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id="toc-Minahasa's_strategic_value" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minahasa's_strategic_value"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Minahasa's strategic value</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minahasa's_strategic_value-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japanese_invasion_plan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese_invasion_plan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Japanese invasion plan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japanese_invasion_plan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Order_of_battle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Order_of_battle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Order of battle</span> </div> </a> <button 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href="#Naval_units"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Naval units</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naval_units-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Netherlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Netherlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Netherlands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Netherlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ground_forces_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ground_forces_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Ground forces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ground_forces_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dutch_plans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dutch_plans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Dutch plans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dutch_plans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japanese_plans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese_plans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Japanese plans</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Japanese_plans-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Japanese plans subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Japanese_plans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sasebo_Combined_Special_Landing_Force" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sasebo_Combined_Special_Landing_Force"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Sasebo Combined Special Landing Force</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sasebo_Combined_Special_Landing_Force-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1st_Yokosuka_Special_Naval_Landing_Force_(SNLF)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1st_Yokosuka_Special_Naval_Landing_Force_(SNLF)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>1st Yokosuka Special Naval Landing Force (SNLF)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1st_Yokosuka_Special_Naval_Landing_Force_(SNLF)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_battle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_battle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>The battle</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_battle-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle The battle subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-The_battle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Landing_on_Manado_(1st_Force)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landing_on_Manado_(1st_Force)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Landing on Manado (1st Force)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Landing_on_Manado_(1st_Force)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Landing_on_Kema_(2nd_Force)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landing_on_Kema_(2nd_Force)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Landing on Kema (2nd Force)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Landing_on_Kema_(2nd_Force)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Airborne_drop" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Airborne_drop"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Airborne drop</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Airborne_drop-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Aftermath subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Casualties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casualties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Casualties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Casualties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reprisals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reprisals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Reprisals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reprisals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_guerrilla_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_guerrilla_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>The guerrilla war</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_guerrilla_war-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle The guerrilla war subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-The_guerrilla_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Schilmoller's_Group" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Schilmoller's_Group"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Schilmoller's Group</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Schilmoller's_Group-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kroon's_Group" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kroon's_Group"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Kroon's Group</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kroon's_Group-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abbink-Masselink's_Group" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abbink-Masselink's_Group"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Abbink-Masselink's Group</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abbink-Masselink's_Group-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Meliëzer's_Group" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meliëzer's_Group"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Meliëzer's Group</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meliëzer's_Group-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-van_den_Berg's_Group" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#van_den_Berg's_Group"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>van den Berg's Group</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-van_den_Berg's_Group-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-de_Jong_&_van_Daalen's_Group" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#de_Jong_&_van_Daalen's_Group"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>de Jong & van Daalen's Group</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-de_Jong_&_van_Daalen's_Group-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liberation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liberation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.7</span> <span>Liberation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liberation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> 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class="mw-page-title-main">Battle of Manado</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertempuran_Manado" title="Pertempuran Manado – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pertempuran Manado" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battaglia_di_Manado" title="Battaglia di Manado – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Battaglia di Manado" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slag_bij_Manado" title="Slag bij Manado – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Slag bij Manado" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwa_o_Manado" title="Bitwa o Manado – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bitwa o Manado" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE" title="Сражение за Манадо – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сражение за Манадо" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83" title="Битка за Манаду – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Битка за Манаду" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%ADn_Manado" title="Trận Manado – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trận Manado" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%87%E9%B8%A6%E8%80%81%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" title="万鸦老战役 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="万鸦老战役" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1942 WWII battle of the Dutch East Indies Campaign</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Battle of Manado</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a>, <br /> <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch East Indies Campaign">Dutch East Indies Campaign</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_Paratroopers_Dropping_Over_Langoan_Airfield,_Manado,_1942.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Japanese_Paratroopers_Dropping_Over_Langoan_Airfield%2C_Manado%2C_1942.jpg/300px-Japanese_Paratroopers_Dropping_Over_Langoan_Airfield%2C_Manado%2C_1942.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Japanese_Paratroopers_Dropping_Over_Langoan_Airfield%2C_Manado%2C_1942.jpg/450px-Japanese_Paratroopers_Dropping_Over_Langoan_Airfield%2C_Manado%2C_1942.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Japanese_Paratroopers_Dropping_Over_Langoan_Airfield%2C_Manado%2C_1942.jpg/600px-Japanese_Paratroopers_Dropping_Over_Langoan_Airfield%2C_Manado%2C_1942.jpg 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="750" /></a></span><br />Japanese paratroopers dropping over Langoan Airfield.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>11–12 January 1942 <br /> (Last guerrilla pocket captured 9 August 1942)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Manado" title="Manado">Manado</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celebes" class="mw-redirect" title="Celebes">Celebes</a> Island</div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Japanese victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span data-sort-value="Netherlands"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Dutch_government-in-exile" title="Dutch government-in-exile">Netherlands</a></span></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span data-sort-value="Japan"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_government-in-exile" title="Dutch government-in-exile"><img alt="Dutch government-in-exile" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> B.F.A. Schilmöller  <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Surrender_(military)" title="Surrendered"><img alt="Surrendered" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/14px-White_flag_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/21px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/28px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="351" /></a></span> (surrendered 23 March)</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan"><img alt="Empire of Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/23px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/35px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/45px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Raiz%C5%8D_Tanaka" title="Raizō Tanaka">Raizō Tanaka</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan"><img alt="Empire of Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/23px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/35px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/45px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Kunizō Mori<br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan"><img alt="Empire of Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/23px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/35px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/45px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Toyoaki_Horiuchi" title="Toyoaki Horiuchi">Toyoaki Horiuchi</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 1,500 infantry</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 3,200 naval infantry<sup id="cite_ref-Remmelink_160_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Remmelink_160-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />507 paratroopers<sup id="cite_ref-Remmelink_154-155_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Remmelink_154-155-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 140 killed<br />48 captured</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 44 killed<sup id="cite_ref-Remmelink_165_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Remmelink_165-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />244 wounded<sup id="cite_ref-Remmelink_165_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Remmelink_165-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table><p> The <b>Battle of Manado</b> took place as part of the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies_campaign" title="Dutch East Indies campaign">offensive to capture the</a> <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a>. It occurred at <a href="/wiki/Manado" title="Manado">Manado</a> (also spelled Menado) on the Minahasa Peninsula on the northern part of Celebes Island (modern day <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a> in <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>), from 11–12 January 1942. The battle was noted as the first time in Japanese history that the country had deployed paratroopers in a military operation.</p><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Netherlands_East_Indies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Netherlands East Indies"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dutch_East_Indies_campaign" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies_campaign" title="Dutch East Indies campaign"><span class="wrap">Dutch East Indies campaign</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>1941</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borneo_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Borneo (1941–1942)">1st Borneo</a></li></ul> <p><b>1942</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarakan_(1942)" title="Battle of Tarakan (1942)">Tarakan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Manado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Balikpapan_(1942)" title="Battle of Balikpapan (1942)">Balikpapan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kendari" title="Battle of Kendari">Kendari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Samarinda" title="Battle of Samarinda">Samarinda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Banjarmasin" title="Battle of Banjarmasin">Banjarmasin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ambon" title="Battle of Ambon">Ambon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Makassar_Strait" title="Battle of Makassar Strait">Makassar Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Sumatra" title="Invasion of Sumatra">Sumatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Palembang" title="Battle of Palembang">Palembang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Badung_Strait" title="Battle of Badung Strait">Badung Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Timor" title="Battle of Timor">Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Langley_(CV-1)#Seaplane_tender" title="USS Langley (CV-1)">USS <i>Langley</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Java_Sea" title="Battle of the Java Sea">1st Java Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sunda_Strait" title="Battle of Sunda Strait">Sunda Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Java_(1942)" title="Battle of Java (1942)">Java</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kalijati" title="Battle of Kalijati">Kalijati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leuwiliang" title="Battle of Leuwiliang">Leuwiliang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tjiater_Pass" title="Battle of Tjiater Pass">Tjiater Pass</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Java_Sea" title="Second Battle of the Java Sea">2nd Java Sea</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Manado&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Minahasa's_strategic_value"><span id="Minahasa.27s_strategic_value"></span>Minahasa's strategic value</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Manado&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Minahasa's strategic value"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Even though the Minahasa Peninsula does not contain any raw materials or strategic technical installations, its military value remained essential. The sheltered bays of Manado and Lake Tondano provide good bases for seaplanes, as Dutch forces established a Naval Base on the southeast side of Tondano Lake, near Tasoeka (Tasuka). A seaplane base was also established on the southern part of the Lake, near Kakas.<sup id="cite_ref-Nortier_65_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nortier_65-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aside from that, Dutch forces also constructed two airfields nearby. At the Kalawiran village near Langoan, the Menado II/Langoan Airfield was established. When the war broke out, Manado I Airfield, located just east of Manado City at Mapanget, was still under construction.<sup id="cite_ref-Nortier_65_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nortier_65-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japanese_invasion_plan">Japanese invasion plan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Manado&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Japanese invasion plan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As part of Japan's plan to conquer the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Netherlands East Indies</a>, particularly the island of Java, air support from southern Sumatra, <a href="/wiki/Kuching" title="Kuching">Kuching</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banjarmasin" title="Banjarmasin">Banjarmasin</a> (south-eastern part of Dutch Borneo), <a href="/wiki/Makassar" title="Makassar">Makassar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kendari" title="Kendari">Kendari</a> (both on southern Celebes) was required.<sup id="cite_ref-Remmelink_4_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Remmelink_4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beforehand, however, in order to set up the aforementioned aerial support, specifically in southern Celebes and Banjarmasin, relay fields in Manado, Tarakan and Balikpapan had to be conquered as well.<sup id="cite_ref-Remmelink_4_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Remmelink_4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The seizure of Manado was outlined as part of Japan's Eastern Offensive prong to capture the Dutch East Indies. Responsibility for conducting attacks on this prong falls to the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Imperial Japanese Navy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Order_of_battle">Order of battle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Manado&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Order of battle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan">Japan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Manado&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ground_forces">Ground forces</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Manado&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ground forces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="width: 856px"> <tbody><tr> <th>Sasebo Combined Special Landing Force <p>(Commander: Capt. Kunizō Mori):<sup id="cite_ref-Remmelink_160_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Remmelink_160-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </th> <th>1st Yokosuka Special Naval Landing Force <p>(Commander: Cdr. <a href="/wiki/Toyoaki_Horiuchi" title="Toyoaki Horiuchi">Toyoaki Horiuchi</a>):<sup id="cite_ref-Remmelink_154-155_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Remmelink_154-155-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </th></tr> <tr style="width: 428px"> <td style="width: 428px">- 1st Sasebo Combined Special Landing Force of 1,800 naval infantry under Capt. Kunizō Mori <p>- 2nd Sasebo Combined Special Landing Force of 1,400 naval infantry under Cdr. Uroku Hashimoto </p> </td> <td>- 1st Drop Group of 334 paratroopers <p>- 2nd Drop Group of 173 paratroopers </p><p>- Kema Landing Group of 169-man </p><p>- Tondano Lake Landing Group of 22-man </p><p>- Menado Landing Group of 64-man </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Horiuchi_Toyoaki.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Horiuchi_Toyoaki.jpg/189px-Horiuchi_Toyoaki.jpg" decoding="async" width="189" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Horiuchi_Toyoaki.jpg/284px-Horiuchi_Toyoaki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Horiuchi_Toyoaki.jpg/378px-Horiuchi_Toyoaki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="935" data-file-height="1255" /></a><figcaption>Commander Toyoaki Horiuchi.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Naval_units">Naval units</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Manado&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Naval units"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="width: 858px"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Eastern Attack Unit <p>(Commander: Rear. Adm. <a href="/wiki/Takeo_Takagi" title="Takeo Takagi">Takeo Takagi</a> - delegated command during Battle of Manado to Rear Adm. <a href="/wiki/Raiz%C5%8D_Tanaka" title="Raizō Tanaka">Raizō Tanaka</a>):<sup id="cite_ref-Remmelink_160_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Remmelink_160-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </th></tr> <tr> <th>2nd Destroyer Flotilla <p>(Commander: Rear. Adm. <a href="/wiki/Takeo_Takagi" title="Takeo Takagi">Takeo Takagi</a>): </p> </th> <th><b>Air Group (</b>2nd Air Unit) <p>(Commander: Cdr. Ruitarō Fujita): </p> </th> <th><b>Base Force</b> (1st Base Unit) <p>(Commander: Rear. Adm. </p><p>Kyūji Kubo): </p> </th></tr> <tr style="width: 286px"> <td style="width: 286px">- Support Unit: <ul><li>5th Cruiser Division (<a href="/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Nachi" title="Japanese cruiser Nachi"><i>Nachi</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Haguro" title="Japanese cruiser Haguro"><i>Haguro</i></a>)</li> <li>6th Destroyer Division (<i><a href="/wiki/Ikazuchi-class_destroyer" title="Ikazuchi-class destroyer">Ikazuchi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ikazuchi-class_destroyer" title="Ikazuchi-class destroyer">Inazuma</a></i>)</li></ul> <p>- 2nd Escort Unit: </p> <ul><li>2nd Destroyer Squadron (<a href="/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Jints%C5%AB" title="Japanese cruiser Jintsū"><i>Jintsu</i></a>)</li> <li>15th Destroyer Division (<i><a href="/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Natsushio" title="Japanese destroyer Natsushio">Natsushio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Kuroshio" title="Japanese destroyer Kuroshio">Kuroshio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Oyashio" title="Japanese destroyer Oyashio">Oyashio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Hayashio" title="Japanese destroyer Hayashio">Hayashio</a>)</i></li> <li>16th Destroyer Division (<i><a href="/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Yukikaze_(1939)" title="Japanese destroyer Yukikaze (1939)">Yukikaze</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Tokitsukaze_(1939)" title="Japanese destroyer Tokitsukaze (1939)">Tokitsukaze</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Hatsukaze" title="Japanese destroyer Hatsukaze">Hatsukaze</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Amatsukaze_(1939)" title="Japanese destroyer Amatsukaze (1939)">Amatsukaze</a>)</i></li></ul> <p>- Transport Unit: </p> <ul><li>1st Echelon: <i>Oha Maru,</i> <i>Shinko Maru,</i> <i>Shoka Maru</i>, <i>Koshin Maru,</i> <i>Chowa Maru</i></li> <li>2nd Echelon: <i><a href="/wiki/Nankai_Maru" title="Nankai Maru">Nankai Maru</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Kinai_Maru_(1930)" title="Kinai Maru (1930)">Kinai Maru</a></i>, <i>Hokuroku Maru</i>, <i>Amagisan Maru,</i> <i>Katsuragi Maru</i></li></ul> </td> <td style="width: 286px">- 11th Seaplane Division (<a href="/wiki/Chitose-class_aircraft_carrier" title="Chitose-class aircraft carrier"><i>Chitose</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_seaplane_carrier_Mizuho" title="Japanese seaplane carrier Mizuho"><i>Mizuho</i></a>) <p>- <a href="/wiki/No.31-class_patrol_boat" title="No.31-class patrol boat">Patrol Boat <i>P-39</i></a> </p> </td> <td>- 1st Base Force (<i><a href="/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Nagara" title="Japanese cruiser Nagara">Nagara</a></i>) <p>- Patrol boats <i><a href="/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Shimakaze_(1920)" title="Japanese destroyer Shimakaze (1920)">P-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Nadakaze" title="Japanese destroyer Nadakaze">P-2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Susuki_(1921)" title="Japanese destroyer Susuki (1921)">P-34</a></i> </p><p>- 21st Minesweeper Division </p><p>(<i><a href="/wiki/Japanese_minesweeper_No._7_(1938)" title="Japanese minesweeper No. 7 (1938)">W-7</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_minesweeper_No._8_(1938)" title="Japanese minesweeper No. 8 (1938)">W-8</a>, <a href="/wiki/W-7-class_minesweeper_(1938)" class="mw-redirect" title="W-7-class minesweeper (1938)">W-9</a>, <a href="/wiki/W-7-class_minesweeper_(1938)" class="mw-redirect" title="W-7-class minesweeper (1938)">W-11</a>, <a href="/wiki/W-7-class_minesweeper_(1938)" class="mw-redirect" title="W-7-class minesweeper (1938)">W-12</a></i>) </p><p>- 1st Submarine-chaser Division </p><p>(<a href="/wiki/No.1-class_submarine_chaser" title="No.1-class submarine chaser"><i>CH-1</i></a><i>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_submarine_chaser_No._2" title="Japanese submarine chaser No. 2">CH-2</a>, <a href="/wiki/No.1-class_submarine_chaser" title="No.1-class submarine chaser">CH-3</a></i>) </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Netherlands">Netherlands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Manado&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Netherlands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ben_Schillmoller_1946.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Ben_Schillmoller_1946.jpg/189px-Ben_Schillmoller_1946.jpg" decoding="async" width="189" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Ben_Schillmoller_1946.jpg/284px-Ben_Schillmoller_1946.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Ben_Schillmoller_1946.jpg 2x" data-file-width="293" data-file-height="448" /></a><figcaption>Major B.F.A. "Ben" Schillmöller.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ground_forces_2">Ground forces</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Manado&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ground forces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="width: 856px"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"><i>Troepencommando Menado</i> (Commander: Maj. B.F.A. "Ben" Schillmöller with staff under 1st Lt. M. Siegmund):<sup id="cite_ref-Koninklijke_396_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koninklijke_396-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Infantry </th> <th>Artillery </th></tr> <tr style="width: 428px"> <td style="width: 428px"><i>- Compagnie Menado</i> of 188 Manadonese troops (with one 12.7 mm machine gun and <a href="/wiki/Madsen_machine_gun" title="Madsen machine gun">Madsen machine guns</a>) under Capt. W.F.J. Kroon. <p><i>- Mobiele Colonne</i> of 3 brigades (45 troops) under Sgt-Maj. A.J. ter Voert; to be used against Japanese paras. </p><p><i>- Reserve Korps Oud Militairen</i> (RK) of 500 troops under Captain W.C. van den Berg. This unit consist of five companies with 8 brigades (15-18 retired KNIL personnel per brigade): </p> <ul><li>A Company (8 brigades) under 1st Lt. A.O. Radema</li> <li>B Company (8 brigades) under 1st Lt. W.G. van de Laar</li> <li>C Company (8 brigades) under 1st Lt. H. Fuchter</li> <li>D Company (8 brigades) under 1st Lt. J.B. Wielinga</li> <li>E Detachment (3 brigades) under Sgt. Meliëzer</li></ul> <p><i>- Kort Verband Compagnie</i> (KV) of nine brigades under Capt. J.D.W.T. Abbink. </p><p><i>- Europese Militie en Landstorm Compagnie</i> (European Militia) of ca. 100 troops under 1st Lt. F. Masselink. </p><p><i>- Menadonese Militie Compagnie</i> (Native Militia); about 400 Manadonese militias under Capt. J.H.A.L.C. de Swert. </p><p><i>- Stadswacht Menado</i> (Home Guard) of 100 troops (armed with old hunting rifles) under 1st Lt. M.A. Nolthenius de Man. </p> </td> <td>- One or two 75 mm field guns (L.35 Model 1902) <p>- Three truck-mounted 37 mm guns to defend the Tasoeka Naval Base at Lake Tondano </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dutch_plans">Dutch plans</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Manado&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Dutch plans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Dutch defense plan for Manado consists of:<sup id="cite_ref-Koninklijke_396_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koninklijke_396-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Defend against a <i>coup de main</i> (sudden attack) by the Japanese force</li> <li>Putting up a stiff resistance against the enemy landing; If the fight had led to the destruction of most of the troops, proceed to conduct a guerrilla fight</li> <li>Defense of the Tasoeka naval airbase and Langoan airfield</li> <li>Monitoring of a northern landing area West of the Ajermadidih (Airmadidi)-Tateloe (Tatelu) road</li></ul> <p>Between May 1940 and December 1941, the Dutch forces in Manado made necessary defense preparation. These preparations consisted of establishing several monitoring services (coast guards, airport surveillance as well as other vital objects), to which 2 Reserve Corps (RK) companies were assigned to conduct these services.<sup id="cite_ref-Koninklijke_398_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koninklijke_398-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the Dutch also worked to construct several defensive positions. However, due to limited funding, few of these positions were completed by the time the Pacific war broke out.<sup id="cite_ref-Koninklijke_398_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koninklijke_398-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kakas_Seaplane_Base,_1945.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Kakas_Seaplane_Base%2C_1945.jpg/230px-Kakas_Seaplane_Base%2C_1945.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Kakas_Seaplane_Base%2C_1945.jpg/345px-Kakas_Seaplane_Base%2C_1945.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Kakas_Seaplane_Base%2C_1945.jpg/460px-Kakas_Seaplane_Base%2C_1945.jpg 2x" data-file-width="621" data-file-height="654" /></a><figcaption>Kakas Seaplane Base in 1945, when Manado was liberated from Japanese occupation by the Menado Force.</figcaption></figure> <p>By 8 December 1941, Schillmöller arranged his troops to be stationed in these positions:<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Combined Force of <i>Compagnie Menado, Stadswacht Menado</i> and <i>Landstorm Compagnie,</i> one machine gun section and one 75 mm field gun based in Manado. If the Force failed to defend against the enemy landing on the beach, they must delay their advance from Manado to Tomohon via the defense preparations in Tinoor and Kakaskasen</li> <li>A brigade of Radema's A Company stationed at Ajermadidih, with another two brigades stationed at Kema.</li> <li>A <i>Mobile Colonne</i> of 6 trucks mounted with the three 37 mm guns and 4 RK brigades in Poso stationed to defend Lake Tondano</li> <li>An RK brigade at Tasoeka Naval Base</li> <li>An RK brigade, Command of the defense of Lake Tondano and Langoan Airfield stationed at Kakas Seaplane Base</li> <li>3 RK brigade and an <i><a href="/wiki/Overvalwagen" title="Overvalwagen">overvalwagen</a></i> at Langoan Airfield</li> <li>A section of the KV Company stationed in Kakas stationed as reserve</li> <li>KV Company (min. 1 section) stationed in Langoan as reserve</li> <li>Staff of Schillmöller's Command with an RK company based in Tomohon</li></ul> <p>For the defense of Langoan airfield and Kakas Seaplane Base, Schillmöller established the <i>Tactical Command Kakas,</i> under the command of Captain W.C. van den Berg. Van den Berg had the available forces at his disposal:<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Salecker_2_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salecker_2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Command Post at Kakas</li> <li>Airfield defense by <i>Reserve Korp</i> D-Company under 1st. Lt. J.B. Wielinga: <ul><li>1,5 brigade of C-Company as reserve under Wielinga, stationed at his command post in Langoan village</li> <li>3,5 brigades of C-Company and the <i>overvalwagen</i> were stationed at Langoan airfield under Sgt-Maj. H.J. Robbemond</li></ul></li> <li>Seaplane base defense by six brigades of <i>Reserve Korps</i>' C-Company (ca. 150 troops) under 1st. Lt. H. Fuchter, supported by the <i>Mobile Colonne</i></li> <li>Two <i>overvalwagens</i> under of Sgt.-Maj. A.J. ter Voert placed as reserve in Kakas</li></ul> <p>Finally, to accommodate the guerrilla plan, nine underground warehouses were built to store supplies that will be needed during the action.<sup id="cite_ref-De_Jong_812_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-De_Jong_812-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Remaining Dutch troops will be divided into six sections, where each were assigned to a specific warehouse. The sections are:<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><i>Compagnie Menado</i> with European Militia</li> <li>KV Company with E-Company RK</li> <li>A company RK</li> <li>B-company RK</li> <li>C-company RK.</li> <li>D-company RK.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Japanese_plans">Japanese plans</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Manado&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Japanese plans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Eastern Attack Unit was assigned as the Japanese fleet tasked with capturing Menado. Even though Rear-Adm. Takeo Takagi commanded this force, he left the operation details to Rear-Adm. <a href="/wiki/Raiz%C5%8D_Tanaka" title="Raizō Tanaka">Raizō Tanaka</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Remmelink_160_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Remmelink_160-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The battle plan intends for the Sasebo Combined Landing Force, as well as the Yokosuka 1st Special Naval Landing Force as a paratrooper unit.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sasebo_Combined_Special_Landing_Force">Sasebo Combined Special Landing Force</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Manado&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sasebo Combined Special Landing Force"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Sasebo Combined Special Landing Force's mission for the upcoming battle consisted of:<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Landing at both coasts on the north and south of Manado, envelop the Dutch forces in the town and destroy them, after which they shall leave Menado and advance towards the Kakas Base via Tomohon</li> <li>Landing at Kema and advance towards Tondano lake and Kakas airfield via Ajermadidih</li> <li>Together with the 1st Yokosuka Special Landing Force, which shall drop on the airfield, make a pincer attack on the Dutch forces in the airfield from the east and the west</li> <li>After destroying the Dutch forces in these areas, they shall reassemble in Manado, and prepare for the coming operation to seize Kendari</li></ul> <p>The Sasebo Force will depart Davao on 9 January, and the land in the early hours of the 11th. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1st_Yokosuka_Special_Naval_Landing_Force_(SNLF)"><span id="1st_Yokosuka_Special_Naval_Landing_Force_.28SNLF.29"></span>1st Yokosuka Special Naval Landing Force (SNLF)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Manado&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 1st Yokosuka Special Naval Landing Force (SNLF)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 1st Yokosuka SNLF (under Commander <a href="/wiki/Toyoaki_Horiuchi" title="Toyoaki Horiuchi">Toyoaki Horiuchi</a>), in conjunction with the Sasebo Force, will carry out a paradrop operation on the enemy airfield at 09:30 A.M. on 11 January with the support of the fighters of the 1st Air Raid Unit. Their objectives are to seize Langoan airfield and the Kakas Seaplane Base, two facilities that will support subsequent Japanese operations for the Dutch East Indies campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The distribution of tasks and actions of each unit, are:<sup id="cite_ref-Remmelink_154-155_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Remmelink_154-155-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Distribution </th> <th>No. of personnel </th> <th>Mission </th></tr> <tr> <td>1st Drop Group </td> <td>334 paratroopers <p>(incl. 58 HQ and Signal Unit members) </p> </td> <td>Carry out a paradrop on the Langoan airfield on 11 January. Afterwards, the group will be split into two forces: <p>1. 1st Company (139 paras) will capture the airfield. </p><p>2. The 2nd Company and the rest of the force will seize the Kakas seaplane base. </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2nd Drop Group </td> <td>173 paratroopers </td> <td>Carry out a paradrop on the Langoan airfield on 12 January. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kema Unit </td> <td>169 soldiers </td> <td>Leave Davao on the <i>Katsuragi Maru</i> on 6 January. <p>Upon landing in Kema, they will transport war supplies, before joining the main body. </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tondano Lake Unit </td> <td>22 soldiers <p>(incl. 10 Anti-tank gun unit members) </p> </td> <td>Leave Davao on 11 January on <a href="/wiki/Kawanishi_H6K" title="Kawanishi H6K">Kawanishi H6K "Mavis"</a> flying boats. <p>On landing in Lake Tondano, they will join the main body and receive orders. </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Menado Unit </td> <td>64 soldiers </td> <td>Leave Davao as separately designated, and transport war supplies. <p>Afterwards, they will join the main body and receive orders. </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_G3M" title="Mitsubishi G3M">Mitsubishi G3M</a> transport aircraft of the 1st Yokosuka SNLF would fly with an interval of 1,500 m (4,900 ft) between each company. Carrying 12 paras and seven cargo containers each, 10 planes will carry the 1st Drop Group, while 8 will carry the 2nd Group. The drops would occur at an altitude of 500 ft (150 m) and at a speed of 100 <a href="/wiki/Knot_(unit)" title="Knot (unit)">kn</a> (120 mph; 190 km/h).<sup id="cite_ref-Remmelink_154-155_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Remmelink_154-155-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_battle">The battle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Manado&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: The battle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Landing_on_Manado_(1st_Force)"><span id="Landing_on_Manado_.281st_Force.29"></span>Landing on Manado (1st Force)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Manado&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Landing on Manado (1st Force)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the sighting of Japanese transport ships on 10 January, Schillmöller immediately garrisoned the troops in their quarters as planned. He also ordered Capt. Kroon's Combined Force (ca. 400 troops in total) to occupy the Manado coastlines and guard it against possible landings.<sup id="cite_ref-Remmelink_160_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Remmelink_160-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On Kroon's left flank, in the Sario District, he placed Masselink's European Militia, while Lt. de Man's Stadswacht dig in on the right. Engineers are placed on standby, waiting for the order to destroy vital installations; NCOs and members of local government were also informed of the looming Japanese landing.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nortier_77_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nortier_77-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mori's 1st Sasebo Force landed on the northern and southern coast of Manado at 04:00 A.M on 11 January. Upon hearing reports about the landing, Kroon's <i>Compagnie Menado</i> immediately withdrew to the rear positions at Pineleng and Tinoör, without knowing what is happening on the beach, as Mori's troops overrun the 75 mm gun that was firing at the landing boats. Yet they also ran into stout opposition from Masselink's militias, forcing them to bring all their automatic fire to bear. Japanese pressure forced Masselink to withdraw to Pineleng, only to find that the 1st Force had bypassed them into the town at 05:00, pressing him to move further southward.<sup id="cite_ref-Nortier_77_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nortier_77-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Kroon's troops arrived half an hour later, Mori's troops forced him to withdraw southward along the Manado-Tomohon road to Roeroekan (Rurukan). When Masselink reported his positions to Schillmöller, he ordered him occupy the bridge at Pineleng instead, even though Japanese troops had already occupied it. Masselink eventually continued the retreat, reaching Tinoör by 07:00. After battling the Combined Force, Mori's 1st Force occupied Manado by 08:30. As reports of the landing began to come in, Schillmöller sent 5 RK brigades under Lt. van de Laar in Tomohon to Tinoör to support the retreating Combined Force. Immediately after capturing Manado, Mori advance southward to Tomohon at 09:45, bypassing the Dutch line of retreat.<sup id="cite_ref-Remmelink_160_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Remmelink_160-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Soon, Schillmöller pulled three brigades from van de Laar's force back to Tomohon to reinforce the town against a false intelligence about Japanese landing in Tanahwangko, further west of Manado. Despite this withdrawal, van de Laar was reinforced by stragglers from <i>Compagnie Menado</i> and an <i><a href="/wiki/Overvalwagen" title="Overvalwagen">overvalwagen</a></i> as well as Stadswacht troops under Lt. de Man. To provide protection against Japanese tanks, Dutch troops swiftly cut down a heavy tree that will fall on the road the moment the tanks came. As Mori's vanguard of four <a href="/wiki/Type_95_Ha-Go_light_tank" title="Type 95 Ha-Go light tank">Type 95 tanks</a> approached the town at 10:30, the falling tree and concentrated machine gun fire knocked out three of them and repel Mori's troops. van de Laar's troops hold on to Tinoor until about noon, when the shortage of ammunition forced them back to Kakaskasen.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Now supported by <i>overvalwagens</i>, van de Laar set up a new defensive position just north of Kakaskasen. 1st Force engaged them again at 16:00, but Dutch troops managed to stem their advance and caused substantial casualties before retreating again. Yet, since Mori continues to bypass them, once the Dutch arrived in Tomohon, they found themselves immediately fighting the 1st Force. The Combined Force attempted a defense against the Japanese advance, but they could not stop Mori from seizing Tomohon by 19:30. van de Laar's troops moved eastwards to Roeroekan, arriving at 22:00. By morning of the 12th, Mori advanced to Langoan Airfield by way of Tomohon to Kawangkoan. By 12:30, his troops established contact with the 1st Yokosuka paras and arrived at Langoan and Kakas at 14:00. Dutch forces had, by then, retreated to Amoerang (Amurang) further west, while blowing up bridges and warehouses, making no attempts of counterattack in the meantime.<sup id="cite_ref-Remmelink_160_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Remmelink_160-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Remmelink_165_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Remmelink_165-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Landing_on_Kema_(2nd_Force)"><span id="Landing_on_Kema_.282nd_Force.29"></span>Landing on Kema (2nd Force)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Manado&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Landing on Kema (2nd Force)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lt. Radema's A Company, tasked with defending the eastern coast, was spread in the road between the coastal city of Kema and Ajermadidih. In addition to the brigades at both aforementioned cities, three brigades were stationed at Mapanget Airfield, and one brigade each were stationed in Likoepang and Bitoeng, further north from Kema. Radema also constructed machine gun casemates and tank barricades along the road from Kema to Ajermadidih.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the same time with the 1st Force landing, Commander Uroku Hashimoto 's 2nd Sasebo Force landed at Kema on the east at 04:20 and engaged Radema's two brigades. When notified about the Landing, Radema ordered the dispersed A-Company to gather at Ajermadidih, but only the troops from Likoepang eventually came. Meanwhile at Kema, the two brigade under Sgt. Soenda retreated after destroying the town bridge; Hashimoto spared no time continued to advance to Ajermadidih. Near Kasar the brigades clashed with the 2nd Force and had to withdraw again after inflicting modest casualties.<sup id="cite_ref-Remmelink_160_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Remmelink_160-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 09:00, the 2nd Force, supported by three Type 95 tanks, advanced to the east of Ajermadidih and engaged Radema's Company, now reinforced with its remaining brigades (ca. 300 troops). Even though Radema's troops managed to caused considerable casualties, Japanese tanks eventually broke through and threatened to outflank the Dutch defense, forcing Radema to retreat by 14:00. To cover their withdraw, Sgt. Roemambi and Pvt. Iniray and Poesoeng continued to fire from their casemate until it was destroyed by tank shells.<sup id="cite_ref-Remmelink_160_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Remmelink_160-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another cover force of a brigade under Sgt. Sigar hold Hashimoto's troops at Sawangan to allow Radema safe passage to Tondano. After driving Sigar's brigade back through force majeure and airplane attacks, an element of the 2nd Force reached Tondano by 18:00, and by 22:00, Hashimoto had reached the town and halted there for the night. By morning on the 12th, Hashimoto went along the road the eastern and western shores of lake Tondano, linking up with the 1st Yokosuka paras by 11:00 and the 1st Sasebo Force at 12:30. By the night of the 11th, however, Schillmöller had decided to withdraw to the west and commenced a guerilla fight.<sup id="cite_ref-Remmelink_165_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Remmelink_165-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Radema left with about 12 troops to the warehouse allocated for his company, but soldiers began to desert along the way. When he arrived of the shelter, it had already been looted by the local population, forcing him to try to infiltrate Ajermadidih to gather what is left of his forces. The rest of his troops eventually abandoned him as well during the journey. The high rate of desertion was exacerbated by the fact that the Japanese have taken hold all major cities and towns – and with it, the women and children – within 24 hours. In addition, Japanese forces also dropped out pamphlets that read: "The war is not taking place against you, only against the Dutch. So be sensible, don't interfere and go home."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Airborne_drop">Airborne drop</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Manado&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Airborne drop"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_paras_dropping_over_Langoan_Airfield,_Manado,_1942.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Japanese_paras_dropping_over_Langoan_Airfield%2C_Manado%2C_1942.jpg/260px-Japanese_paras_dropping_over_Langoan_Airfield%2C_Manado%2C_1942.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Japanese_paras_dropping_over_Langoan_Airfield%2C_Manado%2C_1942.jpg/390px-Japanese_paras_dropping_over_Langoan_Airfield%2C_Manado%2C_1942.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Japanese_paras_dropping_over_Langoan_Airfield%2C_Manado%2C_1942.jpg/520px-Japanese_paras_dropping_over_Langoan_Airfield%2C_Manado%2C_1942.jpg 2x" data-file-width="984" data-file-height="729" /></a><figcaption>A wave of the 1st Yokosuka Force paras dropping over Langoan Airfield.</figcaption></figure><p>On the night of 10–11 January, the Kakas Command Post was alerted by Tomohon, compelling van den Berg to send motorcycle messengers to place his troops on high alert. When Tomohon informed him again at 05:00 of the Japanese landing in Manado and Kema, a brigade from the reserve KV section at Kakas moved to Papakelan to close the roads leading to Tondano.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Concurrently, at 06:30 A.M. on 11 January, 28 <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_G3M" title="Mitsubishi G3M">Mitsubishi G3M</a> left Davao for Manado, carrying the 1st Drop Group with them.<sup id="cite_ref-Remmelink_160_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Remmelink_160-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Salecker_1_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salecker_1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the flight approached northern Celebes, a group of <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_F1M" title="Mitsubishi F1M">Mitsubishi F1M "Pete"</a> that was covering the naval invasion force mistakenly attacked them, shooting down a G3M and killing all 12 paras aboard.<sup id="cite_ref-Salecker_1_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salecker_1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To prevent further friendly fire incident, <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_A6M_Zero" title="Mitsubishi A6M Zero">Mitsubishi Zero</a> fighters from the carrier <a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Zuih%C5%8D" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Zuihō"><i>Zuiho</i></a> escorted the flight until it reached the drop zone.<sup id="cite_ref-Salecker_2_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salecker_2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In due course, the 1st Group began dropping over Langoan at 09:52 and completed the drop by 10:20.<sup id="cite_ref-Remmelink_160_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Remmelink_160-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Van den Berg immediately ordered the rest of the reserve KV section to take position west of Kakas to defend against another possible landing. He wanted to call in the reserve KV section in Langoan as well, but Schillmöller had already used them. </p><p>Robbemond's troops, though lacking in anti-aircraft guns, used their <a href="/wiki/Vickers_machine_gun" title="Vickers machine gun">Vickers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madsen_machine_gun" title="Madsen machine gun">Madsen</a> machine guns to open fire into the paras and repel the oncoming assault.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several paras were dropped close to Dutch pillboxes, and they had to destroy them with pistols and hand grenades, while giving time for the rest of the group to gather weapons from the cargo container.<sup id="cite_ref-Salecker_5_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salecker_5-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon retrieving their weapons, Horiuchi focused the attack against Robbemond's troops on the northern side of the airfield.<sup id="cite_ref-Remmelink_160_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Remmelink_160-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 10:50, the paras had enveloped the northern side, capturing the <i>overvalwagen</i> with it.<sup id="cite_ref-Remmelink_160_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Remmelink_160-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Schillmöller then put in the reserve KV Company section in Kakas into the battle. The Company was ordered to advance to Toelian and reinforce Van den Berg's troops at the airfield. However the order was not carried out, as the unit disappeared with no further notification.<sup id="cite_ref-Nortier_518_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nortier_518-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Van den Berg then ordered the two <i>overvalwagens</i> on reserve under ter Voert to attack the airfield.<sup id="cite_ref-Salecker_5_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salecker_5-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Entering the vicinity of Langoan under heavy fire, one <i>overvalwagen</i> had its engine shot off. Its gunners, Pvt. Tauran and Pvt. Toemoedi kept firing their machine guns to provide cover for rest of the crew, before retreating in the face of the advancing paras. The second one, under Sgt. Bojoh, entered the airfield and took part in the battle before eventually withdrawing.<sup id="cite_ref-Salecker_6_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salecker_6-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IJA-1st-Yokosuka-Force-Paratroopers-Manado-Langoan-Airfield.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/IJA-1st-Yokosuka-Force-Paratroopers-Manado-Langoan-Airfield.jpg/220px-IJA-1st-Yokosuka-Force-Paratroopers-Manado-Langoan-Airfield.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="368" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/IJA-1st-Yokosuka-Force-Paratroopers-Manado-Langoan-Airfield.jpg/330px-IJA-1st-Yokosuka-Force-Paratroopers-Manado-Langoan-Airfield.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/IJA-1st-Yokosuka-Force-Paratroopers-Manado-Langoan-Airfield.jpg/440px-IJA-1st-Yokosuka-Force-Paratroopers-Manado-Langoan-Airfield.jpg 2x" data-file-width="465" data-file-height="777" /></a><figcaption>1st Yokosuka Force paras dropping over Langoan Airfield.</figcaption></figure> <p>In spite of the dogged resistance, the 1st Drop Group overran the airfield by 11:25.<sup id="cite_ref-Remmelink_160_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Remmelink_160-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the battle progresses, Van den Berg called Lt. Fuchter's Company, along with the <i>Mobile Colonne</i> to attack the paras from a westerly direction, via Panasen. Yet Fuchter did not arrive at Kakas until 11:30, where by then Langoan Airfield had already been lost, thus cancelling the attack.<sup id="cite_ref-Nortier_518_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nortier_518-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Van den Berg then ordered Fuchter's Company and the <i>Mobile Colonne</i> to take position to the south and west of Kakas and relieve the Militia-Landstorm Company stationed there. Upon accessing the number of casualties sustained and the very few troops that were still able to fight, van den Berg's troops destroyed the Tasoeka Naval Base and prepare his troops to move into their assigned guerrilla territory.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At 12:35 van den Berg informed Tomohon that he was leaving for the area east of Tasoeka. He sent the Militia-Landstorm Company – deemed unfit for a guerrilla fight – westwards to Kotamobagoe (Kotamobagu) to join forces with the Manado Militia Company. Lt. Wielinga, the overall commander of the airfield defense, did not use his brigade to support the battle, and had already retreated during the battle instead.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon capturing the airfield, Horiuchi sent a reconnaissance team moved to the Kakas area at 13:00 to reconnoiter Dutch movement.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ter Voert, Tauran and Toemoedi who just reached Kakas on foot immediately reported the movement. The team encountered and captured an <i>overvalwagen</i> before moving into Kakas, where they engaged another <i>overvalwagen</i> and forced it to withdraw. 1st and 2nd Company, advancing towards Kakas, engaged with Fuchter's Company, which was supported by an <i>overvalwagen</i>. After an extensive fight, the paras drove Fuchter's troops off and seized Kakas by 14:50. At 15:50 the paras attacked the seaplane base and captured it by 18:00. The attack was supported by the Tondano Lake Unit, who landed by two <a href="/wiki/Kawanishi_H6K" title="Kawanishi H6K">Mavis</a> flying boats on Tondano Lake at 14:57.<sup id="cite_ref-Salecker_6_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salecker_6-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While landing, the Unit came under fire from <i>Mobile Colonne</i>'s 37 mm guns, which was not sufficient to halt the process.<sup id="cite_ref-Nortier_518_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nortier_518-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following day, the 2nd Drop Group parachuted into Langoan airfield at 09:52 A.M. and linked up with the 1st Drop Group.<sup id="cite_ref-Remmelink_165_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Remmelink_165-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Horiuchi's force, in full capacity, launched an assault on Langoan city and the neighboring Tompaso. By then, Schillmöller had withdrawn westward, towards Amoerang (Amurang), leaving behind large amounts of weapon and ammunition. Langoan was captured by 11:25, with Tompaso following suit at 12:30. Another element of the paras advanced to Paso and seized the city at 10:35. By 14:00, Horiuchi managed to link up with both 1st and 2nd Sasebo Force. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Manado&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_paras_landing_on_Langoan_Airfield,_January_1942.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Japanese_paras_landing_on_Langoan_Airfield%2C_January_1942.jpg/267px-Japanese_paras_landing_on_Langoan_Airfield%2C_January_1942.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Japanese_paras_landing_on_Langoan_Airfield%2C_January_1942.jpg/401px-Japanese_paras_landing_on_Langoan_Airfield%2C_January_1942.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Japanese_paras_landing_on_Langoan_Airfield%2C_January_1942.jpg/534px-Japanese_paras_landing_on_Langoan_Airfield%2C_January_1942.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1094" data-file-height="743" /></a><figcaption>Japanese paras landing on Langoan Airfield.</figcaption></figure> <p>From 13 January, the Sasebo Combined Special Landing Force conducted a mopping-up operation of Manado and its vicinity. They completed the operation on the 16th, and assembled in Menado to start preparations for the capture of Kendari.<sup id="cite_ref-Remmelink_165_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Remmelink_165-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1st Yokosuka SNLF, on the other hand, continued to be stationed at the Langoan Airfield until 24 April, when they were assigned in small groups to attack nearby islands on landing crafts. The force reassembled at Makassar in November 1942 to be transported back to Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Casualties">Casualties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Manado&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Casualties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Japanese casualties from the battle are as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-Salecker_7_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salecker_7-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Remmelink_165_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Remmelink_165-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>1st Yokosuka Special Naval Landing Force (SNLF): 32 killed, ca. 90 wounded</li> <li>Sasebo Combined Special Landing Force: 12 killed, 154 wounded</li></ul> <p>140 Dutch troops were killed in the battle, with another 48 captured.<sup id="cite_ref-Remmelink_165_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Remmelink_165-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Japanese also captured ten 8-mm field guns and a significant number of machine guns, rifles, and other supplies.<sup id="cite_ref-Remmelink_165_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Remmelink_165-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reprisals">Reprisals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Manado&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Reprisals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In retaliation for the high number of casualties, Horiuchi's paras executed Dutch POW's defending the airfield. Lt. Wielinga was captured in Gorontalo and taken to Langoan, where he was beheaded on 1 March. In addition, the paras also beheaded or bayonetted: Sgt. Robbemond, Sgt. B. Visscher, Pvt. Toemedi and nine Menadonese soldiers. Another two Menadonese soldiers died from torture in captivity.<sup id="cite_ref-Salecker_7_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salecker_7-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nortier_51_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nortier_51-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_guerrilla_war">The guerrilla war</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Manado&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: The guerrilla war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On the night of 11 January in Roeroekan, when the Dutch decided to commence their guerrilla war, Schilmöller gave money to three of his commanders – captains Kroon and Abbink and lieutenant Van de Laar – and ordered them to begin the guerrilla fighting in their respective regions. Minahasa's geography of open terrain, however, makes it difficult to stage a guerrilla fighting. Furthermore, some of the underground warehouses had already been looted by the local population, which adds to the crucial question of supplying the troops.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Schilmoller's_Group"><span id="Schilmoller.27s_Group"></span>Schilmoller's Group</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Manado&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Schilmoller's Group"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Schilmöller himself planned to set up his base in Lake Tondano and established contact with any unlocated units from there. With three brigades from RK's B-Company, he moved to the area between Lake Tondano and the Lembean Mountains. Yet when his only radio broke down, Schilmöller marched his group westwards to Kotamobagoe (Kotamobagu), where the Menadonese Militia Company was located, to establish communication with KNIL Headquarter based in Java. On 20 January, his group made contact with Capt. Van den Berg's group just southeast of Lake Tondano. The latter suggested that he left B-Company behind and take the elderly and the physically weak to Kotamobagoe. Instead, Schilmöller, kept B-Company and reinforced it with Capt. Van den Berg's best troops.<sup id="cite_ref-Nortier_51_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nortier_51-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The next day, the former's group left for Pasolo on the east coast, where from there they will steam south as far as possible. When the group reached Pasolo, however, insufficient means of water transport meant that they could not depart in one go. Half of the group, including Sgt. Chief of Staff J.F. Flips, were left behind, under the command of 1st Lt. Siegmund, to be evacuated later. However, the Japanese found them sooner, overrunning and capturing the group. After being subjected to extensive torture, Siegmund and Flips were executed in Langoan, on 27 January.<sup id="cite_ref-Nortier_51_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nortier_51-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Schillmöller arrived in Kotamobagoe on 26 January, where he was able reestablish radio communication and report his conditions to the Dutch General Headquarters in Java (Bandoeng). On 31 January, the Headquarters ordered Schillmöller to make his way to Makassar, thence be transported back to Java. Under pressure from Japanese propaganda which could spark local uprising, Schillmöller decided to bring his group to Poso, in Central Celebes. However, the Dutch were not able to acquire sea transport until 26 February, at which point Makassar had already fallen into Japanese hands for over two weeks (9 February).<sup id="cite_ref-Koninklijke_403_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koninklijke_403-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With few options remaining, Schillmöller decided to continue to wage guerrilla warfare in Central Celebes, bolstering his group with Dutch detachments from Poso, Paloe (Palu) and Kolonedale (Kolonodale). First to join was Lt. Willem van Daalen and his 60 troops; another two detachments joined in from Poso, one under the command of Lt. Johannes de Jong.<sup id="cite_ref-De_Jong_812_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-De_Jong_812-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the increasing number, most of the troops were lightly armed, and some of them (local militia) had no training at all. Furthermore, there was the consideration that the local population could not be expected to provide support in continuing the fight. Eventually, when he heard the news of Dutch surrender at Java on 8 March, Schillmöller decided to capitulate.<sup id="cite_ref-Koninklijke_403_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koninklijke_403-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kroon's_Group"><span id="Kroon.27s_Group"></span>Kroon's Group</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Manado&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Kroon's Group"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 12 January, Captain Kroon and the remainder 50 troops his company left Roeroekan and headed northward to Kembes. The high rate of desertion by Menadonese soldiers left Kroon with only 9 men, when Japanese troops captured his group and take them to Kembes, before eventually transporting them to Manado. On 26 January, a day after they arrived, all European soldiers - except Captain Kroon - were executed. Those executed included 4 NCOs and 2 Militia-Landstorm soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-Nortier_53_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nortier_53-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abbink-Masselink's_Group"><span id="Abbink-Masselink.27s_Group"></span>Abbink-Masselink's Group</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Manado&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Abbink-Masselink's Group"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Capt. Abbink's group headed southwest to start their guerrilla fighting in the Amoerang area, yet the similar wave of desertion left him with only four soldiers. Hoping to connect with other guerrilla forces, Abbink traveled from 17 January to 1 February, when his group met with 8 RK soldiers under Lt. Masselink at northeast of Amoerang. After the battle in Tinoör, Masselink and Sgt. Siwy arrived in Kakaskasen and attempted to reach the command post in Tomohon. Yet when they heard that Japanese troops had occupied the city, their guerrilla warfare had already begun.<sup id="cite_ref-Nortier_53_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nortier_53-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 13 or 14 January Masselink's group met up with 27 former soldiers who had retreated from Tanahwangko. As they began preparing for the guerrilla fighting, the high desertion rate had shrunk Masselink's group to 5 troops. The Abbink / Masselink group soon learned of the Dutch forces' surrender in Manado and lost contact with Schillmöller's group. These factors led them to leave for the safety of Kotamobagoe, where they raided supplies and arms from the local police. After arriving at the Manado Militia Company barracks on 9 February, they left for Poso in Central Celebes.<sup id="cite_ref-Nortier_54_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nortier_54-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meliëzer's_Group"><span id="Meli.C3.ABzer.27s_Group"></span>Meliëzer's Group</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Manado&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Meliëzer's Group"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Johan_Meliezer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="J.Meliezer" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Johan_Meliezer.jpg/200px-Johan_Meliezer.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Johan_Meliezer.jpg/300px-Johan_Meliezer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Johan_Meliezer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="397" data-file-height="453" /></a><figcaption>Sgt Meliezer</figcaption></figure> <p>On 11 January, Sgt. Johan Meliëzer's E-Detachment was stationed at Amoerang when it came under fire from Japanese ships, killing one and injuring three. Having lost contact with Tomohon, Meliëzer sent a motorcycle messenger to Maj. Schilmöller, who ordered the Detachment to reinforce the troops at Langoan Airfield. Making the advance under constant fear of air raid, E-Detachment's 20 troops arrived at the airfield on 12 January, only to find that Japanese troops already occupied it. E-Detachment's troops immediately dispersed and returned home, with many feared to take up arms again for the guerilla fighting.<sup id="cite_ref-Nortier_54_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nortier_54-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nevertheless, Meliëzer refused to capitulate and began organizing a guerrilla group of approximately 15 troops in the second half of January. The group is also joined by civilians, among them Mrs. Hoffman (née Paratasis), the spouse of a retired MWO (<a href="/wiki/Military_Order_of_William" title="Military Order of William">Militaire Willems-Orde</a>) Knight who was executed for aiding Dutch guerrilla troops. On 8 February, the group repulsed a day-long Japanese attack at Kanejan, just east of Toempaän (Tumpaan). In reprisal for their loss at Kanejan, Japanese troops burned down a kampong (village) and beheaded five civilians, including two women. In another battle just four days later, they captured Meliëzer's group and brought them to Langoan. After a short time in captivity, Maliëzer was beheaded in Langoan on 20 February, along with 12 other members of his group, among them Mrs. Hoffman.<sup id="cite_ref-Nortier_54_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nortier_54-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="van_den_Berg's_Group"><span id="van_den_Berg.27s_Group"></span>van den Berg's Group</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Manado&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: van den Berg's Group"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From Tasoeka, Capt. van den Berg's group make camp on the slopes of the Lembean mountains on the night of 11 January. A steady stream of troops joining in turns his group into a 101-strong force just three days later. van den Berg divided them into four brigades of 22 soldiers each, along with a staff group of 13 troops and nurses. Two of the brigades were commanded by Fuchter, while Sgt. Maj. Ranti commanded the other two and Ter Voert commanded the staff group.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 17 January in Karor, naval personnels from Kema, under the command of 2nd Lt. W.A. de Ruiter, joined the group. Three days later, they met with Schilmöller's group, just north of Kajoe Watoe (Kayuwatu). As mentioned, Schilmöller deprived the group of most of its fighting force, leaving van den Berg with just 23 troops left (along with Ranti and Ter Voert) that will gather other dispersed troops in the region, thus diminishing the capacity to wage guerrilla in Minahasa.<sup id="cite_ref-Nortier_56_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nortier_56-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the encounter with Schilmöller, Fuchter's brigades have been on patrol for 5 days, when they encountered a Japanese motorcade in a chaotic nighttime fighting that left Fuchter with just 10 soldiers at its conclusion. By the night of 22 January, Japanese troops raided his barracks at Kombi and captured his entire group. Ranti's brigades, who was deployed to the southeastern side of Lake Tondano on 15 January, returned from the patrol on 20 January. Half of them, however, decided to continue the guerrilla in Kaweng.<sup id="cite_ref-Nortier_56_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nortier_56-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 4 on February, the group at Kaweng fought off a Japanese attack that killed three of their soldiers, for the unconfirmed loss of 37 Japanese troops. Meanwhile, van den Berg's group - amounting to just 1 brigade - continues to maintain itself in Lembean mountains for the time being and carried out demolition works. The group also continued to gather any soldier in an attempt to carry out a large-scale raid on Langoan Airfield or Tondano.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before this endeavor could be conducted, 60-80 Japanese troops – aided by the local population – encircled van den Berg's base just southwest of Kasar on 17 February. Realizing that a daylight outbreak could not be successful, the group attempted to escape from the barracks at night. One by one, and under cover of darkness, soldiers from the group left the barracks, with Capt. van den Berg being the last person to leave.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the success of the escape, the involvement of the local population on the Japanese side meant that the situation for the group was becoming more untenable. </p><p>By 20 February, leaving the sick and elderly behind, the group moved to the mouth of Kali Rakar, where they began the trek south along the coast using wooden boats. After rowing for 14 hours, the brigade reached Pasir Poetih (Pasir Putih), ca. 80 km south of Kali Rakar. A local fisherman quickly notified their presence to the Japanese, who swiftly surrounded the coast. The group managed to flee once more, but was captured on 22 February, a day after they had come ashore. Admiring their persistent resistance and heroic stand, the Japanese War Council in Langoan spared Van den Berg's group from execution.<sup id="cite_ref-De_Jong_812_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-De_Jong_812-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the war, van den Berg was made Knight Commander of the <a href="/wiki/Military_Order_of_William" title="Military Order of William">Militaire Williams-Orde</a>, 4th Class. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="de_Jong_&_van_Daalen's_Group"><span id="de_Jong_.26_van_Daalen.27s_Group"></span>de Jong & van Daalen's Group</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Manado&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: de Jong & van Daalen's Group"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_Attack_on_Celebes,_1942.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Japanese_Attack_on_Celebes%2C_1942.jpg/305px-Japanese_Attack_on_Celebes%2C_1942.jpg" decoding="async" width="305" height="397" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Japanese_Attack_on_Celebes%2C_1942.jpg/458px-Japanese_Attack_on_Celebes%2C_1942.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Japanese_Attack_on_Celebes%2C_1942.jpg/611px-Japanese_Attack_on_Celebes%2C_1942.jpg 2x" data-file-width="716" data-file-height="931" /></a><figcaption>Map of Japanese attack on Celebes, January–February 1942, showing Poso and Kolonedale.</figcaption></figure> <p>On 12 March, Schillmöller sent one of his officer to Manado to discuss the terms of surrender with the Japanese. He had hoped that his troops would be allowed to keep their weapons, to maintain order and protect the European civil servants and families that have been travelling along with the group. Instead, the Japanese demanded that the Dutch surrender all their weapons and for all members of the group to make their way to Manado. Schillmöller left the group for Manado on 23 March, while a detachment of 50 Japanese soldiers was sent to Poso to bring his group back to Manado. De Jong and van Daalen, however, rejected the demand to surrender their weapons and turned back on their decision to capitulate. When the Japanese detachment arrived in April, the Dutch opened fire at them, killing the detachment commander and wounding others.<sup id="cite_ref-Koninklijke_404_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koninklijke_404-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May, the Japanese sent a 400-strong unit to engage the Dutch guerrilla force of 125 soldiers who withdrew and continued their fight inland.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De Jong and van Daalen created two groups and based themselves each in the east of Poso and around Kolonedale respectively. On 9–10 June, de Jong's group came upon a National Administration's radio station in Kolonedale and establish contact with Dutch representatives in Australia, requesting food, weapons and ammunition.<sup id="cite_ref-De_Jong_813_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-De_Jong_813-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unbeknownst to them, Japanese forces managed to intercept the radio communication. </p><p> Responding to the newly-established contact, a "party" was created in Australia, whose task is to infiltrate Celebes and came back with intelligence or conduct sabotage operation. Named <i>Lion</i>, the party consisted of engineer Robert Hees, telegraphist Bernard Belloni and marine engineer Hans Brandon. <i>Lion</i> party left the port on the boat <i>Samoa</i> (a 14-meter-long two-mast) on 24 June and landed in Wotoe (Wotu), south of Kolonedale, after a 1,700-kilometer journey. Local population immediately reported their presence to the Japanese, who captured all three after a firefight on 12–13 July. After a period of captivity and torture, the Japanese beheaded them in Makassar on 14 September.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Johannes_Adrianus_de_Jong.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Johannes_Adrianus_de_Jong.jpg/180px-Johannes_Adrianus_de_Jong.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Johannes_Adrianus_de_Jong.jpg/270px-Johannes_Adrianus_de_Jong.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Johannes_Adrianus_de_Jong.jpg 2x" data-file-width="302" data-file-height="477" /></a><figcaption>Lt. Johannes Adrianus de Jong.</figcaption></figure><p>Even as the Japanese continue to add pressure on both guerrilla groups, in conjunction with increasing desertion and casualties, both groups continued to inflict casualties on the Japanese force. Before July, the group had killed around 100 Japanese soldiers, at a loss of three killed and four captured.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 7 July, de Jong's troops attacked Japanese forces in Salenda (Lembosalenda). The Japanese came in three vehicles and were equipped with automatic weapons and mortars. A heavy firefight ensued until 21:00 on the 7th, and continued again to 06:00–09:00 the next day. At the end of it, seven Japanese officers and between 35-70 Japanese soldiers had been killed. Witnesses stated that all three vehicles were strewn with Japanese bodies, which were then burned with gasoline.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was not until 15 July for the supplies to be delivered from Australia. At that point, the Japanese had already landed at Kolonedale, destroyed the radio station and captured the supply drops.<sup id="cite_ref-De_Jong_813_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-De_Jong_813-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, local residents had been recruited to aid the search for the Dutch guerrillas. The Japanese finally captured de Jong and van Daalen on 9 August 1942. Both officers were imprisoned at Kolonedale, before transferred to Manado. After extended interrogation and torture, de Jong and van Daalen were beheaded on 25 August.<sup id="cite_ref-Koninklijke_404_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koninklijke_404-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-De_Jong_813_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-De_Jong_813-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with them, the Japanese also beheaded 15 soldiers from the guerrilla group (11 Dutch, 4 Indonesians). Earlier on 13 August, 9 soldiers (8 NCO, 1 Pvt.) had also been executed.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hegener argued de Jong and van Daalen's guerrilla actions had been quite effective due to Minahasa's natural suitability and the Japanese's lack of experience in dealing with guerrilla warfare. The group had initial hit-and-run successes, but as the local population's support for the Japanese grew and more troops were being allocated to fight them, the effectiveness of the guerrilla war eventually dwindled away.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the war, de Jong was made Knight Commander of the <a href="/wiki/Military_Order_of_William" title="Military Order of William">Militaire Williams-Orde</a>, 4th Class and van Daalen received the Bronze Lion, both posthumously. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liberation">Liberation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Manado&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Liberation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Menado remained under Japanese occupation until October 1945, when the Australian-composed "Menado Force" liberated the region. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Manado&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Remmelink_160-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Remmelink_160_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Remmelink_160_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Remmelink_160_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Remmelink_160_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Remmelink_160_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Remmelink_160_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Remmelink_160_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Remmelink_160_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Remmelink_160_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Remmelink_160_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Remmelink_160_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Remmelink_160_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Remmelink_160_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Remmelink_160_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Remmelink (2018), p. 160</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Remmelink_154-155-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Remmelink_154-155_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Remmelink_154-155_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Remmelink_154-155_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Remmelink_154-155_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Remmelink (2018), pp. 154–155</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Remmelink_165-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Remmelink_165_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Remmelink_165_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Remmelink_165_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Remmelink_165_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Remmelink_165_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Remmelink_165_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Remmelink_165_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Remmelink_165_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Remmelink_165_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Remmelink (2018), p. 165</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nortier (1988), p. 50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nortier_65-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nortier_65_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nortier_65_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nortier (1980), p. 65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Remmelink_4-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Remmelink_4_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Remmelink_4_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Remmelink (2015), p. 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nortier (1980), p. 67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Koninklijke_396-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Koninklijke_396_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koninklijke_396_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Koninklijke Nederlands Indisch Leger (1948), p. 396</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nortier (1988), p. 25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Koninklijke_398-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Koninklijke_398_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koninklijke_398_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Koninklijke Nederlands Indisch Leger (1948), p. 398</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Koninklijke Nederlands Indisch Leger (1948), pp. 398–399</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nortier (1989), pp. 516–517</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Salecker_2-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Salecker_2_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salecker_2_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Salecker (2010), p. 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-De_Jong_812-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-De_Jong_812_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-De_Jong_812_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-De_Jong_812_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">De Jong (1984), p. 812</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nortier (1980), p. 71</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Remmelink (2018), p. 110</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Remmelink (2018), p. 152</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Remmelink (2018), p. 154</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Koninklijke Nederlands Indisch Leger (1948), pp. 399–400</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nortier_77-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nortier_77_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nortier_77_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nortier (1980), p. 77</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Koninklijke Nederlands Indisch Leger (1948), p. 401</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nortier (1980), p. 79</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nortier (1988), p. 42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nortier (1988), p. 44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nortier (1988), p. 45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nortier (1988), p. 47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Salecker_1-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Salecker_1_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salecker_1_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Salecker (2010), p. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Salecker (2010), p. 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Salecker_5-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Salecker_5_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salecker_5_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Salecker (2010), p. 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nortier_518-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nortier_518_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nortier_518_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nortier_518_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nortier (1989), p. 518</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Salecker_6-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Salecker_6_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salecker_6_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Salecker (2010), p. 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Remmelink (2018), p. 161</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Salecker (2010), p. 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Salecker_7-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Salecker_7_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salecker_7_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Salecker (2010), p. 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nortier_51-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nortier_51_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nortier_51_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nortier_51_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nortier (1988), p. 51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Koninklijke Nederlands Indonesisch Leger (1948), pp. 401–402</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Koninklijke_403-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Koninklijke_403_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koninklijke_403_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Koninklijke Nederlands Indisch Leger (1948), p. 403</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nortier_53-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nortier_53_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nortier_53_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nortier (1988), p. 53</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nortier_54-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nortier_54_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nortier_54_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nortier_54_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nortier (1988), p. 54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nortier (1988), p. 55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nortier_56-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nortier_56_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nortier_56_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nortier (1988), p. 56</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nortier (1988), p. 57</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Koninklijke Nederlands Indisch Leger (1948), p. 402</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nortier (1988), p. 58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Koninklijke_404-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Koninklijke_404_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koninklijke_404_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Koninklijke Nederlands Indisch Leger (1948), p. 404</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hegener (1990), pp. 75–77</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-De_Jong_813-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-De_Jong_813_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-De_Jong_813_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-De_Jong_813_47-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">De Jong (1984), p. 813</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">de Jong (1986), pp. 60, 181, 191, 215</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">van Meel (1985), p. 27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Immerzeel & Van Esch (1990), pp. 212–213. Hegener (1990), pp. 139–144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">van Meel (1985), p. 29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hegener (1990), p. 101</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Manado&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>De Jong, Loe. (1984). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands_During_World_War_II" title="The Kingdom of the Netherlands During World War II">Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog</a>: Deel 11a – Nederlands-Indië I</i>. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789024780440" title="Special:BookSources/9789024780440">9789024780440</a></li> <li>De Jong, Loe. (1986). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands_During_World_War_II" title="The Kingdom of the Netherlands During World War II">Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog</a>: Deel 11c – Nederlands-Indië I</i>. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789012052009" title="Special:BookSources/9789012052009">9789012052009</a></li> <li>Hegener, Michiel. (1990). <i>Guerrilla in Mori. Het verzet tegen de Japanners op Midden-Celebes in de tweede wereldoorlog.</i> Amsterdam: Contact. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9025468683" title="Special:BookSources/9025468683">9025468683</a></li> <li>Immerzel, B.R. & F. van Esch. (1993). <i>Verzet in Nederlands-Indië tegen de Japanse bezetting 1942-1945.</i> Den Haag: Sdu Uitgeverij Koninginnegracht. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9012068479" title="Special:BookSources/9012068479">9012068479</a></li> <li>Koninklijke Nederlands Indisch Leger (1948). De Strijd Op Celebes Gedurende Januari, Februari en Maart 1942. <i>Militaire Spectator</i>, 117. Retrieved from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.kvbk.nl/sites/default/files/bestanden/uitgaven/1918/1948/1948-0396-01-0108.PDF">https://www.kvbk.nl/sites/default/files/bestanden/uitgaven/1918/1948/1948-0396-01-0108.PDF</a></li> <li>Meel, P. van (1985). <i>Tanda kehormatan KNIL, Eerbewijs aan het KNIL: Verzet, guerrilla- en bevrijdingsstrijd geleverd door het Koninklijk Nederlands-Indisch Leger 8 maart 1942 - 15 augustus 1945</i>. Dordrecht: Stabelan.</li> <li>Nortier, J.J. (1980). De gevechten in Noord-Celebes: januari-februari 1942...een van de twee eerste Japanse aanvallen op Nederlands grondgebied. <i>Ons Leger</i>, 65-1. Retrieved from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://pdf.kma.nl/Armex-Ons20%Leger/1980/2-p63.pdf">https://pdf.kma.nl/Armex-Ons20%Leger/1980/2-p63.pdf</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2021">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li>Nortier, J.J. (1988). <i>De Japanse Aanval op Nederlands-Indie</i>. Rotterdam: Donker. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9061003024" title="Special:BookSources/9061003024">9061003024</a>.</li> <li>Salecker, Gene Eric. (2010). <i>Blossoming Silk Against the Rising Sun: U.S. and Japanese Paratroopers at War in the Pacific in World War II</i>. Mechanicsburg: Stackpole Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0811706575" title="Special:BookSources/0811706575">0811706575</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0811706575" title="Special:BookSources/978-0811706575">978-0811706575</a>.</li> <li>Remmelink, W. (Trans.). (2015). <i>The invasion of the Dutch East Indies</i>. Leiden: Leiden University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978%2B90%2B8728%2B237%2B0" title="Special:BookSources/978+90+8728+237+0">978 90 8728 237 0</a></li> <li>Remmelink, W. (Trans.). (2018). <i>The Operations of the Navy in the Dutch East Indies and the Bay of Bengal.</i> Leiden: Leiden University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978%2B90%2B8728%2B280%2B6" title="Special:BookSources/978+90+8728+280+6">978 90 8728 280 6</a></li></ul> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Manado&params=1_9_48_N_124_51_26_E_region:ID_type:event"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">1°9′48″N</span> <span class="longitude">124°51′26″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">1.16333°N 124.85722°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">1.16333; 124.85722</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Manado&oldid=1243656234">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Manado&oldid=1243656234</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Manado" title="Category:Manado">Manado</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Category:South West Pacific theatre of World War II">South West Pacific theatre of World War II</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_War_II_aerial_operations_and_battles_of_the_Pacific_theatre" title="Category:World War II aerial operations and battles of the Pacific theatre">World War II aerial operations and battles of the Pacific theatre</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Category:Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Battles_and_operations_of_World_War_II_involving_the_Netherlands" title="Category:Battles and operations of World War II involving the Netherlands">Battles and operations of World War II involving the Netherlands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Battles_of_World_War_II_involving_Japan" title="Category:Battles of World War II involving Japan">Battles of World War II involving Japan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Airborne_operations_of_World_War_II" title="Category:Airborne operations of World War II">Airborne operations of World War II</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1942_in_Japan" title="Category:1942 in Japan">1942 in Japan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1942_in_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Category:1942 in the Dutch East Indies">1942 in the Dutch East Indies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Sulawesi" title="Category:History of Sulawesi">History of Sulawesi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:January_1942_events" title="Category:January 1942 events">January 1942 events</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_June_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from June 2020">Use dmy dates from June 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_May_2021" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from May 2021">Articles with dead external links from May 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Coordinates on Wikidata">Coordinates on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 2 September 2024, at 18:28<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; 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