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</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="td-banner-wrap-full td-banner-bg td-container-wrap "> <div class="td-container-header td-header-row td-header-header"> <div class="td-header-sp-recs"> <div class="td-header-rec-wrap"> <div class="td-a-rec td-a-rec-id-header td-a-rec-no-translate tdi_38 td_block_template_1"> <style>.tdi_38.td-a-rec{text-align:center}.tdi_38.td-a-rec:not(.td-a-rec-no-translate){transform:translateZ(0)}.tdi_38 .td-element-style{z-index:-1}.tdi_38.td-a-rec-img{text-align:left}.tdi_38.td-a-rec-img img{margin:0 auto 0 0}@media (max-width:767px){.tdi_38.td-a-rec-img{text-align:center}}</style><div style="padding: 20px; margin:20px; border: 1px solid #000000; font-size: 120%;"><strong>ועד יקום תרבות מזדהה עם כאבן של משפחות החטופים וקורא לממשלה להגיע בהקדם להסכם לשחרור מי שעדיין חיים!</strong></div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <article id="post-130709" class="td-post-template-7 post-130709 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail category-ocalt-he category-writers-he tag-6779 tag-2185 tag-180 td-container-wrap" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Article"> <div class="td-full-screen-header-image-wrap"> <div class="td-container td-post-header"> <div class="td-crumb-container"><div class="entry-crumbs"><span><a title="" class="entry-crumb" href="https://www.yekum.org/">דף הבית</a></span> <i class="td-icon-right td-bread-sep"></i> <span><a title="צפייה בכל הפוסטים ב מיסתורין/תעלומות" class="entry-crumb" href="https://www.yekum.org/category/thinking-he/ocalt-he/">מיסתורין/תעלומות</a></span> <i class="td-icon-right td-bread-sep td-bred-no-url-last"></i> <span class="td-bred-no-url-last">פרנץ קפקא בין מקס ברוד לבנות הופה וגורל “המשפט” </span></div></div> <div class="td-post-header-holder"> <div class="td-parallax-header"> <header class="td-post-title"> <ul class="td-category"><li class="entry-category"><a style="background-color:#dd3333; color:#fff; border-color:#dd3333;" href="https://www.yekum.org/category/thinking-he/ocalt-he/">מיסתורין/תעלומות</a></li><li class="entry-category"><a style="background-color:#4db2ec; color:#fff; border-color:#4db2ec;" href="https://www.yekum.org/category/literature-he/writers-he/">סופרים</a></li></ul> <h1 class="entry-title">פרנץ קפקא בין מקס ברוד לבנות הופה וגורל “המשפט” </h1> <div class="td-module-meta-info"> <div class="td-post-author-name multiple-authors"><div class="td-author-by">By</div><a href="https://www.yekum.org/author/abraham">אבי גולדברג</a><div class="td-author-line"> - </div></div> <span class="td-post-date"><time class="entry-date updated td-module-date" datetime="2024-08-02T16:00:00+02:00" >2 אוגוסט, 2024</time></span> <div class="td-post-views"><i class="td-icon-views"></i><span class="td-nr-views-130709">298</span></div> <div class="td-post-comments"><a 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href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yekum.org%2F2024%2F08%2F%25d7%25a4%25d7%25a8%25d7%25a0%25d7%25a5-%25d7%25a7%25d7%25a4%25d7%25a7%25d7%2590-%25d7%2591%25d7%2599%25d7%259f-%25d7%259e%25d7%25a7%25d7%25a1-%25d7%2591%25d7%25a8%25d7%2595%25d7%2593-%25d7%259c%25d7%2591%25d7%25a0%25d7%2595%25d7%25aa-%25d7%2594%25d7%2595%25d7%25a4%25d7%2594-%25d7%2595%25d7%2592%25d7%2595%25d7%25a8%25d7%259c%2F" title="Facebook" ><div class="td-social-but-icon"><i class="td-icon-facebook"></i></div><div class="td-social-but-text">Facebook</div></a><a class="td-social-sharing-button td-social-sharing-button-js td-social-network td-social-twitter" href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A5+%D7%A7%D7%A4%D7%A7%D7%90+%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9F+%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%A1+%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%93+%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA+%D7%94%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%94+%D7%95%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%9C+%E2%80%9C%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%98%E2%80%9D%C2%A0%C2%A0&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yekum.org%2F2024%2F08%2F%25d7%25a4%25d7%25a8%25d7%25a0%25d7%25a5-%25d7%25a7%25d7%25a4%25d7%25a7%25d7%2590-%25d7%2591%25d7%2599%25d7%259f-%25d7%259e%25d7%25a7%25d7%25a1-%25d7%2591%25d7%25a8%25d7%2595%25d7%2593-%25d7%259c%25d7%2591%25d7%25a0%25d7%2595%25d7%25aa-%25d7%2594%25d7%2595%25d7%25a4%25d7%2594-%25d7%2595%25d7%2592%25d7%2595%25d7%25a8%25d7%259c%2F&via=%D7%99%D6%B0%D7%A7%D7%95%D6%BC%D7%9D+%D7%AA%D6%B7%D6%BC%D7%A8%D6%B0%D7%91%D6%BC%D7%95%D6%BC%D7%AA" title="Twitter" ><div class="td-social-but-icon"><i class="td-icon-twitter"></i></div><div class="td-social-but-text">Twitter</div></a><a class="td-social-sharing-button td-social-sharing-button-js td-social-network td-social-pinterest" href="https://pinterest.com/pin/create/button/?url=https://www.yekum.org/2024/08/%d7%a4%d7%a8%d7%a0%d7%a5-%d7%a7%d7%a4%d7%a7%d7%90-%d7%91%d7%99%d7%9f-%d7%9e%d7%a7%d7%a1-%d7%91%d7%a8%d7%95%d7%93-%d7%9c%d7%91%d7%a0%d7%95%d7%aa-%d7%94%d7%95%d7%a4%d7%94-%d7%95%d7%92%d7%95%d7%a8%d7%9c/&media=https://www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/כריכת-המשפט-האחרון-של-קפקא-של-בנגמין-באלינט.jpg&description=אבי גולדברג כותב על הדרך שעשו כתבי קפקא מאז שהציל אותם מקס ברוד ועד שנעשו ענין למשפט בישראל." title="Pinterest" ><div class="td-social-but-icon"><i class="td-icon-pinterest"></i></div><div class="td-social-but-text">Pinterest</div></a><a class="td-social-sharing-button td-social-sharing-button-js td-social-network td-social-whatsapp" href="https://api.whatsapp.com/send?text=%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A5+%D7%A7%D7%A4%D7%A7%D7%90+%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9F+%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%A1+%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%93+%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA+%D7%94%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%94+%D7%95%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%9C+%E2%80%9C%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%98%E2%80%9D%C2%A0%C2%A0 %0A%0A https://www.yekum.org/2024/08/%d7%a4%d7%a8%d7%a0%d7%a5-%d7%a7%d7%a4%d7%a7%d7%90-%d7%91%d7%99%d7%9f-%d7%9e%d7%a7%d7%a1-%d7%91%d7%a8%d7%95%d7%93-%d7%9c%d7%91%d7%a0%d7%95%d7%aa-%d7%94%d7%95%d7%a4%d7%94-%d7%95%d7%92%d7%95%d7%a8%d7%9c/" title="WhatsApp" ><div class="td-social-but-icon"><i class="td-icon-whatsapp"></i></div><div class="td-social-but-text">WhatsApp</div></a><a class="td-social-sharing-button td-social-sharing-button-js td-social-network td-social-linkedin" href="https://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https://www.yekum.org/2024/08/%d7%a4%d7%a8%d7%a0%d7%a5-%d7%a7%d7%a4%d7%a7%d7%90-%d7%91%d7%99%d7%9f-%d7%9e%d7%a7%d7%a1-%d7%91%d7%a8%d7%95%d7%93-%d7%9c%d7%91%d7%a0%d7%95%d7%aa-%d7%94%d7%95%d7%a4%d7%94-%d7%95%d7%92%d7%95%d7%a8%d7%9c/&title=%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A5+%D7%A7%D7%A4%D7%A7%D7%90+%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9F+%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%A1+%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%93+%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA+%D7%94%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%94+%D7%95%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%9C+%E2%80%9C%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%98%E2%80%9D%C2%A0%C2%A0" title="Linkedin" ><div class="td-social-but-icon"><i class="td-icon-linkedin"></i></div><div class="td-social-but-text">Linkedin</div></a><a class="td-social-sharing-button td-social-sharing-button-js td-social-network td-social-mail" href="mailto:?subject=פרנץ קפקא בין מקס ברוד לבנות הופה וגורל “המשפט” &body=https://www.yekum.org/2024/08/%d7%a4%d7%a8%d7%a0%d7%a5-%d7%a7%d7%a4%d7%a7%d7%90-%d7%91%d7%99%d7%9f-%d7%9e%d7%a7%d7%a1-%d7%91%d7%a8%d7%95%d7%93-%d7%9c%d7%91%d7%a0%d7%95%d7%aa-%d7%94%d7%95%d7%a4%d7%94-%d7%95%d7%92%d7%95%d7%a8%d7%9c/" title="Email" ><div class="td-social-but-icon"><i class="td-icon-mail"></i></div><div class="td-social-but-text">Email</div></a><a class="td-social-sharing-button td-social-sharing-button-js td-social-network td-social-print" href="#" title="Print" ><div class="td-social-but-icon"><i class="td-icon-print"></i></div><div class="td-social-but-text">Print</div></a></div><div class="td-social-sharing-hidden"><ul class="td-pulldown-filter-list"></ul><a class="td-social-sharing-button td-social-handler td-social-expand-tabs" href="#" data-block-uid="td_social_sharing_article_top" title="More"> <div class="td-social-but-icon"><i class="td-icon-plus td-social-expand-tabs-icon"></i></div> </a></div></div></div> <div class="td-post-content tagdiv-type"> <p>ב<a href="https://www.yekum.org/2024/07/%d7%9e%d7%a7%d7%a1-%d7%91%d7%a8%d7%95%d7%93-%d7%91%d7%99%d7%9f-%d7%a7%d7%a4%d7%a7%d7%90-%d7%9c%d7%a7%d7%99%d7%a9%d7%95%d7%9f/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">רשימה הקודמת אודות מקס ברוד</a> הזכרתי את תרומתו הגדולה, החד פעמית, בהצלת כתבי היד של חברו פראנץ קפקא מכיליון, בכך שהתעלם מבקשתו של חברו להשמיד את מורשתו הספרותית. ההחלטה האמיצה של מקס ברוד עלתה בקנה אחד עם הבנתו כי מדובר ביוצר גדול שאל לו לקיים את “צוואתו” ולהשמיד את מורשתו.</p> <p>לא היה זה “חידוש” בהיסטוריה הארוכה בה כתבי יד נדרשו להשמדה בידי כותבם. וירגיל, המשורר הרומי בן תקופתו של אוגוסטוס, הקיסר שוחר התרבות, ביקש כי יצירתו הגדולה והידועה האַינֵיאָס תושמד באשר הוא לא הספיק ללטשה עד תום טרם מותו. הקיסר ציווה שלא יעשה כרצון המשורר.</p> <div class="wp-block-image"> <figure class="aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/כריכת-מות-וירגיל-של-הרמן-ברוך.jpg?ssl=1"><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" width="200" height="336" data-attachment-id="130711" data-permalink="https://www.yekum.org/2024/08/%d7%a4%d7%a8%d7%a0%d7%a5-%d7%a7%d7%a4%d7%a7%d7%90-%d7%91%d7%99%d7%9f-%d7%9e%d7%a7%d7%a1-%d7%91%d7%a8%d7%95%d7%93-%d7%9c%d7%91%d7%a0%d7%95%d7%aa-%d7%94%d7%95%d7%a4%d7%94-%d7%95%d7%92%d7%95%d7%a8%d7%9c/%d7%9b%d7%a8%d7%99%d7%9b%d7%aa-%d7%9e%d7%95%d7%aa-%d7%95%d7%99%d7%a8%d7%92%d7%99%d7%9c-%d7%a9%d7%9c-%d7%94%d7%a8%d7%9e%d7%9f-%d7%91%d7%a8%d7%95%d7%9a/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/כריכת-מות-וירגיל-של-הרמן-ברוך.jpg?fit=200%2C336&ssl=1" data-orig-size="200,336" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="כריכת מות וירגיל של הרמן ברוך" data-image-description="<p>כריכת “מות וירגיל” של הרמן ברוך</p> " data-image-caption="<p>כריכת “מות וירגיל” של הרמן ברוך</p> " data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/כריכת-מות-וירגיל-של-הרמן-ברוך.jpg?fit=179%2C300&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/כריכת-מות-וירגיל-של-הרמן-ברוך.jpg?fit=200%2C336&ssl=1" tabindex="0" role="button" src="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/כריכת-מות-וירגיל-של-הרמן-ברוך.jpg?resize=200%2C336&ssl=1" alt="כריכת "מות וירגיל" של הרמן ברוך" class="wp-image-130711" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/כריכת-מות-וירגיל-של-הרמן-ברוך.jpg?w=200&ssl=1 200w, https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/כריכת-מות-וירגיל-של-הרמן-ברוך.jpg?resize=179%2C300&ssl=1 179w" sizes="(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px" data-recalc-dims="1" /></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">כריכת “מות וירגיל” של הרמן ברוך</figcaption></figure></div> <p>עזבונו הספרותי של הפילוסוף פרידריך ניטשה נפל לידיה של אליזבת אחותו שסעדה אותו בשנות חייו האחרונות. אליזבת הייתה לאומנית גרמנית ואנטישמית, ונישאה לאחר מהאנטישמים הידועים, הגזען ברנהרד פרסטר. לימים היתה גם תומכת נלהבת בתנועה והמפלגה הנאצית. </p> <p>היא הקימה ארכיון שכלל את כתבי היד של ניטשה, שחלקם הגדול טרם פורסם בחייו, ועיבדה אותם כך שיראו ככתבים המכילים התבטאויות גזעניות ואנטישמיות. רק במהלך שנות השישים של המאה העשרים עבר ארכיב כתבי היד שיחזור למקור וניפוי הנבלה שעשתה האחות הנאצית בכתבי אחיה.  </p> <div class="wp-block-image"> <figure class="aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/אליזבת-פרסטר-ניטשה-ציור-אדוורד-מונק.jpg?ssl=1"><img decoding="async" width="313" height="452" data-attachment-id="130713" data-permalink="https://www.yekum.org/2024/08/%d7%a4%d7%a8%d7%a0%d7%a5-%d7%a7%d7%a4%d7%a7%d7%90-%d7%91%d7%99%d7%9f-%d7%9e%d7%a7%d7%a1-%d7%91%d7%a8%d7%95%d7%93-%d7%9c%d7%91%d7%a0%d7%95%d7%aa-%d7%94%d7%95%d7%a4%d7%94-%d7%95%d7%92%d7%95%d7%a8%d7%9c/%d7%90%d7%9c%d7%99%d7%96%d7%91%d7%aa-%d7%a4%d7%a8%d7%a1%d7%98%d7%a8-%d7%a0%d7%99%d7%98%d7%a9%d7%94-%d7%a6%d7%99%d7%95%d7%a8-%d7%90%d7%93%d7%95%d7%95%d7%a8%d7%93-%d7%9e%d7%95%d7%a0%d7%a7/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/אליזבת-פרסטר-ניטשה-ציור-אדוורד-מונק.jpg?fit=313%2C452&ssl=1" data-orig-size="313,452" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="אליזבת פרסטר ניטשה ציור אדוורד מונק" data-image-description="<p>אליזבת פרסטר ניטשה. ציור אדוורד מונק</p> " data-image-caption="<p>אליזבת פרסטר ניטשה. ציור אדוורד מונק</p> " data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/אליזבת-פרסטר-ניטשה-ציור-אדוורד-מונק.jpg?fit=208%2C300&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/אליזבת-פרסטר-ניטשה-ציור-אדוורד-מונק.jpg?fit=313%2C452&ssl=1" tabindex="0" role="button" src="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/אליזבת-פרסטר-ניטשה-ציור-אדוורד-מונק.jpg?resize=313%2C452&ssl=1" alt="אליזבת פרסטר ניטשה. ציור אדוורד מונק" class="wp-image-130713" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/אליזבת-פרסטר-ניטשה-ציור-אדוורד-מונק.jpg?w=313&ssl=1 313w, https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/אליזבת-פרסטר-ניטשה-ציור-אדוורד-מונק.jpg?resize=208%2C300&ssl=1 208w, https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/אליזבת-פרסטר-ניטשה-ציור-אדוורד-מונק.jpg?resize=291%2C420&ssl=1 291w" sizes="(max-width: 313px) 100vw, 313px" data-recalc-dims="1" /></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">אליזבת פרסטר ניטשה. ציור אדוורד מונק</figcaption></figure></div> <p>אך כאמרי הפתגם “הדרך לגיהינום רצופה בכוונות טובות”. מהלך הצלת כתבי היד המקוריים השתבש בידי מקס ברוד עצמו. האיש שידע לתאר את חייהם של אחרים בעשרות ספריו, והכיר את חולשות האדם, נכשל בחייו הוא במטרתו הגדולה לשמר את עזבון קפקא אותו הציל ממלתעות הנאצים.</p> <p>במהלך שלושים שנים כמעט, מאז עלייתו לארץ ישראל ועד לפטירתו, עסק ברוד בעריכה, בהשלמה, תיקון גרסאות, והוצאה לאור מתוך המסמכים היקרים שהחזיק ברשותו. הגישה לחוקרים ולאנשי מחקר הספרות אחרים במסמכים אלו הייתה מוגבלת. האפוטרופסות של ברוד על אוצר כתבי היד של קפקא נבעה מהחברות ההדוקה בין השניים, ובעיקר מרצונו לתת לעיזבון הספרותי של קפקא את כל תשומת הלב הנדרשת. עם השנים, וחשיפת הסופר פרנץ קפקא ועליית קרנו ברחבי העולם, עמדה עבודתו של ברוד בביקורת נוקבת ולא תמיד עניינית של חוקרי ספרות, בעיקר מהעולם דובר גרמנית, על טיב פעולתו הספרותית הנעשית במחשכים ותוך פטרונות מלאה על אותה מורשת קפקא שמצויה ברשותו.</p> <p>איש אינו יודע עד עצם היום הזה מה נכלל באותם כתבי יד בעת שהועברו לארץ ישראל, איש אינו יודע מה כללו בשלמותם, כל זאת בשל הפרשה המוזרה של יחסי ברוד למזכירתו אסתר הופה.</p> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">האישה</h3> <p>כל שידוע הוא כי עם פטירתו הותיר ברוד צוואה, בה ציווה להעביר את כל עזבונו התרבותי לארכיון ציבורי שיאפשר מחקר כנהוג בעיזבונם של אנשי תרבות. באופן לא מפתיע לא היתה כל חציצה בין כתביו ויצירותיו לבין אלה של קפקא.</p> <p>מזכירתו, ידידתו, אשת אמונו, אסתר (אילזה) הופה, שנותרה בחיים לאחר מותו, מונתה בצוואה שהוראותיה המעורפלות השאירו בידה, כמנהלת העיזבון, כר נרחב וזמן ללא קץ כדי לבחור את המוסד אליו יועברו מסמכי עיזבון ברוד. האם להעבירם לרשות הספרייה הלאומית, או לכל ארכיב או מוסד מחקר אקדמי מכובד אחר, בארץ או בחו”ל, על פי שיקול דעתה.</p> <div class="wp-block-image"> <figure class="aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/כריכת-דרכו-של-טיכו-ברהי-לאלוהים-של-מקס-ברוד.jpg?ssl=1"><img decoding="async" width="222" height="293" data-attachment-id="130714" data-permalink="https://www.yekum.org/2024/08/%d7%a4%d7%a8%d7%a0%d7%a5-%d7%a7%d7%a4%d7%a7%d7%90-%d7%91%d7%99%d7%9f-%d7%9e%d7%a7%d7%a1-%d7%91%d7%a8%d7%95%d7%93-%d7%9c%d7%91%d7%a0%d7%95%d7%aa-%d7%94%d7%95%d7%a4%d7%94-%d7%95%d7%92%d7%95%d7%a8%d7%9c/%d7%9b%d7%a8%d7%99%d7%9b%d7%aa-%d7%93%d7%a8%d7%9b%d7%95-%d7%a9%d7%9c-%d7%98%d7%99%d7%9b%d7%95-%d7%91%d7%a8%d7%94%d7%99-%d7%9c%d7%90%d7%9c%d7%95%d7%94%d7%99%d7%9d-%d7%a9%d7%9c-%d7%9e%d7%a7%d7%a1-%d7%91/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/כריכת-דרכו-של-טיכו-ברהי-לאלוהים-של-מקס-ברוד.jpg?fit=222%2C293&ssl=1" data-orig-size="222,293" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="כריכת דרכו של טיכו ברהי לאלוהים של מקס ברוד" data-image-description="<p>כריכת ״דרכו של טיכו ברהי לאלוהים״ של מקס ברוד</p> " data-image-caption="<p>כריכת ״דרכו של טיכו ברהי לאלוהים״ של מקס ברוד</p> " data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/כריכת-דרכו-של-טיכו-ברהי-לאלוהים-של-מקס-ברוד.jpg?fit=222%2C293&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/כריכת-דרכו-של-טיכו-ברהי-לאלוהים-של-מקס-ברוד.jpg?fit=222%2C293&ssl=1" tabindex="0" role="button" src="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/כריכת-דרכו-של-טיכו-ברהי-לאלוהים-של-מקס-ברוד.jpg?resize=222%2C293&ssl=1" alt="כריכת ״דרכו של טיכו ברהי לאלוהים״ של מקס ברוד" class="wp-image-130714" data-recalc-dims="1"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">כריכת ״דרכו של טיכו ברהי לאלוהים״ של מקס ברוד</figcaption></figure></div> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">המשפט של “המשפט” פרק א’</h3> <p>בשנת 1968, עם פטירתו של מקס ברוד ובהליך לקיום צוואתו שהתקיים בבית המשפט המחוזי בתל אביב, עלה בדרך אגב גורלם של כתבי היד של קפקא אותם הציל והחזיק ברשותו ברוד ללא שמישהו חלק על זכות זו כל עוד היה בחיים. </p> <p>מזכירתו הנאמנה של מקס ברוד, אסתר הופה, שמונתה בצוואתו למנהלת עזבונו, העלתה טענה מפתיעה! היא טענה כי מאז 1952 היא הבעלים החוקי של כתבי קפקא, אותם קיבלה במתנה כדין ממקס ברוד בעודו בחיים. אשר על כן אין כתבי קפקא נכללים בגדר נכסי עיזבון ברוד. </p> <p>ב-1973 ניתן פסק הדין בעניין עיזבון מקס ברוד, והשופט יצחק שילה הצביע על כשל או “לָקוּנׇה” באשר לגורלם של כתבי קפקא שנמצאו בעיזבון ברוד: “אינני דן כאן בשאלה אם כתבי יד של קפקא היו שייכים למנוח (מכס ברוד) ויכול היה למוסרם במתנה. ….. אם כתבי יד אלה לא היו בבעלות המנוח, הרי בוודאי שלא עברו להיות חלק מעיזבונו והשאלה אם שייכים הם לגב’ הופה או לאחרים כגון ליורשי קפקא, אף היא איננה נדונה כאן”.</p> <p>קביעה משפטית זו לא דקרה את עיני הציבור התרבותי הישראלי דאז. פסק הדין התקבל בדממה שאיפשרה לגברת אסתר (אילזה) הופה לצאת למסע מכירות של מיטב היצירה המודרנית מפרי עטו של אחד מגדולי סופרי המאה העשרים, לכל המרבה במחיר!</p> <p>כתב היד של “המשפט” נמכר במכירה פומבית על ידי אסתר הופה תמורת מיליון ליש”ט, והוא שוכן בבית הספרים של האוניברסיטה בעיר מרבאך בגרמניה.</p> <p>מדינת ישראל לא ניסתה להפעיל את סמכותה על פי חוק הארכיונים הקובע כי: “חומר ארכיוני – כל כתב על גבי נייר …..המצויים בכל מקום שהוא ושיש בהם עניין לחקר העבר, העם, המדינה או החברה, או שהם קשורים לזכרם או לפעולתם של אנשי שם; יופקדו בגנזך המדינה”.</p> <p>אולי משום שבמשרד החינוך והתרבות לא ראו בכתבי קפקא מורשת השייכת למדינת ישראל. מצד מוצאו היהודי וגורל העם באירופה אכן משתייך קפקא לעם היהודי וללאום היהודי במשמעותו הרחבה, כמו איינשטיין, או פול צ’לאן, אך אימוצו כנכס תרבות ישראלי, לא נראה מן הסתם חד וחלק לפקידים כחלק משימור מורשת תרבות העבר היהודי.</p> <h3 class="wp-block-heading"> פרק ב’</h3> <p>הזמן נקף, וגם מזכירתו של ברוד, אסתר הופה, נסתלקה מעולמנו, וכמסתבר נסתלקו עוד ועוד כתבי יד מאוצרו של קפקא ונמכרו על ידי הגברת בחשאי, ושוב התעורר העניין המשפטי בדבר גורלם של שיירי כתבי קפקא שנותרו בעיזבונה.</p> <p>אסתר הופה הורישה לבנותיה את כל רכושה, שכלל את פירות עיזבונו של ברוד, ואת יתרת כתבי היד של קפקא שטרם נמכרו. לטענתה, כזכור, נמסרו לה כתבי קפקא במתנה עוד ב-1952.</p> <p>נראה היה שסוגיה זו תישאר בגדר עניין לא מוכרע, וכי יורשות אסתר הופה עומדות שוב ליהנות מ”ההפקר”, כלומר איש לא יכריע בעניין הבעלות על כתבי היד המקוריים של פרנץ קפקא שהועברו מיד ליד ונפלו לידי בנותיה של המזכירה הנאמנה.</p> <div class="wp-block-image"> <figure class="aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/כריכת-המשפט-האחרון-של-קפקא-של-בנגמין-באלינט.jpg?ssl=1"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="276" height="427" data-attachment-id="130715" data-permalink="https://www.yekum.org/2024/08/%d7%a4%d7%a8%d7%a0%d7%a5-%d7%a7%d7%a4%d7%a7%d7%90-%d7%91%d7%99%d7%9f-%d7%9e%d7%a7%d7%a1-%d7%91%d7%a8%d7%95%d7%93-%d7%9c%d7%91%d7%a0%d7%95%d7%aa-%d7%94%d7%95%d7%a4%d7%94-%d7%95%d7%92%d7%95%d7%a8%d7%9c/%d7%9b%d7%a8%d7%99%d7%9b%d7%aa-%d7%94%d7%9e%d7%a9%d7%a4%d7%98-%d7%94%d7%90%d7%97%d7%a8%d7%95%d7%9f-%d7%a9%d7%9c-%d7%a7%d7%a4%d7%a7%d7%90-%d7%a9%d7%9c-%d7%91%d7%a0%d7%92%d7%9e%d7%99%d7%9f-%d7%91%d7%90/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/כריכת-המשפט-האחרון-של-קפקא-של-בנגמין-באלינט.jpg?fit=276%2C427&ssl=1" data-orig-size="276,427" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="כריכת המשפט האחרון של קפקא של בנגמין באלינט" data-image-description="<p>כריכת ״המשפט האחרון של קפקא״ של בנ׳גמין באלינט</p> " data-image-caption="<p>כריכת ״המשפט האחרון של קפקא״ של בנ׳גמין באלינט</p> " data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/כריכת-המשפט-האחרון-של-קפקא-של-בנגמין-באלינט.jpg?fit=194%2C300&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/כריכת-המשפט-האחרון-של-קפקא-של-בנגמין-באלינט.jpg?fit=276%2C427&ssl=1" tabindex="0" role="button" src="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/כריכת-המשפט-האחרון-של-קפקא-של-בנגמין-באלינט.jpg?resize=276%2C427&ssl=1" alt="כריכת ״המשפט האחרון של קפקא״ של בנ׳גמין באלינט" class="wp-image-130715" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/כריכת-המשפט-האחרון-של-קפקא-של-בנגמין-באלינט.jpg?w=276&ssl=1 276w, https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/כריכת-המשפט-האחרון-של-קפקא-של-בנגמין-באלינט.jpg?resize=194%2C300&ssl=1 194w, https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/כריכת-המשפט-האחרון-של-קפקא-של-בנגמין-באלינט.jpg?resize=271%2C420&ssl=1 271w" sizes="(max-width: 276px) 100vw, 276px" data-recalc-dims="1" /></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">כריכת ״המשפט האחרון של קפקא״ של בנג’מין באלינט ה<strong>ס</strong>וקר את תהפוכות עזבונו של קפקא</figcaption></figure></div> <p>אלא שהפעם חלה תפנית בעלילה.</p> <p>בדיון משפטי שהתחיל ב-2007 והתקיים בפני בית הדין לענייני משפחה, שדן בעיזבונה של אסתר הופה, הצטרפה לדיון כצד מעוניין הספרייה הלאומית בירושלים, שעל פי צוואת מקס ברוד קיבלה לרשותה את מורשתו התרבותית, כלומר את מכלול יצירתו הפיזית, להבדיל מהזכות לתגמולים מהם נהנתה המנוחה אסתר הופה. אז עלתה גם התביעה לכלול את שרידי כתבי קפקא שנותרו ברשות מקס ברוד כחלק מעיזבונו.</p> <p>בניגוד לדרישה זו טענו יורשותיה של אסתר הופה כי אימן קיבלה את כתבי היד של קפקא ממקס ברוד בעודו בחיים כבר בשנת 1952, ואימן בתורה העניקה להן את הכתבים של קפקא במתנה, ולכן אין מדובר בנכסי עיזבון כלל. </p> <p>במהלך הדיון הסכימו כל הצדדים להתדיינות להותיר להכרעת בית המשפט את השאלה: <strong>האם קיבלה המנוחה אסתר הופה כתבי יד של קפקא ממקס ברוד בעודו בחייו</strong> (הדגשה שלי א.ג.).</p> <p>הסכמה זו של הצדדים אפשרה לשופטת להכריע בטענת היורשות כי קיבלו את כתבי קפקא במתנה על ידי המורישה מידי מקס ברוד ולכן אינם חלק מהעיזבון. השופטת דחתה את הטענה.</p> <p>בשנת 2012 החליטה השופטת בפסק דינה כי מסירת הכתבים של קפקא לאסתר הופה, על פי הדין שנהג באותה עת (1952), לא נשתכללה לכלל מתנה, ולכן נותרו חלק מעיזבון מקס ברוד, ועל כן אינם בבעלות המורישה או בנותיה. השופטת פסקה כי כתביו של קפקא, השמורים בדירתה של חוה הופה, בתה של אסתר, ובכספות בנק שונות בארץ ובחו”ל, יופקדו בספרייה הלאומית. זאת, בהיותם חלק מעיזבון ברוד, שציווה אותם לספרייה הלאומית כמקום המועדף עליו להפקדת עיזבונו.</p> <div class="wp-block-image"> <figure class="aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Kafka.jpg?ssl=1"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="696" height="848" data-attachment-id="129138" data-permalink="https://www.yekum.org/2024/06/%d7%94%d7%90%d7%92%d7%93%d7%94-%d7%a2%d7%9c-%d7%a4%d7%a8%d7%a0%d7%a5-%d7%a7%d7%a4%d7%a7%d7%94/kafka/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Kafka.jpg?fit=800%2C975&ssl=1" data-orig-size="800,975" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Kafka" data-image-description="<p>פרנץ קפקא כנראה 1923. ויקיפדיה</p> " data-image-caption="<p>פרנץ קפקא כנראה 1923. ויקיפדיה</p> " data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Kafka.jpg?fit=246%2C300&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Kafka.jpg?fit=696%2C848&ssl=1" tabindex="0" role="button" src="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Kafka.jpg?resize=696%2C848&ssl=1" alt="פרנץ קפקא כנראה 1923. ויקיפדיה" class="wp-image-129138" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Kafka.jpg?w=800&ssl=1 800w, https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Kafka.jpg?resize=246%2C300&ssl=1 246w, https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Kafka.jpg?resize=768%2C936&ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Kafka.jpg?resize=345%2C420&ssl=1 345w, https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Kafka.jpg?resize=689%2C840&ssl=1 689w, https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Kafka.jpg?resize=696%2C848&ssl=1 696w" sizes="(max-width: 696px) 100vw, 696px" data-recalc-dims="1" /></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">פרנץ קפקא כנראה 1923. ויקיפדיה</figcaption></figure></div> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">פרק ג </h3> <p>ב-2009 פרסם העיתון הגרמני “דר צייט” כי היורשות לבית הופה מחזיקות כתבי יד של קפקא בכספת בשוויץ, בנוסף לכספות בבנקים בתל אביב עליהם כבר היה ידוע קודם לכן.</p> <p>בתה של אסתר הופה הגישה ערעור לבית המשפט המחוזי על פסק הדין. בחודש יוני 2015 אימץ בית המשפט המחוזי את המסקנות שנקבעו בבית הדין לענייני משפחה, ודחה את הערעור.</p> <p>אולם את הנעשה אין להשיב, במהלך השנים הרבות בהן החזיקו בנות הופה בכתבי קפקא, נמכרו והועלמו חלק הארי מהכתבים, וכתב היד של ה”משפט” שוכן כיום בגרמניה.</p> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">פרק ד</h3> <p>חשיפתה של הכספת הסודית בשוויץ, ופסקי הדין שנתנו בישראל, איפשרו להעביר האוסף היקר לספריה בירושלים, בהם גם התכתבות של קפקא עם מקס ברוד ויתר חבריו, יומני מסעו עם ברוד, המכתב המפורסם שכתב קפקא לאביו, ומחברת ללימוד עברית.</p> <p>חוה הופה סירבה להעביר את הכתבים של קפקא לספריה הלאומית בטענה שיש להעבירם לארכיב בעיר מרבאך – לתזכורת, זה הגוף שאסף בחשאי את הכתבים שכבר נמכרו על ידה ועל ידי אמה, וביניהם “המשפט”.</p> <p>בית המשפט העליון הכיר “בזכות התרבותית” של מדינת ישראל לשמירת יתרת כתבי יד קפקא בישראל כנכס תרבות של מדינת ישראל, לעומת דרישת הספרייה האוניברסיטאית בעיר מרבאך בה נטען בעזות מצח כי כתבי קפקא משתייכים לתרבות הגרמנית. קפקא היה יהודי, אמנם יהודי “חילוני”, שכתב בגרמנית בניב אוסטרי, בהיותו יליד האימפריה האוסטרו-הונגרית ולא גרמניה. גרמניה הנאצית רצחה את אחיותיו של קפקא שהן יורשות עזבונו, ואין מוסד רשמי גרמני יכול לטעון כי קפקא הוא חלק מהמורשת התרבותית הגרמנית, לא במאה העשרים בכל מקרה.</p> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">פרק ה’</h3> <p>גורל עגום נפל גם בחלקם של עוד מכתביו של קפקא, שנכתבו בתקופה האחרונה בחייו, כשהתגורר בזוגיות עם אהובתו דורה דיאמנט בברלין. קפקא הותיר 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href="https://www.yekum.org/author/abraham"><img data-del="avatar" src='https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/אבי-גולדברג.jpg?fit=150%2C200&ssl=1' class='avatar pp-user-avatar avatar-200 photo ' height='200' width='200'/></a><div class="desc"><div class="td-author-name vcard author"><span class="fn"><a href="https://www.yekum.org/author/abraham">אבי גולדברג</a></span></div><div class="td-author-description">פרסם את הספרים "מסדר קוזימה" (ידיעות ספרים, 2007), "חוף בלי ים" (2012), ״רצח בטור דה פראנס״ (2013), ו-״אל תקרא לי סוחוי" (2017). תרגם את ״בצהרי היום וסיפורים אחרים״ מבחר סיפורים קצרים מספרות העולם (2019), ו-״מסע עם אתון בסוון״ של רוברט לואיס סטיבנסון (2019).</div><div class="td-author-social"></div></div><div class="clearfix"></div></div> <span class="td-page-meta" itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><meta itemprop="name" content="אבי גולדברג"><meta itemprop="url" content="https://www.yekum.org/author/abraham/"></span><meta 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