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The Governor-General: What you need to know - New Zealand Parliament

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</li> <li class="breadcrumb__item"> <a href="/en/get-involved/features/" class="breadcrumb__link theme__link" > Features </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb__item"> <a href="/en/get-involved/features/the-governor-general-what-you-need-to-know/" class="breadcrumb__link theme__link" aria-current="page"> The Governor-General: What you need to know </a> </li> </ol> </nav> <div class="publish-date"> <div><strong>Originally published:</strong> 20 October 2021</div> </div> <div class="lede"><p>On 21 October 2021, Dame Cindy Kiro became the new Governor-General of New Zealand. Find out more about the Governor-General, the history of the position, and the role that they play in New Zealand today.</p></div> <div class="body-text section--border-bottom-mobile push--top-mobile"> <div class="figure figure--image js-lightbox-single one-whole s-one-half figure--right"> <a href="/media/8615/20211021-20211021-governor-general-swearing-in-7519-675.jpg" class="figure__container js-lightbox-image" target="" data-caption="Dame Cindy Kiro, New Zealand&amp;#x27;s Governor-General, during her swearing-in ceremony" data-source="Phil Smith/VNP"> <img src="/content/images/placeholder/lazyload/original.F1dsGg.png" data-original="/media/8615/20211021-20211021-governor-general-swearing-in-7519-675.FjRGnQ.jpg" alt="Dame Cindy Kiro photographed during her swearing in as Governor-General" class="js-lazy-auto " title="Dame Cindy Kiro Swearing In"/> <noscript> <img src="/media/8615/20211021-20211021-governor-general-swearing-in-7519-675.FjRGnQ.jpg" alt="Dame Cindy Kiro photographed during her swearing in as Governor-General" class="" title="Dame Cindy Kiro Swearing In" /> </noscript> <span class="figure__btn theme__btn"> <span class="figure__btn-icon theme__text-inv iconf-zoom-in2" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visuallyhidden">Enlarge image</span> </span> </a> <p class="figure__figcaption"> Dame Cindy Kiro, New Zealand&#x27;s Governor-General, during her swearing-in ceremony </p> <p class="figure__figcaption"> Source: Phil Smith/VNP </p> </div> <p><a href="https://www.parliament.nz/en/get-involved/features/the-governor-general-what-you-need-to-know/#A" data-anchor="#A"><strong>Who is the Sovereign?</strong></a></p> <p><a href="https://www.parliament.nz/en/get-involved/features/the-governor-general-what-you-need-to-know/#B" data-anchor="#B"><strong>A changing role</strong></a></p> <p><a href="https://www.parliament.nz/en/get-involved/features/the-governor-general-what-you-need-to-know/#C" data-anchor="#C"><strong>The role of the Governor-General today</strong></a></p> <h3><a id="A"></a>Who is the Sovereign?</h3> <p>New Zealand’s government is <span><a href="https://www.parliament.nz/en/visit-and-learn/how-parliament-works/our-system-of-government/">split into three branches</a></span> – the Legislature, the Executive, and the Judiciary. But, because New Zealand is a constitutional monarchy, the Sovereign (who is also the British monarch) is our head of state.</p> <p>The Sovereign is the source of all executive legal authority in New Zealand, and acts on the advice of the Government in all but the most exceptional circumstances.</p> <p>The Sovereign is represented in New Zealand by the Governor-General.</p> <h3><a id="B"></a>A changing role</h3> <p>The Governor, who represented the British Government, governed New Zealand from 1840. In that year, the Treaty of Waitangi was signed and New Zealand became a British colony.</p> <p>In 1854, New Zealand’s first Parliament opened with New Zealand’s first elected representatives. The formation and control of the government, however, remained with the Governor. The Governor chose the members of the Executive Council (the Government); controlled the Legislative Council, and was accountable to the British Government, rather than the New Zealand Parliament.</p> <p>During the next two years, it was unclear how the Governor should hand over power to meet the growing demands to do so. Until this was clarified, the Governor would not agree to pass power to a Government formed only from members of Parliament. In 1855, permission was finally received from the British Government that the Governor could only choose the government from elected members of Parliament. After fresh elections in 1855, New Zealand’s second Parliament was chosen and from it, in 1856, New Zealand’s first “responsible” government was formed (that is, accountable to the New Zealand Parliament). The Governor, however, still controlled important aspects of New Zealand’s affairs including defence, the military, “Native” (Māori) affairs, international trade, and foreign affairs.</p> <div class="figure figure--image js-lightbox-single one-whole s-one-half figure--center"> <a href="/media/1862/government-house-water-colour.jpg" class="figure__container js-lightbox-image" target="" data-caption="Government House - Water Colour" data-source="George O’Brien, 1871. Alexander Turnbull Library, G674."> <img src="/content/images/placeholder/lazyload/original.F1dsGg.png" data-original="/media/1862/government-house-water-colour.DmxLYg.jpg" alt="Government House." class="js-lazy-auto " title="Government House - Water Colour.jpg"/> <noscript> <img src="/media/1862/government-house-water-colour.DmxLYg.jpg" alt="Government House." class="" title="Government House - Water Colour.jpg" /> </noscript> <span class="figure__btn theme__btn"> <span class="figure__btn-icon theme__text-inv iconf-zoom-in2" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visuallyhidden">Enlarge image</span> </span> </a> <p class="figure__figcaption"> Government House - Water Colour </p> <p class="figure__figcaption"> Source: George O’Brien, 1871. Alexander Turnbull Library, G674. </p> </div> <p>In the early 1860s, the country fell into financial trouble due to the <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qEi3iQ_57Bc">New Zealand Wars</a> — and the Governor and Government clashed. As a result, the Government proposed that New Zealand become ‘self-reliant’ — controlling and paying for all its domestic affairs. Britain gradually agreed.</p> <p>The transfer of Māori affairs from the British to the Colonial Government was essentially achieved by 1870. The Royal Instructions of 1892 removed the Governor’s powers to act independently without consulting the Colonial Government.</p> <p>In 1917, the Governor became known as the Governor-General, but still continued to:</p> <ul> <li>be appointed by Britain</li> <li>act as both representative of the British Government as well as the sole official representative of New Zealand views to the British government</li> <li>be the only person to hold the official coding ciphers</li> <li>have sole discretion over what information was passed to the New Zealand government.</li> </ul> <p>After the Second World War New Zealand exercised more control over the appointment of the Governor-General, in the belief that the office should be more representative of New Zealand as a whole. In 1967 Sir Arthur Porritt became the first New Zealand-born Governor-General, and since then a more diverse group of governors-general have been appointed.</p> <p>In 1985 Sir Paul Reeves became the first Māori Governor-General. In 1990 Dame Catherine Tizard became the first woman to be appointed to the office. In 2006 Sir Anand Satyanand became the first Governor-General of Indian and Pacific descent.</p> <h3><a id="C"></a>The role of the Governor-General today</h3> <p>Today, the role of the Governor-General (and the Sovereign when they are here) includes constitutional, ceremonial and community functions.</p> <div class="figure figure--image js-lightbox-single one-whole s-one-half figure--right"> <a href="/media/3075/governor-general-of-new-zealand-dame-patsy-reddy-signing-the-first-royal-assent-at-new-zealand-parliament.jpg" class="figure__container js-lightbox-image" target="" data-caption="One of the Governor-General&amp;#x27;s roles is to give Royal assent to passed bills so that they become law" data-source="Office of the Clerk"> <img src="/content/images/placeholder/lazyload/original.F1dsGg.png" data-original="/media/3075/governor-general-of-new-zealand-dame-patsy-reddy-signing-the-first-royal-assent-at-new-zealand-parliament.DmxMpw.jpg" alt="Dame Patsy Reddy signing the first Royal assent" class="js-lazy-auto " title="Governor-General of New Zealand Dame Patsy Reddy signing the first Royal assent at New Zealand Parliament"/> <noscript> <img src="/media/3075/governor-general-of-new-zealand-dame-patsy-reddy-signing-the-first-royal-assent-at-new-zealand-parliament.DmxMpw.jpg" alt="Dame Patsy Reddy signing the first Royal assent" class="" title="Governor-General of New Zealand Dame Patsy Reddy signing the first Royal assent at New Zealand Parliament" /> </noscript> <span class="figure__btn theme__btn"> <span class="figure__btn-icon theme__text-inv iconf-zoom-in2" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visuallyhidden">Enlarge image</span> </span> </a> <p class="figure__figcaption"> One of the Governor-General&#x27;s roles is to give Royal assent to passed bills so that they become law </p> <p class="figure__figcaption"> Source: Office of the Clerk </p> </div> <p>Constitutional functions include presiding over the Executive Council, appointing ministers and judges, dissolving Parliament before a General Election, opening the new Parliament after a General Election, and giving Royal assent to bills that have passed their third reading so they become law. When travelling abroad, the Governor-General is seen as a de facto head of state and the representative of New Zealand.</p> <p>Ceremonial functions include hosting state visits and banquets, attending military services, and awarding medals and New Zealand honours.</p> <p>Community roles include being the patron of many charitable, service, sporting, and cultural organisations, hosting events at Government House, speaking to groups throughout New Zealand, and generally providing encouragement to people who are contributing to their communities.</p> <p>The Governor-General is not involved in the day-to-day business of the House of Representatives. In fact, by convention, the Governor-General doesn’t enter the debating chamber, to symbolise the independence of the House of Representatives from the Sovereign.</p> <div class="figure figure--image js-lightbox-single one-whole s-one-half figure--center"> <a href="/media/7246/dissolutioncanceled-4-of-6.jpg" class="figure__container js-lightbox-image" target="" data-caption="By tradition, the Sovereign, or their representative, is only allowed to walk on the red carpet at Parliament House, and not the green." data-source="Office of the Clerk"> <img src="/content/images/placeholder/lazyload/original.F1dsGg.png" data-original="/media/7246/dissolutioncanceled-4-of-6.E_l-xg.jpg" alt="Table and chair for dissolution of Parliament in the Legislative Council Chamber" class="js-lazy-auto " title="Dissolution of Parliament LCC"/> <noscript> <img src="/media/7246/dissolutioncanceled-4-of-6.E_l-xg.jpg" alt="Table and chair for dissolution of Parliament in the Legislative Council Chamber" class="" title="Dissolution of Parliament LCC" /> </noscript> <span class="figure__btn theme__btn"> <span class="figure__btn-icon theme__text-inv iconf-zoom-in2" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="visuallyhidden">Enlarge image</span> </span> </a> <p class="figure__figcaption"> By tradition, the Sovereign, or their representative, is only allowed to walk on the red carpet at Parliament House, and not the green. </p> <p class="figure__figcaption"> Source: Office of the Clerk </p> </div> <p><a href="https://ondemand.parliament.nz/spotlight-on-parliament/?itemId=60680"><strong>Watch former Governor-General Dame Patsy Reddy discuss the unique relationship between the Sovereign’s representative and Parliament. </strong></a> </p> <p>The <span><a href="https://dpmc.govt.nz/sites/default/files/2017-06/cabinet-manual-2017.pdf">Cabinet Manual</a></span> lays out the roles of the Sovereign and the Governor-General in detail.</p> </div> <div class="body-text"> <div class="social-share__wrap 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class="section-nav__list-link theme__color--hover "> Use your voice - shape Aotearoa New Zealand’s future </a> </li> <li class="section-nav__list-item"> <a href="/en/get-involved/features/special-debate-on-dawn-raids/" class="section-nav__list-link theme__color--hover "> Special Debate on Dawn Raids </a> </li> <li class="section-nav__list-item"> <a href="/en/get-involved/features/in-memory-of-sir-michael-cullen-mp-1981-to-2009/" class="section-nav__list-link theme__color--hover "> In memory of Sir Michael Cullen, MP 1981 to 2009 </a> </li> <li class="section-nav__list-item"> <a href="/en/get-involved/features/nzsl-video-series-launched-by-nz-parliament-and-deaf-aotearoa/" class="section-nav__list-link theme__color--hover "> NZSL video series launched by NZ Parliament and Deaf Aotearoa </a> </li> <li class="section-nav__list-item"> <a href="/en/get-involved/features/education-perfect-te-reo/" class="section-nav__list-link theme__color--hover "> Akoranga e ai ki tāu e pai ai: Whātorohia 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class="section-nav__list-link theme__color--hover is-selected theme__color"> The Governor-General: What you need to know </a> </li> <li class="section-nav__list-item"> <a href="/en/get-involved/features/new-governor-general-dame-cindy-kiro-gives-her-first-royal-assent/" class="section-nav__list-link theme__color--hover "> New Governor-General Dame Cindy Kiro gives her first Royal assent </a> </li> <li class="section-nav__list-item"> <a href="/en/get-involved/features/watch-25-years-of-mmp/" class="section-nav__list-link theme__color--hover "> Watch: 25 years of MMP </a> </li> <li class="section-nav__list-item"> <a href="/en/get-involved/features/art-to-screen-on-ptv/" class="section-nav__list-link theme__color--hover "> Art to screen on PTV </a> </li> <li class="section-nav__list-item"> <a href="/en/get-involved/features/the-house-adjourns-for-2021/" class="section-nav__list-link theme__color--hover "> The House Adjourns for 2021 </a> </li> <li class="section-nav__list-item"> <a 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href="/en/get-involved/features/inquiring-young-minds-gear-up-for-youth-parliament-select-committees/" class="section-nav__list-link theme__color--hover "> Inquiring young minds gear up for Youth Parliament select committees </a> </li> <li class="section-nav__list-item"> <a href="/en/get-involved/features/2022-register-of-members-interests-published/" class="section-nav__list-link theme__color--hover "> 2022 Register of members’ interests published </a> </li> <li class="section-nav__list-item"> <a href="/en/get-involved/features/new-nzsl-video-how-elections-work/" class="section-nav__list-link theme__color--hover "> New NZSL Video: How Elections Work </a> </li> <li class="section-nav__list-item"> <a href="/en/get-involved/features/interns-get-stuck-into-parliament-life/" class="section-nav__list-link theme__color--hover "> Interns get stuck into Parliament life </a> </li> <li class="section-nav__list-item"> <a href="/en/get-involved/features/faces-of-humanity-ilan-wittenberg/" class="section-nav__list-link theme__color--hover "> Faces of Humanity - Ilan Wittenberg </a> </li> <li class="section-nav__list-item"> <a href="/en/get-involved/features/learn-more-about-the-tauranga-by-election/" class="section-nav__list-link theme__color--hover "> Learn more about the Tauranga by-election </a> </li> <li class="section-nav__list-item"> <a href="/en/get-involved/features/celebrating-queen-elizabeth-iis-platinum-jubilee/" class="section-nav__list-link theme__color--hover "> Celebrating Queen Elizabeth II&#39;s Platinum Jubilee </a> </li> <li class="section-nav__list-item"> <a href="/en/get-involved/features/celebrate-niue-language-week-faahi-tapu-he-vagahau-niue/" class="section-nav__list-link theme__color--hover "> Celebrate Niue Language Week, Faahi Tapu he Vagahau Niue! </a> </li> <li class="section-nav__list-item"> <a href="/en/get-involved/features/50-years-of-the-equal-pay-act-1972/" class="section-nav__list-link theme__color--hover "> 50 Years of the Equal Pay Act 1972 </a> </li> <li class="section-nav__list-item"> <a href="/en/get-involved/features/preserving-the-beehive/" class="section-nav__list-link theme__color--hover "> Preserving the Beehive </a> </li> <li class="section-nav__list-item"> <a href="/en/get-involved/features/celebrate-niue-language-week-2024-faahi-tapu-he-vagahau-niue/" class="section-nav__list-link theme__color--hover "> Celebrate Niue Language Week 2024, Faahi Tapu he Vagahau Niue </a> </li> <li class="section-nav__list-item"> <a href="/en/get-involved/features/the-census-and-parliament/" class="section-nav__list-link theme__color--hover "> The Census and Parliament </a> </li> <li class="section-nav__list-item"> <a href="/en/get-involved/features/first-speaker-s-outreach-of-2023-kicks-off-on-the-kapiti-coast-with-a-unique-kind-of-visit/" class="section-nav__list-link theme__color--hover "> First Speaker’s outreach of 2023 kicks off on the Kapiti Coast with a unique kind of visit </a> </li> <li 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href="/en/get-involved/features/celebrate-kiribati-language-week-2024/" class="section-nav__list-link theme__color--hover "> Celebrate Kiribati Language Week 2024 </a> </li> <li class="section-nav__list-item"> <a href="/en/get-involved/features/beyond-the-tiles-a-press-gallery-photographic-exhibition/" class="section-nav__list-link theme__color--hover "> Beyond the Tiles: A Press Gallery Photographic Exhibition </a> </li> <li class="section-nav__list-item"> <a href="/en/get-involved/features/wahine-from-across-the-pacific-come-together-at-parliament-for-a-unique-development-opportunity/" class="section-nav__list-link theme__color--hover "> Wahine from across the Pacific come together at Parliament for a unique development opportunity </a> </li> <li class="section-nav__list-item"> <a href="/en/get-involved/features/review-of-standing-orders-report-released/" class="section-nav__list-link theme__color--hover "> Review of Standing Orders report released </a> </li> <li class="section-nav__list-item"> <a href="/en/get-involved/features/celebrate-2024-tongan-language-week/" class="section-nav__list-link theme__color--hover "> Celebrate 2024 Tongan language week! </a> </li> <li class="section-nav__list-item"> <a href="/en/get-involved/features/celebrate-te-wiki-o-te-reo-māori-2024/" class="section-nav__list-link theme__color--hover "> Celebrate Te Wiki o te Reo Māori 2024 </a> </li> <li class="section-nav__list-item"> <a href="/en/get-involved/features/new-zealand-s-10th-mmp-general-election/" class="section-nav__list-link theme__color--hover "> New Zealand’s 10th MMP General Election </a> </li> <li class="section-nav__list-item"> <a href="/en/get-involved/features/66th-commonwealth-parliamentary-conference-in-accra-ghana/" class="section-nav__list-link theme__color--hover "> 66th Commonwealth Parliamentary Conference in Accra, Ghana </a> </li> <li class="section-nav__list-item"> <a href="/en/get-involved/features/147th-ipu-assembly-in-luanda-angola/" class="section-nav__list-link theme__color--hover "> 147th IPU Assembly in Luanda, Angola </a> </li> <li class="section-nav__list-item"> <a href="/en/get-involved/features/parliament-framed-fifty-third-shield-arrives-in-speakers-corridor/" class="section-nav__list-link theme__color--hover "> Parliament framed: Fifty-third Shield arrives in Speaker&#39;s Corridor </a> </li> <li class="section-nav__list-item"> <a href="/en/get-involved/features/take-a-walk-through-parliament-s-history-at-parliament-s-latest-art-exhibition-an-illustrated-history/" class="section-nav__list-link theme__color--hover "> Take a walk through Parliament’s history at Parliament’s latest art exhibition, An Illustrated History. </a> </li> <li class="section-nav__list-item"> <a href="/en/get-involved/features/new-members-ready-for-54th-parliament/" class="section-nav__list-link theme__color--hover "> New members ready for 54th Parliament </a> </li> <li class="section-nav__list-item"> <a href="/en/get-involved/features/who-are-the-people-in-parliament/" class="section-nav__list-link theme__color--hover "> Who are the people in Parliament? </a> </li> <li class="section-nav__list-item"> <a href="/en/get-involved/features/seating-in-the-new-zealand-debating-chamber/" class="section-nav__list-link theme__color--hover "> Seating in the New Zealand debating chamber </a> </li> <li class="section-nav__list-item"> <a href="/en/get-involved/features/opening-of-the-54th-parliament-in-photos/" class="section-nav__list-link theme__color--hover "> Opening of the 54th Parliament: In photos </a> </li> <li class="section-nav__list-item"> <a href="/en/get-involved/features/a-look-into-the-business-committee/" class="section-nav__list-link theme__color--hover "> A look into the Business Committee </a> </li> <li class="section-nav__list-item"> <a href="/en/get-involved/features/record-number-of-maori-mps-elected-to-new-zealand-parliament/" class="section-nav__list-link theme__color--hover "> Record number of Māori MPs elected to New Zealand Parliament </a> </li> <li class="section-nav__list-item"> <a href="/en/get-involved/features/get-involved-with-the-54th-parliament/" class="section-nav__list-link theme__color--hover "> Get involved with the 54th Parliament </a> </li> <li class="section-nav__list-item"> <a href="/en/get-involved/features/sitting-programme-confirmed-for-2024/" class="section-nav__list-link theme__color--hover "> Sitting programme confirmed for 2024 </a> </li> <li class="section-nav__list-item"> <a href="/en/get-involved/features/maiden-speeches-and-statements-in-new-zealand-s-54th-parliament/" class="section-nav__list-link theme__color--hover "> Maiden speeches and statements in New Zealand’s 54th Parliament </a> </li> <li class="section-nav__list-item"> <a href="/en/get-involved/features/select-committees-what-you-need-to-know/" class="section-nav__list-link theme__color--hover "> Select committees: What you need to know </a> </li> <li 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