4h-3.7V1.7h6.4c10.7 0 15.6 2.3 19.2 8.9l4.1 7.4h1.2V.3h-50.7v1.3l2.5.5c5.5 1 6.6 3.7 6.6 7.6v40.9c0 3.2-.8 7-6.6 7.9l-2.5.4v1.3h53V42.5H215l-4.1 7"></path></svg><span class="sc-1vkqptb-0 eOZSho">Independent</span></span></a><div class="sc-2ar5g0-0 sc-2ar5g0-3 isXhlX hCjSXZ header-menu-temp-links"><a href="/news/world/americas/us-politics" class="sc-2ar5g0-5 bATaaO header-menu-temp-link"><span class="sc-2ar5g0-6 lihAma">US Politics</span><svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 fdygxT sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-2ar5g0-4 dIrzaq"><use href="#6f4d1bc6d16cc062"></use></svg></a><a href="https://www.independent.co.uk/topic/trading-212" class="sc-2ar5g0-5 bATaaO header-menu-temp-link"><span class="sc-2ar5g0-6 lihAma">Investing </span><svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 fdygxT sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-2ar5g0-4 dIrzaq"><use href="#6f4d1bc6d16cc062"></use></svg></a></div><a href="/subscribe?itm_channel=native&itm_campaign=top_right_subscribe" class="sc-zx26bg-0 jeKuoe">Subscribe</a><div class="hydrate-root sc-10wlkbs-0 sc-1kjo583-1 cFynzd bBqXuH" data-component="MenuButton" data-theme-name="base-light"><button aria-label="Open full menu" id="MegaMenuButton" class="sc-1srcv3o-0 fBhkdt"><svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 hsDYAr sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG"><use href="#0a0df087e37b7de2"></use></svg>Menu</button></div><script type="application/json">{"children":"Menu"}</script><div class="sc-jmla16-0 sc-jmla16-1 hXApGR JwiiU"><div class="search-input"><div id="searchBox0"></div><div id="quickSearchresults0" class="quick-searchresults"></div></div></div></div><div class="sc-1od5y3b-0 gCQcFz"><div class="sc-1od5y3b-3 PERra"><ul class="sc-1od5y3b-4 iuTYFi"><li class="sc-12qu2kl-4 dmIBzE primary-item"><a href="/" class="sc-12qu2kl-0 sc-12qu2kl-2 iA-dsQV fLYihy primary-link">News</a><ul class="sc-1k0c6g8-4 bqemgk secondary-nav"><li class="sc-1k0c6g8-1 aZEtr"><a href="/" class="sc-1k0c6g8-2 PybPA">News<svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 cspHGj sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-1k0c6g8-0 czybAP"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a></li><li class="sc-1k0c6g8-1 aZEtr"><a href="/news/uk" class="sc-1k0c6g8-2 PybPA">UK<svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 cspHGj sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-1k0c6g8-0 czybAP"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a></li><li class="sc-1k0c6g8-1 aZEtr"><a href="/us" class="sc-1k0c6g8-2 PybPA">US<svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 cspHGj sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-1k0c6g8-0 czybAP"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a></li><li class="sc-1k0c6g8-1 aZEtr"><a href="/news/world" class="sc-1k0c6g8-2 PybPA">World<svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 cspHGj sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-1k0c6g8-0 czybAP"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a></li><li class="sc-1k0c6g8-1 aZEtr"><a href="/news/uk/politics" class="sc-1k0c6g8-2 PybPA">UK Politics<svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 cspHGj sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-1k0c6g8-0 czybAP"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a></li><li class="sc-1k0c6g8-1 aZEtr"><a href="/topic/brexit" class="sc-1k0c6g8-2 PybPA">Brexit<svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 cspHGj sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-1k0c6g8-0 czybAP"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a></li><li class="sc-1k0c6g8-1 aZEtr"><a href="/news/health" class="sc-1k0c6g8-2 PybPA">Health<svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 cspHGj sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-1k0c6g8-0 czybAP"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a></li><li class="sc-1k0c6g8-1 aZEtr"><a href="/news/business" class="sc-1k0c6g8-2 PybPA">Business<svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 cspHGj sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-1k0c6g8-0 czybAP"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a></li><li class="sc-1k0c6g8-1 aZEtr"><a href="/money" class="sc-1k0c6g8-2 PybPA">Money<svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 cspHGj sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-1k0c6g8-0 czybAP"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a></li><li class="sc-1k0c6g8-1 aZEtr"><a href="/news/science" class="sc-1k0c6g8-2 PybPA">Science<svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 cspHGj sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-1k0c6g8-0 czybAP"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a></li><li class="sc-1k0c6g8-1 aZEtr"><a href="/space" class="sc-1k0c6g8-2 PybPA">Space<svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 cspHGj sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-1k0c6g8-0 czybAP"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a></li><li class="sc-1k0c6g8-1 aZEtr"><a href="/tv/news" class="sc-1k0c6g8-2 PybPA">News Videos<svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 cspHGj sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-1k0c6g8-0 czybAP"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a></li></ul></li><li class="sc-12qu2kl-4 dmIBzE primary-item"><a href="/sport" class="sc-12qu2kl-0 iA-dsQV primary-link">Sport</a><ul class="sc-1k0c6g8-4 bqemgk secondary-nav"><li class="sc-1k0c6g8-1 aZEtr"><a href="/sport" class="sc-1k0c6g8-2 PybPA">Sport<svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 cspHGj sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-1k0c6g8-0 czybAP"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a></li><li class="sc-1k0c6g8-1 aZEtr"><a href="/sport/football" class="sc-1k0c6g8-2 PybPA">Football<svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 cspHGj sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-1k0c6g8-0 czybAP"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a></li><li class="sc-1k0c6g8-1 aZEtr"><a href="/f1" class="sc-1k0c6g8-2 PybPA">Formula 1<svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 cspHGj sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-1k0c6g8-0 czybAP"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a></li><li class="sc-1k0c6g8-1 aZEtr"><a href="/sport/rugby/rugby-union" class="sc-1k0c6g8-2 PybPA">Rugby Union<svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 cspHGj sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-1k0c6g8-0 czybAP"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a></li><li class="sc-1k0c6g8-1 aZEtr"><a href="/sport/cricket" class="sc-1k0c6g8-2 PybPA">Cricket<svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 cspHGj sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-1k0c6g8-0 czybAP"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a></li><li class="sc-1k0c6g8-1 aZEtr"><a href="/sport/tennis" class="sc-1k0c6g8-2 PybPA">Tennis<svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 cspHGj sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-1k0c6g8-0 czybAP"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a></li><li class="sc-1k0c6g8-1 aZEtr"><a href="/sport/boxing" class="sc-1k0c6g8-2 PybPA">Boxing<svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 cspHGj sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-1k0c6g8-0 czybAP"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a></li><li class="sc-1k0c6g8-1 aZEtr"><a href="/sport/ufc" class="sc-1k0c6g8-2 PybPA">UFC<svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 cspHGj sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-1k0c6g8-0 czybAP"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a></li><li class="sc-1k0c6g8-1 aZEtr"><a href="/sport/cycling" class="sc-1k0c6g8-2 PybPA">Cycling<svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 cspHGj sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-1k0c6g8-0 czybAP"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a></li><li class="sc-1k0c6g8-1 aZEtr"><a href="/sport/golf" class="sc-1k0c6g8-2 PybPA">Golf<svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 cspHGj sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-1k0c6g8-0 czybAP"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a></li><li class="sc-1k0c6g8-1 aZEtr"><a href="/tv/sport" class="sc-1k0c6g8-2 PybPA">Sport Videos<svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 cspHGj sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-1k0c6g8-0 czybAP"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a></li></ul></li><li class="sc-12qu2kl-4 dmIBzE primary-item"><a href="/voices" class="sc-12qu2kl-0 iA-dsQV primary-link">Voices</a><ul class="sc-1k0c6g8-4 bqemgk secondary-nav"><li class="sc-1k0c6g8-1 aZEtr"><a href="/voices" class="sc-1k0c6g8-2 PybPA">Voices<svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 cspHGj sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-1k0c6g8-0 czybAP"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a></li><li class="sc-1k0c6g8-1 aZEtr"><a href="/voices/editorials" class="sc-1k0c6g8-2 PybPA">Editorials<svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 cspHGj sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-1k0c6g8-0 czybAP"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a></li><li class="sc-1k0c6g8-1 aZEtr"><a href="/voices/letters" class="sc-1k0c6g8-2 PybPA">Letters<svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 cspHGj sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-1k0c6g8-0 czybAP"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a></li><li class="sc-1k0c6g8-1 aZEtr"><a href="/author/john-rentoul" class="sc-1k0c6g8-2 PybPA">John Rentoul<svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 cspHGj sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-1k0c6g8-0 czybAP"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a></li><li class="sc-1k0c6g8-1 aZEtr"><a href="/author/mary-dejevsky" class="sc-1k0c6g8-2 PybPA">Mary Dejevsky<svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 cspHGj sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-1k0c6g8-0 czybAP"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a></li><li class="sc-1k0c6g8-1 aZEtr"><a href="/author/andrew-grice" class="sc-1k0c6g8-2 PybPA">Andrew Grice<svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 cspHGj sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-1k0c6g8-0 czybAP"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a></li><li class="sc-1k0c6g8-1 aZEtr"><a href="/author/sean-ogrady" class="sc-1k0c6g8-2 PybPA">Sean O鈥橤rady<svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 cspHGj sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-1k0c6g8-0 czybAP"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a></li></ul></li><li class="sc-12qu2kl-4 dmIBzE primary-item"><a href="/arts-entertainment" class="sc-12qu2kl-0 iA-dsQV primary-link">Culture</a><ul class="sc-1k0c6g8-4 bqemgk secondary-nav"><li class="sc-1k0c6g8-1 aZEtr"><a href="/arts-entertainment" class="sc-1k0c6g8-2 PybPA">Culture<svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 cspHGj sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-1k0c6g8-0 czybAP"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a></li><li class="sc-1k0c6g8-1 aZEtr"><a href="/arts-entertainment/films" class="sc-1k0c6g8-2 PybPA">Film<svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 cspHGj sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-1k0c6g8-0 czybAP"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a></li><li class="sc-1k0c6g8-1 aZEtr"><a href="/arts-entertainment/tv" class="sc-1k0c6g8-2 PybPA">TV & Radio<svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 cspHGj sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-1k0c6g8-0 czybAP"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a></li><li class="sc-1k0c6g8-1 aZEtr"><a href="/arts-entertainment/music" class="sc-1k0c6g8-2 PybPA">Music<svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 cspHGj sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-1k0c6g8-0 czybAP"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a></li><li class="sc-1k0c6g8-1 aZEtr"><a href="/games" class="sc-1k0c6g8-2 PybPA">Games<svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 cspHGj sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-1k0c6g8-0 czybAP"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a></li><li class="sc-1k0c6g8-1 aZEtr"><a href="/arts-entertainment/books" class="sc-1k0c6g8-2 PybPA">Books<svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 cspHGj sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-1k0c6g8-0 czybAP"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a></li><li class="sc-1k0c6g8-1 aZEtr"><a href="/arts-entertainment/art" class="sc-1k0c6g8-2 PybPA">Art<svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 cspHGj sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-1k0c6g8-0 czybAP"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a></li><li class="sc-1k0c6g8-1 aZEtr"><a href="/arts-entertainment/photography" class="sc-1k0c6g8-2 PybPA">Photography<svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 cspHGj sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-1k0c6g8-0 czybAP"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a></li><li class="sc-1k0c6g8-1 aZEtr"><a href="/arts-entertainment/theatre-dance" class="sc-1k0c6g8-2 PybPA">Theatre & Dance<svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 cspHGj sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-1k0c6g8-0 czybAP"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a></li><li class="sc-1k0c6g8-1 aZEtr"><a href="/tv/culture" class="sc-1k0c6g8-2 PybPA">Culture Videos<svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 cspHGj sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-1k0c6g8-0 czybAP"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a></li></ul></li><li class="sc-12qu2kl-4 dmIBzE primary-item"><a href="/life-style" class="sc-12qu2kl-0 iA-dsQV primary-link">Lifestyle</a><ul class="sc-1k0c6g8-4 bqemgk secondary-nav"><li class="sc-1k0c6g8-1 aZEtr"><a href="/life-style" class="sc-1k0c6g8-2 PybPA">Lifestyle<svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 cspHGj sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-1k0c6g8-0 czybAP"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a></li><li class="sc-1k0c6g8-1 aZEtr"><a href="/extras/indybest" class="sc-1k0c6g8-2 PybPA">Shopping<svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 cspHGj sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-1k0c6g8-0 czybAP"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a></li><li class="sc-1k0c6g8-1 aZEtr"><a href="/beauty" class="sc-1k0c6g8-2 PybPA">Beauty <svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 cspHGj sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-1k0c6g8-0 czybAP"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a></li><li class="sc-1k0c6g8-1 aZEtr"><a href="/health-and-fitness" class="sc-1k0c6g8-2 PybPA">Fitness & Wellbeing<svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 cspHGj sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-1k0c6g8-0 czybAP"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a></li><li class="sc-1k0c6g8-1 aZEtr"><a href="/tech" class="sc-1k0c6g8-2 PybPA">Tech<svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 cspHGj sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-1k0c6g8-0 czybAP"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a></li><li class="sc-1k0c6g8-1 aZEtr"><a href="/life-style/food-and-drink" class="sc-1k0c6g8-2 PybPA">Food & Drink<svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 cspHGj sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-1k0c6g8-0 czybAP"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a></li><li class="sc-1k0c6g8-1 aZEtr"><a href="/life-style/fashion" class="sc-1k0c6g8-2 PybPA">Fashion<svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 cspHGj sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-1k0c6g8-0 czybAP"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a></li><li class="sc-1k0c6g8-1 aZEtr"><a href="/life-style/love-sex" class="sc-1k0c6g8-2 PybPA">Love & Sex<svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 cspHGj sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-1k0c6g8-0 czybAP"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a></li><li class="sc-1k0c6g8-1 aZEtr"><a href="/life-style/women" class="sc-1k0c6g8-2 PybPA">Women<svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 cspHGj sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-1k0c6g8-0 czybAP"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a></li><li class="sc-1k0c6g8-1 aZEtr"><a href="/life-style/health-and-families" class="sc-1k0c6g8-2 PybPA">Health & Families<svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 cspHGj sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-1k0c6g8-0 czybAP"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a></li><li class="sc-1k0c6g8-1 aZEtr"><a href="/life-style/royal-family" class="sc-1k0c6g8-2 PybPA">Royal Family<svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 cspHGj sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-1k0c6g8-0 czybAP"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a></li><li class="sc-1k0c6g8-1 aZEtr"><a href="/life-style/motoring" class="sc-1k0c6g8-2 PybPA">Motoring<svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 cspHGj sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-1k0c6g8-0 czybAP"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a></li><li class="sc-1k0c6g8-1 aZEtr"><a href="/cars/electric-vehicles" class="sc-1k0c6g8-2 PybPA">Electric Vehicles <svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 cspHGj sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-1k0c6g8-0 czybAP"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a></li><li class="sc-1k0c6g8-1 aZEtr"><a href="/tv/lifestyle" class="sc-1k0c6g8-2 PybPA">Lifestyle Videos<svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 cspHGj sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-1k0c6g8-0 czybAP"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a></li></ul></li><li class="sc-12qu2kl-4 dmIBzE primary-item"><a href="/extras/indybest" class="sc-12qu2kl-0 iA-dsQV primary-link">IndyBest</a><ul class="sc-1k0c6g8-4 bqemgk secondary-nav"><li class="sc-1k0c6g8-1 aZEtr"><a href="/extras/indybest" class="sc-1k0c6g8-2 PybPA">IndyBest<svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 cspHGj sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-1k0c6g8-0 czybAP"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a></li><li class="sc-1k0c6g8-1 aZEtr"><a href="/extras/indybest/house-garden" class="sc-1k0c6g8-2 PybPA">Home & Garden<svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 cspHGj sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-1k0c6g8-0 czybAP"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a></li><li class="sc-1k0c6g8-1 aZEtr"><a href="/extras/indybest/gadgets-tech" class="sc-1k0c6g8-2 PybPA">Tech<svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 cspHGj sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-1k0c6g8-0 czybAP"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a></li><li class="sc-1k0c6g8-1 aZEtr"><a href="/extras/indybest/fashion-beauty" class="sc-1k0c6g8-2 PybPA">Fashion & Beauty<svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 cspHGj sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-1k0c6g8-0 czybAP"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a></li><li class="sc-1k0c6g8-1 aZEtr"><a href="/deals" class="sc-1k0c6g8-2 PybPA">Deals<svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 cspHGj sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-1k0c6g8-0 czybAP"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a></li><li class="sc-1k0c6g8-1 aZEtr"><a href="/extras/indybest/food-drink" class="sc-1k0c6g8-2 PybPA">Food & Drink<svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 cspHGj sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-1k0c6g8-0 czybAP"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a></li><li class="sc-1k0c6g8-1 aZEtr"><a href="/extras/indybest/kids" class="sc-1k0c6g8-2 PybPA">Kids<svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 cspHGj sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-1k0c6g8-0 czybAP"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a></li><li class="sc-1k0c6g8-1 aZEtr"><a href="/extras/indybest/books" class="sc-1k0c6g8-2 PybPA">Books<svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 cspHGj sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-1k0c6g8-0 czybAP"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a></li><li class="sc-1k0c6g8-1 aZEtr"><a href="/extras/indybest/travel-outdoors" class="sc-1k0c6g8-2 PybPA">Travel & Outdoors<svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 cspHGj sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-1k0c6g8-0 czybAP"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a></li><li class="sc-1k0c6g8-1 aZEtr"><a href="/extras/indybest/outdoor-activity" class="sc-1k0c6g8-2 PybPA">Sports & Fitness<svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 cspHGj sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-1k0c6g8-0 czybAP"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a></li></ul></li><li class="sc-12qu2kl-4 dmIBzE primary-item"><a href="/deals" class="sc-12qu2kl-0 iA-dsQV primary-link">Deals</a><ul class="sc-1k0c6g8-4 bqemgk secondary-nav"><li class="sc-1k0c6g8-1 aZEtr"><a href="/deals" class="sc-1k0c6g8-2 PybPA">Deals<svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 cspHGj sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-1k0c6g8-0 czybAP"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a></li><li class="sc-1k0c6g8-1 aZEtr"><a href="/deals/travel" class="sc-1k0c6g8-2 PybPA">Travel<svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 cspHGj sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-1k0c6g8-0 czybAP"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a></li></ul></li><li class="sc-12qu2kl-4 dmIBzE primary-item"><a href="/travel" class="sc-12qu2kl-0 iA-dsQV primary-link">Travel</a><ul class="sc-1k0c6g8-4 bqemgk secondary-nav"><li class="sc-1k0c6g8-1 aZEtr"><a href="/travel" class="sc-1k0c6g8-2 PybPA">Travel<svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 cspHGj sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-1k0c6g8-0 czybAP"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a></li><li class="sc-1k0c6g8-1 aZEtr"><a href="/travel/hotels" class="sc-1k0c6g8-2 PybPA">Hotel Reviews<svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 cspHGj sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-1k0c6g8-0 czybAP"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a></li><li class="sc-1k0c6g8-1 aZEtr"><a href="/travel/news-and-advice" class="sc-1k0c6g8-2 PybPA">News & Advice<svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 cspHGj sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-1k0c6g8-0 czybAP"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a></li><li class="sc-1k0c6g8-1 aZEtr"><a href="/author/simon-calder" class="sc-1k0c6g8-2 PybPA">Simon Calder<svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 cspHGj sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-1k0c6g8-0 czybAP"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a></li><li class="sc-1k0c6g8-1 aZEtr"><a href="/travel/cruise" class="sc-1k0c6g8-2 PybPA">Cruises<svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 cspHGj sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-1k0c6g8-0 czybAP"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a></li><li class="sc-1k0c6g8-1 aZEtr"><a href="/travel/uk" class="sc-1k0c6g8-2 PybPA">UK<svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 cspHGj sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-1k0c6g8-0 czybAP"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a></li><li class="sc-1k0c6g8-1 aZEtr"><a href="/travel/europe" class="sc-1k0c6g8-2 PybPA">Europe<svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 cspHGj sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-1k0c6g8-0 czybAP"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a></li><li class="sc-1k0c6g8-1 aZEtr"><a href="/travel/north-america/usa" class="sc-1k0c6g8-2 PybPA">USA<svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 cspHGj sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-1k0c6g8-0 czybAP"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a></li><li class="sc-1k0c6g8-1 aZEtr"><a href="/travel/asia" class="sc-1k0c6g8-2 PybPA">Asia<svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 cspHGj sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-1k0c6g8-0 czybAP"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a></li><li class="sc-1k0c6g8-1 aZEtr"><a href="/travel/australasia" class="sc-1k0c6g8-2 PybPA">Australia & New Zealand<svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 cspHGj sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-1k0c6g8-0 czybAP"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a></li><li class="sc-1k0c6g8-1 aZEtr"><a href="/travel/south-america" class="sc-1k0c6g8-2 PybPA">South America<svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 cspHGj sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-1k0c6g8-0 czybAP"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a></li><li class="sc-1k0c6g8-1 aZEtr"><a href="/travel/central-america-caribbean" class="sc-1k0c6g8-2 PybPA">C. America & Caribbean<svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 cspHGj sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-1k0c6g8-0 czybAP"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a></li><li class="sc-1k0c6g8-1 aZEtr"><a href="/travel/middle-east" class="sc-1k0c6g8-2 PybPA">Middle East<svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 cspHGj sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-1k0c6g8-0 czybAP"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a></li></ul></li></ul><div class="sc-1q6g3n8-0 CnZvM primary-item"><div class="sc-1q6g3n8-1 kyswij primary-link">More</div><div class="sc-7mls89-0 iBDYsP secondary-nav"><div class="sc-7mls89-1 bgiyGu"><div class="sc-140oqnr-0 ciyOeI"><a href="/independentpremium" class="sc-140oqnr-8 jYdeWN"><svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 cspHGj sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-140oqnr-7 iAXteY"><use href="#6b081fe6f5d2d48e"></use></svg>Premium<svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 cspHGj sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-140oqnr-2 inXiWD"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a><ul class="sc-140oqnr-6 imKhmc"><li class="sc-140oqnr-5 bwTyRx"><a href="/independentpremium/politics-explained" class="sc-140oqnr-4 kxfuOV">Politics Explained<svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 hsDYAr sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-140oqnr-3 fbRAkm"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a></li><li class="sc-140oqnr-5 bwTyRx"><a href="/voices/editorials" class="sc-140oqnr-4 kxfuOV">Editorials<svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 hsDYAr sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-140oqnr-3 fbRAkm"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a></li><li class="sc-140oqnr-5 bwTyRx"><a href="/independentpremium/voices" class="sc-140oqnr-4 kxfuOV">Voices<svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 hsDYAr sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-140oqnr-3 fbRAkm"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a></li><li class="sc-140oqnr-5 bwTyRx"><a href="/independentpremium/long-reads" class="sc-140oqnr-4 kxfuOV">Long Reads<svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 hsDYAr sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-140oqnr-3 fbRAkm"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a></li><li class="sc-140oqnr-5 bwTyRx"><a href="/independentpremium/news-analysis" class="sc-140oqnr-4 kxfuOV">News Analysis<svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 hsDYAr sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-140oqnr-3 fbRAkm"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a></li><li class="sc-140oqnr-5 bwTyRx"><a href="https://edition.independent.co.uk/" class="sc-140oqnr-4 kxfuOV">Today鈥檚 Edition<svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 hsDYAr sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-140oqnr-3 fbRAkm"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a></li></ul></div><div class="sc-140oqnr-0 ciyOeI"><a href="/climate-change" class="sc-140oqnr-8 hkprJT"><svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 cspHGj sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-140oqnr-7 iAXteY"><use href="#6b081fe6f5d2d48e"></use></svg>Climate<svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 cspHGj sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-140oqnr-2 inXiWD"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a><ul class="sc-140oqnr-6 imKhmc"><li class="sc-140oqnr-5 bwTyRx"><a href="/climate-change/news" class="sc-140oqnr-4 kxfuOV">News<svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 hsDYAr sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-140oqnr-3 fbRAkm"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a></li><li class="sc-140oqnr-5 bwTyRx"><a href="/climate-change/climate-100" class="sc-140oqnr-4 kxfuOV">Climate 100<svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 hsDYAr sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-140oqnr-3 fbRAkm"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a></li><li class="sc-140oqnr-5 bwTyRx"><a href="/cars/electric-vehicles" class="sc-140oqnr-4 kxfuOV">Electric Vehicles <svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 hsDYAr sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-140oqnr-3 fbRAkm"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a></li><li class="sc-140oqnr-5 bwTyRx"><a href="/climate-change/opinion" class="sc-140oqnr-4 kxfuOV">Voices<svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 hsDYAr sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-140oqnr-3 fbRAkm"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a></li><li class="sc-140oqnr-5 bwTyRx"><a href="/climate-change/sustainable-living" class="sc-140oqnr-4 kxfuOV">Sustainable Living<svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 hsDYAr sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-140oqnr-3 fbRAkm"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a></li><li class="sc-140oqnr-5 bwTyRx"><a href="/climate-change/infact" class="sc-140oqnr-4 kxfuOV">Explained<svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 hsDYAr sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-140oqnr-3 fbRAkm"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a></li><li class="sc-140oqnr-5 bwTyRx"><a href="/tv/climate" class="sc-140oqnr-4 kxfuOV">Climate Videos<svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 hsDYAr sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-140oqnr-3 fbRAkm"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a></li><li class="sc-140oqnr-5 bwTyRx"><a href="/climate-change/sgi" class="sc-140oqnr-4 kxfuOV">SGI<svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 hsDYAr sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-140oqnr-3 fbRAkm"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a></li></ul></div><div class="sc-140oqnr-0 ciyOeI"><a href="/tv/editors-picks" class="sc-140oqnr-8 gcHeD"><svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 cspHGj sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-140oqnr-7 iAXteY"><use href="#6b081fe6f5d2d48e"></use></svg>TV<svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 cspHGj sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-140oqnr-2 inXiWD"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a><ul class="sc-140oqnr-6 imKhmc"><li class="sc-140oqnr-5 bwTyRx"><a href="/tv/behind-the-headlines" class="sc-140oqnr-4 kxfuOV">Behind The Headlines<svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 hsDYAr sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-140oqnr-3 fbRAkm"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a></li><li class="sc-140oqnr-5 bwTyRx"><a href="/tv/on-the-ground" class="sc-140oqnr-4 kxfuOV">On The Ground<svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 hsDYAr sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-140oqnr-3 fbRAkm"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a></li><li class="sc-140oqnr-5 bwTyRx"><a href="/tv/decomplicated" class="sc-140oqnr-4 kxfuOV">Decomplicated<svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 hsDYAr sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-140oqnr-3 fbRAkm"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a></li><li class="sc-140oqnr-5 bwTyRx"><a href="/tv/you-ask-the-questions" class="sc-140oqnr-4 kxfuOV">You Ask The Questions<svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 hsDYAr sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-140oqnr-3 fbRAkm"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a></li><li class="sc-140oqnr-5 bwTyRx"><a href="/tv/binge-or-bin" class="sc-140oqnr-4 kxfuOV">Binge Watch<svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 hsDYAr sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-140oqnr-3 fbRAkm"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a></li><li class="sc-140oqnr-5 bwTyRx"><a href="/tv/music-box" class="sc-140oqnr-4 kxfuOV">Music Box<svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 hsDYAr sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-140oqnr-3 fbRAkm"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a></li><li class="sc-140oqnr-5 bwTyRx"><a href="/tv/millennial-love" class="sc-140oqnr-4 kxfuOV">Love Lives<svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 hsDYAr sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-140oqnr-3 fbRAkm"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a></li><li class="sc-140oqnr-5 bwTyRx"><a href="/tv/travel-smart" class="sc-140oqnr-4 kxfuOV">Travel Smart<svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 hsDYAr sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-140oqnr-3 fbRAkm"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a></li><li class="sc-140oqnr-5 bwTyRx"><a href="/tech/independent-tv-download-smart-tv-how-b2287476.html" class="sc-140oqnr-4 kxfuOV">Watch on your TV<svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 hsDYAr sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-140oqnr-3 fbRAkm"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a></li></ul></div><div class="sc-140oqnr-0 sc-140oqnr-1 ciyOeI fBqrjI"><ul class="sc-140oqnr-6 imKhmc"><li class="sc-140oqnr-5 bwTyRx"><a href="https://www.indy100.com/" class="sc-140oqnr-4 kxfuOV">Indy100<svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 hsDYAr sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-140oqnr-3 fbRAkm"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a></li><li class="sc-140oqnr-5 bwTyRx"><a href="https://edition.independent.co.uk/" class="sc-140oqnr-4 kxfuOV">Today鈥檚 Edition<svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 hsDYAr sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-140oqnr-3 fbRAkm"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a></li><li class="sc-140oqnr-5 bwTyRx"><a href="https://puzzles.independent.co.uk/?utm_campaign=navbar&utm_medium=nav&utm_source=navpuzzles" class="sc-140oqnr-4 kxfuOV">Crosswords & Puzzles<svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 hsDYAr sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-140oqnr-3 fbRAkm"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a></li><li class="sc-140oqnr-5 bwTyRx"><a href="/comments" class="sc-140oqnr-4 kxfuOV">Most Commented<svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 hsDYAr sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-140oqnr-3 fbRAkm"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a></li><li class="sc-140oqnr-5 bwTyRx"><a href="/newsletters?itm_channel=native&itm_campaign=burger_nav&itm_audience=prospecting&itm_content=newsletters" class="sc-140oqnr-4 kxfuOV">Newsletters<svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 hsDYAr sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-140oqnr-3 fbRAkm"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a></li><li class="sc-140oqnr-5 bwTyRx"><a href="/ask-me-anything" class="sc-140oqnr-4 kxfuOV">Ask Me Anything<svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 hsDYAr sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-140oqnr-3 fbRAkm"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a></li><li class="sc-140oqnr-5 bwTyRx"><a href="/virtual-events" class="sc-140oqnr-4 kxfuOV">Virtual Events<svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 hsDYAr sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-140oqnr-3 fbRAkm"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a></li><li class="sc-140oqnr-5 bwTyRx"><a href="/topic/perfect-cellar" class="sc-140oqnr-4 kxfuOV">Wine Offers <svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 hsDYAr sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-140oqnr-3 fbRAkm"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a></li><li class="sc-140oqnr-5 bwTyRx"><a href="/sport/betting-sites-b2584371.html" class="sc-140oqnr-4 kxfuOV">Betting Sites<svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 hsDYAr sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-140oqnr-3 fbRAkm"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a></li><li class="sc-140oqnr-5 bwTyRx"><a href="/games/online-casinos-b2599494.html" class="sc-140oqnr-4 kxfuOV">Casino Sites <svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 hsDYAr sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-140oqnr-3 fbRAkm"><use href="#363d20b20cc0845f"></use></svg></a></li></ul></div></div></div></div><a href="/tv/editors-picks" id="indytv-link" class="sc-1od5y3b-1 cuUGzT"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" id="6ed4f6c8fcfbc18c" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 128 19" class="sc-1od5y3b-2 dUfnkz"><path fill="#222" fill-rule="evenodd" d="m.03 4.55.4.09c.93.2 1.05.78 1.05 1.32v6.82c0 .57-.13 1.11-1.05 1.31l-.4.08v.22h4.6v-.22l-.39-.08c-.92-.2-1.05-.74-1.05-1.3V5.95c0-.54.13-1.12 1.05-1.32l.4-.09v-.21H.04zm97.63-.21v3.38h.2l.5-1.25c.48-1.23 1-1.9 2.28-1.9h.53v8.21c0 .54-.12 1.17-1.09 1.32l-.41.07v.22h4.79v-.22l-.42-.07c-.97-.15-1.09-.78-1.09-1.32V4.57h.54c1.28 0 1.8.67 2.28 1.9l.5 1.25h.2V4.34zm-4.22.22.39.05c.73.1 1.4.47 1.42 2.38l.04 4.58-3.84-4.6a18 18 0 0 1-1.96-2.6l-.02-.03h-3.51v.21l.06.02c.72.13 1.18.43 1.94 1.27l.14.16v5.27c0 2.26-.7 2.62-1.54 2.83l-.28.08v.21h3.93v-.21l-.28-.08c-.75-.2-1.53-.4-1.54-2.83l-.04-5 6.95 8.3.02.03h.22V7c0-1.91.72-2.28 1.42-2.38l.39-.05v-.22h-3.9zm-40.45 8.03c-.65 1.14-1.45 1.57-2.95 1.57h-.41c-.83 0-1.2-.42-1.2-1.35V9.33l.6.02c1.5.02 1.9.1 2.37 1.57l.17.53h.2v-4.5h-.2l-.17.55c-.45 1.47-.9 1.54-2.36 1.57l-.61.01V4.57h1.05c1.75 0 2.55.37 3.14 1.48l.67 1.25h.19V4.34h-8.3v.21l.41.09c.9.19 1.08.63 1.08 1.28v6.86c0 .54-.12 1.17-1.07 1.32l-.41.07v.22h8.66v-2.96h-.2zm31.37 0c-.65 1.14-1.45 1.57-2.95 1.57h-.4c-.84 0-1.21-.42-1.21-1.35V9.33l.6.02c1.5.02 1.91.1 2.37 1.57l.17.53h.2v-4.5h-.2l-.17.55c-.45 1.47-.9 1.54-2.36 1.57l-.61.01V4.57h1.05c1.75 0 2.55.37 3.14 1.48l.67 1.25h.19V4.34h-8.3v.21l.42.09c.9.19 1.08.63 1.08 1.28v6.86c0 .54-.13 1.17-1.08 1.32l-.41.07v.22h8.66v-2.96h-.19zm-64.74.18v-8.2h1.26c2.51 0 4.01 1.8 4.01 4.8 0 3.04-1.41 4.79-3.89 4.79h-.3c-.9 0-1.08-.56-1.08-1.39m1.68-8.43h-8.87v.22l.39.05c.9.13 1.41.52 1.42 2.1l.05 4.86-3.86-4.6a18 18 0 0 1-1.96-2.6l-.02-.03H4.92v.21l.07.02c.72.13 1.18.43 1.94 1.27l.15.16v5.27c0 2.26-.7 2.62-1.55 2.83l-.28.08v.21h3.94v-.21l-.28-.08c-.75-.2-1.53-.4-1.55-2.83l-.04-5 7 8.33h.21V6.48q0-1.9 1.65-1.91 1.66 0 1.66 1.91v6.3c0 .59-.14 1.16-1.11 1.32l-.4.07v.22h4.97a5.7 5.7 0 0 0 4.16-1.55c.91-.91 1.41-2.16 1.41-3.52s-.5-2.59-1.4-3.48a5.8 5.8 0 0 0-4.17-1.5m47.84 8.43v-8.2h1.26c2.51 0 4.01 1.8 4.01 4.8 0 3.04-1.41 4.79-3.89 4.79h-.3c-.9 0-1.08-.56-1.08-1.39m1.68-8.43h-8.87v.22l.39.05c.9.13 1.41.52 1.42 2.1l.04 4.86-3.85-4.6a18 18 0 0 1-1.96-2.6l-.02-.03h-3.53v.21l.07.02c.72.13 1.18.43 1.94 1.27l.14.16v5.27c0 2.26-.7 2.62-1.54 2.83l-.29.08v.21h3.95v-.21l-.28-.08c-.76-.2-1.54-.4-1.55-2.83l-.04-5 6.97 8.3.03.03h.2V6.48q.01-1.9 1.66-1.91 1.66 0 1.66 1.91v6.3c0 .59-.14 1.16-1.11 1.32l-.4.07v.22h4.97a5.7 5.7 0 0 0 4.16-1.55c.9-.91 1.4-2.16 1.4-3.52s-.5-2.59-1.4-3.48a5.8 5.8 0 0 0-4.16-1.5m-29.64 0h-4.3v.21l.42.09c.96.2 1.1.74 1.1 1.3v6.84c0 .57-.14 1.11-1.1 1.31l-.41.08v.22h4.97v-.21l-.33-.07c-1.13-.24-1.34-.48-1.34-1.47V4.57h.42c1.53 0 2.45 1.05 2.45 2.8 0 1.76-.92 2.8-2.45 2.8h-.1v.25h.67c2.24 0 3.81-1.25 3.81-3.05s-1.57-3.03-3.8-3.03m-6.35 8.25c-.65 1.14-1.45 1.57-2.95 1.57h-.4c-.84 0-1.21-.42-1.21-1.35V9.33l.6.02c1.5.02 1.91.1 2.37 1.57l.17.53h.2v-4.5h-.2l-.17.55c-.45 1.47-.9 1.54-2.36 1.57l-.61.01V4.57h1.05c1.76 0 2.55.37 3.14 1.48l.67 1.25h.2V4.34h-8.3v.21l.4.09c.9.19 1.09.63 1.09 1.28v6.86c0 .54-.13 1.17-1.08 1.32l-.41.07v.22h8.66v-2.96h-.19z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path><ellipse cx="118.45" cy="9.5" fill="#EC1A2E" rx="9.48" ry="9.5"></ellipse><path fill="#fff" d="m117.37 13.67-.3-1.68c-.24.07-.59.14-.78.14-.65 0-.78-.23-.78-.9v-2.7h1.69V6.87h-1.69V4.96h-1.7l-.52 1.92h-1.02v1.64h.98v3.5c0 1.38.93 2.02 2.24 2.02.87 0 1.5-.2 1.88-.37m2.29.18h2.9l2.07-6.97h-2.32l-1.12 4.88h-.02l-1.2-4.88h-2.4z"></path></svg></a></div></div><div id="success-hint-header" class="sc-b47m3v-0 kiloul sc-urva60-0 cGjRoo hide"><div class="sc-govabo-0 gHYEVW"><div class="sc-1h87vhk-0 fDztze"><svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 fnAcWz sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-1voidh4-0 iXzeFI"><use href="#d19337775de06d7c"></use></svg><div class="sc-1d79dbf-0 gusQYW"><h3 class="sc-erjdy9-0 iwnwDu">Thank you for registering</h3><p class="sc-1ty8yds-2 fkPOZn"><span class="sc-1ty8yds-0 kSzXIA">Please refresh the page or navigate to another page on the site to be automatically logged in</span><span class="sc-1ty8yds-1 eXLcRx">Please refresh your browser to be logged in</span></p></div></div></div></div></header><div id="voucher-ticker" class="sc-1fvr4xs-5 eGloQu"><div class="sc-1fvr4xs-4 hmFapR"></div></div><div class="sc-1q2nh6w-0 dhCHDX sc-11dbwmc-2 sc-mqwbs7-0 SuLPo jQYxbM" id="frameInner"><div id="top-banner-wrapper" class="sc-ikpknz-0 fpbYLV"><div class="sc-1pfx6hk-0 fwOlvZ"><div data-mpu="true" data-is-video="false" data-tile-name="top_banner" data-ad-unit-path="/71347885/_main_independent/in_news/in_people/image/top_banner" data-size-key="TOP_BANNER" data-refresh-check="false" data-refresh-ms="13000" class="sc-1pfx6hk-2 lgqWRm"></div></div></div><div class="sc-1pfx6hk-0 fwOlvZ sc-1u2ir11-0 kxocFh"><div data-mpu="true" data-is-video="false" data-tile-name="skin" data-ad-unit-path="/71347885/_main_independent/in_news/in_people/image/skin" data-size-key="SKIN" data-refresh-check="false" class="sc-1pfx6hk-2 lgqWRm"></div></div><article id="articleContent" data-is-sensitive="false" data-is-premium="false" data-is-commercial="false" data-is-best="false" class="sc-1i4xxi7-0 bZTaXI"><div id="main-content" class="sc-1kfh6cz-0 ilJfaV"></div><header id="articleHeader" class="sc-qvufca-6 gLQzaj"><div class="sc-qvufca-1 gRuXKg"><nav class="sc-22qwnu-0 hUayVl"><a href="/">News</a><a href="/news/people">People</a></nav><div class="sc-qvufca-0 hAHxPT"><h1 class="sc-1xt8011-0 sc-qvufca-2 bPeEQC iYzyM">Obituary: Vivien John</h1><h2 class="sc-aeekvc-0 iHWilb"></h2><div class="sc-1qz44j0-7 gpMjkH sc-1qz44j0-8 dBGTzR"><div class="sc-1qz44j0-0 clVPNf"><a href="/author/victor-arwas" class="sc-1qz44j0-3 eNJptR">Victor Arwas</a><div id="article-published-date" class="sc-1qz44j0-1 hIiCJP">Thursday 26 May 1994 23:02 BST</div><a class="sc-1oxuqvm-0 fxtXwi js-comment sc-1qz44j0-5 cePgis js-comment-header"><span class="sc-1oxuqvm-1 kSAOsY js-comment-count"></span><span class="js-comment-plural">Comments</span></a></div><div class="sc-1lupl4a-0 hCHeth sc-1qz44j0-6 kuCYzg social-share"><div class="hydrate-root sc-10wlkbs-0 sc-1lupl4a-1 cFynzd hvJvAA" data-component="SocialShareButtons" data-theme-name="base-light"><div class="sc-9k5nsv-0 ixvYXS"><div class="sc-sh6dmz-0 ldnLrS"><button id="bookmark-button" aria-label="Bookmark this page" class="sc-17yxc4y-2 cArLiK"><div class="sc-17yxc4y-1 gCzJQx"><svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 fnAcWz sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-17yxc4y-3 eneLeT"><use href="#49dd8d1b9676e37e"></use></svg></div><div class="sc-17yxc4y-0 iFbwfk"><svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 fnAcWz sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-17yxc4y-3 eneLeT"><use href="#376fb154e7aaf042"></use></svg></div></button></div><div class="sc-fj6e1f-0 wViVX"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-vivien-john-1438836.html&quote=Obituary: Vivien John" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" aria-label="Share on Facebook" type="facebook" class="sc-1rz9umn-0 jZkFWa"><svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 fnAcWz sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-1rz9umn-1 hIQlBK"><use href="#4d1b72e3f6ac55c7"></use></svg></a><a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=Obituary: Vivien John https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-vivien-john-1438836.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" aria-label="Share on X" type="x" class="sc-1rz9umn-0 iyaxjG"><svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 fnAcWz sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-1rz9umn-1 hIQlBK"><use href="#83f0addbd2f6f2be"></use></svg></a><a href="https://api.whatsapp.com/send?text=Obituary: Vivien John - https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-vivien-john-1438836.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" aria-label="Share on Whatsapp" class="sc-1rz9umn-0 bxTlJH mobile-only" type="whatsapp"><svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 fnAcWz sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-1rz9umn-1 hIQlBK"><use href="#dade8ead527a9e32"></use></svg></a><a href="mailto:?subject=Obituary: Vivien John&body=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-vivien-john-1438836.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" aria-label="Share via email" type="email" class="sc-1rz9umn-0 cSnwsm"><svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 fnAcWz sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-1rz9umn-1 hIQlBK"><use href="#0efb5aeedd4906d0"></use></svg></a></div></div></div><script type="application/json">{"articleId":"1438836","hasBookmark":true,"hasFacebook":true,"isLoggedIn":false,"title":"Obituary: Vivien John","url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-vivien-john-1438836.html"}</script></div></div></div></div></header><div class="sc-1fcmxs3-1 sc-1i4xxi7-1 jTkxRT wQyIS"><div class="sc-fwko30-1 czoMqL main-wrapper"><div class="sc-jbiisr-0 lkPksW sc-jbiisr-1 hiukpJ" id="main"><div class="hydrate-root sc-10wlkbs-0 cFynzd" data-component="Newsletter" data-loading="lazy" data-theme-name="base-light"><div class="sc-1230l3a-0 cXWKwW newsletter-component sc-1ge0fwe-0 kcXonm" data-newsletter-key="receiveIndyBreakingNews"><div class="sc-1ykbqwm-0 eshVLV sc-1ykbqwm-1 btPefi"><img src="https://static.independent.co.uk/static-assets/images/newsletters/breakingNews1_1.png" loading="lazy" alt="Breaking News" class="sc-1mc30lb-0 bNNNXy"></div><div class="sc-tuvb20-0 dbefri"><div class="sc-1gqjrv9-3 jQGkpO sc-1gqjrv9-8 KIBZt"><div class="news-letter-title"><h3 data-nosnippet="" class="sc-1gqjrv9-4 gQaMJW">For free real time breaking news alerts sent straight to your inbox sign up to our breaking news emails</h3><h3 class="sc-1gqjrv9-5 sc-1gqjrv9-6 focVkI kzxhaH">Sign up to our free breaking news emails</h3><h3 data-nosnippet="" class="sc-1gqjrv9-5 focVkI">Sign up to our free breaking news emails</h3></div><div class="sc-1gqjrv9-7 evDZRN"><svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 cspHGj sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-1gqjrv9-0 sc-1gqjrv9-1 idMylZ exnbsn"><use href="#f9cc7f5596803d67"></use></svg></div></div><div class="sc-mwbru6-0 cRKQtK form sc-mwbru6-4 fuvnkY"><div role="form" aria-label="Newsletter signup form" id="reg-lite-form" class="reg-form"><div><div class="sc-mwbru6-2 kdQijL"><div class="sc-lqqm6o-0 dHKhij"><input type="text" id="reg-lite--form-email" name="_" class="not-logged-input is-pristine is-untouched" required="" aria-controls="reg-lite--form-email-helper-text" aria-describedby="reg-lite--form-email-helper-text" placeholder="Email"><label for="reg-lite--form-email"></label><div class="error-text" visible-when-invalid="customError" validation-for="reg-lite--form-email"></div></div><div class="sc-104flan-0 buFgOY sc-104flan-3 dTeRNy signup-btn lite-registration-submit form-submit"><button class="sc-1aus1tj-0 dyGycr sc-104flan-2 eEZTEZ form-submit" disabled="" name="submitBtn" type="button"><span class="btn-text">SIGN UP</span><span class="sc-104flan-1 gHXQPb btn-loader"></span></button></div></div><div class="sc-76suco-1 jstemT newsletter__checkbox sc-mwbru6-3 idIGdR" data-nosnippet=""><input type="checkbox" id="newsletter-checkbox" name="newsletters" value="receiveIndyOffers"><label for="newsletter-checkbox" class="sc-76suco-0 knIyCe checkmark">I would like to be emailed about offers, events and updates from The Independent. Read our聽<a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" href="/service/privacy-policy-a6184181.html">privacy policy</a></label></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><script type="application/json">{"className":"sc-1ge0fwe-0 kcXonm","isClimate":false,"newsletterData":{"regSourceNewsletter":"IND_Breaking_Newsletter","subscriptionGroup":"breaking_news","subscriptionGroupId":"ea81aa66-1d12-4313-9b4e-6f20b0117b8f","pathPrefix":["/news/uk/crime","/news/world"],"title":"For free real time breaking news alerts sent straight to your inbox sign up to our breaking news emails","mobileTitle":"Sign up to our free breaking news emails","imageSrc":"https://static.independent.co.uk/static-assets/images/newsletters/breakingNews1_1.png","label":"I <strong>would</strong> like to receive breaking news alerts by email</span>","regTitle":"Breaking News","type":"breaking_news","newsletterKey":"receiveIndyBreakingNews","regSourceSection":"People","regSourceMethod":"Article%2BSignpost"},"captchaKey":"6LdQFKQUAAAAAALh9h5ypRL_GV19zbD4ZtAmj-pm","loggedIn":false}</script><p>Vivien John, painter: born Dorset 8 March 1915; married 1945 John White (two sons); died London 20 May 1994.</p><p>THE PAINTER Vivien John was the younger daughter of Dorelia and Augustus John and the niece of Gwen John. Her parents had little faith in education, so Vivien and her sister Poppet were never sent to school. Theirs was a wild and happy childhood, running barefoot in the countryside, riding ponies and donkey-carts, and playing with gypsies, only to be peremptorily summoned to pose for their father, frequently an object of awe and terror to his children. Aged two and a half it took lumps of sugar from Dorelia to persuade Vivien to sit still. Posing in later years proved even stormier.</p><div data-mpu1="true" class="sc-1048kfq-0 dTdlgq"><div class="sc-1y9ieyw-0 cnknzo mobile-only"><div class="sc-1pfx6hk-0 fwOlvZ mobile-only"><div data-mpu="true" data-is-video="false" data-tile-name="mpu1" data-ad-unit-path="/71347885/_main_independent/in_news/in_people/image/mpu1" data-size-key="DOUBLE_OR_SINGLE_MPU" data-refresh-check="false" data-refresh-ms="13000" class="sc-1pfx6hk-2 lgqWRm"></div></div></div></div><div id="article-im-prompt"></div><p>The extended family included Augustus John's five sons by his first wife, Ida, and visiting friends, often with children in tow. Poppet and Vivien were close to the Macnamara sisters Nicolette (later married to the painters Anthony Devas and Rupert Shephard), Brigit and Caitlin (later Mrs Dylan Thomas). Vivien painted and drew from a very early age, receiving only minimal instruction from her father and a bit more from such close family friends as Matthew Smith and Sue Palmer.</p><div class="sc-w27hnf-3 jHlYLm desktop-only teads"><div class="sc-1y9ieyw-0 cnknzo third-party-ad"><div class="sc-1pfx6hk-0 fwOlvZ third-party-ad"><div data-mpu="true" data-is-video="false" data-tile-name="thirdparty01" data-ad-unit-path="/71347885/_partner_independent/in_news/in_people/image/thirdparty01" data-size-key="THIRD_PARTY_ARTICLE_BODY_DESKTOP" data-refresh-check="false" data-refresh-ms="150000" class="sc-1pfx6hk-2 lgqWRm"></div></div></div></div><p>In 1932 Augustus allowed her to attend the Slade School, but only on condition she received no instruction. Three years later she had her first exhibition at the Cooling Gallery, after which she moved to the Euston Road, where she studied with William Coldstream and Victor Pasmore. The following year she went to Kingston, Jamaica, where she exhibited with her father. She travelled to Italy and Provence with him, roamed through Spain and Greece with friends and visited her aunt Gwen. In 1944 she returned to Paris to study at the Academie de la Grande Chaumiere. Next year she entered the Chelsea School of Art, then met and married Dr John White, a haematologist with a fondness for exotic locales.</p><div class="sc-w27hnf-3 jHlYLm mobile-only teads"><div class="sc-1y9ieyw-0 cnknzo third-party-ad"><div class="sc-1pfx6hk-0 fwOlvZ third-party-ad"><div data-mpu="true" data-is-video="false" data-tile-name="thirdparty01" data-ad-unit-path="/71347885/_partner_independent/in_news/in_people/image/thirdparty01" data-size-key="THIRD_PARTY_ARTICLE_BODY_MOBILE" data-refresh-check="false" data-refresh-ms="150000" class="sc-1pfx6hk-2 lgqWRm"></div></div></div></div><p>Her early paintings were accomplished and have great charm, studies of domestic interiors and provincial daily life. She lived with her husband in Russia, Malaysia and Papua New Guinea reacting explosively to the intense light and change of mood there, transforming her palette to interpret the brilliant colours of lush flora, jungle, mountains and the sea. Occasionally flamboyant, she preferred to seek out and expose the more austere patterns of nature. The last 15 years of her life, though marred by ill-health, were very happy. She felt that she was finally out from under the shadow of Augustus and Gwen, she was painting fluently and rapidly in oil on paper, a technique she had developed in the tropics, and exhibited frequently, selling well.</p><p>Vivien John retained to the end beauty and seductiveness which came from a sweet and gentle nature that sometimes made her question her undeniable talent. In a letter to her Augustus had written: 'You can do it'; and she had.</p><div class="sc-toncsa-0 qHctg"><div id="taboola-carousel-thumbnails" class="taboola"></div></div><p>(Photograph omitted)</p></div><div id="piano-register-wall" data-reg-source-section="People" class="sc-h57wdl-0 hCEqSm"></div><nav class="topics"><div class="sc-n08b2m-0 kciiLJ"><h3 class="sc-n08b2m-1 fSsEip">More about</h3><a href="/topic/kensington-and-chelsea" class="sc-n08b2m-2 kdqbii">Kensington And Chelsea</a><a href="/topic/painting" class="sc-n08b2m-2 kdqbii">Painting</a><a href="/topic/papua-new-guinea" class="sc-n08b2m-2 kdqbii">Papua New Guinea</a><a href="/topic/peter-blake" class="sc-n08b2m-2 kdqbii">Peter Blake</a></div></nav><div class="show-comments"><div class="sc-qsla4c-0 cPUOXM"><svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 cspHGj sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-qsla4c-5 gQogX"><use href="#f9cc7f5596803d67"></use></svg><h2 class="sc-qsla4c-4 goyZT">Join our commenting forum</h2><p class="sc-qsla4c-3 kQZunw">Join thought-provoking conversations, follow other Independent readers and see their replies</p><a role="button" class="sc-1oxuqvm-0 fxtXwi js-comment sc-qsla4c-2 fHoGsk js-comment-footer"><span class="sc-1oxuqvm-1 kSAOsY js-comment-count"></span><span class="js-comment-plural">Comments</span><span class="sc-1s13b34-0 sc-qsla4c-1 gihRoV ePOWEe"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" id="bb63372698e13136" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 19 20"><path fill="#7A7A7A" d="m15.83 10-1.11-1.12-4.43 4.42V3.67H8.71v9.63L4.29 8.88 3.17 10l6.33 6.33z"></path></svg></span></a></div></div><div class="sc-6s2j49-0 bGPFDl"><div id="taboola-below-article-1" class="taboola-below-article taboola"></div></div><div id="partners" class="sc-ztlleo-0 jJtNAJ"><div class="sc-1pfx6hk-0 fwOlvZ"><div data-mpu="true" data-is-video="false" data-tile-name="partner_ad_1" data-ad-unit-path="/71347885/_main_independent/in_news/in_people/image/partner_ad" data-size-key="PARTNERADS" data-refresh-check="false" data-refresh-ms="13000" class="sc-1pfx6hk-2 lgqWRm"></div></div><div class="sc-1pfx6hk-0 fwOlvZ"><div data-mpu="true" data-is-video="false" data-tile-name="partner_ad_2" data-ad-unit-path="/71347885/_main_independent/in_news/in_people/image/partner_ad" data-size-key="PARTNERADS" data-refresh-check="false" data-refresh-ms="13000" class="sc-1pfx6hk-2 lgqWRm"></div></div></div><a name="comments-area" class="sc-18u3r6t-0 gSAoMb"></a><div id="comments" class="sc-hmnszx-0 fDXhLE"><div class="sc-18u3r6t-1 enNoQV viafoura"><div class="sc-18u3r6t-2 cLHRRT"><vf-tray-trigger floating="true"></vf-tray-trigger></div><vf-conversations vf-container-id="1554436" limit="10"></vf-conversations></div></div><div id="taboola-below-article-2" class="taboola-below-article taboola"></div></div><aside class="sc-cxkzvg-0 dvQXpA sidebar"><div class="sc-j93h5r-0 fIgmuu"><div class="sc-1pfx6hk-0 fwOlvZ sc-uo1whf-0 grPbuS"><div data-mpu="true" data-is-video="false" data-tile-name="mpu1" data-ad-unit-path="/71347885/_main_independent/in_news/in_people/image/mpu1" data-size-key="DOUBLE_MPU" data-refresh-check="false" data-refresh-ms="13000" class="sc-1pfx6hk-2 lgqWRm"></div></div></div><div class="hydrate-root sc-10wlkbs-0 cFynzd" data-component="MostPopularFeedList" data-theme-name="base-light"><div class="sc-1py8y5m-0 kdHApG most-popular"><h3 class="sc-1py8y5m-1 dgoHoz">Most Popular</h3><div class="sc-1py8y5m-8 ctSnkl"></div></div></div><script type="application/json">{"title":"Most Popular","src":"/api/most-popular-article?section=article-typepremium,article-typenon-premium&limit=5","items":"articles"}</script><div class="hydrate-root sc-10wlkbs-0 cFynzd" data-component="PopularVideosFeedList" data-theme-name="base-light"><div class="sc-1py8y5m-0 kdHApG sc-enynzb-0 ksidoU popular-videos"><h3 class="sc-1py8y5m-1 dgoHoz">Popular videos</h3><div class="sc-1py8y5m-8 ctSnkl"></div></div></div><script type="application/json">{"title":"Popular videos","className":"sc-enynzb-0 ksidoU popular-videos","src":"/api/most-popular-article?section=independent-tv&limit=3","items":"articles"}</script><div class="hydrate-root sc-10wlkbs-0 sc-q2bcly-0 cFynzd NgRo" data-component="Indy100FeedList" data-theme-name="base-light"><div class="sc-1py8y5m-0 kdHApG indy100-trending"><h3 class="sc-1py8y5m-2 eSkAOW"><svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 cspHGj sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-g8zlrz-0 cCOQKx"><use href="#8b9185e0e27e46a7"></use></svg></h3><div class="sc-1py8y5m-8 ctSnkl"></div></div></div><script type="application/json">{"title":"Indy100 Trending"}</script><div id="taboola-right-rail" class="sc-sk0nn7-0 bhdekM taboola"></div><div class="sc-j93h5r-0 fIgmuu"><div class="sc-1pfx6hk-0 fwOlvZ sc-1w99act-0 jfSvuX"><div data-mpu="true" data-is-video="false" data-tile-name="thirdparty_03" data-ad-unit-path="/71347885/_main_independent/in_news/in_people/image/thirdparty" data-sizes="300x250" data-refresh-check="false" data-refresh-ms="13000" class="sc-1pfx6hk-2 lgqWRm"></div></div></div><div class="hydrate-root sc-10wlkbs-0 cFynzd" data-component="SponsoredFeaturesFeedList" data-theme-name="base-light"><div class="sc-1py8y5m-0 kdHApG sponsored-features"><h3 class="sc-1py8y5m-1 dgoHoz">Sponsored Features</h3><div class="sc-1py8y5m-8 ctSnkl"></div></div></div><script type="application/json">{"title":"Sponsored Features","src":"/api/most-popular-article?section=news&limit=5","items":"articles"}</script><div class="sc-j93h5r-0 fIgmuu sticky"><div class="sc-1pfx6hk-0 fwOlvZ"><div data-mpu="true" data-is-video="false" data-tile-name="mpu_bottom_sb_1" data-ad-unit-path="/71347885/_main_independent/in_news/in_people/image/mpu_bottom_sb" data-sizes="120x600|300x250|160x600|300x600" data-refresh-check="false" data-refresh-ms="13000" class="sc-1pfx6hk-2 lgqWRm"></div></div></div></aside></div></article><div id="stickyFooterRoot" class="sc-7186ky-0 gxeWA"><div class="sc-1pfx6hk-0 fwOlvZ sc-glvuw1-0 jgvCOM sc-7186ky-2 cAUrjB"><div data-mpu="true" data-is-video="false" data-tile-name="out-of-page" data-ad-unit-path="/71347885/_main_independent/in_news/in_people/image/out-of-page" data-sizes="1x1" data-refresh-check="false" class="sc-1pfx6hk-2 lgqWRm"></div></div><div class="sc-7186ky-1 hzqhgn"><div class="sc-1pfx6hk-0 fwOlvZ sticky"><div data-mpu="true" data-is-video="false" data-tile-name="bottom_banner_0" data-ad-unit-path="/71347885/_main_independent/in_news/in_people/image/bottom_banner" data-size-key="BOTTOM_BANNER" data-refresh-check="false" data-refresh-ms="13000" class="sc-1pfx6hk-2 lgqWRm"></div></div></div></div><div class="sc-11f90c-0 kChsty"><div class="sc-1pfx6hk-0 fwOlvZ"><div data-mpu="true" data-is-video="false" data-tile-name="thirdparty_05" data-ad-unit-path="/71347885/_main_independent/in_news/in_people/image/thirdparty" data-sizes="9x9" data-refresh-check="false" class="sc-1pfx6hk-2 lgqWRm"></div></div></div></div><footer class="sc-139f79w-0 jRtgJY"><nav class="sc-139f79w-1 bdmwwC"><ul class="sc-139f79w-2 bBDWYx"><li class="sc-139f79w-3 gqbjzo"><a href="/" aria-label="Back to homepage"><svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 cspHGj sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-139f79w-5 cFvWAT"><use href="#f9cc7f5596803d67"></use></svg></a><a href="/" class="sc-139f79w-4 jHxRtj">Get in touch</a><ul class="sc-2grh3o-0 ebslEa"><li class="sc-2grh3o-1 dVptiL"><a href="/service/contact-us-759589.html" class="sc-2grh3o-2 bqyBxb">Contact us</a></li></ul><ul class="sc-16d5z5s-0 bhQnpv"><li class="sc-16d5z5s-1 jKEmdI"><a class="sc-16d5z5s-2 blzGVC fb-link" rel="noopener" aria-label="Visit The Independent on Facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/TheIndependentOnline"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" id="b941eb1404da3df8" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M13.5 31.83q1.02.16 2.09.2h.84q1.06-.04 2.07-.2v-11.2h3.73l.7-4.62H18.5v-3c0-1.27.62-2.5 2.6-2.5h2.02V6.56s-1.83-.31-3.58-.31c-3.65 0-6.04 2.21-6.04 6.22V16H9.44v4.63h4.06z"></path></svg></a><a class="sc-16d5z5s-2 blzGVC x-link" rel="noopener" aria-label="Visit The Independent on Twitter" href="https://twitter.com/Independent"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" id="Layer_2-3f443091285db5b7" data-name="Layer 2" viewBox="0 0 23.95 23.97"><path d="M14.28 10.17 23.2 0h-2.11l-7.75 8.83L7.16 0H0l9.38 13.34L0 24h2.14l8.17-9.31L16.84 24H24Zm-2.89 3.29-1-1.33L2.9 1.57h3.24l6.09 8.53.95 1.32 7.91 11.08h-3.25Z"></path></svg></a></li></ul></li><li class="sc-139f79w-3 gqbjzo"><a href="/" class="sc-139f79w-4 jHxRtj">Our Products</a><ul class="sc-2grh3o-0 ebslEa"><li class="sc-2grh3o-1 dVptiL"><a href="/subscribe?itm_channel=native&itm_campaign=footer&itm_audience=prospecting&itm_content=subscribe" class="sc-2grh3o-2 bqyBxb">Subscribe</a></li><li class="sc-2grh3o-1 dVptiL"><a href="/register?itm_channel=native&itm_campaign=footer&itm_content=register" class="sc-2grh3o-2 bqyBxb">Register</a></li><li class="sc-2grh3o-1 dVptiL"><a href="/newsletters?itm_channel=native&itm_campaign=footer&itm_audience=prospecting&itm_content=newsletters" class="sc-2grh3o-2 bqyBxb">Newsletters</a></li><li class="sc-2grh3o-1 dVptiL"><a rel="noopener" href="https://edition.independent.co.uk/" class="sc-2grh3o-2 bqyBxb">Today鈥檚 Edition</a></li><li class="sc-2grh3o-1 dVptiL"><a href="/subscribe/app?itm_channel=native&itm_campaign=app_selling_page&itm_audience=prospecting&itm_content=footer" class="sc-2grh3o-2 bqyBxb">Install our app</a></li><li class="sc-2grh3o-1 dVptiL"><a href="/archive" class="sc-2grh3o-2 bqyBxb">Archive</a></li></ul></li><li class="sc-139f79w-3 gqbjzo"><a href="/" class="sc-139f79w-4 jHxRtj">Other publications</a><ul class="sc-2grh3o-0 ebslEa"><li class="sc-2grh3o-1 dVptiL"><a href="/news/world/journalism-license-srmg-middle-east-news-world-global-a9579111.html" class="sc-2grh3o-2 bqyBxb">International editions</a></li><li class="sc-2grh3o-1 dVptiL"><a rel="noopener" href="https://www.independentespanol.com/" class="sc-2grh3o-2 bqyBxb">Independent en Espa帽ol</a></li><li class="sc-2grh3o-1 dVptiL"><a rel="noopener" href="https://www.independentarabia.com/" class="sc-2grh3o-2 bqyBxb">Independent Arabia</a></li><li class="sc-2grh3o-1 dVptiL"><a rel="noopener" href="https://www.indyturk.com/" class="sc-2grh3o-2 bqyBxb">Independent Turkish</a></li><li class="sc-2grh3o-1 dVptiL"><a rel="noopener" href="https://www.independentpersian.com/" class="sc-2grh3o-2 bqyBxb">Independent Persian</a></li><li class="sc-2grh3o-1 dVptiL"><a rel="noopener" href="https://www.independenturdu.com/" class="sc-2grh3o-2 bqyBxb">Independent Urdu</a></li><li class="sc-2grh3o-1 dVptiL"><a rel="noopener" href="https://www.standard.co.uk/" class="sc-2grh3o-2 bqyBxb">The Standard</a></li></ul></li><li class="sc-139f79w-3 gqbjzo"><a href="/" class="sc-139f79w-4 jHxRtj">Extras</a><ul class="sc-2grh3o-0 ebslEa"><li class="sc-2grh3o-1 dVptiL"><a rel="noopener" href="https://puzzles.independent.co.uk/" class="sc-2grh3o-2 bqyBxb">Puzzles</a></li><li class="sc-2grh3o-1 dVptiL"><a href="/topics-list" class="sc-2grh3o-2 bqyBxb">All topics</a></li><li class="sc-2grh3o-1 dVptiL"><a href="/sport/free-bets-b2581138.html" class="sc-2grh3o-2 bqyBxb">Betting Offers</a></li><li class="sc-2grh3o-1 dVptiL"><a href="/vouchercodes" class="sc-2grh3o-2 bqyBxb">Voucher codes</a></li><li class="sc-2grh3o-1 dVptiL"><a href="/competitions" class="sc-2grh3o-2 bqyBxb">Competitions and offers</a></li><li class="sc-2grh3o-1 dVptiL"><a rel="noopener" href="https://www.independentadvertising.com/" class="sc-2grh3o-2 bqyBxb">Independent Advertising</a></li><li class="sc-2grh3o-1 dVptiL"><a href="/ignite" class="sc-2grh3o-2 bqyBxb">Independent Ignite</a></li><li class="sc-2grh3o-1 dVptiL"><a rel="noopener" href="https://www.independentadvertising.com/licensing-and-syndication/" class="sc-2grh3o-2 bqyBxb">Syndication</a></li><li class="sc-2grh3o-1 dVptiL"><a rel="noopener" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/the-independent/jobs/" class="sc-2grh3o-2 bqyBxb">Working at The Independent</a></li></ul></li><li class="sc-139f79w-3 gqbjzo"><a href="/" class="sc-139f79w-4 jHxRtj">Legal</a><ul class="sc-2grh3o-0 ebslEa"><li class="sc-2grh3o-1 dVptiL"><a href="/service/code-of-conduct-a6184241.html" class="sc-2grh3o-2 bqyBxb">Code of conduct and complaints</a></li><li class="sc-2grh3o-1 dVptiL"><a href="/service/external-contributors-policy-7905982.html" class="sc-2grh3o-2 bqyBxb">Contributors</a></li><li class="sc-2grh3o-1 dVptiL"><a href="/service/cookie-policy-a6184186.html" class="sc-2grh3o-2 bqyBxb">Cookie policy</a></li><li class="sc-2grh3o-1 dVptiL"><a href="/service/privacy-notice-a6184181.html" class="sc-2grh3o-2 bqyBxb">Privacy policy</a></li><li class="sc-2grh3o-1 dVptiL"><a href="/service/user-policies-a6184151.html" class="sc-2grh3o-2 bqyBxb">User policies</a></li><li class="sc-2grh3o-1 dVptiL"><a rel="noopener" href="https://static.independent.co.uk/static-assets/IND-Modern-Slavery-Statement-22-23.pdf" class="sc-2grh3o-2 bqyBxb">Modern Slavery Statement</a></li></ul></li></ul></nav></footer><div id="footerPrompt" class="sc-7lnyz3-0 laMqUw"></div><div id="success-hint" class="sc-b47m3v-0 kiloul hide"><div class="sc-govabo-0 gHYEVW"><div class="sc-1h87vhk-0 fDztze"><svg class="sc-eaj12q-0 fnAcWz sc-culv3z-0 kOpooG sc-1voidh4-0 iXzeFI"><use href="#d19337775de06d7c"></use></svg><div class="sc-1d79dbf-0 gusQYW"><h3 class="sc-erjdy9-0 iwnwDu">Thank you for registering</h3><p class="sc-1ty8yds-2 fkPOZn"><span class="sc-1ty8yds-0 kSzXIA">Please refresh the page or navigate to another page on the site to be automatically logged in</span><span class="sc-1ty8yds-1 eXLcRx">Please refresh your browser to be logged in</span></p></div></div></div></div></div><div class="hydrate-root sc-10wlkbs-0 cFynzd" data-component="DrawerMenu" data-theme-name="base-light"></div><script type="application/json">{"andMoreText":"& more","changeText":"Change","closeText":"Close","tempLinks":[{"id":"7o04ryxu","title":"US Politics","path":"/news/world/americas/us-politics","children":null},{"id":"0mrdv62a","title":"Investing ","path":"https://www.independent.co.uk/topic/trading-212","children":null}],"serverEnv":"prod","replaceSubscribeWithSupport":true,"supportButtonCopy":"Support Now","addSupportContentToDrawer":false,"isUSSubscriberOrigin":false,"isActiveRecurringDonator":false,"originalUrl":"/news/people/obituary-vivien-john-1438836.html","newEditions":true,"domain":"independent.co.uk","locale":"AS","menuData":[["News","/",[["UK","/news/uk"],["US","/us"],["World","/news/world"],["UK Politics","/news/uk/politics"],["Brexit","/topic/brexit"],["Health","/news/health"],["Business","/news/business"],["Money","/money"],["Science","/news/science"],["Space","/space"],["News Videos","/tv/news"]]],["Sport","/sport",[["Football","football"],["Formula 1","/f1"],["Rugby Union","rugby/rugby-union"],["Cricket","cricket"],["Tennis","tennis"],["Boxing","boxing"],["UFC","ufc"],["Cycling","cycling"],["Golf","golf"],["Sport Videos","/tv/sport"]]],["Voices","/voices",[["Editorials","editorials"],["Letters","letters"],["John Rentoul","/author/john-rentoul"],["Mary Dejevsky","/author/mary-dejevsky"],["Andrew Grice","/author/andrew-grice"],["Sean O鈥橤rady","/author/sean-ogrady"]]],["Culture","/arts-entertainment",[["Film","films"],["TV & Radio","tv"],["Music","music"],["Games","/games"],["Books","books"],["Art","art"],["Photography","photography"],["Theatre & Dance","theatre-dance"],["Culture Videos","/tv/culture"]]],["Lifestyle","/life-style",[["Shopping","/extras/indybest"],["Beauty","/beauty"],["Fitness & Wellbeing","/health-and-fitness"],["Tech","/tech"],["Food & Drink","food-and-drink"],["Fashion","fashion"],["Love & Sex","love-sex"],["Women","women"],["Health & Families","health-and-families"],["Royal Family","royal-family"],["Motoring","motoring"],["Electric Vehicles","/cars/electric-vehicles"],["Lifestyle Videos","/tv/lifestyle"]]],["IndyBest","/extras/indybest",[["Home & Garden","house-garden"],["Tech","gadgets-tech"],["Fashion & Beauty","fashion-beauty"],["Deals","/deals"],["Food & Drink","food-drink"],["Kids","kids"],["Books","books"],["Travel & Outdoors","travel-outdoors"],["Sports & Fitness","outdoor-activity"]]],["Deals","/deals",[["Travel","travel"]]],["Travel","/travel",[["Hotel Reviews","hotels"],["News & Advice","news-and-advice"],["Simon Calder","/author/simon-calder"],["Cruises","cruise"],["UK","uk"],["Europe","europe"],["USA","north-america/usa"],["Asia","asia"],["Australia & New Zealand","australasia"],["South America","south-america"],["C. America & Caribbean","central-america-caribbean"],["Middle East","middle-east"]]],["Premium","/independentpremium",[["Politics Explained","politics-explained"],["Editorials","/voices/editorials"],["Voices","voices"],["Long Reads","long-reads"],["News Analysis","news-analysis"],["Today鈥檚 Edition","https://edition.independent.co.uk/"]]],["Climate","/climate-change",[["News","news"],["Climate 100","climate-100"],["Electric Vehicles","/cars/electric-vehicles"],["Voices","opinion"],["Sustainable Living","sustainable-living"],["Explained","infact"],["Climate Videos","/tv/climate"],["SGI","sgi"]]],["TV","/tv/editors-picks",[["Behind The Headlines","/tv/behind-the-headlines"],["On The Ground","/tv/on-the-ground"],["Decomplicated","/tv/decomplicated"],["You Ask The Questions","/tv/you-ask-the-questions"],["Binge Watch","/tv/binge-or-bin"],["Music Box","/tv/music-box"],["Love Lives","/tv/millennial-love"],["Travel Smart","/tv/travel-smart"],["Watch on your TV","/tech/independent-tv-download-smart-tv-how-b2287476.html"]]],["Other","/other",[["Indy100","https://www.indy100.com/"],["Today鈥檚 Edition","https://edition.independent.co.uk/"],["Crosswords & Puzzles","https://puzzles.independent.co.uk/?utm_campaign=navbar&utm_medium=nav&utm_source=navpuzzles"],["Most Commented","/comments"],["Newsletters","/newsletters?itm_channel=native&itm_campaign=burger_nav&itm_audience=prospecting&itm_content=newsletters"],["Ask Me Anything","/ask-me-anything"],["Virtual Events","/virtual-events"],["Wine Offers","/topic/perfect-cellar"],["Betting Sites","/sport/betting-sites-b2584371.html"],["Casino Sites","/games/online-casinos-b2599494.html"]]]]}</script><div class="hydrate-root sc-10wlkbs-0 cFynzd" data-component="LoginDrawer" data-theme-name="base-light"><button id="loginButton" class="sc-1jxec6t-2 cOYsmh"></button></div><script type="application/json">{"originalUrl":"/news/people/obituary-vivien-john-1438836.html","enabledSubs":{"premium":false,"adFree":false,"donations":false}}</script><svg class="__INDY_UI_SYMBOLS__" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" hidden=""><symbol id="d705ac78c0432424" viewBox="0 0 80 80"><path fill="#EC1A2E" d="M40 0a40 40 0 1 0 0 80 40 40 0 0 0 0-80"></path><path fill="#fff" d="M63.14 55.61c-.8-.44-.55-.3-4.36-2.55 0 0-2.9.55-6.68 1.37l.17.06.16.12.16.15q.12.16.2.35l.04.19.02.08v.08q0 .08-.02.15l-.02.1-.04.08h-.1l-.02-.08-.02-.1-.04-.1-.06-.12-.06-.13-.08-.13-.1-.13q-.04-.07-.1-.11l-.12-.1-.11-.09a1 1 0 0 0-.3-.18l-.8.18.07.02a1.4 1.4 0 0 1 .5.34 1 1 0 0 1 .2.35l.04.19v.3q0 .06-.03.11l-.04.08h-.08l-.04-.08-.02-.1-.04-.1-.06-.12-.06-.13-.08-.13-.1-.13q-.04-.07-.1-.11l-.11-.1q-.05-.06-.12-.09l-.1-.08-.11-.06-.08-.04-.06-.03-2.14-1.82.08-.55-.23-1.28.22-.54v-1.83l-2.34 2.1-.07-.07 6.87-8.08-.06-.15-2-.35v-.1h3.6c.37.47 1.17.6 1.75.44l.03-.08-.73-1.16.3-.2q.42-.29.83.3c.27.4.4.9.08 1.2l.06.08c.47-.06.9-.3 1.2-.67.4-.54.33-1.35-.17-1.94-.43-.49-1.2-1.25-1.2-1.25a2 2 0 0 0-1.28-2.08c-1.94-.78-3.42-1.34-3.42-1.34h-4.67l-.02-.1 4.65-.56 1.4-1.22 5.27-2.11a1.2 1.2 0 0 0 .73-.77c.69-1.88 2.8-7.5 2.8-7.5l6.5-8.8-.04-.08-4.28 3.05-.06-.06 1.82-3.63-.08-.05-2.8 4.02-.08-.03.32-4.02-.1-.02-1.01 4.08h-.1l-1.65-4.09-.1.03 1.22 4.88-.15 2.29h-.09l-.26-2-2.88-4.9-.08.04 2.31 5.18.18 3.82h-.1l-.5-3.56-3.77-4.79-.08.06 3.26 5 .21 5.25h-.09l-.66-4.96-4.2-4.38-.07.06 3.57 4.66.42 6.03h-.1l-.96-5.73-4.35-3.73-.07.07 3.77 4.07.64 6.3-.1.02-1.27-5.93-4.41-3-.06.07 3.78 3.34 1.02 6.23-.1.03-1.63-5.82-4.2-2.3-.05.08 3.6 2.63 1.17 6.04-.09.02-1.88-5.54-3.94-1.5-.04.1 3.3 1.88 1.38 5.51-.09.03-2.1-4.94-3.73-.68-.02.1 3.09 1.1 1.59 4.81-.08.04-2.39-4.1-3.14-.26-.01.1 2.46.8 1.85 3.9-.08.05-2.58-3.13-2.84.17v.1l2.25.42 2.06 3.03-.07.06-2.68-2.22-3.04.68.02.1h2.48l2.29 2.16-.05.08-2.77-1.3-3.17.5v.1l2.82.11 2.4 1.52-.03.09-2.64-.9-4.26.8v.1l4-.1 2.44 1.13-.03.08-2.55-.6-6.43 1.08v.1l5.04.38.01.09-4.04.72v.1l2.76.15v.1l-3.15.82h.01-.01l1.34 1.76-.08.08-3.06-2.6-7.93-11-7.2-3.69-5.72-5.15-1.74-4.73-.1.02.63 5.35 2.78 4.46-.08.06-4.04-3.35-1.92-3.71-.1.02.68 4.36 1.97 3.58-.07.05-3.21-2.61-1.66-2.5-.1.04.77 3.38 2.05 3.02-.06.06-3.19-1.83-1.4-1.78-.1.05.91 2.62 1.48 1.86-.05.06-1.47-.28-.04.1 3.13 2.94-.03.08-2.72-.16-.02.14 3.89 2.4-.02.1-1.8.14-.01.1 4.5 1.71v.09l-1.76.6.01.11 10.87.8v.08l-6.05.05-.12 1.24 7.59-.12v.1l-5.43.58-.25 1.48 7.39-1.02.02.09-5.76 1.32-.09 1.71 7.59-2.08.03.1-6.26 2.44.04 1.56 7.66-3.19.04.08-6.19 3.34.21 1.6 7.5-3.82.06.08-6.14 3.89.35 1.35 7.24-3.97.05.08-5.62 3.75.54 1.44 5.97-3.56.06.08-3.92 2.9.68 1.37 2.9-1.77.06.06-1.1.95.55 1.09.64-.24.92-.32.5-.19.24-.1q.12-.05.24-.13.23-.15.44-.32l.1-.08.09-.1.18-.2q.09-.08.16-.19l.14-.2.12-.2.1-.19a3 3 0 0 0 .22-.63l.05-.18.01-.07.1.02v.06l-.03.2q0 .12-.07.3l-.12.38-.09.2-.1.22-.14.23-.15.23-.17.21-.1.1-.1.1q-.22.22-.45.4l-.25.15-.26.15-1.4.61-8.36 3.13-5.47 8.57.32.22 6.1-7.08.08.05-3.63 5.34 2.23-.34 3.36-4.97.08.05-2.45 4.81 2.1-.13 2.27-4.65.1.04-1.55 4.56 2.13-.15 1.32-4.36.1.01-.74 4.28 2.17-.42.46-3.93h.1v3.74l1.61-.9-.24-2.83.1-.02.56 2.58.58.33.42 1.16.63.22 1.28 1.03.48.39v.02l-.04.06-.83-.37q-4.64 1.27-9.24 2.7h.02l3.12 1.8 1.53.88.71.4.17.1.08.04.04.02.03.01v.01l.02.02q.15.1.3.23.24.24.34.56a1.3 1.3 0 0 1-.05.82l-.04.1-.1-.04.03-.1a1.3 1.3 0 0 0-.02-.72 1 1 0 0 0-.32-.45 1 1 0 0 0-.27-.19l-.03-.01-.05-.02-.08-.03-.18-.08-.75-.32-1.62-.73-1.04-.45-2.4.76c-1.02.33-.96 1.7.01 2.05q2.17.84 4.37 1.6a3.8 3.8 0 0 0 3.2-.2l3.83-1.75a54 54 0 0 0 6.55-4.53l.06.07-2.98 2.84c2.02-.9 4-1.76 5.3-2.29a36 36 0 0 0 4.45-2.68l.06.07-2.05 1.85c2.32-.44 6.14-.8 8.2-.8 2.75 0 2.8-2.36 1.36-3.17m-6.95-16.3 1.11 1.05.17.24.04.08.07.17.04.17.01.19v.09l-.02.09-.06.18-.04.08-.04.07-.08-.05.03-.08.03-.07.04-.16v-.16a1 1 0 0 0-.16-.43l-.04-.07-.15-.17q-.6-.46-1.23-.9zm-2.2-.98a.5.5 0 0 1 .14-.3l.07-.05.1-.05.02-.02.12-.02h.02l.06.12-.01.02-.08.07-.01.03-.02.04-.03.04v.02l-.01.04v.15l.01.05v.02l.03.04.02.03.02.03q.03 0 .04.03h.02l.03.02.1.03q.06 0 .11-.02l.05-.01.02-.01.03-.03.04-.03.02-.02.02-.03v-.02q.03 0 .03-.03l.02-.04.02-.06v-.14l.1-.05.02.03q.04.04.06.1l.02.03.02.1v.08q0 .05-.02.08v.03l-.1.2-.19.17-.01.02-.03.01-.02.01-.06.02-.14.03h-.05l-.26-.06-.03-.01-.1-.07-.05-.05-.06-.05-.08-.13-.03-.08v-.02l-.01-.02v-.03l-.02-.12zm-.14 2.66.1-.2.07-.09.03-.02.02-.02h.01l.02-.02.2-.1q.16-.05.32-.02.06 0 .1.03l.08.03.06.05.07.05.05.05.04.05.01.04.04.08-.08.07-.07-.05-.03-.02-.04-.01-.1-.03-.07-.01h-.16l-.1.04-.11.05-.02.01-.03.03-.04.04-.07.1-.03.05-.01.06-.04.1v.15l.01.04.02.08-.06.04-.07-.06-.03-.04-.04-.05-.03-.05-.02-.08-.03-.08v-.09zM17.83 18l.12-.08 3.22 4.29 5.29 2.53-.07.15-5.68-2.2zm-5.16 3.58.1-.12 3.45 3.25 6.99 2.26-.05.14-7.4-1.88zm-1.78 1.88.1-.1 3.71 3.02 8.27 2.26-.04.16-8.6-1.86zm.67 4.47.04-.15 11.44 2.36-.03.16-8.48-1.3zm12.2 3.98-6.02-.55-3.04-.89.04-.15 9.04 1.43zm.25-6.22-6.1-2.02-2.52-3.48.1-.09 2.93 3.12 5.66 2.34zm.77 2.19-.1-.05v-1.31l.13-.02.15.8 2.69-1.38.06.11zm.37 2.04.02-1.31.13-.02.14.8L29 27.5l.06.1-3.8 2.37zm1.13 1.87-.11-.06.02-1.32.12-.01.15.8 3.75-2.04.07.1zm1.5 1.54-.12-.05.02-1.33h.13l.14.8 3.67-1.92.07.1zm1.87 1.33-.1-.06.02-1.3.13-.03.14.8 3.23-1.69.08.1zm2.01 1.27-.1-.05.03-1.29.11-.02.16.78 2.68-1.37.06.1zm1.99 1.22-.1-.05.02-1.26h.12l.15.73 1.9-.9.07.1zm1.63 1.23-.09-.06.05-1.05h.11l.12.55 1.37-.6.05.1zm1.23 1.32-.1-.06.12-.96.12.01.05.47 1.66-.73.07.1zm1 2.99-.1-.07.14-.76h.11l.02.3.8-.33.06.1zm-.32-1.6-.1-.06.13-.76h.12l.04.3 1.17-.56.06.1zm-4.52 8.97-.06-.05.18-.35-.35-.15.02-.1h.92l.02.09zm2.59 0-.07-.05.19-.35-.36-.15.02-.1h.92l.03.09zm.67 15.01-.92-.32-.93-.3-1.86-.6h-.01a.24.24 0 0 1-.17-.32.2.2 0 0 1 .17-.16l1.9-.53.04.09-1.26.66 1.3.57.88.4.89.42zm9.8-16.23-.07-.05.17-.48-.49-.12v-.08l1.13-.2.04.09zm-1.96-2.81v-.08l1.7-.57.05.07-1 1.49-.08-.03.15-.8zm-.73 3.48v-.08l.9-.17.05.08-.62.68-.09-.04.13-.37zm.07-6.23v-.08l1.72-.5.05.07-1.05 1.45-.09-.04.18-.8zm4.46 3.45-.08-.05.16-.47-.48-.12V46l1.13-.18.04.08zm1.39-4.38.2-.46-.48-.16.02-.08 1.14-.1.04.07-.85.78zm1.49-5.03h.92l.02.08-.72.57-.07-.06.19-.35-.36-.16zm-.46 6.71-.63.67-.08-.04.13-.37-.37-.1v-.08l.9-.16zm-.06-5.01-1.13.88-.06-.06.3-.57-.58-.25.01-.1h1.44zm-2.1-2.26h1.14l.03.08-.9.7-.07-.06.24-.44-.47-.2zm-.12 6.5-.9 1.11-.09-.04.18-.61-.63-.12v-.1l1.4-.31zm-.12-2.76.04.07-1.13 1.3-.08-.04.24-.74-.77-.16v-.1zm-.62-2.07-1.13.87-.08-.06.32-.56-.6-.25.03-.1h1.44zm-2.16-1.67h.92l.02.08-.72.56-.07-.05.19-.35-.36-.16zm-.41 3.36.04.08-1.24 1.3-.09-.06.29-.76-.8-.21v-.1zm-2.84 7.5v-.1l1.41-.28.04.08-.93 1.09-.08-.04.19-.62zm.64-9.65h1.43l.03.09-1.13.87-.07-.06.3-.56-.58-.25zm-.08 7-.86 1.15-.08-.04.14-.63-.63-.08v-.1l1.38-.38zm-.43-2.3-.9 1.06-.07-.05.17-.59-.6-.12v-.09l1.35-.28zm-1.62-2.05 1.13-.18.04.08-.77.84-.08-.05.16-.47-.49-.12zm-2.96 7.94-.07-.05.2-.35-.37-.16.02-.08h.92l.03.08zm.75 2.03-.06-.06.18-.34-.35-.16.01-.08h.92l.03.08zm1.05-3.4-.08-.05.24-.45-.47-.18.01-.1 1.15-.03.03.08zm.71 1.93-.07-.06.24-.44-.46-.2.02-.08h1.15l.02.08zm1.11 1.64-.07-.05.2-.35-.37-.16.03-.08h.92l.02.08zm-3.93 9.52-.32.1-.24.08-.23.06-.32.1-.05-.14.03-.02.28-.1.34-.15.08-.03.35-.14.96-.36.12-.04.24-.09 1-.35q.64-.22 1.27-.4l.17-.06.4-.12.54-.14.65-.16.14-.04.3-.07h.03l.05.14h-.03l-.3.12-.2.07-.56.2-.52.17-.12.04-.46.16-1.25.4-.32.11-.93.31-.44.14zm9.84-1.82-.31.1-.75.27-.17.06-.54.19-.79.27-1.72.6-1.1.4-.6.23-.55.2-.24.08-.5.19-.2.08-.77.26-.3.11-.4.14-.03.01-.06-.14.03-.01.4-.16.29-.13.74-.32.15-.05.55-.23.25-.1.53-.2.6-.24 1.11-.4 1.73-.6.4-.14.39-.12.72-.22.75-.22.33-.1.44-.12.05.14zM42.7 56.7v-.1l.1-.02h.28l.04.02.09.02.17.07.17.11.16.15.04.05a1 1 0 0 1 .17.3l.04.19.02.08v.08q0 .08-.02.14l-.01.11-.03.08h-.1l-.03-.08-.03-.09-.1-.23-.07-.13-.08-.12-.1-.12-.08-.08-.02-.04-.11-.1-.12-.08-.12-.08-.1-.05-.08-.04zm2.8-.73h.03l.18.08.17.11.16.14.12.18a1 1 0 0 1 .13.36l.01.08V57l-.03.25-.03.09h-.09l-.03-.09-.03-.1-.04-.1-.06-.12-.07-.13-.08-.12-.1-.13q-.04-.07-.1-.11l-.12-.1-.11-.09-.22-.13-.08-.04-.03-.01-.7.17-.1.02.09.03.34.18a1 1 0 0 1 .37.5l.05.19.01.08v.08l-.03.24q0 .05-.03.08h-.1l-.02-.08-.04-.09-.04-.1-.05-.13-.07-.12-.08-.13q-.04-.07-.1-.12l-.1-.12-.12-.1q-.05-.05-.11-.08l-.12-.07-.1-.06-.08-.04-.07-.03-1.25-1.44-.61-3.44.12-.05 2.37 2.89.83-.02 2.11 1.18zm3.76-.9v-.08h.35l.08.01.08.03a1 1 0 0 1 .33.2l.13.1.03.04a1 1 0 0 1 .2.35l.04.19v.3l-.02.1-.04.09h-.08l-.04-.08-.03-.1-.04-.1-.05-.12-.07-.13-.08-.13-.09-.13-.1-.11-.06-.05-.06-.06-.11-.08-.11-.08-.1-.06-.09-.04-.08-.04zm2.95 1.91-.14.05-.12.03-.27.08q-.59.16-1.17.28l-.11.03-1.11.24-.3.04-.1.02-.16.02h-.02l-.03-.14.02-.01.15-.05.08-.03.3-.1c.36-.11.8-.23 1.18-.32l.65-.13.56-.1.3-.03.1-.02.17-.01h.02l.03.14zm1.37-1.36h-.02l-.03-.15h.02l.2-.06a34 34 0 0 1 2.02-.45h.02l.8-.14.67-.1h.05l.39-.05.12-.01.2-.02h.03l.02.15h-.03l-.19.05-.14.03-.36.08-.39.09-.32.07-.68.13-.13.03q-.96.18-1.92.3l-.13.02zm6.3.18-.26.04-.45.08q-.5.1-.99.16l-.56.08-.12.02-.46.07-.44.06-.7.1-.39.06-.13.02-.47.06-.48.07-.22.02-.3.03-.02-.14.29-.07.2-.04.5-.1.25-.06.21-.04.21-.04.3-.06.57-.1.58-.08.58-.08.56-.08.66-.07.33-.04.63-.05h.08l.28-.02h.02l.02.15z"></path></symbol><symbol id="d5d9764c65d2cfa2" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill="currentColor" d="m7.42 8.31 4.59 4.58 4.59-4.58 1.41 1.41-6 6-6-6z"></path></symbol><symbol id="363d20b20cc0845f" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill="currentColor" d="m8.3 16.61 4.58-4.59L8.3 7.43l1.41-1.41 6 6-6 6z"></path></symbol><symbol id="7a455166757b1edf" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill="currentColor" d="M12 0a12 12 0 1 0 0 24 12 12 0 0 0 0-24m0 3.6a3.6 3.6 0 1 1 0 7.2 3.6 3.6 0 0 1-3.6-3.6c0-2 1.6-3.6 3.6-3.6m0 17.04a8.6 8.6 0 0 1-7.2-3.86c.04-2.4 4.8-3.7 7.2-3.7 2.39 0 7.16 1.3 7.2 3.7a8.6 8.6 0 0 1-7.2 3.86"></path></symbol><symbol id="f9cc7f5596803d67" viewBox="0 0 991.4 991.4"><path fill="#fff" d="M782.4 689.2c-9.8-5.5-6.8-3.7-54-31.7 0 0-36 6.9-82.7 17a16 16 0 0 1 2 .8 15 15 0 0 1 2 1.5 15 15 0 0 1 2 1.8 15 15 0 0 1 2.5 4.4 15 15 0 0 1 .5 2.3l.2 1v1a7 7 0 0 1-.2 1.9 4 4 0 0 1-.3 1.2l-.4 1h-1.2a8 8 0 0 1-.3-1 10 10 0 0 0-.3-1.2l-.5-1.3a14 14 0 0 0-.7-1.5l-.8-1.6-1-1.6-1.1-1.6c-.3-.6-.9-1-1.4-1.4l-1.4-1.3c-.5-.5-.9-.8-1.4-1a15 15 0 0 0-1.4-1 11 11 0 0 0-1.2-.7 10 10 0 0 0-1-.5l-10 2.2a5 5 0 0 1 .9.2 18 18 0 0 1 2.1 1 12 12 0 0 1 2.1 1.4 15 15 0 0 1 1.9 1.8 17 17 0 0 1 1.5 2.2 15 15 0 0 1 1 2.2 18 18 0 0 1 .5 2.3v2a8 8 0 0 1 0 1.8 5 5 0 0 1-.4 1.3 11 11 0 0 1-.4 1h-1.1l-.4-1a8 8 0 0 0-.3-1.2l-.5-1.3-.7-1.5-.8-1.6a19 19 0 0 0-1-1.6l-1.1-1.6c-.3-.6-.9-1-1.3-1.4l-1.4-1.3c-.4-.5-1-.7-1.5-1a17 17 0 0 0-1.3-1l-1.3-.7a9 9 0 0 0-1-.5l-.7-.4-26.6-22.6 1-6.8-2.8-15.8 2.7-6.8v-22.6l-29 25.9-.8-.8 85.1-100.1-.7-1.8-24.9-4.4.1-1.2h44.6c4.6 5.8 14.5 7.4 21.7 5.4l.3-1-9-14.4 3.7-2.5c3.6-2.1 6.8-1.2 10.3 3.9 3.3 4.8 4.9 11 1 14.8l.7 1a22.8 22.8 0 0 0 14.8-8.4c5-6.6 4.2-16.7-2-24-5.3-6-14.8-15.5-14.8-15.5 1-11.4-5-21.3-16-25.8-24-9.6-42.3-16.5-42.3-16.5l-57.9-.1-.2-1.3 57.6-6.8 17.3-15.2 65.4-26.1a15.4 15.4 0 0 0 9-9.5c8.5-23.3 34.6-93.1 34.6-93.1L848.7 178l-.6-1-53 37.8-.7-.8 22.5-45-1-.6-34.7 49.8-1-.4 4-49.7-1.2-.3-12.6 50.6h-1.2l-20.4-50.7-1.2.4 15 60.4-1.8 28.4-1.1.1-3.3-25-35.7-60.7-1 .6 28.7 64.2 2.2 47.3h-1.2l-6.2-44.1-46.8-59.3-.9.7 40.4 62 2.6 65-1.1.1-8.2-61.5-52-54.4-.9.8 44.2 57.7 5.2 74.8h-1.2l-11.9-71-54-46.3-.8.9 46.7 50.5 8 78-1.2.3-15.8-73.5-54.7-37.3-.7 1 46.8 41.4 12.7 77.2-1.2.3-20.3-72.1-52-28.5-.7 1 44.6 32.6 14.6 74.8-1.1.3-23.3-68.6-48.9-18.6-.5 1.2 41 23.3 17 68.3-1.1.4-25.9-61.3-46.3-8.4-.3 1.2 38.3 13.7 19.7 59.6-1 .5-29.6-50.8-38.9-3.2-.2 1.2 30.5 10 23 48.2-1 .7-32-38.8-35.2 2.1-.1 1.2 28 5.2 25.5 37.5-.8.8-33.3-27.5-37.6 8.4.2 1.3h30.8l28.3 26.7-.6 1-34.3-16-39.3 6v1.3l35 1.4 29.7 18.8-.4 1.1-32.7-11.2-52.8 10 .1 1.2 49.5-1.1 30.2 13.9-.4 1-31.6-7.4-79.7 13.4v1.1l62.5 4.8.2 1.1-50.1 9v1.1l34.2 2v1.2L490.2 453h.2-.2l16.7 21.8-1 1-38-32.3-98.2-136.2-89.3-45.8-70.9-63.8L188 139l-1.2.3 7.8 66.3 34.4 55.2-1 .8-50-41.5-23.8-46-1.3.3 8.4 54 24.4 44.3-.8.7-39.8-32.4-20.6-30.9-1.2.5 9.6 41.8 25.4 37.4-.8.8-39.5-22.7-17.4-22-1.2.6 11.3 32.5 18.3 23-.6.8-18.2-3.5-.5 1.2 38.8 36.4-.4 1.1-33.7-2-.3 1.7 48.2 29.8-.2 1.1-22.4 1.8-.1 1.2 55.8 21.3v1l-21.8 7.6.2 1.3 134.7 9.9v1l-75 .6-1.5 15.4 94-1.5v1.2l-67.3 7.2-3 18.3 91.5-12.6.3 1.1-71.4 16.4L275 481l94-25.8.4 1.2-77.5 30.3.4 19.3 95-39.5.4 1-76.6 41.3 2.6 19.8 93-47.3.6 1-76 48.2 4.3 16.8 89.7-49.3.6 1-69.6 46.5 6.7 17.9 74-44.2.7 1-48.6 36 8.5 17 36-22 .6.8-13.5 11.7 6.7 13.5 8-2.9 11.3-4 6.2-2.3c1-.3 2-.9 3-1.3s2-1 3-1.6a42 42 0 0 0 5.4-4l1.3-1 1.1-1.2a29 29 0 0 0 2.2-2.4c.8-.7 1.4-1.6 2-2.4l1.8-2.4c.6-.8 1-1.7 1.4-2.5l1.3-2.4a42 42 0 0 0 1.7-4.3c.5-1.3.8-2.5 1-3.5l.6-2.3.2-.8 1.2.2v.8l-.4 2.4c-.1 1-.4 2.3-.9 3.7a45 45 0 0 1-1.4 4.7l-1.1 2.6-1.3 2.7c-.4 1-1.1 1.8-1.7 2.8l-1.9 2.8-2.1 2.7-1.2 1.3-1.3 1.2a46 46 0 0 1-5.6 4.8l-3 2-3.3 1.8a4341 4341 0 0 1-17.4 7.6L334 618.7 266.2 725l4 2.7 75.6-87.8 1 .7-45 66.2 27.6-4.3L371 641l1 .6-30.3 59.6 26-1.7 28.1-57.6 1.2.5-19.1 56.5 26.3-1.8 16.4-54.1 1.3.2-9.2 53 26.8-5.2 5.8-48.7h1.3v46.3l19.9-11.2-3-35 1.2-.2 7 32 7.1 4 5.3 14.4 7.8 2.7 15.8 12.8 6 4.8-.1.3-.4.7-10.3-4.5a3612 3612 0 0 0-114.5 33.4h.2l38.7 22.2 19 11 8.8 5 2.1 1.2 1 .5.5.3.3.1v.1l.3.2a22 22 0 0 1 3.6 2.9 16.3 16.3 0 0 1 4.3 7 16 16 0 0 1 .4 6.3 17 17 0 0 1-1 3.8l-.5 1.3-1.3-.5.4-1.3a16 16 0 0 0 .5-3.5 13 13 0 0 0-.7-5.4 14 14 0 0 0-4-5.6 17 17 0 0 0-3.4-2.3l-.3-.2-.6-.2-1-.4-2.2-1c-3-1.3-6-2.7-9.3-4l-20.1-9-12.9-5.6-29.7 9.5c-12.7 4-11.9 21 .1 25.4a2016 2016 0 0 0 54.1 19.8 47 47 0 0 0 39.6-2.6l47.5-21.6c33.7-17.9 81.2-56.1 81.2-56.1l.8.8-37 35.3c25.1-11.3 49.5-21.9 65.7-28.4a443 443 0 0 0 55.1-33.2l.8.8-25.4 23c28.8-5.5 76.1-10 101.7-10 34 .1 34.7-29.2 16.7-39.2m-86.1-202c4.5 4.4 9.2 8.6 13.8 13a19 19 0 0 1 1.4 1.9 10 10 0 0 1 .7 1l.5 1a15 15 0 0 1 .9 2.1 12 12 0 0 1 .4 2.2 11 11 0 0 1 .2 2.3 8 8 0 0 1 0 1.1c0 .4-.2.8-.3 1.1a13 13 0 0 1-.7 2.2c0 .3-.3.7-.5 1l-.5.9-1-.6.4-1a6 6 0 0 0 .4-.9 12 12 0 0 0 .4-1.9 8 8 0 0 0 0-1v-1a10 10 0 0 0-.3-1.9 10 10 0 0 0-.7-1.8 11 11 0 0 0-.9-1.7 7 7 0 0 0-.5-.8 9 9 0 0 0-.6-.8 15 15 0 0 0-1.3-1.3c-5-3.7-10-7.6-15.2-11.3zM669 475a6 6 0 0 1 1-2.6l.3-.4a3 3 0 0 1 .5-.6l.9-.7a6 6 0 0 1 1.2-.7l.3-.2 1.4-.2h.3l.8 1.5-.2.2a9 9 0 0 1-1 .9 1 1 0 0 1-.1.3l-.3.5-.3.5a1 1 0 0 1 0 .3l-.2.4a1 1 0 0 0 0 .3v.3a2 2 0 0 0 0 .5v.2a2 2 0 0 0 0 .6 2 2 0 0 0 .2.7v.2l.4.5a1 1 0 0 0 .2.4.7.7 0 0 1 .3.3 2 2 0 0 1 .5.4h.2l.4.3a4 4 0 0 0 1.3.3 4 4 0 0 0 1.3-.2l.6-.2.2-.1.4-.3a2 2 0 0 0 .5-.4l.3-.3a1 1 0 0 0 .2-.3l.1-.3a2 2 0 0 0 .3-.3l.2-.6a3 3 0 0 0 .2-.7v-.4a7 7 0 0 1 0-1v-.3l1.4-.6.2.3a9 9 0 0 1 .7 1.2l.2.4a6 6 0 0 1 .3 1.3v1a4 4 0 0 1-.2 1v.3a6.5 6.5 0 0 1-1.2 2.6 7 7 0 0 1-2.4 2l-.2.3-.4.1-.2.1-.8.3a6 6 0 0 1-1.7.3h-.6a9 9 0 0 1-3.2-.7l-.4-.2a7 7 0 0 1-1.2-.8 5 5 0 0 1-.7-.6 5 5 0 0 1-.7-.7 6 6 0 0 1-1-1.6l-.4-.9v-.3l-.1-.3v-.3a7 7 0 0 1-.2-1.5 5 5 0 0 1 .4-1.5m-1.7 33a9 9 0 0 1 1.3-2.6 8 8 0 0 1 .8-1l.4-.3.2-.2h.2l.2-.3a11 11 0 0 1 2.6-1.2 7 7 0 0 1 3.9-.2 5 5 0 0 1 1.2.3l1 .4a10 10 0 0 1 .8.6 9 9 0 0 1 .8.6l.6.7.5.6.2.5.4 1-.9.8a10 10 0 0 1-.9-.6l-.4-.2-.5-.2a6 6 0 0 0-1.1-.3 4 4 0 0 0-1-.2h-.4a2 2 0 0 0-.7 0h-.8a7 7 0 0 0-1.4.5 6 6 0 0 0-1.3.6l-.2.2-.4.4a2 2 0 0 0-.5.5 8 8 0 0 0-.9 1.1c-.1.2-.1.5-.3.7a2 2 0 0 0-.2.7 8 8 0 0 0-.4 1.3 6 6 0 0 0 0 1.3v.5l.1.5a7 7 0 0 1 .2 1l-.7.5a9 9 0 0 1-.9-.7l-.4-.5-.4-.6-.4-.7a7 7 0 0 1-.3-.9l-.3-1v-1.1a9 9 0 0 1 .3-2.5M221 223.1l1.5-1 39.9 53.1 65.5 31.4-.9 1.8-70.4-27.1zm-64 44.3 1.3-1.4 42.7 40.2 86.6 28-.6 1.8-91.6-23.3zm-22 23.3 1.2-1.2 46 37.4 102.4 28-.5 2-106.4-23zm8.2 55.4.6-1.8 141.7 29.2-.4 2-105-16zm151.3 49.3-74.6-6.8-37.7-11 .5-1.9 112 17.8zm3-77L222 293.3l-31.3-43.1 1.3-1.1 36.3 38.6 70.1 29zm9.6 27.1-1.3-.6.1-16.3 1.6-.2 1.8 9.8 33.3-17 .8 1.4zm4.6 25.3.2-16.3 1.6-.2 1.8 9.8 44-23.3.7 1.3-47 29.3zm14 23.2-1.4-.8.3-16.3 1.5-.2 1.8 9.9 46.5-25.2.8 1.3zm18.5 19-1.4-.6.2-16.4 1.6-.1 1.8 9.9 45.5-23.8.8 1.3zm23.2 16.5-1.2-.7.2-16.2 1.6-.3 1.8 9.9 40-20.9 1 1.3zm25 15.8-1.2-.6.3-16 1.4-.3 1.9 9.7 33.2-17 .8 1.3zm24.6 15.1-1.3-.6.3-15.6h1.5l1.8 9L443 442l.8 1.3zm20.2 15.2-1.1-.7.6-13h1.4l1.5 6.8 16.9-7.4.7 1.2zm15.3 16.4-1.2-.8 1.4-11.9 1.5.2.6 5.8 20.6-9.1.8 1.3zm12.3 37-1.1-.8 1.6-9.4h1.4l.3 3.6 9.8-4 .8 1.3zm-3.9-19.7-1.2-.8 1.5-9.4h1.5l.5 3.7 14.5-7 .8 1.2zm-56 111.1-.8-.7 2.3-4.3-4.4-1.9.2-1.1h11.4l.3 1zm32 0-.8-.7 2.3-4.3-4.4-1.9.2-1.1h11.4l.4 1zm8.4 186-11.5-4-11.5-3.8-23-7.3-.2-.1a3 3 0 0 1-2-3.9 3 3 0 0 1 2-2l23.7-6.5.4 1-15.6 8.2 16 7.1c3.8 1.6 7.4 3.4 11 5l11 5.2zm121.5-201.2-1-.6 2.1-5.9-6-1.5v-1l14-2.4.5 1zm-24.4-34.8v-1l21-7 .7.8-12.4 18.5-1-.4 1.9-10zm-9 43.2v-1.1l11.2-2 .5 1-7.7 8.4-1-.5 1.6-4.6zm.9-77.2-.1-1.1 21.3-6.2.7.9-13.1 18-1-.5 2.2-9.9zm55.2 42.7-1-.6 2-5.8-6-1.5V570l14-2.3.5 1zm17.2-54.3 2.5-5.7-5.9-2 .2-1 14.1-1.3.5 1-10.5 9.7zm18.5-62.3h11.4l.3 1-9 7-.8-.7 2.3-4.3-4.4-2zm-5.7 83.2-7.8 8.3-1-.5 1.6-4.6-4.6-1.2v-1.1l11.2-1.9zm-.7-62.2-14 10.9-.8-.7 3.8-7-7.3-3.2.2-1.1h17.8zm-26.1-28h14.2l.3 1-11.2 8.7-.8-.7 3-5.5-5.8-2.4zm-1.5 80.7L580 549.9l-1-.5 2.2-7.6-7.8-1.5V539l17.4-3.8zm-1.5-34.3.5.9-14 16.1-1-.5 3-9.2-9.5-2V506zm-7.6-25.7-14 10.8-1-.7 4-7-7.4-3.1.3-1.1h17.8zm-26.8-20.7h11.4l.3 1-9 7-.8-.7 2.3-4.3-4.5-2zm-5.1 41.7.5 1-15.4 16-1-.6 3.5-9.5-9.8-2.6v-1.1zm-35.2 93V589l17.5-3.6.5 1-11.5 13.5-1-.5 2.3-7.7zm8-119.6h17.7l.4 1-14 10.9-.9-.8 3.8-7-7.3-3zm-1 86.8-10.7 14.2-1-.5 1.8-7.8-7.8-1V561l17-4.7zm-5.4-28.5-11 13-1-.6 2.1-7.3-7.4-1.5v-1.1l16.7-3.5zm-20-25.5 14-2.3.5 1-9.6 10.4-1-.6 2-5.8-6-1.5zm-36.7 98.4-.9-.7 2.4-4.3-4.5-2 .3-1h11.4l.3 1zm9.3 25.1-.8-.7 2.3-4.2-4.4-2 .2-1h11.4l.3 1zm13-42-1-.7 3-5.6-5.9-2.2.2-1.2 14.2-.4.4 1zm8.8 23.8-.9-.7 3-5.5-5.7-2.4.3-1.1h14.2l.3 1zm13.8 20.4-.9-.7 2.4-4.3-4.5-2 .3-1h11.4l.3 1zM456 747l-3.9 1.3-3 .9-2.8.8-4 1.2-.6-1.7.3-.2 3.5-1.4 4.2-1.7 1-.4 4.3-1.7a586 586 0 0 1 11.9-4.5l1.5-.5 3-1.1c4-1.4 8.2-3 12.5-4.4a942 942 0 0 1 15.7-5l2.1-.7 5-1.5 6.6-1.7 8-2 1.8-.5 3.8-.8h.3l.6 1.7-.4.1-3.6 1.4-2.5.9-7 2.4-6.4 2.1-1.5.5-5.7 2c-5 1.7-10.2 3.4-15.5 5l-4 1.4-11.5 3.8-5.5 1.7zm122-22.5-3.9 1.3-9.3 3.3-2.1.7-6.7 2.3c-3.2 1-6.5 2.3-9.7 3.4L525 743l-13.7 5-7.5 2.7c-2.3 1-4.5 1.7-6.7 2.5l-3 1-6.2 2.3-2.6 1a650 650 0 0 1-9.4 3.3l-3.7 1.4-5 1.7-.4.1-.7-1.7.4-.2 4.9-2 3.6-1.6 9.2-3.9 1.8-.7 6.8-2.8 3.1-1.2 6.6-2.6 7.5-2.9c4.5-1.6 9-3.4 13.7-5l21.4-7.4 5-1.7 4.8-1.5 9-2.7 9.3-2.7 4-1.2 5.5-1.6.6 1.8zm-49-22 .1-1.2a11 11 0 0 1 1.2-.2 5 5 0 0 1 1.3 0 6 6 0 0 1 1.7 0h.4l.6.2a10 10 0 0 1 1 .3 16 16 0 0 1 2.2.8 14 14 0 0 1 2.1 1.4 15 15 0 0 1 2 1.8l.5.7a9 9 0 0 1 1 1.4 16 16 0 0 1 1 2.3 13 13 0 0 1 .6 2.3l.2 1v1a8 8 0 0 1-.2 1.8 5 5 0 0 1-.2 1.3l-.4 1h-1.2l-.3-1a6 6 0 0 0-.4-1.1 12 12 0 0 0-.5-1.4 11 11 0 0 0-.7-1.5 15 15 0 0 0-.9-1.6l-1-1.5-1.2-1.5-1-1a2 2 0 0 0-.3-.4l-1.4-1.3c-.4-.4-1-.8-1.5-1a16 16 0 0 0-1.4-.9l-1.3-.7-1-.5zm34.7-9 .4.1a16 16 0 0 1 2.2.9 12 12 0 0 1 2.1 1.4 15 15 0 0 1 2 1.7 12 12 0 0 1 1.5 2.2 15 15 0 0 1 1 2.2 15 15 0 0 1 .6 2.3l.2 1v1a10 10 0 0 1-.1 1.8 5 5 0 0 1-.3 1.3l-.4 1h-1.1a11 11 0 0 1-.4-1c0-.4-.2-.8-.4-1.2l-.5-1.3a14 14 0 0 0-.7-1.5 16 16 0 0 0-.9-1.6l-1-1.5-1.1-1.6c-.4-.6-.9-1-1.4-1.4L564 698a18 18 0 0 0-1.4-1 17 17 0 0 0-2.7-1.6 10 10 0 0 0-1-.6l-.4-.1-8.6 2.1-1.2.3 1 .3a18 18 0 0 1 2.2 1 13 13 0 0 1 2 1.3 13 13 0 0 1 2 1.8 15 15 0 0 1 1.5 2.1 14 14 0 0 1 1.1 2.3 18 18 0 0 1 .6 2.3l.2 1v1a10 10 0 0 1-.1 1.7 8 8 0 0 1-.3 1.3 7 7 0 0 1-.4 1h-1.2l-.3-1a9 9 0 0 0-.4-1.1l-.5-1.3-.7-1.6-.8-1.5-1-1.6c-.3-.6-.9-1-1.2-1.5a16 16 0 0 0-1.4-1.4l-1.4-1.3c-.4-.5-1-.7-1.4-1l-1.4-.9-1.3-.7-1-.5-.9-.4-15.4-17.8-7.6-42.6 1.5-.7 29.4 35.8 10.2-.2 26.2 14.6zm46.6-11.1.1-1 1.2-.1a6 6 0 0 1 1.3 0 11 11 0 0 1 1.7 0h.1l.9.2 1 .3a12 12 0 0 1 4.2 2.4 10 10 0 0 1 1.5 1.4l.4.4a14 14 0 0 1 1.5 2.1 17 17 0 0 1 1 2.3 14 14 0 0 1 .5 2.3l.1 1v1a7 7 0 0 1-.1 1.8 6 6 0 0 1-.3 1.3l-.5 1h-1l-.4-1a8 8 0 0 0-.4-1.2l-.5-1.3-.6-1.5-.9-1.6-1-1.6a18 18 0 0 0-1.1-1.6l-1.3-1.4a4 4 0 0 0-.7-.6 11 11 0 0 1-.7-.7l-1.4-1-1.4-1-1.3-.7-1-.5-1-.5zm36.6 23.6-1.8.6-1.4.4-3.4 1a259 259 0 0 1-14.5 3.5l-1.4.3a346 346 0 0 1-13.7 3l-3.6.5-1.4.2-1.9.3h-.3l-.4-1.8.3-.1 1.8-.6 1-.4 3.8-1.2c4.4-1.4 9.8-2.9 14.6-4l8-1.6 7-1.2 3.6-.4 1.4-.2 2-.2h.3l.3 1.8zm17-16.9h-.3l-.4-1.8h.3l2.4-.7a417 417 0 0 1 6.2-1.6 444 444 0 0 1 18.9-4h.2l10-1.8 8.3-1.2h.6l4.8-.6 1.5-.2 2.4-.2h.4l.3 1.8h-.4l-2.3.7-1.7.4-4.5 1-4.8 1-4 .9-8.5 1.7-1.6.3a450 450 0 0 1-23.7 3.8l-1.7.2-2.4.4zm78 2.3-3.2.5-5.5 1a457 457 0 0 1-12.3 2l-7 1-1.4.2-5.7.9-5.5.7-8.6 1.3-4.9.7-1.6.2-5.8.8-6 .8-2.7.3-3.7.4-.3-1.8 3.6-.8 2.5-.6 6.1-1.2 3.2-.7 2.6-.5 2.6-.5 3.8-.7c2.1-.4 4.5-.9 7-1.2l7.1-1.1 7.2-1 7-1 8.2-.8 4.1-.5 7.8-.6 1-.1 3.4-.2h.3l.2 1.8z"></path></symbol><symbol id="6f4d1bc6d16cc062" viewBox="0 0 12 12"><path fill="currentColor" d="M2.46 1.07 3.54 0l6 6-6 6-1.08-1.07L7.4 6z"></path></symbol><symbol id="0a0df087e37b7de2" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path fill="currentColor" d="M0 3h16v2H0zm0 4h16v2H0zm0 4h16v2H0z"></path></symbol><symbol id="6b081fe6f5d2d48e" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><circle cx="12" cy="12" r="12" fill="#fff"></circle><path fill="#353533" d="M17.9 15.8c-.2-.1-.2-.1-1.2-.7 0 0-.8.2-1.8.4 0 0 0 .1.1.1v.1h-.2v.1l-.6-.5v-.2l-.1-.4.1-.2V14l-.6.6 1.9-2.2-.6-.1h1c.1.1.3.2.5.1l-.2-.3.1-.1c.1 0 .2 0 .2.1q.15.15 0 .3c.1 0 .2-.1.3-.2s.1-.4 0-.5l-.3-.3c0-.3-.1-.5-.4-.6-.5-.2-.9-.4-.9-.4h-1.3l1.3-.2.4-.3 1.5-.6s.1 0 .1-.1l.1-.1.8-2.1 1.8-2.4-1.2.8.5-1-.8 1.1.1-1.1-.3 1.1-.5-1.1.3 1.3v.6l-.1-.6-.8-1.3.6 1.4v1l-.1-1-1-1.3.9 1.4.1 1.4-.9-1.3-1.2-1.2 1 1.3.1 1.7-.3-1.6-1.2-1 1 1.1.2 1.7-.4-1.6-1.2-.8 1 .9.3 1.7-.5-1.6-1.1-.6 1 .7.3 1.7-.5-1.5-1.1-.4.9.5.4 1.5-.6-1.4-1-.2.8.3.4 1.4-.7-1.1-.9-.1.7.2.5 1.1-.7-.9h-.8l.6.1.6.8-.7-.6-.8.2h.7l.5.8-.8-.4-.9.1h.8l.7.4-.7-.2-1.2.2H13l.7.3-.7.1-1.8.3 1.4.1-1.1.2h.8l-.9.2.4.5-.8-.7-2.2-3-2-1-1.7-1.3-.4-1.3.2 1.5.8 1.2-1.2-.9-.5-1 .2 1.2.5 1-1-.8-.4-.6.2.9.5.8-.9-.5-.4-.4.3.7.4.5-.5-.1.9.9H3l1.1.7h-.5l1.2.5-.4.2 3 .2H5.7v.3h2.1l-1.5.2-.1.4 2-.3-1.6.4v.5l2.1-.6-1.7.8v.4l2.1-.9-1.7.9.1.4 2.1-1-1.7 1.1.1.4 2-1.1-1.5 1 .1.5 1.6-1-1.1.8.2.4.8-.5-.3.3.1.3.2-.1.3-.1.1-.1h.2l.1-.1v-.8.8l-.1.1h-.2c-.1.1-.3.1-.4.2l-2.3.9-1.5 2.4.1.1 1.7-1.9-1 1.5.6-.1.9-1.4-.7 1.3h.6l.6-1.3-.2 1.3h.6l.4-1.2-.2 1.2.6-.1.1-1.1v1l.4-.2-.1-.8.2.7.2.1.1.3.2.1.4.3.1.1-.2-.1c-.9.2-1.7.5-2.5.7l.9.5.4.2.2.1s.1 0 .1.1c0 0 .1.1.1.2v.2-.2s0-.1-.1-.1l-.1-.1c-.1 0-.1-.1-.2-.1l-.4-.2-.3-.1-.8.2c-.3.1-.3.5 0 .6.4.2.8.3 1.2.4.1.1.3.1.4.1.2 0 .3-.1.4-.1l1.1-.5c.7-.4 1.8-1.2 1.8-1.2l-.8.8q.9-.45 1.5-.6c.4-.2.8-.5 1.2-.7l-.6.5c.6-.1 1.7-.2 2.3-.2.7-.1.8-.8.4-1M16 11.3l.3.3v.1c-.2-.1-.3-.2-.3-.4m-.7-.3s.1 0 0 0q.15 0 0 0 .15 0 0 0l.1-.1v.1h-.2zq0 .15 0 0 0 .15 0 0m0 .8s0-.1 0 0q0-.15 0 0l.1-.1h.1c-.1.1-.1.1-.2.1q.15 0 0 0 .15 0 0 0c.1 0 .1.1 0 0l.1.1v-.1zM5.4 5.4l.9 1.2 1.5.7-1.6-.6zM4 6.4l1 .9 1.9.6-2-.5zm-.5.5 1 .8 2.3.6-2.4-.4zm.2 1.3 3.2.6-2.4-.3zM7 9.3l-1.6-.2-.9-.2zm.1-1.7L5.4 7l-.7-1 .8.9zm.2.6v-.4.2l.7-.4zm.1.5v-.4.2l1-.5zm.3.5v-.4.2l1-.6zm.4.5v-.4.2l1-.5zm.6.3v-.4.2l.9-.5zm.5.4V10v.2l.8-.4zm.6.3v-.4.2l.5-.2zm.4.4v-.3.2l.4-.2zm.3.3v-.3.1l.5-.2zm.3.8V12v.1l.2-.1zm-.1-.4v-.2.1l.3-.2zm-1.2 2.5v-.1h-.1.3zm.7 0v-.1h-.1.3zm.2 4.1-.3-.1-.3-.1-.5-.2.5-.1-.3.1.4.2c.1 0 .2.1.2.1zm2.7-4.5v-.1H13l.3-.1zm-.6-.7.5-.2-.3.4v-.2zm-.2.9.2-.1-.2.2zm.1-1.7.5-.2-.3.4v-.2zm1.2.9v-.1h-.1l.3-.1zm.4-1.2V12h-.1.3zm.4-1.3h.3l-.2.2zm-.2 1.8-.2.2v-.1h-.1zm0-1.4-.3.2.1-.2-.2-.1zm-.5-.6h.3l-.2.2.1-.1zm-.1 1.8-.2.3v-.2h-.2zm0-.8-.3.4.1-.2h-.2zm-.2-.5-.3.2.1-.2H13zm-.6-.5h.3l-.2.2zm-.1.9-.3.4.1-.2-.2-.1zm-.8 2.1.4-.1-.3.3.1-.2zm.2-2.7h.4l-.3.2.1-.2zm0 2-.2.3V13h-.2zm-.1-.7-.2.3v-.2h-.2zm-.5-.5.3-.1-.2.2v-.1zm-.8 2.2v-.1h-.1.3zm.2.5v-.1h-.1.3zm.3-.9v-.1h-.1.3zm.2.5v-.1l-.1-.1h.3zm.3.5v-.1h-.1.3zm-1.1 2.6h-.4zc.1-.1.2-.1.2-.2h.1c.1 0 .2-.1.3-.1s.2-.1.3-.1h.5-.2l-.2.1h-.2c-.1 0-.2.1-.3.1H11l-.1.1h-.1zm2.7-.5-.3.1-.1.1c-.1 0-.1.1-.2.1l-.5.1-.3.1-.2.1c-.1 0-.1 0-.1.1h-.1l-.1.1h-.1c-.1 0-.1 0-.2.1h-.2.2l.2-.1.2-.1h.1l.1-.1.2-.1c.1 0 .2-.1.3-.1l.5-.2h.2l.2-.1zl.1-.1zm-1.1-.5q.15 0 0 0 .15 0 0 0 .15 0 0 0h.1v.2c0-.2 0-.2-.1-.2m.8-.2s.1 0 0 0c.1 0 .1 0 .1.1v.1zq0 .15 0 0c0 .1-.1 0 0 0h-.3v.2l-.3-.4-.2-.9.7.8h.2l.6.3zm1-.3q.15 0 0 0 .15 0 0 0h.1s.1 0 .1.1v.2zm.9.6h-.1c-.1 0-.2.1-.3.1s-.2 0-.3.1h-.1.1c.1 0 .2-.1.3-.1h.4zm.3-.4c.1-.1.1-.1.2-.1s.3-.1.4-.1h.6-.6c-.1.1-.3.2-.6.2m1.8 0h-1.6 1.8z"></path></symbol><symbol id="d19337775de06d7c" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path fill="currentColor" d="M16 0a16 16 0 1 0 .01 32.01A16 16 0 0 0 16 0m-3.2 24-8-8 2.26-2.26 5.74 5.73L24.94 7.33 27.2 9.6z"></path></symbol><symbol id="49dd8d1b9676e37e" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><circle cx="16" cy="16" r="15" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2"></circle><path fill="currentColor" d="M23 7H9v18l7-3 7 3zm-2 15-5-2.18L11 22V9h10z"></path></symbol><symbol id="376fb154e7aaf042" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M16 32a16 16 0 1 0 0-32 16 16 0 0 0 0 32m0-11.05 6.03 2.6V8.02H9.98v15.55z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></symbol><symbol id="4d1b72e3f6ac55c7" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><circle cx="16" cy="16" r="16" fill="currentColor"></circle><path fill="#fff" d="M13.5 31.83q1.02.16 2.09.2h.84q1.06-.04 2.07-.2v-11.2h3.73l.7-4.62H18.5v-3c0-1.27.62-2.5 2.6-2.5h2.02V6.56s-1.83-.31-3.58-.31c-3.65 0-6.04 2.21-6.04 6.22V16H9.44v4.63h4.06z"></path></symbol><symbol id="83f0addbd2f6f2be" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><circle cx="16" cy="16" r="16" fill="currentColor"></circle><path fill="#fff" fill-rule="evenodd" d="m24 7-6.55 7.62L24.57 25h-5.23l-4.8-6.99L8.56 25H7l6.86-8L7 7h5.23l4.54 6.62L22.44 7zm-9.36 9.1.7 1 4.72 6.78h2.38l-5.8-8.31-.69-1-4.46-6.4H9.1l5.53 7.93Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></symbol><symbol id="dade8ead527a9e32" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><circle cx="16" cy="16" r="16" fill="currentColor"></circle><path fill="#fff" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M16.09 5c2.88 0 5.7 1.13 7.73 3.21A10.8 10.8 0 0 1 27 15.88a10.98 10.98 0 0 1-16.19 9.63L5 27l1.56-5.65A10.9 10.9 0 0 1 16.09 5m-4.98 18.55.36.18a9 9 0 0 0 9.36-.12 8.94 8.94 0 0 0 2.93-12.43 9.1 9.1 0 0 0-12.53-2.91A8.95 8.95 0 0 0 8.3 20.7l.24.35-.9 3.4zm9.6-5.47.66.3q.17.1.18.12v.41c-.07.3-.12.6-.24.84q-.1.17-.3.35l-.18.15-.18.15-.12.12-.22.13-.2.1c-.24.13-.6.24-.9.24h-.6q-.15-.04-.3-.05-.16-.02-.3-.06a11 11 0 0 1-4.32-2.26 2 2 0 0 0-.3-.31l-.18-.17-.24-.24a10 10 0 0 1-2.22-3.03l-.06-.18a3 3 0 0 1 .51-3.39l.15-.18.18-.11q.09-.08.18-.12l.06-.06.18-.03.18-.03h.66c.18.06.3.12.42.3.18.35.9 1.96.96 2.25.06.18 0 .42-.12.6l-.15.2-.15.22c-.18.17-.42.47-.42.47q-.07.1-.06.3.04.06.05.11l.07.13.06.11c.3.54.72 1.02 1.14 1.43l.21.18.21.18a6 6 0 0 0 1.74 1.13l.3.12c.06.06.18.12.24.12h.06q.2 0 .3-.18l.9-1.01q.16-.1.42-.12l.09.03.09.03c.6.3 1.56.71 1.56.71" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></symbol><symbol id="0efb5aeedd4906d0" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><circle cx="16" cy="16" r="16" fill="currentColor"></circle><path fill="#fff" d="M6 8.25h-.75v15.5h21.5V8.25zm.75 12.98V10.76l5.4 5.21zm1.1 1.02 5.39-5.23 1.05 1.01c.49.47 1.14.67 1.74.67s1.25-.2 1.73-.66l1.04-1 5.35 5.21zm17.4-1.02-5.36-5.22 5.36-5.14zM7.86 9.75h16.4l-7.54 7.2a1 1 0 0 1-.69.25q-.45-.01-.7-.25z"></path></symbol><symbol id="8b9185e0e27e46a7" viewBox="0 0 308 51"><path fill="#F7F7F7" d="M0 0h308v51H0z"></path><path fill="#EB1426" d="M0 43h34.22v8H0z"></path><path fill="#FF8111" d="M34.22 43h34.22v8H34.22z"></path><path fill="#40A9EF" d="M68.45 43h34.22v8H68.45z"></path><path fill="#F1C40F" d="M102.67 43h34.22v8h-34.22z"></path><path fill="#D84BA2" d="M136.89 43h34.22v8h-34.22z"></path><path fill="#57D68D" d="M171.11 43h34.22v8h-34.22z"></path><path fill="#6678F0" d="M205.33 43h34.22v8h-34.22z"></path><path fill="#FD5D65" d="M239.56 43h34.22v8h-34.22z"></path><path fill="#FFADE0" d="M273.78 43H308v8h-34.22z"></path><path fill="#EB1426" d="M12 30.85h39.78v2.07H12zm56.1 0h44.88v2.08H68.1z"></path><path fill="#191919" d="M61.63 27.41c-.38.33-.73.67-1.14.95a4.6 4.6 0 0 1-3.72.86 3.8 3.8 0 0 1-2.88-2.47 10 10 0 0 1-.6-3.52q-.02-1.85 0-3.7l-.04-.53-.88-.08c-.17-.32-.18-3.74-.01-4.11h6.5q.05.24.05.52l.02 2.68q.01 2.62.05 5.26c.01 1.2.9 1.8 1.98 1.36a1 1 0 0 0 .66-.75q.08-.39.09-.78v-3.65c0-.14-.03-.26-.05-.45l-1.22-.08v-4.1h6.8q.05.23.07.47.01 6.33-.01 12.68a9 9 0 0 1-.76 3.62 5.6 5.6 0 0 1-4.23 3.15c-2.17.42-4.34.26-6.5-.13l-1.53-.33-.45-.15v-4.16q.27 0 .47.04 2.55.46 5.14.37.58-.05 1.15-.2c.56-.13.99-.62 1.03-1.22.06-.5.05-1.02.07-1.53zM50.98 9.17v15.54l1 .1v4.05c-.27.14-6.16.17-6.6 0v-1.38l-.11-.03-.56.55a4.4 4.4 0 0 1-5.1.92c-1.17-.49-1.84-1.5-2.3-2.67a10 10 0 0 1-.62-3.08c-.1-1.64-.06-3.27.37-4.88.28-1.07.71-2.1 1.56-2.8a4.2 4.2 0 0 1 4.83-.56c.54.26 1 .72 1.48 1.1q.16.14.27.33l.1-.04v-2.96l-1.22-.07c-.14-.29-.18-3.59-.05-4.12l.4-.07h6.08zm-5.65 12.7q.02-.79 0-1.57-.04-1.27-1.26-1.3-1.36-.06-1.44 1.24a45 45 0 0 0 0 3.25c.03.84.55 1.27 1.4 1.25q1.24-.05 1.3-1.32.02-.75 0-1.55m-24.96 7.04v-4.1l.98-.11V19l-.97-.1v-4.07h6.6v1.45l.11.03q.38-.37.8-.72a4.7 4.7 0 0 1 4.41-1.02c1.45.4 2.3 1.48 2.7 2.92q.3 1.23.36 2.5c.05 1.4.01 2.8.02 4.2l.04.5 1.05.1c.01 1.38.02 2.72 0 4.11h-7.64c-.17-.33-.18-3.75-.01-4.1l.9-.07a1 1 0 0 0 .08-.28c-.02-1.38 0-2.78-.06-4.17-.06-1.16-1.16-1.7-2.11-1.1-.22.14-.4.45-.5.7a2 2 0 0 0-.09.74v3.63c0 .14.03.26.04.45l1 .08c.03 1.36 0 2.7 0 4.1q-.22.05-.46.07h-6.8q-.22 0-.45-.05m57.87-9.56h6.32l.07 1.25c.06 1 .15 2.01.53 2.95.31.77.82 1.3 1.67 1.36.65.05 1.23-.16 1.63-.72.52-.74.73-1.6.82-2.48q.09-1.02.15-2.06 0-.15.05-.32h6.34a11 11 0 0 1-.37 3.16 9 9 0 0 1-2.84 4.6c-2.66 2.3-7.24 2.56-10.42.58-2.97-1.86-4.1-5.5-3.95-8.32m24.51.01.03.75c.02 1.03.08 2.05.4 3.04q.2.56.52 1.05a1.8 1.8 0 0 0 2.96-.04c.48-.68.67-1.5.76-2.31.08-.68.09-1.37.14-2.05l.07-.42h6.36q.06 1.61-.4 3.18a8.7 8.7 0 0 1-2.79 4.55c-2.77 2.35-7.42 2.6-10.55.53-2.95-1.94-3.98-5.53-3.86-8.26zm11.2-.95h-6.34q0-.34-.05-.65c-.1-.85-.18-1.69-.34-2.52a3 3 0 0 0-.5-1.17 1.8 1.8 0 0 0-2.58-.58q-.33.23-.55.56a5.3 5.3 0 0 0-.74 2.6q-.05.66-.08 1.34l-.06.4h-6.32c-.19-2.14.7-5.69 3.27-7.7a9.3 9.3 0 0 1 10.41-.4c3.04 2.02 4.03 5.73 3.88 8.12m-18.12 0h-6.36l-.1-1.5a7 7 0 0 0-.62-2.58q-.77-1.4-2.27-1.04c-.55.13-.92.5-1.18.99-.36.68-.5 1.41-.57 2.17q-.09.95-.16 1.95h-6.35a10 10 0 0 1 .46-3.32 8.6 8.6 0 0 1 2.94-4.42 9.1 9.1 0 0 1 10.89.06 8.6 8.6 0 0 1 2.9 4.44q.45 1.59.42 3.25m-77.17 6.32.96.07c.17.29.21 3.72.04 4.15h-7.6V24.8l1-.08v-5.7l-1.02-.1c-.05-1.36-.03-2.7-.03-4.1h6.65zm60.19.56v3.38H68.4v-3.38h1.15c.75 0 1.05-.31 1.05-1.09v-4.27q0-.28.05-.58h6.2l.04.51v4.4q0 1.03.98 1.03zm-2.01-16.1v9.2H70.6v-4.33c-.81.38-1.47 1.05-2.4.68v-3.5l.2-.13q1.84-.95 3.7-1.86.2-.09.4-.08h3.95q.18-.01.4.02M15.37 8a2.8 2.8 0 0 1 2.78 2.86v.05a2.9 2.9 0 0 1-2.78 2.94 2.9 2.9 0 0 1-2.78-2.95c0-1.6 1.24-2.9 2.78-2.9"></path></symbol></svg><script type="application/json" id="js-globals">{"mode":"production","adTargeting":true,"domain":"independent.co.uk","ga":"","hubspot":"","siteKey":"","searchId":"","gptTag":"","userLogin":true,"userSubscribe":true,"userComments":true,"pianoEnvironment":"production","showcaseProductId":"independent.co.uk:showcase","prebidEnabled":true,"sentry":{"sampleRate":0.1,"tracesSampleRate":0.1,"release":"6.0.2","environment":"prod","cdn":"https://js-de.sentry-cdn.com/b13d2fa91fcf9109fbcf851a0c86c0f6.min.js","replaysSessionSampleRate":0.1,"replaysOnErrorSampleRate":1},"httpStatusCode":200,"lang":"en","staticHost":"static.independent.co.uk","indexExchange":{"scriptUrl":"//js-sec.indexww.com/ht/p/184658-111437137524152.js"},"ozone":{"publisherId":"OZONEESI0001","siteId":"4204204237","siteIdUS":"1500000491","tagId":"4441070001"},"MOCK_ENV":false,"ADOBE_ANALYTICS_OBJECT":"s_object","adNetworkId":931398,"manifest":{"react-archipelago.js":"/_build/react-archipelago.25d7167d5cefb49a66d8.js","prebid.js":"/_build/prebid.8c8709e4aec9f67b9596.js","prebid_non_uk.js":"/_build/prebid_non_uk.c26d29ad0a4c99a36544.js","init_register_wall.js":"/_build/init_register_wall.5fa2f129d7757c2831e3.js"},"config":{"mobileAppLinks":{"android":{"us":"https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.independent.mindsus","uk":"https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.freerange360.mpp.indy&hl=en_GB"},"ios":{"us":"https://apps.apple.com/us/app/the-independent-breaking-news/id1436169192","uk":"https://apps.apple.com/us/app/independent-premium/id499587380"}}},"adobe":{"host":"ssc.independent.co.uk","trackingServer":"sc.independent.co.uk","trackingServerSecure":"ssc.independent.co.uk","reportSuiteId":"indepdev"},"viafoura":{"endpoint":"https://livecomments.viafoura.co","section_uuid":"00000000-0000-4000-8000-a89270e0ff9b"},"featureFlags":{"feat__cmp_force_enable":false,"feat__debug_timings":false,"feat__force_piano_prod":false,"feat__debug_badge":false,"feat__debug_skin":false,"__DEBUG__":false,"feat__pride_logo_all":false,"feat__price_comparison_ab_test":false,"feat__ad_refresh":true,"feat__ad_api":true,"feat__flags_api":false,"feat__piano_marketing_sandbox":false,"feat__nsc_tide_repurpose":false,"feat__disable_xdomain_login":false,"feat__anonymised":true,"feat__pubx_integration":true,"feat__wine_disclaimer":false,"feat__no_pixels_player":false,"feat__subscription_save_offer":false,"feat__subscribe_now_copy_header":true,"feat__fullstory":false,"feat__dynamic_pricing":true,"feat__sentry":false,"feat__disable_premium_styles":true,"feat__replace_subscribe_with_support":true,"feat__add_support_content_to_drawer":false,"feat__us_contributions_encore_component":false,"feat__support_now_donate_copy":false,"feat__newsletter_page_redesign":false,"feat__new_editions":true,"feat__live_ramp":false,"feat__selling_page_no_app":false,"feat__us_donations_ab_test":false,"feat__primis_player":false,"feat__bulletin":true,"feat__dynamic_pricing_on_selling_page":false,"feat__navlinks_increased":true,"feat__dollar_sign":false},"featureModes":{},"adConfig":{"slots":{"out-of-page":{"refresh":false},"thirdparty_05":{"refresh":false},"skin":{"refresh":false},"thirdparty01":{"refresh":true,"intervalMS":150000},"thirdparty02":{"refresh":true,"intervalMS":150000},"bottom_banner_0":{"refresh":true,"intervalMS":13000},"mpu1":{"refresh":true,"intervalMS":13000},"top_banner":{"refresh":true,"intervalMS":13000},"blog_mpu_1":{"refresh":true,"intervalMS":13000},"blog_mpu_2":{"refresh":true,"intervalMS":13000},"blog_mpu_3":{"refresh":true,"intervalMS":13000},"blog_mpu_4":{"refresh":true,"intervalMS":13000},"blog_mpu_5":{"refresh":true,"intervalMS":13000},"partner_ad_1":{"refresh":true,"intervalMS":13000},"content":{"refresh":true,"intervalMS":13000},"mpu_bottom_sb_1":{"refresh":true,"intervalMS":13000},"mpu_bottom_sb_2":{"refresh":true,"intervalMS":13000},"bottom_mpu_1":{"refresh":true,"intervalMS":13000},"bottom_mpu_2":{"refresh":true,"intervalMS":13000},"bottom_mpu_3":{"refresh":true,"intervalMS":13000},"bottom_mpu_4":{"refresh":true,"intervalMS":13000},"bottom_mpu_5":{"refresh":true,"intervalMS":13000},"thirdparty_03":{"refresh":true,"intervalMS":13000},"billboard":{"refresh":true,"intervalMS":13000},"mobile_footer":{"refresh":true,"intervalMS":13000}},"settings":{"refresh":true,"intervalMS":13000,"renderMarginPercent":10,"mobileScaling":1},"advertisers":{"47286525":{"name":"House ads","forceRefresh":true,"disableRefresh":false},"50286645":{"name":"Collective via prebid","forceRefresh":true,"disableRefresh":false},"71453085":{"name":"Just Premium via prebid","forceRefresh":false,"disableRefresh":true},"88411725":{"name":"AdX","forceRefresh":true,"disableRefresh":false},"106848405":{"name":"Ad You Like via prebid","forceRefresh":true,"disableRefresh":false},"5165756391":{"name":"33Across via prebid","forceRefresh":true,"disableRefresh":false},"5154149170":{"name":"Improve Digital via prebid","forceRefresh":true,"disableRefresh":false},"5101369811":{"name":"Index Exchange via prebid","forceRefresh":true,"disableRefresh":false},"5241892486":{"name":"JWP via prebid","forceRefresh":false,"disableRefresh":false},"5132944217":{"name":"Kargo via prebid","forceRefresh":true,"disableRefresh":false},"4998716592":{"name":"Mediagrid via prebid","forceRefresh":true,"disableRefresh":false},"5300902965":{"name":"Minute Media via prebid","forceRefresh":true,"disableRefresh":false},"5028025877":{"name":"Pubmatic via prebid","forceRefresh":true,"disableRefresh":false},"4610208380":{"name":"Rubicon via prebid","forceRefresh":true,"disableRefresh":false},"5154144862":{"name":"Xandr via prebid","forceRefresh":true,"disableRefresh":false},"5015554781":{"name":"Xandr 2 via prebid ","forceRefresh":true,"disableRefresh":false},"4882002162":{"name":"Yieldmo via prebid","forceRefresh":true,"disableRefresh":false},"5351690366":{"name":"GumGum via prebid","forceRefresh":false,"disableRefresh":true},"4736819267":{"name":"test advertiser","forceRefresh":true,"disableRefresh":false},"4898735440":{"name":"Ozone Project via prebid","forceRefresh":true,"disableRefresh":false},"5343045056":{"name":"Ozone via prebid","forceRefresh":true,"disableRefresh":false},"5366102386":{"name":"Invibes via prebid","forceRefresh":false,"disableRefresh":true},"5123865256":{"name":"Criteo via prebid","forceRefresh":false,"disableRefresh":true},"4911815442":{"name":"BEN TEST advertiser","forceRefresh":true,"disableRefresh":false}},"campaigns":{"348371":{"name":"Vauxhall Energising Britain Part 2 with The Independent","disableRefresh":true},"364263300":{"name":"INDY | Seedtag | | GLOBAL |_Outstream_| DIRECT | NOV24","disableRefresh":true},"2761961160":{"name":"ESI | Ozone Project | Direct Campaigns | UK | 2020/21/22/23 |_PMP_|","disableRefresh":true},"2990158071":{"name":"INDY | HOUSE | US+CA | MIXED FORMATS","disableRefresh":true},"3032362505":{"name":"Connor test","disableRefresh":true},"3272469977":{"name":"JNTO Unicef Critman | Test Order | Seamless Skin | 970x250","disableRefresh":true},"3272482229":{"name":" ESI | Ozone Project | Direct Campaigns | UK | BBC Earth","disableRefresh":true},"3276674834":{"name":"Stansted Express (346735)","disableRefresh":true},"3321116059":{"name":"Soreen page shells (347033)","disableRefresh":true},"3343395094":{"name":"Next Sports Multibrand (347131)","disableRefresh":true},"3375838714":{"name":"Imaginary (347350) - [ADP]","disableRefresh":true},"3391153359":{"name":"Vauxhall Energising Britain Part 1 with The Independent (347361) - [ADP]","disableRefresh":true},"3415096212":{"name":"Paloma Faith (347464) - [ADP]","disableRefresh":true},"3529478858":{"name":"INDY | FX | OMG23 | Welcome to Wrexham S3 | US |_Direct Set Up_| DIRECT | APR24 (347843) - [ADP]","disableRefresh":true},"3544888740":{"name":" BRITISH AIRWAYS TOBAGO (348315)","disableRefresh":true},"3547182442":{"name":"Vauxhall Energising Britain Part 2 with The Independent (348371) - [ADP]","disableRefresh":true},"3560348369":{"name":"ESI | Ozone Project | Direct Campaigns | UK | 2024 |_PMP_|","disableRefresh":true},"3568366254":{"name":"INDY | PHD | AUDI Q6 Wilderness Festival | Desktop Pageshells | AUG24 (349022) - [ADP]","disableRefresh":true},"3583584205":{"name":"TUI - Back to the pool partnership (349390)","disableRefresh":true},"3584170219":{"name":"E.ON Next - Making New Energy Work partnership (349361)","disableRefresh":true},"3585426443":{"name":"Order- BA Pittsburgh (349454)","disableRefresh":true},"3623982689":{"name":"M&S PLAN A PARTNERSHIP ","disableRefresh":true},"3625067926":{"name":"Heathrow Retail Partnership 2024 (349927)","disableRefresh":true},"3630257033":{"name":"Turkiye 2024 Partnership","disableRefresh":true},"3649881354":{"name":"AMEX Partnership 2024 (350094)","disableRefresh":true},"3666804916":{"name":"CV Villas 2025 Burst 1 (350295) - [ADP]","disableRefresh":true},"3668533399":{"name":"Currys Energy Efficiency partnerships Jan-Mar 2024 (350351) - [ADP]","disableRefresh":true},"3670526307":{"name":"Put your money to work (350206)","disableRefresh":true},"3684397194":{"name":"Connor creative test 2","disableRefresh":true},"3700116457":{"name":"JET2 Q1 MOROCCO (350670)","disableRefresh":true}}},"bannedWords":["poo"],"bannedDomains":[],"trackonomicsRegex":"((648q|s7so|evyy|7eer|zfrcsk|pvxt|xovt|nqn6|pkpakz|bn5x|m4ibck|vzew|7tiv|uidg|awv4zz|8utb|5d3x|eqcm|audw|tm7559|xibx|hyyc7q|wsktbf|i108736|gqce|tm7560|aqpq|qyov|syuh|oie8|wfraqy|fdcm73|a9yw|tm7562|9pctbx|u97e|2xje|79ic8e|xuok)\\.net|(sjv|pxf)\\.io|(goto.walmart|goto.bluenile|affiliates.abebooks)\\.com|(c1\\.dealnews\\.com)|(go\\.redirectingat\\.com)|(go\\.skimresources\\.com)|(fave\\.co)|(go\\.[a-zA-Z0-9].*?\\.com(\\/?)\\?id=[0-9].+?X[0-9].+?&)|(amazon\\.[\\S]*?\\/(dp|gp)\\/[\\S]*?tag=)|(amazon\\.[\\S]*?\\/[\\S]*?\\?[\\S]*?tag=[a-zA-Z0-9-]+\\-(\\d{2}))|(\\/amzn\\.)|(\\.amazon-adsystem\\.com)|(click\\.linksynergy\\.com)|(linksynergy\\.walmart\\.com)|(anrdoezrs\\.net)|(jdoqocy\\.com)|(tqlkg\\.com)|(tkqlhce\\.com)|(kqzyfj\\.com)|(ftjcfx\\.com)|(lduhtrp\\.net)|(jqoqocy\\.com)|(Kqzfj\\.com)|(dpbolvw\\.net)|(qksrv\\.net)|(awin1\\.com)|(tradedoubler\\.com\\/click)|(pf\\.tradedoubler\\.com\\/pf\\/)|(tradedoubler.com%2Fclick%3F)|(track\\.webgains\\.com)|((ebay\\.)(?=.*\\bcampid=[\\d+])(?=.*\\bmkcid=1\\b)(?=.*\\bmkrid=[\\d+]*\\b)[\\S]*)|((ebay\\.)(?=.*\\bcampid=[\\d+])(?=.*\\bmpre=[\\d+]*\\b)(?=.*\\bpub=[\\d+]*\\b)[\\S]*)|((ebay\\.).[\\S]*(mkcid%3D)[\\S]*(mkrid%3D[0-9\\-]*)[\\S]*(%26campid%3D[0-9]*)[\\S]*)|(scripts\\.affiliatefuture\\.com\\/AFClick\\.asp)+[\\S]*(affiliateID=\\d+))","trackonomics":{"customerId":"esimedia_t58ukgmjkf95_theindependent"},"sourcepoint":{"managerId":559246},"jwplayerSiteId":"g7SpqmnK","betting":{"analytics":{"url":"https://adtech.indyadvertising.com/js/ktag.js"}},"primis":{"apiId":116835,"siteId":116835},"heyFlow":{"url":"https://assets.prd.heyflow.com/builder/widget/latest/webview.js"},"mantis_channels":null,"permutive":{"organizationId":"5d79bce7-5d2b-427e-a6c4-b89b6c7bf048","workspaceId":"8a36876c-0af1-446c-b4da-51399e9ee198","apiKey":"481c9017-8e56-4bf8-822e-373d16c6f47b","data":{"page":{"content":{"type":"article","mantis_channels":null,"article":{"title":"Obituary: Vivien John","description":"","channel":"news","section":"news/people","subsection":"news/people/obituary-vivien-john-1438836.html","topics":["Kensington And Chelsea","Painting","Papua New Guinea","Peter Blake"],"authors":["Victor Arwas"],"content_type":"image","status":"standard"}}}}},"topictags":["kensington-and-chelsea","painting","papua-new-guinea","peter-blake","s_news","s_people"],"taboola":{"sectionValues":[{"category":"All","pageType":"homepage","mode":"thumbs-feed-hero-1sc-6sc-esi-inde","container":"taboola-ms-hero","placement":"MS Hero","target_type":"mix"},{"category":"All","pageType":"category","mode":"thumbs-feed-hero-1sc-6sc-esi-inde","container":"taboola-ms-hero","placement":"MS Hero","target_type":"mix"},{"category":"Sport","pageType":"category","mode":"thumbs-feed-hero-1sc-6sc-esi-inde","container":"taboola-below-category-sport","placement":"Below Category Sport","target_type":"mix"},{"category":"Culture","pageType":"category","mode":"thumbs-feed-hero-1sc-6sc-esi-inde","container":"taboola-below-category-culture","placement":"Below Category Culture","target_type":"mix"},{"category":"Asia","pageType":"category","mode":"thumbs-feed-hero-1sc-6sc-esi-inde","container":"taboola-below-category-asia","placement":"Below Category Asia","target_type":"mix"}],"accountIds":{"base":1036135},"publisherId":"eslmedia-theindependent","publisherIdIndyBest":"esimedia-indybest","ampBelowArticleMode":"thumbnails-e1","pageType":"article"},"gtm":{"containerId":"GTM-5XT7NPD"},"cmp":{"enabled":false},"braze":{"restAPIKey":"95fde924-43dd-4931-b180-e2a50f2bd8e8","sdkAPIKey":"64a95b8b-e28a-433a-a891-c7a3c398557f","sdkEndpoint":"sdk.fra-02.braze.eu","confirmationEmailCampaignId":"65c44e0a-46ab-d97c-dcff-33ffc6f15eb9","confirmationEmailCampaignIdUS":"d7e64c1c-212b-e7c9-992e-16df26d9c33d","registrationEmailCampaignId":"3224e581-1a43-e119-083a-3e406df2daff","registrationEmailCampaignIdUS":"4a94f1fb-e2da-3db8-d4d7-30f94ec068f1","brazeSdkDelayAmount":5000},"cseId":"006663403660930254993:oxhge2zf1ro","chartbeat":{"uid":"62356","domain":"independent.co.uk","title":"Obituary: Vivien John","sections":"mediatype_image,article-typenon-premium,,news,people,topic-kensington-and-chelsea,topic-painting,topic-papua-new-guinea,topic-peter-blake","authors":"Victor Arwas"},"videoAdUnitPath":"/71347885/_main_independent/in_news/in_people/video/hero_player","article":{"title":"Obituary: Vivien John","premium":false,"sections":["People"],"authors":[{"name":"Victor Arwas","id":188228,"changed":"1695334621","remoteId":"235741","email":null,"firstName":null,"lastName":null,"jobTitle":null,"imageUrl":"","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"location":null,"path":"/author/victor-arwas","description":null,"firstLetter":"v","bundle":"author"}],"hierarchy":[{"name":"News","path":"/","id":2063,"uuid":"79e22181-b3b2-41ed-85eb-e50748dc642c","sourceId":"11831","sourceName":"News","sourcePath":"news","changed":"1724866561","firstLetter":"n","hierarchy":[{"name":"Independent","id":"45"}],"hierarchicalName":"News","bundle":"section","extra":{"isHideCommenting":false,"isHideNewsletterSignUp":false,"isCommercial":false,"isDisableAllSlots":false,"isDisableSponsoredCapsule":false,"titleSEO":"News | The Independent | Today's headlines and latest breaking news","seoDescription":"The latest breaking news, comment and features from The Independent."}},{"name":"People","path":"/news/people","id":2120,"uuid":"bfb94efb-5e92-420a-a886-fad283f8a723","sourceId":"12161","sourceName":"People","sourcePath":"people","changed":"1715072582","firstLetter":"p","hierarchy":[{"name":"Independent","id":"45"},{"name":"News","id":"2063"}],"hierarchicalName":"News > People","bundle":"section"}],"publish":"1994-05-26T23:02:00Z","isArticlePreview":false,"sectionCategory":[{"name":"People","path":"/news/people","id":2120,"uuid":"bfb94efb-5e92-420a-a886-fad283f8a723","sourceId":"12161","sourceName":"People","sourcePath":"people","changed":"1715072582","firstLetter":"p","hierarchy":[{"name":"Independent","id":"45"},{"name":"News","id":"2063"}],"hierarchicalName":"News > People","bundle":"section","siteSection":"site home/news/people","deep":3}],"siteSections":[["site home"],["news"],["people"]],"isInfact":false,"isFeature":false,"isCommercial":false,"isService":false,"isFullWidth":false,"isReview":false,"isProduct":false,"isNews":true,"isLuxury":false,"isBest":false,"topics":[{"name":"Kensington And Chelsea","path":"/topic/kensington-and-chelsea","id":21505,"uuid":"757bb14d-2d15-4c91-ac76-039c5c138187","changed":"1724519940","firstLetter":"k","bundle":"topic"},{"name":"Painting","path":"/topic/painting","id":9004,"uuid":"a88d7382-1af9-479c-bc75-388ab7fccd5f","changed":"1724759580","firstLetter":"p","bundle":"topic"},{"name":"Papua New Guinea","path":"/topic/papua-new-guinea","id":12484,"uuid":"2fd788ec-f155-40fc-8a45-78a60e757719","changed":"1722494401","firstLetter":"p","bundle":"topic"},{"name":"Peter Blake","path":"/topic/peter-blake","id":6022,"uuid":"05b3ffcf-c467-48a8-be0c-cc4480829a73","changed":"1695719221","firstLetter":"p","bundle":"topic"}],"heroType":"image","newsletterKey":"receiveIndyBreakingNews","sensitive":false},"products":{"stickySummary":true},"isLiveBlog":false,"isCommercial":false,"isSection":false,"dotmetrics":{"sectionId":6663},"recaptureV3Key":"6LdQFKQUAAAAAALh9h5ypRL_GV19zbD4ZtAmj-pm","piano":{"pianoEndpoint":"https://api.tinypass.com/api/v3","pianoAppId":"SEz5CAOYyJ","pianoProductId":"zxss33hpk296","pianoSiteId":"1134082880659765068","pianoSitePrefix":"euo","pkceLoginEndpoint":"https://api.piano.io/id/api/v1/identity/login/code"},"addUnitId":"","pageType":"image","pageId":"1438836","sections":[{"name":"People","path":"/news/people","id":2120,"uuid":"bfb94efb-5e92-420a-a886-fad283f8a723","sourceId":"12161","sourceName":"People","sourcePath":"people","changed":"1715072582","firstLetter":"p","hierarchy":[{"name":"Independent","id":"45"},{"name":"News","id":"2063"}],"hierarchicalName":"News > People","bundle":"section"}]}</script><script src="/_build/react-archipelago.25d7167d5cefb49a66d8.js"></script><script src="/_build/react-components-base.d9d712012c77d5e0436a.js"></script><script defer src="/_build/react-components-article.71fa066f8feb1aaa4d41.js"></script><noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-5XT7NPD" height="0" width="0" class="sc-lt6hli-0 ejbrpC"></iframe></noscript><script src="https://securepubads.g.doubleclick.net/tag/js/gpt.js"></script><script src="/js/adobe.raw.js"></script> <script defer src="/_build/main.fed3cca4b153d1288e16.js"></script><script defer src="/_build/init_register_wall.5fa2f129d7757c2831e3.js"></script><script defer src="/_build/article.9cc8590ba3454c4e46a3.js"></script><script defer src="/_build/init-piano.8a52f604e6ba1148f0c5.js"></script> </body> </html>

Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10