CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '912ddad26a0d3fb0',cH: 'OuBp1rhpA4jK5sNGVEtxqUGS44yXFAZW1eq.tiwPXLQ-1739712233-1.2.1.1-Dcnsw.nv2b74Eyf5DgkSuw4fRL_710F.LWOkJF.5XRQEeiILKzH58De28sDjdanH',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=asssesment&__cf_chl_tk=hsCsuIrxYW2l8WUDBfebAd4ip0jgoAdvmuYxoWvtXOg-1739712233-1.0.1.1-os0f.i2t9hOmw777jlheiIZ5zAiwS8V58YQ7Kaj2yS4",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739712233',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=asssesment&__cf_chl_f_tk=hsCsuIrxYW2l8WUDBfebAd4ip0jgoAdvmuYxoWvtXOg-1739712233-1.0.1.1-os0f.i2t9hOmw777jlheiIZ5zAiwS8V58YQ7Kaj2yS4",md: "d7PuJO78FyGnirtevhSfepAS7piH3SuOYhTW5NF9TXI-1739712233-1.2.1.1-U3eV731dQwGyLCTaLWhn2vKLZjlkAwvXzc8N6uesAijzL.AyYhqqadb5hMbp1uRbZGqvRKkX4x9D0OECm4TIhKDxRbXwLPyXJLz2wjiUA2kbkXl.fAdwdQnfFofPpXpGi9il30AvXHp0UPh8PHu9rBkmHTn9QCEHZ4U4Guwy_n4a8YY44SAzyWMl7SXDR4WB87YTVuh9ArTy_xmpp4qpe628qM6L.c49iGM4UclWEQAXG8yn9SaYB37LHY5U5scYsqKyG97dhKqDHUI0o8VXeQ67IDqswhZtTFYQ98EsPgWvrSsh5kN5Iv.dhAk7MxK90_u3gdYu7joxkA7X52.aNTJLcPV1sPpEF2Qi9Ww5rRuy5dsMS3NiU.SpQX6SAGeYs4NFfxiFzkzXdJoD.qA3B67Cp3kyq6M7.36LDQRP1syDX2fpNq6PLsLRnlbe.cFjDuvqMrddtxGBLjhw7b6wp6fNd.JSy5ASygBL8u1aYg0iR0rWQ3tI0lt7FKgbVrclP_JB6z.NAYgqXsvb6mTxDQ54G7Ii0ulON.RUI9PxPMcfa1cc3rYRXi7PWjAkKLi58kpq6sSH2ijBjDsrz6KOQ0S61BvxYyal0gCd.aqKTWPLghpzkddovwLCYOcoEvUWSTL2emPdoQKCMOyO.wCClzSppneIGBZbRYO5pOmisuBdh2xPRqlm.YUYkwXNNo1F37IQr3KDLpXnaw4w1ceXTzx1A5wCmRyU6YRoI669OQFgKiRrc17DElXdx8ixfci1txyxBuFGk0rb1Q_rOZDoFiGbQbjApMjEUxR_i6P3Ia5olV4M9MHZ9mK248KxS.2n4hBKKYq37iLqsmYhvNsvaWxWSzwlg1Wb7VrUbUBuxuemwMbOLLEnaV6d.ojXl_iwuCXCZYt607J_vBuVWO1ZPN_UG8NnY7MHLYSJIRofkOGs1aSZoXXQRestgcVUDqzLnN_w1dP8_KCFghn70d81MHhiXl8ECjliYjzVlY2PDBrUbQ7fRut59I4F0HYme8qesQUmxZHlSAy3ZMbYvpYjq.fT9LKodkt7jqRiMzSowOivGrJ90JsuEnApXkiCe69o7FH.9JHBQfNFEXV5u8iEH9D6bESimHk4jyh8BHniYjubOqZw6yZpV2TeacFPHp8U.Dqx51ZH7QoILOWRegEY2pk.wVlN34XMj11qLhZuTvz9na.H1vRD3dVf32i6PVXtNSjagOv6qrnVdDMFpu3cvFyVDVaNchWjeVqGd1ylw7VsSKYMZSrJ54CzxtxLWWidhdzAo0pIPotEjZT_WmoIC.eWcjoY9b0uqpfaEpTG7eAuEloSPHj1y43nONipXMwrOFSf3RN1to04tBpA3bzYE.vb4lhVO6o41RkG.MQgMk5wHA_9j8U0wiJ7cHyZbnb0pbnhZguCcJuOxaNGA7tYS30d.bK4hwN_8d8CKPpqvxKmEIugTnY_FYIAIDlAupd14l9i4XRbU1iWvQXqEgxVvCuaiyGU_xpw3F3hAZ.0Lzn9hp3mYbGGRjopvix5TMz75FH9fj_n50eGooTKGEXAzjC8L9c3Cu5kKQ4LuOgoIpjF8k1Xc9LIiKPcHmo4P7.3VXUeIGkxqram0bfM92.NIlkYTm6TRGfLC01XTDR6RymW5eFNM7e59ymdy20hFsN06S_sIqq6bNZZjUvH4VVyEVZGxMg1V0hijh4ypvmFJ1GT1W0vWdt_.ChhWzzpl7ShJR7N.aRhxqoInKIIFkRjJ2Wm1DuOwwp9AZyAoIxpzEON7p6f9hpPLfECPAJLcWezNbsoZl1Na5yTCNp1KDasWSW5iPyeslvXbANl_HhbAHNCG9jpJgeV3ydsZiZFQLW3DR.FgJhf69QEI4ZVYUg8g121AWQ1HJw94tdEZO.FKCfrS4GOJlKQuj0YEP5mz3pjP0xNJ0qUYdlr3bwjefFueQ",mdrd: "G.FTXeWoxpOPElEC4Z3jAGKZtEqQUO80RPuh7P_MRzo-1739712233-1.2.1.1-wwuyeRNKfPXxkZ9sobtyNGuI7vwvdqngtbweURWh1i47rlMinperJ26x9zJBfpDyoyAskQf24kq9aH3Kp6NrZ3Qd9ZSfL6le28MljWAf88cbIoj5jXkyS1p9PTcOIsl3lZiWwILPXbe77.KLgr6NhA6FGoqJhY6RqGByyu4ff5N_1Vut7v8X6FpYOrxxRjQ1XRtRgzKvJOGBw4O1SaKjigPrq.HtmhIJAhGncm3DbfP0kCU1CK9AMb_uH9oL9Vmqn7DVbrv1FNHx_YDMWck2dshIXSac_nYjwMToybPd8FIc8OHRZ36SAB7veSRszzpI4BnOArk6161r7S_RSt2cNlJ50lQ3TAJZZY9u_5lkXrYO9Woh588dIxTtg5wRxxsm1S4z28yCIw_d9EWCdcI5RtG7ogBPKAto3gVXFVf_GbhkPpIN_.WQp_OhmsGR848s6f0zjUELvQ5E_oLcYyJu3nJt6rzMxt9jcIsOQlGn21PcWMU5tV3sfB.AH0l9IG9o.DTbeWtzigHJAhv7MR6629vI9G7liZg4fOInr.ER4UHLZ2cXt_UfvrlOhRfSXWWpiP5d6O8Sos0uSBYp7vewNrMhyC0HoztS.bVDfna9BU2eT_qd_ra_iU0x_o7d3hmh7F3zp6fZNBRKw9ZBPi4.881Q0rLvikDg7RJLukaTGYlhW5pbrFLWzOpFzwSjkv17oagZ5wSbYJHruGJMm_8Mu6.eps7LZsM5keRypcXmK6Kedcy_PaCmyGIPrVcFyCIttn1wiw65fSuWFYp1ZICLnK7_6GaXfBJw022IT12RUUTjsa33ClJlWMv7G1TTerXp65c9.m85SbKjhpr4Ax1OaI7_Y4j1glCLcnCTMp7qfTIwXe6W_7XhBx1wqwKTP9s_IX2Nf5HSSSlnncdJEWZuU6E1jboEb8wyqoGJV.aoL3QNwYparztnaYk_beUa3FVy6Lv8l4Ry32Yv1XDgZdHRfU2va3Z_vjZtDTiVlT_y81LS2oNr_vQQaLFDasDtRYijAwfA4IGrhCSh.vlC0t2jMfHWudsfNjIlKE4z2Nl09TCWNHya5RsYSRaN4CijiWfHy1FPpAuxB6V8EDiCIjB_KFr_LZrq7qN6gSkacU151eIxqwBZsT0mxd6GOztjhx2zn.fRueoNrf94apsNBCUMIM0Cnbafnju80PBtfKiS.xuprAHXe1R_QHQ8vjYqwKgWTbff4YLQp9xdpw0bOa4a200r5Te_CKrQcg3fSpqn3Vc.PrWdTgHkVXR6IH4NwuJUgGvPngfPOJIj17Qp1z9BWlBsh1SA_oFGSouYUiOqCYATFLC8FZJz9dv9jGE3_IQuXNQ5d8WE5P9Q.61ZWNJ7KiiugAW.oeaqH4Tut0TqUx_JU94HVXfm1vHHnitePWycxxDLDGHf5t5stQl3z6mM6E0cKejVPdjMOG9_eMC9WOhUtXrcblAMb_QKgc8FmNP1CZN.6TDj6pgC9fkJTm1IL10zWLvnNAyHWUrhajbvL1kgMLn5DrGBkGGxLsOBCBQvnUGA8nPyj7SL3Zrx_OYBdIkp8FaLYxDRhKOuBtOVscXKu5iuZTSlgCDAJrlkzIfZJR84iLeqELv_OGkMrz6H34onEwt1pIYKPgdJQnu653X_xd5Xhl3gRmsBtvLMGpsq88XRoAUd.hT1Qccc6I5.h6hpEfrF8wqjtGsDoPpPioZFmN1x8WhYnuIpwQoZJMz1hDOYfOENpUuIMOLQqirOctGaAYCTAFfJf2tl16aMMMxMf5Mx6zOuEW1tnMirIlZkVeX6fNMZYrmb7par9JidmZsXEJjr.GgWEcXtBeeqwyXMaAfoAgnirW4SqdtJ8lPFAwNo.rf8o74YyniOhfILnnsP51mXkJRTAXYGSsTUxNbhrQjGi7sKaN4sBuBCPEsrm7dhyZ5ydsbpWxl5e0UOd3RMjitb4fNMBTZfdX_Qu1FuSCw8wegQ.ws_N5aWsJ0rGHrhW02Dl7Kk_WXquYYzvg"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=912ddad26a0d3fb0';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=asssesment&__cf_chl_rt_tk=hsCsuIrxYW2l8WUDBfebAd4ip0jgoAdvmuYxoWvtXOg-1739712233-1.0.1.1-os0f.i2t9hOmw777jlheiIZ5zAiwS8V58YQ7Kaj2yS4" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>