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id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ruy López de Villalobos</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8A_%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%AF%D9%8A_%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B3" title="روي لوبيز دي فيلالوبوس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="روي لوبيز دي فيلالوبوس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruy_L%C3%B3pez_de_Villalobos" title="Ruy López de Villalobos – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Ruy López de Villalobos" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B9_%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%81_%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Руй Лопес де Вилялобос – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Руй Лопес де Вилялобос" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruy_L%C3%B3pez_de_Villalobos" title="Ruy López de Villalobos – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ruy López de Villalobos" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruy_Lopez_de_Villalobos" title="Ruy Lopez de Villalobos – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ruy Lopez de Villalobos" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruy_L%C3%B3pez_de_Villalobos" title="Ruy López de Villalobos – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ruy López de Villalobos" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruy_L%C3%B3pez_de_Villalobos" title="Ruy López de Villalobos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ruy López de Villalobos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruy_L%C3%B3pez_de_Villalobos" title="Ruy López de Villalobos – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ruy López de Villalobos" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruy_L%C3%B3pez_de_Villalobos" title="Ruy López de Villalobos – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ruy López de Villalobos" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruy_Lop%C3%A9z_de_Villalobos" title="Ruy Lopéz de Villalobos – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ruy Lopéz de Villalobos" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruy_L%C3%B3pez_de_Villalobos" title="Ruy López de Villalobos – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Ruy López de Villalobos" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruy_L%C3%B3pez_de_Villalobos" title="Ruy López de Villalobos – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ruy López de Villalobos" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%99_%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A1_%D7%93%D7%94_%D7%95%D7%99%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A1" title="רוי לופס דה וייאלובוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רוי לופס דה וייאלובוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruy_L%C3%B3pez_de_Villalobos" title="Ruy López de Villalobos – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Ruy López de Villalobos" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%89_%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%AF%D9%89_%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B3" title="روى لوبيز دى فيلالوبوس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="روى لوبيز دى فيلالوبوس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruy_L%C3%B3pez_de_Villalobos" title="Ruy López de Villalobos – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ruy López de Villalobos" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AB%E3%82%A4%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AD%E3%83%9A%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%87%E3%83%BB%E3%83%93%E3%83%AA%E3%83%A3%E3%83%AD%E3%83%9C%E3%82%B9" title="ルイ・ロペス・デ・ビリャロボス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ルイ・ロペス・デ・ビリャロボス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruy_L%C3%B3pez_de_Villalobos" title="Ruy López de Villalobos – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ruy López de Villalobos" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruy_L%C3%B3pez_de_Villalobos" title="Ruy López de Villalobos – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ruy López de Villalobos" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruy_L%C3%B3pez_de_Villalobos" title="Ruy López de Villalobos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ruy López de Villalobos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%81_%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%81,_%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B8" title="Лопес де Вильялобос, Руи – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лопес де Вильялобос, Руи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruy_L%C3%B3pez_de_Villalobos" title="Ruy López de Villalobos – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ruy López de Villalobos" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruy_L%C3%B3pez_de_Villalobos" title="Ruy López de Villalobos – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ruy López de Villalobos" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="உருய் உலோபேசு டி வில்லலோபோசு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உருய் உலோபேசு டி வில்லலோபோசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q449551#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ruy_L%C3%B3pez_de_Villalobos" title="View the content page 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the priest and early chess master, see <a href="/wiki/Ruy_L%C3%B3pez_de_Segura" title="Ruy López de Segura">Ruy López de Segura</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Ruy López de Villalobos</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1500</span><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1laga" title="Málaga">Málaga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andalusia" title="Andalusia">Andalusia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Crown of Castile</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">23 April 1546 (aged 45–46)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Ambon_Island" title="Ambon Island">Ambon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moluccas" class="mw-redirect" title="Moluccas">Moluccas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_colonialism_in_Indonesian_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese colonialism in Indonesian history">Portuguese East Indies</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Sometimes credited with <a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Philippines" title="Names of the Philippines">naming</a> the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ruy López de Villalobos</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Spanish pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="es-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[ruj<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈlopeθ<span class="wrap"> </span>ðe<span class="wrap"> </span>βiʝaˈloβos]</a></span>; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1500</span> – 23 April 1546) was a <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish</a> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_explorers" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish explorers">explorer</a> who led a failed attempt to colonize the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> in 1544, attempting to assert Spanish control there under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillas" title="Treaty of Tordesillas">treaties of Tordesillas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Zaragoza" title="Treaty of Zaragoza">Zaragoza</a>. Unable to feed his men through barter, raiding, or farming and unable to request resupply from <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroyalty of New Spain">Mexico</a> due to poor knowledge of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific</a>'s winds and currents, Villalobos abandoned his mission and fled to the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a>-held <a href="/wiki/Moluccas" class="mw-redirect" title="Moluccas">Moluccas</a>, where he died in prison. He is chiefly remembered for some sources crediting him with naming <a href="/wiki/Leyte" title="Leyte">Leyte</a> the "Philippine Island" in honor of the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Crown_Prince_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown Prince of Spain">crown prince</a> <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip</a> (later King Philip<span class="nowrap"> </span>II). The <a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Philippines" title="Names of the Philippines">name was later extended</a> across the entire <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Archipelago" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Archipelago">Philippine Archipelago</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">its nation</a>. (Other sources credit the name to one of his captains, <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_de_la_Torre" title="Bernardo de la Torre">Bernardo de la Torre</a>.) </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruy_L%C3%B3pez_de_Villalobos&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ruy López de Villalobos was born in <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1laga" title="Málaga">Málaga</a>, Spain sometime between 1505 and 1510. He was a member of a distinguished family and his father was a close associate of the king, <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand II of Aragon</a>. He was well educated and may have studied law. At some point he became an experienced sailor and <a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Alvarado" title="Pedro de Alvarado">Pedro de Alvarado</a> referred to him as "a very expert and practical gentleman in things of the sea."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaw_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaw-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Villalobos_Expedition"></span><span class="anchor" id="1543_Expedition"></span><span class="anchor" id="Expedition_of_1543"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philippine_expedition">Philippine expedition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruy_L%C3%B3pez_de_Villalobos&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Philippine expedition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M%C3%A1laga_hace_historia,_Ruy_L%C3%B3pez_de_Villalobos_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/M%C3%A1laga_hace_historia%2C_Ruy_L%C3%B3pez_de_Villalobos_01.jpg/250px-M%C3%A1laga_hace_historia%2C_Ruy_L%C3%B3pez_de_Villalobos_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/M%C3%A1laga_hace_historia%2C_Ruy_L%C3%B3pez_de_Villalobos_01.jpg/375px-M%C3%A1laga_hace_historia%2C_Ruy_L%C3%B3pez_de_Villalobos_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/M%C3%A1laga_hace_historia%2C_Ruy_L%C3%B3pez_de_Villalobos_01.jpg/500px-M%C3%A1laga_hace_historia%2C_Ruy_L%C3%B3pez_de_Villalobos_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>The plaque in <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1laga" title="Málaga">Málaga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, Villalobos's home town, commemorating his naming of the Philippines.</figcaption></figure> <p>Villalobos was commissioned in 1541 by <a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Mendoza" title="Antonio de Mendoza">Antonio de Mendoza</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_New_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroy of New Spain">viceroy</a> of <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroyalty of New Spain">New Spain</a> and first colonial administrator in the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a>, to send an expedition to the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, then known to the Spanish as the "Islands of the West" (<span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Islas del Poniente</i></span>). They lay at the far western frontier of the division of the world between <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portugal</a> established by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillas" title="Treaty of Tordesillas">treaties of Tordesillas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Zaragoza" title="Treaty of Zaragoza">Zaragoza</a>—in fact they lay over the line within the Portuguese area—and there was a need to establish a larger Spanish presence there as a base for trade with the <a href="/wiki/Spice_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Spice Islands">Spice Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ming_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ming Empire">China</a>. If possible, the goal was to extend Spanish control over the <a href="/wiki/Moluccas" class="mw-redirect" title="Moluccas">Moluccas</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_East_Indies" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese East Indies">Portuguese East Indies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-onfirst_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-onfirst-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-spat_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spat-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Villalobos was chosen for the command because he was <a href="/wiki/In-laws" class="mw-redirect" title="In-laws">related</a> to De Mendoza <a href="/wiki/In-laws" class="mw-redirect" title="In-laws">by marriage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-onfirst_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-onfirst-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Villalobos's fleet of six ships left <a href="/wiki/Barra_de_Navidad" title="Barra de Navidad">Barra de Navidad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jalisco" title="Jalisco">Jalisco</a>, in New Spain (now <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>) with 370–400 men on 1 November 1542:<sup id="cite_ref-onfirst_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-onfirst-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>His flagship (<span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">capitana</i></span>) was the <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Santiago</i></span> of 150–200 <a href="/wiki/Toneladas" class="mw-redirect" title="Toneladas">toneladas</a>, formerly owned by <a href="/wiki/Juan_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Cabrillo" title="Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo">Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo</a>. He chose Gaspar Rico as the expedition's chief <a href="/wiki/Pilot_(maritime)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilot (maritime)">pilot</a> (<span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">piloto mayor</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelsey201663_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelsey201663-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The second ship—the fleet's <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">almiranta</i></span>—was the 120-<a href="/wiki/Tonelada" title="Tonelada">tonelada</a> <a href="/wiki/Galleon" title="Galleon">galleon</a> <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">San Jorge</i></span>, equipped with a <a href="/wiki/Cutwater" title="Cutwater">cutwater</a> (<span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">espolón</i></span>) and under the command of <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_de_la_Torre" title="Bernardo de la Torre">Bernardo de la Torre</a> and his pilot Alonso Fernández Tarifeño.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelsey201663_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelsey201663-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The third ship of 90–100 <a href="/wiki/Toneladas" class="mw-redirect" title="Toneladas">toneladas</a> is variously referenced as the <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">San Anton</i></span>, the <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">San Antonio</i></span>, the <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">San Felipe</i></span>, and the <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Siete Galigos</i></span> ("Seven <a href="/wiki/Greyhound" title="Greyhound">Greyhounds</a>"). It was captained by Francisco Merino and piloted by Francisco Ruiz.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelsey201663_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelsey201663-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The fourth ship of 70 <a href="/wiki/Toneladas" class="mw-redirect" title="Toneladas">toneladas</a> was the <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">San Juan de Letrán</i></span> under Alonso Manrique, piloted by <a href="/wiki/Gin%C3%A9s_de_Mafra" title="Ginés de Mafra">Ginés de Mafra</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelsey201663_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelsey201663-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who had been a member of the 1519–1522 <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan" title="Ferdinand Magellan">Magellan expedition</a>.</li> <li>The fifth was the <a href="/wiki/Galley" title="Galley">galley</a> <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">San Cristóbal</i></span> under Pedro Ortíz de Rueda, piloted by Antonio Corço and powered by sails and 20 pairs of oars.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelsey201663_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelsey201663-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The last was the <a href="/wiki/Fusta" title="Fusta">fusta</a> <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">San Martín</i></span> under Juan Martel, piloted by Cristóbal de Pareja and powered by sails and 14 pairs of oars.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelsey201663_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelsey201663-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The large number of passengers included a unit of soldiers and a number of gentlemen, who brought <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Latin_America" title="Slavery in Latin America">black slaves</a> and about 40 <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indian</a> men and women as servants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelsey201663_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelsey201663-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Martín de Islares acted as <a href="/wiki/Factor_(agent)" title="Factor (agent)">factor</a> and interpreter; <a href="/wiki/Guido_de_Lavezaris" title="Guido de Lavezaris">Guido de Lavezaris</a>, later <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_Philippines" title="Governor-General of the Philippines">governor</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Philippines">Philippines</a>, as treasurer; <a href="/wiki/Maestre_Anes" title="Maestre Anes">Maestre Anes</a> ("Master Hans"), previously part of both the <a href="/wiki/Magellan_Expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Magellan Expedition">Magellan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Loa%C3%ADsa_Expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Loaísa Expedition">Loaísa expeditions</a>, as chief gunner; and Gerónimo de Santisteban as head of the voyage's clergy, which included 3 other <a href="/wiki/Augustinians" title="Augustinians">Augustinian</a> <a href="/wiki/Catholic_priest" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic priest">priests</a> and 4 or 5 <a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">deacons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelsey201663_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelsey201663-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The fleet first encountered the <a href="/wiki/Revilla_Gigedo_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Revilla Gigedo Islands">Revilla Gigedo Islands</a> off the west coast of Mexico, among which the sighting of <a href="/wiki/Roca_Partida" title="Roca Partida">Roca Partida</a> was reported for the first time. On 26 December 1542 they sighted a group of islands in the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshalls</a> that they called the Corals (<span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Corales</i></span>), which most probably are those of the <a href="/wiki/Wotje_Atoll" title="Wotje Atoll">Wotje Atoll</a>. They thought these to be the Islands of the Kings (<span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Los Reyes</i></span>) previously charted by <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_de_Saavedra_Cer%C3%B3n" title="Álvaro de Saavedra Cerón">Álvaro de Saavedra</a> in his 1528 expedition. They anchored at one of the islets, which they named San or Santo Esteban ("St. Stephen").<sup id="cite_ref-onfirst_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-onfirst-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They left on 6 January 1543 and that same day they sighted several small islands on the same latitude as the Corals, which they named the <a href="/wiki/Los_Jardines" title="Los Jardines">Garden Islands</a> (<span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Los Jardines</i></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-onfirst_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-onfirst-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> now the <a href="/wiki/Kwajalein_Atoll" title="Kwajalein Atoll">Kwajalein Atoll</a>. On 23 January 1543,<sup id="cite_ref-onfirst_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-onfirst-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the expedition found <a href="/wiki/Fais_Island" title="Fais Island">Fais</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Islands" title="Caroline Islands">Carolines</a>, which they charted as the Sailors (<span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Matelotes</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 26 January 1543, they charted some new islands as the Reefs (<span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Los Arrecifes</i></span>) which have since been identified as the <a href="/wiki/Yap" title="Yap">Yaps</a>, also part of the <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Islands" title="Caroline Islands">Carolines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoello188582–87_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoello188582–87-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharp196026_&_29_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharp196026_&_29-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Oskar_Spate" title="Oskar Spate">Spate</a>, Villalobos's crew included the <a href="/wiki/Pilot_(maritime)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilot (maritime)">pilot</a> Juan Gaetan, credited by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Galaup,_comte_de_Lap%C3%A9rouse" title="Jean-François de Galaup, comte de Lapérouse">La Perouse</a> for the discovery of Hawaii.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpate1979_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpate1979-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gaetan's voyage was described in similar terms in 1753 with the same sequence of islands and no identification of any others known by the time of the account.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Hondt1753_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Hondt1753-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1825, the Portuguese geographer Casado Giraldes stated that the "Sandwich Islands"—i.e. the Hawaiian Islands—were discovered by Gaetan in 1542 and did not even mention <a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">James Cook</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiraldes182526_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiraldes182526-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 6–23 January 1543, the galley <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">San Cristóbal</i></span>—now piloted by De Mafra—was separated from the other ships after a severe storm. It eventually reached the island of Mazaua, where Magellan had anchored in 1521. </p><p>Although he was attempting to reach <a href="/wiki/Cebu" title="Cebu">Cebu</a>, Villalobos ignored the advice of his pilot to lead the ships north of <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-spat_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spat-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, on 2 February, the fleet reached northeastern <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a>, exposed to the weather coming from the open ocean and separated from any <a href="/wiki/Ming_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ming Empire">Chinese</a> or <a href="/wiki/Malay_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay people">Malay</a> traders.<sup id="cite_ref-spet_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spet-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stuck in place, they repaired their ships after the voyage.<sup id="cite_ref-onfirst_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-onfirst-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_de_la_Torre" title="Bernardo de la Torre">Bernardo de la Torre</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVillamor_&_al.1920[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid6_woY9frnSkCpgPA257-IA5_260]_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVillamor_&_al.1920[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid6_woY9frnSkCpgPA257-IA5_260]-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or Villalobos<sup id="cite_ref-spet_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spet-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> named <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a> <i>Cesarea Karoli</i> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Caesarea Caroli</i>) in honor of the <a href="/wiki/Habsburgs" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburgs">Habsburg</a> <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a>, who was also <a href="/wiki/King_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Spain">king of Spain</a> as Carlos I. They resorted to eating <a href="/wiki/Grub_(larva)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grub (larva)">grubs</a>, unknown plants, <a href="/wiki/Land_crabs" class="mw-redirect" title="Land crabs">land crabs</a> that sickened the crew, and a <a href="/wiki/Phosphorescent" class="mw-redirect" title="Phosphorescent">phosphorescent</a> gray lizard which killed most of those who ate it.<sup id="cite_ref-spet_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spet-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After several days, they reached <a href="/wiki/Sarangani" title="Sarangani">Sarangani</a>, where they lost six men while raiding a local village for supplies. During this period, either <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_de_la_Torre" title="Bernardo de la Torre">Bernardo de la Torre</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAgoncillo_&_al.197578_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAgoncillo_&_al.197578-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENuval_&_al.198618_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENuval_&_al.198618-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or Villalobos<sup id="cite_ref-spet_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spet-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> named <a href="/wiki/Leyte" title="Leyte">Leyte</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samar" title="Samar">Samar</a> the Philippines (<span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Felipinas</i></span>) in honor of Charles's son the <a href="/wiki/Crown_Prince_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown Prince of Spain">crown prince</a> <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip</a> (later King Philip<span class="nowrap"> </span>II). </p><p>On 7 August a Portuguese ship arrived with a letter from Jorge de Castro, governor of the <a href="/wiki/Moluccas" class="mw-redirect" title="Moluccas">Moluccas</a>. De Castro demanded an explanation for the presence of the Spaniards in Portuguese territory, in response to which Villalobos drafted a letter dated 9 August. His letter repeated the Spanish claims to the islands, saying they were within the Demarcation Line of the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Crown of Castile</a> under the relevant treaties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott198551_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott198551-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 27 August the <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">San Juan</i></span> left for New Spain under De la Torre, directed to explain the expedition's difficulties and request additional supplies and reinforcements. A second letter from De Castro arrived in the first week of September; Villalobos's reply dated 12 September repeated the same claims as before. The <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">San Juan</i></span>—having passed the <a href="/wiki/Volcano_Islands" title="Volcano Islands">Volcano Islands</a> and possibly the <a href="/wiki/Bonins" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonins">Bonins</a> without being able to replenish its water—returned in mid-October without completing its mission.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (No attempt to cross the Pacific from west to east would be successful for another two decades.) Villalobos again attempted to depart for Cebu<sup id="cite_ref-spet_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spet-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">San Juan</i></span> and <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">San Cristóbal</i></span>, but again failed to make headway against unfavorable winds. The natives refused to provide any supplies even for sail, fearing Portuguese retribution.<sup id="cite_ref-spet_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spet-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>De la Torre having died, the <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">San Juan</i></span> was refitted for another attempt to reach New Spain under <a href="/wiki/Y%C3%B1igo_Ortiz_de_Retez" title="Yñigo Ortiz de Retez">Yñigo Ortiz de Retez</a> using a southerly route instead.<sup id="cite_ref-spet_12-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spet-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This left on 16 May 1545 and hugged the coast of <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a>—which Ortiz de Retez named—until 12 August, when the ship was forced to turn back once again.<sup id="cite_ref-spet_12-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spet-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It reached <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Tidore" title="Sultanate of Tidore">Tidore</a> in October.<sup id="cite_ref-spet_12-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spet-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Repulsed by hunger, hostile natives, and further shipwreck, Villalobos finally abandoned the remaining goals of the expedition. He and his crew members sought refuge in the <a href="/wiki/Moluccas" class="mw-redirect" title="Moluccas">Moluccas</a> but, quarrelling with the Portuguese, were imprisoned. </p><p>Villalobos died of a <a href="/wiki/Tropical_fever" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical fever">tropical fever</a> on <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday" title="Good Friday">Good Friday</a> 23 April 1546,<sup id="cite_ref-spet_12-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spet-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in his prison cell on <a href="/wiki/Ambon_Island" title="Ambon Island">Ambon Island</a>. The Portuguese described him dying "of a broken heart".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott198554_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott198554-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Popular legend made his deathbed nurse the <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuit</a> <a href="/wiki/Jesuit_missions" title="Jesuit missions">missionary</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Saint_(Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint (Catholic)">saint</a> <a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-onfirst_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-onfirst-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-spet_12-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spet-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some 117 of the crew survived, including De Mafra, Juan Gaetan, and <a href="/wiki/Guido_de_Lavezaris" title="Guido de Lavezaris">Guido de Lavezaris</a>. Juan Gaetan's account of the Villalobos voyage was published in 1550–1559 by <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Ramusio" title="Giovanni Battista Ramusio">Giovanni Battista Ramusio</a>, an Italian historian, in his <i>Navigations and Travels</i> (<span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Navigationi et Viaggi</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuanchi2005247_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuanchi2005247-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De Mafra produced a manuscript on <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Magellan%27s_circumnavigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Magellan's circumnavigation">Magellan's voyage</a> and had this delivered to Spain by a friend. Thirty—including De Mafra—elected to remain instead. His manuscript remained unrecognized for many centuries until being rediscovered in the early 20th century. The survivors who had left Spain or Portugal and returned home were individually <a href="/wiki/Circumnavigators" class="mw-redirect" title="Circumnavigators">circumnavigators</a> of the world, although the expedition itself did not accomplish that. </p><p>The inaccurate accounts of Villalobos and his men led Spain to believe that the Pacific was much smaller than it actually was for the rest of the 16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-spit_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spit-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruy_L%C3%B3pez_de_Villalobos&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">At some places in the surviving accounts, the name <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Santiago</i></span> is also used for both the <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">San Cristóbal</i></span> and the <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">San Martín</i></span>. Similarly, the <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">San Martín</i></span> is sometimes confused with the <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">San Cristóbal</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelsey201663_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelsey201663-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quite surprisingly for the Spaniards, upon their arrival to Fais the local people approached the ships in canoes making the sign of the cross and saying "<span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Buenos días, matelotes!</i></span>" ("Good day, sailors!") in <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Spanish" title="Early Modern Spanish">Spanish</a> or <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, probably due to missionaries sent by <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Galv%C3%A3o" title="António Galvão">António Galvão</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-spat_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spat-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Villalobos is sometimes—entirely incorrectly—credited with the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Iwo_Jima" title="Iwo Jima">Iwo Jima</a>, the other <a href="/wiki/Volcano_Islands" title="Volcano Islands">Volcano Islands</a>, and/or the <a href="/wiki/Bonin_Islands" title="Bonin Islands">Bonin Islands</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECholmondeley19155_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECholmondeley19155-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDobson1998_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDobson1998-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but was not part of the <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">San Juan</i></span>'s voyage.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruy_L%C3%B3pez_de_Villalobos&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruy_L%C3%B3pez_de_Villalobos&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaw-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaw_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShaw">Shaw</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-onfirst-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-onfirst_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-onfirst_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-onfirst_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-onfirst_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-onfirst_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-onfirst_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-onfirst_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-onfirst_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunmore1991">Dunmore (1991)</a>, s.v. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hVrGDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA259">Villalobos</a>".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-spat-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-spat_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-spat_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-spat_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpate1979">Spate (1979)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JH9SIogNd3sC&pg=PA97">97</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelsey201663-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelsey201663_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelsey201663_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelsey201663_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelsey201663_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelsey201663_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelsey201663_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelsey201663_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelsey201663_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelsey201663_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKelsey2016">Kelsey (2016)</a>, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoello188582–87-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoello188582–87_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoello1885">Coello (1885)</a>, pp. 82–87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESharp196026_&_29-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharp196026_&_29_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSharp1960">Sharp (1960)</a>, pp. 26 & 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpate1979-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpate1979_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpate1979">Spate (1979)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Hondt1753-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Hondt1753_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDe_Hondt1753">De Hondt (1753)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiraldes182526-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiraldes182526_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGiraldes1825">Giraldes (1825)</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-spet-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-spet_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-spet_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-spet_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-spet_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-spet_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-spet_12-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-spet_12-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-spet_12-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-spet_12-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-spet_12-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-spet_12-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpate1979">Spate (1979)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JH9SIogNd3sC&pg=PA98">98</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVillamor_&_al.1920[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid6_woY9frnSkCpgPA257-IA5_260]-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVillamor_&_al.1920[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid6_woY9frnSkCpgPA257-IA5_260]_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVillamor_&_al.1920">Villamor & al. (1920)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6_woY9frnSkC&pg=PA257-IA5">260</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAgoncillo_&_al.197578-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAgoncillo_&_al.197578_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAgoncillo_&_al.1975">Agoncillo & al. (1975)</a>, p. 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENuval_&_al.198618-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENuval_&_al.198618_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNuval_&_al.1986">Nuval & al. (1986)</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott198551-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott198551_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScott1985">Scott (1985)</a>, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECholmondeley19155-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECholmondeley19155_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCholmondeley1915">Cholmondeley (1915)</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDobson1998-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDobson1998_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDobson1998">Dobson (1998)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott198554-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott198554_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScott1985">Scott (1985)</a>, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuanchi2005247-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuanchi2005247_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFQuanchi2005">Quanchi (2005)</a>, p. 247.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-spit-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-spit_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpate1979">Spate (1979)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JH9SIogNd3sC&pg=PA100">100</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruy_L%C3%B3pez_de_Villalobos&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAgoncillo_&_al.1975" class="citation cs2">Agoncillo, Teodoro A.; et al. (1975), <i>History of the Filipino People</i>, Quezon City: R.P. Garcia</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Filipino+People&rft.place=Quezon+City&rft.pub=R.P.+Garcia&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Agoncillo&rft.aufirst=Teodoro+A.&rft.au=Guerrero%2C+Milagros&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuy+L%C3%B3pez+de+Villalobos" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernad2004" class="citation cs2">Bernad, Miguel Anselmo (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NbG7kHtBma8C"><i>The Great Island—Studies in the Exploration and Evangelization of Mindanao</i></a>, Ateneo University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789715504690" title="Special:BookSources/9789715504690"><bdi>9789715504690</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Island%26mdash%3BStudies+in+the+Exploration+and+Evangelization+of+Mindanao&rft.pub=Ateneo+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9789715504690&rft.aulast=Bernad&rft.aufirst=Miguel+Anselmo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNbG7kHtBma8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuy+L%C3%B3pez+de+Villalobos" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlair1903" class="citation book cs1">Blair, Emma Helen, ed. (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/13280"><i>The Philippine Islands, 1493-1803, Volume 02 of 55, 1521-1569</i></a>. The Arthur H. Clark Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philippine+Islands%2C+1493-1803%2C+Volume+02+of+55%2C+1521-1569&rft.pub=The+Arthur+H.+Clark+Company&rft.date=1903&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Febooks%2F13280&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuy+L%C3%B3pez+de+Villalobos" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCholmondeley1915" class="citation cs2">Cholmondeley, Lionel Berners (1915), <i>The History of the Bonin Islands...</i>, London: Constable & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Bonin+Islands...&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Constable+%26+Co.&rft.date=1915&rft.aulast=Cholmondeley&rft.aufirst=Lionel+Berners&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuy+L%C3%B3pez+de+Villalobos" class="Z3988"></span></li> 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href="http://www.e-rara.ch/zut/content/structure/3664246"><i>Histoire Generale des Voyages...</i></a> (in French), vol. 16</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+Generale+des+Voyages...&rft.date=1753&rft.aulast=De+Hondt&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-rara.ch%2Fzut%2Fcontent%2Fstructure%2F3664246&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuy+L%C3%B3pez+de+Villalobos" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDobson1998" class="citation cs2">Dobson, Sebastian (June 1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nihongo.hum.tmu.ac.jp/~long/bonins/03dobson.htm">"A Chronology of the Bonin Islands"</a>, <i>Nihongo Kenkyu Sentaa Hokoku </i>[<i>Reports of the Japanese Language Research Center</i>]<i><span></span></i>, vol. 6, p. 21</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Chronology+of+the+Bonin+Islands&rft.btitle=Nihongo+Kenkyu+Sentaa+Hokoku+%5BReports+of+the+Japanese+Language+Research+Center%5D&rft.pages=21&rft.date=1998-06&rft.aulast=Dobson&rft.aufirst=Sebastian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnihongo.hum.tmu.ac.jp%2F~long%2Fbonins%2F03dobson.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuy+L%C3%B3pez+de+Villalobos" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunmore1991" class="citation cs2">Dunmore, John (1991), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hVrGDwAAQBAJ"><i>Who's Who in Pacific Navigation</i></a>, Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824883942" title="Special:BookSources/9780824883942"><bdi>9780824883942</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who%27s+Who+in+Pacific+Navigation&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%CA%BBi+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9780824883942&rft.aulast=Dunmore&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhVrGDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuy+L%C3%B3pez+de+Villalobos" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiraldes1825" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Giraldes, Joaquim Casado (1825), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IRhUAAAAcAAJ"><i>Tratado Completo de Cosmographia e Geographia</i></a> (in Portuguese), vol. 1</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tratado+Completo+de+Cosmographia+e+Geographia&rft.date=1825&rft.aulast=Giraldes&rft.aufirst=Joaquim+Casado&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIRhUAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuy+L%C3%B3pez+de+Villalobos" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelsey1986" class="citation journal cs1">Kelsey, Harry (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/969278">"Finding the Way Home: Spanish Exploration of the Round-Trip Route across the Pacific Ocean"</a>. <i>The Western Historical Quarterly</i>. <b>17</b> (2): 145–164. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F969278">10.2307/969278</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0043-3810">0043-3810</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/969278">969278</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Western+Historical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Finding+the+Way+Home%3A+Spanish+Exploration+of+the+Round-Trip+Route+across+the+Pacific+Ocean&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=145-164&rft.date=1986&rft.issn=0043-3810&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F969278%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F969278&rft.aulast=Kelsey&rft.aufirst=Harry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F969278&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuy+L%C3%B3pez+de+Villalobos" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelsey2016" class="citation cs2">Kelsey, Harry (2016), <i>The First Circumnavigators: Unsung Heroes of the Age of Discovery</i>, New Haven: Yale University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Circumnavigators%3A+Unsung+Heroes+of+the+Age+of+Discovery&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Kelsey&rft.aufirst=Harry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuy+L%C3%B3pez+de+Villalobos" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoone1986" class="citation book cs1">Noone, Martin J. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/generalhistoryof0001unse_l8u0"><i>The discovery and conquest of the Philippines: 1521 - 1581</i></a>. General history of the Philippines. Manila: Historical Conservation Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-10-2410-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-10-2410-9"><bdi>978-971-10-2410-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+discovery+and+conquest+of+the+Philippines%3A+1521+-+1581&rft.place=Manila&rft.series=General+history+of+the+Philippines&rft.pub=Historical+Conservation+Society&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-971-10-2410-9&rft.aulast=Noone&rft.aufirst=Martin+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgeneralhistoryof0001unse_l8u0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuy+L%C3%B3pez+de+Villalobos" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNuval_&_al.1986" class="citation cs2">Nuval, Leonard Q.; et al. (1986), <i>The Claretians in the Philippines, 1946–1986</i>, Claret Seminary Foundation</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Claretians+in+the+Philippines%2C+1946%26ndash%3B1986&rft.pub=Claret+Seminary+Foundation&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Nuval&rft.aufirst=Leonard+Q.&rft.au=Beulah+Dalao+Nuval&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuy+L%C3%B3pez+de+Villalobos" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuanchi2005" class="citation cs2">Quanchi, Max (2005), <i>Historical Dictionary of the Discovery and Exploration of the Pacific Islands</i>, Scarecrow Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0810853957" title="Special:BookSources/0810853957"><bdi>0810853957</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Discovery+and+Exploration+of+the+Pacific+Islands&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0810853957&rft.aulast=Quanchi&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuy+L%C3%B3pez+de+Villalobos" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott1985" class="citation cs2">Scott, William Henry (1985), <i>Cracks in the Parchment Curtain</i>, New Day Publishers, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/971-10-0073-3" title="Special:BookSources/971-10-0073-3"><bdi>971-10-0073-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cracks+in+the+Parchment+Curtain&rft.pub=New+Day+Publishers&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=971-10-0073-3&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=William+Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuy+L%C3%B3pez+de+Villalobos" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharp1960" class="citation cs2">Sharp, Andrew (1960), <i>The Discovery of the Pacific Islands</i>, Oxford: Oxford University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Discovery+of+the+Pacific+Islands&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Sharp&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuy+L%C3%B3pez+de+Villalobos" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaw" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Shaw, Carlos Martinez. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historia-hispanica.rah.es/biografias/26293-ruy-lopez-de-villalobos">"Ruy Lopez de Villalobos"</a>. <i>Real Academia de la Historia</i> (in Spanish).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Real+Academia+de+la+Historia&rft.atitle=Ruy+Lopez+de+Villalobos&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Carlos+Martinez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistoria-hispanica.rah.es%2Fbiografias%2F26293-ruy-lopez-de-villalobos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuy+L%C3%B3pez+de+Villalobos" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpate1979" class="citation cs2">Spate, Oskar Hermann Khristian (1979), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JH9SIogNd3sC"><i>The Spanish Lake</i></a>, Canberra: Australian National University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781920942168" title="Special:BookSources/9781920942168"><bdi>9781920942168</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+Lake&rft.place=Canberra&rft.pub=Australian+National+University+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=9781920942168&rft.aulast=Spate&rft.aufirst=Oskar+Hermann+Khristian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJH9SIogNd3sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuy+L%C3%B3pez+de+Villalobos" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVillamor_&_al.1920" class="citation cs2">Villamor, Ignacio; et al., eds. (1920), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6_woY9frnSkC"><i>Census of the Philippine Islands..., </i>Vol. I:<i> Geography, History, and Climatology</i></a>, Manila: Census Office of the Philippine Islands</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Census+of+the+Philippine+Islands...%2C+Vol.+I%3A+Geography%2C+History%2C+and+Climatology&rft.place=Manila&rft.pub=Census+Office+of+the+Philippine+Islands&rft.date=1920&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6_woY9frnSkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuy+L%C3%B3pez+de+Villalobos" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruy_L%C3%B3pez_de_Villalobos&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks05/0501051h.html">The First Discovery of Australia and New Guinea by Roque Santacruz, Chapter IV</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://xeniaeditrice.it/mazaua.pdf">Pacific Maritime History Mazaua: Magellan's Lost Harbour</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spanish_Empire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spanish Empire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spanish_Empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Timeline–immersed" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Timeline–immersed</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Monarchs">Catholic Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Conquest of the Americas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Asia and the Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillas" title="Treaty of Tordesillas">Treaty of Tordesillas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Habsburgs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Golden_Age" title="Spanish Golden Age">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_League_of_Cognac" title="War of the League of Cognac">War of the League of Cognac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encomienda" title="Encomienda">Encomiendas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Laws" title="New Laws">New Laws in favour of the indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Moriscos" title="Expulsion of the Moriscos">Expulsion of the Moriscos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Habsburg_wars" title="Ottoman–Habsburg wars">Ottoman–Habsburg wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">French Wars of Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castilian_War" title="Castilian War">Bruneian–Spanish conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)">Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Caribbean" title="Piracy in the Caribbean">Piracy in the Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93Moro_conflict" title="Spanish–Moro conflict">Spanish–Moro conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Spanish_War_(1635%E2%80%931659)" title="Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)">Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Restoration_War" title="Portuguese Restoration War">Portuguese Restoration War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Spain" title="Enlightenment in Spain">Bourbons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Reforms" title="Bourbon Reforms">Bourbon Reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">War of Jenkins' Ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Madrid_(13_January_1750)" title="Treaty of Madrid (13 January 1750)">Treaty of Madrid (1750)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nootka_Convention" title="Nootka Convention">Nootka Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Napoleonic invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Treaty_of_San_Ildefonso" title="Third Treaty of San Ildefonso">Third Treaty of San Ildefonso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Independence of Spanish continental Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adams%E2%80%93On%C3%ADs_Treaty" title="Adams–Onís Treaty">Adams–Onís Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1812" title="Spanish Constitution of 1812">Liberal constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlist_Wars" title="Carlist Wars">Carlist Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Spanish_Treaty_(1899)" title="German–Spanish Treaty (1899)">German–Spanish Treaty (1899)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco#Independent_Morocco_(since_1956)" title="History of Morocco">Independence of Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Guinea" title="Spanish Guinea">Independence of Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Territories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Territories</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Europe</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castille" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown of Castille">Crown of Castille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Union" title="Iberian Union">Union with Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li></ul></li> <li>Southern Italy (Kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples#Aragonese_dynasty" title="Kingdom of Naples">Naples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily#The_insular_kingdom_of_Sicily_under_the_Crown_of_Aragon_and_Spain" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Sicily</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sardinia#Aragonese_period" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Union with Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franche-Comt%C3%A9" title="Franche-Comté">Franche-Comté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Catalonia" title="Northern Catalonia">Pyrénées-Orientales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">North America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_expeditions_to_the_Pacific_Northwest" title="Spanish expeditions to the Pacific Northwest">Coastal Alaska</a>, Central United States (<a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">Spanish Louisiana</a>), Western United States (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_Texas" title="Spanish Texas">Spanish Texas</a>), <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">Florida</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Mexico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Mexico (page does not exist)">Mexico</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_M%C3%A9xico" class="extiw" title="es:Reino de México">es</a>]</span>, Central America (<a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Yucatan" class="mw-redirect" title="Captaincy General of Yucatan">Captaincy General of Yucatan</a>), <a href="/wiki/Spanish_West_Indies" title="Spanish West Indies">Spanish Caribbean</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Central_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Central America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Guatemala" title="Captaincy General of Guatemala">Captaincy General of Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_West_Indies" title="Spanish West Indies">Spanish West Indies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba" title="Captaincy General of Cuba">Cuba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Captaincy General of Santo Domingo">Dominican Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Captaincy General of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago#Spanish_period" title="History of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Santiago" title="Colony of Santiago">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Haiti#Spanish_history_(1492–1625)" title="History of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruba#History" title="Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao#History" title="Curaçao">Curazao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaire#History" title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belize_(1506%E2%80%931862)" title="History of Belize (1506–1862)">Belize</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="South_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">South America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">New Granada</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Granada" title="New Kingdom of Granada">Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Quito" title="Real Audiencia of Quito">Ecuador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Panama" title="Real Audiencia of Panama">Panama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Venezuela, part of Guyana</a>, a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Peru</a> (Peru, <a href="/wiki/Acre_(state)" title="Acre (state)">Acre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Chile" title="Captaincy General of Chile">Chile</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a> (<a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Governorate of the Río de la Plata">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Paraguay" title="Governorate of Paraguay">Paraguay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Charcas" title="Real Audiencia of Charcas">Charcas</a> (Bolivia), <a href="/wiki/Banda_Oriental" title="Banda Oriental">Banda Oriental</a> (Uruguay), <a href="/wiki/Misiones_Orientales" title="Misiones Orientales">Misiones Orientales</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Falkland_Islands" title="History of the Falkland Islands">Malvinas</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Asia_and_Oceania_(Spanish_East_Indies)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Asia and Oceania (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Spanish East Indies</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Captaincy General of the Philippines</a> (<a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Mariana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Islands" title="Caroline Islands">Caroline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Formosa" title="Spanish Formosa">Northern Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidore" title="Tidore">Tidore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Africa</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Guinea" title="Spanish Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li>Northern Africa (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_Sahara" title="Spanish Sahara">Western Sahara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_protectorate_in_Morocco" title="Spanish protectorate in Morocco">Spanish Morocco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Tripoli" title="Spanish Tripoli">Tripoli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunis#Spanish_occupation_and_Ottoman_control" title="Tunis">Tunis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_of_Algiers" title="Peñón of Algiers">Peñón of Algiers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oran#Spanish_period_(1509–1708,_1732–1792)" title="Oran">Oran</a>, <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa#Muslim_and_feudal_rulers" title="Béjaïa">Béjaïa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ifni" title="Ifni">Ifni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cape_Juby" title="Cape Juby">Cape Juby</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Antarctica" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Antarctica</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Australis,_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Terra Australis, Spain">Terra Australis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Administration" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Administration</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayuntamiento" title="Ayuntamiento">Ayuntamiento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabildo_(council)" title="Cabildo (council)">Cabildo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Indies" title="Council of the Indies">Council of the Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germania_(guild)" title="Germania (guild)">Germania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Hermandad" title="Santa Hermandad">Santa Hermandad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exequatur" title="Exequatur">Exequatur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_of_the_Indies" title="Laws of the Indies">Laws of the Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">Papal bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Decree_of_Graces_of_1815" title="Royal Decree of Graces of 1815">Royal Decree of Graces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Salamanca" title="School of Salamanca">School of Salamanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_residence" title="Trial of residence">Trial of residence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Titles and positions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcalde" title="Alcalde">Alcalde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corregidor_(position)" title="Corregidor (position)">Corregidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_president" title="Municipal president">Municipal president</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regidor" title="Regidor">Regidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndic" title="Syndic">Syndic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vecino" title="Vecino">Vecino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Administrative_subdivisions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Administrative subdivisions</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Viceroy#In_the_Americas" title="Viceroy">Viceroyalties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbian_Viceroyalty" title="Columbian Viceroyalty">Columbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroyalty of New Spain">New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">New Granada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Perú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Captaincies_of_the_Spanish_Empire" title="Captaincies of the Spanish Empire">Captaincies General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Chile" title="Captaincy General of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba" title="Captaincy General of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Guatemala" title="Captaincy General of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincias_Internas" title="Provincias Internas">Provincias Internas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Captaincy General of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Captaincy General of Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Captaincy General of Yucatán">Yucatán</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_the_Spanish_Empire" title="Governorates of the Spanish Empire">Governorates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castilla_de_Oro" title="Castilla de Oro">Castilla de Oro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Cuba" title="Governorate of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">La Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">La Luisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Andalusia_(1501%E2%80%931513)" title="Governorate of New Andalusia (1501–1513)">New Andalusia (1501–1513)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Andalusia" title="Governorate of New Andalusia">New Andalusia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Castile" title="Governorate of New Castile">New Castile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Navarre" title="New Navarre">New Navarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Toledo" title="Governorate of New Toledo">New Toledo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Paraguay" title="Governorate of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Governorate of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Terra_Australis" title="Governorate of Terra Australis">Terra Australis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia" title="Real Audiencia">Audiencias</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Granada" title="New Kingdom of Granada">Bogotá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Buenos_Aires" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Audiencia of Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Caracas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Charcas" title="Real Audiencia of Charcas">Charcas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Concepci%C3%B3n" title="Real Audiencia of Concepción">Concepción</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Cusco" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Audiencia of Cusco">Cusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Guadalajara" title="Royal Audiencia of Guadalajara">Guadalajara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Guatemala" title="Real Audiencia of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Lima" title="Real Audiencia of Lima">Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Manila" title="Real Audiencia of Manila">Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Audiencia of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Panama" title="Real Audiencia of Panama">Panamá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Quito" title="Real Audiencia of Quito">Quito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Santiago" title="Real Audiencia of Santiago">Santiago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Real Audiencia of Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Economy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Economy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Currency_of_Spanish_America" title="Currency of Spanish America">Currencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_dollar" title="Spanish dollar">Dollar (Peso)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonial_real" title="Spanish colonial real">Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maraved%C3%AD" title="Maravedí">Maravedí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_escudo" title="Spanish escudo">Escudo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columnarios" class="mw-redirect" title="Columnarios">Columnario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubloon" title="Doubloon">Doubloon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trade</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manila_galleon" title="Manila galleon">Manila galleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_treasure_fleet" title="Spanish treasure fleet">Spanish treasure fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_de_Contrataci%C3%B3n" title="Casa de Contratación">Casa de Contratación</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Road" title="Spanish Road">Spanish Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guipuzcoan_Company_of_Caracas" title="Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas">Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcelona_Trading_Company" title="Barcelona Trading Company">Barcelona Trading Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consulate_of_the_Sea" title="Consulate of the Sea">Consulate of the Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camino_Real_de_Tierra_Adentro" title="Camino Real de Tierra Adentro">Camino Real de Tierra Adentro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commerce_Consulate_of_Buenos_Aires" title="Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires">Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Military" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Military</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Armies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tercio" title="Tercio">Tercio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Flanders" title="Army of Flanders">Army of Flanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Company_of_Volunteers_of_Catalonia" title="Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia">Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_auxiliaries" title="Indian auxiliaries">Indian auxiliaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_of_the_line_of_Spain" title="List of ships of the line of Spain">Ships of the line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royalist_(Spanish_American_independence)" title="Royalist (Spanish American independence)">Royalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Legion" title="Spanish Legion">Legión</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Africa_(Spain)" title="Army of Africa (Spain)">Army of Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Strategists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba" title="Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba">Duke of Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Leyva,_Duke_of_Terranova" title="Antonio de Leyva, Duke of Terranova">Antonio de Leyva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Goiti" title="Martín de Goiti">Martín de Goiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_d%27Avalos" title="Alfonso d'Avalos">Alfonso d'Avalos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_de_Toledo_Osorio,_4th_Marquis_of_Villafranca" class="mw-redirect" title="García de Toledo Osorio, 4th Marquis of Villafranca">García de Toledo Osorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Philibert,_Duke_of_Savoy" title="Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy">Duke of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_de_Baz%C3%A1n_the_Elder" title="Álvaro de Bazán the Elder">Álvaro de Bazán the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Austria" title="John of Austria">John of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bonaventure_de_Longueval,_Count_of_Bucquoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Bonaventure de Longueval, Count of Bucquoy">Charles Bonaventure de Longueval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Zubiaur" title="Pedro de Zubiaur">Pedro de Zubiaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrogio_Spinola,_1st_Marquis_of_the_Balbases" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambrogio Spinola, 1st Marquis of the Balbases">Ambrosio Spinola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blas_de_Lezo" title="Blas de Lezo">Blas de Lezo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_de_G%C3%A1lvez" title="Bernardo de Gálvez">Bernardo de Gálvez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Mariners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinz%C3%B3n_brothers" title="Pinzón brothers">Pinzón brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan" title="Ferdinand Magellan">Ferdinand Magellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Sebasti%C3%A1n_Elcano" title="Juan Sebastián Elcano">Juan Sebastián Elcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_la_Cosa" title="Juan de la Cosa">Juan de la Cosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Ponce_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Juan Ponce de León">Juan Ponce de León</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_L%C3%B3pez_de_Legazpi" title="Miguel López de Legazpi">Miguel López de Legazpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Men%C3%A9ndez_de_Avil%C3%A9s" title="Pedro Menéndez de Avilés">Pedro Menéndez de Avilés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_de_Ocampo" title="Sebastián de Ocampo">Sebastián de Ocampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvar_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_Cabeza_de_Vaca" title="Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca">Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Ojeda" title="Alonso de Ojeda">Alonso de Ojeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa" title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa">Vasco Núñez de Balboa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Salazar" title="Alonso de Salazar">Alonso de Salazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_de_Urdaneta" title="Andrés de Urdaneta">Andrés de Urdaneta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Ulloa" title="Antonio de Ulloa">Antonio de Ulloa</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ruy López de Villalobos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Columbus" title="Diego Columbus">Diego Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Ercilla" title="Alonso de Ercilla">Alonso de Ercilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_de_Ovando" title="Nicolás de Ovando">Nicolás de Ovando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Ayala" title="Juan de Ayala">Juan de Ayala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_Vizca%C3%ADno" title="Sebastián Vizcaíno">Sebastián Vizcaíno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Fern%C3%A1ndez_(explorer)" title="Juan Fernández (explorer)">Juan Fernández</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Fajardo_y_Ru%C3%ADz_de_Avenda%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="Luis Fajardo y Ruíz de Avendaño">Luis Fajardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felipe_Gonz%C3%A1lez_de_Ahedo" title="Felipe González de Ahedo">Felipe González de Ahedo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">Conquistadors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro" title="Francisco Pizarro">Francisco Pizarro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Jim%C3%A9nez_de_Quesada" title="Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada">Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_P%C3%A9rez_de_Quesada" title="Hernán Pérez de Quesada">Hernán Pérez de Quesada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Coronado" title="Francisco Vázquez de Coronado">Francisco Vázquez de Coronado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez_de_Cu%C3%A9llar" title="Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar">Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Valdivia" title="Pedro de Valdivia">Pedro de Valdivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_de_Portol%C3%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaspar de Portolà">Gaspar de Portolà</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pere_Fages_i_Beleta" class="mw-redirect" title="Pere Fages i Beleta">Pere Fages i Beleta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Orp%C3%AD" title="Joan Orpí">Joan Orpí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Alvarado" title="Pedro de Alvarado">Pedro de Alvarado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Urs%C3%BAa" title="Martín de Ursúa">Martín de Ursúa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Almagro" title="Diego de Almagro">Diego de Almagro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1nfilo_de_Narv%C3%A1ez" title="Pánfilo de Narváez">Pánfilo de Narváez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Mazariegos" title="Diego de Mazariegos">Diego de Mazariegos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jer%C3%B3nimo_Luis_de_Cabrera" title="Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera">Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pere_d%27Albern%C3%AD_i_Teixidor" class="mw-redirect" title="Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor">Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_L%C3%B3pez_de_C%C3%A1rdenas" title="García López de Cárdenas">García López de Cárdenas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Notable battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Old World</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Won</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros" title="Revolt of the Comuneros">Comuneros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bicocca" title="Battle of Bicocca">Bicocca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(1527)" title="Sack of Rome (1527)">Rome (1527)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Landriano" title="Battle of Landriano">Landriano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pavia" title="Battle of Pavia">Pavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1535)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1535)">Tunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C3%BChlberg" title="Battle of Mühlberg">Mühlberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St._Quentin_(1557)" title="Battle of St. Quentin (1557)">St. Quentin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gravelines_(1558)" title="Battle of Gravelines (1558)">Gravelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Malta" title="Great Siege of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto" title="Battle of Lepanto">Lepanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Antwerp" title="Fall of Antwerp">Antwerp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ponta_Delgada" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Ponta Delgada">Azores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mons_(1572)" title="Siege of Mons (1572)">Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gembloux_(1578)" title="Battle of Gembloux (1578)">Gembloux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ostend" title="Siege of Ostend">Ostend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Armada" title="English Armada">English Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Celidonia" title="Battle of Cape Celidonia">Cape Celidonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_White_Mountain" title="Battle of White Mountain">White Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Breda_(1624)" title="Siege of Breda (1624)">Breda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_N%C3%B6rdlingen_(1634)" title="Battle of Nördlingen (1634)">Nördlingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valenciennes_(1656)" title="Battle of Valenciennes (1656)">Valenciennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sieges_of_Ceuta_(1694%E2%80%931727)" title="Sieges of Ceuta (1694–1727)">Ceuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bitonto" title="Battle of Bitonto">Bitonto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bail%C3%A9n" title="Battle of Bailén">Bailén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vitoria" title="Battle of Vitoria">Vitoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_T%C3%A9touan" title="Battle of Tétouan">Tetouan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alhucemas_landing" title="Alhucemas landing">Alhucemas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lost</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Capo_d%27Orso" title="Battle of Capo d'Orso">Capo d'Orso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vienna_(1529)" title="Siege of Vienna (1529)">Vienna (1529)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Preveza" title="Battle of Preveza">Preveza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Castelnuovo" title="Siege of Castelnuovo">Siege of Castelnuovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algiers_expedition_(1541)" title="Algiers expedition (1541)">Algiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ceresole" title="Battle of Ceresole">Ceresole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_invasion_of_the_Balearic_Islands_(1558)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman invasion of the Balearic Islands (1558)">Balearic Islands (1558)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Djerba" title="Battle of Djerba">Djerba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1574)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1574)">Tunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leiden" title="Siege of Leiden">Leiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rocroi" title="Battle of Rocroi">Rocroi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Downs" title="Battle of the Downs">Downs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montes_Claros" title="Battle of Montes Claros">Montes Claros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Passaro" title="Battle of Cape Passaro">Passaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_Bay" title="Battle of Manila Bay">Manila Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar" title="Battle of Trafalgar">Trafalgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Somosierra" title="Battle of Somosierra">Somosierra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Annual" title="Battle of Annual">Annual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mactan" title="Battle of Mactan">Mactan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New World</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Won</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Tenochtitlan" title="Fall of Tenochtitlan">Tenochtitlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cajamarca" title="Battle of Cajamarca">Cajamarca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Cusco" title="Siege of Cusco">Cusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca" title="Spanish conquest of the Muisca">Bogotá savanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Penco" title="Battle of Penco">Penco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mataquito" title="Battle of Mataquito">Mataquito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guadalupe_Island_(1595)" title="Battle of Guadalupe Island (1595)">Guadalupe Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Recife_(1595)" title="Capture of Recife (1595)">Recife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_(1595)" title="Battle of San Juan (1595)">San Juan (1595)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recapture_of_Bahia" title="Recapture of Bahia">Bahia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Colonia_del_Sacramento" title="Siege of Colonia del Sacramento">Colonia del Sacramento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros_(Paraguay)" title="Revolt of the Comuneros (Paraguay)">Comuneros (Paraguay)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cartagena_de_Indias" title="Battle of Cartagena de Indias">Cartagena de Indias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuerno_Verde" title="Cuerno Verde">Cuerno Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebellion_of_T%C3%BApac_Amaru_II" title="Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II">Túpac Amaru II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BApac_Katari" title="Túpac Katari">Túpac Katari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pensacola" title="Siege of Pensacola">Pensacola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_expedition" title="Newfoundland expedition">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_(1797)" title="Battle of San Juan (1797)">San Juan (1797)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lost</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Noche_Triste" title="La Noche Triste">La Noche Triste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iguape_War" title="Iguape War">Iguape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tucapel" title="Battle of Tucapel">Tucapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raleigh%27s_El_Dorado_Expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Raleigh's El Dorado Expedition">Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Curalaba" title="Battle of Curalaba">Curalaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros_(New_Granada)" title="Revolt of the Comuneros (New Granada)">Comuneros (New Granada)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Trinidad_(1797)" title="Invasion of Trinidad (1797)">Trinidad (1797)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chacabuco" title="Battle of Chacabuco">Chacabuco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Boyac%C3%A1" title="Battle of Boyacá">Boyacá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carabobo" title="Battle of Carabobo">Carabobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pichincha" title="Battle of Pichincha">Pichincha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ayacucho" title="Battle of Ayacucho">Ayacucho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Guam" title="Capture of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Santiago_de_Cuba" title="Battle of Santiago de Cuba">Santiago de Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Campaign#Battle_of_Asomante" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rican Campaign">Asomante</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Spanish_conquests" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Spanish conquests</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Canary_Islands" title="Conquest of the Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">The Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Maya" title="Spanish conquest of the Maya">Maya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Chiapas" title="Spanish conquest of Chiapas">Chiapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Spanish conquest of Yucatán">Yucatán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Guatemala" title="Spanish conquest of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Pet%C3%A9n" title="Spanish conquest of Petén">Petén</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_El_Salvador" title="Spanish conquest of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Honduras" title="Spanish conquest of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Nicaragua" title="Spanish conquest of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Chibchan_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish conquest of the Chibchan Nations">Chibchan Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca" title="Spanish conquest of the Muisca">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Chile" title="Conquest of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1521%E2%80%931898)#Spanish_expeditions_and_colonization" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Philippines (1521–1898)">Philippines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Other_civil_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other civil topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_the_Americas" title="Spanish missions in the Americas">Spanish missions in the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_architecture" title="Spanish Colonial architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_Codices" title="Mesoamerican Codices">Mesoamerican Codices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cusco_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Cusco School">Cusco painting tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indochristian_art" title="Indochristian art">Indochristian painting in New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quito_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Quito School">Quito painting tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapada_lime%C3%B1a" title="Tapada limeña">Tapada limeña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academia_Ant%C3%A1rtica" title="Academia Antártica">Academia Antártica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_universities_in_Hispanic_America" title="List of colonial universities in Hispanic America">Colonial universities in Hispanic America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_oldest_schools_in_the_Philippines" title="List of the oldest schools in the Philippines">Colonial universities in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Archive_of_the_Indies" title="General Archive of the Indies">General Archive of the Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Spanish_Horse" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonial Spanish Horse">Colonial Spanish Horse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mustang" title="Mustang">Mustang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casta" title="Casta">Castas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criollo_people#Spanish_colonial_caste_system" title="Criollo people">Criollos in the colonial society</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Old inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Spanish_New_World_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Spanish New World colonies">Slavery in Spanish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asiento" class="mw-redirect" title="Asiento">Asiento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans#Colonial_era" title="African Americans">Law of coartación (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Potos%C3%AD_Mint_Fraud_of_1649" title="Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649">Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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