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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American banker (born 1957)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Gary Gensler</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Gary_Gensler,_SEC_Chair.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Gary_Gensler%2C_SEC_Chair.jpg/220px-Gary_Gensler%2C_SEC_Chair.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Gary_Gensler%2C_SEC_Chair.jpg/330px-Gary_Gensler%2C_SEC_Chair.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Gary_Gensler%2C_SEC_Chair.jpg/440px-Gary_Gensler%2C_SEC_Chair.jpg 2x" data-file-width="988" data-file-height="1363" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Official portrait, 2022</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">33rd Chair of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission" title="U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission">Securities and Exchange Commission</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><div class="skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="width:100%; margin:0; color: black; background-color: lavender"><a href="/wiki/Incumbent" title="Incumbent">Incumbent</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">Assumed office April 17, 2021</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Allison_Lee" title="Allison Lee">Allison Lee</a> (Acting)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Commissioner of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission" title="U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission">U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><div class="skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="width:100%; margin:0; color: black; background-color: lavender"><a href="/wiki/Incumbent" title="Incumbent">Incumbent</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">Assumed office April 17, 2021</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jay_Clayton_(attorney)" title="Jay Clayton (attorney)">Jay Clayton</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">11th Chair of the <a href="/wiki/Commodity_Futures_Trading_Commission" title="Commodity Futures Trading Commission">Commodity Futures Trading Commission</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office May 26, 2009 – January 3, 2014</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Reuben_Jeffery_III" title="Reuben Jeffery III">Reuben Jeffery III</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Massad" title="Timothy Massad">Timothy Massad</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Under_Secretary_of_the_Treasury_for_Domestic_Finance" title="Under Secretary of the Treasury for Domestic Finance">Under Secretary of the Treasury for Domestic Finance</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office April 1999 – January 20, 2001</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_D._Hawke_Jr." title="John D. Hawke Jr.">John Hawke</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Peter_R._Fisher" title="Peter R. Fisher">Peter Fisher</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Assistant_Secretary_of_the_Treasury_for_Financial_Markets" title="Assistant Secretary of the Treasury for Financial Markets">Assistant Secretary of the Treasury for Financial Markets</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office September 1997 – April 1999</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Darcy Bradbury</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lewis_A._Sachs" title="Lewis A. Sachs">Lee Sachs</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"> (1957-10-18) October 18, 1957 (age 67) <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Francesca_Danieli" title="Francesca Danieli">Francesca Danieli</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1986; died 2006)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">BS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Business_Administration" title="Master of Business Administration">MBA</a>)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Gary S. Gensler (born October 18, 1957) is an American government official and former <a href="/wiki/Investment_banker" class="mw-redirect" title="Investment banker">investment banker</a> who served as the chair of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission" title="U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission">U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission</a> (SEC).<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> Gensler previously worked for <a href="/wiki/Goldman_Sachs" title="Goldman Sachs">Goldman Sachs</a> and has led the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Joe_Biden" title="Presidential transition of Joe Biden">Biden–Harris transition</a>'s Federal Reserve, Banking, and Securities Regulators agency review team.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Prior to his appointment, he was professor of Practice of Global Economics and Management at the <a href="/wiki/MIT_Sloan_School_of_Management" title="MIT Sloan School of Management">MIT Sloan School of Management</a>.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Gensler served as the 11th chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Commodity_Futures_Trading_Commission" title="Commodity Futures Trading Commission">Commodity Futures Trading Commission</a>, under President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>, from May 26, 2009, to January 3, 2014. He was the <a href="/wiki/Under_Secretary_of_the_Treasury_for_Domestic_Finance" title="Under Secretary of the Treasury for Domestic Finance">Under Secretary of the Treasury for Domestic Finance</a> (1999–2001), and the <a href="/wiki/Assistant_Secretary_of_the_Treasury_for_Financial_Markets" title="Assistant Secretary of the Treasury for Financial Markets">Assistant Secretary of the Treasury for Financial Markets</a> (1997–1999). Prior to his career in the federal government, Gensler worked at <a href="/wiki/Goldman_Sachs" title="Goldman Sachs">Goldman Sachs</a>, where he was a partner and co-head of finance. Gensler also served as the CFO for the <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Hillary Clinton 2016 presidential campaign">Hillary Clinton 2016 presidential campaign</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> President <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> nominated Gensler to serve as 33rd chair of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission" title="U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission">U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> He succeeded SEC Acting Chair <a href="/wiki/Allison_Lee" title="Allison Lee">Allison Lee</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gary_Gensler&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education">edit</a>]</div> Gensler was born into a Jewish family<a href="#cite_note-moneycop-6">[6]</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baltimore,_Maryland" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltimore, Maryland">Baltimore, Maryland</a>, one of five children of Jane (née Tilles) and Sam Gensler.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Sam Gensler was a cigarette and pinball machine vendor to local bars,<a href="#cite_note-nytimesprotess-8">[8]</a> and he provided Gensler with his first exposure to the real-world side of <a href="/wiki/Finance" title="Finance">finance</a> when Sam would take Gensler to the bars of Baltimore to count nickels from the <a href="/wiki/Vending_machine" title="Vending machine">vending machines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-moneycop-6">[6]</a> Gensler graduated from <a href="/wiki/Pikesville_High_School" title="Pikesville High School">Pikesville High School</a> in 1975,<a href="#cite_note-baltsundem-9">[9]</a> where he was later given a Distinguished Alumnus award.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Gensler graduated with a degree in economics, <a href="/wiki/Summa_cum_laude" class="mw-redirect" title="Summa cum laude">summa cum laude</a>, after three years at the <a href="/wiki/Wharton_School" title="Wharton School">Wharton School</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a>,<a href="#cite_note-genslercftcbio-11">[11]</a> followed by a master's in business administration the following year.<a href="#cite_note-baltsundem-9">[9]</a> Gensler's identical twin brother also studied at the University of Pennsylvania.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> As an undergraduate, Gensler joined the University of Pennsylvania crew as a <a href="/wiki/Coxswain_(rowing)" title="Coxswain (rowing)">coxswain</a>, dropping his weight to 112 pounds to keep the boat at its proper weight.<a href="#cite_note-baltsundem-9">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Business_career">Business career</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gary_Gensler&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Business career">edit</a>]</div> In 1979, Gensler joined <a href="/wiki/Goldman_Sachs" title="Goldman Sachs">Goldman Sachs</a>, where he spent 18 years.<a href="#cite_note-exgoldmanafterderivs-13">[13]</a> At 30, Gensler became one of the youngest persons to have made partner at the firm at the time.<a href="#cite_note-wildwest-14">[14]</a> He spent the 1980s working as a top <a href="/wiki/Mergers_and_acquisitions" title="Mergers and acquisitions">mergers and acquisitions</a> banker, having assumed responsibility for Goldman's efforts in advising media companies.<a href="#cite_note-whitehouseannouncement-15">[15]</a> He subsequently made the transition to trading and finance<a href="#cite_note-newsweek-16">[16]</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>,<a href="#cite_note-nytimesprotess-8">[8]</a> where he directed the firm's <a href="/wiki/Fixed_income" title="Fixed income">fixed income</a> and <a href="/wiki/Currency" title="Currency">currency</a> trading.<a href="#cite_note-whitehouseannouncement-15">[15]</a> While at Goldman Sachs, Gensler led a team that advised the <a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">National Football League</a> in capturing the then-most lucrative deal in television history, when the NFL secured a $3.6 billion deal selling television sports rights.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Gensler's last role at Goldman Sachs was co-head of finance, responsible for controllers and treasury worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-whcftcannouncement-18">[18]</a> Gensler left Goldman after 18 years<a href="#cite_note-gungho-19">[19]</a> when he was nominated by President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> and confirmed by the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Senate">U.S. Senate</a> to be the <a href="/wiki/Assistant_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" class="mw-redirect" title="Assistant Secretary of the Treasury">Assistant Secretary of the Treasury</a>.<a href="#cite_note-genslercftcbio-11">[11]</a> Gensler served on the board of for-profit university <a href="/wiki/Strayer_Education,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Strayer Education, Inc.">Strayer Education, Inc.</a> from 2001 to 2009.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_service">Public service</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gary_Gensler&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Public service">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gary_Gensler_official_portrait_small.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Gary_Gensler_official_portrait_small.jpg" decoding="async" width="161" height="245" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="161" data-file-height="245" /></a><figcaption>Gensler in 2009</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treasury_Department">Treasury Department</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gary_Gensler&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Treasury Department">edit</a>]</div> Gensler served in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Department of the Treasury">United States Department of the Treasury</a> as <a href="/wiki/Assistant_Secretary_for_Financial_Markets" class="mw-redirect" title="Assistant Secretary for Financial Markets">Assistant Secretary for Financial Markets</a> from 1997 to 1999, then as Undersecretary for Domestic Finance from 1999 to 2001. As Assistant Secretary, Gensler served as a senior advisor to the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_the_Treasury" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a> in developing and implementing the federal government's policies for debt management and the sale of U.S. government securities.<a href="#cite_note-whitehouseannouncement-15">[15]</a> In 1999 and 2000, under then-Treasury Secretary Lawrence Summers, Gensler fought for passage of the <a href="/wiki/Commodity_Futures_Modernization_Act_of_2000" title="Commodity Futures Modernization Act of 2000">Commodity Futures Modernization Act</a>, which exempted over-the-counter derivatives from regulation.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> As <a href="/wiki/Undersecretary_of_the_Treasury" class="mw-redirect" title="Undersecretary of the Treasury">Undersecretary of the Treasury</a> for Domestic Finance, Gensler advised and assisted Treasury Secretaries <a href="/wiki/Robert_Rubin" title="Robert Rubin">Robert Rubin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Summers" title="Lawrence Summers">Lawrence Summers</a> on aspects of domestic finance, including formulating policy and legislation in the areas of financial institutions, public debt management, <a href="/wiki/Capital_markets" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital markets">capital markets</a>, government financial management services, federal lending, fiscal affairs, government sponsored enterprises, and community development.<a href="#cite_note-whitehouseannouncement-15">[15]</a> While serving at the Treasury Department, Gensler was awarded the agency's highest honor, the Alexander Hamilton Award, for his service.<a href="#cite_note-genslercftcbio-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sarbanes-Oxley">Sarbanes-Oxley</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gary_Gensler&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sarbanes-Oxley">edit</a>]</div> In 2001, Gensler joined the staff of U.S. Senator <a href="/wiki/Paul_Sarbanes" title="Paul Sarbanes">Paul Sarbanes</a>, chairman of the Senate Banking Committee, as a senior advisor and helped write the <a href="/wiki/Sarbanes%E2%80%93Oxley_Act" title="Sarbanes–Oxley Act">Sarbanes-Oxley Act</a>, which tightened accounting standards in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Enron" title="Enron">Enron</a> and <a href="/wiki/WorldCom" class="mw-redirect" title="WorldCom">WorldCom</a> scandals.<a href="#cite_note-wildwest-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="CFTC">CFTC</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gary_Gensler&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: CFTC">edit</a>]</div> Then-President-elect <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> announced his intent to nominate Gensler to serve as the 11th chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Commodity_Futures_Trading_Commission" title="Commodity Futures Trading Commission">CFTC</a> on December 18, 2008.<a href="#cite_note-whcftcannouncement-18">[18]</a> His nomination was officially sent to the U.S. Senate on January 20, 2009.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> After some initial opposition to Gensler's nomination amongst the progressive members of the Democratic caucus, Gensler was approved by the U.S. Senate in an 88–6 confirmation vote.<a href="#cite_note-wildwest-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-thomas-23">[23]</a> Gensler was sworn in on May 26, 2009, pledging to work to "urgently close the gaps in our laws to bring much-needed transparency and regulation to the over-the-counter derivatives market to lower risks, strengthen market integrity and protect investors".<a href="#cite_note-swearinginremarks-24">[24]</a> Gensler was described as "one of the leading reformers after the financial crisis".<a href="#cite_note-nytimesprotess-8">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Swaps">Swaps</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gary_Gensler&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Swaps">edit</a>]</div> During Gensler's tenure at the CFTC, he worked closely with the Obama Administration, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> and other regulators to transform the $400 trillion <a href="/wiki/Financial_derivatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial derivatives">financial derivatives</a> markets that were at the center of the 2008 financial crisis.<a href="#cite_note-reuters-25">[25]</a> Upon becoming chairman, Gensler began leading the Obama Administration's effort "to start policing the Wild West of finance: the murky market for over-the-counter derivatives".<a href="#cite_note-wildwest-14">[14]</a> When the Treasury Department released draft legislation to bring regulatory oversight to the swaps market, Gensler sent a letter to Congress arguing that the proposal did not go far enough.<a href="#cite_note-economist-26">[26]</a> By the spring of 2010, the momentum in Congress was toward Gensler's vision for derivatives oversight,<a href="#cite_note-exgoldmanafterderivs-13">[13]</a> and Congress passed comprehensive reform as part of the <a href="/wiki/Dodd-Frank_Wall_Street_Reform_and_Consumer_Protection_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act">Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act</a> in July 2010. After the passage of the Dodd-Frank Act, Gensler led the CFTC's effort to write the rules required to regulate the swaps markets.<a href="#cite_note-nocera-27">[27]</a> He oversaw the agency as it wrote 68 new rules, orders and guidances<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> and as its reach extended from a $35 trillion futures market to a $400 trillion swaps market.<a href="#cite_note-nytimesprotess-8">[8]</a> Under Gensler, the bipartisan commission reached unanimous votes to approve more than 70 percent of the agency's rulemakings.<a href="#cite_note-nytimesprotess-8">[8]</a> By the time Gensler left the CFTC in January 2014, the agency was near completion of the rule-writing process to implement the Dodd-Frank Act.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Enforcement_and_Libor_investigation">Enforcement and Libor investigation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gary_Gensler&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Enforcement and Libor investigation">edit</a>]</div> Gensler led a revitalization of the enforcement division of the agency, most notably in its prosecution of an enforcement case regarding manipulation of <a href="/wiki/Libor" title="Libor">Libor</a>, the London interbank offered rate.<a href="#cite_note-nytlibor-30">[30]</a> Early in his tenure, Gensler listened to tape recordings of two <a href="/wiki/Barclays" title="Barclays">Barclays</a> employees as they discussed plans to report false <a href="/wiki/Interest_rates" class="mw-redirect" title="Interest rates">interest rates</a> in an effort to manipulate Libor.<a href="#cite_note-nytlibor-30">[30]</a> Libor is the average interest rate estimated by leading banks in London that the average leading bank would be charged if borrowing from other banks.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> It is used as a reference rate for many financial products, including adjustable rate mortgages, student loans, and car payments.<a href="#cite_note-moneycop-6">[6]</a> "A driving force behind the latest crackdown tied to LIBOR",<a href="#cite_note-moneycop-6">[6]</a> Gensler worked with enforcement division director David Meister and his team to lead the investigative effort and brought charges against five financial institutions for the manipulation of Libor and other benchmark interest rates, resulting in more than $1.7 billion in penalties.<a href="#cite_note-genslercftcbio-11">[11]</a> Barclays alone paid $450 million in fines as a result of the Libor investigation.<a href="#cite_note-moneycop-6">[6]</a> Gensler has called Libor "unsustainable" and argued that it should be replaced as a benchmark rate.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="MF_Global">MF Global</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gary_Gensler&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: MF Global">edit</a>]</div> Gensler was Chair of the CFTC during the collapse of <a href="/wiki/MF_Global" title="MF Global">MF Global</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Gensler recused himself from the case, because of his previous relationship with MF Global's Chairman and CEO, <a href="/wiki/Jon_Corzine" title="Jon Corzine">Jon Corzine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Frankel_Fiduciary_Prize">Frankel Fiduciary Prize</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gary_Gensler&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Frankel Fiduciary Prize">edit</a>]</div> For his work to reform the <a href="/wiki/Financial_regulation" title="Financial regulation">financial regulatory system</a>, The Institute for the Fiduciary Standard awarded Gensler with the 2014 Tamar Frankel Fiduciary Prize.<a href="#cite_note-institute-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maryland_Financial_Consumer_Protection_Commission">Maryland Financial Consumer Protection Commission</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gary_Gensler&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Maryland Financial Consumer Protection Commission">edit</a>]</div> In 2017, Gensler was selected by the Maryland Senate President and House Speaker to serve as Chairman of the Maryland Financial Consumer Protection Commission, which assessed the impact of potential changes to federal financial industry laws, regulations, budgets, and policies on the state.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Under Gensler's leadership, the Commission recommended changes to State law to enhance consumer financial protections, including enhancing standards of care, clarifying State law to set standards for student loan servicers, and protecting Maryland buyers of manufactured homes. In 2018, student loan legislation recommended by the Commission established a student loan ombudsman,<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> added the federal Military Lending Act and the federal Servicemembers Civil Relief Act to state law, increased civil monetary penalties for violations, and codified some modifications on debt collection laws.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> In 2019, the state enacted additional Commission-recommended legislation to create a Student Borrower Bill of Rights to protect students from predatory practices.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="SEC">SEC</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gary_Gensler&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: SEC">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission" title="U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission">U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission</a></div> In November 2020, Gensler was named a volunteer member of the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Joe_Biden" title="Presidential transition of Joe Biden">Joe Biden presidential transition</a> Agency Review Team to support transition efforts related to the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve" title="Federal Reserve">Federal Reserve</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Commodity_Futures_Trading_Commission" title="Commodity Futures Trading Commission">Commodity Futures Trading Commission</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Deposit_Insurance_Corporation" title="Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation">Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Credit_Union_Administration" title="National Credit Union Administration">National Credit Union Administration</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission" title="U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission">Securities and Exchange Commission</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> On March 11, 2021, his nomination was reported out of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Banking,_Housing,_and_Urban_Affairs" title="United States Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs">Senate Banking, Housing and Urban Development Committee</a> by a vote of 14–10.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> On April 14, 2021, his nomination was confirmed in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a> by a vote of 53–45 to fill former chair <a href="/wiki/Jay_Clayton_(attorney)" title="Jay Clayton (attorney)">Jay Clayton</a>'s term expiring in June 2021.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> On April 19, 2021, the Senate confirmed Gensler to a 5-year term through 2026 by a vote of 54–45.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> However, Gensler announced on November 21, 2024 that he would step down at the end of Biden's term.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cryptocurrency">Cryptocurrency</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gary_Gensler&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Cryptocurrency">edit</a>]</div> On September 14, 2021, Gensler testified before the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Banking,_Housing,_and_Urban_Affairs" title="United States Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs">U.S. Senate Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs Committee</a> that the SEC was in need of large staffing increases to address regulatory concerns related to cryptocurrencies and other digital assets,<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> and Gensler likened the cryptocurrency market to a "<a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">Wild West</a>".<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-C-SPAN_9-14-2021-50">[50]</a> On September 21, Gensler remarked to <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a> that most cryptocurrency projects dealing with securities should fall under the regulatory purview of the SEC, though the <a href="/wiki/Commodity_Futures_Trading_Commission" title="Commodity Futures Trading Commission">Commodity Futures Trading Commission</a> (CFTC), of which he was a former chair, was better suited for some others.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> On October 5, Gensler testified before the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Financial_Services" title="United States House Committee on Financial Services">U.S. House Financial Services Committee</a> that the SEC had no plans to ban cryptocurrencies.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> On October 15, the SEC approved the first <a href="/wiki/Bitcoin" title="Bitcoin">bitcoin</a> <a href="/wiki/Futures_contract" title="Futures contract">futures</a> <a href="/wiki/Exchange-traded_fund" title="Exchange-traded fund">exchange-traded fund</a> (ETF) in the United States after Gensler announced support for doing so the previous August.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Gensler is opposed to approving <a href="/wiki/Pure_play" title="Pure play">pure play</a> bitcoin ETFs due to bitcoin remaining subject to <a href="/wiki/Fraud" title="Fraud">fraud</a> and <a href="/wiki/Market_manipulation" title="Market manipulation">market manipulation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CNBC_2-4-2022-57">[57]</a> After a period of high anticipation and speculation from financial news outlets and markets about the SEC approval of a spot bitcoin ETF, at 4:11pm ET on January 9, 2024, a post was published to the SEC's X account announcing the approval of spot bitcoin ETFs. By 4:26 pm, SEC chair Gary Gensler had <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/GaryGensler/status/1744833049064288387?s=20">issued a retraction</a> and said the agency's account had been "compromised," and that an "unauthorized tweet was posted." In the minutes after the fake post was published, the price of bitcoin jumped around 2.5% and led to an overall $40 billion swing in the combined value of bitcoin in circulation. <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a> identified the risks presented by <a href="/wiki/Decentralized_finance" title="Decentralized finance">decentralized finance</a> and crypto-assets valued at $2.5 trillion as a challenge for Gensler in 2022, and noted his experience in teaching blockchain technology.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> On April 4, 2022, Gensler announced that the SEC would begin to register and regulate cryptocurrency exchanges at a <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Law_School" title="University of Pennsylvania Law School">University of Pennsylvania Law School</a> <a href="/wiki/Students%27_union" title="Students' union">students association</a> conference.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> On May 11, Gensler stated in an interview with <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_News" title="Bloomberg News">Bloomberg News</a> that cryptocurrency exchanges were <a href="/wiki/Market_maker" title="Market maker">market making</a> against the interests of their customers after warning the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Appropriations_Subcommittee_on_Financial_Services_and_General_Government" title="United States House Appropriations Subcommittee on Financial Services and General Government">U.S. House Appropriations Subcommittee on Financial Services and General Government</a> that cryptocurrency exchanges were engaged in <a href="/wiki/Front_running" title="Front running">front running</a> the previous May.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Following testimony before the U.S. House Appropriations Subcommittee on Financial Services and General Government on May 18, Gensler warned in a post-hearing press conference that many cryptocurrencies were going to fail and expressed concern that it could undermine confidence in the traditional financial markets.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> On June 7, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senators</a> <a href="/wiki/Kirsten_Gillibrand" title="Kirsten Gillibrand">Kirsten Gillibrand</a> (<a href="/wiki/Senate_Democratic_Caucus" title="Senate Democratic Caucus">D</a>–<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_New_York" title="List of United States senators from New York">NY</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Lummis" title="Cynthia Lummis">Cynthia Lummis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Senate_Republican_Conference" title="Senate Republican Conference">R</a>–<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Wyoming" title="List of United States senators from Wyoming">WY</a>) introduced a bill in the <a href="/wiki/117th_United_States_Congress" title="117th United States Congress">117th U.S. Congress</a> to create a regulatory framework for cryptocurrencies that would treat most digital assets as <a href="/wiki/Commodity_market" title="Commodity market">commodities</a> subject to oversight from the CFTC and would not have cryptocurrencies subject to oversight from the SEC unless a cryptocurrency's holders were entitled to the same privileges as corporate investors.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> At a conference hosted by The Wall Street Journal on June 14, Gensler expressed concern that the Lummis-Gillibrand bill could inadvertently undermine stock market and mutual fund protections, noted that cryptocurrency companies were already engaging in behaviors overseen by the SEC, and argued that some digital assets are securities necessitating oversight from the SEC rather than commodities (even if the overwhelming majority of tokens offered by cryptocurrency exchanges are commodities).<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> On January 12, 2023, the SEC filed a complaint in Southern New York U.S. District Court that both <a href="/wiki/Genesis_Global_Capital" class="mw-redirect" title="Genesis Global Capital">Genesis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gemini_(company)" title="Gemini (company)">Gemini</a> of offering and selling unregistered securities.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Financial_regulation">Financial regulation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gary_Gensler&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Financial regulation">edit</a>]</div> On May 6, 2021, Gensler testified before the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Financial_Services" title="United States House Committee on Financial Services">U.S. House Financial Services Committee</a> about the <a href="/wiki/GameStop_short_squeeze" title="GameStop short squeeze">GameStop short squeeze</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robinhood_Markets" title="Robinhood Markets">Robinhood Markets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archegos_Capital_Management" title="Archegos Capital Management">Archegos Capital Management</a>, <a href="/wiki/Market_concentration" title="Market concentration">market concentration</a> among market makers for <a href="/wiki/Payment_for_order_flow" title="Payment for order flow">payment for order flow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_interest" title="Conflict of interest">conflict of interest</a> in <a href="/wiki/Best_execution" title="Best execution">best execution</a> for trades with PFOF, trading <a href="/wiki/Gamification" title="Gamification">gamification</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mobile_app" title="Mobile app">mobile trading apps</a> and <a href="/wiki/High-frequency_trading" title="High-frequency trading">high-frequency trading</a>, the SEC consolidated <a href="/wiki/Audit_trail" title="Audit trail">audit trail</a>, <a href="/wiki/Data_security" title="Data security">data security</a>, usage of <a href="/wiki/Internet_manipulation" title="Internet manipulation">social media and the internet</a> in market manipulation, and ESG disclosure rules (including those proposed by the <a href="/wiki/Task_Force_on_Climate_Related_Financial_Disclosures" class="mw-redirect" title="Task Force on Climate Related Financial Disclosures">Task Force on Climate Related Financial Disclosures</a> led by former <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_New_York_City" title="Mayor of New York City">New York City Mayor</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Bloomberg" title="Michael Bloomberg">Michael Bloomberg</a>).<a href="#cite_note-HouseFinancialServices5-6-2021Testimony-71">[list 1]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">cleanup needed</a>] On May 25, U.S. Senators Elizabeth Warren (D–MA) and Bernie Sanders (I–VT) sent a letter to Gensler urging the SEC to remove and replace the sitting members of the <a href="/wiki/Public_Company_Accounting_Oversight_Board" title="Public Company Accounting Oversight Board">Public Company Accounting Oversight Board</a> (PCAOB), arguing that Trump Administration appointees had politicized the agency and compromised its independence.<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> On June 4, the SEC voted to remove William Duhnke as PCAOB Chair and began an investigation on June 17 of his handling of internal complaints while serving as PCAOB Chair.<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> On June 9, Gensler announced that the SEC would review market structure following the GameStop short squeeze and the <a href="/wiki/AMC_Theatres" title="AMC Theatres">AMC Entertainment Holding, Inc.</a> <a href="/wiki/Meme_stock" title="Meme stock">meme stock</a> short squeeze,<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> and Gensler signaled in an interview with <a href="/wiki/Barron%27s_(newspaper)" class="mw-redirect" title="Barron's (newspaper)">Barron's</a> the following August that a complete ban on payment for order flow was being considered by the review.<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> Speaking at The Wall Street Journal CFO Network event on June 7, Gensler emphasized the need for new restrictions and rules to reduce the risk of improper insider trading.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> On June 30, Robinhood Markets agreed to pay $70 million to settle a lawsuit filed by the <a href="/wiki/Financial_Industry_Regulatory_Authority" title="Financial Industry Regulatory Authority">Financial Industry Regulatory Authority</a> (FINRA) that alleged that the company had misled its customers, approved ineligible and inexperienced traders for options strategies, and did not supervise its technology properly to prevent outages.<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> On July 29, Robinhood Markets launched an IPO for its stock on the <a href="/wiki/Nasdaq" title="Nasdaq">Nasdaq</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> On August 6, the SEC approved new rules implemented by <a href="/wiki/Nasdaq,_Inc." title="Nasdaq, Inc.">Nasdaq, Inc.</a> requiring that companies listed on its exchanges to include at least one female member on their boards of directors and at least one racial minority or LGBTQ board member and to require disclosure of statistics measuring the <a href="/wiki/Environmental,_social,_and_corporate_governance" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental, social, and corporate governance">diversity of their board membership</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> On August 27, the SEC launched a review of strategies and practices used by online brokers and investment advisors that promote user engagement with trading gamification.<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> On December 2, the SEC finalized a rule to implement the <a href="/wiki/Holding_Foreign_Companies_Accountable_Act" title="Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act">Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> In response to record stock sales by CEOs and other corporate executives that year,<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> Gensler proposed an agency rule for a mandatory 120-day window for corporate executives who are changing existing or adopting new portfolio managements plans on December 15.<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> On January 27, 2022, <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Southern_District_of_Florida" title="United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida">Southern Florida U.S. District Court Judge</a> <a href="/wiki/Cecilia_Altonaga" title="Cecilia Altonaga">Cecilia Altonaga</a> dismissed a lawsuit filed by investors against Robinhood Markets for acting negligently during the GameStop short squeeze.<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> On February 11, the SEC met to discuss more than 50 proposed rules changes (focused primarily on <a href="/wiki/Hedge_fund" title="Hedge fund">hedge funds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Private_equity" title="Private equity">private equity</a>) including a requirement that the disclosure documents of <a href="/wiki/Public_company" title="Public company">stock corporations</a> must include a written statement of company <a href="/wiki/Cybersecurity" class="mw-redirect" title="Cybersecurity">cybersecurity</a> <a href="/wiki/Risk_management" title="Risk management">risk management</a> policies and disclosure of any <a href="/wiki/Cyberattack" title="Cyberattack">cyberattacks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CNBC_2-4-2022-57">[57]</a> On May 18, Gensler testified before the U.S. House Appropriations Subcommittee on Financial Services and General Government requesting an even greater increase to its <a href="/wiki/Appropriation_(law)" title="Appropriation (law)">appropriation</a> in the 2023 U.S. federal budget than the 8 percent increase proposed by President Biden.<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> On June 8, Gensler announced rules changes to require that market makers disclose more data about <a href="/wiki/Payment_for_order_flow" title="Payment for order flow">payments for order flow</a> (PFOF) and the timing for the <a href="/wiki/Best_execution" title="Best execution">best execution</a> of <a href="/wiki/Trade_(finance)" title="Trade (finance)">trades</a>, as well as to require direct competition among <a href="/wiki/Stockbroker" title="Stockbroker">stockbrokers</a> executing trades for <a href="/wiki/Investor#Retail_investor" title="Investor">retail investors</a> at a conference hosted by <a href="/wiki/Piper_Sandler_Companies" title="Piper Sandler Companies">Piper Sandler Companies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> On May 12, <a href="/wiki/FTX_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="FTX (company)">FTX</a> CEO <a href="/wiki/Sam_Bankman-Fried" title="Sam Bankman-Fried">Sam Bankman-Fried</a> disclosed a <a href="/wiki/Schedule_13D" title="Schedule 13D">Schedule 13D filing</a> with the SEC to buy a 7.6 percent ownership stake in Robinhood Markets.<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> On June 27, FTX CEO Sam Bankman-Fried stated that no <a href="/wiki/Mergers_and_acquisitions" title="Mergers and acquisitions">mergers and acquisitions</a> discussions were being held with Robinhood Markets about an acquisition (despite reports of internal discussion to do so and reports of the company approaching at least three stock trading start-ups about acquisitions).<a href="#cite_note-FTXRobinhoodPotentialAcquisition-99">[list 2]</a> On July 20, the <a href="/wiki/Social_Science_Research_Network" title="Social Science Research Network">Social Science Research Network</a> released a <a href="/wiki/Preprint" title="Preprint">preprint</a> written by economists <a href="/wiki/Maureen_O%27Hara_(financial_economist)" title="Maureen O'Hara (financial economist)">Maureen O'Hara</a>, Robert P. Bartlett, and Justin McCrary that suggested that Robinhood Markets traders caused a surge in trading volume of <a href="/wiki/Berkshire_Hathaway" title="Berkshire Hathaway">Berkshire Hathaway</a> <a href="/wiki/Class_A_share" title="Class A share">Class A shares</a> in February and March 2021.<a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Greenwashing,_ESG,_and_carbon_neutrality">Greenwashing, ESG, and carbon neutrality</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gary_Gensler&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Greenwashing, ESG, and carbon neutrality">edit</a>]</div> On January 28, 2021, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> disclosed an investment in <a href="/wiki/Climeworks" title="Climeworks">Climeworks</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Direct_air_capture" title="Direct air capture">direct air capture</a> company,<a href="#cite_note-103">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a> one year after the company announced a strategy to take the company <a href="/wiki/Carbon_footprint" title="Carbon footprint">carbon negative</a> by 2030 and to remove all the carbon from the environment the company has emitted since 1975 by 2050.<a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[106]</a> In 2021 and 2022, an index constructed by researchers at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a> showed that <a href="/wiki/Bitcoin_network#Mining" class="mw-redirect" title="Bitcoin network">bitcoin mining</a> consumed more electricity during the course of the year than the entire nations of <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> (a <a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">G20</a> country) and the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-109">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a> On February 8, 2021, <a href="/wiki/Tesla,_Inc." title="Tesla, Inc.">Tesla, Inc.</a> disclosed to the SEC that it purchased $1.5 billion worth of <a href="/wiki/Bitcoin" title="Bitcoin">bitcoin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-112">[110]</a> On April 15, <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.</a> announced the creation of $200 million <a href="/wiki/Carbon_offset#Land_use,_land-use_change_and_forestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon offset">forestry</a> fund as part of the company's strategy to become <a href="/wiki/Carbon_neutrality" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon neutrality">carbon neutral</a> by 2030.<a href="#cite_note-113">[111]</a> On February 7, 2022, the NewClimate Institute, a German environmental policy think tank, published a survey evaluating the transparency and progress of the climate strategies and pledges announced by 25 major companies in the United States that found that the climate pledges of Alphabet, Amazon, and Apple were unsubstantiated and misleading.<a href="#cite_note-114">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[113]</a> On June 23, 2020, <a href="/wiki/Amazon_(company)" title="Amazon (company)">Amazon.com, Inc.</a> announced a $2 billion venture fund to invest in startup companies developing strategies to reduce <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a> as part of a strategy to be climate neutral company by 2040,<a href="#cite_note-116">[114]</a> after announcing a $10 million investment to two projects in the <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian Mountains</a> the previous April to <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_land_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable land management">manage their lands</a> to maximize greater carbon removal, the first investment from a $100 million initiative to support <a href="/wiki/Reforestation" title="Reforestation">reforestation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Restoration_ecology" class="mw-redirect" title="Restoration ecology">habitat restoration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-117">[115]</a> On June 30, 2021, Amazon released its annual company annual sustainability report that showed that company net carbon emissions grew by 19 percent from 2019 to 2020.<a href="#cite_note-118">[116]</a> On February 11, 2022, <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Western_District_of_Louisiana" title="United States District Court for the Western District of Louisiana">Western Louisiana U.S. District Court Judge</a> <a href="/wiki/James_D._Cain_Jr." title="James D. Cain Jr.">James D. Cain Jr.</a> issued a preliminary <a href="/wiki/Injunction" title="Injunction">injunction</a> in Louisiana v. Biden (2022) in favor of the plaintiffs to block federal agency requirements to assess the societal costs of greenhouse gas emissions in regulatory actions under <a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13990" title="Executive Order 13990">Executive Order 13990</a>.<a href="#cite_note-119">[117]</a> On March 16, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Fifth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit">U.S. 5th Circuit Court of Appeals</a> <a href="/wiki/Stay_of_execution" title="Stay of execution">stayed</a> the decision following an appeal by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">U.S. Justice Department</a>,<a href="#cite_note-120">[118]</a> and on May 26, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">U.S. Supreme Court</a> issued an order without comment or opposition dismissing an appeal filed by the plaintiffs to reverse the 5th Circuit Court of Appeals decision.<a href="#cite_note-121">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[121]</a> On February 15, <a href="/wiki/ConocoPhillips" title="ConocoPhillips">ConocoPhillips</a> announced a pilot program to sell its <a href="/wiki/Routine_flaring" title="Routine flaring">flare gas</a> to a company operating a bitcoin mine in the <a href="/wiki/Bakken_Formation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakken Formation">Bakken Formation</a> region of <a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a> as part of an industry initiative to reduce routine flaring to zero by 2030.<a href="#cite_note-124">[122]</a> On March 21, the SEC approved rules requiring the disclosure of stock corporation <a href="/wiki/Climate_risk" title="Climate risk">climate risks</a> and net contribution to greenhouse gas emissions in <a href="/wiki/Form_10-K" title="Form 10-K">10-K forms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-125">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[124]</a> On the same day, The Wall Street Journal criticized Gensler for proposing legislation requiring public companies to disclose climate risks. "The proposal ... is contrary to SEC history, securities law, and sound regulatory practice", the paper wrote. It accused the SEC chairman of trying "to regulate private companies by the back door" and following the bidding of <a href="/wiki/BlackRock" title="BlackRock">BlackRock</a> and other investors.<a href="#cite_note-127">[125]</a> On March 26, CNBC reported that <a href="/wiki/ExxonMobil" title="ExxonMobil">ExxonMobil</a> started a pilot program in January 2021 with Crusoe Energy Systems to also divert its flare gas into generators producing electricity to power shipping containers full of bitcoin miners in the North Dakota Bakken region (which it expanded the following July) as part of the same industry initiative with ConocoPhillips, and that Crusoe has stated reduces <a href="/wiki/Global_warming_potential" title="Global warming potential">carbon dioxide equivalent</a> emissions by 63 percent as compared with continued flaring.<a href="#cite_note-128">[126]</a> On April 12, <a href="/wiki/Alphabet_Inc." title="Alphabet Inc.">Alphabet Inc.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meta_Platforms" title="Meta Platforms">Meta Platforms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shopify" title="Shopify">Shopify</a>, <a href="/wiki/McKinsey_%26_Company" title="McKinsey & Company">McKinsey & Company</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stripe,_Inc." title="Stripe, Inc.">Stripe, Inc.</a> announced a $925 million <a href="/wiki/Advance_market_commitments" class="mw-redirect" title="Advance market commitments">advance market commitment</a> of permanent <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_removal" title="Carbon dioxide removal">carbon removal</a> from companies that are developing the technology over the next 9 years.<a href="#cite_note-129">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[128]</a> On May 19, after Tesla was removed from the <a href="/wiki/S%26P_500" title="S&P 500">S&P 500</a> <a href="/wiki/Environmental,_social,_and_corporate_governance" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental, social, and corporate governance">ESG</a> <a href="/wiki/Stock_market_index" title="Stock market index">Index</a> by <a href="/wiki/S%26P_Dow_Jones_Indices" title="S&P Dow Jones Indices">S&P Dow Jones Indices</a>, Tesla CEO <a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a> posted a <a href="/wiki/Friending_and_following" title="Friending and following">tweet</a> to his <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> account criticizing the decision and, in noting that ExxonMobil was rated within the top 10 constituent companies in the index by <a href="/wiki/Weighting" title="Weighting">weight</a>, accused ESG of being a scam.<a href="#cite_note-131">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[130]</a> On May 25, the SEC proposed two rules changes to ESG <a href="/wiki/Investment_fund" title="Investment fund">investment fund</a> qualifications to prevent <a href="/wiki/Greenwashing" title="Greenwashing">greenwashing</a> marketing practices and to increase disclosure requirements for achieving ESG impacts.<a href="#cite_note-133">[131]</a> On June 10, the SEC was reportedly investigating the ESG investment funds of Goldman Sachs for potential greenwashing.<a href="#cite_note-134">[132]</a> After noting that his company had launched a division to commercialize <a href="/wiki/Carbon_capture_and_storage" title="Carbon capture and storage">carbon capture</a> in testimony before the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Oversight_and_Reform" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House Committee on Oversight and Reform">U.S. House Oversight and Reform Committee</a> on October 28, 2021,<a href="#cite_note-135">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[134]</a> ExxonMobil CEO <a href="/wiki/Darren_Woods" title="Darren Woods">Darren Woods</a> discussed in an interview with <a href="/wiki/CNBC" title="CNBC">CNBC</a> journalist <a href="/wiki/David_Faber_(journalist)" title="David Faber (journalist)">David Faber</a> on June 24 that part of ExxonMobil's long-term strategy to remain a profitable company while reducing greenhouse gas emissions and <a href="/wiki/Plastic_pollution" title="Plastic pollution">plastic pollution</a> was to invest in carbon capture and storage technology with a network hub in <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a> and to remain a <a href="/wiki/Plastics_industry" title="Plastics industry">plastics producer</a> while making improvements to <a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">waste management</a>.<a href="#cite_note-137">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[137]</a> On June 30, the Supreme Court ruled in <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_v._EPA" title="West Virginia v. EPA">West Virginia v. EPA</a> (2022) that the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">U.S. Environmental Protection Agency</a> did not have the authority under the <a href="/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_(United_States)" title="Clean Air Act (United States)">Clean Air Act</a> to devise a broad <a href="/wiki/Emissions_trading" title="Emissions trading">cap-and-trade system</a> for carbon emissions by power plants that the agency attempted to promulgate under the <a href="/wiki/Clean_Power_Plan" title="Clean Power Plan">Clean Power Plan</a> and instead that the authority to do so rests with the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">U.S. Congress</a>.<a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Social_media">Social media</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gary_Gensler&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Social media">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/2021_Facebook_leak" title="2021 Facebook leak">2021 Facebook leak</a> and <a href="/wiki/GameStop_short_squeeze" title="GameStop short squeeze">GameStop short squeeze</a></div> On March 2, 2021, <a href="/wiki/Rocket_Mortgage" title="Rocket Mortgage">Rocket Mortgage</a> saw a more than 70 percent spike in its stock price during the <a href="/wiki/GameStop_short_squeeze" title="GameStop short squeeze">GameStop short squeeze</a> due to a surge in trading following discussion of the company on <a href="/wiki/R/wallstreetbets" title="R/wallstreetbets">r/wallstreetbets</a>,<a href="#cite_note-143">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[142]</a> but the Rocket Mortgage stock price reverted to its pre-surge level the next day.<a href="#cite_note-145">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[144]</a> On September 14, Gensler announced the imminent release of an agency report on the short squeeze in testimony before the U.S. Senate Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs Committee.<a href="#cite_note-147">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-C-SPAN_9-14-2021-50">[50]</a> On October 18, the SEC released the report.<a href="#cite_note-149">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[149]</a> Also in October 2021, eight <a href="/wiki/Whistleblower" class="mw-redirect" title="Whistleblower">whistleblower</a> complaints alleging <a href="/wiki/Securities_fraud" title="Securities fraud">securities fraud</a> by <a href="/wiki/Meta_Platforms" title="Meta Platforms">Facebook, Inc.</a> were filed anonymously with the SEC by <a href="/wiki/Whistleblower_Aid" title="Whistleblower Aid">Whistleblower Aid</a> on behalf of former company employee <a href="/wiki/Frances_Haugen" title="Frances Haugen">Frances Haugen</a> after Haugen <a href="/wiki/2021_Facebook_leak" title="2021 Facebook leak">leaked thousands of company documents</a> to <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a> the previous month.<a href="#cite_note-152">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[152]</a> After publicly revealing her identity on <a href="/wiki/60_Minutes" title="60 Minutes">60 Minutes</a>,<a href="#cite_note-155">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[154]</a> Haugen testified before the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Commerce_Subcommittee_on_Consumer_Protection,_Product_Safety,_and_Data_Security" title="United States Senate Commerce Subcommittee on Consumer Protection, Product Safety, and Data Security">U.S. Senate Commerce Subcommittee on Consumer Protection, Product Safety, and Data Security</a> about the content of the leaked documents and the complaints.<a href="#cite_note-157">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[156]</a> After the company renamed itself as Meta Platforms,<a href="#cite_note-159">[157]</a> Whistleblower Aid filed two additional securities fraud complaints with the SEC against the company on behalf of Haugen in February 2022.<a href="#cite_note-160">[158]</a> On November 18, 2021, U.S. Senator <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Warren" title="Elizabeth Warren">Elizabeth Warren</a> (D–<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Massachusetts" title="List of United States senators from Massachusetts">MA</a>) sent a letter to Gensler requesting that the SEC investigate possible securities law violations in the conduct of a merger between the Digital World Acquisition Corp. (DWAC), a <a href="/wiki/Special-purpose_acquisition_company" title="Special-purpose acquisition company">special-purpose acquisition company</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Trump_Media_%26_Technology_Group" title="Trump Media & Technology Group">Trump Media & Technology Group</a> (TMTG) announced on October 20.<a href="#cite_note-DWAC–TWTGMerger-165">[list 3]</a> On December 6, an ongoing SEC investigation into the DWAC–TMTG merger was disclosed by DWAC in a filing with the agency.<a href="#cite_note-166">[163]</a> On February 18, 2022, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Eleventh_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit">U.S. 11th Circuit Court of Appeals</a> ruled in a lawsuit against <a href="/wiki/Bitconnect" title="Bitconnect">Bitconnect</a> that the <a href="/wiki/Securities_Act_of_1933" title="Securities Act of 1933">Securities Act of 1933</a> extends to <a href="/wiki/Targeted_advertising" title="Targeted advertising">targeted solicitation</a> using <a href="/wiki/Social_media_marketing" title="Social media marketing">social media</a>.<a href="#cite_note-167">[164]</a> In a securities filing dated June 8 and disclosed to the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_Florida" title="Secretary of State of Florida">Florida State Department</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_official_business_registers#United_States" title="List of official business registers">Corporations Division</a>, DWAC stated that <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> and <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_Jr." title="Donald Trump Jr.">Donald Trump Jr.</a> had been removed from the company board of directors.<a href="#cite_note-168">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[166]</a> On June 14, DWAC disclosed that the SEC issued a subpoena for additional company documents and information about the merger.<a href="#cite_note-170">[167]</a> On June 27, DWAC disclosed that the SEC issued an additional subpoena as well as an investigation by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">U.S. Justice Department</a>.<a href="#cite_note-171">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[169]</a> On July 19, <a href="/wiki/Amazon_(company)" title="Amazon (company)">Amazon.</a> filed a lawsuit against more than 10,000 <a href="/wiki/List_of_Facebook_features#Groups" title="List of Facebook features">Facebook group</a> administrators for distributing fake <a href="/wiki/User_review" title="User review">user reviews</a> of Amazon products in violation of Facebook company policies.<a href="#cite_note-173">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[171]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tesla_and_Twitter">Tesla and Twitter</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gary_Gensler&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Tesla and Twitter">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_lawsuits_involving_Tesla,_Inc." title="List of lawsuits involving Tesla, Inc.">List of lawsuits involving Tesla, Inc.</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acquisition_of_Twitter_by_Elon_Musk" title="Acquisition of Twitter by Elon Musk">Acquisition of Twitter by Elon Musk</a></div> On November 6, 2021, <a href="/wiki/Tesla,_Inc." title="Tesla, Inc.">Tesla, Inc.</a> <a href="/wiki/Chief_executive_officer" title="Chief executive officer">CEO</a> <a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a> posted a <a href="/wiki/Microblogging" title="Microblogging">tweet</a> on his <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> account that conducted a poll of his <a href="/wiki/Friending_and_following" title="Friending and following">followers</a> over whether he should sell 10% of his Tesla stock.<a href="#cite_note-175">[172]</a> On December 3, Musk had sold approximately $10 billion worth of his Tesla shares.<a href="#cite_note-176">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[174]</a> On December 6, the SEC opened an investigation of Tesla in response to a whistleblower complaint alleging the company did not properly <a href="/wiki/Prospectus_(finance)" title="Prospectus (finance)">disclose</a> to its shareholders <a href="/wiki/Fire_safety" title="Fire safety">fire risks</a> associated with its <a href="/wiki/Solar_panel" title="Solar panel">solar panels</a>.<a href="#cite_note-178">[175]</a> On February 7, 2022, Tesla disclosed in a filing to the SEC that the agency had issued a <a href="/wiki/Subpoena" title="Subpoena">subpoena</a> to the company for information about company governance policies to comply with an October 2018 settlement with the agency in a securities fraud lawsuit over a tweet Musk posted on his Twitter account about taking Tesla <a href="/wiki/Corporation" title="Corporation">private</a> in August 2018 that the agency subsequently requested that Musk be held in <a href="/wiki/Contempt_of_court" title="Contempt of court">contempt of court</a> for violating in February 2019 (that resulted in an amended settlement the following April),<a href="#cite_note-MuskSECLawsuit1-186">[list 4]</a> and that the agency sent letters to the company in 2019 and in 2020 warning the company that tweets Musk posted in July 2019 and in May 2020 were in violation of.<a href="#cite_note-MuskSECLawsuit2-193">[list 5]</a> On February 17, Musk's attorneys filed a letter with the presiding judge in the 2018 settlement alleging that the SEC was attempting to <a href="/wiki/Chilling_effect" title="Chilling effect">chill</a> his <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">First Amendment</a> right to <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech_in_the_United_States" title="Freedom of speech in the United States">freedom of speech</a> and that the SEC had failed to pay Tesla shareholders the $40 million in fines the agency had assessed from him and the company under the terms of the settlement,<a href="#cite_note-194">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[190]</a> which the SEC disputed in a letter filed with the court in response on February 18.<a href="#cite_note-196">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[192]</a> On February 21, Musk's attorneys filed a second letter with the court alleging the SEC had illegally leaked information from an investigation into him.<a href="#cite_note-198">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[194]</a> On February 24, <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Southern_District_of_New_York" title="United States District Court for the Southern District of New York">Southern New York U.S. District Court Judge</a> <a href="/wiki/Alison_Nathan" title="Alison Nathan">Alison Nathan</a> issued an order rejecting requests made by Musk in his February 21 letter,<a href="#cite_note-200">[195]</a> while the SEC was in the process of conducting an <a href="/wiki/Insider_trading" title="Insider trading">insider trading</a> investigation of Musk and his brother <a href="/wiki/Kimbal_Musk" title="Kimbal Musk">Kimbal Musk</a> for a $108 million sale of Tesla stock before Elon's November 2021 tweet.<a href="#cite_note-201">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[197]</a> On March 8, Musk filed a motion with the court to have the 2018 settlement with the SEC terminated.<a href="#cite_note-203">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[199]</a> On March 22, the SEC filed a response to Musk's March 8 filing requesting that Judge Nathan deny Musk's motion, that its subpoenas were lawful, and disclosed that the agency was investigating Musk for his November 2021 tweet.<a href="#cite_note-205">[200]</a> On March 29, Musk filed another letter with the court reiterating his First Amendment concerns.<a href="#cite_note-206">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[202]</a> On April 4, Musk submitted a <a href="/wiki/Schedule_13G" title="Schedule 13G">13G filing</a> with the SEC to purchase a 9.2% passive ownership stake in <a href="/wiki/Twitter,_Inc." title="Twitter, Inc.">Twitter, Inc.</a>,<a href="#cite_note-208">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[204]</a> but then submitted a <a href="/wiki/Schedule_13D" title="Schedule 13D">Schedule 13D</a> <a href="/wiki/Beneficial_ownership" title="Beneficial ownership">beneficial ownership</a> filing reserving the right to purchase a larger stake in the company with the agency the next day (and because the disclosure was filed later than an SEC deadline, it may have made Musk an additional $156 million).<a href="#cite_note-210">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[207]</a> On April 13, a group of Twitter shareholders filed a lawsuit against Musk for failing to disclose his ownership stake to the SEC within the agency's prescribed deadline.<a href="#cite_note-213">[208]</a> On April 14, Musk filed an <a href="/wiki/Proposed_acquisition_of_Twitter_by_Elon_Musk" class="mw-redirect" title="Proposed acquisition of Twitter by Elon Musk">offer to buy Twitter, Inc.</a> with the SEC for $43 billion and take the company private (which was revised a week later to $46.5 billion).<a href="#cite_note-214">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[210]</a> On April 15, <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Northern_District_of_California" title="United States District Court for the Northern District of California">Northern California U.S. District Court Judge</a> <a href="/wiki/Edward_M._Chen" title="Edward M. Chen">Edward M. Chen</a> ruled in a lawsuit filed by Tesla shareholders against Musk and the company that his August 2018 tweet was a knowingly made <a href="/wiki/False_statements_of_fact" title="False statements of fact">false statement of fact</a> (the day after Musk stated at the 2022 <a href="/wiki/TED_(conference)" title="TED (conference)">TED conference</a> that it was not).<a href="#cite_note-216">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[212]</a> On April 22, <a href="/wiki/House_Republican_Conference" title="House Republican Conference">Republican Conference</a> members of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_the_Judiciary" title="United States House Committee on the Judiciary">U.S. House Judiciary Committee</a> wrote a letter to the Twitter board of directors requesting that company executives preserve all company records related to Musk's acquisition proposal.<a href="#cite_note-218">[213]</a> On April 25, the Twitter board of directors unanimously agreed to Musk's acquisition proposal at $44 billion.<a href="#cite_note-219">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-220">[215]</a> On April 27, Southern New York U.S. District Court Judge <a href="/wiki/Lewis_J._Liman" title="Lewis J. Liman">Lewis J. Liman</a> denied Musk's motion to terminate the 2018 settlement.<a href="#cite_note-221">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-222">[217]</a> On April 30, Musk filed an <a href="/wiki/Amicus_curiae" title="Amicus curiae">amicus brief</a> along with <a href="/wiki/Dallas_Mavericks" title="Dallas Mavericks">Dallas Mavericks</a> team owner <a href="/wiki/Mark_Cuban" title="Mark Cuban">Mark Cuban</a> in support of a petition to the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">U.S. Supreme Court</a> by a former <a href="/wiki/Chief_financial_officer" title="Chief financial officer">chief financial officer</a> at <a href="/wiki/Xerox" title="Xerox">Xerox</a> to review a 2003 settlement the Xerox CFO made with the SEC that includes a <a href="/wiki/Gag_order" title="Gag order">gag order</a> that the plaintiff argues is in violation of his First Amendment right to freedom of speech.<a href="#cite_note-223">[218]</a> On May 13, Musk posted a tweet that his acquisition of Twitter would be put on hold until statistics about <a href="/wiki/Spambot" title="Spambot">spambots</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sock_puppet_account" title="Sock puppet account">fake accounts</a> on <a href="/wiki/Twitter_bot" title="Twitter bot">Twitter</a> were verified,<a href="#cite_note-224">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-225">[220]</a> while the SEC and the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission" title="Federal Trade Commission">Federal Trade Commission</a> began investigations of Musk for violating filing deadlines for his Twitter passive ownership stake and his subsequent company acquisition proposal respectively.<a href="#cite_note-226">[221]</a> On May 16, Twitter CEO <a href="/wiki/Parag_Agrawal" title="Parag Agrawal">Parag Agrawal</a> posted a tweet detailing company policies for addressing fake and spam accounts in response to Musk (to which Musk posted a tweet in return).<a href="#cite_note-227">[222]</a> On May 17, Musk tweeted that the Twitter acquisition would not move forward until he had greater clarification about the ratio of fake and spam accounts on the site,<a href="#cite_note-228">[223]</a> later tweeting a poll of his followers' opinions of Twitter, Inc. statements about the ratio of fake and spam accounts in filings to the SEC (and where Musk posted a comment in the poll thread calling upon the SEC to investigate whether the company's statements disclosing the ratio in filings to the agency are true).<a href="#cite_note-229">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-230">[225]</a> On the same day, Twitter submitted a new filing with the SEC that stated that Musk had met with Twitter executives for three days before he announced his acquisition proposal.<a href="#cite_note-231">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-232">[227]</a> On May 24, <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a> reported that since the April 2019 amended settlement between Musk and the SEC, agency officials have consciously chosen not to pursue legal action against Musk for violating the terms of the agreement and to write letters urging compliance instead due to remarks made by the presiding judge during the case.<a href="#cite_note-233">[228]</a> On May 25, Twitter shareholders filed a <a href="/wiki/Class_action" title="Class action">class action</a> lawsuit against Musk and Twitter, Inc. alleging market manipulation and violation of <a href="/wiki/Law_of_California" title="Law of California">California corporate laws</a>.<a href="#cite_note-234">[229]</a> On June 3, a dozen political advocacy groups (including the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Countering_Digital_Hate" title="Center for Countering Digital Hate">Center for Countering Digital Hate</a>, <a href="/wiki/GLAAD" title="GLAAD">GLAAD</a>, and <a href="/wiki/MediaJustice" title="MediaJustice">MediaJustice</a>) announced a campaign to block Musk's Twitter acquisition proposal by pressuring government agencies to review the acquisition, persuading Tesla shareholders to take legal action against the proposal, and asking advertisers to boycott the platform.<a href="#cite_note-235">[230]</a> On June 6, Musk's attorneys disclosed a letter to the SEC accusing Twitter executives of a <a href="/wiki/Breach_of_contract#Material_breach" title="Breach of contract">material breach of contract</a> due to lack of information provided about fake and spam accounts and claimed to reserve Musk's right to terminate the merger agreement (despite Musk waiving <a href="/wiki/Due_diligence" title="Due diligence">due diligence</a> in his offer to buy the company on April 14).<a href="#cite_note-236">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-237">[232]</a> On July 1, an <a href="/wiki/Investment_management" title="Investment management">investment management</a> group affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Pension_fund" title="Pension fund">pension funds</a> of <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Organizing_Center" title="Strategic Organizing Center">Strategic Organizing Center</a> labor unions wrote a letter to the SEC requesting that the agency investigate Tesla for violating the terms of the October 2018 settlement with the agency after the company disclosed in its annual <a href="/wiki/Proxy_statement" title="Proxy statement">proxy statement</a> (filed with the SEC the previous month) that <a href="/wiki/Oracle_Corporation" title="Oracle Corporation">Oracle Corporation</a> CEO <a href="/wiki/Larry_Ellison" title="Larry Ellison">Larry Ellison</a> did not intend to stand for re-election as company chairman and that the company did not intend to replace his seat on the board (thereby reducing its size).<a href="#cite_note-238">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-239">[234]</a> On July 8, Musk filed a letter with the SEC sent to Twitter executives notifying them that he intended to terminate his acquisition proposal of the company, to which Twitter Board Chairman <a href="/wiki/Bret_Taylor" title="Bret Taylor">Bret Taylor</a> posted a tweet stating that the company would continue to attempt to close the transaction and that it would pursue legal action to enforce the merger.<a href="#cite_note-240">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-241">[236]</a> On July 12, Twitter Inc. filed a lawsuit against Musk in the <a href="/wiki/Delaware_Court_of_Chancery" title="Delaware Court of Chancery">Delaware Court of Chancery</a> to enforce the acquisition agreement.<a href="#cite_note-242">[237]</a> On July 14, the SEC disclosed a letter sent to Musk on June 2 for additional information about his 13D filing on April 5.<a href="#cite_note-243">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-244">[239]</a> On July 15, Musk filed a motion requesting that the court not grant Twitter's request for a <a href="/wiki/Speedy_trial" title="Speedy trial">speedy trial</a>,<a href="#cite_note-245">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-246">[241]</a> while Twitter submitted an amended proxy statement with the SEC that urged company shareholders to approve the acquisition agreement.<a href="#cite_note-247">[242]</a> On July 18, Twitter submitted a filing with the court stating that Musk's request to deny a speedy trial was a tactical delay, that Musk's tactics were harming Twitter's reputation and share price, and urged the court to schedule the earliest possible trial date.<a href="#cite_note-248">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-249">[244]</a> On July 19, the court ruled in Twitter's favor and scheduled a five-day trial to take place the following October.<a href="#cite_note-250">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-251">[246]</a> On July 22, Twitter released its earnings report for the second quarter of 2022 that showed a 1 percent decline in year-over-year company revenue and that company earnings were lower than analysts' expectations (which the company partially attributed to uncertainty created by the acquisition agreement).<a href="#cite_note-252">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-253">[248]</a> On July 25, Tesla disclosed in a filing with the SEC that the company had received a second subpoena from the agency on June 13 with respect to the 2018 settlement.<a href="#cite_note-254">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-255">[250]</a> On July 26, Twitter disclosed in filing with the SEC that the company had scheduled a shareholder meeting on September 13, 2022, to vote on the acquisition agreement.<a href="#cite_note-256">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-257">[252]</a> In a complaint filed by Whistleblower Aid with the SEC, the U.S. Justice Department, and the Federal Trade Commission on July 6, former Twitter security officer <a href="/wiki/Peiter_Zatko" title="Peiter Zatko">Peiter Zatko</a> alleged that specific Twitter executives—including Parag Agrawal and certain board members—have repeatedly made false and misleading statements to its board, shareholders, users, regulators, and the public about privacy, security, and content moderation on the platform since 2011 in violation of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission_Act_of_1914" title="Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914">Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914</a> and SEC disclosure rules including misrepresentations to Musk during the course of the acquisition bid (citing Agrawal's May 16 tweet detailing company policies for addressing fake and spam accounts).<a href="#cite_note-258">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-259">[254]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Author">Author</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gary_Gensler&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Author">edit</a>]</div> Outside of Gensler's business and public service career, Gensler has co-authored a book with <a href="/wiki/Greg_Baer" title="Greg Baer">Greg Baer</a>, a fellow Clinton Administration alum, <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Great_Mutual_Fund_Trap&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Great Mutual Fund Trap (page does not exist)">The Great Mutual Fund Trap</a>. The book uses empirical data to show that the average mutual fund consistently underperforms the market.<a href="#cite_note-260">[255]</a> The book argues that actively-traded mutual funds carry high fees and lower-than-market returns, and investors should instead rely on low-fee index funds rather than constantly attempt to beat the market. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_involvement">Political involvement</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gary_Gensler&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Political involvement">edit</a>]</div> Gensler served as treasurer of the <a href="/wiki/Maryland_Democratic_Party" title="Maryland Democratic Party">Maryland Democratic Party</a> for two years,<a href="#cite_note-baltsundem-9">[9]</a> and held several senior roles on the Maryland campaigns of U.S. Senator <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Mikulski" title="Barbara Mikulski">Barbara Mikulski</a>, former Lieutenant Governor <a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Kennedy_Townsend" title="Kathleen Kennedy Townsend">Kathleen Kennedy Townsend</a>, and Governor <a href="/wiki/Martin_O%27Malley" title="Martin O'Malley">Martin O'Malley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nationaljournal-261">[256]</a> During the 2008 presidential campaign cycle, Gensler served as a senior advisor to <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a>'s presidential campaign and later advised the Obama campaign.<a href="#cite_note-nationaljournal-261">[256]</a> In May 2015, Gensler was named chief financial officer of Clinton's campaign for president.<a href="#cite_note-New_York_Times-262">[257]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Academic">Academic</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gary_Gensler&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Academic">edit</a>]</div> Gensler is Professor of the Practice of Global Economics and Management, <a href="/wiki/MIT_Sloan_School_of_Management" title="MIT Sloan School of Management">MIT Sloan School of Management</a>, co-director of MIT's Fintech@CSAIL and senior adviser to the <a href="/wiki/MIT_Media_Lab" title="MIT Media Lab">MIT Media Lab</a> Digital Currency Initiative.<a href="#cite_note-:0-263">[258]</a> He focuses on the intersection of finance and technology, conducts research and teaches on <a href="/wiki/Blockchain" title="Blockchain">blockchain</a> technology,<a href="#cite_note-264">[259]</a> digital currencies, financial technology and public policy. He is a member of the New York Fed Fintech Advisory Group, a group of experts in financial technology that regularly presents views and perspectives on the topic to the president of the New York Fed.<a href="#cite_note-265">[260]</a> Gensler won the MIT Sloan Outstanding Teacher Award based upon student nominations for the 2018–19 academic year.<a href="#cite_note-:0-263">[258]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gary_Gensler&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Personal life">edit</a>]</div> Gensler lives in Baltimore with his three daughters, Anna, Lee and Isabel.<a href="#cite_note-moneycop-6">[6]</a> Gensler was married to filmmaker and photo collagist <a href="/wiki/Francesca_Danieli" title="Francesca Danieli">Francesca Danieli</a> from 1986 until her death from breast cancer in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-266">[261]</a> Gensler is a runner and has finished nine marathons<a href="#cite_note-nytimesprotess-8">[8]</a> and one 50-mile ultramarathon.<a href="#cite_note-nationaljournal-261">[256]</a> He also is a mountain climber, having summited Mt. Rainier and Mt. Kilimanjaro.<a href="#cite_note-nationaljournal-261">[256]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gary_Gensler&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sec.gov/biography/gary-gensler">"Gary Gensler"</a>. 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Retrieved July 25, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN+Business&rft.atitle=Tesla+subpoenaed+over+Elon+Musk%27s+tweets+%E2%80%A6+again&rft.date=2022-07-25&rft.aulast=Isidore&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2022%2F07%2F25%2Finvesting%2Felon-musk-tesla-sec-subpoena%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGary+Gensler" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVanian2022" class="citation news cs1">Vanian, Jonathan (July 26, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2022/07/26/twitter-to-hold-vote-on-musk-merger-on-sept-13.html">"Twitter to hold vote on Musk merger on Sept. 13"</a>. CNBC. Retrieved July 26, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Twitter+to+hold+vote+on+Musk+merger+on+Sept.+13&rft.date=2022-07-26&rft.aulast=Vanian&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2022%2F07%2F26%2Ftwitter-to-hold-vote-on-musk-merger-on-sept-13.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGary+Gensler" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeedleman2022" class="citation news cs1">Needleman, Sarah E. (July 26, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/twitter-schedules-shareholder-vote-on-elon-musks-44-billion-takeover-bid-11658870437">"Twitter Schedules Shareholder Vote on Elon Musk's $44 Billion Takeover Bid"</a>. The Wall Street Journal. News Corp. Retrieved July 26, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Twitter+Schedules+Shareholder+Vote+on+Elon+Musk%27s+%2444+Billion+Takeover+Bid&rft.date=2022-07-26&rft.aulast=Needleman&rft.aufirst=Sarah+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Ftwitter-schedules-shareholder-vote-on-elon-musks-44-billion-takeover-bid-11658870437&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGary+Gensler" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMennDwoskinZakrzewski2022" class="citation news cs1">Menn, Joseph; Dwoskin, Elizabeth; Zakrzewski, Cat (August 23, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/interactive/2022/twitter-whistleblower-sec-spam/">"Former security chief claims Twitter buried 'egregious deficiencies'"</a>. 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Retrieved August 23, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Former+security+chief+claims+Twitter+buried+%27egregious+deficiencies%27&rft.date=2022-08-23&rft.aulast=Menn&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft.au=Dwoskin%2C+Elizabeth&rft.au=Zakrzewski%2C+Cat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Ftechnology%2Finteractive%2F2022%2Ftwitter-whistleblower-sec-spam%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGary+Gensler" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiddiquiDwoskin2022" class="citation news cs1">Siddiqui, Faiz; Dwoskin, Elizabeth (August 23, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/08/23/twitter-musk-trial-whistleblower/">"New whistleblower allegations could factor into Twitter vs. Musk trial"</a>. 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Retrieved August 23, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=New+whistleblower+allegations+could+factor+into+Twitter+vs.+Musk+trial&rft.date=2022-08-23&rft.aulast=Siddiqui&rft.aufirst=Faiz&rft.au=Dwoskin%2C+Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Ftechnology%2F2022%2F08%2F23%2Ftwitter-musk-trial-whistleblower%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGary+Gensler" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">The Great Mutual Fund Trap: An Investment Recovery Plan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0767910710" title="Special:BookSources/0767910710"><bdi>0767910710</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Mutual+Fund+Trap%3A+An+Investment+Recovery+Plan&rft.isbn=0767910710&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGary+Gensler" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nationaljournal-261">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nationaljournal_261-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nationaljournal_261-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nationaljournal_261-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nationaljournal_261-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcBride2013" class="citation news cs1">McBride, Courtney (July 14, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationaljournal.com/decision-makers/finance-economy/gary-gensler-chairman-20130714">"Gary Gensler, Chairman"</a>. 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Retrieved February 8, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Hillary+Clinton+Hiring+of+C.F.O.+Is+Called+Signal+to+Possible+Donors&rft.date=2015-07-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F04%2F18%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Fhillary-clinton-hiring-gary-gensler-is-called-signal-to-possible-donors.html%3F_r&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGary+Gensler" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-263">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_263-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_263-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mitsloan.mit.edu/faculty/directory/gary-gensler">"Gary Gensler"</a>. MIT Sloan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201113161143/https://mitsloan.mit.edu/faculty/directory/gary-gensler">Archived</a> from the original on November 13, 2020. Retrieved November 13, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gary+Gensler&rft.pub=MIT+Sloan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmitsloan.mit.edu%2Ffaculty%2Fdirectory%2Fgary-gensler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGary+Gensler" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/sloan-school-of-management/15-s12-blockchain-and-money-fall-2018/">"Blockchain and Money"</a>. MIT OpenCourseWare. Retrieved May 22, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MIT+OpenCourseWare&rft.atitle=Blockchain+and+Money&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Focw.mit.edu%2Fcourses%2Fsloan-school-of-management%2F15-s12-blockchain-and-money-fall-2018%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGary+Gensler" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorkfed.org/aboutthefed/ag_fintech.html">"Fintech Advisory Group"</a>. www.newyorkfed.org. Federal Reserve Bank of New York. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201118084214/https://www.newyorkfed.org/aboutthefed/ag_fintech.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 18, 2020. Retrieved November 13, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.newyorkfed.org&rft.atitle=Fintech+Advisory+Group&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorkfed.org%2Faboutthefed%2Fag_fintech.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGary+Gensler" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSullivan2006" class="citation news cs1">Sullivan, Patricia (July 2, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/07/01/AR2006070100993.html">"Filmmaker and Honored Photo Collagist Francesca Danieli, 52"</a>. Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150627163531/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/07/01/AR2006070100993.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 27, 2015. Retrieved October 28, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Filmmaker+and+Honored+Photo+Collagist+Francesca+Danieli%2C+52&rft.date=2006-07-02&rft.aulast=Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2006%2F07%2F01%2FAR2006070100993.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGary+Gensler" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <dl><dt>Bundled references</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-HouseFinancialServices5-6-2021Testimony-71"><a href="#cite_ref-HouseFinancialServices5-6-2021Testimony_71-0">^</a> <a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FTXRobinhoodPotentialAcquisition-99"><a href="#cite_ref-FTXRobinhoodPotentialAcquisition_99-0">^</a> <a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-DWAC–TWTGMerger-165"><a href="#cite_ref-DWAC–TWTGMerger_165-0">^</a> <a href="#cite_note-161">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[162]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-MuskSECLawsuit1-186"><a href="#cite_ref-MuskSECLawsuit1_186-0">^</a> <a href="#cite_note-179">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[182]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-MuskSECLawsuit2-193"><a href="#cite_ref-MuskSECLawsuit2_193-0">^</a> <a href="#cite_note-187">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[188]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gary_Gensler&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Gary_Gensler" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Gary Gensler">Gary Gensler</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?garygensler">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1494852#P2190" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cftc.gov/About/Commissioners/FormerCommissioners/ggensler">CFTC biography</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141030030231/http://www.cftc.gov/About/Commissioners/FormerCommissioners/ggensler">Archived</a> October 30, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Darcy_Bradbury&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Darcy Bradbury (page does not exist)">Darcy Bradbury</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Assistant_Secretary_of_the_Treasury_for_Financial_Markets" title="Assistant Secretary of the Treasury for Financial Markets">Assistant Secretary of the Treasury for Financial Markets</a> 1997–1998 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lewis_A._Sachs" title="Lewis A. Sachs">Lee Sachs</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_D._Hawke,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="John D. Hawke, Jr.">John Hawke</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Under_Secretary_of_the_Treasury_for_Domestic_Finance" title="Under Secretary of the Treasury for Domestic Finance">Under Secretary of the Treasury for Domestic Finance</a> 1999–2001 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Peter_R._Fisher" title="Peter R. Fisher">Peter Fisher</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Lukken&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Lukken (page does not exist)">Walter Lukken</a> Acting</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Chair of the <a href="/wiki/Commodity_Futures_Trading_Commission" title="Commodity Futures Trading Commission">Commodity Futures Trading Commission</a> 2009–2014 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Wetjen" title="Mark Wetjen">Mark Wetjen</a> Acting</div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Allison_Lee" title="Allison Lee">Allison Lee</a> Acting</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Chair of the <a 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aria-labelledby="Chairmen_of_the_United_States_Securities_and_Exchange_Commission" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar 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Kennedy Sr.">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_M._Landis" title="James M. Landis">Landis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_O._Douglas" title="William O. Douglas">Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Frank" title="Jerome Frank">Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_C._Eicher" title="Edward C. Eicher">Eicher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganson_Purcell" title="Ganson Purcell">Purcell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_J._Caffrey" title="James J. Caffrey">Caffrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmond_M._Hanrahan" title="Edmond M. Hanrahan">Hanrahan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harry_A._McDonald&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harry A. McDonald (page does not exist)">McDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_C._Cook" title="Donald C. Cook">D. Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_H._Demmler" title="Ralph H. Demmler">Demmler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Sinclair_Armstrong" title="J. Sinclair Armstrong">Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_N._Gadsby" title="Edward N. Gadsby">Gadsby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Cary" title="William L. Cary">Cary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_F._Cohen" title="Manuel F. Cohen">Cohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamer_H._Budge" title="Hamer H. Budge">Budge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Casey" title="William J. Casey">Casey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Bradford_Cook" title="G. Bradford Cook">B. Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Garrett,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Ray Garrett, Jr.">Garrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roderick_M._Hills" title="Roderick M. Hills">Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_M._Williams" title="Harold M. Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_S.R._Shad" class="mw-redirect" title="John S.R. Shad">Shad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Sturtevant_Ruder" title="David Sturtevant Ruder">Ruder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_C._Breeden" title="Richard C. Breeden">Breeden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Levitt" title="Arthur Levitt">Levitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Pitt" title="Harvey Pitt">Pitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Donaldson" title="William H. Donaldson">Donaldson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Cox" title="Christopher Cox">Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Schapiro" title="Mary Schapiro">Schapiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisse_B._Walter" title="Elisse B. Walter">Walter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Jo_White" title="Mary Jo White">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Clayton_(attorney)" title="Jay Clayton (attorney)">Clayton</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gensler</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Seal_of_the_United_States_Securities_and_Exchange_Commission.svg/60px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Securities_and_Exchange_Commission.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Seal_of_the_United_States_Securities_and_Exchange_Commission.svg/90px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Securities_and_Exchange_Commission.svg.png 1.5x, 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000046207550">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/848156858526749780003">VIAF</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/34089022">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/432949/">FAST</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" 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