CINXE.COM
PEN America Endorses the Magna Charta Universitatum 2020 - PEN America
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var(--pen-easing,ease-out)}input[list]::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--input-placeholder-color)}input[list]::placeholder{color:var(--input-placeholder-color)}input[list]:hover{background-color:var(--input-hover-background-color);border-color:var(--input-hover-border-color);color:var(--input-hover-text-color)}input[list]:focus{background-color:var(--input-focus-background-color);border-color:var(--input-focus-border-color);color:var(--input-focus-text-color);outline:.2rem solid #b3d9ff;outline:var(--pen-outline-color,#b3d9ff) solid var(--pen-outline-width,.2rem)}input[list] :root:disabled,input[list] [aria-disabled]:root,input[list] [readonly]:root{background-color:#f1f2f4;background-color:var(--pen-disabled-background-color,var(--pen-color-gray-7,#f1f2f4));border-color:#f1f2f4;border-color:var(--pen-disabled-border-color,var(--pen-color-gray-6,#e3e5e8));color:#5c6370;color:var(--pen-disabled-text-color,var(--pen-color-gray-5,#8f96a3))}input[list] :root:disabled::-moz-placeholder{color:#5c6370;color:var(--pen-disabled-text-color,var(--pen-color-gray-5,#8f96a3))}input[list] :root:disabled::placeholder{color:#5c6370;color:var(--pen-disabled-text-color,var(--pen-color-gray-5,#8f96a3))}input[list] [aria-disabled]:root::-moz-placeholder{color:#5c6370;color:var(--pen-disabled-text-color,var(--pen-color-gray-5,#8f96a3))}input[list] [aria-disabled]:root::placeholder{color:#5c6370;color:var(--pen-disabled-text-color,var(--pen-color-gray-5,#8f96a3))}input[list] [readonly]:root::-moz-placeholder{color:#5c6370;color:var(--pen-disabled-text-color,var(--pen-color-gray-5,#8f96a3))}input[list] [readonly]:root::placeholder{color:#5c6370;color:var(--pen-disabled-text-color,var(--pen-color-gray-5,#8f96a3))}input[list]:disabled{cursor:not-allowed}input[list]:invalid:not(:focus){border-color:var(--input-invalid-border-color)}input[list]:valid:not(:focus){border-color:var(--input-valid-border-color)}input[list]{display:block;height:2.5rem;height:var(--pen-input-height,2.5rem);padding:0 .75rem;padding:var(--pen-input-padding-vertical,0) var(--pen-input-padding-horizontal,.75rem);width:100%}input[type=file]{cursor:pointer;display:block;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit}input[type=file]:focus{outline:.2rem solid #b3d9ff;outline:var(--pen-outline-color,#b3d9ff) solid var(--pen-outline-width,.2rem)}input[type=file]:disabled,input[type=file][aria-disabled]{cursor:not-allowed}input[type=file]::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit}.radio input[type=radio]{height:0;left:0;opacity:0;pointer-events:none;position:absolute;top:0;width:0}.radio input[type=radio]:hover+label:before{background-color:var(--radio-hover-background-color)}.radio input[type=radio]:focus+label:before{background-color:var(--radio-focus-background-color);outline:.2rem solid #b3d9ff;outline:var(--pen-outline-color,#b3d9ff) solid var(--pen-outline-width,.2rem)}.radio input[type=radio]:checked+label:before,.radio input[type=radio][aria-checked]+label:before{background-color:var(--radio-checked-background-color);border-color:var(--radio-checked-border-color)}.radio input[type=radio]:checked+label:after,.radio input[type=radio][aria-checked]+label:after{background-color:var(--radio-check-background-color);border-radius:var(--radio-check-border-radius);content:"";display:block;height:var(--radio-check-height);left:calc(var(--radio-width)/2);position:absolute;top:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%);width:var(--radio-check-width)}.radio input[type=radio] :root:disabled+label,.radio input[type=radio] [aria-disabled]:root+label,.radio input[type=radio] [readonly]:root+label{color:#5c6370;color:var(--pen-disabled-text-color,var(--pen-color-gray-5,#8f96a3))}.radio input[type=radio]:disabled,.radio input[type=radio][aria-disabled]{cursor:not-allowed}.radio input[type=radio] :root:disabled+label:before,.radio input[type=radio] [aria-disabled]:root+label:before,.radio input[type=radio] [readonly]:root+label:before{background-color:#f1f2f4;background-color:var(--pen-disabled-background-color,var(--pen-color-gray-7,#f1f2f4))}input[type=range]{--range-input-track-height:var(--pen-range-input-track-height,0.5rem);--range-input-track-border-radius:var(--pen-range-input-track-border-radius,var(--pen-border-radius,0.2rem));--range-input-track-background-color:var(--pen-range-input-track-background-color,var(--pen-color-gray-6,#e3e5e8));--range-input-thumb-width:var(--pen-range-input-thumb-width,1.5rem);--range-input-thumb-height:var(--pen-range-input-thumb-height,1.5rem);--range-input-thumb-border-radius:var(--pen-range-input-thumb-border-radius,50%);--range-input-thumb-background-color:var(--pen-range-input-thumb-background-color,var(--pen-color-primary,#0080ff));--range-input-thumb-disabled-background-color:var(--pen-range-input-thumb-disabled-background-color,var(--pen-color-gray-6,#e3e6e8));-webkit-appearance:none;background:transparent;outline:0;width:100%}input[type=range]::-webkit-slider-runnable-track{background-color:var(--range-input-track-background-color);border-radius:var(--range-input-track-border-radius);cursor:pointer;height:var(--range-input-track-height);-webkit-transition:background-color .1s ease-out;transition:background-color .1s ease-out;-webkit-transition:background-color var(--pen-speed,.2s) var(--pen-easing,ease-out);transition:background-color var(--pen-speed,.2s) var(--pen-easing,ease-out);width:100%}input[type=range]::-moz-range-track{background-color:var(--range-input-track-background-color);cursor:pointer;height:var(--range-input-track-height);-moz-transition:background-color .1s ease-out;transition:background-color .1s ease-out;-moz-transition:background-color var(--pen-speed,.2s) var(--pen-easing,ease-out);transition:background-color var(--pen-speed,.2s) var(--pen-easing,ease-out);width:100%}input[type=range]::-ms-track{background-color:transparent;border-color:transparent;border-width:var(--range-input-thumb-height);color:transparent;cursor:pointer;height:var(--range-input-track-height);-ms-transition:background-color .1s ease-out;transition:background-color .1s ease-out;-ms-transition:background-color var(--pen-speed,.2s) var(--pen-easing,ease-out);transition:background-color var(--pen-speed,.2s) var(--pen-easing,ease-out);width:100%}input[type=range]::-ms-fill-lower,input[type=range]::-ms-fill-upper{background-color:var(--range-input-track-background-color)}input[type=range]::-webkit-slider-thumb{-webkit-appearance:none;background-color:var(--range-input-thumb-background-color);border-color:transparent;border-radius:var(--range-input-thumb-border-radius);cursor:pointer;height:var(--range-input-thumb-height);margin-top:-.5rem;width:var(--range-input-thumb-width)}input[type=range]:focus::-webkit-slider-thumb{outline:.2rem solid #b3d9ff;outline:var(--pen-outline-color,#b3d9ff) solid var(--pen-outline-width,.2rem)}input[type=range]::-moz-range-thumb{background-color:var(--range-input-thumb-background-color);border-color:transparent;border-radius:var(--range-input-thumb-border-radius);cursor:pointer;height:var(--range-input-thumb-height);width:var(--range-input-thumb-width)}input[type=range]:focus::-moz-range-thumb{box-shadow:0 0 0 .2rem #b3d9ff;box-shadow:0 0 0 var(--pen-outline-width,.2rem) var(--pen-outline-color,#b3d9ff)}input[type=range]::-ms-thumb{background-color:var(--range-input-thumb-background-color);border-color:transparent;border-radius:var(--range-input-thumb-border-radius);cursor:pointer;height:var(--range-input-thumb-height);width:var(--range-input-thumb-width)}input[type=range]:focus::-ms-thumb{outline:.2rem solid #b3d9ff;outline:var(--pen-outline-color,#b3d9ff) solid var(--pen-outline-width,.2rem)}input[type=range]:disabled::-webkit-slider-runnable-track,input[type=range][aria-disabled]::-webkit-slider-runnable-track{background-color:#f1f2f4;background-color:var(--pen-disabled-background-color,var(--pen-color-gray-7,#f1f2f4));cursor:not-allowed}input[type=range]:disabled::-moz-range-track,input[type=range][aria-disabled]::-moz-range-track{background-color:#f1f2f4;background-color:var(--pen-disabled-background-color,var(--pen-color-gray-7,#f1f2f4));cursor:not-allowed}input[type=range]:disabled::-ms-fill-lower,input[type=range]:disabled::-ms-fill-upper,input[type=range][aria-disabled]::-ms-fill-lower,input[type=range][aria-disabled]::-ms-fill-upper{background-color:#f1f2f4;background-color:var(--pen-disabled-background-color,var(--pen-color-gray-7,#f1f2f4));cursor:not-allowed}input[type=range]:disabled::-webkit-slider-thumb,input[type=range][aria-disabled]::-webkit-slider-thumb{background-color:var(--range-input-thumb-disabled-background-color);cursor:not-allowed}input[type=range]:disabled::-moz-range-thumb,input[type=range][aria-disabled]::-moz-range-thumb{background-color:var(--range-input-thumb-disabled-background-color);cursor:not-allowed}input[type=range]:disabled::-ms-thumb,input[type=range][aria-disabled]::-ms-thumb{background-color:var(--range-input-thumb-disabled-background-color);cursor:not-allowed}select{--select-background-image:var(--pen-select-background-image,url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' width='30' height='16'%3E%3Cpath fill='%23000' fill-rule='evenodd' d='M15 16 0 0h30z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"));--select-background-position:var(--pen-select-background-position,right 1rem center);--select-background-size:var(--pen-select-background-size,0.75rem);--select-multiple-padding-vertical:var(--pen-select-multiple-padding-vertical,0.75rem);--select-multiple-checked-background-color:var(--pen-select-multiple-checked-background-color,var(--pen-color-primary,#0080ff));--input-border-width:var(--pen-input-border-width,1px);--input-border-color:var(--pen-input-border-color,var(--pen-color-gray-6,#e3e5e8));--input-border-radius:var(--pen-input-border-radius,var(--pen-border-radius,0.2rem));--input-background-color:var(--pen-input-background-color,#fff);--input-text-color:var(--pen-input-text-color,var(--pen-text-color,var(--pen-color-gray-2,#17191c)));--input-placeholder-color:var(--pen-input-placeholder-color,var(--pen-color-gray-4,#5c6370));--input-hover-border-color:var(--pen-input-hover-border-color,var(--pen-input-border-color,var(--pen-color-gray-6,#e3e5e8)));--input-hover-background-color:var(--pen-input-hover-background-color,var(--pen-input-background-color,#fff));--input-hover-text-color:var(--pen-input-hover-text-color,var(--pen-input-text-color,var(--pen-text-color,var(--pen-color-gray-2,#17191c))));--input-focus-border-color:var(--pen-input-focus-border-color,var(--pen-input-border-color,var(--pen-color-gray-6,#e3e5e8)));--input-focus-background-color:var(--pen-input-focus-background-color,var(--pen-input-background-color,#fff));--input-focus-text-color:var(--pen-input-focus-text-color,var(--pen-input-text-color,var(--pen-text-color,var(--pen-color-gray-2,#17191c))));--input-invalid-border-color:var(--pen-input-invalid-border-color,var(--pen-color-danger,#fa3d56));--input-valid-border-color:var(--pen-input-valid-border-color,var(--pen-input-border-color,var(--pen-color-gray-6,#e3e5e8)));-moz-appearance:none;-webkit-appearance:none;background-color:var(--input-background-color);border:var(--input-border-width) solid var(--input-border-color);border-radius:var(--input-border-radius);box-shadow:none;color:var(--input-text-color);font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit;font-weight:400;font-weight:var(--pen-font-weight-base,400);line-height:inherit;margin:0;outline:none;transition:border-color .1s ease-out,color .1s ease-out,background-color .1s ease-out;transition:border-color var(--pen-speed,.1s) var(--pen-easing,ease-out),color var(--pen-speed,.1s) var(--pen-easing,ease-out),background-color var(--pen-speed,.1s) var(--pen-easing,ease-out)}select::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--input-placeholder-color)}select::placeholder{color:var(--input-placeholder-color)}select:hover{background-color:var(--input-hover-background-color);border-color:var(--input-hover-border-color);color:var(--input-hover-text-color)}select:focus{background-color:var(--input-focus-background-color);border-color:var(--input-focus-border-color);color:var(--input-focus-text-color);outline:.2rem solid #b3d9ff;outline:var(--pen-outline-color,#b3d9ff) solid var(--pen-outline-width,.2rem)}select :root:disabled,select [aria-disabled]:root,select [readonly]:root{background-color:#f1f2f4;background-color:var(--pen-disabled-background-color,var(--pen-color-gray-7,#f1f2f4));border-color:#f1f2f4;border-color:var(--pen-disabled-border-color,var(--pen-color-gray-6,#e3e5e8));color:#5c6370;color:var(--pen-disabled-text-color,var(--pen-color-gray-5,#8f96a3))}select :root:disabled::-moz-placeholder{color:#5c6370;color:var(--pen-disabled-text-color,var(--pen-color-gray-5,#8f96a3))}select :root:disabled::placeholder{color:#5c6370;color:var(--pen-disabled-text-color,var(--pen-color-gray-5,#8f96a3))}select [aria-disabled]:root::-moz-placeholder{color:#5c6370;color:var(--pen-disabled-text-color,var(--pen-color-gray-5,#8f96a3))}select [aria-disabled]:root::placeholder{color:#5c6370;color:var(--pen-disabled-text-color,var(--pen-color-gray-5,#8f96a3))}select [readonly]:root::-moz-placeholder{color:#5c6370;color:var(--pen-disabled-text-color,var(--pen-color-gray-5,#8f96a3))}select [readonly]:root::placeholder{color:#5c6370;color:var(--pen-disabled-text-color,var(--pen-color-gray-5,#8f96a3))}select:disabled{cursor:not-allowed}select:invalid:not(:focus){border-color:var(--input-invalid-border-color)}select:valid:not(:focus){border-color:var(--input-valid-border-color)}select{display:block;height:2.5rem;height:var(--pen-input-height,2.5rem);padding:0 .75rem;padding:var(--pen-input-padding-vertical,0) var(--pen-input-padding-horizontal,.75rem);width:100%}select:not([multiple]){background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' width='16' height='16' fill='currentColor' class='bi bi-chevron-down'%3E%3Cpath fill-rule='evenodd' d='M1.646 4.646a.5.5 0 0 1 .708 0L8 10.293l5.646-5.647a.5.5 0 0 1 .708.708l-6 6a.5.5 0 0 1-.708 0l-6-6a.5.5 0 0 1 0-.708'/%3E%3C/svg%3E");background-image:var(--pen-chevron-down-icon);background-position:var(--select-background-position);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:var(--select-background-size)}select[multiple]{height:auto;padding-bottom:var(--select-multiple-padding-vertical);padding-top:var(--select-multiple-padding-vertical)}select[multiple] option{padding:.125rem .5rem}select[multiple] option:checked{background:var(--select-multiple-checked-background-color) -webkit-linear-gradient(bottom,var(--select-multiple-checked-background-color) 0,var(--select-multiple-checked-background-color) 100%)}optgroup{font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0}input[type=date],input[type=datetime-local],input[type=month],input[type=time],input[type=week]{-webkit-appearance:listbox}input[type=date],input[type=datetime-local],input[type=email],input[type=month],input[type=number],input[type=password],input[type=search],input[type=tel],input[type=text],input[type=time],input[type=url],input[type=week]{--input-border-width:var(--pen-input-border-width,1px);--input-border-color:var(--pen-input-border-color,var(--pen-color-gray-6,#e3e5e8));--input-border-radius:var(--pen-input-border-radius,var(--pen-border-radius,0.2rem));--input-background-color:var(--pen-input-background-color,#fff);--input-text-color:var(--pen-input-text-color,var(--pen-text-color,var(--pen-color-gray-2,#17191c)));--input-placeholder-color:var(--pen-input-placeholder-color,var(--pen-color-gray-4,#5c6370));--input-hover-border-color:var(--pen-input-hover-border-color,var(--pen-input-border-color,var(--pen-color-gray-6,#e3e5e8)));--input-hover-background-color:var(--pen-input-hover-background-color,var(--pen-input-background-color,#fff));--input-hover-text-color:var(--pen-input-hover-text-color,var(--pen-input-text-color,var(--pen-text-color,var(--pen-color-gray-2,#17191c))));--input-focus-border-color:var(--pen-input-focus-border-color,var(--pen-input-border-color,var(--pen-color-gray-6,#e3e5e8)));--input-focus-background-color:var(--pen-input-focus-background-color,var(--pen-input-background-color,#fff));--input-focus-text-color:var(--pen-input-focus-text-color,var(--pen-input-text-color,var(--pen-text-color,var(--pen-color-gray-2,#17191c))));--input-invalid-border-color:var(--pen-input-invalid-border-color,var(--pen-color-danger,#fa3d56));--input-valid-border-color:var(--pen-input-valid-border-color,var(--pen-input-border-color,var(--pen-color-gray-6,#e3e5e8)));-moz-appearance:none;-webkit-appearance:none;background-color:#fff;background-color:var(--input-background-color);border:1px solid #000;border:var(--input-border-width) solid var(--input-border-color);border-radius:0;border-radius:var(--input-border-radius);box-shadow:none;color:#000;color:var(--input-text-color);font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit;font-weight:400;font-weight:var(--pen-font-weight-base,400);line-height:inherit;margin:0;outline:none;transition:border-color .1s ease-out,color .1s ease-out,background-color .1s ease-out;transition:border-color var(--pen-speed,.1s) var(--pen-easing,ease-out),color var(--pen-speed,.1s) var(--pen-easing,ease-out),background-color var(--pen-speed,.1s) var(--pen-easing,ease-out)}input[type=date]::-moz-placeholder,input[type=datetime-local]::-moz-placeholder,input[type=email]::-moz-placeholder,input[type=month]::-moz-placeholder,input[type=number]::-moz-placeholder,input[type=password]::-moz-placeholder,input[type=search]::-moz-placeholder,input[type=tel]::-moz-placeholder,input[type=text]::-moz-placeholder,input[type=time]::-moz-placeholder,input[type=url]::-moz-placeholder,input[type=week]::-moz-placeholder{color:var(--input-placeholder-color)}input[type=date]::placeholder,input[type=datetime-local]::placeholder,input[type=email]::placeholder,input[type=month]::placeholder,input[type=number]::placeholder,input[type=password]::placeholder,input[type=search]::placeholder,input[type=tel]::placeholder,input[type=text]::placeholder,input[type=time]::placeholder,input[type=url]::placeholder,input[type=week]::placeholder{color:var(--input-placeholder-color)}input[type=date]:hover,input[type=datetime-local]:hover,input[type=email]:hover,input[type=month]:hover,input[type=number]:hover,input[type=password]:hover,input[type=search]:hover,input[type=tel]:hover,input[type=text]:hover,input[type=time]:hover,input[type=url]:hover,input[type=week]:hover{background-color:var(--input-hover-background-color);border-color:var(--input-hover-border-color);color:var(--input-hover-text-color)}input[type=date]:focus,input[type=datetime-local]:focus,input[type=email]:focus,input[type=month]:focus,input[type=number]:focus,input[type=password]:focus,input[type=search]:focus,input[type=tel]:focus,input[type=text]:focus,input[type=time]:focus,input[type=url]:focus,input[type=week]:focus{background-color:var(--input-focus-background-color);border-color:var(--input-focus-border-color);color:var(--input-focus-text-color);outline:.2rem solid #b3d9ff;outline:var(--pen-outline-color,#b3d9ff) solid var(--pen-outline-width,.2rem)}input[type=date] :root:disabled,input[type=date] [aria-disabled]:root,input[type=date] [readonly]:root,input[type=datetime-local] :root:disabled,input[type=datetime-local] [aria-disabled]:root,input[type=datetime-local] [readonly]:root,input[type=email] :root:disabled,input[type=email] [aria-disabled]:root,input[type=email] [readonly]:root,input[type=month] :root:disabled,input[type=month] [aria-disabled]:root,input[type=month] [readonly]:root,input[type=number] :root:disabled,input[type=number] [aria-disabled]:root,input[type=number] [readonly]:root,input[type=password] :root:disabled,input[type=password] [aria-disabled]:root,input[type=password] [readonly]:root,input[type=search] :root:disabled,input[type=search] [aria-disabled]:root,input[type=search] [readonly]:root,input[type=tel] :root:disabled,input[type=tel] [aria-disabled]:root,input[type=tel] [readonly]:root,input[type=text] :root:disabled,input[type=text] [aria-disabled]:root,input[type=text] [readonly]:root,input[type=time] :root:disabled,input[type=time] [aria-disabled]:root,input[type=time] [readonly]:root,input[type=url] :root:disabled,input[type=url] [aria-disabled]:root,input[type=url] [readonly]:root,input[type=week] :root:disabled,input[type=week] [aria-disabled]:root,input[type=week] [readonly]:root{background-color:#f1f2f4;background-color:var(--pen-disabled-background-color,var(--pen-color-gray-7,#f1f2f4));border-color:#f1f2f4;border-color:var(--pen-disabled-border-color,var(--pen-color-gray-6,#e3e5e8));color:#5c6370;color:var(--pen-disabled-text-color,var(--pen-color-gray-5,#8f96a3))}input[type=text] :root:disabled::-moz-placeholder{color:#5c6370;color:var(--pen-disabled-text-color,var(--pen-color-gray-5,#8f96a3))}input[type=text] :root:disabled::placeholder{color:#5c6370;color:var(--pen-disabled-text-color,var(--pen-color-gray-5,#8f96a3))}input[type=text] 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Young</a></span> </div> <div style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;margin-right:0;" class="wp-block-post-date"><time datetime="2024-10-09T14:45:09-04:00">October 9, 2024</time></div></div> </div> <div class="wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center social-share-col has-global-padding is-content-justification-right is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-column-is-layout-5 wp-block-column-is-layout-constrained" style="flex-basis:30%"> <div class="wp-block-pen-america-social-share"> <button class="js--trigger-mobile-share mobile-share-button" data-share-url="https://pen.org/pen-america-endorses-the-magna-charta-universitatum-2020/" data-share-text="PEN America Endorses the Magna Charta Universitatum 2020" > <span class="is-icon icon-share"></span> <span class="screen-reader-text">Share This</span> </button> <div class="result"></div> <button class="is-style-outline-black button js--trigger-social-share-dropdown" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="is-icon icon-share"></span><span class="share-text">Share This</span><span class="is-icon icon-chevron-down"></span> </button> <ul class="k-block--social-networks-dropdown"><li><a href="https://www.facebook.com/share.php?u=https://pen.org/pen-america-endorses-the-magna-charta-universitatum-2020/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span class="is-icon icon-facebook"><span class="screen-reader-text">Share PEN America Endorses the Magna Charta Universitatum 2020 to Facebook</span></span> Facebook</a></li><li><a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=https://pen.org/pen-america-endorses-the-magna-charta-universitatum-2020/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span class="is-icon icon-x"><span class="screen-reader-text">Share PEN America Endorses the Magna Charta Universitatum 2020 to X</span></span> X</a></li><li><a href="https://threads.net/intent/post?text=https://pen.org/pen-america-endorses-the-magna-charta-universitatum-2020/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span class="is-icon icon-threads"><span class="screen-reader-text">Share PEN America Endorses the Magna Charta Universitatum 2020 to Threads</span></span> Threads</a></li><li><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https://pen.org/pen-america-endorses-the-magna-charta-universitatum-2020/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span class="is-icon icon-linkedin"><span class="screen-reader-text">Share PEN America Endorses the Magna Charta Universitatum 2020 to LinkedIn</span></span> LinkedIn</a></li><li><a href="#" class="copy-button"><span class="is-icon icon-link"><span class="screen-reader-text">Copy PEN America Endorses the Magna Charta Universitatum 2020 to clipboard</span></span> Copy Link</a><div class="report-url-for-copy screen-reader-text">https://pen.org/pen-america-endorses-the-magna-charta-universitatum-2020/</div><span class="custom-tooltip">Event URL copied to clipboard</span></li></ul></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="entry-content wp-block-post-content has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-post-content-is-layout-constrained"> <figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-style-bracketed-red"><img loading="lazy" data-od-removed-fetchpriority="high" data-od-xpath="/*[1][self::HTML]/*[2][self::BODY]/*[2][self::DIV]/*[3][self::MAIN]/*[2][self::DIV]/*[1][self::FIGURE]/*[1][self::IMG]" data-dominant-color="e9e7e6" data-has-transparency="false" style="--dominant-color: #e9e7e6;" decoding="async" width="512" height="344" src="https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/MagnaCharta-jpg.webp" alt class="not-transparent wp-image-54165" srcset="https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/MagnaCharta-jpg.webp 512w, https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/MagnaCharta-300x202-jpg.webp 300w" sizes="(max-width: 512px) 100vw, 512px" /></figure> <p>PEN America proudly endorses the <a href="https://www.magna-charta.org/magna-charta-universitatum/mcu2020">Magna Charta Universitatum (2020 version)</a>, a document signed by nearly a thousand universities across the globe. The MCU emphasizes the importance of university autonomy from direct political control, a crucial requirement for free expression in a democratic society.</p> <p>Although nearly a thousand universities around the world have signed the MCU, as of October 2024, only 22 universities in the United States have done so, and only two have ratified the 2020 version. PEN America calls on American universities to consider signing the MCU 2020 and affirming their commitment to university <em>autonomy</em> as a fundamental principle of American democracy.</p> <p>Free speech and academic freedom are <a href="https://www.pen.org/acc24">under assault</a> from many corners in American higher education today, but their most coordinated antagonist is the state. Since 2021, state governments and politicians have engaged in a coordinated campaign to censor and restrict faculty speech on a range of concepts involving race, gender, identity, and US history. </p> <p>In 2023, lawmakers shifted strategies away from direct restrictions on faculty speech and toward efforts to impose ideological control on university governance processes. These efforts have included bans on diversity, equity, and inclusion offices and initiatives; ideologically-motivated restrictions on general education curricula, majors and minors, university mission statements, and institutional speech; and limits on faculty tenure and shared governance and on university accreditation agencies. Advocates of such restrictions have <a href="https://www.city-journal.org/article/new-college-of-florida-abolishes-gender-studies">defended</a> <a href="https://thefederalist.com/2022/12/13/the-smart-lawmakers-guide-to-writing-anti-critical-race-theory-laws-that-will-stand-up-in-court/">them</a> on the grounds that they do not infringe on the academic freedom of faculty (a debatable proposition) and that, because taxpayers foot a portion of the bill for public universities, the government should determine how these institutions operate.</p> <p>Discussions of academic freedom, as it is commonly understood in the United States, are of limited use in rebutting these claims. The American Association of University Professors’ excellent 1940 <a href="https://www.aaup.org/report/1940-statement-principles-academic-freedom-and-tenure">Statement of Principles on Academic Freedom and Tenure</a> and 1967 <a href="https://www.aaup.org/report/statement-government-colleges-and-universities">Statement on Government of Colleges and Universities</a> correctly identify academic freedom as a right and responsibility of individual faculty members, and governance as a corporate responsibility to be shared among groups of university stakeholders. But they are largely silent on the question of university <em>autonomy</em>, often referred to as <em>institutional</em> academic freedom: the right of universities, as institutions, to be free from direct ideological control by the government.</p> <p>By contrast, much international discourse on the ideological freedom of universities focuses heavily on this question of autonomy. The European University Association, for instance, maintains an <a href="https://www.eua.eu/publications/reports/university-autonomy-in-europe-iv-the-scorecard-2023.html">Autonomy Scorecard</a> that grades university autonomy for each country in Europe. Similarly, the <a href="https://www.oas.org/en/iachr/reports/questionnaires/2021_principiosinteramericanos_libertadacademica_autonomiauniversitaria_eng.pdf">Inter-American Principles on Academic Freedom and University Autonomy</a>, issued in 2021 by the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, declare that “Autonomy is an essential prerequisite for academic freedom … a pillar of democracy and expression of the self-governance of academic institutions.”</p> <p>It is for this reason that PEN America today endorses the Magna Charta Universitatum. First signed at the University of Bologna in 1988, and revised to its present version in 2020, the MCU affirms three fundamental principles that make up a university: autonomy from ideological control or political influence, interconnectedness of teaching and research, and openness to free inquiry and debate. As the MCU explains:</p> <div class="wp-block-group has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-9 wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained" style="padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50-section);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50-section)"> <p>Intellectual and moral autonomy is the hallmark of any university and a precondition for the fulfillment of its responsibilities to society. That independence needs to be recognized and protected by governments and society at large, and defended vigorously by institutions themselves. To fulfill their potential, universities require a reliable social contract with civil society, one which supports pursuit of the highest possible quality of academic work, with full respect for institutional autonomy.</p> </div> <p>The question of autonomy lies at the heart of the present debate over government censorship of universities. The MCU provides American higher education advocates with a crucial framework to explain that, while universities are rightly responsive to governments on questions of budget, access, completion, career readiness, community engagement, and other matters, they must be absolutely independent from government on ideological questions. Just as public playgrounds and public ballfields are open to all comers, public universities must be open to all ideas. This ideological independence is a necessary prerequisite for academic freedom and the freedom to learn and teach. Intellectually free universities are essential for a free society, and a university subject to government ideological dictates cannot properly be called a university at all.</p> <p>On October 23, 2024, to promote understanding of the importance of university autonomy in a healthy democracy, and of the MCU’s value in securing that autonomy, PEN America is proud to co-sponsor an international symposium, “<a href="https://pen.org/event/universities-governments-and-democracy-international-challenges-lessons/">Universities, Governments, and Democracy: International Challenges, Lessons Learned, and Future Strategy</a>,” hosted at the Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg Center. The symposium is co-sponsored with the <a href="https://www.magna-charta.org/">Observatory Magna Charta Universitatum</a> at the University of Bologna, which oversees implementation of the MCU, and will be livestreamed.</p> </div> <div class="wp-block-group alignfull has-grey-light-background-color has-background has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained" style="margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--80-section)"> <div class="wp-block-group carousel-generic has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-22 wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained" style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--80-section);padding-right:0;padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--80-section);padding-left:0"> <div class="wp-block-columns are-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-3 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex"> <div class="wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow"> <h2 class="wp-block-heading has-text-align-center" style="margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--10-small)">Up Next</h2> </div> </div> <div class="wp-block-pen-america-featured-carousel" id="featured-carousel-2012" data-carousel-direction="left"> <div class="wp-block-query dynamic-blocks--container is-style-carousel is-layout-flow wp-block-query-is-layout-flow"> <ul class="grid-three-up wp-block-post-template is-layout-flow wp-block-post-template-is-layout-flow"> <li class="wp-block-post post-47485 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-uncategorized article-type-blog-post audience-activist audience-reader audience-writer blog-series-educational-censorship-legislation topic-educational-censorship topic-u-s-free-expression"> <div class="card-post wp-block-pen-america-dynamic-cards"> <figure class="wp-block-post-featured-image"> <a href="https://pen.org/university-of-alabama-campuses-didnt-have-to-close-their-dei-offices-they-did-anyway/"><img data-od-xpath="/*[1][self::HTML]/*[2][self::BODY]/*[2][self::DIV]/*[3][self::MAIN]/*[3][self::DIV]/*[1][self::DIV]/*[2][self::DIV]/*[1][self::DIV]/*[1][self::UL]/*[1][self::LI]/*[1][self::DIV]/*[1][self::FIGURE]/*[1][self::A]/*[1][self::IMG]" width="720" height="480" src="https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/University-of-Alabama-Featured-Image-jpg.avif" class="attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail not-transparent wp-post-image" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/University-of-Alabama-Featured-Image-jpg.avif 720w, https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/University-of-Alabama-Featured-Image-300x200.avif 300w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px" data-has-transparency="false" data-dominant-color="6e6d70" style="--dominant-color: #6e6d70;" /></a><br /> </figure> <div class="wp-block-group"> <div class="wp-block-post-terms Educational Censorship"> <a href="https://pen.org/topic/educational-censorship/" rel="tag">Educational Censorship</a> </div> <h2 class="wp-block-post-title">University of Alabama campuses didn’t have to close their DEI offices. They did anyway.</h2> <div class="meta"> <div class="date"><span class="is-icon icon-calendar-fill"></span><strong>Friday July 26</strong></div> <div class="wp-block-pen-america-author-byline"> <span><a href="https://pen.org/profile/samantha-lafrance/">Samantha LaFrance</a></span> </div> </p></div> <div class="wp-block-excerpt--container"> <a class="wp-block-read-more" href="https://pen.org/university-of-alabama-campuses-didnt-have-to-close-their-dei-offices-they-did-anyway/">Read More</a> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="wp-block-post post-47487 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-uncategorized article-type-blog-post audience-activist audience-reader audience-writer topic-banned-books topic-educational-censorship topic-florida"> <div class="card-post wp-block-pen-america-dynamic-cards"> <figure class="wp-block-post-featured-image"> <a href="https://pen.org/thank-you-for-not-giving-up-on-florida/"><img 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class="wp-block-post-title">“Thank you for not giving up on Florida”: A rallying cry at the Unified Voices Summit in Orlando</h2> <div class="meta"> <div class="date"><span class="is-icon icon-calendar-fill"></span><strong>Monday July 22</strong></div> <div class="wp-block-pen-america-author-byline"> <span><a href="https://pen.org/profile/andrew-white/">Andrew White</a></span> </div> </p></div> <div class="wp-block-excerpt--container"> <a class="wp-block-read-more" href="https://pen.org/thank-you-for-not-giving-up-on-florida/">Read More</a> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="wp-block-post post-41102 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-uncategorized article-type-blog-post audience-activist audience-reader audience-writer blog-series-educational-censorship-legislation topic-educational-censorship topic-u-s-free-expression"> <div class="card-post wp-block-pen-america-dynamic-cards"> <figure class="wp-block-post-featured-image"> <a href="https://pen.org/trouble-in-censorville-teacher-trauma/"><img data-od-xpath="/*[1][self::HTML]/*[2][self::BODY]/*[2][self::DIV]/*[3][self::MAIN]/*[3][self::DIV]/*[1][self::DIV]/*[2][self::DIV]/*[2][self::LI]/*[1][self::DIV]/*[1][self::FIGURE]/*[1][self::A]/*[1][self::IMG]" width="2560" height="1440" src="https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Trouble_video_Marlee-Carpenter-actor-for-Monica-Coles-scaled-1-jpg1.avif" class="attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail not-transparent wp-post-image" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Trouble_video_Marlee-Carpenter-actor-for-Monica-Coles-scaled-1-jpg1.avif 2560w, https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Trouble_video_Marlee-Carpenter-actor-for-Monica-Coles-scaled-1-jpg1-300x169.avif 300w, https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Trouble_video_Marlee-Carpenter-actor-for-Monica-Coles-scaled-1-jpg1-1024x576.avif 1024w, https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Trouble_video_Marlee-Carpenter-actor-for-Monica-Coles-scaled-1-jpg1-1920x1080.avif 1920w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px" data-has-transparency="false" data-dominant-color="77746e" style="--dominant-color: #77746e;" /></a><br /> </figure> <div class="wp-block-group"> <div class="wp-block-post-terms U.S. Free Expression"> <a href="https://pen.org/topic/u-s-free-expression/" rel="tag">U.S. Free Expression</a> </div> <h2 class="wp-block-post-title">Trouble in Censorville: Teachers Describe Trauma Inflicted in the War on Education</h2> <div class="meta"> <div class="date"><span class="is-icon icon-calendar-fill"></span><strong>Thursday June 27</strong></div> </p></div> <div class="wp-block-excerpt--container"> <a class="wp-block-read-more" href="https://pen.org/trouble-in-censorville-teacher-trauma/">Read More</a> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="wp-block-post post-42264 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-uncategorized article-type-blog-post audience-activist audience-reader audience-writer blog-series-educational-censorship-legislation topic-educational-censorship"> <div class="card-post wp-block-pen-america-dynamic-cards"> <figure class="wp-block-post-featured-image"> <a href="https://pen.org/jawboning-when-educational-censors-dont-bother-passing-a-law/"><img data-od-xpath="/*[1][self::HTML]/*[2][self::BODY]/*[2][self::DIV]/*[3][self::MAIN]/*[3][self::DIV]/*[1][self::DIV]/*[3][self::LI]/*[1][self::DIV]/*[1][self::FIGURE]/*[1][self::A]/*[1][self::IMG]" width="720" height="480" src="https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Jawboning-Graphic-jpg.avif" class="attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail not-transparent wp-post-image" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Jawboning-Graphic-jpg.avif 720w, https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Jawboning-Graphic-300x200.avif 300w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px" data-has-transparency="false" data-dominant-color="d4d4d4" style="--dominant-color: #d4d4d4;" /></a><br /> </figure> <div class="wp-block-group"> <div class="wp-block-post-terms Educational Censorship"> <a href="https://pen.org/topic/educational-censorship/" rel="tag">Educational Censorship</a> </div> <h2 class="wp-block-post-title">Jawboning: When Educational Censors Don’t Bother Passing a Law</h2> <div class="meta"> <div class="date"><span class="is-icon icon-calendar-fill"></span><strong>Monday June 24</strong></div> <div class="wp-block-pen-america-author-byline"> <span><a href="https://pen.org/profile/jeffrey-sachs/">Jeffrey Adam Sachs</a>, <a href="https://pen.org/profile/jeremy-c-young/">Jeremy C. Young</a></span> </div> </p></div> <div class="wp-block-excerpt--container"> <a class="wp-block-read-more" href="https://pen.org/jawboning-when-educational-censors-dont-bother-passing-a-law/">Read More</a> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="wp-block-post post-1022 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-uncategorized article-type-blog-post audience-activist audience-reader audience-writer blog-series-educational-censorship-legislation topic-campus-free-speech topic-educational-censorship topic-u-s-free-expression"> <div class="card-post wp-block-pen-america-dynamic-cards"> <figure class="wp-block-post-featured-image"> <a href="https://pen.org/whats-going-on-in-louisiana/"><img src="https://pen.org/wp-content/plugins/phastpress/phast.php?service=images&src=https%3A%2F%2Fpen.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2024%2F05%2FLouisiana-Attorney-General-Jeff-Landry-Featured-Image.png&cacheMarker=1716378223-469864&token=44866ba2e7fa0c44" srcset="https://pen.org/wp-content/plugins/phastpress/phast.php?service=images&src=https%3A%2F%2Fpen.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2024%2F05%2FLouisiana-Attorney-General-Jeff-Landry-Featured-Image.png&cacheMarker=1716378223-469864&token=44866ba2e7fa0c44 720w, https://pen.org/wp-content/plugins/phastpress/phast.php?service=images&src=https%3A%2F%2Fpen.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2024%2F05%2FLouisiana-Attorney-General-Jeff-Landry-Featured-Image-300x200.png&cacheMarker=1717801467-80191&token=18bec6c536ab4c38 300w" data-od-xpath="/*[1][self::HTML]/*[2][self::BODY]/*[2][self::DIV]/*[3][self::MAIN]/*[3][self::DIV]/*[2][self::LI]/*[1][self::DIV]/*[1][self::FIGURE]/*[1][self::A]/*[1][self::IMG]" width="720" height="480" class="attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail has-transparency wp-post-image" alt decoding="async" loading="lazy" sizes="auto, (max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px" data-has-transparency="true" data-dominant-color="553363" style="--dominant-color: #553363;" /></a><br /> </figure> <div class="wp-block-group"> <div class="wp-block-post-terms U.S. Free Expression"> <a href="https://pen.org/topic/u-s-free-expression/" rel="tag">U.S. Free Expression</a> </div> <h2 class="wp-block-post-title">What’s going on in Louisiana?</h2> <div class="meta"> <div class="date"><span class="is-icon icon-calendar-fill"></span><strong>Friday April 19</strong></div> <div class="wp-block-pen-america-author-byline"> <span><a href="https://pen.org/profile/samantha-lafrance/">Samantha LaFrance</a></span> </div> </p></div> <div class="wp-block-excerpt--container"> <a class="wp-block-read-more" href="https://pen.org/whats-going-on-in-louisiana/">Read More</a> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="wp-block-post post-1030 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-uncategorized article-type-blog-post audience-activist audience-reader audience-writer topic-campus-free-speech topic-educational-censorship topic-u-s-free-expression"> <div class="card-post wp-block-pen-america-dynamic-cards"> <figure class="wp-block-post-featured-image"> <a href="https://pen.org/the-wrong-way-to-fight-campus-antisemitism/"><img src="https://pen.org/wp-content/plugins/phastpress/phast.php?service=images&src=https%3A%2F%2Fpen.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2024%2F05%2FTexas-State-Capitol-Featured-Image.png&cacheMarker=1716378226-683168&token=cebd4602d2122f7b" srcset="https://pen.org/wp-content/plugins/phastpress/phast.php?service=images&src=https%3A%2F%2Fpen.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2024%2F05%2FTexas-State-Capitol-Featured-Image.png&cacheMarker=1716378226-683168&token=cebd4602d2122f7b 720w, https://pen.org/wp-content/plugins/phastpress/phast.php?service=images&src=https%3A%2F%2Fpen.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2024%2F05%2FTexas-State-Capitol-Featured-Image-300x200.png&cacheMarker=1717801482-113487&token=9ddcc55bd5a66228 300w" data-od-xpath="/*[1][self::HTML]/*[2][self::BODY]/*[2][self::DIV]/*[3][self::MAIN]/*[4][self::LI]/*[1][self::DIV]/*[1][self::FIGURE]/*[1][self::A]/*[1][self::IMG]" width="720" height="480" class="attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail has-transparency wp-post-image" alt decoding="async" loading="lazy" sizes="auto, (max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px" data-has-transparency="true" data-dominant-color="517392" style="--dominant-color: #517392;" /></a><br /> </figure> <div class="wp-block-group"> <div class="wp-block-post-terms Campus Free Speech"> <a href="https://pen.org/topic/campus-free-speech/" rel="tag">Campus Free Speech</a> </div> <h2 class="wp-block-post-title">The Wrong Way to Fight Campus Antisemitism</h2> <div class="meta"> <div class="date"><span class="is-icon icon-calendar-fill"></span><strong>Monday April 15</strong></div> <div class="wp-block-pen-america-author-byline"> <span><a href="https://pen.org/profile/jeffrey-sachs/">Jeffrey Adam Sachs</a>, <a href="https://pen.org/profile/jeremy-c-young/">Jeremy C. Young</a></span> </div> </p></div> <div class="wp-block-excerpt--container"> <a class="wp-block-read-more" href="https://pen.org/the-wrong-way-to-fight-campus-antisemitism/">Read More</a> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="wp-block-post post-1033 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-uncategorized article-type-blog-post audience-activist audience-reader audience-writer topic-banned-books topic-educational-censorship topic-u-s-free-expression"> <div class="card-post wp-block-pen-america-dynamic-cards"> <figure class="wp-block-post-featured-image"> <a href="https://pen.org/a-mississippi-teacher-was-terminated-for-reading-a-book-time-to-reverse-that-decision/"><img data-od-xpath="/*[1][self::HTML]/*[2][self::BODY]/*[2][self::DIV]/*[4][self::LI]/*[1][self::DIV]/*[1][self::FIGURE]/*[1][self::A]/*[1][self::IMG]" width="1170" height="780" src="https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/20220310_145410-jpg-e1719931790673.webp" class="attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail not-transparent wp-post-image" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/20220310_145410-jpg-e1719931790673.webp 1170w, https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/20220310_145410-jpg-e1719931790673-300x200.webp 300w, https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/20220310_145410-jpg-e1719931790673-1024x683.webp 1024w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1170px) 100vw, 1170px" data-has-transparency="false" data-dominant-color="997f6d" style="--dominant-color: #997f6d;" /></a><br /> </figure> <div class="wp-block-group"> <div class="wp-block-post-terms U.S. Free Expression"> <a href="https://pen.org/topic/u-s-free-expression/" rel="tag">U.S. Free Expression</a> </div> <h2 class="wp-block-post-title">A Mississippi Teacher was Terminated for Reading a Book. Time to Reverse that Decision.</h2> <div class="meta"> <div class="date"><span class="is-icon icon-calendar-fill"></span><strong>Thursday April 11</strong></div> <div class="wp-block-pen-america-author-byline"> <span><a href="https://pen.org/profile/jonathan-friedman/">Jonathan Friedman</a></span> </div> </p></div> <div class="wp-block-excerpt--container"> <a class="wp-block-read-more" href="https://pen.org/a-mississippi-teacher-was-terminated-for-reading-a-book-time-to-reverse-that-decision/">Read More</a> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="wp-block-post post-1035 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-uncategorized article-type-blog-post audience-activist audience-reader audience-writer blog-series-educational-censorship-legislation topic-educational-censorship topic-u-s-free-expression"> <div class="card-post wp-block-pen-america-dynamic-cards"> <figure class="wp-block-post-featured-image"> <a href="https://pen.org/destabilizing-public-libraries-louisiana-hb-777/"><img src="https://pen.org/wp-content/plugins/phastpress/phast.php?service=images&src=https%3A%2F%2Fpen.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2024%2F05%2FDestabilizing-Public-Libraries-Featured-Image.png&cacheMarker=1716378227-396699&token=0c55778841859f70" srcset="https://pen.org/wp-content/plugins/phastpress/phast.php?service=images&src=https%3A%2F%2Fpen.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2024%2F05%2FDestabilizing-Public-Libraries-Featured-Image.png&cacheMarker=1716378227-396699&token=0c55778841859f70 720w, https://pen.org/wp-content/plugins/phastpress/phast.php?service=images&src=https%3A%2F%2Fpen.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2024%2F05%2FDestabilizing-Public-Libraries-Featured-Image-300x200.png&cacheMarker=1717801490-84705&token=753b5ad401a1abbe 300w" data-od-xpath="/*[1][self::HTML]/*[2][self::BODY]/*[3][self::LI]/*[1][self::DIV]/*[1][self::FIGURE]/*[1][self::A]/*[1][self::IMG]" width="720" height="480" class="attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail not-transparent wp-post-image" alt decoding="async" loading="lazy" sizes="auto, (max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px" data-has-transparency="false" data-dominant-color="988473" style="--dominant-color: #988473;" /></a><br /> </figure> <div class="wp-block-group"> <div class="wp-block-post-terms Educational Censorship"> <a href="https://pen.org/topic/educational-censorship/" rel="tag">Educational Censorship</a> </div> <h2 class="wp-block-post-title">Destabilizing public libraries | Louisiana HB 777</h2> <div class="meta"> <div class="date"><span class="is-icon icon-calendar-fill"></span><strong>Tuesday April 9</strong></div> <div class="wp-block-pen-america-author-byline"> <span><a href="https://pen.org/profile/samantha-lafrance/">Samantha LaFrance</a></span> </div> </p></div> <div class="wp-block-excerpt--container"> <a class="wp-block-read-more" href="https://pen.org/destabilizing-public-libraries-louisiana-hb-777/">Read More</a> </div> </div> </div> <script type="module">import detect from "https:\/\/pen.org\/wp-content\/plugins\/optimization-detective\/detect.js?ver=0.5.0"; 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}),(function(){var config=phast.config["script-proxy-service"];var urlPattern=/^(https?:)?\/\//;var typePattern=/^\s*(application|text)\/(x-)?(java|ecma|j|live)script/i;var cacheMarker=Math.floor((new Date).getTime()/1e3/config.urlRefreshTime);var whitelist=compileWhitelistPatterns(config.whitelist);phast.scripts.push(function(){overrideDOMMethod("appendChild");overrideDOMMethod("insertBefore")});function compileWhitelistPatterns(a){var b=/^(.)(.*)\1([a-z]*)$/i;var c=[];a.forEach(function(d){var e=b.exec(d);if(!e){window.console&&window.console.log("Phast: Not a pattern:",d);return}try{c.push(new RegExp(e[2],e[3]))}catch(f){window.console&&window.console.log("Phast: Failed to compile pattern:",d)}});return c}function checkWhitelist(g){for(var h=0;h<whitelist.length;h++){if(whitelist[h].exec(g)){return true}}return false}function overrideDOMMethod(i){var j=Element.prototype[i];var k=function(){var l=processNode(arguments[0]);var m=j.apply(this,arguments);l();return m};Element.prototype[i]=k;window.addEventListener("load",function(){if(Element.prototype[i]===k){delete Element.prototype[i]}})}function processNode(n){if(!n||n.nodeType!==Node.ELEMENT_NODE||n.tagName!=="SCRIPT"||!urlPattern.test(n.src)||n.type&&!typePattern.test(n.type)||n.src.substr(0,config.serviceUrl.length)===config.serviceUrl||!checkWhitelist(n.src)){return function(){}}var o=n.src;n.src=phast.buildServiceUrl(config,{service:"scripts",src:o,cacheMarker:cacheMarker});n.setAttribute("data-phast-rewritten","");return function(){n.src=o}} }),(function(){(function(){var a=function(){if(!("FontFace"in window)){return false}var b=new FontFace("t",'url( "data:font/woff2;base64,d09GMgABAAAAAADwAAoAAAAAAiQAAACoAAEAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABmAALAogOAE2AiQDBgsGAAQgBSAHIBuDAciO1EZ3I/mL5/+5/rfPnTt9/9Qa8H4cUUZxaRbh36LiKJoVh61XGzw6ufkpoeZBW4KphwFYIJGHB4LAY4hby++gW+6N1EN94I49v86yCpUdYgqeZrOWN34CMQg2tAmthdli0eePIwAKNIIRS4AGZFzdX9lbBUAQlm//f262/61o8PlYO/D1/X4FrWFFgdCQD9DpGJSxmFyjOAGUU4P0qigcNb82GAAA" ) format( "woff2" )',{});b.load()["catch"](function(){});return b.status=="loading"||b.status=="loaded"}();if(a){return}console.log("[Phast] Browser does not support WOFF2, falling back to original stylesheets");Array.prototype.forEach.call(document.querySelectorAll("style[data-phast-ie-fallback-url]"),function(c){var d=document.createElement("link");if(c.hasAttribute("media")){d.setAttribute("media",c.getAttribute("media"))}d.setAttribute("rel","stylesheet");d.setAttribute("href",c.getAttribute("data-phast-ie-fallback-url"));c.parentNode.insertBefore(d,c);c.parentNode.removeChild(c)});Array.prototype.forEach.call(document.querySelectorAll("style[data-phast-nested-inlined]"),function(e){e.parentNode.removeChild(e)})})(); }),(function(){phast.stylesLoading=0;var resourceLoader=phast.ResourceLoader.instance;phast.forEachSelectedElement("style[data-phast-params]",function(a){var b=a.getAttribute("data-phast-params");var c=phast.ResourceLoader.RequestParams.fromString(b);phast.stylesLoading++;resourceLoader.get(c).then(function(d){a.textContent=d;a.removeAttribute("data-phast-params")}).catch(function(e){console.warn("[Phast] Failed to load CSS",c,e);var f=a.getAttribute("data-phast-original-src");if(!f){console.error("[Phast] No data-phast-original-src on <style>!",a);return}console.info("[Phast] Falling back to <link> element for",f);var g=document.createElement("link");g.href=f;g.media=a.media;g.rel="stylesheet";g.addEventListener("load",function(){if(a.parentNode){a.parentNode.removeChild(a)}});a.parentNode.insertBefore(g,a.nextSibling)}).finally(function(){phast.stylesLoading--;if(phast.stylesLoading===0&&phast.onStylesLoaded){phast.onStylesLoaded()}})});(function(){var h=[];phast.forEachSelectedElement("style[data-phast-original-id]",function(i){var j=i.getAttribute("data-phast-original-id");if(h[j]){return}h[j]=true;console.warn("[Phast] The style element with id",j,"has been split into multiple style tags due to @import statements and the id attribute has been removed. 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q={"blocked-uri":getSrc(p),disposition:o.reportOnly?"report":"enforce","document-uri":location.href,referrer:a.referrer,"script-sample":i(p),implementation:"phast"};try{p.dispatchEvent(new SecurityPolicyViolationEvent("securitypolicyviolation",{blockedURI:q["blocked-uri"],disposition:q["disposition"],documentURI:q["document-uri"],effectiveDirective:"script-src-elem",originalPolicy:"phast",referrer:q["referrer"],sample:q["script-sample"],statusCode:200,violatedDirective:"script-src-elem"}))}catch(s){console.error("[Phast] Could not dispatch securitypolicyviolation event",s)}if(!o.reportUri){return}var r={"csp-report":q};fetch(o.reportUri,{method:"POST",headers:{"Content-Type":"application/csp-report"},credentials:"same-origin",redirect:"error",keepalive:true,body:JSON.stringify(r)})}function i(t){if(!t.hasAttribute("src")){return t.textContent.substr(0,40)}}};phast.ScriptsLoader.executeScripts=function(u){var v=u.map(function(x){return x.init()});var 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r0;if(q0.getAttribute("data-phast-debug-force-method")&&window.location.host.match(/\.test$/)){return new m0[q0.getAttribute("data-phast-debug-force-method")](n0,q0)}if(o0(q0)){if(isAsync(q0)){r0=new m0.AsyncBrowserScript(n0,q0);return l0?new m0.AsyncAJAXScript(n0,q0,l0,r0):r0}r0=new m0.SyncBrowserScript(n0,q0);return l0?new m0.SyncAJAXScript(n0,q0,l0,r0):r0}if(p0(q0)){return new m0.InlineScript(n0,q0)}if(isAsync(q0)){return new m0.AsyncBrowserScript(n0,q0)}return new m0.SyncBrowserScript(n0,q0)};function o0(s0){return s0.hasAttribute("data-phast-params")}function p0(t0){return!t0.hasAttribute("src")}};function getSrc(u0){if(u0.hasAttribute("data-phast-original-src")){return u0.getAttribute("data-phast-original-src")}else if(u0.hasAttribute("src")){return u0.getAttribute("src")}}function isAsync(v0){return v0.hasAttribute("async")||v0.hasAttribute("data-phast-async")}function isDefer(w0){return w0.hasAttribute("defer")||w0.hasAttribute("data-phast-defer")} }),(function(){var 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