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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">versteek</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inleiding</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Vroeë_loopbaan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vroeë_loopbaan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Vroeë loopbaan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vroeë_loopbaan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politieke_loopbaan_begin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politieke_loopbaan_begin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Politieke loopbaan begin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politieke_loopbaan_begin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-President_van_Zambië" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#President_van_Zambië"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>President van Zambië</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-President_van_Zambië-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eenpartybewind" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eenpartybewind"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Eenpartybewind</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eenpartybewind-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Onttroon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Onttroon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Onttroon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Onttroon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vererings_en_aansien" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vererings_en_aansien"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Vererings en aansien</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vererings_en_aansien-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pennevrug" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pennevrug"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Pennevrug</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pennevrug-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verwysings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verwysings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Verwysings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verwysings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bronne" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bronne"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bronne</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bronne-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Inhoudsopgawe" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Wissel die inhoudsopgawe" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Wissel die inhoudsopgawe</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kenneth Kaunda</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gaan na 'n artikel in 'n ander taal. Beskikbaar in 61 tale" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-61" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">61 tale</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%AC%E1%8A%94%E1%89%B5_%E1%8A%AB%E1%8B%8D%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B3" title="ኬኔት ካውንዳ – Amharies" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኬኔት ካውንዳ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AB_%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="كينيث كاوندا – Arabies" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كينيث كاوندا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AB_%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="كينيث كاوندا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كينيث كاوندا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda – Asturies" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Kenneth Kaunda" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda – Katalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Kenneth Kaunda" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8E%D9%86%DB%8E%D8%AA_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%86%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="کێنێت کائۆندا – Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کێنێت کائۆندا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda – Tsjeggies" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kenneth Kaunda" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjeggies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda – Wallies" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Kenneth Kaunda" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Wallies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kenneth Kaunda" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kenneth Kaunda" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%B8_%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B1" title="Κένεθ Καούντα – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κένεθ Καούντα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Kenneth Kaunda" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kenneth Kaunda" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Kenneth Kaunda" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda – Estnies" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kenneth Kaunda" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estnies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda – Baskies" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kenneth Kaunda" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%AA_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="کنت کائوندا – Persies" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کنت کائوندا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kenneth Kaunda" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kenneth Kaunda" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="Kenneth Kaunda" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gungbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A0%D7%AA_%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%94" title="קנת קאונדה – Hebreeus" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קנת קאונדה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A5_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE" title="केनेथ कुंडा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="केनेथ कुंडा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda – Kroaties" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kenneth Kaunda" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%A9_%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A1" title="Քենեթ Կաունդա – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քենեթ Կաունդա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda – Indonesies" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kenneth Kaunda" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kenneth Kaunda" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Kenneth Kaunda" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B1%E3%83%8D%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AB%E3%82%A6%E3%83%B3%E3%83%80" title="ケネス・カウンダ – Japannees" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ケネス・カウンダ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japannees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97_%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%90" title="კენეთ კაუნდა – Georgies" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კენეთ კაუნდა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BC%80%EB%84%A4%EC%8A%A4_%EC%B9%B4%EC%9A%B4%EB%8B%A4" title="케네스 카운다 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="케네스 카운다" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennethus_Kaunda" title="Kennethus Kaunda – Latyn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Kennethus Kaunda" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Кенет Каунда – Masedonies" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кенет Каунда" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Masedonies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%97%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F" title="കെന്നത്ത് കൗണ്ട – Malabaars" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കെന്നത്ത് കൗണ്ട" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malabaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A5_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE" title="केनेथ कौंडा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="केनेथ कौंडा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kenneth Kaunda" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%80%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%92%E1%80%AB" title="ကင်းနက် ကွန်ဒါ – Birmaans" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကင်းနက် ကွန်ဒါ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Birmaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%AA_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="کنت کاوندا – Masanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کنت کاوندا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Masanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda – Nederduits" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Kenneth Kaunda" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Nederduits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda – Nederlands" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kenneth Kaunda" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Nederlands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda – Boeknoors" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kenneth Kaunda" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Boeknoors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda – Oksitaans" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Kenneth Kaunda" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Oksitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kenneth Kaunda" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Kenneth Kaunda" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kenneth Kaunda" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0,_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Каунда, Кеннет – Russies" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Каунда, Кеннет" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda – Skots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Kenneth Kaunda" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Skots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda – Serwo-Kroaties" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kenneth Kaunda" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serwo-Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Kenneth Kaunda" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Кенет Каунда – Serwies" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кенет Каунда" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serwies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda – Sweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kenneth Kaunda" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kenneth Kaunda" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE" title="கென்னத் கவுண்டா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கென்னத் கவுண்டா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8C%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A1" title="కెన్నెత్ కౌండ – Teloegoe" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కెన్నెత్ కౌండ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Teloegoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kenneth Kaunda" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Кеннет Каунда – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кеннет Каунда" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%AA%DA%BE_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%A4%D9%86%DA%88%D8%A7" title="کینیتھ کاؤنڈا – Oerdoe" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کینیتھ کاؤنڈا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Oerdoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda – Venesiaans" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Kenneth Kaunda" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venesiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda – Viëtnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kenneth Kaunda" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Viëtnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%82%AF%E5%B0%BC%E6%80%9D%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E7%BF%81%E8%BE%BE" title="肯尼思·卡翁达 – Wu-Sjinees" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="肯尼思·卡翁达" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda – Joroeba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Kenneth Kaunda" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Joroeba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%82%AF%E5%B0%BC%E6%80%9D%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E7%BF%81%E8%BE%BE" title="肯尼思·卡翁达 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="肯尼思·卡翁达" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q105480#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Wysig skakels tussen tale" class="wbc-editpage">Wysig skakels</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Naamruimtes"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Bekyk die inhoudbladsy [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Bladsy</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bespreking:Kenneth_Kaunda" rel="discussion" title="Bespreking oor die inhoudbladsy [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Bespreking</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Verander taalvariant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Afrikaans</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Weergawes"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda"><span>Lees</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_Kaunda&veaction=edit" title="Redigeer hierdie bladsy [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Wysig</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_Kaunda&action=edit" title="Wysig die bladsy se bonkode [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Wysig bron</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_Kaunda&action=history" title="Ouer weergawes van hierdie bladsy [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Wys geskiedenis</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gereedskap" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gereedskap</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Gereedskap</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">versteek</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda"><span>Lees</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_Kaunda&veaction=edit" title="Redigeer hierdie bladsy [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Wysig</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_Kaunda&action=edit" title="Wysig die bladsy se bonkode [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Wysig bron</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_Kaunda&action=history"><span>Wys geskiedenis</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Algemeen </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Skakels_hierheen/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="'n Lys bladsye wat hierheen skakel [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Skakels hierheen</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:OnlangseVeranderingsMetSkakels/Kenneth_Kaunda" rel="nofollow" title="Onlangse wysigings aan bladsye wat vanaf hierdie bladsy geskakel is [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Verwante veranderings</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_Kaunda&oldid=2719241" title="'n Permanente skakel na hierdie weergawe van die bladsy"><span>Permanente skakel</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_Kaunda&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Bladinligting</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:CiteThisPage&page=Kenneth_Kaunda&id=2719241&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Inligting oor hoe u hierdie bladsy kan verwys"><span>Haal dié blad aan</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Faf.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKenneth_Kaunda"><span>Kry verkorte URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Faf.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKenneth_Kaunda"><span>Laai QR-kode af</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Druk/uitvoer </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Boek&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Kenneth+Kaunda"><span>Skep boek</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:DownloadAsPdf&page=Kenneth_Kaunda&action=show-download-screen"><span>Laai af as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_Kaunda&printable=yes" title="Drukbare weergawe van hierdie bladsy [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Drukbare weergawe</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Ander projekte </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kenneth_Kaunda" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q105480" title="Skakel na gekonnekteerde databank item [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata-item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Voorkoms"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Voorkoms</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">versteek</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">in Wikipedia, die vrye ensiklopedie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="af" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox" style="width:23em; font-size:85%; text-align:left; padding-left:0.5em; padding-right:0.5em;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size:140%;"><b>Kenneth Kaunda</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Kenneth_David_Kaunda.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kenneth Kaunda"><img alt="Kenneth Kaunda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Kenneth_David_Kaunda.jpg/220px-Kenneth_David_Kaunda.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Kenneth_David_Kaunda.jpg/330px-Kenneth_David_Kaunda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Kenneth_David_Kaunda.jpg/440px-Kenneth_David_Kaunda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1064" data-file-height="1321" /></a></span><br />Kenneth Kaunda in 1983 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:110%;"><hr /><div style="background:lavender; font-weight:bold">1ste <a href="/wiki/President_van_Zambi%C3%AB" title="President van Zambië">President van Zambië</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:none; text-align:center;"><b>Ampstermyn</b><br /><a href="/wiki/24_Oktober" title="24 Oktober">24 Oktober</a> <a href="/wiki/1964" title="1964">1964</a> – <a href="/wiki/2_November" title="2 November">2 November</a> <a href="/wiki/1991" title="1991">1991</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Vise </th> <td>Reuben Kamanga<br />Simon Kapwepwe<br />Mainza Chona </td></tr> <tr> <th>Voorafgegaan deur </th> <td>Evelyn Hone <i>as Goewerneur van Noord-Rhodesië</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Opgevolg deur </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Chiluba" title="Frederick Chiluba">Frederick Chiluba</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:110%;"><hr /><div style="background:lavender;">1ste Eerste Minister van Noord-Rhodesië</div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:none; text-align:center;"><b>Ampstermyn</b><br /><a href="/wiki/22_Januarie" title="22 Januarie">22 Januarie</a> <a href="/wiki/1964" title="1964">1964</a> – <a href="/wiki/24_Oktober" title="24 Oktober">24 Oktober</a> <a href="/wiki/1964" title="1964">1964</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Voorafgegaan deur </th> <td><i>Nuwe amp</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Opgevolg deur </th> <td>Mainza Chona as <i>Eerste Minister van Zambië</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:110%;"><hr /><div style="background:lavender;">3de Voorsitter van die <a href="/wiki/Beweging_van_Onverbonde_Lande" title="Beweging van Onverbonde Lande">Beweging van Onverbonde Lande</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:none; text-align:center;"><b>Ampstermyn</b><br /><a href="/wiki/8_September" title="8 September">8 September</a> <a href="/wiki/1970" title="1970">1970</a> – <a href="/wiki/5_September" title="5 September">5 September</a> <a href="/wiki/1973" title="1973">1973</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Voorafgegaan deur </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Opgevolg deur </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Houari_Boumedi%C3%A8ne" title="Houari Boumediène">Houari Boumediène</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color: #000000; font-size: 110%; text-align: center;"><hr /><div style="background:lavender;">Persoonlike besonderhede</div> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Gebore </th> <td>Kenneth David Buchizya Kaunda<br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1924-04-28</span>)</span>28 April 1924 <br />Chinsali, <a href="/wiki/Noord-Rhodesi%C3%AB" title="Noord-Rhodesië">Noord-Rhodesië</a> <small>(nou <a href="/wiki/Zambi%C3%AB" title="Zambië">Zambië</a>)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Sterf </th> <td>17 Junie 2021 (op 97)<br /><a href="/wiki/Lusaka" title="Lusaka">Lusaka</a>, Zambië </td></tr> <tr> <th>Politieke party </th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_National_Independence_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United National Independence Party (bladsy bestaan nie)">UNIP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Eggenoot/-note </th> <td>Betty Banda <small>(1946–2013; haar dood)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Kind(ers) </th> <td>8, waaronder Tilyenji </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Kenneth David Kaunda</b> (<a href="/wiki/28_April" title="28 April">28 April</a> <a href="/wiki/1924" title="1924">1924</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinsali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chinsali (bladsy bestaan nie)">Chinsali</a> – <a href="/wiki/17_Junie" title="17 Junie">17 Junie</a> <a href="/wiki/2021" title="2021">2021</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lusaka" title="Lusaka">Lusaka</a>) was van <a href="/wiki/Zambi%C3%AB" title="Zambië">Zambië</a> se onafhanklikwording in 1964 tot die einde van eenpartyregering in 1992 die land se president. </p><p>Op 14 Junie 2021 is Kaunda in die hospitaal opgeneem vir die behandeling van terugkerende <a href="/wiki/Longontsteking" title="Longontsteking">longontsteking</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hy is kort daarna oorlede. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vroeë_loopbaan"><span id="Vroe.C3.AB_loopbaan"></span>Vroeë loopbaan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_Kaunda&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Wysig afdeling: Vroeë loopbaan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_Kaunda&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Vroeë loopbaan"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hy was die seun van 'n sendeling en het sy onderrig aan die Lubwa Training School en Sekondêre Skool Munali ontvang. Hy word onderwyser aan die Lubwa Training School in 1943 en skoolhoof van 1944 tot 1947 toe hy sekretaris van die Chinsali Young Men's Farming Association word. In 1948 dien hy as welsynbeampte van die kopermyn in <a href="/wiki/Chingola" title="Chingola">Chingola</a> en van dieselfde jaar tot 1949 is hy weer onderwyser. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politieke_loopbaan_begin">Politieke loopbaan begin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_Kaunda&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Wysig afdeling: Politieke loopbaan begin" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_Kaunda&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Politieke loopbaan begin"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Kenneth_Kaunda_1978.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/Kenneth_Kaunda_1978.jpg" decoding="async" width="111" height="163" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="111" data-file-height="163" /></a><figcaption>Kenneth Kaunda in 1978</figcaption></figure> <p>Sy politieke betrokkenheid begin in 1950 toe hy die stigter-sekrataris van die Lubwa-tak van die Northern Rhodesien African National Congress word en vinnig opgang maak, sodat hy die volgende jaar distriksameroeper en die jaar daarna provinsiale sameroeper word. Net die volgende jaar (1953) word hy sekretaris-generaal van die party in <a href="/wiki/Noord-Rhodesi%C3%AB" title="Noord-Rhodesië">Noord-Rhodesië</a>. </p><p>Vyf jaar later breek hy weg van die Northern Rhodesia ANC en stig die Zambia African National Congress. Die party was in stryd met die federale regering en is kort daarna verbied. Kaunda het terselfdertyd in die gevangenis beland vanweë sy teenkanting teen blanke oorheersing van die federale bestel. Hy word in 1960 die eerste keer president van die <a href="/w/index.php?title=United_National_Independence_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United National Independence Party (bladsy bestaan nie)">United National Independence Party</a>, wat hy en sy ondersteuners gestig het terwyl hy nog in aanhouding was. Onder sy voorsitterskap word die party 'n massabeweging wat die politieke strewe van die inheemse bevolking verwoord. Van 1962, die voorlaaste jaar van die dekadelange <a href="/wiki/Sentraal-Afrikaanse_Federasie" title="Sentraal-Afrikaanse Federasie">Sentraal-Afrikaanse Federasie</a>, tot twee jaar later dien hy as minister van plaaslike regering en maatskaplike welsyn en van Januarie tot Oktober 1964 as die laaste eerste minister. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="President_van_Zambië"><span id="President_van_Zambi.C3.AB"></span>President van Zambië</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_Kaunda&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Wysig afdeling: President van Zambië" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_Kaunda&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: President van Zambië"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Toe <a href="/wiki/Zambi%C3%AB" title="Zambië">Zambië</a> op <a href="/wiki/24_Oktober" title="24 Oktober">24 Oktober</a> <a href="/wiki/1964" title="1964">1964</a> onafhanklik word van die <a href="/wiki/Verenigde_Koninkryk" title="Verenigde Koninkryk">Verenigde Koninkryk</a> as protektoraat, word Kaunda die onafhanklike republiek se eerste president. Dit was die eerste keer dat 'n land direk na onafhanklikwording van Brittanje 'n republiek geword het. Kaunda dien ook van 1964 tot 1970 en weer van 1973 as minister van verdediging, van 1969 tot November 1970 as minister van buitelandse sake en van 1969 tot 1973 as minister van handel, nywerheid, myne en staatsdeelname. Hy was ook kanselier van die <a href="/wiki/Universiteit_van_Zambi%C3%AB" title="Universiteit van Zambië">Universiteit van Zambië</a> vanaf 1966. </p><p>Buite die landsgrense was hy van 1970 tot 1971 voorsitter van die <a href="/wiki/Organisasie_vir_Afrika-eenheid" title="Organisasie vir Afrika-eenheid">Organisasie vir Afrika-eenheid</a> en van die <a href="/wiki/Beweging_van_Onverbonde_Lande" title="Beweging van Onverbonde Lande">Beweging van Onverbonde Lande</a> van 1970 tot 1973. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eenpartybewind">Eenpartybewind</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_Kaunda&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Wysig afdeling: Eenpartybewind" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_Kaunda&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Eenpartybewind"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Onder Kaunda se leiding word Zambië in 1972 'n eenpartystaat met die UNIP as enigste politieke party. Die eerste verkiesing ingevolge die nuwe bedeling is in Desember 1973 gehou toe al die kandidate lid van die UNIP moes wees. Dit het gevolg op die nuwe grondwet van <a href="/wiki/25_Augustus" title="25 Augustus">25 Augustus</a> <a href="/wiki/1973" title="1973">1973</a> wat dié veranderings moontlik gemaak het en in werklikheid daartoe gelei het dat Kaunda lewenslange president geword het. <a href="/wiki/Rhodesi%C3%AB" title="Rhodesië">Rhodesië</a> se minderheidsregering het in 1978 en 1979 twee lugaanvalle op <a href="/wiki/Lusaka" title="Lusaka">Lusaka</a> en talle ander aanvalle op die land geloods omdat Zambië sonder skroom guerillavegters van die land se suidelike buurman se vryheidsbewegings gehuisves het. </p><p>Toe <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a> in April 1980 onafhanklik word, is daar gehoop dat Zambië se ekonomiese probleme vanweë ontwrigting vanuit die suide en die sluiting van die grens met Rhodesië tot 'n einde sou kom. Die situasie het egter verder verswak, en politieke ontevredenheid het toegeneem. In Oktober 1980 het talle vooraanstaande sakelui, regeringsamptenare en UNIP-lede 'n staatsgreep probeer uitvoer. Kaunda het die skuld op <a href="/wiki/Suid-Afrika" title="Suid-Afrika">Suid-Afrika</a> gepak, maar ná baie van die afvalliges in hegtenis geneem is, het dit geblyk dat hulle lede van die Bemba-stam was, wat veral sterk was in die mynbougebiede en tradisioneel teen Kaunda se bewind gekant was. </p><p>Kaunda het deur die jare tagtig baie ontwrigting en uitdagings die hoof gebied. Sy houvas op die regerende party en regering het telkens verstewig, ondanks stakings, waarvan party geweldadig was en wat byna altyd met ekonomiese probleme verband gehou het. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Onttroon">Onttroon</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_Kaunda&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Wysig afdeling: Onttroon" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_Kaunda&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Onttroon"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kaunda is die laaste keer in Oktober 1988 tot president verkies – weereens as die enigste kandidaat. Vroeg die volgende jaar het werkers en studente weer betoog weens streng maatreëls van die regering om die ekonomiese krisis die hoof te bied. Teen die middel van die jaar het onluste in die <a href="/wiki/Koperstreek" title="Koperstreek">Koperstreek</a> losgebars weens drastiese verhogings in die prys van basies goedere. 'n Jaar later, in Junie 1990, is 30 mense luidens berigte in <a href="/wiki/Lusaka" title="Lusaka">Lusaka</a> gedood tydens onluste oor 'n 100%-toename in die prys van mieliemeel. 'n Aandklokreël is ingestel en die universiteit in <a href="/wiki/Lusaka" title="Lusaka">Lusaka</a> gesluit tot Augustus daardie jaar omdat die regering studente daarvan verdink het dat hulle 'n leidende rol in die onluste gespeel het. </p><p>UNIP se algemene konferensie het in April 1990 'n voorstel dat ander politieke party toegelaat moes word, verwerp. Nietemin het Kaunda die volgende maand 'n referendum oor die vraagstuk belowe. Uiteindelik was dit die Nasionale Vergadering wat in 1991 'n wet deurgevoer het om veelpartyverkiesings moontlik te maak. Tydens daardie jaar se verkiesing onttroon die voormalige voorsitter van die Zambia Congress of Trade Unions en daarna leier van die <a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Multiparty_Democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Movement for Multiparty Democracy">Movement for Multiparty Democracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Chiluba" title="Frederick Chiluba">Frederick Chiluba</a> vir Kaunda ná 'n onafgebroke presidentskap van 27 jaar. President Kaunda doen afstand van sy amp op <a href="/wiki/2_November" title="2 November">2 November</a> <a href="/wiki/1991" title="1991">1991</a>, toe Chiluba die land se tweede president in 26 jaar word. </p><p>Aanhangers van Kaunda, onder meer sy seun, was in 1993 betrokke by 'n mislukte staatsgreep. Kaunda is verbied om in 1996 aan die presidentsverkiesing deel te neem, omdat die nuwe Grondwet persone verbied om meer as twee termyne te dien. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vererings_en_aansien">Vererings en aansien</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_Kaunda&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Wysig afdeling: Vererings en aansien" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_Kaunda&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Vererings en aansien"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kaunda het eredoktorsgrade van onder andere die universiteite van Dublin, Windsor (Kanada), Kanada, York, Chili en Sussex ontvang, asook verskeie eretoekennings in sy eie land. Hy het tydens die vroeë jare van sy presidentskap wêreldwye aansien geniet, danksy sy gematigde beleid en nie-rassige benadering. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pennevrug">Pennevrug</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_Kaunda&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Wysig afdeling: Pennevrug" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_Kaunda&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Pennevrug"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Van Kaunda het onder meer die volgende publikasies verskyn: </p> <ul><li><i>Black Government</i>, 1961.</li> <li><i>Zambia shall be free</i>, 1962.</li> <li><i>A Humanist in Africa</i>, 1966 (saam met Colin Morris).</li> <li><i>Humanism in Zambia and its Implementation</i>, 1967.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verwysings">Verwysings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_Kaunda&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Wysig afdeling: Verwysings" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_Kaunda&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Verwysings"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2205490">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:12px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/former-zambian-president-kenneth-kaunda-97-hospitalised-2021-06-14/">"Former Zambian president Kenneth Kaunda, 97, taken to hospital"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. 15 Junie 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">15 Junie</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Former+Zambian+president+Kenneth+Kaunda%2C+97%2C+taken+to+hospital&rft.pub=Reuters&rft.date=2021-06-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Fformer-zambian-president-kenneth-kaunda-97-hospitalised-2021-06-14%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKenneth+Kaunda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bronne">Bronne</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_Kaunda&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Wysig afdeling: Bronne" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_Kaunda&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Bronne"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Africa South of the Sahara</i>, Europa Publications Limited, London, 1975.</li> <li><i>Africa South of the Sahara</i>, Europa Publications Limited, London, 1991.</li></ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidente_van_Zambië" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-lees"><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Presidente_van_Zambi%C3%AB" title="Sjabloon:Presidente van Zambië"><abbr title="Lees hierdie sjabloon" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bespreek"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjabloonbespreking:Presidente_van_Zambi%C3%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sjabloonbespreking:Presidente van Zambië (bladsy bestaan nie)"><abbr title="Bespreek hierdie sjabloon" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-wysig"><a class="external text" href="https://af.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Presidente_van_Zambi%C3%AB&action=edit"><abbr title="Wysig hierdie sjabloon" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">w</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidente_van_Zambië" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Presidente_van_Zambi%C3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidente van Zambië">Presidente van Zambië</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kenneth Kaunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Chiluba" title="Frederick Chiluba">Frederick Chiluba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levy_Mwanawasa" title="Levy Mwanawasa">Levy Mwanawasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupiah_Banda" title="Rupiah Banda">Rupiah Banda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Sata" title="Michael Sata">Michael Sata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Scott" title="Guy Scott">Guy Scott</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Lungu" title="Edgar Lungu">Edgar Lungu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakainde_Hichilema" title="Hakainde Hichilema">Hakainde Hichilema</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>* dui tussentydse presidente aan</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Normdata_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105480&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks 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