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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1958 attack on the motorcade of US Vice President</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing: 2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Attack on Richard Nixon's Motorcade</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa; line-height: 1.5em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Vice_President_Richard_Nixon%27s_motorcade_drives_through_Caracas,_Venezuela_and_is_attacked_by_demonstrators.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Vice_President_Richard_Nixon%27s_motorcade_drives_through_Caracas%2C_Venezuela_and_is_attacked_by_demonstrators.jpg/300px-Vice_President_Richard_Nixon%27s_motorcade_drives_through_Caracas%2C_Venezuela_and_is_attacked_by_demonstrators.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Vice_President_Richard_Nixon%27s_motorcade_drives_through_Caracas%2C_Venezuela_and_is_attacked_by_demonstrators.jpg/450px-Vice_President_Richard_Nixon%27s_motorcade_drives_through_Caracas%2C_Venezuela_and_is_attacked_by_demonstrators.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Vice_President_Richard_Nixon%27s_motorcade_drives_through_Caracas%2C_Venezuela_and_is_attacked_by_demonstrators.jpg/600px-Vice_President_Richard_Nixon%27s_motorcade_drives_through_Caracas%2C_Venezuela_and_is_attacked_by_demonstrators.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3177" data-file-height="2497" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;">Nixon's car attacked in Caracas</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Date</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">May 13, 1958</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="display:inline;" class="location"><a href="/wiki/Caracas" title="Caracas">Caracas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a></div><br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Attack_on_Richard_Nixon%27s_motorcade&params=10_28_50_N_66_54_13_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">10°28′50″N</span> <span class="longitude">66°54′13″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">10.48056°N 66.90361°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">10.48056; -66.90361</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Caused by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1958_Venezuelan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1958 Venezuelan coup d'état">1958 Venezuelan coup d'état</a></li> <li>United States' decision to grant <a href="/wiki/Marcos_P%C3%A9rez_Jim%C3%A9nez" title="Marcos Pérez Jiménez">Marcos Pérez Jiménez</a> asylum</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Resulted in</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li>President <a href="/wiki/Dwight_Eisenhower" class="mw-redirect" title="Dwight Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a> mobilizes aircraft carrier <a href="/wiki/USS_Tarawa_(CV-40)" title="USS Tarawa (CV-40)">USS <i>Tarawa</i></a> along with eight destroyers and two amphibious assault ships towards Venezuela.</li> <li>Early departure of Richard Nixon</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;">Parties</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><table style="width:100%; border-spacing:0; margin:0; text-align:left; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:33%;"><div> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Venezuela_%281930%E2%80%932006%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Venezuela_%281930%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Venezuela_%281930%E2%80%932006%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Venezuela_%281930%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Venezuela_%281930%E2%80%932006%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Venezuela_%281930%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> Venezuelan protesters</div></td> <td style="width:33%; padding-left:0.25em; border-left:1px dotted #aaa"><div> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/State_flag_of_Venezuela_%281954%E2%80%932006%29.svg/23px-State_flag_of_Venezuela_%281954%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/State_flag_of_Venezuela_%281954%E2%80%932006%29.svg/35px-State_flag_of_Venezuela_%281954%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/State_flag_of_Venezuela_%281954%E2%80%932006%29.svg/45px-State_flag_of_Venezuela_%281954%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Venezuela" title="Government of Venezuela">Government of Venezuela</a></div></div></td> <td style="width:33%; padding-left:0.25em; border-left:1px dotted #aaa"><div> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the United States">Government of the United States</a></div></div></td></tr> </tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;">Lead figures</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244901718">.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns{display:flex}.mw-parser-output .infobox .infobox-columns-text-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns>div{box-sizing:border-box;width:50%;padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns-3>div{width:33.33%}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns-4>div{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns>div:not(:first-child){border-left:1px dotted #aaa;padding-left:5px}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist infobox-columns infobox-columns-3 infobox-columns-text-left"> <div> <p>Unknown, possibly organized by <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Venezuela" title="Communist Party of Venezuela">Communist Party of Venezuela</a> </p> </div> <div> <p><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Larraz%C3%A1bal" title="Wolfgang Larrazábal">Wolfgang Larrazábal</a> </p> </div><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> </p> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;">Units involved</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244901718"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist infobox-columns infobox-columns-3 infobox-columns-text-left"> <div> <p>Unknown </p> </div> <div> <p><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuelan Army">Venezuelan Army</a><br /> Caracas Municipal Police </p> </div><div> <p><a href="/wiki/U.S._Secret_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Secret Service">U.S. Secret Service</a> </p> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;">Number</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><table style="width:100%; border-spacing:0; margin:0; text-align:left; display:inline-table;"><tbody><tr> <td style="width:33%;"><div> 200–500<sup id="cite_ref-earl_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-earl-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td> <td style="width:33%; padding-left:0.25em; border-left:1px dotted #aaa"><div> Unknown</div></td> <td style="width:33%; padding-left:0.25em; border-left:1px dotted #aaa"><div> 12</div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;"></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:300px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:300px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:300px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Location_map_Venezuela_Caracas.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Attack on Richard Nixon's motorcade is located in Caracas"><img alt="Attack on Richard Nixon's motorcade is located in Caracas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Location_map_Venezuela_Caracas.png/300px-Location_map_Venezuela_Caracas.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Location_map_Venezuela_Caracas.png/450px-Location_map_Venezuela_Caracas.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Location_map_Venezuela_Caracas.png/600px-Location_map_Venezuela_Caracas.png 2x" data-file-width="887" data-file-height="525" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:48.809%;left:36.203%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Attack on Richard Nixon's motorcade"><img alt="Attack on Richard Nixon's motorcade" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location within Caracas</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Caracas</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:300px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:300px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:300px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Venezuela_location_map_(%2Bclaimed).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Attack on Richard Nixon's motorcade is located in Venezuela"><img alt="Attack on Richard Nixon's motorcade is located in Venezuela" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Venezuela_location_map_%28%2Bclaimed%29.svg/300px-Venezuela_location_map_%28%2Bclaimed%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Venezuela_location_map_%28%2Bclaimed%29.svg/450px-Venezuela_location_map_%28%2Bclaimed%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Venezuela_location_map_%28%2Bclaimed%29.svg/600px-Venezuela_location_map_%28%2Bclaimed%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1838" data-file-height="1479" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:18.705%;left:42.926%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Attack on Richard Nixon's motorcade"><img alt="Attack on Richard Nixon's motorcade" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Attack on Richard Nixon's motorcade (Venezuela)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Venezuela</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>On May 13, 1958, <a href="/wiki/US_Vice_President" class="mw-redirect" title="US Vice President">US Vice President</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>'s motorcade was attacked by a mob in <a href="/wiki/Caracas" title="Caracas">Caracas</a>, Venezuela, during Nixon's goodwill tour of <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>. The event was described at the time as the "most violent attack ever perpetrated on a high American official while on foreign soil."<sup id="cite_ref-pathe_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pathe-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Close to being killed while a couple of his aides were injured in the melee, Nixon ended up unharmed and his entourage managed to reach the U.S. embassy. The visit took place only months after the <a href="/wiki/1958_Venezuelan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1958 Venezuelan coup d'état">overthrow in January</a> of Venezuelan dictator <a href="/wiki/Marcos_P%C3%A9rez_Jim%C3%A9nez" title="Marcos Pérez Jiménez">Marcos Pérez Jiménez</a>, who in 1954 had been awarded the <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Merit" title="Legion of Merit">Legion of Merit</a> and was later granted asylum by the United States, and the incident may have been orchestrated by the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Venezuela" title="Communist Party of Venezuela">Communist Party of Venezuela</a>. U.S. Navy Admiral <a href="/wiki/Arleigh_Burke" title="Arleigh Burke">Arleigh Burke</a> mobilized fleet and Marine units to the region, compelling the Venezuelan government to provide full protection to Nixon for the remainder of the trip. </p><p>The attack was denounced by all major Venezuelan presidential candidates standing in <a href="/wiki/1958_Venezuelan_general_election" title="1958 Venezuelan general election">that year's election</a>, except for the incumbent leader Admiral <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Larraz%C3%A1bal" title="Wolfgang Larrazábal">Wolfgang Larrazábal</a>. Nixon was generally applauded in American press reports for his calm and adept handling of the incident and was feted with a "hero's welcome" on his return to the United States. His recollections of the attack form one of the "six crises" explored in his 1962 <i><a href="/wiki/Six_Crises" title="Six Crises">Six Crises</a></i> book. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Context">Context</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attack_on_Richard_Nixon%27s_motorcade&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Context"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Richard Nixon's carefully planned 1958 tour of South America has been described as one of the "most important United States foreign policy events in post-WWII Latin America".<sup id="cite_ref-cox_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cox-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was undertaken at a time of confused United States intra-hemispheric relations; the role of Latin American states in the emerging American <a href="/wiki/Grand_strategy" title="Grand strategy">grand strategy</a> of <a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">containment</a> was unclear and ill-defined. However, a recent worldwide drop in <a href="/wiki/Commodity" title="Commodity">commodity</a> prices that badly affected South American economies, coupled with increasing Soviet overtures in the western hemisphere, made <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> <a href="/wiki/Dwight_Eisenhower" class="mw-redirect" title="Dwight Eisenhower">Dwight Eisenhower</a> determine that a tour by a major United States functionary was necessary to demonstrate U.S. commitment to the region.<sup id="cite_ref-cox_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cox-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nixon retrospectively wrote that he was uninterested in taking the trip.<sup id="cite_ref-six_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-six-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The tour was to see Nixon visit every independent country in South America except <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brazil had been omitted from the itinerary as Nixon had visited that nation the previous year. The Chilean leadership, meanwhile, were scheduled to be out of the country during the time period of Nixon's visit. Nixon was accompanied on his trip by his wife, <a href="/wiki/Pat_Nixon" title="Pat Nixon">Pat Nixon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-six_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-six-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_tour_stops">Early tour stops</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attack_on_Richard_Nixon%27s_motorcade&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early tour stops"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vice_President_Richard_Nixon_drinks_yerba_mate_from_a_mate_gourd_at_a_barbeque_luncheon_held_at_the_residence_of_Luis_Batlle_Berres_in_Montevideo,_Uruguay.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Vice_President_Richard_Nixon_drinks_yerba_mate_from_a_mate_gourd_at_a_barbeque_luncheon_held_at_the_residence_of_Luis_Batlle_Berres_in_Montevideo%2C_Uruguay.jpg/220px-Vice_President_Richard_Nixon_drinks_yerba_mate_from_a_mate_gourd_at_a_barbeque_luncheon_held_at_the_residence_of_Luis_Batlle_Berres_in_Montevideo%2C_Uruguay.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Vice_President_Richard_Nixon_drinks_yerba_mate_from_a_mate_gourd_at_a_barbeque_luncheon_held_at_the_residence_of_Luis_Batlle_Berres_in_Montevideo%2C_Uruguay.jpg/330px-Vice_President_Richard_Nixon_drinks_yerba_mate_from_a_mate_gourd_at_a_barbeque_luncheon_held_at_the_residence_of_Luis_Batlle_Berres_in_Montevideo%2C_Uruguay.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Vice_President_Richard_Nixon_drinks_yerba_mate_from_a_mate_gourd_at_a_barbeque_luncheon_held_at_the_residence_of_Luis_Batlle_Berres_in_Montevideo%2C_Uruguay.jpg/440px-Vice_President_Richard_Nixon_drinks_yerba_mate_from_a_mate_gourd_at_a_barbeque_luncheon_held_at_the_residence_of_Luis_Batlle_Berres_in_Montevideo%2C_Uruguay.jpg 2x" data-file-width="843" data-file-height="802" /></a><figcaption>The early part of Nixon's tour went relatively smoothly. Here, he drinks <a href="/wiki/Mate_(beverage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mate (beverage)">mate</a> at the Montevideo home of former Uruguayan president <a href="/wiki/Luis_Batlle_Berres" title="Luis Batlle Berres">Luis Batlle Berres</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Nixon began his tour in <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a>, arriving at <a href="/wiki/Carrasco_International_Airport" title="Carrasco International Airport">Carrasco International Airport</a> at 9:00 a.m. on April 28. There, he was greeted by senior Uruguayan officials.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to an <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a> report at the time, about 40 students protested on the street corner as Nixon's motorcade proceeded into Montevideo.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Montevideo" title="Montevideo">Montevideo</a>, Nixon made an unscheduled appearance at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="University of the Republic">University of the Republic</a> and was generally well received by students. According to Nixon, he decided to make the unannounced stop because he felt that average Uruguayans would be receptive towards him, while scheduled and published visits were likely to attract organized demonstrations. This proved to be the case, and when communists arrived and tried to distribute literature, the students tore up the pamphlets.<sup id="cite_ref-six_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-six-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The visit to <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> was billed as the major stop of the trip and four days were allotted to the country, instead of the two slated for the other visits. In <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a>, Nixon attended the presidential inauguration of <a href="/wiki/Arturo_Frondizi" title="Arturo Frondizi">Arturo Frondizi</a> and spoke to several students and organized labor groups.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first serious trouble on the tour materialized in <a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>. Nixon's scheduled appearance at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_San_Marcos" class="mw-redirect" title="University of San Marcos">University of San Marcos</a> saw a large crowd of student demonstrators awaiting his arrival. In an event foreshadowing his famous <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon%27s_visit_to_the_Lincoln_Memorial" title="Richard Nixon's visit to the Lincoln Memorial">visit to the Lincoln Memorial</a> to meet anti-war protesters some years later, Nixon waded directly into the crowd of demonstrators, attended by only two staff members. Over the next few minutes, Nixon spoke with the students. However, a second faction of demonstrators soon began stoning the group, hitting one of Nixon's staff in the mouth and grazing the vice president's neck. The vice-president then withdrew and a later round-table with student leaders was canceled. Returning to his hotel, Nixon and his staff had to push through demonstrators who had encamped outside, during which Nixon was struck in the face.<sup id="cite_ref-nixonland_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nixonland-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cox_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cox-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eisenhower cabled Nixon at his next stop, in <a href="/wiki/Quito" title="Quito">Quito</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nixon_Colombia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Nixon_Colombia.jpg/300px-Nixon_Colombia.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Nixon_Colombia.jpg/450px-Nixon_Colombia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Nixon_Colombia.jpg/600px-Nixon_Colombia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4997" data-file-height="2025" /></a><figcaption>Nixon, pictured here in <a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1" title="Bogotá">Bogotá</a> in 1958, was well-received during his stop in Colombia</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Dear Dick: Your courage, patience, and calmness in the demonstration directed against you by radical agitators have brought you new respect and admiration in our country. I am certain that the vast majority of citizens both in Peru and in the United States deplore the incident caused by a few. I note with satisfaction that the Peruvian Government has already expressed to you its regret. Indeed, I feel that every participant in the mob will finally come to feel a sense of guilt and embarrassment because of his failure to show a friendly visitor the ordinary measure of courtesy and hospitality. Give my love to Pat and warm regards to you.</p></blockquote> <p>Nixon's final stop before <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> saw generally receptive crowds. At <a href="/wiki/Bol%C3%ADvar_Square" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolívar Square">Bolívar Square</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1" title="Bogotá">Bogotá</a>, he laid a wreath at the statue of <a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Simón Bolívar</a> before a crowd of about 1,000. An Associated Press report noted that there were some hecklers in the audience, but they amounted to "about 80 youths" and observed that "generally ... the Colombian crowds were friendly or enthusiastic".<sup id="cite_ref-cox_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cox-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tour_in_Venezuela">Tour in Venezuela</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attack_on_Richard_Nixon%27s_motorcade&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Tour in Venezuela"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attack_on_Richard_Nixon%27s_motorcade&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Earlier in 1958, the disliked Venezuelan dictator <a href="/wiki/Marcos_P%C3%A9rez_Jim%C3%A9nez" title="Marcos Pérez Jiménez">Marcos Pérez Jiménez</a> had been overthrown in a popular uprising and had gone into exile in the United States. A military junta formed a caretaker government to rule the country until new elections could be held. Admiral <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Larraz%C3%A1bal" title="Wolfgang Larrazábal">Wolfgang Larrazábal</a>, head of the governing junta, had announced his intention to stand in those elections; his candidacy was backed by a coalition of parties, including the <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuelan Communist Party">Venezuelan Communist Party</a>. The United States' earlier decision to award Pérez Jiménez the <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Merit" title="Legion of Merit">Legion of Merit</a> on 12 November 1954<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and after his overthrow to grant him asylum combined to create a charged atmosphere leading up to Nixon's arrival. The Caracas municipal council even passed a resolution effectively declaring Nixon <i><a href="/wiki/Persona_non_grata" title="Persona non grata">persona non grata</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-hnn_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hnn-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to Nixon's arrival in Caracas, media reported on rumors that an attempt had been planned on the vice-president's life during his visit.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/CIA_station_chief" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA station chief">CIA station chief</a> in Venezuela, United States ambassador to the country, and embassy staff all recommended against Nixon's visit.<sup id="cite_ref-hnn_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hnn-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In an interview conducted after he retired from government service, Robert Amerson, then-press attache to the United States embassy in Venezuela, said that the demonstrators who disrupted the Venezuela stop on the tour "had been bused down by the professional agitators and organizers" affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Venezuela" title="Communist Party of Venezuela">Communist Party of Venezuela</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-adst_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adst-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This view was one echoed in a report issued by <a href="/wiki/William_P._Snow" title="William P. Snow">William P. Snow</a>, acting <a href="/wiki/Assistant_Secretary_of_State_for_Inter-American_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs">Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs</a>, who wrote that "the pattern of organization and of slogans in all cases points to Communist inspiration and direction, as do certain of the intelligence reports".<sup id="cite_ref-cox_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cox-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nixon himself also blamed Communist instigation.<sup id="cite_ref-six_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-six-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Universal_Newsreel" title="Universal Newsreel">Universal Newsreel</a> at the time characterized it as "another of the well-planned campaigns of harassment" and a "communist-sparked onslaught".<sup id="cite_ref-universal_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-universal-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Venezuelan liberal journalist <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Rangel" title="Carlos Rangel">Carlos Rangel</a> has indicated the "Nixon carnival" was organized by the Venezuelan Communist Party as a way of demonstrating that it had the ability to "dominate the streets, that the Caracas masses were ready to be mobilized".<sup id="cite_ref-carlos_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carlos-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arrival">Arrival</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attack_on_Richard_Nixon%27s_motorcade&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Arrival"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nixon arrived, via air, in Caracas on May 13, 1958. According to a U.S. Secret Service report of the incident, a crowd of demonstrators at the airport "purposely disrupted ... [the] welcoming ceremony by shouting, blowing whistles, waving derogatory placards, throwing stones, and showering the Nixons with human spittle and chewing tobacco".<sup id="cite_ref-pol_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pol-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Life_(magazine)" title="Life (magazine)">Life</a></i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s Donald Wilson told his magazine that "they were out to get Nixon from the moment he stepped off his plane".<sup id="cite_ref-lifehaterunningloose19580526_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lifehaterunningloose19580526-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Herald_Tribune" title="New York Herald Tribune">New York Herald Tribune</a></i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s <a href="/wiki/Earl_Mazo" title="Earl Mazo">Earl Mazo</a> wrote that "Venezuelan troops and police seemed to evaporate. The vice-president and the whole official party literally had to fight their way to cars behind a thin but sturdy phalanx of U.S. Secret Service agents".<sup id="cite_ref-earl_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-earl-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The original itinerary had Nixon moving from the airport to the <a href="/wiki/National_Pantheon_of_Venezuela" title="National Pantheon of Venezuela">National Pantheon of Venezuela</a> where he was to lay a wreath at the tomb of <a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Simón Bolívar</a>. However, a United States naval attache sent ahead with the wreath reported a crowd that had assembled at the Pantheon had attacked him and torn up the wreath. At this point it was decided to proceed directly to the U.S. embassy.<sup id="cite_ref-adst_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adst-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attack">Attack</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attack_on_Richard_Nixon%27s_motorcade&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Attack"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For the first time on the South America tour, the Nixons traveled in closed-top cars as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Convertible" title="Convertible">convertibles</a>, a decision later credited with saving their lives.<sup id="cite_ref-universal_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-universal-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the Nixons traveled by motorcade through Caracas, the vehicle carrying the vice-president was slowed to a crawl by heavy traffic.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Life</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> Wilson wrote that a crowd of several hundred "raced toward their quarry and engulfed Nixon's car",<sup id="cite_ref-lifehaterunningloose19580526_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lifehaterunningloose19580526-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> stoning it and banging on the windows with their fists.<sup id="cite_ref-pol_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pol-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nixon was protected by twelve United States Secret Service agents, some of whom were injured in the melee.<sup id="cite_ref-history_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reporter Bruce Henderson and other Americans were nearby. He wrote, "I was an American and here before my eyes the Vice President of the U.S. was on the verge of very possibly being beaten to death".<sup id="cite_ref-lifehaterunningloose19580526_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lifehaterunningloose19580526-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Secret Service, Venezuelan police declined to intervene to clear the crowd. When the mob began rocking the car back and forth in an attempt to overturn it, U.S. Secret Service agents, believing the vice president's life was in jeopardy, drew their firearms and prepared to begin shooting into the crowd; in an act described by historian <a href="/wiki/Rick_Perlstein" title="Rick Perlstein">Rick Perlstein</a> as "the kind of presence of mind for which battlefield commanders win medals", Nixon ordered Secret Service agent-in-charge Jack Sherwood to hold fire and shoot only on his orders. No shots were ultimately fired.<sup id="cite_ref-nixonland_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nixonland-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pol_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pol-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nixon_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nixon-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nixon would later recount that Venezuelan Foreign Minister Óscar García Velutini, who was traveling with him, was "close to hysterics" and kept repeating "this is terrible, this is terrible". According to Nixon, Velutini explained the police inaction was because the communists "helped us overthrow Pérez Jiménez and we are trying to find a way to work with them".<sup id="cite_ref-six_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-six-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nixon's longtime secretary, <a href="/wiki/Rose_Mary_Woods" title="Rose Mary Woods">Rose Mary Woods</a>, was injured by flying glass when the windows of the car in which she was riding, following Nixon, were smashed. <a href="/wiki/Vernon_A._Walters" title="Vernon A. Walters">Vernon Walters</a>, then a mid-ranking U.S. Army officer serving as Nixon's translator, would end up with a "mouthful of glass",<sup id="cite_ref-nixon_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nixon-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Velutini was also hit by shards of the limousine's supposedly "shatter-proof" glass.<sup id="cite_ref-nixonland_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nixonland-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:An_automobile_that_has_sustained_damage_following_a_mob_attack_in_Caracas,_Venezuela,_targeting_Vice_President_Richard_Nixon._Close-up_of_shattered_windows.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/An_automobile_that_has_sustained_damage_following_a_mob_attack_in_Caracas%2C_Venezuela%2C_targeting_Vice_President_Richard_Nixon._Close-up_of_shattered_windows.jpg/220px-An_automobile_that_has_sustained_damage_following_a_mob_attack_in_Caracas%2C_Venezuela%2C_targeting_Vice_President_Richard_Nixon._Close-up_of_shattered_windows.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/An_automobile_that_has_sustained_damage_following_a_mob_attack_in_Caracas%2C_Venezuela%2C_targeting_Vice_President_Richard_Nixon._Close-up_of_shattered_windows.jpg/330px-An_automobile_that_has_sustained_damage_following_a_mob_attack_in_Caracas%2C_Venezuela%2C_targeting_Vice_President_Richard_Nixon._Close-up_of_shattered_windows.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/An_automobile_that_has_sustained_damage_following_a_mob_attack_in_Caracas%2C_Venezuela%2C_targeting_Vice_President_Richard_Nixon._Close-up_of_shattered_windows.jpg/440px-An_automobile_that_has_sustained_damage_following_a_mob_attack_in_Caracas%2C_Venezuela%2C_targeting_Vice_President_Richard_Nixon._Close-up_of_shattered_windows.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3728" data-file-height="2236" /></a><figcaption>Nixon's car. Even though it was equipped with shatter-proof glass, it was barely able to withstand the pummeling it received from the crowd.</figcaption></figure> <p>Two different accounts explain how Nixon's car was ultimately able to escape the mob and continue to the embassy. According to one version of events, the U.S. press corps' <a href="/wiki/Flatbed_truck" title="Flatbed truck">flatbed truck</a>, accompanying the motorcade, was used to clear a path through the crowd.<sup id="cite_ref-pol_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pol-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Nixon's remembrance of the incident, <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a> photographer Hank Griffin at one point had to use his camera to beat back a protester who tried to mount the truck.<sup id="cite_ref-six_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-six-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a second account, soldiers of the <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuelan Army">Venezuelan Army</a> arrived and cleared the traffic, thereafter moving the mob back at <a href="/wiki/Bayonet" title="Bayonet">bayonet</a>-point to allow Nixon's car to pass.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Life</i> wrote that the police opened a route for the car. The incident was over 12 minutes after it began.<sup id="cite_ref-lifehaterunningloose19580526_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lifehaterunningloose19580526-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Embassy">Embassy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attack_on_Richard_Nixon%27s_motorcade&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Embassy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shortly after the Nixons arrived at the embassy, the Venezuelan army surrounded and fortified the chancellery, reinforcing the small U.S. Marine guard force. Their assistance had earlier been requested by the U.S. ambassador.<sup id="cite_ref-hnn_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hnn-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That afternoon, members of the ruling junta arrived at the embassy and lunched with Nixon. The next morning, representatives of Venezuela's major labor unions came to the embassy and requested an audience with Nixon, which was granted. The union leaders apologized for events of the preceding day and disclaimed involvement, though, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a> officer Manuel Chavez<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – at the time attached to the embassy – wrote in 2015 that "they probably were the instigators or at least encouraged the actions".<sup id="cite_ref-hnn_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hnn-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="U.S._mobilization">U.S. mobilization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attack_on_Richard_Nixon%27s_motorcade&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: U.S. mobilization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Upon learning of the incident, <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Naval_Operations" title="Chief of Naval Operations">Chief of Naval Operations</a> Admiral <a href="/wiki/Arleigh_Burke" title="Arleigh Burke">Arleigh Burke</a> ordered the airlift of elements of the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Marine_Division" title="2nd Marine Division">2nd Marine Division</a> and the <a href="/wiki/101st_Airborne_Division" title="101st Airborne Division">101st Airborne Division</a> to staging areas in <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guant%C3%A1namo_Bay" title="Guantánamo Bay">Guantánamo Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>. The aircraft carrier <a href="/wiki/USS_Tarawa_(CV-40)" title="USS Tarawa (CV-40)">USS <i>Tarawa</i></a>, along with eight destroyers and two <a href="/wiki/Amphibious_assault_ship" title="Amphibious assault ship">amphibious assault ships</a>, were ordered to put to sea towards Venezuela.<sup id="cite_ref-history_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-courier_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-courier-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The U.S. mobilization was code-named "Operation <a href="/wiki/Poor_Richard%27s_Almanack" title="Poor Richard's Almanack">Poor Richard</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-nixonland_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nixonland-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Disputed_statement" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Disputed statement"><span title="This claim has reliable sources with contradicting facts (May 2024)">disputed</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Attack_on_Richard_Nixon%27s_motorcade" title="Talk:Attack on Richard Nixon's motorcade">discuss</a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USS_Tarawa_(CVA-40)_underway_at_sea_on_18_December_1952.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/USS_Tarawa_%28CVA-40%29_underway_at_sea_on_18_December_1952.jpg/220px-USS_Tarawa_%28CVA-40%29_underway_at_sea_on_18_December_1952.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/USS_Tarawa_%28CVA-40%29_underway_at_sea_on_18_December_1952.jpg/330px-USS_Tarawa_%28CVA-40%29_underway_at_sea_on_18_December_1952.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/USS_Tarawa_%28CVA-40%29_underway_at_sea_on_18_December_1952.jpg/440px-USS_Tarawa_%28CVA-40%29_underway_at_sea_on_18_December_1952.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5658" data-file-height="4181" /></a><figcaption>A fleet of 12 ships centered on <a href="/wiki/USS_Tarawa_(CV-40)" title="USS Tarawa (CV-40)">USS <i>Tarawa</i></a>, pictured here in 1952, was ordered to Venezuela once news of the attack on Nixon reached Washington</figcaption></figure> <p>According to U.S. officials at the time, the forces mobilized were being readied to enter Venezuela to "cooperate with the Venezuelan government", though later accounts suggest President Eisenhower was preparing to "invade Venezuela" should Nixon suffer further indignity.<sup id="cite_ref-carlos_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carlos-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-history_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-courier_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-courier-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Privately, Eisenhower was reportedly furious at the attack on Nixon and, at one point, told his staff "I am about ready to go put my uniform on".<sup id="cite_ref-max_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-max-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nixon was shocked after learning about the mobilization and wondered why they were not consulted, but later found out that communications between Caracas and Washington had been cut for a critical period immediately after the riot that afternoon.<sup id="cite_ref-six_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-six-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In response to the movement of American military forces into the region, Admiral Larrazábal pledged the Nixon party would be "protected fully" thereafter.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return_to_the_United_States">Return to the United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attack_on_Richard_Nixon%27s_motorcade&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Return to the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Additional activities were canceled, and Nixon departed Caracas the next morning, seven hours early. His motorcade to the airport was protected by a major deployment of Venezuelan Army infantry and armored forces in the capital.<sup id="cite_ref-universal_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-universal-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hnn_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hnn-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nixon described having taken the same route as before, whose streets were empty and heavily patrolled after the whole area had been <a href="/wiki/Tear_gas" title="Tear gas">tear-gassed</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-six_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-six-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="American_reaction">American reaction</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attack_on_Richard_Nixon%27s_motorcade&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: American reaction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Nixons stopped in Puerto Rico before returning to Washington. Eisenhower ordered that Nixon should receive a "hero's welcome" on his return; all U.S. government employees in Washington were given the day off work to turn out for the arrival of the vice-president. Nixon deplaned before "a cheering crowd of 10,000" that included the congressional leadership and ambassadors from most Latin American countries. Eisenhower personally greeted Nixon at the airport and the two then traveled to the White House along a route lined by 100,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-lifehaterunningloose19580526_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lifehaterunningloose19580526-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-universal_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-universal-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Life</i> credited Nixon for his "courage" and said "his coolness had been remarkable".<sup id="cite_ref-life19580526_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-life19580526-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Path%C3%A9_News" title="Pathé News">Pathé News</a>, Nixon reflected "calm, rather than concern."<sup id="cite_ref-pathe_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pathe-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For weeks after the attack, Nixon received standing ovations "wherever he went ... a new high in his life".<sup id="cite_ref-nixonland_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nixonland-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While <i>Life</i> surmised that the trip "had added immeasurably to the stature at home of a man most likely to <a href="/wiki/1960_U.S._presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1960 U.S. presidential election">run for President in</a> 1960",<sup id="cite_ref-lifehaterunningloose19580526_23-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lifehaterunningloose19580526-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Republic" title="The New Republic">The New Republic</a></i> claimed the attack was a hoax set up to help Nixon's chances in the election.<sup id="cite_ref-nixonland_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nixonland-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All 12 agents of Nixon's Secret Service detail received the Decoration for Exceptional Civilian Service from Eisenhower at Nixon's request.<sup id="cite_ref-six_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-six-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Venezuelan_reaction">Venezuelan reaction</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attack_on_Richard_Nixon%27s_motorcade&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Venezuelan reaction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1959._Febrero,_13._Toma_de_posesi%C3%B3n_de_R%C3%B3mulo_Betancourt_en_el_Palacio_Federal_Legislativo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/1959._Febrero%2C_13._Toma_de_posesi%C3%B3n_de_R%C3%B3mulo_Betancourt_en_el_Palacio_Federal_Legislativo.jpg/220px-1959._Febrero%2C_13._Toma_de_posesi%C3%B3n_de_R%C3%B3mulo_Betancourt_en_el_Palacio_Federal_Legislativo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/1959._Febrero%2C_13._Toma_de_posesi%C3%B3n_de_R%C3%B3mulo_Betancourt_en_el_Palacio_Federal_Legislativo.jpg/330px-1959._Febrero%2C_13._Toma_de_posesi%C3%B3n_de_R%C3%B3mulo_Betancourt_en_el_Palacio_Federal_Legislativo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/1959._Febrero%2C_13._Toma_de_posesi%C3%B3n_de_R%C3%B3mulo_Betancourt_en_el_Palacio_Federal_Legislativo.jpg/440px-1959._Febrero%2C_13._Toma_de_posesi%C3%B3n_de_R%C3%B3mulo_Betancourt_en_el_Palacio_Federal_Legislativo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="467" /></a><figcaption>Rómulo Betancourt greets Larrazábal after taking oath in the National Congress</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Betancourt_-_JFK.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Betancourt_-_JFK.jpg/220px-Betancourt_-_JFK.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Betancourt_-_JFK.jpg/330px-Betancourt_-_JFK.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Betancourt_-_JFK.jpg/440px-Betancourt_-_JFK.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="743" /></a><figcaption>John F. Kennedy visit to Venezuela with Rómulo Betancourt</figcaption></figure> <p>In Venezuela, all major presidential candidates standing in the <a href="/wiki/1958_Venezuelan_general_election" title="1958 Venezuelan general election">1958 general election</a> denounced the attack except for the incumbent president, Admiral Larrazábal. After Nixon's departure, Larrazábal said that he would have joined the protests if he were a student. Despite receiving strong backing by the communists, Larrazábal lost the election to <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3mulo_Betancourt" title="Rómulo Betancourt">Rómulo Betancourt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 1961 visit of U.S. President <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> to Venezuela, anti-American violence also broke out; a repeat of the 1958 attack was avoided, however. President Betancourt pre-deployed significant Venezuelan military forces into Caracas in advance of Kennedy's arrival and ordered the preventive arrest of suspected ringleaders. All 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) of the highway Kennedy was scheduled to travel from the airport, the same highway traveled by Nixon, were closed effective the day before Kennedy's arrival.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Significance">Significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attack_on_Richard_Nixon%27s_motorcade&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nixons_wave_from_AFO_1972.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Nixons_wave_from_AFO_1972.jpg/220px-Nixons_wave_from_AFO_1972.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Nixons_wave_from_AFO_1972.jpg/330px-Nixons_wave_from_AFO_1972.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Nixons_wave_from_AFO_1972.jpg/440px-Nixons_wave_from_AFO_1972.jpg 2x" data-file-width="504" data-file-height="338" /></a><figcaption>Nixon, pictured here 14 years after the attack, was deeply affected by his experiences in Caracas</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Path%C3%A9_News" title="Pathé News">Pathé News</a> described the assault as "the most violent attack ever perpetrated on a high American official while on foreign soil".<sup id="cite_ref-pathe_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pathe-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contemporary and later sources described the attack as one that nearly led to Nixon's death<sup id="cite_ref-lifehaterunningloose19580526_23-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lifehaterunningloose19580526-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cox_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cox-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, though it is generally agreed he acted with remarkable composure throughout, the incident had a lasting impact on him.<sup id="cite_ref-wapo_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wapo-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his first book, <i><a href="/wiki/Six_Crises" title="Six Crises">Six Crises</a></i>, Nixon wrote of the experience as one of the titular crises with great impact on his life.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Every year on the anniversary of the attack, Nixon would "privately celebrate" with Vernon Walters. Nixon would favor Walters for the rest of his career, eventually appointing him <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Director_of_Central_Intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy Director of Central Intelligence">Deputy Director of Central Intelligence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wapo_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wapo-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the eve of Walters' retirement from government service, in 1991, Nixon explained his longtime patronage of the general, writing him that "you and I have faced death together and that gives us a special bond".<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The hardening of Nixon's attitude toward Latin America, which he came to "equate with violence and irrationality", has been attributed to his experience of the attack. Some believe this change of mood foreshadowed his subsequent support for covert U.S. actions directed in support of dictatorial regimes in the region. In fact, he would later privately list several nations whose populations, he believed, were too immature for democratic government and would be better administered by authoritarian regimes, specifically citing <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, and all of Latin America "except for Colombia".<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-max_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-max-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The incident has been credited with first making American policymakers aware of growing popular resentment to U.S. policies in Latin America.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of 1958, the <a href="/wiki/U.S._National_Security_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. National Security Council">U.S. National Security Council</a> would list "yankeephobia" as a key challenge to U.S. interests in Latin America.<sup id="cite_ref-max_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-max-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_literature">In literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attack_on_Richard_Nixon%27s_motorcade&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: In literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The attack on Richard Nixon's motorcade is extensively referenced in <a href="/wiki/Paul_Auster" title="Paul Auster">Paul Auster</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/4_3_2_1_(novel)" title="4 3 2 1 (novel)">4 3 2 1</a></i>. The book's protagonist, a school boy in 1958, hears of the incident and talks about it with a politically radical uncle. Afterwards, he writes an article for his school newspaper entitled "Fracas in Caracas", where he states that the attack on Nixon resulted from Latin Americans' resentment of their domination and exploitation by the United States. This nearly leads to his being expelled by an angry school principal, accusing him of being "a youthful Communist agitator". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attack_on_Richard_Nixon%27s_motorcade&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eva_Per%C3%B3n#European_tour" title="Eva Perón">Eva Perón's "Rainbow Tour"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Venezuela_(1948%E2%80%9358)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Venezuela (1948–58)">History of Venezuela (1948–58)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attack_on_Richard_Nixon%27s_motorcade&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a> were not, at the time, independent.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Amerson would later write a letter to <i>The New York Times</i> in which he questioned if "Caracas dramatized to him that since local conditions primarily caused anti-American sentiment, international Communism might not really be monolithic. This may have influenced his Presidential decisions to deal directly with Communist leaders in China and the Soviet Union."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to <a href="/wiki/Drew_Pearson_(journalist)" title="Drew Pearson (journalist)">Drew Pearson</a>, citing secondhand information, Nixon had personally insisted the press truck drive ahead of his vehicle. The larger vehicle could only manage 25 miles per hour, which slowed the entire motorcade to the point the mob was able to stop it.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chavez was a relative of Senator <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Dennis Chávez">Dennis Chávez</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hnn_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hnn-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attack_on_Richard_Nixon%27s_motorcade&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-3"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-earl-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-earl_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-earl_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMazo1958" class="citation news cs1">Mazo, Earl (May 14, 1958). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/51565652">"Screeching Mob Hurls Rocks at Nixon"</a></span>. <i>San Bernardino County Sun</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170317144823/http://www.newspapers.com/image/51565652/">Archived</a> from the original on March 17, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 16,</span> 2017</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=San+Bernardino+County+Sun&rft.atitle=Screeching+Mob+Hurls+Rocks+at+Nixon&rft.date=1958-05-14&rft.aulast=Mazo&rft.aufirst=Earl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F51565652&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Richard+Nixon%27s+motorcade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pathe-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pathe_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pathe_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pathe_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EHR1dBTJrRA">"Tragic Incidents In Venezuela Against Vice President Nixon (1958)"</a>. <i>British Pathé</i>. <a href="/wiki/Path%C3%A9_News" title="Pathé News">Pathé News</a>. 13 April 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170406131619/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EHR1dBTJrRA">Archived</a> from the original on April 6, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 16,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=British+Path%C3%A9&rft.atitle=Tragic+Incidents+In+Venezuela+Against+Vice+President+Nixon+%281958%29&rft.date=2014-04-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DEHR1dBTJrRA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Richard+Nixon%27s+motorcade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cox-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cox_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cox_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cox_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cox_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cox_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cox_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCox" class="citation web cs1">Cox, Jeff. <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://primo.hope.edu/discovery/fulldisplay/gale_ofa315921747/01COL_HOPE:HOPE">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"They Aren't Friendly, Mr. Vice President"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a></span>. <i>American Diplomacy</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina" title="University of North Carolina">University of North Carolina</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1094-8120">1094-8120</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 13,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Diplomacy&rft.atitle=%22They+Aren%27t+Friendly%2C+Mr.+Vice+President%22&rft.issn=1094-8120&rft.aulast=Cox&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprimo.hope.edu%2Fdiscovery%2Ffulldisplay%2Fgale_ofa315921747%2F01COL_HOPE%3AHOPE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Richard+Nixon%27s+motorcade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-six-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-six_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-six_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-six_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-six_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-six_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-six_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-six_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-six_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-six_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNixon1962" class="citation book cs1">Nixon, Richard (1962). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sixcrisesrichard0000unse"><i>Six Crises</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doubleday_(publisher)" title="Doubleday (publisher)">Doubleday</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sixcrisesrichard0000unse/page/183">183</a>–284.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Six+Crises&rft.pages=183-284&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Nixon&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsixcrisesrichard0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Richard+Nixon%27s+motorcade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/22342944/?terms">"Nixon Begins Goodwill Tour"</a></span>. <i>The Daily Inter-Lake</i>. <a href="/wiki/United_Press_International" title="United Press International">United Press International</a>. April 28, 1958. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170315085451/https://www.newspapers.com/image/22342944/?terms">Archived</a> from the original on March 15, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 14,</span> 2017</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Inter-Lake&rft.atitle=Nixon+Begins+Goodwill+Tour&rft.date=1958-04-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F22342944%2F%3Fterms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Richard+Nixon%27s+motorcade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/10937553/?terms">"Cheers and Jeers Get Nixon's Smile"</a></span>. <i>Terre Haute Star</i>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. April 29, 1958. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170315085525/https://www.newspapers.com/image/10937553/?terms">Archived</a> from the original on March 15, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 14,</span> 2017</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Terre+Haute+Star&rft.atitle=Cheers+and+Jeers+Get+Nixon%27s+Smile&rft.date=1958-04-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F10937553%2F%3Fterms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Richard+Nixon%27s+motorcade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiaz-Bonilla2011" class="citation book cs1">Diaz-Bonilla, Eugenio (2011). <i>A Long and Winding Road: The Creation of the Inter American Development Bank</i>. Lulu.com. pp. 65–66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1257089994" title="Special:BookSources/978-1257089994"><bdi>978-1257089994</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Long+and+Winding+Road%3A+The+Creation+of+the+Inter+American+Development+Bank&rft.pages=65-66&rft.pub=Lulu.com&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1257089994&rft.aulast=Diaz-Bonilla&rft.aufirst=Eugenio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Richard+Nixon%27s+motorcade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nixonland-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nixonland_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nixonland_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nixonland_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nixonland_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nixonland_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nixonland_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerlstein2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rick_Perlstein" title="Rick Perlstein">Perlstein, Rick</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dM_enWzoghoC"><i>Nixonland: The Rise of a President and the Fracturing of America</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. pp. 48–49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1451606263" title="Special:BookSources/978-1451606263"><bdi>978-1451606263</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nixonland%3A+The+Rise+of+a+President+and+the+Fracturing+of+America&rft.pages=48-49&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1451606263&rft.aulast=Perlstein&rft.aufirst=Rick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdM_enWzoghoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Richard+Nixon%27s+motorcade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/21969001">"Peru Apologizes for Violence on Nixon"</a></span>. <i>Delta Democrat-Gazette</i>. <a href="/wiki/United_Press_International" title="United Press International">United Press International</a>. May 9, 1958<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 15,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+of+the+Historian&rft.atitle=Message+From+the+President+to+the+Vice+President%2C+at+Quito&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.state.gov%2Fhistoricaldocuments%2Ffrus1958-60v05%2Fd45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Richard+Nixon%27s+motorcade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradshaw1958" class="citation news cs1">Bradshaw, Stanford (May 12, 1958). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/81843531/">"Nixon Shrugs Off Hecklers"</a></span>. <i>Monroe News-Star</i>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170316114317/https://www.newspapers.com/image/81843531/">Archived</a> from the original on March 16, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 15,</span> 2017</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monroe+News-Star&rft.atitle=Nixon+Shrugs+Off+Hecklers&rft.date=1958-05-12&rft.aulast=Bradshaw&rft.aufirst=Stanford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F81843531%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Richard+Nixon%27s+motorcade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOffice_of_the_Historian1955" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Historian" title="Office of the Historian">Office of the Historian</a>, ed. (January 19, 1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1952-54v04/d13">"Progress Report by the Operations Coordinating Board to the National Security Council"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/FRUS" class="mw-redirect" title="FRUS">FRUS</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190106204519/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1952-54v04/d13">Archived</a> from the original on January 6, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 6,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FRUS&rft.atitle=Progress+Report+by+the+Operations+Coordinating+Board+to+the+National+Security+Council&rft.date=1955-01-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.state.gov%2Fhistoricaldocuments%2Ffrus1952-54v04%2Fd13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Richard+Nixon%27s+motorcade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://valor.militarytimes.com/recipient.php?recipientid=400538">"Marcos Perez Jimenez – Legion of Merit"</a>. <i>valor.militarytimes.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180215023628/https://valor.militarytimes.com/recipient.php?recipientid=400538">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-02-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-01-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=valor.militarytimes.com&rft.atitle=Marcos+Perez+Jimenez+%E2%80%93+Legion+of+Merit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvalor.militarytimes.com%2Frecipient.php%3Frecipientid%3D400538&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Richard+Nixon%27s+motorcade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hnn-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hnn_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hnn_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hnn_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hnn_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hnn_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hnn_15-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChavez2015" class="citation news cs1">Chavez, Manny (May 3, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historynewsnetwork.org/article/159218">"Just Why Did Nixon Go to Venezuela in 1958 Anyway?"</a>. <i>History News Network</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170315085352/http://historynewsnetwork.org/article/159218">Archived</a> from the original on March 15, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 14,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+News+Network&rft.atitle=Just+Why+Did+Nixon+Go+to+Venezuela+in+1958+Anyway%3F&rft.date=2015-05-03&rft.aulast=Chavez&rft.aufirst=Manny&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistorynewsnetwork.org%2Farticle%2F159218&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Richard+Nixon%27s+motorcade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chicagotribune.newspapers.com/image/370733042/">"Warn Guards of Nixon Plot Tip"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a></i>. May 13, 1958<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 26,</span> 2020</span> – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Warn+Guards+of+Nixon+Plot+Tip&rft.date=1958-05-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchicagotribune.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F370733042%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Richard+Nixon%27s+motorcade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmerson1994" class="citation news cs1">Amerson, Robert (May 8, 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1994/05/08/opinion/l-even-now-nixon-stirs-up-friend-and-foe-alike-tempered-by-caracas-035840.html">"Even Now, Nixon Stirs Up Friend and Foe Alike; Tempered by Caracas"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170316115254/http://www.nytimes.com/1994/05/08/opinion/l-even-now-nixon-stirs-up-friend-and-foe-alike-tempered-by-caracas-035840.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 16, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 15,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Even+Now%2C+Nixon+Stirs+Up+Friend+and+Foe+Alike%3B+Tempered+by+Caracas&rft.date=1994-05-08&rft.aulast=Amerson&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1994%2F05%2F08%2Fopinion%2Fl-even-now-nixon-stirs-up-friend-and-foe-alike-tempered-by-caracas-035840.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Richard+Nixon%27s+motorcade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-adst-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-adst_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-adst_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adst.org/2013/05/the-day-venezuelans-attacked-nixon/">"The Day Venezuelans Attacked Nixon"</a>. <i>Foreign Affairs Oral History Project</i>. <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Diplomatic_Studies_and_Training" title="Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training">Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161217053648/http://adst.org/2013/05/the-day-venezuelans-attacked-nixon/">Archived</a> from the original on December 17, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 13,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs+Oral+History+Project&rft.atitle=The+Day+Venezuelans+Attacked+Nixon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadst.org%2F2013%2F05%2Fthe-day-venezuelans-attacked-nixon%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Richard+Nixon%27s+motorcade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-universal-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-universal_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-universal_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-universal_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-universal_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CI6P_5cgbGQ">"Nixon Ordeal"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Universal_Newsreel" title="Universal Newsreel">Universal Newsreel</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. May 1958. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170406131840/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CI6P_5cgbGQ">Archived</a> from the original on April 6, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 14,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Universal+Newsreel&rft.atitle=Nixon+Ordeal&rft.date=1958-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DCI6P_5cgbGQ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Richard+Nixon%27s+motorcade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-carlos-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-carlos_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-carlos_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRangel1977" class="citation book cs1">Rangel, Carlos (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tnXMDKTlxiAC&pg=PA124"><i>The Latin Americans</i></a>. Transaction. p. 124. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/141283757X" title="Special:BookSources/141283757X"><bdi>141283757X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Latin+Americans&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=Transaction&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=141283757X&rft.aulast=Rangel&rft.aufirst=Carlos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtnXMDKTlxiAC%26pg%3DPA124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Richard+Nixon%27s+motorcade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pol-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pol_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pol_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pol_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pol_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlass2014" class="citation news cs1">Glass, Andrew (May 13, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politico.com/story/2014/05/vice-president-nixons-motorcade-attacked-in-venezuela-may-13-1958-106584">"Vice President Nixon's motorcade attacked in Venezuela, May 13, 1958"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Politico" title="Politico">Politico</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170314153747/http://www.politico.com/story/2014/05/vice-president-nixons-motorcade-attacked-in-venezuela-may-13-1958-106584">Archived</a> from the original on March 14, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 13,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=Vice+President+Nixon%27s+motorcade+attacked+in+Venezuela%2C+May+13%2C+1958&rft.date=2014-05-13&rft.aulast=Glass&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fstory%2F2014%2F05%2Fvice-president-nixons-motorcade-attacked-in-venezuela-may-13-1958-106584&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Richard+Nixon%27s+motorcade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lifehaterunningloose19580526-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lifehaterunningloose19580526_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lifehaterunningloose19580526_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lifehaterunningloose19580526_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lifehaterunningloose19580526_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lifehaterunningloose19580526_23-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lifehaterunningloose19580526_23-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lifehaterunningloose19580526_23-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vVMEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA32">"Hate Running Loose Hits Out at Nixons"</a>. <i>Life</i>. 1958-05-26. p. 32<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-05-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Life&rft.atitle=Hate+Running+Loose+Hits+Out+at+Nixons&rft.pages=32&rft.date=1958-05-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvVMEAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Richard+Nixon%27s+motorcade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearson2015" class="citation book cs1">Pearson, Drew (2015). <i>Washington Merry-Go-Round: The Drew Pearson Diaries, 1960–1969</i>. U of Nebraska Press. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1612347134" title="Special:BookSources/978-1612347134"><bdi>978-1612347134</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Washington+Merry-Go-Round%3A+The+Drew+Pearson+Diaries%2C+1960%E2%80%931969&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=U+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1612347134&rft.aulast=Pearson&rft.aufirst=Drew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Richard+Nixon%27s+motorcade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-history-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-history_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/vice-president-nixon-is-attacked">"Nixon attacked by angry Venezuelans"</a>. <i>History</i>. <a href="/wiki/History_Channel" title="History Channel">History Channel</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 26,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History&rft.atitle=Nixon+attacked+by+angry+Venezuelans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fthis-day-in-history%2Fvice-president-nixon-is-attacked&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Richard+Nixon%27s+motorcade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nixon-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nixon_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nixon_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAitken2015" class="citation book cs1">Aitken, Jonathan (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CIQcCgAAQBAJ"><i>Nixon: A Life</i></a>. Regnery Publishing. pp. 296–297. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1621574422" title="Special:BookSources/978-1621574422"><bdi>978-1621574422</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nixon%3A+A+Life&rft.pages=296-297&rft.pub=Regnery+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1621574422&rft.aulast=Aitken&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCIQcCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Richard+Nixon%27s+motorcade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSummers2001" class="citation book cs1">Summers, Anthony (2001). <i>The Arrogance of Power: The Secret World of Richard Nixon</i>. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1101199482" title="Special:BookSources/1101199482"><bdi>1101199482</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arrogance+of+Power%3A+The+Secret+World+of+Richard+Nixon&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1101199482&rft.aulast=Summers&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Richard+Nixon%27s+motorcade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-courier-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-courier_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-courier_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/31918792/?terms">"Troops Fly to Aid Nixon"</a></span>. <i>Press-Courier</i>. <a href="/wiki/United_Press_International" title="United Press International">United Press International</a>. May 14, 1958. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170314152340/https://www.newspapers.com/image/31918792/?terms">Archived</a> from the original on March 14, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 13,</span> 2017</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Press-Courier&rft.atitle=Troops+Fly+to+Aid+Nixon&rft.date=1958-05-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F31918792%2F%3Fterms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Richard+Nixon%27s+motorcade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-max-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-max_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-max_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-max_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="max" class="citation book cs1">Friedman, Max (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W6SlfhN4iqsC"><i>Rethinking Anti-Americanism</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 156–159. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521683425" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521683425"><bdi>978-0521683425</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rethinking+Anti-Americanism&rft.pages=156-159&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0521683425&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW6SlfhN4iqsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Richard+Nixon%27s+motorcade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/54975569/?terms=">"Troops Arrive to Help Nixon"</a></span>. <i>Ironwood Daily Globe</i>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. May 13, 1958<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 14,</span> 2017</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ironwood+Daily+Globe&rft.atitle=Troops+Arrive+to+Help+Nixon&rft.date=1958-05-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F54975569%2F%3Fterms%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Richard+Nixon%27s+motorcade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLungren" class="citation book cs1">Lungren, John. <i>Healing Richard Nixon: A Doctor's Memoir</i>. University Press of Kentucky. p. 185. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0813129095" title="Special:BookSources/0813129095"><bdi>0813129095</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Healing+Richard+Nixon%3A+A+Doctor%27s+Memoir&rft.pages=185&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.isbn=0813129095&rft.aulast=Lungren&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Richard+Nixon%27s+motorcade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chicagotribune.newspapers.com/image/372877730/">"Big Nixon Welcome Today"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a></i>. May 15, 1958<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 26,</span> 2020</span> – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Big+Nixon+Welcome+Today&rft.date=1958-05-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchicagotribune.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F372877730%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Richard+Nixon%27s+motorcade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-life19580526-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-life19580526_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vVMEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA47">"Caracas: The U.S. Reaction"</a>. <i>LIFE</i>. May 26, 1958. p. 47<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-05-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=LIFE&rft.atitle=Caracas%3A+The+U.S.+Reaction&rft.pages=47&rft.date=1958-05-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvVMEAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Richard+Nixon%27s+motorcade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrinot,_Paulo2010" class="citation book cs1">Drinot, Paulo (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zGCqI0WbCscC&pg=PT166"><i>Che's Travels: The Making of a Revolutionary in 1950s Latin America</i></a>. Duke University Press. pp. 166–167. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-9180-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-9180-7"><bdi>978-0-8223-9180-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170331050233/https://books.google.com/books?id=zGCqI0WbCscC&pg=PT166">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-03-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-03-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Che%27s+Travels%3A+The+Making+of+a+Revolutionary+in+1950s+Latin+America&rft.pages=166-167&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-9180-7&rft.au=Drinot%2C+Paulo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzGCqI0WbCscC%26pg%3DPT166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Richard+Nixon%27s+motorcade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEwell,_Judith1996" class="citation book cs1">Ewell, Judith (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3_Bn5HBkJyoC&pg=PA214"><i>Venezuela and the United States: From Monroe's Hemisphere to Petroleum's Empire</i></a>. University of Georgia Press. pp. 214–215. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-1782-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-1782-3"><bdi>978-0-8203-1782-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170331050726/https://books.google.com/books?id=3_Bn5HBkJyoC&pg=PA214">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-03-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-03-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Venezuela+and+the+United+States%3A+From+Monroe%27s+Hemisphere+to+Petroleum%27s+Empire&rft.pages=214-215&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8203-1782-3&rft.au=Ewell%2C+Judith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3_Bn5HBkJyoC%26pg%3DPA214&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Richard+Nixon%27s+motorcade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wapo-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wapo_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wapo_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1985/12/16/vernon-walters-back-in-his-world/0b4dab21-5caf-44bd-bc4a-965dcea61c85/">"Vernon Walters, Back in His World"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. December 16, 1985. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170404130444/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1985/12/16/vernon-walters-back-in-his-world/0b4dab21-5caf-44bd-bc4a-965dcea61c85/">Archived</a> from the original on April 4, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 15,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Vernon+Walters%2C+Back+in+His+World&rft.date=1985-12-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Flifestyle%2F1985%2F12%2F16%2Fvernon-walters-back-in-his-world%2F0b4dab21-5caf-44bd-bc4a-965dcea61c85%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Richard+Nixon%27s+motorcade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNixon1962" class="citation book cs1">Nixon, Richard (1962). "Attack by a mob in Venezuela". <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sixcrisesrichard0000unse"><i>Six Crises</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doubleday_(publisher)" title="Doubleday (publisher)">Doubleday</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Attack+by+a+mob+in+Venezuela&rft.btitle=Six+Crises&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Nixon&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsixcrisesrichard0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Richard+Nixon%27s+motorcade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaymont2005" class="citation book cs1">Raymont, Henry (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/troubledneighbor0000raym/page/193"><i>Troubled Neighbors: The Story of US-Latin American Relations, from FDR to the Present</i></a></span>. Westview. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/troubledneighbor0000raym/page/193">193</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0813343038" title="Special:BookSources/0813343038"><bdi>0813343038</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Troubled+Neighbors%3A+The+Story+of+US-Latin+American+Relations%2C+from+FDR+to+the+Present&rft.pages=193&rft.pub=Westview&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0813343038&rft.aulast=Raymont&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftroubledneighbor0000raym%2Fpage%2F193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Richard+Nixon%27s+motorcade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQureshi2009" class="citation book cs1">Qureshi, Lubna (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=alISgQdNY4kC"><i>Nixon, Kissinger, and Allende: U.S. Involvement in the 1973 Coup in Chile</i></a>. Lexington Books. pp. 2–4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0739126554" title="Special:BookSources/978-0739126554"><bdi>978-0739126554</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nixon%2C+Kissinger%2C+and+Allende%3A+U.S.+Involvement+in+the+1973+Coup+in+Chile&rft.pages=2-4&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0739126554&rft.aulast=Qureshi&rft.aufirst=Lubna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DalISgQdNY4kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Richard+Nixon%27s+motorcade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcPherson2009" class="citation book cs1">McPherson, Alan L. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uW5CYPFMQasC"><i>Yankee No!</i></a>. Harvard University Press. pp. 10–12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674040885" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674040885"><bdi>978-0674040885</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yankee+No%21&rft.pages=10-12&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0674040885&rft.aulast=McPherson&rft.aufirst=Alan+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuW5CYPFMQasC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Richard+Nixon%27s+motorcade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Template:Richard_Nixon" title="Template:Richard Nixon"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Richard_Nixon" title="Template talk:Richard Nixon"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Richard_Nixon" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Richard Nixon"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Richard_Nixon" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">37th</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1969–1974)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of vice presidents of the United States">36th</a> <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a> (1953–1961)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senator</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_California" title="List of United States senators from California">from California</a> (1950–1953)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. Representative</a> for <a href="/wiki/California%27s_12th_congressional_district" title="California's 12th congressional district">CA–12</a> (1947–1950)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidency of Richard Nixon">Presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidential transition of Richard Nixon">Transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Richard_Nixon" title="First inauguration of Richard Nixon">First inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Second inauguration of Richard Nixon">Second inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_Doctrine" title="Nixon Doctrine">Nixon Doctrine</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Bring_Us_Together" title="Bring Us Together">Bring Us Together</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixonomics" title="Nixonomics">Economic policies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_shock" title="Nixon shock">Nixon shock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tar_Baby_Option" class="mw-redirect" title="Tar Baby Option">Tar Baby Option</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reorganization_Plan_No._3" class="mw-redirect" title="Reorganization Plan No. 3">creation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Nixon_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">Space exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_Cancer" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Cancer">1971 National Cancer Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Menu" title="Operation Menu">Cambodian bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Accords" title="Paris Peace Accords">Paris Peace Accords</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Peace_with_Honor" title="Peace with Honor">Peace with Honor</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamization" title="Vietnamization">Vietnamization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_majority" title="Silent majority">Silent majority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1962%E2%80%931979)" title="Cold War (1962–1979)">Cold War period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linkage_(policy)" title="Linkage (policy)">Linkage policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Drug_Abuse_Prevention_and_Control_Act_of_1970" title="Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970">Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon%27s_visit_to_the_Lincoln_Memorial" title="Richard Nixon's visit to the Lincoln Memorial">1970 Lincoln Memorial visit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_visit_by_Richard_Nixon_to_China" title="1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China">1972 visit to China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Communiqu%C3%A9" title="Shanghai Communiqué">Shanghai Communiqué</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">Détente</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Summit_(1972)" title="Moscow Summit (1972)">1972 Moscow Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Ballistic_Missile_Treaty" title="Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty">Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Arms_Limitation_Talks" title="Strategic Arms Limitation Talks">SALT I Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_the_Prevention_of_Nuclear_War" title="Agreement on the Prevention of Nuclear War">Prevention of Nuclear War Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threshold_Test_Ban_Treaty" title="Threshold Test Ban Treaty">Threshold Test Ban Treaty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Species_Act_of_1973" title="Endangered Species Act of 1973">Endangered Species Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shafer_Commission" title="Shafer Commission">National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_Drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Drugs">War on Drugs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration#History_and_mandate" title="Drug Enforcement Administration">Drug Enforcement Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_policy_of_the_Richard_Nixon_administration" title="Cannabis policy of the Richard Nixon administration">Cannabis policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon%27s_Enemies_List" title="Nixon's Enemies List">Enemies List</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Master_list_of_Nixon%27s_political_opponents" title="Master list of Nixon's political opponents">list of opponents</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_CHAOS" title="Operation CHAOS">Operation CHAOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal" title="Watergate scandal">Watergate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Watergate_scandal" title="Timeline of the Watergate scandal">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_White_House_tapes" title="Nixon White House tapes">White House tapes</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Nixon" title="United States v. Nixon">United States v. Nixon</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Watergate_Committee" title="United States Senate Watergate Committee">Senate Watergate Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_process_against_Richard_Nixon" title="Impeachment process against Richard Nixon">impeachment process</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/I_am_not_a_crook" class="mw-redirect" title="I am not a crook">I am not a crook</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal#Resignation" title="Watergate scandal">Resignation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon%27s_resignation_speech" title="Richard Nixon's resignation speech">speech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardon_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Pardon of Richard Nixon">Pardon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union" title="State of the Union">State of the Union Address</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1970_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1970 State of the Union Address">1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1971 State of the Union Address">1971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1972 State of the Union Address">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1973 State of the Union Address">1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1974 State of the Union Address">1974</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilson_desk" title="Wilson desk">Wilson desk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Richard_Nixon" title="List of federal judges appointed by Richard Nixon">Judicial appointments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="Richard Nixon Supreme Court candidates">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_judicial_appointment_controversies" title="Richard Nixon judicial appointment controversies">controversies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Richard_Milhous_Nixon/Executive_orders" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:Richard Milhous Nixon/Executive orders">Executive Orders</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Richard_Milhous_Nixon/Presidential_Proclamations" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:Richard Milhous Nixon/Presidential Proclamations">Presidential Proclamations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life and<br />politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_Foundation" title="Richard Nixon Foundation">Richard Nixon Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum">Presidential Library and Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birthplace_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Birthplace of Richard Nixon">Birthplace and boyhood home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Checkers_speech" title="Checkers speech">Checkers speech</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1958 motorcade attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_Debate" title="Kitchen Debate">Kitchen Debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_40" title="Operation 40">Operation 40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon%27s_November_1962_press_conference" title="Richard Nixon's November 1962 press conference">"Last press conference"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_White_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Florida White House">Florida White House</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/La_Casa_Pacifica" title="La Casa Pacifica">La Casa Pacifica</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_the_National_Interest" title="Center for the National Interest">Nixon Center</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nixon_v._General_Services_Administration" title="Nixon v. General Services Administration">Nixon v. General Services Administration</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Death and state funeral of Richard Nixon">Death and state funeral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Six_Crises" title="Six Crises"><i>Six Crises</i> (1962)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Bibliography of Richard Nixon">Bibliography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Electoral history of Richard Nixon">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>U.S. House of Representatives: <a href="/wiki/1946_California%27s_12th_congressional_district_election" title="1946 California's 12th congressional district election">1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1948 United States House of Representatives elections">1948</a></li> <li>U.S. Senate: <a href="/wiki/1950_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" title="1950 United States Senate election in California">1950</a></li> <li>California gubernatorial election: <a href="/wiki/1962_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1962 California gubernatorial election">1962</a></li> <li>GOP presidential primaries: <a href="/wiki/1960_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1960 Republican Party presidential primaries">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1964 Republican Party presidential primaries">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1968 Republican Party presidential primaries">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1972 Republican Party presidential primaries">1972</a></li> <li>GOP national conventions: <a href="/wiki/1952_Republican_National_Convention" title="1952 Republican National Convention">1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Republican_National_Convention" title="1956 Republican National Convention">1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Republican_National_Convention" title="1960 Republican National Convention">1960</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_1960_presidential_campaign" title="Richard Nixon 1960 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Republican_National_Convention" title="1968 Republican National Convention">1968</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_1968_presidential_campaign" title="Richard Nixon 1968 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Republican_National_Convention" title="1972 Republican National Convention">1972</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_1972_presidential_campaign" title="Richard Nixon 1972 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li>Presidential elections: <a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election" title="1952 United States presidential election">1952</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Presidential transition of Dwight D. Eisenhower">transition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_United_States_presidential_election" title="1956 United States presidential election">1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election" title="1960 United States presidential election">1960</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_debates" title="1960 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidential transition of John F. Kennedy">Kennedy transition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="1968 United States presidential election">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="1972 United States presidential election">1972</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Cultural depictions of Richard Nixon">Popular<br />culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Nixon_goes_to_China" title="Nixon goes to China">Nixon goes to China</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millhouse_(film)" title="Millhouse (film)"><i>Millhouse</i> (1971 film)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/An_Evening_with_Richard_Nixon" title="An Evening with Richard Nixon">An Evening with Richard Nixon</a></i> (1972 play)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Richard_(film)" title="Richard (film)">Richard</a></i> (1972 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Another_Nice_Mess" title="Another Nice Mess">Another Nice Mess</a></i> (1972 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_More_Years" title="Four More Years"><i>Four More Years</i> (1972 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeach_the_President" title="Impeach the President"><i>Impeach the President</i> (1973 song)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Werewolf_of_Washington" title="The Werewolf of Washington">The Werewolf of Washington</a></i> (1973 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_Madness" title="White House Madness"><i>White House Madness</i> (1975 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_the_President%27s_Men_(film)" title="All the President's Men (film)"><i>All the President's Men</i> (1976 film)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Public_Burning" title="The Public Burning">The Public Burning</a></i> (1977 novel)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Washington:_Behind_Closed_Doors" title="Washington: Behind Closed Doors">Washington: Behind Closed Doors</a></i> (1977 miniseries)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_Honor" title="Secret Honor"><i>Secret Honor</i> (1984 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_in_China" title="Nixon in China"><i>Nixon in China</i> (1987 opera)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Final_Days_(1989_film)" title="The Final Days (1989 film)">The Final Days</a></i> (1989 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_(film)" title="Nixon (film)"><i>Nixon</i> (1995 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elvis_Meets_Nixon" title="Elvis Meets Nixon"><i>Elvis Meets Nixon</i> (1997 film)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Futurama_characters#Richard_Nixon" title="List of Futurama characters">Futurama</a></i> (1999 TV series)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_(film)" title="Dick (film)"><i>Dick</i> (1999 film)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nixon%27s_China_Game" title="Nixon's China Game">Nixon's China Game</a></i> (2000 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dark_Side_of_the_Moon_(2002_film)" title="Dark Side of the Moon (2002 film)">Dark Side of the Moon</a></i> (2002 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Assassination_of_Richard_Nixon" title="The Assassination of Richard Nixon">The Assassination of Richard Nixon</a></i> (2004 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_interviews" title="Nixon interviews">Frost–Nixon interviews</a> (<a href="/wiki/Frost/Nixon_(play)" title="Frost/Nixon (play)">2006 play</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frost/Nixon_(film)" title="Frost/Nixon (film)">2008 film</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Black_Dynamite" title="Black Dynamite">Black Dynamite</a></i> (2009 film)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Impossible_Astronaut" title="The Impossible Astronaut">The Impossible Astronaut</a>" (2011 TV episode)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Nixon" title="Our Nixon"><i>Our Nixon</i> (2013 film)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/X-Men:_Days_of_Future_Past" title="X-Men: Days of Future Past">X-Men: Days of Future Past</a></i> (2014 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Crooked_(novel)" title="Crooked (novel)">Crooked</a></i> (2015 novel)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elvis_%26_Nixon" title="Elvis & Nixon"><i>Elvis & Nixon</i> (2016 film)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Post_(film)" title="The Post (film)">The Post</a></i> (2017 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Watergate_(board_game)" title="Watergate (board game)">Watergate</a></i> (2019 board game)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States_on_U.S._postage_stamps#Richard_M._Nixon" title="Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps">U.S. postage stamp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Recordings_and_Materials_Preservation_Act" title="Presidential Recordings and Materials Preservation Act">Presidential Recordings and Materials Preservation Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Townhouse" title="Presidential Townhouse">Presidential Townhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_mask" title="Richard Nixon mask">Richard Nixon mask</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Staff</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Brennan" title="Jack Brennan">Jack Brennan</a> (aide de camp)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Chotiner" title="Murray Chotiner">Murray Chotiner</a> (early campaign manager)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manolo_Sanchez_(Nixon_staff_member)" class="mw-redirect" title="Manolo Sanchez (Nixon staff member)">Manolo Sanchez</a> (valet)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Mary_Woods" title="Rose Mary Woods">Rose Mary Woods</a> (secretary)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Nixon" title="Pat Nixon">Thelma "Pat" Ryan Nixon</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricia_Nixon_Cox" title="Tricia Nixon Cox">Tricia Nixon Cox</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julie_Nixon_Eisenhower" title="Julie Nixon Eisenhower">Julie Nixon Eisenhower</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Nixon_Cox" title="Christopher Nixon Cox">Christopher Nixon Cox</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennie_Eisenhower" title="Jennie Eisenhower">Jennie Eisenhower</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_A._Nixon" title="Francis A. Nixon">Francis A. Nixon</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Milhous_Nixon" title="Hannah Milhous Nixon">Hannah Milhous Nixon</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Nixon" title="Donald Nixon">Donald Nixon</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Nixon" title="Edward Nixon">Edward Nixon</a> (brother)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">← Lyndon B. Johnson</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford →</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Richard_Nixon" title="Category:Richard Nixon">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Attack_on_Richard_Nixon%27s_motorcade&oldid=1238994028">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Attack_on_Richard_Nixon%27s_motorcade&oldid=1238994028</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1958_in_international_relations" title="Category:1958 in international relations">1958 in international relations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1958_riots" title="Category:1958 riots">1958 riots</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1958_in_Venezuela" title="Category:1958 in Venezuela">1958 in Venezuela</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1958_in_American_politics" title="Category:1958 in American politics">1958 in American politics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th_century_in_Caracas" title="Category:20th century in Caracas">20th century in Caracas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:April_1958_events_in_South_America" title="Category:April 1958 events in South America">April 1958 events in South America</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Diplomatic_incidents" title="Category:Diplomatic incidents">Diplomatic incidents</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Riots_and_civil_disorder_in_Venezuela" title="Category:Riots and civil disorder in Venezuela">Riots and civil disorder in Venezuela</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anti-American_sentiment_in_South_America" title="Category:Anti-American sentiment in South America">Anti-American sentiment in South America</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Secret_Service" title="Category:United States Secret Service">United States Secret Service</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States%E2%80%93Venezuela_relations" title="Category:United States–Venezuela relations">United States–Venezuela relations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Presidency_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Category:Presidency of Dwight D. 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