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id="toc-Role_and_powers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jurisdiction_and_appellate_procedure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jurisdiction_and_appellate_procedure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Jurisdiction and appellate procedure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jurisdiction_and_appellate_procedure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-States_with_unique_appellate_procedures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#States_with_unique_appellate_procedures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>States with unique appellate procedures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-States_with_unique_appellate_procedures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_federal_courts_and_federal_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_federal_courts_and_federal_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Relationship with federal courts and federal law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_federal_courts_and_federal_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Selection</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Selection-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Selection subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Selection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Removal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Removal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Removal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Removal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Location" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Location"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Location</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Location-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terminology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terminology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Terminology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_state_and_territorial_supreme_courts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_state_and_territorial_supreme_courts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>List of state and territorial supreme courts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-List_of_state_and_territorial_supreme_courts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle List of state and territorial supreme courts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-List_of_state_and_territorial_supreme_courts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Territories_and_federal_district" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Territories_and_federal_district"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Territories and federal district</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Territories_and_federal_district-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tribal_supreme_courts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tribal_supreme_courts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Tribal supreme courts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tribal_supreme_courts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> 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For Australian states, see <a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Australia" title="Judiciary of Australia">Judiciary of Australia</a>. 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile vcard plainlist" style="width:16.0em;width:22.0em; border: 4px double #d69d36; background:#ffffff;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle"><b><span style="color:#000000;">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Politics of the United States">a series</a> on the</span></b></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#002868; background-clip:padding-box;"><a href="/wiki/State_governments_of_the_United_States" title="State governments of the United States"><span style="color:#FFFFFF;"><small>State governments <br />of the United States</small></span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/100px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/150px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/200px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="476" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_constitution_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="State constitution (United States)">State constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_U.S._state_and_territory_governments" title="Comparison of U.S. state and territory governments">Comparison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_and_territorial_capitols_in_the_United_States" title="List of state and territorial capitols in the United States">Statehouse</a></li></ul> <hr /></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#bf0a30; background-clip:padding-box; color:#ffffff;"> Executive</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/State_constitutional_officer" title="State constitutional officer">State executives</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Governor_(United_States)" title="Governor (United States)">Governor</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_governors" title="List of current United States governors">List</a>)<br /></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li>Other common officials:</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_attorney_general" title="State attorney general">Attorney general</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_auditor" title="State auditor">Auditor/Comptroller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant governor (United States)">Lieutenant governor</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_lieutenant_governors" title="List of current United States lieutenant governors">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_state_(U.S._state_government)" title="Secretary of state (U.S. state government)">Secretary of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_treasurer" title="State treasurer">Treasurer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_commissioner" title="Agriculture commissioner">Agriculture commissioner</a></li></ul> </div> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._statewide_elected_officials" title="List of U.S. statewide elected officials">List of statewide elected officials</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#bf0a30; background-clip:padding-box; color:#ffffff;"> Legislative</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li>State representatives</li></ul> <p>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_representatives_(Alabama_to_Missouri)" title="List of U.S. state representatives (Alabama to Missouri)">Alabama to Missouri</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_representatives_(Montana_to_Wyoming)" title="List of U.S. state representatives (Montana to Wyoming)">Montana to Wyoming</a>) </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_senators" title="List of U.S. state senators">State senators</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_legislatures" title="List of United States state legislatures">List of legislatures</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#bf0a30; background-clip:padding-box; color:#ffffff;"> Judiciary</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">State supreme court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_court_(United_States)" title="State court (United States)">State court</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#bf0a30; background-clip:padding-box; color:#ffffff;"> Local offices</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_district_attorneys_by_county" class="mw-redirect" title="List of district attorneys by county">District attorney</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a><br /><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_state_gov" title="Template:US state gov"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:US_state_gov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:US state gov (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_state_gov" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US state gov"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, a <b>state supreme court</b> (known by <a href="#Terminology">other names</a> in some states) is the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_court" title="Supreme court">highest court</a> in the <a href="/wiki/State_court_(United_States)" title="State court (United States)">state judiciary</a> of a <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. state</a>. On matters of <a href="/wiki/State_law_(United_States)" title="State law (United States)">state law</a>, the judgment of a state supreme court is considered final and binding in both state and federal courts. </p><p>Generally, a state supreme court, like most appellate tribunals, is exclusively for hearing <a href="/wiki/Appeal" title="Appeal">appeals</a> of legal issues. Although state supreme court rulings on matters of state law are final, rulings on matters of federal law (generally made under the state court's <a href="/wiki/Concurrent_jurisdiction" title="Concurrent jurisdiction">concurrent jurisdiction</a>) can be appealed to the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a>. Each state supreme court consists of a panel of judges selected by methods outlined in the <a href="/wiki/State_constitution_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="State constitution (United States)">state constitution</a>. Among the most common methods for selection are gubernatorial appointment, non-partisan election, and partisan election, but the different states follow a variety of procedures. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Role_and_powers">Role and powers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_supreme_court&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Role and powers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under the system of federalism established by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a>, federal courts have <a href="/wiki/Limited_jurisdiction" title="Limited jurisdiction">limited jurisdiction</a>, and state courts handle many more cases than do federal courts.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each of the fifty states has at least one supreme court that serves as the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_court" title="Supreme court">highest court</a> in the state; two states, Texas and Oklahoma, have separate supreme courts for civil and criminal matters. The five permanently inhabited <a href="/wiki/Territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Territories">U.S. territories</a>, as well <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, each have comparable supreme courts. On matters of <a href="/wiki/State_law_(United_States)" title="State law (United States)">state law</a>, the judgment of a state supreme court is considered final and binding in both state and federal courts. State supreme courts are completely distinct from any United States federal courts located within the geographical boundaries of a state's territory, or the federal-level Supreme Court. </p><p>The exact duties and powers of the state supreme courts are established by <a href="/wiki/State_constitution_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="State constitution (United States)">state constitutions</a> and state law.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Generally, state supreme courts, like most appellate tribunals, are exclusively for hearing <a href="/wiki/Appeal" title="Appeal">appeals</a> on decisions issued by lower courts, and do not make any finding of facts or hold trials.<sup id="cite_ref-WalstonDunham_Page_35_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WalstonDunham_Page_35-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They can, however, overrule the decisions of lower courts, remand cases to lower courts for further proceedings, and establish binding precedent for future cases. Some state supreme courts do have <a href="/wiki/Original_jurisdiction" title="Original jurisdiction">original jurisdiction</a> over specific issues; for example, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Virginia" title="Supreme Court of Virginia">Supreme Court of Virginia</a> has original jurisdiction over cases of <a href="/wiki/Habeas_corpus" title="Habeas corpus">habeas corpus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandamus" title="Mandamus">mandamus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_(writ)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prohibition (writ)">prohibition</a>, and writs of actual innocence based on <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> or other biological evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jurisdiction_and_appellate_procedure">Jurisdiction and appellate procedure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_supreme_court&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Jurisdiction and appellate procedure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As the highest court in the state, a state supreme court has <a href="/wiki/Appellate_jurisdiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Appellate jurisdiction">appellate jurisdiction</a> over all matters of state law. Many states have two or more levels of courts below the state supreme court; for example, in Pennsylvania, a case might first be heard in one of the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_courts_of_common_pleas" title="Pennsylvania courts of common pleas">Pennsylvania courts of common pleas</a>, be appealed to the <a href="/wiki/Superior_Court_of_Pennsylvania" title="Superior Court of Pennsylvania">Superior Court of Pennsylvania</a>, and then finally be appealed to the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Pennsylvania" title="Supreme Court of Pennsylvania">Supreme Court of Pennsylvania</a>. In other states, including Delaware, the state supreme court is the only appellate court in the state and thus has direct appellate jurisdiction over all lower courts. </p><p>Like the U.S. Supreme Court, most state supreme courts have implemented "discretionary review." Under such a system, <a href="/wiki/Intermediate_appellate_court" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermediate appellate court">intermediate appellate courts</a> are entrusted with deciding the vast majority of appeals. Intermediate appellate courts generally focus on the mundane task of what appellate specialists call "error correction,"<sup id="cite_ref-McKenna_Page_7_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKenna_Page_7-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which means their primary task is to decide whether the record reflects that the trial court correctly applied existing law. In a few states without intermediate appellate courts, the state supreme court may operate under "mandatory review", in which it <i>must</i> hear all appeals from the trial courts.<sup id="cite_ref-Manweller_Page53_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manweller_Page53-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the case, for example, in Nevada prior to 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For certain categories of cases, many state supreme courts that otherwise have discretionary review operate under mandatory review, usually with regard to cases involving the interpretation of the state constitution or <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">capital punishment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Manweller_Page53_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manweller_Page53-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the informal traditions of the American legal system is that all litigants are entitled to at least one appeal after a final judgment on the merits.<sup id="cite_ref-Oakley_Page_28_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oakley_Page_28-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, appeal is merely a <i>privilege</i> provided by statute, court rules, or custom;<sup id="cite_ref-Oakley_Page_28_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oakley_Page_28-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the U.S. Supreme Court has repeatedly ruled that there is no federal constitutional <i>right</i> to an appeal.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="States_with_unique_appellate_procedures">States with unique appellate procedures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_supreme_court&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: States with unique appellate procedures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a> have a unique procedure for appeals. In those states, <i>all</i> appeals are filed with the appropriate Supreme Court (Iowa and Nevada each have a single Supreme Court, while Oklahoma has separate civil and criminal Supreme Courts) which then keeps all cases of first impression for itself to decide. It forwards the remaining cases – which deal with points of law it has already addressed – to the intermediate Court of Appeals. Under this so-called "push-down" or "deflection" model of appellate procedure, the state supreme court can immediately establish final statewide precedents on important issues of first impression as soon as they arise, rather than waiting several months or years for the intermediate appellate court to make a first attempt at resolving the issue (and leaving the law uncertain in the interim). </p><p>Notably, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Virginia" title="Supreme Court of Virginia">Supreme Court of Virginia</a> has always operated under discretionary review for nearly all cases, but from its creation in 1985, the intermediate <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeals_of_Virginia" title="Court of Appeals of Virginia">Court of Appeals of Virginia</a> heard appeals as a matter of right only in family and administrative cases. After two other states adopted appeals of right in the late 2000s, this left Virginia as the only state in the Union with <i>no</i> first appeal of right for the vast majority of civil and criminal cases. Appellants were still free to petition for review, but such petitions were subject to severe length constraints (6,125 words or 35 pages in Virginia) and necessarily were more narrowly targeted than an opening brief in an appeal of right to an intermediate appellate court (in contrast, an appellant's opening brief to a California intermediate appellate court can run up to 14,000 words). The vast majority of decisions of Virginia circuit courts in civil and criminal cases were thereby insulated from appellate review on the merits. In March 2021, Virginia enacted a comprehensive reform package allowing for appeals of right to the Court of Appeals in civil and criminal cases. The same bill expanded the Court of Appeals from 11 to 17 judges to handle the increased workload.<sup id="cite_ref-Oliver_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oliver-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_with_federal_courts_and_federal_law">Relationship with federal courts and federal law</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_supreme_court&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Relationship with federal courts and federal law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under American <a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">federalism</a>, a state supreme court's ruling on a matter of purely state law is final and <a href="/wiki/Legally_binding" class="mw-redirect" title="Legally binding">binding</a> and must be accepted in both state and federal courts. However, when a case involves federal statutory or constitutional law, review of state supreme court decisions may be sought by way of a petition for writ of <i><a href="/wiki/Certiorari" title="Certiorari">certiorari</a></i> to the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a>. The U.S. Supreme Court is the only federal court that has jurisdiction over direct appeals from state court decisions, although other federal courts are sometimes allowed "collateral review" of state cases in specific situations, for example regarding individuals on death row.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the U.S. Supreme Court recognized in <i><a href="/wiki/Erie_Railroad_Co._v._Tompkins" title="Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins">Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins</a></i> (1938), no part of the federal Constitution actually grants federal courts or the federal Congress the power to directly dictate the content of state law (as distinguished from creating altogether separate federal law that in a particular situation may override state law). Clause 1 of Section 2 of <a href="/wiki/Article_Three_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Three of the United States Constitution">Article Three of the United States Constitution</a> describes the scope of federal judicial power, but only extended it to "the Laws of the United States" and not the laws of the several or individual states. It is this silence on that latter issue that gave rise to the American distinction between state and federal common law not found in other English-speaking common law federations like <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>. </p><p>In theory, state supreme courts are bound by the precedent established by the U.S. Supreme Court as to all issues of federal law, but in practice, the Supreme Court reviews very few decisions from state courts. For example, in 2007 the Court reviewed 244 cases appealed from federal courts and only 22 from state courts. Despite the relatively small number of decisions reviewed, Professors Sara Benesh and Wendy Martinek found that state supreme courts follow precedent more closely than federal courts in the area of <a href="/wiki/Search_and_seizure" title="Search and seizure">search and seizure</a> and appear to follow precedent in <a href="/wiki/Confession_(law)" title="Confession (law)">confessions</a> as well.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additionally, some scholars have argued that state and federal courts should judge according to different judicial theories on topics such as statutory interpretation<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and stare decisis.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selection">Selection</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_supreme_court&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Selection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USStateSupremeCourtSelection.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/USStateSupremeCourtSelection.png/400px-USStateSupremeCourtSelection.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/USStateSupremeCourtSelection.png/600px-USStateSupremeCourtSelection.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/USStateSupremeCourtSelection.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="520" /></a><figcaption>Processes for selecting state supreme court judges:<br /> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#01640d; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Gubernatorial appointment, judges serve a single term<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#03cf1c; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Gubernatorial appointment and re-appointment</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#74ff74; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Gubernatorial appointment, other body re-appoints<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#15c6df; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Gubernatorial appointment, followed by retention election<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#b00442; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Legislative appointment and re-appointment</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#040eb0; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Non-partisan elections<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#a04a0a; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Partisan elections</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#f16e0d; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Partisan election, followed by retention election</div> </figcaption></figure> <p>State supreme court judges are selected in a variety of ways, with the method of selection often depending on the circumstances in which the seat is filled. Under one common method, the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Plan" title="Missouri Plan">Missouri Plan</a>, the governor fills judicial vacancies by choosing from a list compiled by a non-partisan commission. These judges serve an interim term until they stand in a <a href="/wiki/Retention_election" title="Retention election">retention election</a>, in which they win a full term if a majority of voters vote for retention. Many other states elect judges through non-partisan elections in which multiple candidates appear on the ballot without their partisan affiliation listed. Most of the remaining states base their judicial selection system on gubernatorial appointments or partisan elections, although several states use a mix of different methods. South Carolina and Virginia use a system of legislative appointment, while in Vermont, the governor makes the initial appointment of judges, but the legislature has the power to re-appoint judges to new terms.<sup id="cite_ref-brennanfigures_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brennanfigures-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Various other factors can influence the appointment and re-appointment of state supreme court judges. Most judicial selection systems involving gubernatorial appointment make use of a <a href="/wiki/Judicial_nominating_commission" title="Judicial nominating commission">nominating commission</a> to recommend a list of candidates from which the governor must choose, but a minority of states allow the governor to nominate candidates even if they were not recommended by the commission. Many of the states that use gubernatorial appointment require the appointment to be confirmed by the state legislature or some other body, such as the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Governor%27s_Council" title="Massachusetts Governor's Council">Massachusetts Governor's Council</a>. Although most states limit judicial terms to a set number of years, judges in Massachusetts and New Hampshire serve until they reach a mandatory retirement limit, while in Rhode Island, judges serve lifetime appointments. Most judges represent the entire state, but in Illinois, Kentucky, Louisiana, and Mississippi, judges represent districts of the state. Many states, including some states in which the governor is not otherwise involved in the appointment process, allow the governor to make interim appointments to fill judicial vacancies.<sup id="cite_ref-brennanfigures_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brennanfigures-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In many states with judicial elections, political contributions from groups such as trade associations and political action committees are allowed.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Removal">Removal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_supreme_court&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Removal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The various states provide different methods for the removal of state supreme court judges during their terms, with many states providing multiple methods. Two common methods of removal are impeachment by the state legislature, and removal by state judicial boards or commissions. Other states provide for the removal of judges through <a href="/wiki/Recall_election" title="Recall election">recall elections</a>, court action, gubernatorial action (with legislative consent), or through a resolution passed by a super-majority in both houses of the state legislature.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Location">Location</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_supreme_court&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Location"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traditionally, state supreme courts are headquartered in the capital cities of their respective states,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though they may occasionally hold oral arguments elsewhere. The six main exceptions are: </p> <ul><li>Alaska, whose supreme court is located in and usually sits in its largest city, <a href="/wiki/Anchorage" class="mw-redirect" title="Anchorage">Anchorage</a> (monthly), but also sits in <a href="/wiki/Fairbanks" class="mw-redirect" title="Fairbanks">Fairbanks</a> and the state capital <a href="/wiki/Juneau" class="mw-redirect" title="Juneau">Juneau</a> (quarterly), and in other Alaskan communities on an as-needed basis.</li> <li>California, whose supreme court is headquartered in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> and maintains only branch offices in the state capital <a href="/wiki/Sacramento" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacramento">Sacramento</a>, and the state's largest city, <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, and hears argument at all three locations each year.</li> <li>Louisiana, whose supreme court is headquartered in <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>' <a href="/wiki/French_Quarter" title="French Quarter">French Quarter</a> and not in the capital city <a href="/wiki/Baton_Rouge,_Louisiana" title="Baton Rouge, Louisiana">Baton Rouge</a>.</li> <li>Maine, whose supreme court is headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Portland,_Maine" title="Portland, Maine">Portland</a>, the state's largest city, and not the state capital <a href="/wiki/Augusta,_Maine" title="Augusta, Maine">Augusta</a>.</li> <li>Pennsylvania, whose supreme court has facilities at three coequal locations: the state capital <a href="/wiki/Harrisburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Harrisburg">Harrisburg</a>, the largest city <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, and the second-largest city <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a>.</li> <li>Tennessee, whose state constitution requires its supreme court to sit at <a href="/wiki/Grand_Divisions_of_Tennessee" title="Grand Divisions of Tennessee">three coequal locations</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville</a> (capital, <a href="/wiki/Middle_Tennessee" title="Middle Tennessee">Middle Tennessee</a>), <a href="/wiki/Knoxville,_Tennessee" title="Knoxville, Tennessee">Knoxville</a> (<a href="/wiki/East_Tennessee" title="East Tennessee">East Tennessee</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Jackson,_Tennessee" title="Jackson, Tennessee">Jackson</a> (<a href="/wiki/West_Tennessee" title="West Tennessee">West Tennessee</a>).</li></ul> <p>As for the court's actual facilities, a state supreme court may be housed in the state capitol, in a nearby state office building shared with other courts or state executive branch agencies, or in a small <a href="/wiki/Courthouse" title="Courthouse">courthouse</a> reserved for its exclusive use. State supreme courts normally require a courtroom for oral argument, private chambers for all justices, a conference room, offices for <a href="/wiki/Law_clerk" title="Law clerk">law clerks</a> and other support staff, a <a href="/wiki/Law_library" title="Law library">law library</a>, and a lobby with a filing window where the court clerk can accept filings and release new decisions in the form of "slip opinions" (that is, in looseleaf format held together only by a staple). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_supreme_court&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because state supreme courts generally hear only appeals, some courts have names which directly indicate their function – in the state of <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">District of Columbia</a>, the highest court is called the "Court of Appeals".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In New York, the "<a href="/wiki/New_York_Supreme_Court" title="New York Supreme Court">Supreme Court</a>" is the <a href="/wiki/Trial_court" title="Trial court">trial court</a> of general unlimited jurisdiction and the intermediate appellate court is called the "<a href="/wiki/New_York_Supreme_Court,_Appellate_Division" title="New York Supreme Court, Appellate Division">Supreme Court—Appellate Division</a>". </p><p><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a> mixes the two; its highest court is called the "<a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Appeals_of_West_Virginia" title="Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia">Supreme Court of Appeals</a>". </p><p>Other states' supreme courts have used the term "Appeals": Pennsylvania's <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_High_Court_of_Errors_and_Appeals" title="Pennsylvania High Court of Errors and Appeals">court of last resort from 1780-1808</a>; <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>'s supreme courts under the 1844 constitution; and <a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a>'s supreme court were all called the "<a href="/wiki/Court_of_Errors_and_Appeals" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of Errors and Appeals">Court of Errors and Appeals</a>". The term "Errors" refers to the now-obsolete <a href="/wiki/Writ_of_error" class="mw-redirect" title="Writ of error">writ of error</a>, which was used by state supreme courts to correct certain types of egregious errors committed by lower courts. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> originally named their highest courts the "Superior Court of Judicature." Since 1780, Massachusetts has used the name "<a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Supreme_Judicial_Court" title="Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court">Supreme Judicial Court</a>" (to distinguish itself from the state legislature, which is called the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_General_Court" title="Massachusetts General Court">Massachusetts General Court</a>); New Hampshire uses the name "<a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Supreme_Court" title="New Hampshire Supreme Court">Supreme Court</a>". Additionally the highest court in <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a> is named the "<a href="/wiki/Maine_Supreme_Judicial_Court" title="Maine Supreme Judicial Court">Supreme Judicial Court</a>". This similar terminology is probably a holdover from the time when Maine was part of Massachusetts. In Pennsylvania, Connecticut, Delaware, New Jersey, and New York, the highest courts formerly used variations of the term "Court of Errors," which indicated that the court's primary purpose was to correct the errors of lower courts.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_state_and_territorial_supreme_courts">List of state and territorial supreme courts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_supreme_court&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: List of state and territorial supreme courts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="States">States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_supreme_court&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name and state </th> <th>Mode of selection<sup id="cite_ref-brennanmap_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brennanmap-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Term<br />(Years)<sup id="cite_ref-brennanmap_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brennanmap-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Retirement age<sup id="cite_ref-brennanmap_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brennanmap-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Number of<br />members<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Partisan breakdown<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Alabama" title="Supreme Court of Alabama">Supreme Court of Alabama</a> </td> <td>Partisan election </td> <td>6 </td> <td>70 </td> <td>9 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">9R–0D </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Supreme_Court" title="Alaska Supreme Court">Alaska Supreme Court</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Plan" title="Missouri Plan">Missouri Plan</a> </td> <td>10 </td> <td>70 </td> <td>5 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">4R–1I </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Supreme_Court" title="Arizona Supreme Court">Arizona Supreme Court</a> </td> <td>Missouri Plan </td> <td>6 </td> <td>70 </td> <td>7 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">7R–0D </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_Supreme_Court" title="Arkansas Supreme Court">Arkansas Supreme Court</a> </td> <td>Non-partisan election </td> <td>8 </td> <td>– </td> <td>7 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_California" title="Supreme Court of California">Supreme Court of California</a> </td> <td>Appointment by governor with the advice and consent of the California Commission on Judicial Appointments </td> <td>12 </td> <td>– </td> <td>7 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">6D–1R </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Supreme_Court" title="Colorado Supreme Court">Colorado Supreme Court</a> </td> <td>Missouri Plan </td> <td>10 </td> <td>72 </td> <td>7 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">5D–1R-1I </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Supreme_Court" title="Connecticut Supreme Court">Connecticut Supreme Court</a> </td> <td>Missouri Plan </td> <td>8 </td> <td>70 </td> <td>7 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">7D–0R </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Supreme_Court" title="Delaware Supreme Court">Delaware Supreme Court</a> </td> <td>Appointment by governor with the advice and consent of the <a href="/wiki/Delaware_Senate" title="Delaware Senate">Delaware Senate</a> </td> <td>12 </td> <td>– </td> <td>5 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">3D–2R </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Florida" title="Supreme Court of Florida">Supreme Court of Florida</a> </td> <td>Missouri Plan </td> <td>6 </td> <td>75 </td> <td>7 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">7R–0D </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Supreme Court of Georgia (U.S. state)">Supreme Court of Georgia</a> </td> <td>Non-partisan election </td> <td>6 </td> <td>– </td> <td>9 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">8R–1I </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Hawaii" title="Supreme Court of Hawaii">Supreme Court of Hawaii</a> </td> <td>Appointment by governor with the advice and consent of the <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_State_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawaii State Senate">Hawaii State Senate</a> </td> <td>10 </td> <td>70 </td> <td>5 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">4D–1R </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Supreme_Court" title="Idaho Supreme Court">Idaho Supreme Court</a> </td> <td>Non-partisan election </td> <td>6 </td> <td>– </td> <td>5 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">4R–1I </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Illinois" title="Supreme Court of Illinois">Supreme Court of Illinois</a> </td> <td>Partisan election </td> <td>10 </td> <td>–<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>7 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">5D–2R </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Supreme_Court" title="Indiana Supreme Court">Indiana Supreme Court</a> </td> <td>Missouri Plan </td> <td>10 </td> <td>75 </td> <td>5 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">5R–0D </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Iowa_Supreme_Court" title="Iowa Supreme Court">Iowa Supreme Court</a> </td> <td>Missouri Plan </td> <td>8 </td> <td>72 </td> <td>7 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">7R–0D </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kansas_Supreme_Court" title="Kansas Supreme Court">Kansas Supreme Court</a> </td> <td>Missouri Plan </td> <td>6 </td> <td>75 </td> <td>7 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">5D–2R </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_Supreme_Court" title="Kentucky Supreme Court">Kentucky Supreme Court</a> </td> <td>Non-partisan election </td> <td>8 </td> <td>– </td> <td>7 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Supreme_Court" title="Louisiana Supreme Court">Louisiana Supreme Court</a> </td> <td>Partisan election </td> <td>10 </td> <td>70 </td> <td>7 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">5R–1D–1I </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Maine_Supreme_Judicial_Court" title="Maine Supreme Judicial Court">Maine Supreme Judicial Court</a> </td> <td>Appointment by governor with the advice and consent of the <a href="/wiki/Maine_Senate" title="Maine Senate">Maine Senate</a> </td> <td>7 </td> <td>– </td> <td>7 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">7D–0R </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Maryland" title="Supreme Court of Maryland">Supreme Court of Maryland</a> </td> <td>Appointment by governor with the advice and consent of the <a href="/wiki/Maryland_Senate" title="Maryland Senate">Maryland Senate</a> </td> <td>10 </td> <td>70 </td> <td>7 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">5R–2D </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Supreme_Judicial_Court" title="Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court">Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court</a> </td> <td>Appointment by governor with the advice and consent of the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Governor%27s_Council" title="Massachusetts Governor's Council">Massachusetts Governor's Council</a> </td> <td>Life </td> <td>70 </td> <td>7 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">5R–2D </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Supreme_Court" title="Michigan Supreme Court">Michigan Supreme Court</a> </td> <td>Semipartisan election </td> <td>8 </td> <td>70 </td> <td>7 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">5D–2R </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Supreme_Court" title="Minnesota Supreme Court">Minnesota Supreme Court</a> </td> <td>Non-partisan election </td> <td>6 </td> <td>70 </td> <td>7 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">7D–0R </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Mississippi" title="Supreme Court of Mississippi">Supreme Court of Mississippi</a> </td> <td>Non-partisan election </td> <td>8 </td> <td>– </td> <td>9 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Missouri" title="Supreme Court of Missouri">Supreme Court of Missouri</a> </td> <td>Missouri Plan </td> <td>12 </td> <td>70 </td> <td>7 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">5R–2D </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Montana_Supreme_Court" title="Montana Supreme Court">Montana Supreme Court</a> </td> <td>Non-partisan election </td> <td>8 </td> <td>– </td> <td>7 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Supreme_Court" title="Nebraska Supreme Court">Nebraska Supreme Court</a> </td> <td>Missouri Plan </td> <td>6 </td> <td>– </td> <td>7 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">6R–1D </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Nevada" title="Supreme Court of Nevada">Supreme Court of Nevada</a> </td> <td>Non-partisan election </td> <td>6 </td> <td>– </td> <td>7 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Supreme_Court" title="New Hampshire Supreme Court">New Hampshire Supreme Court</a> </td> <td>Appointment by governor with the advice and consent of the <a href="/wiki/Executive_Council_of_New_Hampshire" title="Executive Council of New Hampshire">Executive Council of New Hampshire</a> </td> <td>Life </td> <td>70 </td> <td>5 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">4R–1D </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_New_Jersey" title="Supreme Court of New Jersey">Supreme Court of New Jersey</a> </td> <td>Appointment by governor with the advice and consent of the <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Senate" title="New Jersey Senate">New Jersey Senate</a> </td> <td>7, then until 70 </td> <td>70 </td> <td>7 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">4D–3R </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_Supreme_Court" title="New Mexico Supreme Court">New Mexico Supreme Court</a> </td> <td>Appointment by governor </td> <td>8 </td> <td>– </td> <td>5 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">5D–0R </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/New_York_Court_of_Appeals" title="New York Court of Appeals">New York Court of Appeals</a> </td> <td>Appointment by governor with the advice and consent of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Senate" title="New York State Senate">New York State Senate</a> </td> <td>14 </td> <td>70 </td> <td>7 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">7D–0R </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Supreme_Court" title="North Carolina Supreme Court">North Carolina Supreme Court</a> </td> <td>Partisan election </td> <td>8 </td> <td>72 </td> <td>7 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">5R–2D </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota_Supreme_Court" title="North Dakota Supreme Court">North Dakota Supreme Court</a> </td> <td>Non-partisan election </td> <td>10 </td> <td>– </td> <td>5 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">4R–1I </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Ohio" title="Supreme Court of Ohio">Supreme Court of Ohio</a> </td> <td>Partisan election </td> <td>6 </td> <td>70 </td> <td>7 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">6R–1D </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Oklahoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court of Oklahoma">Supreme Court of Oklahoma</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Court_of_Criminal_Appeals" title="Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals">Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals</a> </td> <td>Missouri Plan </td> <td>6 </td> <td>– </td> <td>9<br />5 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">5R–4D<br />4R–1D </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Supreme_Court" title="Oregon Supreme Court">Oregon Supreme Court</a> </td> <td>Non-partisan election </td> <td>6 </td> <td>75 </td> <td>7 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">7D–0R </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Pennsylvania" title="Supreme Court of Pennsylvania">Supreme Court of Pennsylvania</a> </td> <td>Partisan election </td> <td>10 </td> <td>75 </td> <td>7 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">5D–2R </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_Supreme_Court" title="Rhode Island Supreme Court">Rhode Island Supreme Court</a> </td> <td>Appointment by governor with the advice and consent of both chambers of the <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_General_Assembly" title="Rhode Island General Assembly">Rhode Island General Assembly</a> </td> <td>Life </td> <td>– </td> <td>5 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">3R–2D </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Supreme_Court" title="South Carolina Supreme Court">South Carolina Supreme Court</a> </td> <td>Appointment by <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_General_Assembly" title="South Carolina General Assembly">South Carolina General Assembly</a> </td> <td>10 </td> <td>72 </td> <td>5 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota_Supreme_Court" title="South Dakota Supreme Court">South Dakota Supreme Court</a> </td> <td>Missouri Plan </td> <td>8 </td> <td>70 </td> <td>5 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">5R–0D </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Supreme_Court" title="Tennessee Supreme Court">Tennessee Supreme Court</a> </td> <td>Appointment by governor with the advice and consent of both chambers of the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_General_Assembly" title="Tennessee General Assembly">Tennessee General Assembly</a> </td> <td>8 </td> <td>– </td> <td>5 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">5R–0D </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Texas" title="Supreme Court of Texas">Supreme Court of Texas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Texas_Court_of_Criminal_Appeals" title="Texas Court of Criminal Appeals">Texas Court of Criminal Appeals</a> </td> <td>Partisan election </td> <td>6 </td> <td>74 </td> <td>9<br />9 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">9R–0D<br />9R–0D </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Utah_Supreme_Court" title="Utah Supreme Court">Utah Supreme Court</a> </td> <td>Missouri Plan </td> <td>10 </td> <td>75 </td> <td>5 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">5R–0D </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vermont_Supreme_Court" title="Vermont Supreme Court">Vermont Supreme Court</a> </td> <td>Appointment by governor with the advice and consent of the <a href="/wiki/Vermont_Senate" title="Vermont Senate">Vermont Senate</a> </td> <td>6 </td> <td>90 </td> <td>5 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">4R–1D </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Virginia" title="Supreme Court of Virginia">Supreme Court of Virginia</a> </td> <td>Appointment by <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Senate" title="Virginia Senate">Virginia Senate</a> with the advice and consent of the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_House_of_Delegates" title="Virginia House of Delegates">Virginia House of Delegates</a> </td> <td>12 </td> <td>70 </td> <td>7 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Washington_Supreme_Court" title="Washington Supreme Court">Washington Supreme Court</a> </td> <td>Non-partisan election </td> <td>6 </td> <td>75 </td> <td>9 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">5D–4I </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Appeals_of_West_Virginia" title="Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia">Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia</a> </td> <td>Non-partisan election </td> <td>12 </td> <td>– </td> <td>5 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">3R–1D–1I </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Supreme_Court" title="Wisconsin Supreme Court">Wisconsin Supreme Court</a> </td> <td>Non-partisan election </td> <td>10 </td> <td>– </td> <td>7 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">4D–3R </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Supreme_Court" title="Wyoming Supreme Court">Wyoming Supreme Court</a> </td> <td>Missouri Plan </td> <td>8 </td> <td>70 </td> <td>5 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">5R–0D </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Territories_and_federal_district">Territories and federal district</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_supreme_court&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Territories and federal district"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name and territory or federal district </th> <th>Mode of selection </th> <th>Term<br />(Years) </th> <th>Number of<br />members </th> <th>Retirement age </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_American_Samoa" title="High Court of American Samoa">High Court of American Samoa</a> </td> <td>Appointment by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">United States Secretary of the Interior</a> (Justices) & appointment by the <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_American_Samoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of American Samoa">Governor of American Samoa</a> (Judges) </td> <td>During good behavior </td> <td>8 (2 + 6) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Court_of_Appeals" title="District of Columbia Court of Appeals">District of Columbia Court of Appeals</a> </td> <td>Appointment by the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">president of the United States</a> with the advice and consent of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> </td> <td>15 </td> <td>9 </td> <td>74 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Guam" title="Supreme Court of Guam">Supreme Court of Guam</a> </td> <td>Appointment by governor with the confirmation of the <a href="/wiki/Legislature_of_Guam" title="Legislature of Guam">Legislature of Guam</a> </td> <td>During good behavior, subject to a retention election every ten years after his or her appointment </td> <td>3 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands_Supreme_Court" title="Northern Mariana Islands Supreme Court">Northern Mariana Islands Supreme Court</a> </td> <td>Appointment by governor with the confirmation of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands_Senate" title="Northern Mariana Islands Senate">Senate of the Northern Mariana Islands</a> </td> <td>8 </td> <td>3 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Supreme Court of Puerto Rico">Supreme Court of Puerto Rico</a> </td> <td>Appointment by governor with the confirmation of the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Senate of Puerto Rico">Senate of Puerto Rico</a> </td> <td>During good behavior. Mandatory retirement at the age of 70. </td> <td>9 </td> <td>70 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Virgin_Islands" title="Supreme Court of the Virgin Islands">Supreme Court of the Virgin Islands</a> </td> <td>Appointment by governor with the confirmation of the <a href="/wiki/Legislature_of_the_Virgin_Islands" title="Legislature of the Virgin Islands">Legislature of the Virgin Islands</a> </td> <td>Initial 10, with a term of good behavior upon reconfirmation </td> <td>3 </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tribal_supreme_courts">Tribal supreme courts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_supreme_court&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Tribal supreme courts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_the_Cherokee_Nation_of_Oklahoma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Supreme Court of the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma (page does not exist)">Supreme Court of the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma</a> (formerly the Judicial Appeals Tribunal)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_the_Eastern_Band_of_Cherokee_Indians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Supreme Court of the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians (page does not exist)">Supreme Court of the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians</a> (North Carolina)<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Navajo_Nation" title="Supreme Court of the Navajo Nation">Supreme Court of the Navajo Nation</a> (formerly the "Court of Appeals")</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_supreme_court&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_court_of_appeals" class="mw-redirect" title="United States court of appeals">United States court of appeals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_district_court" title="United States district court">United States district court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_courts" class="mw-redirect" title="United States federal courts">United States federal courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_state_supreme_court_justices" title="List of female state supreme court justices">List of female state supreme court justices</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_supreme_court&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Massachusetts and New Hampshire have mandatory retirement ages, while Rhode Island has life tenure.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In Hawaii, a judicial commission re-appoints judges, while in Vermont, the legislature re-appoints judges.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Many, though not all, of the states in this category use the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Plan" title="Missouri Plan">Missouri Plan</a>. In New Mexico, judges are initially appointed by the governor, then face a partisan election; after that initial partisan election, judges win new terms through retention elections.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Montana makes use of non-partisan retention elections at the end of a judge's term.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This was also formerly the case in <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>. Maryland's jury trial courts are called "Circuit Courts" (non-jury trials are usually conducted by the "District Courts," whose decisions may be appealed to the Circuit Courts), and its intermediate appellate court was formerly called the "<a href="/wiki/Maryland_Court_of_Special_Appeals" class="mw-redirect" title="Maryland Court of Special Appeals">Court of Special Appeals</a>". In the <a href="/wiki/2022_Maryland_elections" title="2022 Maryland elections">2022 general election</a> held on November 8, 2022, voters approved a constitutional amendment to change the name of the court to the "Supreme Court of Maryland", and the title of its judges to "Justice." The name of the intermediate appellate court was changed to the <a href="/wiki/Appellate_Court_of_Maryland" title="Appellate Court of Maryland">Appellate Court of Maryland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It became effective on December 14, 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Refers only to the initial method of appointing a judge at the start of a new term.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Partisanship reflects the parties of the appointing governors, except in cases where a judge is registered with another party.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_supreme_court&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://litigation.findlaw.com/legal-system/federal-vs-state-courts-key-differences.html">"Federal vs. State Courts - Key Differences"</a>. <i>FindLaw</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FindLaw&rft.atitle=Federal+vs.+State+Courts+-+Key+Differences&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flitigation.findlaw.com%2Flegal-system%2Ffederal-vs-state-courts-key-differences.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+supreme+court" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uscourts.gov/about-federal-courts/court-role-and-structure/comparing-federal-state-courts">"Comparing Federal & State Courts"</a>. <i>United States Courts</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 24,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Courts&rft.atitle=Comparing+Federal+%26+State+Courts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uscourts.gov%2Fabout-federal-courts%2Fcourt-role-and-structure%2Fcomparing-federal-state-courts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+supreme+court" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WalstonDunham_Page_35-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WalstonDunham_Page_35_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalston-Dunham2012" class="citation book cs1">Walston-Dunham, Beth (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jWoJAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA35"><i>Introduction to Law</i></a> (6th ed.). Clifton Park: Delmar. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781133707981" title="Special:BookSources/9781133707981"><bdi>9781133707981</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 26,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Law&rft.place=Clifton+Park&rft.pages=35&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Delmar&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781133707981&rft.aulast=Walston-Dunham&rft.aufirst=Beth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjWoJAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+supreme+court" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://constitution.legis.virginia.gov/constitution.htm#6S1">"Article VI, Section 1"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Virginia" title="Constitution of Virginia">Constitution of Virginia</a>. 1970<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 16,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Article+VI%2C+Section+1&rft.pub=Constitution+of+Virginia.&rft.date=1970&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fconstitution.legis.virginia.gov%2Fconstitution.htm%236S1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+supreme+court" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McKenna_Page_7-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McKenna_Page_7_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKenna1994" class="citation book cs1">McKenna, Judith A. (December 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GHM2S4IORKUC&pg=PA7"><i>Structural and Other Alternatives for the Federal Courts of Appeals</i></a>. Washington, D.C.: Federal Judicial Center. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780788115752" title="Special:BookSources/9780788115752"><bdi>9780788115752</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 11,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Structural+and+Other+Alternatives+for+the+Federal+Courts+of+Appeals&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Federal+Judicial+Center&rft.date=1994-12&rft.isbn=9780788115752&rft.aulast=McKenna&rft.aufirst=Judith+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGHM2S4IORKUC%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+supreme+court" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Manweller_Page53-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Manweller_Page53_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manweller_Page53_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManweller2006" class="citation book cs1">Manweller, Mathew (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ong5k8n97P4C&pg=PA53">"Chapter 2, The Roles, Functions, and Powers of State Courts"</a>. In Hogan, Sean O. (ed.). <i>The Judicial Branch of State Government: People, Process, and Politics</i>. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. pp. <span class="nowrap">37–</span>96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781851097517" title="Special:BookSources/9781851097517"><bdi>9781851097517</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 5,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+2%2C+The+Roles%2C+Functions%2C+and+Powers+of+State+Courts&rft.btitle=The+Judicial+Branch+of+State+Government%3A+People%2C+Process%2C+and+Politics&rft.place=Santa+Barbara&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E37-%3C%2Fspan%3E96&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781851097517&rft.aulast=Manweller&rft.aufirst=Mathew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dong5k8n97P4C%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+supreme+court" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Valerie Miller, "Judges renew their call for appeals court," <i>Las Vegas Business Press</i> 19, no. 3 (January 21, 2002): 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oakley_Page_28-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oakley_Page_28_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oakley_Page_28_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOakleyAmar2009" class="citation book cs1">Oakley, John B.; <a href="/wiki/Vikram_Amar" title="Vikram Amar">Amar, Vikram D.</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ga8WMXi4i4QC&pg=PA28"><i>American Civil Procedure: A Guide to Civil Adjudication in US Courts</i></a>. Alphen aan den Rijn: Kluwer Law International. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789041128720" title="Special:BookSources/9789041128720"><bdi>9789041128720</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Civil+Procedure%3A+A+Guide+to+Civil+Adjudication+in+US+Courts&rft.place=Alphen+aan+den+Rijn&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Kluwer+Law+International&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9789041128720&rft.aulast=Oakley&rft.aufirst=John+B.&rft.au=Amar%2C+Vikram+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dga8WMXi4i4QC%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+supreme+court" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Smith v. Robbins</i>, 528 U.S. 259, 270 n.5 (2000) ("[t]he Constitution does not . . . require states to create appellate review in the first place"); <i>M.L.B. v. S.L.J.</i>, 519 U.S. 102, 110 (1996) ("the Federal Constitution guarantees no right to appellate review").</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oliver-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oliver_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOliver2021" class="citation news cs1">Oliver, Ned (March 8, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.virginiamercury.com/2021/03/08/virginia-court-of-appeals-set-to-get-six-new-judges-after-lawmakers-agree-to-expansion/">"Virginia Court of Appeals set to get six new judges after lawmakers agree to expansion"</a>. <i>Virginia Mercury</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Virginia+Mercury&rft.atitle=Virginia+Court+of+Appeals+set+to+get+six+new+judges+after+lawmakers+agree+to+expansion&rft.date=2021-03-08&rft.aulast=Oliver&rft.aufirst=Ned&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.virginiamercury.com%2F2021%2F03%2F08%2Fvirginia-court-of-appeals-set-to-get-six-new-judges-after-lawmakers-agree-to-expansion%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+supreme+court" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">🖉<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/489/288/case.html">"Teague v. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 9,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Baltimore+Sun&rft.atitle=Maryland+to+require+legislators+to+live+in+their+districts%3B+state+will+rename+its+high+court&rft.date=2022-11-09&rft.aulast=Munro&rft.aufirst=Dana&rft.au=Opilo%2C+Emily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.baltimoresun.com%2Fpolitics%2Felections%2Fbs-md-pol-maryland-ballot-questions-vote-20221109-55lh7busmngc7e6waiy7jeixra-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+supreme+court" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ublawforum.wordpress.com/2022/11/13/election-day-was-a-namechanger-voters-successfully-rename-marylands-appellate-courts/">"Election Day was a "Namechanger": Voters Successfully Rename Maryland's Appellate Courts"</a>. 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style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Current_US_state_chief_justices" title="Template:Current US state chief justices"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Current_US_state_chief_justices" title="Template talk:Current US state chief justices"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Current_US_state_chief_justices" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Current US state chief justices"><abbr title="Edit this 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href="/wiki/Sarah_Hicks_Stewart" title="Sarah Hicks Stewart">Sarah Hicks Stewart</a></div></div> <div><div style="font-weight:bold; width:2em; display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Supreme_Court" title="Alaska Supreme Court">AK</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><i><a href="/wiki/Susan_M._Carney" title="Susan M. Carney">Susan M. Carney</a></i></div></div> <div><div style="font-weight:bold; width:2em; display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Supreme_Court" title="Arizona Supreme Court">AZ</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><i><a href="/wiki/Ann_Timmer" title="Ann Timmer">Ann Timmer</a> </i></div></div> <div><div style="font-weight:bold; width:2em; display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_Supreme_Court" title="Arkansas Supreme Court">AR</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Karen_R._Baker" title="Karen R. Baker">Karen R. Baker</a></div></div> <div><div style="font-weight:bold; width:2em; display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_California" title="Supreme Court of California">CA</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><i><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Guerrero" title="Patricia Guerrero">Patricia Guerrero</a></i></div></div> <div><div style="font-weight:bold; width:2em; display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Supreme_Court" title="Colorado Supreme Court">CO</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><i><a href="/wiki/Monica_M%C3%A1rquez" title="Monica Márquez">Monica Márquez</a></i></div></div> <div><div style="font-weight:bold; width:2em; display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Supreme_Court" title="Connecticut Supreme Court">CT</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><i><a href="/wiki/Raheem_L._Mullins" title="Raheem L. Mullins">Raheem L. Mullins</a></i></div></div> <div><div style="font-weight:bold; width:2em; display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Supreme_Court" title="Delaware Supreme Court">DE</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Collins_J._Seitz_Jr." title="Collins J. Seitz Jr.">Collins J. Seitz Jr.</a></div></div> <div><div style="font-weight:bold; width:2em; display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Florida" title="Supreme Court of Florida">FL</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><i><a href="/wiki/Carlos_G._Mu%C3%B1iz" title="Carlos G. Muñiz">Carlos G. Muñiz</a></i><sup><small>1</small></sup></div></div> <div><div style="font-weight:bold; width:2em; display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Supreme Court of Georgia (U.S. state)">GA</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Michael_P._Boggs" title="Michael P. Boggs">Michael P. Boggs</a></div></div> <div><div style="font-weight:bold; width:2em; display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Hawaii" title="Supreme Court of Hawaii">HI</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><i><a href="/wiki/Mark_E._Recktenwald" title="Mark E. Recktenwald">Mark E. Recktenwald</a></i></div></div> <div><div style="font-weight:bold; width:2em; display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Supreme_Court" title="Idaho Supreme Court">ID</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/G._Richard_Bevan" title="G. Richard Bevan">G. Richard Bevan</a></div></div> <div><div style="font-weight:bold; width:2em; display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Illinois" title="Supreme Court of Illinois">IL</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Jane_Theis" title="Mary Jane Theis">Mary Jane Theis</a></div></div> <div><div style="font-weight:bold; width:2em; display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Supreme_Court" title="Indiana Supreme Court">IN</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Loretta_Rush" title="Loretta Rush">Loretta Rush</a></div></div> <div><div style="font-weight:bold; width:2em; display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Iowa_Supreme_Court" title="Iowa Supreme Court">IA</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><i><a href="/wiki/Susan_Christensen" title="Susan Christensen">Susan Christensen</a></i></div></div> <div><div style="font-weight:bold; width:2em; display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Kansas_Supreme_Court" title="Kansas Supreme Court">KS</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><i><a href="/wiki/Marla_Luckert" title="Marla Luckert">Marla Luckert</a></i></div></div> <div><div style="font-weight:bold; width:2em; display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_Supreme_Court" title="Kentucky Supreme Court">KY</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Debra_H._Lambert" title="Debra H. Lambert">Debra H. Lambert</a></div></div> <div><div style="font-weight:bold; width:2em; display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Supreme_Court" title="Louisiana Supreme Court">LA</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/John_L._Weimer" title="John L. Weimer">John L. Weimer</a></div></div> <div><div style="font-weight:bold; width:2em; display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Maine_Supreme_Judicial_Court" title="Maine Supreme Judicial Court">ME</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><i><a href="/wiki/Valerie_Stanfill" title="Valerie Stanfill">Valerie Stanfill</a></i></div></div> <div><div style="font-weight:bold; width:2em; display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Maryland" title="Supreme Court of Maryland">MD</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><i><a href="/wiki/Matthew_J._Fader" title="Matthew J. Fader">Matthew J. Fader</a></i></div></div> <div><div style="font-weight:bold; width:2em; display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Supreme_Judicial_Court" title="Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court">MA</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><i><a href="/wiki/Kimberly_S._Budd" title="Kimberly S. Budd">Kimberly S. Budd</a></i></div></div> <div><div style="font-weight:bold; width:2em; display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Supreme_Court" title="Michigan Supreme Court">MI</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_T._Clement" title="Elizabeth T. Clement">Elizabeth T. Clement</a></div></div> <div><div style="font-weight:bold; width:2em; display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Supreme_Court" title="Minnesota Supreme Court">MN</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><i><a href="/wiki/Natalie_Hudson" title="Natalie Hudson">Natalie Hudson</a></i></div></div> <div><div style="font-weight:bold; width:2em; display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Mississippi" title="Supreme Court of Mississippi">MS</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Michael_K._Randolph" title="Michael K. Randolph">Michael K. Randolph</a></div></div> <div><div style="font-weight:bold; width:2em; display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Missouri" title="Supreme Court of Missouri">MO</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><i><a href="/wiki/Mary_Rhodes_Russell" title="Mary Rhodes Russell">Mary Rhodes Russell</a></i></div></div> <div><div style="font-weight:bold; width:2em; display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Montana_Supreme_Court" title="Montana Supreme Court">MT</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Cory_Swanson" title="Cory Swanson">Cory Swanson</a></div></div> <div><div style="font-weight:bold; width:2em; display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Supreme_Court" title="Nebraska Supreme Court">NE</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><i><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_J._Funke" title="Jeffrey J. Funke">Jeffrey J. Funke</a></i></div></div> <div><div style="font-weight:bold; width:2em; display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Nevada" title="Supreme Court of Nevada">NV</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Elissa_F._Cadish" title="Elissa F. Cadish">Elissa F. Cadish</a></div></div> <div><div style="font-weight:bold; width:2em; display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Supreme_Court" title="New Hampshire Supreme Court">NH</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><i><a href="/wiki/Gordon_J._MacDonald" title="Gordon J. MacDonald">Gordon J. MacDonald</a></i></div></div> <div><div style="font-weight:bold; width:2em; display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_New_Jersey" title="Supreme Court of New Jersey">NJ</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><i><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Rabner" title="Stuart Rabner">Stuart Rabner</a></i></div></div> <div><div style="font-weight:bold; width:2em; display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_Supreme_Court" title="New Mexico Supreme Court">NM</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/David_K._Thomson" title="David K. Thomson">David K. Thomson</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></div></div> <div><div style="font-weight:bold; width:2em; display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/New_York_Court_of_Appeals" title="New York Court of Appeals">NY</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><i><a href="/wiki/Rowan_D._Wilson" title="Rowan D. Wilson">Rowan D. Wilson</a></i></div></div> <div><div style="font-weight:bold; width:2em; display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Supreme_Court" title="North Carolina Supreme Court">NC</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Martin_Newby" title="Paul Martin Newby">Paul Martin Newby</a></div></div> <div><div style="font-weight:bold; width:2em; display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota_Supreme_Court" title="North Dakota Supreme Court">ND</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Jon_J._Jensen" title="Jon J. Jensen">Jon J. Jensen</a></div></div> <div><div style="font-weight:bold; width:2em; display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Ohio" title="Supreme Court of Ohio">OH</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Sharon_L._Kennedy" title="Sharon L. Kennedy">Sharon L. Kennedy</a></div></div> <div><div style="font-weight:bold; width:2em; display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Supreme_Court" title="Oklahoma Supreme Court">OK</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Dustin_Rowe" title="Dustin Rowe">Dustin Rowe</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></div></div> <div><div style="font-weight:bold; width:2em; display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Supreme_Court" title="Oregon Supreme Court">OR</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Meagan_Flynn" title="Meagan Flynn">Meagan Flynn</a></div></div> <div><div style="font-weight:bold; width:2em; display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Pennsylvania" title="Supreme Court of Pennsylvania">PA</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Debra_Todd" title="Debra Todd">Debra Todd</a></div></div> <div><div style="font-weight:bold; width:2em; display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_Supreme_Court" title="Rhode Island Supreme Court">RI</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><i><a href="/wiki/Paul_Suttell" title="Paul Suttell">Paul Suttell</a></i></div></div> <div><div style="font-weight:bold; width:2em; display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Supreme_Court" title="South Carolina Supreme Court">SC</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><i><a href="/wiki/John_W._Kittredge" title="John W. Kittredge">John W. Kittredge</a></i></div></div> <div><div style="font-weight:bold; width:2em; display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota_Supreme_Court" title="South Dakota Supreme Court">SD</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><i><a href="/wiki/Steven_R._Jensen" title="Steven R. Jensen">Steven R. Jensen</a></i></div></div> <div><div style="font-weight:bold; width:2em; display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Supreme_Court" title="Tennessee Supreme Court">TN</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><i><a href="/wiki/Holly_M._Kirby" title="Holly M. Kirby">Holly M. Kirby</a></i></div></div> <div><div style="font-weight:bold; width:2em; display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Texas" title="Supreme Court of Texas">TX</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Blacklock" title="Jimmy Blacklock">Jimmy Blacklock</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></div></div> <div><div style="font-weight:bold; width:2em; display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Utah_Supreme_Court" title="Utah Supreme Court">UT</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><i><a href="/wiki/Matthew_B._Durrant" title="Matthew B. Durrant">Matthew B. Durrant</a></i></div></div> <div><div style="font-weight:bold; width:2em; display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Vermont_Supreme_Court" title="Vermont Supreme Court">VT</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><i><a href="/wiki/Paul_Reiber" title="Paul Reiber">Paul Reiber</a></i></div></div> <div><div style="font-weight:bold; width:2em; display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Virginia" title="Supreme Court of Virginia">VA</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/S._Bernard_Goodwyn" title="S. Bernard Goodwyn">S. Bernard Goodwyn</a></div></div> <div><div style="font-weight:bold; width:2em; display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Washington_Supreme_Court" title="Washington Supreme Court">WA</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Debra_L._Stephens" title="Debra L. Stephens">Debra L. Stephens</a></div></div> <div><div style="font-weight:bold; width:2em; display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Appeals_of_West_Virginia" title="Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia">WV</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/William_R._Wooton" title="William R. Wooton">William R. Wooton</a></div></div> <div><div style="font-weight:bold; width:2em; display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Supreme_Court" title="Wisconsin Supreme Court">WI</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Annette_Ziegler" title="Annette Ziegler">Annette Ziegler</a></div></div> <div><div style="font-weight:bold; width:2em; display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Supreme_Court" title="Wyoming Supreme Court">WY</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><i><a href="/wiki/Kate_M._Fox" title="Kate M. Fox">Kate M. Fox</a></i></div></div> <div style="margin-top:1em"><b>Federal districts:</b></div> <div><div style="font-weight:bold; width:2em; display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Court_of_Appeals" title="District of Columbia Court of Appeals">DC</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Anna_Blackburne-Rigsby" title="Anna Blackburne-Rigsby">Anna Blackburne-Rigsby</a></div></div><div class="nocolbreak"><div style="margin-top:1em"><b>Territories:</b></div> <div><div style="font-weight:bold; width:2em; display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_American_Samoa" title="High Court of American Samoa">AS</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Kruse_(judge)" title="Michael Kruse (judge)">Michael Kruse</a></div></div> <div><div style="font-weight:bold; width:2em; display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Guam" title="Supreme Court of Guam">GU</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><i><a href="/wiki/Robert_Torres_(judge)" title="Robert Torres (judge)">Robert Torres</a></i></div></div> <div><div style="font-weight:bold; width:2em; display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands_Supreme_Court" title="Northern Mariana Islands Supreme Court">MP</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandro_Castro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexandro Castro (page does not exist)">Alexandro Castro</a></i></div></div> <div><div style="font-weight:bold; width:2em; display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Supreme Court of Puerto Rico">PR</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><i><a href="/wiki/Maite_Oronoz_Rodr%C3%ADguez" title="Maite Oronoz Rodríguez">Maite Oronoz Rodríguez</a></i></div></div> <div><div style="font-weight:bold; width:2em; display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Virgin_Islands" title="Supreme Court of the Virgin Islands">VI</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhys_Hodge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rhys Hodge (page does not exist)">Rhys Hodge</a></i></div></div></div> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dd><i>Italics</i> indicate appointed supreme courts</dd> <dd>1. Chief justice elected biennially by the court from among its members</dd> <dd>2. <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Court_of_Criminal_Appeals" title="Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals">Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals</a>, Presiding Judge <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scott_Rowland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scott Rowland (page does not exist)">Scott Rowland</a></i></dd> <dd>3. <a href="/wiki/Texas_Court_of_Criminal_Appeals" title="Texas Court of Criminal Appeals">Texas Court of Criminal Appeals</a>, Presiding Judge <a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Schenck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Schenck (page does not exist)">David Schenck</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" 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title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Highest_judicial_bodies_in_the_United_States227" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_court" title="Supreme court">Highest judicial bodies</a> in the United States</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federal_judiciary_of_the_United_States" title="Federal judiciary of the United States">Federal courts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">State supreme courts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Alabama" title="Supreme Court of Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Supreme_Court" title="Alaska Supreme Court">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Supreme_Court" title="Arizona Supreme Court">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_Supreme_Court" title="Arkansas Supreme Court">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_California" title="Supreme Court of California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Supreme_Court" title="Colorado Supreme Court">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Supreme_Court" title="Connecticut Supreme Court">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Supreme_Court" title="Delaware Supreme Court">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Florida" title="Supreme Court of Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Supreme Court of Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Hawaii" title="Supreme Court of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Supreme_Court" title="Idaho Supreme Court">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Illinois" title="Supreme Court of Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Supreme_Court" title="Indiana Supreme Court">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_Supreme_Court" title="Iowa Supreme Court">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_Supreme_Court" title="Kansas Supreme Court">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_Supreme_Court" title="Kentucky Supreme Court">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Supreme_Court" title="Louisiana Supreme Court">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_Supreme_Judicial_Court" title="Maine Supreme Judicial Court">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Maryland" title="Supreme Court of Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Supreme_Judicial_Court" title="Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Supreme_Court" title="Michigan Supreme Court">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Supreme_Court" title="Minnesota Supreme Court">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Mississippi" title="Supreme Court of Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Missouri" title="Supreme Court of Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_Supreme_Court" title="Montana Supreme Court">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Supreme_Court" title="Nebraska Supreme Court">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Nevada" title="Supreme Court of Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Supreme_Court" title="New Hampshire Supreme Court">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_New_Jersey" title="Supreme Court of New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_Supreme_Court" title="New Mexico Supreme Court">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Court_of_Appeals" title="New York Court of Appeals">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Supreme_Court" title="North Carolina Supreme Court">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota_Supreme_Court" title="North Dakota Supreme Court">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Ohio" title="Supreme Court of Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li>Oklahoma <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Supreme_Court" title="Oklahoma Supreme Court">civil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Court_of_Criminal_Appeals" title="Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals">criminal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Supreme_Court" title="Oregon Supreme Court">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Pennsylvania" title="Supreme Court of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_Supreme_Court" title="Rhode Island Supreme Court">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Supreme_Court" title="South Carolina Supreme Court">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota_Supreme_Court" title="South Dakota Supreme Court">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Supreme_Court" title="Tennessee Supreme Court">Tennessee</a></li> <li>Texas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Texas" title="Supreme Court of Texas">civil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Court_of_Criminal_Appeals" title="Texas Court of Criminal Appeals">criminal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Supreme_Court" title="Utah Supreme Court">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_Supreme_Court" title="Vermont Supreme Court">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Virginia" title="Supreme Court of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Supreme_Court" title="Washington Supreme Court">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Appeals_of_West_Virginia" title="Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Supreme_Court" title="Wisconsin Supreme Court">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Supreme_Court" title="Wyoming Supreme Court">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territorial</a> supreme courts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_American_Samoa" title="High Court of American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Court_of_Appeals" title="District of Columbia Court of Appeals">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Guam" title="Supreme Court of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands_Supreme_Court" title="Northern Mariana Islands Supreme Court">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Supreme Court of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Virgin_Islands" title="Supreme Court of the Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Obsolete</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Canal_Zone" title="United States District Court for the Canal Zone">Panama Canal Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines#American_period" title="Supreme Court of the Philippines">Philippine Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Complete list</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_courts_of_the_United_States" title="List of courts of the United States">Courts of the United States</a> (federal and state, all levels)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=State_supreme_court&oldid=1275192782">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=State_supreme_court&oldid=1275192782</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:State_court_systems_of_the_United_States" title="Category:State court systems of the United States">State court 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