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ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-7780 ubermenu-item-level-1 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-4 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-7780"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-7780 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack" ><li id="menu-item-7800" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-taxonomy ubermenu-item-object-category ubermenu-item-7800 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-2 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-target-with-image ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-image_above" href="https://evolutionnews.org/category/culture/free-speech/"><img class="ubermenu-image ubermenu-image-size-full" src="https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/FreeSpeechDPC_74898708-e1629515826366.jpg" width="400" height="224" alt="Free Speech" /><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Free Speech</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="ubermenu-retractor ubermenu-retractor-mobile"><i class="fa fa-times"></i> Close</li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-7781" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-advanced-sub ubermenu-item-7781 ubermenu-item-level-0 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto ubermenu-has-submenu-drop ubermenu-has-submenu-mega" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="#" tabindex="0"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Writers</span></a><div class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-7781 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-mega ubermenu-submenu-drop ubermenu-submenu-align-full_width" ><ul class="ubermenu-row ubermenu-row-id-35822 ubermenu-autoclear "><li id="menu-item-7807" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-7807 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-2 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-5" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-target-with-image ubermenu-item-layout-image_left" href="/author/daxe/"><img class="ubermenu-image ubermenu-image-size-guest-author-64" src="https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Douglas-Axe-headshot-64x64.jpg" srcset="https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Douglas-Axe-headshot-64x64.jpg 64w, https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Douglas-Axe-headshot-150x150.jpg 150w, https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Douglas-Axe-headshot-300x300.jpg 300w, https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Douglas-Axe-headshot-32x32.jpg 32w, https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Douglas-Axe-headshot-50x50.jpg 50w, https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Douglas-Axe-headshot-96x96.jpg 96w, https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Douglas-Axe-headshot-128x128.jpg 128w, https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Douglas-Axe-headshot.jpg 310w" sizes="(max-width: 64px) 100vw, 64px" width="64" height="64" alt="douglas-axe-headshot" /><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Douglas Axe</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-10175" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-10175 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-2 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-5" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-target-with-image ubermenu-item-layout-image_left ubermenu-content-align-left" href="/author/gbechly/"><img class="ubermenu-image ubermenu-image-size-guest-author-64" src="https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/gunter-bechly-128-64x64.jpg" srcset="https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/gunter-bechly-128-64x64.jpg 64w, https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/gunter-bechly-128.jpg 128w" sizes="(max-width: 64px) 100vw, 64px" width="64" height="64" alt="gunter-bechly-128" /><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Günter Bechly</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-7810" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-7810 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-2 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-5" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-target-with-image ubermenu-item-layout-image_left" href="/author/mbehe"><img class="ubermenu-image ubermenu-image-size-guest-author-64" src="https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Michael-Behe-2018-scaled-128-64x64.jpg" srcset="https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Michael-Behe-2018-scaled-128-64x64.jpg 64w, https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Michael-Behe-2018-scaled-128.jpg 128w" sizes="(max-width: 64px) 100vw, 64px" width="64" height="64" alt="Michael-Behe-2018-scaled-128" /><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Michael Behe</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-7805" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-7805 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-2 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-5" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-target-with-image ubermenu-item-layout-image_left" href="/author/dberlinski/"><img class="ubermenu-image ubermenu-image-size-guest-author-64" src="https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/David-Berlinski-headshot-64x64.jpg" srcset="https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/David-Berlinski-headshot-64x64.jpg 64w, https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/David-Berlinski-headshot-150x150.jpg 150w, https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/David-Berlinski-headshot-300x300.jpg 300w, https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/David-Berlinski-headshot-32x32.jpg 32w, https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/David-Berlinski-headshot-50x50.jpg 50w, https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/David-Berlinski-headshot-96x96.jpg 96w, https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/David-Berlinski-headshot-128x128.jpg 128w, https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/David-Berlinski-headshot.jpg 402w" sizes="(max-width: 64px) 100vw, 64px" width="64" height="64" alt="david-berlinski-headshot" /><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">David Berlinski</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-35804" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-35804 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-2 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-5" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-target-with-image ubermenu-item-layout-image_left" href="/author/ecassell/"><img class="ubermenu-image ubermenu-image-size-guest-author-64" src="https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/eric-cassell-modified-cropped-64x64.png" srcset="https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/eric-cassell-modified-cropped-64x64.png 64w, https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/eric-cassell-modified-cropped.png 128w" sizes="(max-width: 64px) 100vw, 64px" width="64" height="64" alt="eric-cassell-modified-cropped" /><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Eric Cassell</span></a></li></ul><ul class="ubermenu-row ubermenu-row-id-35826 ubermenu-autoclear "><li id="menu-item-28333" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-28333 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-2 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-5" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-target-with-image ubermenu-item-layout-image_left" href="/author/dcoppedge/"><img class="ubermenu-image ubermenu-image-size-full" src="https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/david-coppedge-2022-scaled-128.jpg" srcset="https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/david-coppedge-2022-scaled-128.jpg 128w, https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/david-coppedge-2022-scaled-128-64x64.jpg 64w" sizes="(max-width: 128px) 100vw, 128px" width="64" height="64" alt="david-coppedge-2022-scaled-128" /><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">David Coppedge</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-8417" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-8417 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-2 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-5" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-target-with-image ubermenu-item-layout-image_left" href="/author/wdembski/"><img class="ubermenu-image ubermenu-image-size-guest-author-64" src="https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/bill-dembski-cropped-128-64x64.jpg" srcset="https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/bill-dembski-cropped-128-64x64.jpg 64w, https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/bill-dembski-cropped-128.jpg 128w" sizes="(max-width: 64px) 100vw, 64px" width="64" height="64" alt="bill-dembski-cropped-128" /><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">William A. Dembski</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-7811" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-7811 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-2 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-5" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-target-with-image ubermenu-item-layout-image_left" href="/author/mdenton/"><img class="ubermenu-image ubermenu-image-size-guest-author-64" src="https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Michael-Denton-headshot-64x64.jpg" srcset="https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Michael-Denton-headshot-64x64.jpg 64w, https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Michael-Denton-headshot-150x150.jpg 150w, https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Michael-Denton-headshot-300x300.jpg 300w, https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Michael-Denton-headshot-32x32.jpg 32w, https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Michael-Denton-headshot-50x50.jpg 50w, https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Michael-Denton-headshot-96x96.jpg 96w, https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Michael-Denton-headshot-128x128.jpg 128w, https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Michael-Denton-headshot.jpg 333w" sizes="(max-width: 64px) 100vw, 64px" width="64" height="64" alt="michael-denton-headshot" /><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Michael Denton</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-7812" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-7812 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-2 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-5" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-target-with-image ubermenu-item-layout-image_left" href="/author/megnor/"><img class="ubermenu-image ubermenu-image-size-full" src="https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Michael-Egnor-Stony-Brook-128.jpg" srcset="https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Michael-Egnor-Stony-Brook-128.jpg 128w, https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Michael-Egnor-Stony-Brook-128-64x64.jpg 64w" sizes="(max-width: 128px) 100vw, 128px" width="64" height="64" alt="Michael-Egnor-Stony-Brook-128" /><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Michael Egnor</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-7813" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-7813 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-2 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-5" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-target-with-image ubermenu-item-layout-image_left ubermenu-content-align-left" href="/author/mflannery/"><img class="ubermenu-image ubermenu-image-size-guest-author-64" src="https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Michael-Flannery-headshot-64x64.jpg" srcset="https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Michael-Flannery-headshot-64x64.jpg 64w, https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Michael-Flannery-headshot-150x150.jpg 150w, https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Michael-Flannery-headshot-300x300.jpg 300w, https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Michael-Flannery-headshot-32x32.jpg 32w, https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Michael-Flannery-headshot-50x50.jpg 50w, https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Michael-Flannery-headshot-96x96.jpg 96w, https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Michael-Flannery-headshot-128x128.jpg 128w, https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Michael-Flannery-headshot.jpg 432w" sizes="(max-width: 64px) 100vw, 64px" width="64" height="64" alt="michael-flannery-headshot" /><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Michael Flannery</span></a></li></ul><ul class="ubermenu-row ubermenu-row-id-35825 ubermenu-autoclear "><li id="menu-item-7804" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-7804 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-2 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-5" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-target-with-image ubermenu-item-layout-image_left" href="/author/agauger/"><img class="ubermenu-image ubermenu-image-size-guest-author-64" src="https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Ann_Gauger_2160-128-64x64.jpg" srcset="https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Ann_Gauger_2160-128-64x64.jpg 64w, https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Ann_Gauger_2160-128.jpg 128w" sizes="(max-width: 64px) 100vw, 64px" width="64" height="64" alt="Ann_Gauger_2160-128" /><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Ann Gauger</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-42137" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-42137 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-2 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-5" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-target-with-image ubermenu-item-layout-image_left" href="/author/hglicksman/"><img class="ubermenu-image ubermenu-image-size-guest-author-64" src="https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/howard-glicksman-en-64x64.jpg" srcset="https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/howard-glicksman-en-64x64.jpg 64w, https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/howard-glicksman-en-233x233.jpg 233w, https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/howard-glicksman-en.jpg 295w" sizes="(max-width: 64px) 100vw, 64px" width="64" height="64" alt="howard-glicksman-en" /><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Howard Glicksman</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-36093" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-36093 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-2 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-5" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-target-with-image ubermenu-item-layout-image_left" href="/author/ehedin/"><img class="ubermenu-image ubermenu-image-size-guest-author-64" src="https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Eric-Hedin-Biola-64x64.jpg" srcset="https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Eric-Hedin-Biola-64x64.jpg 64w, https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Eric-Hedin-Biola-447x447.jpg 447w, https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Eric-Hedin-Biola-233x233.jpg 233w, https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Eric-Hedin-Biola.jpg 600w" sizes="(max-width: 64px) 100vw, 64px" width="64" height="64" alt="Eric-Hedin-Biola" /><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Eric Hedin</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-35801" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-35801 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-2 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-5" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-target-with-image ubermenu-item-layout-image_left" href="/author/chunter/"><img class="ubermenu-image ubermenu-image-size-guest-author-64" src="https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/cornelius-hunter-youtube-2022-64x64.png" srcset="https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/cornelius-hunter-youtube-2022-64x64.png 64w, https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/cornelius-hunter-youtube-2022.png 128w" sizes="(max-width: 64px) 100vw, 64px" width="64" height="64" alt="cornelius-hunter-youtube-2022" /><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Cornelius G. Hunter</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-35805" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-35805 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-2 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-5" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-target-with-image ubermenu-item-layout-image_left" href="/author/siacoboni/"><img class="ubermenu-image ubermenu-image-size-guest-author-64" src="https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Stephen-J-Iacoboni-2022-64x64.png" srcset="https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Stephen-J-Iacoboni-2022-64x64.png 64w, https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Stephen-J-Iacoboni-2022.png 128w" sizes="(max-width: 64px) 100vw, 64px" width="64" height="64" alt="Stephen-J-Iacoboni-2022" /><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Stephen J. Iacoboni</span></a></li></ul><ul class="ubermenu-row ubermenu-row-id-35824 ubermenu-autoclear "><li id="menu-item-7802" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-7802 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-2 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-5" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-target-with-image ubermenu-item-layout-image_left" title="Photo by Casey Sernaqué" href="/author/dklinghoffer/"><img class="ubermenu-image ubermenu-image-size-guest-author-64" src="https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/David-Klinghoffer-square-128-64x64.jpg" srcset="https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/David-Klinghoffer-square-128-64x64.jpg 64w, https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/David-Klinghoffer-square-128.jpg 128w" sizes="(max-width: 64px) 100vw, 64px" width="64" height="64" alt="David-Klinghoffer-square-128" /><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">David Klinghoffer</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-35803" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-35803 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-2 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-5" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-target-with-image ubermenu-item-layout-image_left" href="/author/clinnaeus/"><img class="ubermenu-image ubermenu-image-size-guest-author-64" src="https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/LinnaeusWeddingPortrait-Wikimedia-Commons-1-64x64.png" srcset="https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/LinnaeusWeddingPortrait-Wikimedia-Commons-1-64x64.png 64w, https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/LinnaeusWeddingPortrait-Wikimedia-Commons-1.png 128w" sizes="(max-width: 64px) 100vw, 64px" width="64" height="64" alt="LinnaeusWeddingPortrait-Wikimedia-Commons-1" /><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Carl Linnaeus</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-35807" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-35807 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-2 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-5" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-target-with-image ubermenu-item-layout-image_left" href="/author/wlonnig/"><img class="ubermenu-image ubermenu-image-size-guest-author-64" src="https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/W.-E.-Loennig1abcAusschnitt1x-64x64.png" srcset="https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/W.-E.-Loennig1abcAusschnitt1x-64x64.png 64w, https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/W.-E.-Loennig1abcAusschnitt1x.png 128w" sizes="(max-width: 64px) 100vw, 64px" width="64" height="64" alt="W.-E.-Loennig1abcAusschnitt1x" /><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Wolf-Ekkehard Lönnig</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-23202" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-23202 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-2 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-5" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-target-with-image ubermenu-item-layout-image_left" href="/author/cluskin"><img class="ubermenu-image ubermenu-image-size-guest-author-64" src="https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/casey-luskin-2020-tn-64x64.jpg" srcset="https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/casey-luskin-2020-tn-64x64.jpg 64w, https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/casey-luskin-2020-tn.jpg 128w" sizes="(max-width: 64px) 100vw, 64px" width="64" height="64" alt="casey-luskin-2020-tn" /><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Casey Luskin</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-42140" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-42140 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-2 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-5" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-target-with-image ubermenu-item-layout-image_left" href="/author/amcdiarmid/"><img class="ubermenu-image ubermenu-image-size-guest-author-64" src="https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Andrew-McDiarmid-2021-headshot-64x64.jpg" srcset="https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Andrew-McDiarmid-2021-headshot-64x64.jpg 64w, https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Andrew-McDiarmid-2021-headshot-600x600.jpg 600w, https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Andrew-McDiarmid-2021-headshot-768x768.jpg 768w, https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Andrew-McDiarmid-2021-headshot-447x447.jpg 447w, https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Andrew-McDiarmid-2021-headshot-233x233.jpg 233w, https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Andrew-McDiarmid-2021-headshot.jpg 1150w" sizes="(max-width: 64px) 100vw, 64px" width="64" height="64" alt="Andrew-McDiarmid-2021-headshot" /><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Andrew McDiarmid</span></a></li></ul><ul class="ubermenu-row ubermenu-row-id-35823 ubermenu-autoclear "><li id="menu-item-34914" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34914 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-2 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-5" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-target-with-image ubermenu-item-layout-image_left" href="/author/jmclatchie/"><img class="ubermenu-image ubermenu-image-size-guest-author-64" src="https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/mcclatchie-150-64x64.png" srcset="https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/mcclatchie-150-64x64.png 64w, https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/mcclatchie-150.png 150w" sizes="(max-width: 64px) 100vw, 64px" width="64" height="64" alt="mcclatchie-150" /><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Jonathan McLatchie</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-7815" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-7815 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-2 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-5" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-target-with-image ubermenu-item-layout-image_left" href="/author/smeyer/"><img class="ubermenu-image ubermenu-image-size-guest-author-64" src="https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Stephen-Meyer-headshot-64x64.jpg" srcset="https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Stephen-Meyer-headshot-64x64.jpg 64w, https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Stephen-Meyer-headshot-150x150.jpg 150w, https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Stephen-Meyer-headshot-300x300.jpg 300w, https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Stephen-Meyer-headshot-32x32.jpg 32w, https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Stephen-Meyer-headshot-50x50.jpg 50w, https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Stephen-Meyer-headshot-96x96.jpg 96w, https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Stephen-Meyer-headshot-128x128.jpg 128w, https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Stephen-Meyer-headshot.jpg 642w" sizes="(max-width: 64px) 100vw, 64px" width="64" height="64" alt="stephen-meyer-headshot" /><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Stephen Meyer</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-8399" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-8399 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-2 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-5" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-target-with-image ubermenu-item-layout-image_left" href="/author/bmiller/"><img class="ubermenu-image ubermenu-image-size-full" src="https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/cropped-brian-miller-2018-128.jpg" srcset="https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/cropped-brian-miller-2018-128.jpg 128w, https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/cropped-brian-miller-2018-128-64x64.jpg 64w" sizes="(max-width: 128px) 100vw, 128px" width="64" height="64" alt="cropped-brian-miller-2018-128" /><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Brian Miller</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-25577" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-25577 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-2 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-5" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-target-with-image ubermenu-item-layout-image_left" href="/author/wmyers"><img class="ubermenu-image ubermenu-image-size-guest-author-64" src="https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/walter-myers-III-128-64x64.jpg" srcset="https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/walter-myers-III-128-64x64.jpg 64w, https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/walter-myers-III-128.jpg 128w" sizes="(max-width: 64px) 100vw, 64px" width="64" height="64" alt="walter-myers-III-128" /><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Walter Myers III</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-7814" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-7814 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-2 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-5" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-target-with-image ubermenu-item-layout-image_left" href="/author/pnelson/"><img class="ubermenu-image ubermenu-image-size-guest-author-64" src="https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Paul-Nelson-headshot-64x64.jpg" srcset="https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Paul-Nelson-headshot-64x64.jpg 64w, https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Paul-Nelson-headshot-150x150.jpg 150w, https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Paul-Nelson-headshot-300x300.jpg 300w, https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Paul-Nelson-headshot-32x32.jpg 32w, https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Paul-Nelson-headshot-50x50.jpg 50w, https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Paul-Nelson-headshot-96x96.jpg 96w, https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Paul-Nelson-headshot-128x128.jpg 128w, https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Paul-Nelson-headshot.jpg 615w" sizes="(max-width: 64px) 100vw, 64px" width="64" height="64" alt="paul-nelson-headshot" /><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Paul Nelson</span></a></li></ul><ul class="ubermenu-row ubermenu-row-id-35827 ubermenu-autoclear "><li id="menu-item-7806" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-7806 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-2 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-5" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-target-with-image ubermenu-item-layout-image_left" href="/author/doleary/"><img class="ubermenu-image ubermenu-image-size-guest-author-64" src="https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Denyse-OLeary-CREDIT-Laszlo-Bencze-headshot-64x64.jpg" srcset="https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Denyse-OLeary-CREDIT-Laszlo-Bencze-headshot-64x64.jpg 64w, https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Denyse-OLeary-CREDIT-Laszlo-Bencze-headshot-150x150.jpg 150w, https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Denyse-OLeary-CREDIT-Laszlo-Bencze-headshot-300x300.jpg 300w, https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Denyse-OLeary-CREDIT-Laszlo-Bencze-headshot-32x32.jpg 32w, https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Denyse-OLeary-CREDIT-Laszlo-Bencze-headshot-50x50.jpg 50w, https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Denyse-OLeary-CREDIT-Laszlo-Bencze-headshot-96x96.jpg 96w, https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Denyse-OLeary-CREDIT-Laszlo-Bencze-headshot-128x128.jpg 128w, https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Denyse-OLeary-CREDIT-Laszlo-Bencze-headshot.jpg 700w" sizes="(max-width: 64px) 100vw, 64px" width="64" height="64" alt="Bioinformation Symposium" /><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Denyse O’Leary</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-24368" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-24368 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-2 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-5" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-target-with-image ubermenu-item-layout-image_left" href="/author/ereeves"><img class="ubermenu-image ubermenu-image-size-full" src="https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/emily-reeves-sm-128.jpg" srcset="https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/emily-reeves-sm-128.jpg 128w, https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/emily-reeves-sm-128-64x64.jpg 64w" sizes="(max-width: 128px) 100vw, 128px" width="64" height="64" alt="emily-reeves-sm-128" /><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Emily Reeves</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-42141" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-42141 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-2 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-5" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-target-with-image ubermenu-item-layout-image_left" href="/author/esandico/"><img class="ubermenu-image ubermenu-image-size-guest-author-64" src="https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Emily-Sandico-Image-2023-64x64.jpg" srcset="https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Emily-Sandico-Image-2023-64x64.jpg 64w, https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Emily-Sandico-Image-2023-600x600.jpg 600w, https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Emily-Sandico-Image-2023-768x768.jpg 768w, https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Emily-Sandico-Image-2023-447x447.jpg 447w, https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Emily-Sandico-Image-2023-233x233.jpg 233w, https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Emily-Sandico-Image-2023.jpg 998w" sizes="(max-width: 64px) 100vw, 64px" width="64" height="64" alt="Emily-Sandico-Image-2023" /><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Emily Sandico</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-35802" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-35802 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-2 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-5" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-target-with-image ubermenu-item-layout-image_left" href="/author/gsewell/"><img class="ubermenu-image ubermenu-image-size-guest-author-64" src="https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/granville-sewell-landscape-e1536564387332-64x64.png" srcset="https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/granville-sewell-landscape-e1536564387332-64x64.png 64w, https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/granville-sewell-landscape-e1536564387332.png 128w" sizes="(max-width: 64px) 100vw, 64px" width="64" height="64" alt="granville-sewell-landscape-e1536564387332" /><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Granville Sewell</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-35806" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-35806 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-2 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-5" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-target-with-image ubermenu-item-layout-image_left" href="/author/rshedinger"><img class="ubermenu-image ubermenu-image-size-guest-author-64" src="https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Robert_F_Shedinger-64x64.png" srcset="https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Robert_F_Shedinger-64x64.png 64w, https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Robert_F_Shedinger.png 128w" sizes="(max-width: 64px) 100vw, 64px" width="64" height="64" alt="Robert_F_Shedinger" /><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Robert F. Shedinger</span></a></li></ul><ul class="ubermenu-row ubermenu-row-id-35828 ubermenu-autoclear "><li id="menu-item-8419" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-8419 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-2 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-5" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-target-with-image ubermenu-item-layout-image_left" href="/author/gsimmons/"><img class="ubermenu-image ubermenu-image-size-guest-author-64" src="https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/gsimmons-tn-128-128-64x64.jpg" srcset="https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/gsimmons-tn-128-128-64x64.jpg 64w, https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/gsimmons-tn-128-128.jpg 128w" sizes="(max-width: 64px) 100vw, 64px" width="64" height="64" alt="gsimmons-tn-128-128" /><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Geoffrey Simmons</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-7816" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-7816 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-2 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-5" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-target-with-image ubermenu-item-layout-image_left" href="/author/wjsmith/"><img class="ubermenu-image ubermenu-image-size-full" src="https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/wesley-j-smith-2021-cropped-128.jpg" srcset="https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/wesley-j-smith-2021-cropped-128.jpg 128w, https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/wesley-j-smith-2021-cropped-128-64x64.jpg 64w" sizes="(max-width: 128px) 100vw, 128px" width="64" height="64" alt="AUL Headshots" /><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Wesley Smith</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-24370" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-24370 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-2 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-5" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-target-with-image ubermenu-item-layout-image_left" href="/author/rstadler/"><img class="ubermenu-image ubermenu-image-size-full" src="https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/rob-stadler-small.png" srcset="https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/rob-stadler-small.png 128w, https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/rob-stadler-small-64x64.png 64w" sizes="(max-width: 128px) 100vw, 128px" width="64" height="64" alt="rob-stadler-small" /><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Rob Stadler</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-28334" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-28334 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-2 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-5" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-target-with-image ubermenu-item-layout-image_left" href="/author/nthomas/"><img class="ubermenu-image ubermenu-image-size-full" src="https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Neil-Thomas-2021-scaled-128.jpg" srcset="https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Neil-Thomas-2021-scaled-128.jpg 128w, https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Neil-Thomas-2021-scaled-128-64x64.jpg 64w" sizes="(max-width: 128px) 100vw, 128px" width="64" height="64" alt="Neil-Thomas-2021-scaled-128" /><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Neil Thomas</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-7809" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-7809 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-2 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-5" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-target-with-image ubermenu-item-layout-image_left" href="/author/jwells/"><img class="ubermenu-image ubermenu-image-size-full" src="https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/jonathan-wells-paradigm-still-square-128.jpg" srcset="https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/jonathan-wells-paradigm-still-square-128.jpg 128w, https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/jonathan-wells-paradigm-still-square-128-64x64.jpg 64w" sizes="(max-width: 128px) 100vw, 128px" width="64" height="64" alt="jonathan-wells-paradigm-still-square-128" /><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Jonathan Wells</span></a></li></ul><ul class="ubermenu-row ubermenu-row-id-42142 ubermenu-autoclear "><li id="menu-item-7808" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-7808 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-2 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-5" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-target-with-image ubermenu-item-layout-image_left" href="/author/jwest/"><img class="ubermenu-image ubermenu-image-size-guest-author-64" src="https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/John-West-headshot-64x64.jpg" srcset="https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/John-West-headshot-64x64.jpg 64w, https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/John-West-headshot-150x150.jpg 150w, https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/John-West-headshot-300x300.jpg 300w, https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/John-West-headshot-32x32.jpg 32w, https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/John-West-headshot-50x50.jpg 50w, https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/John-West-headshot-96x96.jpg 96w, https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/John-West-headshot-128x128.jpg 128w, https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/John-West-headshot.jpg 402w" sizes="(max-width: 64px) 100vw, 64px" width="64" height="64" alt="john-west-headshot" /><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">John West</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-42138" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-42138 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-2 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-5" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-target-with-image ubermenu-item-layout-image_left" href="/author/dwitt/"><img class="ubermenu-image ubermenu-image-size-guest-author-64" src="https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/cropped-DanielWittHeadshot3-1800x1800-1-64x64.jpg" srcset="https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/cropped-DanielWittHeadshot3-1800x1800-1-64x64.jpg 64w, https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/cropped-DanielWittHeadshot3-1800x1800-1-1200x1200.jpg 1200w, https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/cropped-DanielWittHeadshot3-1800x1800-1-600x600.jpg 600w, https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/cropped-DanielWittHeadshot3-1800x1800-1-768x768.jpg 768w, https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/cropped-DanielWittHeadshot3-1800x1800-1-1536x1536.jpg 1536w, https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/cropped-DanielWittHeadshot3-1800x1800-1-447x447.jpg 447w, https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/cropped-DanielWittHeadshot3-1800x1800-1-233x233.jpg 233w, https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/cropped-DanielWittHeadshot3-1800x1800-1.jpg 1800w" sizes="(max-width: 64px) 100vw, 64px" width="64" height="64" alt="cropped-DanielWittHeadshot3-1800×1800" /><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Daniel Witt</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-8412" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-8412 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-2 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-5" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-target-with-image ubermenu-item-layout-image_left" href="/author/jwitt/"><img class="ubermenu-image ubermenu-image-size-guest-author-64" src="https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Jonathan-Witt-2022-128px-64x64.jpg" 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class="horizontal menu"> <li title="Today's Date"><span class="date">12.11.24</span></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </header> <center class="body-center"> <main id="main" class="site-main" role="main"> <section class="single"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 medium-6 large-8 columns"> <div class="page-content"> <article id="post-3851" class="post-3851 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-evolution category-intelligent-design tag-__k-review tag-__video_unavailable tag-films-and-video"> <header class="entry-header"> <h6 class="category-title"> <img src='https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/evolution.png' alt='Evolution Icon' class='category-icon' style='background-color:#d48f34'/> <a href="https://evolutionnews.org/category/science/evolution/">Evolution</a> </h6> <h6 class="category-title"> <img src='https://evolutionnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/intelligent_design.png' alt='Intelligent Design Icon' class='category-icon' style='background-color:#d48f34'/> <a href="https://evolutionnews.org/category/science/intelligent-design/">Intelligent Design</a> </h6><h1 class="entry-title">Darwinism as a “Bottoms Up” View of Life</h1><dl class="author-title byline"><dd class="author-name" rel="author"><a href="https://evolutionnews.org/author/sbatzer/">Stephen A. Batzer</a></dd></dl><div class='author-date'>May 10, 2012, 5:00 AM</div> <ul class="rna"> <li class="via-email"><a href="mailto:?subject=Darwinism as a “Bottoms Up” View of Life&body=Thought this might interest you: https://evolutionnews.org/2012/05/darwinism_as_a/" title="Email"><?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> <svg version="1.1" id="at-icon" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 100 100" xml:space="preserve"> <g> <path d="M72.5,94.9c-8.6,3.9-16.1,5.1-26.4,5.1C22.2,100,1.3,82.9,1.3,54.8C1.3,25.5,22.7,0,55,0c25.5,0,43.5,17.4,43.5,41.6 c0,21.1-11.8,34.4-27.3,34.4c-6.8,0-11.7-3.6-12.4-11.1h-0.3C54,72,47.6,75.9,40,75.9c-9.2,0-16.1-7.1-16.1-18.8 c0-17.7,13.1-33.5,33.8-33.5c6.3,0,13.5,1.5,17.1,3.5l-4.5,26.6c-1.4,8.5-0.4,12.4,3.6,12.5c6.1,0.3,13.9-7.6,13.9-24.3 c0-18.8-12.1-33.2-34.4-33.2c-22.1,0-41.3,17.1-41.3,44.6C12.2,77.5,27.5,91,48.9,91c7.4,0,15.3-1.5,21-4.5L72.5,94.9z M59.7,35.5 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<p><span id="more-3851"></span><em>Editor’s note: ENV is pleased to welcome Stephen A. Batzer, Ph.D., as a contributor. He is a forensic engineer with licensure in Michigan and Arkansas. His expertise includes the fields of materials selection, design, and failure analysis. Dr. Batzer frequently gives invited lectures and short courses on a variety of topics, to include evolution, forensic engineering, and expert witnessing. He has testified nationally regarding disputes large and small. He has over 60 peer-reviewed technical papers. He is currently an adjunct assistant professor of mechanical engineering at the University of Arkansas. Dr. Batzer is a retired US Army Reserve Lieutenant Colonel of Ordnance.</em></p> <p>When I was in the Army in the 1980s, my battalion was equipped with I-HAWK surface-to-air missiles. In addition, we had rugged launchers, cramped control stations, and powerful guidance radars. The guidance radar illuminated the bogey with radiation so that the on-missile receiver could clearly recognize it. This radar was particularly capable. After acquiring the target, the assembly would rotate and elevate as necessary, staying locked on to the moving target like a spectator at a tennis match. If lock was broken for whatever reason, the device would instantly begin searching for the target, frantically moving up and down, back and forth, <i>as if it had a mind of its own</i>, in an eerily human way.</p> <p>Of course, this was a machine simply following a search algorithm that told it what success looked like. The radar looked intelligent. It was not intelligent.</p> <p>Daniel Dennett has a similar story to tell, but draws different conclusions. His talk is <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b1rHS3R0llU&feature=endscreen">publicly available</a>. He speaks of another faux-intelligent system. He plays a video for his audience that documents the work of digital media artist Karl Sims showing evolution in action. Actor Alan Alda pleasantly narrates, and playful Disneyesque music fills the background.</p> <p>Sims’s work is useful for showing how computer algorithms behave, automating a task that could be done manually. In this simulation, the program starts with two eager to please, but mostly immobile digital blocks. These two blocks are jointed, and wobble to the best of their ability, but are stymied by their lack of complexity. These ur-blocks are then mutated to produce daughter organisms of increasingly complex design. Blocks of different sizes and orientation are added, and differing motion types are input. These changes produce (what else?) <i>differences</i> in mobility! Better organisms have evolved, all “without human intervention.” Presumably, the unfortunate less-fit block creatures have been humanely euthanized. Dennett is positively radiant with this proof of Darwinism in action.</p> <p>Of course, a little skepticism is in order. We’re just staring at a computer screen here, and then talking about biology. Everything that is actually alive is physical, not virtual. Calling a thing biological doesn’t make it so. Since we live in a physical world, it would have been helpful for Mr. Sims to build physical, not virtual, organisms. Obviously, introducing this level of added realism would bring the whole enterprise to a swift halt. It is hard to imagine shoeboxes that are bungee-corded together reproducing the motion prescribed by Sims.</p> <p>The Sims-ulated organisms <i>do not model life in any meaningful way</i>. This program is modeling a very simplistic random search algorithm to produce an output, like a radar searching for an aircraft, or a robo-call computer punching out all the numbers inside of one area code, looking for a mark. The information, process, and therefore success have all been pre-loaded.</p> <p>That we’re only talking about blocks with magic joints cannot be overstressed. Think about a steam-powered locomotive, which was one of the first non-biological devices to show autonomous motion. A steam engine has a frame, tank, water, fuel, boiler, exhaust, cylinders, pistons, valves, regulators, wheels, pitman arms, axles…the list goes on. None of these highly interdependent and complex components arose via Darwinian processes applied to an ox cart.</p> <p>Darwinism is a “bottoms up” view of life, which can work for components, but not to originate complex systems. A system is a coherent and sophisticated grouping of interrelated parts that all work to achieve a goal. Like an orchestra. The actions of the violinist are dependent upon those of the flautist and vice versa. Suppose each of the members of an orchestra were to compose and record a demo piece independently, and then the collection of 25 audiotapes were to be run concurrently. It would be gibberish, complete incoherence, as there was no top-down goal specified.</p> <p>Years ago, there was a hilarious segment of the British television show <i>Jeeves and Wooster</i> with Hugh Laurie. The Drones, Wooster’s man club, decided to make some money by playing banjo for parties. The Drones rehearsed, but the piece sounded awful and incoherent. As they played, the Drones looked at one another in discomfort. When the song concluded and everyone was feeling dismayed, one of the Drone banjo players jumped up and declared triumphantly, “I finished miles ahead of you fellows!” Clearly, he didn’t get the memo.</p> <p>As a last example of this, there is an <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W1czBcnX1Ww">informative video on YouTube</a> that shows the sobering complexity of mobility. The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) intelligently designed an ersatz mule to help soldiers carry equipment in combat. This was not designed in any Darwinian fashion.</p> <p>To his credit, Dennett realizes that Sims’s production is unreasonably simplistic, and he pokes fun at it. Why he uses it is clear. It is convincing, but only to the already convinced. The “bottoms up” method has already been tried experimentally in biology. You can take a mutagen such as a low-level poison or x-rays and artificially mutate a genome. What is found isn’t astonishingly rapid progress coupled with moving music, but rather damaged or altogether unviable organisms.</p> </center> <footer> <section class="signature"><span class="hailed-persons author-card" data-frequency="https://www.discovery.org/wp-json/signal/persons?&person=sbatzer&format=span" data-echo-since="207658seconds" refresh-needed="1"><address class="person hailed no-description" data-person="sbatzer" data-frequency="https://www.discovery.org/wp-json/signal/persons?&person=sbatzer&format=span" data-echo-since="207658seconds" refresh-needed="1"><aside></aside><header><h3 class="person-name">Stephen A. 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