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</div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Process-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Process subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Plate_manufacture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plate_manufacture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Plate manufacture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plate_manufacture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Polishing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polishing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 Polishing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polishing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sensitization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sensitization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2 Sensitization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sensitization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exposure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exposure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Exposure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exposure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Development </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Becquerel_variation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Becquerel_variation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.1 Becquerel variation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Becquerel_variation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fixing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fixing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Fixing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fixing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Casing_and_other_display_options" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casing_and_other_display_options"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Casing and other display options </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Casing_and_other_display_options-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unusual_characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unusual_characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Unusual characteristics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unusual_characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reduction_of_exposure_time" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reduction_of_exposure_time"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Reduction of exposure time </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reduction_of_exposure_time-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unusual_daguerreotype_cameras" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unusual_daguerreotype_cameras"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Unusual daguerreotype cameras </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unusual_daguerreotype_cameras-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portraiture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portraiture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Portraiture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portraiture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proliferation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proliferation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Proliferation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proliferation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Astronomical_applications_in_the_19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Astronomical_applications_in_the_19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Astronomical applications in the 19th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Astronomical_applications_in_the_19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_and_modern_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_and_modern_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Late and modern use </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_and_modern_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery_of_sample_daguerreotypes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery_of_sample_daguerreotypes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Gallery of sample daguerreotypes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery_of_sample_daguerreotypes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Daguerreotype</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 62 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-62" aria-hidden="true" > 62 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daguerreotipe" title="Daguerreotipe – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Daguerreotipe" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daguerreotype" title="Daguerreotype – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Daguerreotype" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="داجيرية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="داجيرية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daguerrotipu" title="Daguerrotipu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Daguerrotipu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagerotipiya" title="Dagerotipiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dagerotipiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0" title="দাগেরোচিত্র – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দাগেরোচিত্র" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Дагератыпія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дагератыпія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Дагеротипия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Дагеротипия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daguerreotip" title="Daguerreotip – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Daguerreotip" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B8" title="Дагеротипи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Дагеротипи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daguerrotypie" title="Daguerrotypie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Daguerrotypie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daguerreotypi" title="Daguerreotypi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Daguerreotypi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daguerreotypie" title="Daguerreotypie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Daguerreotypie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagerrot%C3%BC%C3%BCpia" title="Dagerrotüüpia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Dagerrotüüpia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%84%CF%85%CF%80%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Νταγκεροτυπία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νταγκεροτυπία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daguerrotipo" title="Daguerrotipo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Daguerrotipo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagerotipio" title="Dagerotipio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Dagerotipio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagerrotipo" title="Dagerrotipo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Dagerrotipo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%BE" title="داگرئوتایپ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="داگرئوتایپ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daguerr%C3%A9otype" title="Daguerréotype – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Daguerréotype" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagherotipie" title="Dagherotipie – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Dagherotipie" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cl%C3%B3_daig%C3%A9arach" title="Cló daigéarach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cló daigéarach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daguerrotipo" title="Daguerrotipo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Daguerrotipo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%A4%EA%B2%8C%EB%A0%88%EC%98%A4%ED%83%80%EC%9D%B4%ED%94%84" title="다게레오타이프 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="다게레오타이프" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%BA%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Դագերոտիպիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դագերոտիպիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagerotipija" title="Dagerotipija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Dagerotipija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daguerreotype" title="Daguerreotype – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Daguerreotype" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daguerrea%C3%B0fer%C3%B0" title="Daguerreaðferð – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Daguerreaðferð" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagherrotipia" title="Dagherrotipia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dagherrotipia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%90%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A4" title="דאגרוטיפ – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דאגרוטיפ" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="დაგეროტიპია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დაგეროტიპია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daguerreskrifa" title="Daguerreskrifa – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Daguerreskrifa" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daguerreotypus" title="Daguerreotypus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Daguerreotypus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagerotipija" title="Dagerotipija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dagerotipija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagerotipija" title="Dagerotipija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Dagerotipija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagerrot%C3%ADpia" title="Dagerrotípia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Dagerrotípia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D" title="ഡഗറോടൈപ്പ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഡഗറോടൈപ്പ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daguerreotaip" title="Daguerreotaip – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Daguerreotaip" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daguerreotypie" title="Daguerreotypie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Daguerreotypie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%80%E3%82%B2%E3%83%AC%E3%82%AA%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A4%E3%83%97" title="ダゲレオタイプ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ダゲレオタイプ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daguerreotypi" title="Daguerreotypi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Daguerreotypi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daguerreotypi" title="Daguerreotypi – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Daguerreotypi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daguerreotipe" title="Daguerreotipe – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Daguerreotipe" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagerotipiya" title="Dagerotipiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Dagerotipiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%8A%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%A0%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%82%E1%9F%82%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%90%E1%9F%82%E1%9E%96" title="ដាហ្គែរ៉ូថែព – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ដាហ្គែរ៉ូថែព" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagerotypia" title="Dagerotypia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dagerotypia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daguerre%C3%B3tipo" title="Daguerreótipo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Daguerreótipo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daghereotipie" title="Daghereotipie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Daghereotipie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Дагеротипия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дагеротипия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daguerreotype" title="Daguerreotype – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Daguerreotype" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagerotypia" title="Dagerotypia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Dagerotypia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagerotipija" title="Dagerotipija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Dagerotipija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Дагеротипија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Дагеротипија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagerotipija" title="Dagerotipija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Dagerotipija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagerrotypia" title="Dagerrotypia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Dagerrotypia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagerrotypi" title="Dagerrotypi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Dagerrotypi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88" title="டகேர் ஒளிப்பட முறை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="டகேர் ஒளிப்பட முறை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%8C" title="ดาแกโรไทป์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ดาแกโรไทป์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagerotip" title="Dagerotip – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dagerotip" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Дагеротипія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дагеротипія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Photographic process</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Daguerrotype" redirects here. For the 2016 film, see <a href="/wiki/Daguerrotype_(film)" title="Daguerrotype (film)">Daguerrotype (film)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_Daguerre_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Louis_Daguerre_2.jpg/240px-Louis_Daguerre_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Louis_Daguerre_2.jpg/360px-Louis_Daguerre_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Louis_Daguerre_2.jpg/480px-Louis_Daguerre_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1458" data-file-height="1866" /></a><figcaption>Daguerreotype of <a href="/wiki/Louis_Daguerre" title="Louis Daguerre">Louis Daguerre</a> in 1844 by Jean-Baptiste Sabatier-Blot</figcaption></figure> Daguerreotype<a href="#cite_note-pronunciation-2">[note 1]</a> was the first publicly available <a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">photographic</a> process, widely used during the 1840s and 1850s. "Daguerreotype" also refers to an image created through this process. Invented by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Daguerre" title="Louis Daguerre">Louis Daguerre</a> and introduced worldwide in 1839,<a href="#cite_note-bates-3">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-hannavy-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a> the daguerreotype was almost completely superseded by 1856 with new, less expensive processes, such as <a href="/wiki/Ambrotype" title="Ambrotype">ambrotype</a> (<a href="/wiki/Collodion_process" title="Collodion process">collodion process</a>), that yield more readily viewable images. There has been a revival of the daguerreotype since the late 20th century by a small number of photographers interested in making artistic use of early photographic processes.<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abraham_Lincoln_by_Nicholas_Shepherd,_1846-crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Abraham_Lincoln_by_Nicholas_Shepherd%2C_1846-crop.jpg/240px-Abraham_Lincoln_by_Nicholas_Shepherd%2C_1846-crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Abraham_Lincoln_by_Nicholas_Shepherd%2C_1846-crop.jpg/360px-Abraham_Lincoln_by_Nicholas_Shepherd%2C_1846-crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Abraham_Lincoln_by_Nicholas_Shepherd%2C_1846-crop.jpg/480px-Abraham_Lincoln_by_Nicholas_Shepherd%2C_1846-crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2249" data-file-height="2849" /></a><figcaption>The first authenticated image of <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>, a daguerreotype of him as U.S. <a href="/wiki/Congressman" class="mw-redirect" title="Congressman">Congressman</a>-elect in 1846, attributed to Nicholas H. Shepard</figcaption></figure> To make the image, a daguerreotypist polished a sheet of <a href="/wiki/Plating#Silver_plating" title="Plating">silver-plated</a> <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> to a mirror finish; treated it with fumes that made its surface light-sensitive; <a href="/wiki/Exposure_(photography)" title="Exposure (photography)">exposed</a> it in a <a href="/wiki/Camera_obscura" title="Camera obscura">camera</a> for as long as was judged to be necessary, which could be as little as a few seconds for brightly sunlit subjects or much longer with less intense lighting; made the resulting <a href="/wiki/Latent_image" title="Latent image">latent image</a> on it visible by fuming it with <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a> vapor; removed its sensitivity to light by liquid chemical treatment; rinsed and dried it; and then sealed the easily marred result behind glass in a protective enclosure. The image is on a mirror-like silver surface and will appear either positive or <a href="/wiki/Negative_(photography)" title="Negative (photography)">negative</a>, depending on the angle at which it is viewed, how it is lit and whether a light or dark background is being reflected in the metal. The darkest areas of the image are simply bare silver; lighter areas have a microscopically fine light-scattering texture. The surface is very delicate, and even the lightest wiping can permanently scuff it. Some <a href="/wiki/Tarnish" title="Tarnish">tarnish</a> around the edges is normal. Several types of antique photographs, most often ambrotypes and <a href="/wiki/Tintype" title="Tintype">tintypes</a>, but sometimes even old prints on paper, are commonly misidentified as daguerreotypes, especially if they are in the small, ornamented cases in which daguerreotypes made in the US and the UK were usually housed. The name "daguerreotype" correctly refers only to one very specific image type and medium, the product of a process that was in wide use only from the early 1840s to the late 1850s. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Daguerreotype&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> Since the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> era, artists and inventors had searched for a mechanical method of capturing visual scenes.<a href="#cite_note-stokstad_964-967-7">[6]</a> Using the <a href="/wiki/Camera_obscura" title="Camera obscura">camera obscura</a>, artists would manually trace what they saw, or use the optical image as a basis for solving the problems of <a href="/wiki/Perspective_(graphical)" title="Perspective (graphical)">perspective</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parallax" title="Parallax">parallax</a>, and deciding color values. A camera obscura optically reduces a real scene in <a href="/wiki/Three-dimensional_space" title="Three-dimensional space">three-dimensional space</a> to a flat rendition in <a href="/wiki/Plane_(mathematics)" title="Plane (mathematics)">two dimensions</a>. In the early 17th century, the Italian physician and chemist <a href="/wiki/Angelo_Sala" title="Angelo Sala">Angelo Sala</a> wrote that powdered silver nitrate was blackened by the sun, but did not find any practical application of the phenomenon. The discovery and commercial availability of the halogens—<a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">iodine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">bromine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a> a few years earlier (iodine was discovered by <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Courtois" title="Bernard Courtois">Courtois</a> in 1811, bromine by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Jacob_L%C3%B6wig" title="Carl Jacob Löwig">Löwig</a> in 1825 and <a href="/wiki/Antoine_J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Balard" title="Antoine Jérôme Balard">Balard</a> in 1826 independently, and chlorine by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele" title="Carl Wilhelm Scheele">Scheele</a> in 1774)—meant that silver photographic processes that rely on the reduction of <a href="/wiki/Silver_iodide" title="Silver iodide">silver iodide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silver_bromide" title="Silver bromide">silver bromide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silver_chloride" title="Silver chloride">silver chloride</a> to metallic silver became feasible. The daguerreotype is one of these processes, but was not the first, as <a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A9pce" class="mw-redirect" title="Niépce">Niépce</a> had experimented with paper silver chloride negatives while <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wedgwood_(photographer)" title="Thomas Wedgwood (photographer)">Wedgwood's</a> experiments were with silver nitrate as were Schultze's stencils of letters. <a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Bayard" title="Hippolyte Bayard">Hippolyte Bayard</a> had been persuaded by <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Arago" title="François Arago">François Arago</a> to wait before making his paper process public.<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a> Previous discoveries of photosensitive methods and substances—including <a href="/wiki/Silver_nitrate" title="Silver nitrate">silver nitrate</a> by <a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus Magnus</a> in the 13th century,<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> a silver and chalk mixture by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Schulze" title="Johann Heinrich Schulze">Johann Heinrich Schulze</a> in 1724,<a href="#cite_note-Watt2003-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-harmant-11">[10]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nic%C3%A9phore_Ni%C3%A9pce" title="Nicéphore Niépce">Joseph Niépce</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Bitumen" title="Bitumen">bitumen</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Heliography" title="Heliography">heliography</a> in 1822—contributed to development of the daguerreotype.<a href="#cite_note-stokstad_964-967-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-utexas-12">[11]</a> The first reliably documented attempt to capture the image formed in a <a href="/wiki/Camera_obscura" title="Camera obscura">camera obscura</a> was made by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wedgwood_(photographer)" title="Thomas Wedgwood (photographer)">Thomas Wedgwood</a> as early as the 1790s, but according to an 1802 account of his work by Sir <a href="/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy">Humphry Davy</a>: <blockquote>The images formed by means of a camera obscura have been found too faint to produce, in any moderate time, an effect upon the nitrate of silver. To copy these images was the first object of Mr. Wedgwood in his researches on the subject, and for this purpose he first used the nitrate of silver, which was mentioned to him by a friend, as a substance very sensible to the influence of light; but all his numerous experiments as to their primary end proved unsuccessful.<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_in_France">Development in France</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Daguerreotype&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Development in France">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Niepce_table.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Niepce_table.jpg/220px-Niepce_table.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Niepce_table.jpg/330px-Niepce_table.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Niepce_table.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="243" /></a><figcaption>19th century printed reproduction of a <a href="/wiki/Still_life" title="Still life">still life</a> believed to be a <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1832 Niépce physautotype (glass original accidentally destroyed <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1900)<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a></figcaption></figure> In 1829 <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a> artist and <a href="/wiki/Chemist" title="Chemist">chemist</a> Louis Daguerre, when obtaining a camera obscura for his work on theatrical scene painting from the optician Chevalier, was put into contact with <a href="/wiki/Nic%C3%A9phore_Ni%C3%A9pce" title="Nicéphore Niépce">Nicéphore Niépce</a>, who had already managed to make a record of an image from a camera obscura using the process he invented: <a href="/wiki/Heliography" title="Heliography">heliography</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> Daguerre met with Niépce and entered into correspondence with him. Niépce had invented an early internal combustion engine, (the <a href="/wiki/Pyr%C3%A9olophore" title="Pyréolophore">Pyréolophore</a>), together with his brother Claude and made improvements to the velocipede, as well as experimenting with lithography and related processes. Their correspondence reveals that Niépce was at first reluctant to divulge any details of his work with photographic images. To guard against letting any secrets out before the invention had been improved, they used a numerical code for security.<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> 15, for example, signified the tanning action of the sun on human skin (action solaire sur les corps); 34 – a camera obscura (chambre noir); 73 – sulphuric acid.<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Susse_Fr%C3%A9re_Daguerreotype_camera_1839.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Susse_Fr%C3%A9re_Daguerreotype_camera_1839.jpg/220px-Susse_Fr%C3%A9re_Daguerreotype_camera_1839.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Susse_Fr%C3%A9re_Daguerreotype_camera_1839.jpg/330px-Susse_Fr%C3%A9re_Daguerreotype_camera_1839.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Susse_Fr%C3%A9re_Daguerreotype_camera_1839.jpg/440px-Susse_Fr%C3%A9re_Daguerreotype_camera_1839.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1738" data-file-height="1385" /></a><figcaption>Daguerreotype camera built by La Maison <a href="/wiki/Susse_Fr%C3%A8res" title="Susse Frères">Susse Frères</a> in 1839, with a lens by Charles Chevalier</figcaption></figure> The written contract drawn up between Nicéphore Niépce and Daguerre<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> includes an undertaking by Niépce to release details of the process he had invented – the asphalt process or heliography. Daguerre was sworn to secrecy under penalty of damages and undertook to design a camera and improve the process. The improved process was eventually named the <a href="/wiki/Physautotype" title="Physautotype">physautotype</a>. Niépce's early experiments had derived from his interest in lithography and consisted of capturing the image in a camera (then called a camera obscura), resulting in an engraving that could be printed through various lithographic processes.<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> The asphalt process or heliography required exposures that were so long that Arago said it was not fit for use. Nevertheless, without Niépce's experiments, it is unlikely that Daguerre would have been able to build on them to adapt and improve what turned out to be the daguerreotype process. After Niépce's death in 1833, his son, Isidore, inherited rights in the contract and a new version was drawn up between Daguerre and Isidore. Isidore signed the document admitting that the old process had been improved to the limits that were possible and that a new process that would bear Daguerre's name alone was 60 to 80 times as rapid as the old asphalt (bitumen) one his father had invented. This was the daguerreotype process that used iodized silvered plates and was developed with mercury fumes. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Daguerreotype_Daguerre_Atelier_1837.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Daguerreotype_Daguerre_Atelier_1837.jpg/220px-Daguerreotype_Daguerre_Atelier_1837.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Daguerreotype_Daguerre_Atelier_1837.jpg/330px-Daguerreotype_Daguerre_Atelier_1837.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Daguerreotype_Daguerre_Atelier_1837.jpg/440px-Daguerreotype_Daguerre_Atelier_1837.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2328" /></a><figcaption>Still life with plaster casts, made by Daguerre in 1837, the earliest reliably dated daguerreotype<a href="#cite_note-20">[note 2]</a></figcaption></figure> To exploit the invention, 400 shares would be on offer for 1,000 francs each; secrecy would be lifted after 100 shares had been sold, or the rights of the process could be bought for 20,000 francs. Daguerre wrote to Isidore Niepce on 2 January 1839 about his discussion with Arago: <blockquote>He sees difficulty with this proceeding by subscription; it is almost certain – just as I myself have been convinced ever since looking on my first specimens – that subscription would not serve. Everyone says it is superb: but it will cost us the thousand francs before we learn it [the process] and be able to judge if it could remain secret. M. de Mandelot himself knows several persons who could subscribe but will not do so because they think it [the secret] would be revealed by itself, and now I have proof that many think in this way. I entirely agree with the idea of M. Arago, that is get the government to purchase this discovery, and that he himself would pursue this in the chambre. I have already seen several deputies who are of the same opinion and would give support; this way it seems to me to have the most chance of success; thus, my dear friend, I think it is the best option, and everything makes me think we will not regret it. For a start M. Arago will speak next Monday at the Académie des Sciences ...<a href="#cite_note-21">[19]</a></blockquote> Isidore did not contribute anything to the invention of the Daguerreotype and he was not let in on the details of the invention.<a href="#cite_note-Isidore_Niépce_and_Daguerre-22">[20]</a> Nevertheless, he benefited from the state pension awarded to him together with Daguerre. Miles Berry, a patent agent acting on Daguerre's and Isidore Niépce's behalf in England, wrote a six-page memorial to the Board of the Treasury in an attempt to repeat the French arrangement in Great Britain, "for the purpose of throwing it open in England for the benefit of the public." <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"> Inform party that Parliament has placed no funds at the disposal of the Treasury from which a purchase of this description could be made (indecipherable signature)</blockquote> The Treasury wrote to Miles Berry on 3 April to inform him of their decision: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> (To) Miles Berry Esq 66 Chancery Lane Sir, Having laid before the Lords &c your application on behalf of Messrs Daguerre & Niepce, that Government would purchase their Patent Right to the Invention known as the "Daguerreotype" I have it in command to acquaint you that Parliament has placed no Funds at the disposal of their Lordships from which a purchase of this description could be made 3rd April 1840 (signed) A. Gordon (entry in margin) Application Refused<a href="#cite_note-23">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[22]</a></blockquote> Without bills being passed by Parliament, as had been arranged in France, Arago having presented a bill in the House of Deputies and Gay-Lussac in the Chamber of Peers, there was no possibility of repeating the French arrangement in England which is why the daguerreotype was given free to the world by the French government with the exception of England and Wales for which Richard Beard controlled the patent rights. Daguerre patented his process in England, and Richard Beard patented his improvements to the process in Scotland<a href="#cite_note-25">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[27]</a> During this time the astronomer and member of the House of Deputies <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Arago" title="François Arago">François Arago</a> had sought a solution whereby the invention would be given free to the world by the passing of Acts in the French Parliament. Richard Beard, controlled most of the licences in England and Wales with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Claudet" title="Antoine Claudet">Antoine Claudet</a> who had purchased a licence directly from Daguerre. In the US, Alexander S. Wolcott invented the mirror daguerreotype camera, according to John Johnson's account, in one single day after reading the description of the daguerreotype process published in English translation.<a href="#cite_note-Humphrey-30">[28]</a> Johnson's father travelled to England with some specimen portraits to patent the camera and met with Richard Beard who bought the patent for the camera, and a year later bought the patent for the daguerreotype outright. Johnson assisted Beard in setting up a portrait studio on the roof of the Regent Street Polytechnic and managed Beard's daguerreotype studio in Derby and then Manchester for some time before returning to the US.<a href="#cite_note-31">[29]</a> Wolcott's Mirror Camera, which gave postage stamp sized miniatures, was in use for about two years before it was replaced by Petzval's Portrait lens, which gave larger and sharper images. Antoine Claudet<a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a> had purchased a licence from Daguerre directly to produce daguerreotypes. His uncle, the banker Vital Roux, arranged that he should head the glass factory at Choisy-le-Roi together with <a href="/wiki/Georges_Bontemps" title="Georges Bontemps">Georges Bontemps</a> and moved to England to represent the factory with a showroom in High Holborn.<a href="#cite_note-33">[31]</a> At one stage, Beard sued Claudet with the aim of claiming that he had a monopoly of daguerreotypy in England, but lost.<a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a> Niépce's aim originally had been to find a method to reproduce prints and drawings for <a href="/wiki/Lithography" title="Lithography">lithography</a>. He had started out experimenting with light-sensitive materials and had made a contact print from a drawing and then went on to successfully make the first photomechanical record of an image in a camera obscura – the world's first photograph. Niépce's method was to coat a pewter plate with bitumen of Judea (asphalt) and the action of the light differentially hardened the bitumen. The plate was washed with a mixture of oil of lavender and turpentine leaving a relief image. Later, Daguerre's and Niépce's improvement to the heliograph process, the physautotype, reduced the exposure to eight hours.<a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a> Early experiments required hours of exposure in the camera to produce visible results. Modern photo-historians consider the stories of Daguerre discovering mercury development by accident because of a bowl of mercury left in a cupboard, or, alternatively, a broken thermometer, to be spurious.<a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a> Another story of a fortunate accident, which modern photo historians are now doubtful about, and was related by Louis Figuier, of a silver spoon lying on an iodized silver plate which left its design on the plate by light perfectly.<a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a> Noticing this, Daguerre supposedly wrote to Niépce on 21 May 1831 suggesting the use of iodized silver plates as a means of obtaining light images in the camera. Daguerre did not give a clear account of his method of discovery and allowed these legends to become current after the secrecy had been lifted. Letters from Niépce to Daguerre dated 24 June and 8 November 1831, show that Niépce was unsuccessful in obtaining satisfactory results following Daguerre's suggestion, although he had produced a negative on an iodized silver plate in the camera. Niépce's letters to Daguerre dated 29 January and 3 March 1832 show that the use of iodized silver plates was due to Daguerre and not Niépce.<a href="#cite_note-eder-39">[37]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Dumas" title="Jean-Baptiste Dumas">Jean-Baptiste Dumas</a>, who was president of the National Society for the Encouragement of Science (<a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_d%27encouragement_pour_l%27industrie_nationale" title="Société d'encouragement pour l'industrie nationale">Société d'encouragement pour l'industrie nationale</a>) and a chemist, put his laboratory at Daguerre's disposal. According to Austrian chemist <a href="/wiki/Josef_Maria_Eder" title="Josef Maria Eder">Josef Maria Eder</a>, Daguerre was not versed in chemistry and it was Dumas who suggested Daguerre use sodium hyposulfite, discovered by Herschel in 1819, as a fixer to dissolve the unexposed silver salts.<a href="#cite_note-harmant-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-eder-39">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_mention_in_print_(1835)_and_public_announcement_(1839)">First mention in print (1835) and public announcement (1839)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Daguerreotype&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: First mention in print (1835) and public announcement (1839)">edit</a>]</div> A paragraph tacked onto the end of a review of one of Daguerre's <a href="/wiki/Diorama#Daguerre_and_Bouton" title="Diorama">Diorama</a> spectacles<a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a> in the Journal des artistes on 27 September 1835,<a href="#cite_note-41">[39]</a> a <a href="/wiki/Louis_Daguerre#Diorama_theatres" title="Louis Daguerre">Diorama</a> painting of a landslide that occurred in "La Vallée de <a href="/wiki/Goldau" title="Goldau">Goldau</a>", made passing mention of rumour that was going around the Paris studios of Daguerre's attempts to make a visual record on metal plates of the fleeting image produced by the camera obscura: <blockquote>It is said that Daguerre has found the means to collect, on a plate prepared by him, the image produced by the camera obscura, in such a way that a portrait, a landscape, or any view, projected upon this plate by the ordinary camera obscura, leaves an imprint in light and shade there, and thus presents the most perfect of all drawings ... a preparation put over this image preserves it for an indefinite time ... the physical sciences have perhaps never presented a marvel comparable to this one.<a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a></blockquote>A further clue to fixing the date of invention of the process is that when the Paris correspondent of the London periodical <a href="/wiki/The_Athenaeum_(British_magazine)" title="The Athenaeum (British magazine)">The Athenaeum</a> reported the public announcement of the daguerreotype in 1839, he mentioned that the daguerreotypes now being produced were of considerably better quality than the ones he had seen "four years earlier". <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1837_Daguerreotype_of_Huet_by_Daguerre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/1837_Daguerreotype_of_Huet_by_Daguerre.jpg/220px-1837_Daguerreotype_of_Huet_by_Daguerre.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/1837_Daguerreotype_of_Huet_by_Daguerre.jpg/330px-1837_Daguerreotype_of_Huet_by_Daguerre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/1837_Daguerreotype_of_Huet_by_Daguerre.jpg/440px-1837_Daguerreotype_of_Huet_by_Daguerre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="773" /></a><figcaption>Daguerreotype possibly made in 1837 by Daguerre. The subject is believed to be Constant Huet, who worked at the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Natural_History,_France" title="National Museum of Natural History, France">Natural History Museum</a>, where Daguerre took pictures in 1837.<a href="#cite_note-43">[41]</a> If correct, this would be the oldest surviving portrait photograph of a person.<a href="#cite_note-44">[42]</a></figcaption></figure> The father of <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Viollet-le-Duc" title="Eugène Viollet-le-Duc">Viollet-le-Duc</a> wrote in September 1836 that he saw a photograph made by Daguerre from the top of his diorama. The picture showed the hills of <a href="/wiki/Montmartre" title="Montmartre">Montmartre</a>. With a weak magnifying glass it was possible to distinguish the details of the telegraph tower more than one and a half miles away.<a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a> In April 1837, Daguerre remarked to Isidore Niépce that his equipment for taking daguerreotypes was ready, and the only thing he needed was good weather.<a href="#cite_note-:02-46">[44]</a> At a joint meeting of the <a href="/wiki/French_Academy_of_Sciences" title="French Academy of Sciences">French Academy of Sciences</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_des_Beaux-Arts" title="Académie des Beaux-Arts">Académie des Beaux-Arts</a> held at the Institut de Françe on Monday, 19 August 1839<a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[46]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Arago" title="François Arago">François Arago</a> briefly referred to the earlier process that Niépce had developed and Daguerre had helped to improve without mentioning them by name (the heliograph and the physautotype) in rather disparaging terms stressing their inconvenience and disadvantages such as that exposures were so long as eight hours that required a full day's exposure during which time the sun had moved across the sky removing all trace of halftones or modelling in round objects, and the photographic layer was apt to peel off in patches, while praising the daguerreotype in glowing terms. Overlooking Nicéphore Niépce's contribution in this way led Niépce's son, Isidore to resent his father being ignored as having been the first to capture the image produced in a camera by chemical means, and Isidore wrote a pamphlet in defence of his father's reputation Histoire de la découverte improprement nommé daguerréotype<a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a> ("History of the discovery improperly named the daguerreotype").<a href="#cite_note-Isidore_Niépce_and_Daguerre-22">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boulevard_du_Temple_by_Daguerre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Boulevard_du_Temple_by_Daguerre.jpg/220px-Boulevard_du_Temple_by_Daguerre.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Boulevard_du_Temple_by_Daguerre.jpg/330px-Boulevard_du_Temple_by_Daguerre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Boulevard_du_Temple_by_Daguerre.jpg/440px-Boulevard_du_Temple_by_Daguerre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3441" data-file-height="2472" /></a><figcaption>The earliest reliably dated photograph of people, <a href="/wiki/View_of_the_Boulevard_du_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="View of the Boulevard du Temple">View of the Boulevard du Temple</a> was taken by <a href="/wiki/Daguerre" class="mw-redirect" title="Daguerre">Daguerre</a> one spring morning in 1837 or 1838 from the window of the Diorama, where he lived and worked. It bears the caption huit heures du matin (translation: eight o'clock in the morning).<a href="#cite_note-52">[note 3]</a></figcaption></figure>Daguerre was present but complained of a sore throat. Later that year <a href="/wiki/William_Fox_Talbot" class="mw-redirect" title="William Fox Talbot">William Fox Talbot</a> announced his silver chloride "sensitive paper" process.<a href="#cite_note-53">[note 4]</a> Together, these announcements caused early commentators to choose 1839 as the year photography was born, or made public. Later, it became known that Niépce's role had been downplayed in Arago's efforts to publicize the daguerreotype, and the first photograph is recorded in Eder's History of Photography as having been taken in 1826 or 1827. Niépce's reputation as the real inventor of photography became known through his son Isidore's indignation that his father's early experiments had been overlooked or ignored although Nicéphore had revealed his process, which, at the time, was secret. The phrase the birth of photography has been used by different authors to mean different things – either the publicizing of the process (in 1839) as a metaphor to indicate that previous to that the daguerreotype process had been kept secret; or, the date the first photograph was taken by or with a camera (using the asphalt process or heliography), thought to have been 1822, but Eder's research indicates that the date was more probably 1826 or later.<a href="#cite_note-54">[50]</a> Fox Talbot's first photographs, on the other hand, were made "in the brilliant summer of 1835."<a href="#cite_note-55">[51]</a> Daguerre and Niépce had together signed a good agreement in which remuneration for the invention would be paid for by subscription. However, the campaign they launched to finance the invention failed. François Arago, whose views on the system of patenting inventions can be gathered from speeches he made later in the House of Deputies (he apparently thought the English patent system had advantages over the French one) did not think the idea of raising money by subscription to be a good one, and supported Daguerre by arranging for motions to be passed in both Houses of the French parliament. Daguerre did not patent and profit from his invention in the usual way. Instead, it was arranged that the <a href="/wiki/French_government" class="mw-redirect" title="French government">French government</a> would acquire the rights in exchange for lifetime <a href="/wiki/Pension" title="Pension">pensions</a> to Daguerre and to Niépce's son and heir, Isidore. The government would then present the daguerreotype process "free to the world" as a gift, which it did on 19 August 1839. However, five days previous to this, Miles Berry, a <a href="/wiki/Patent_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Patent agent">patent agent</a> acting on Daguerre's behalf filed for <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patent</a> No. 8194 of 1839: "A New or Improved Method of Obtaining the Spontaneous Reproduction of all the Images Received in the Focus of the Camera Obscura". The patent applied to "England, Wales, and the town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, and in all her Majesty's Colonies and Plantations abroad".<a href="#cite_note-56">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-edinphoto-57">[53]</a> This was the usual wording of English patent specifications before 1852. It was only after the 1852 Act, which unified the patent systems of England, Ireland and Scotland, that a single patent protection was automatically extended to the whole of the British Isles, including the Channel Isles and the Isle of Man. Richard Beard bought the patent rights from Miles Berry, and also obtained a Scottish patent, which he apparently did not enforce. The United Kingdom and the "Colonies and Plantations abroad" therefore became the only places where a license was legally required to make and sell daguerreotypes.<a href="#cite_note-edinphoto-57">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[54]</a> Although Daguerre's early work survived when his studio caught fire on 8 March 1839, while the painter <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel Morse</a> was visiting from the US,<a href="#cite_note-59">[55]</a> fewer than 25 of them are known to be around today.<a href="#cite_note-60">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Camera_obscura">Camera obscura</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Daguerreotype&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Camera obscura">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Camera_obscura" title="Camera obscura">Camera obscura</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Camera_obscura" title="Camera obscura">camera obscura</a> (Latin for "dark chamber") in its simplest form is a naturally occurring phenomenon.<a href="#cite_note-rideal-61">[57]</a> A broad-leaved tree in bright sunshine will provide conditions that fulfill the requirements of a <a href="/wiki/Pinhole_camera" title="Pinhole camera">pinhole camera</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Camera_obscura" title="Camera obscura">camera obscura</a>: a bright light source (the sun), the shade that the leafy canopy provides, a flat surface onto which the image is projected and holes formed by the gaps between the leaves. The sun's image will show as a round disc, and, in a partial eclipse, as a crescent.<a href="#cite_note-62">[58]</a> A clear description of a camera obscura is given by Leonardo da Vinci in Codex Atlanticus (1502): (he called it oculus artificialis which means "the artificial eye")<a href="#cite_note-63">[59]</a><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Camera_obscura2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Camera_obscura2.jpg/220px-Camera_obscura2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Camera_obscura2.jpg/330px-Camera_obscura2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Camera_obscura2.jpg/440px-Camera_obscura2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1614" data-file-height="1003" /></a><figcaption>Camera obscura, from a manuscript of military designs. 17th century, possibly Italian</figcaption></figure><blockquote>If the facade of a building, or a place, or a landscape is illuminated by the sun and a small hole is drilled in the wall of a room in a building facing this, which is not directly lighted by the sun, then all objects illuminated by the sun will send their images through this aperture and will appear, upside down, on the wall facing the hole.</blockquote> In another notebook, he wrote:<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Camerae-obscurae.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Camerae-obscurae.jpg/220px-Camerae-obscurae.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Camerae-obscurae.jpg/330px-Camerae-obscurae.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Camerae-obscurae.jpg/440px-Camerae-obscurae.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1974" data-file-height="1313" /></a><figcaption>1840–1841 <a href="/wiki/Camera_obscura" title="Camera obscura">camerae obscurae</a> and plates for daguerreotype called "Grand Photographe" produced by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Chevalier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Chevalier (page does not exist)">Charles Chevalier</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Arts_et_M%C3%A9tiers" title="Musée des Arts et Métiers">Musée des Arts et Métiers</a>)</figcaption></figure><blockquote>You will catch these pictures on a piece of white paper, which placed vertically in the room not far from that opening, and you will see all the above-mentioned objects on this paper in their natural shapes or colors, but they will appear smaller and upside down, on account of crossing of the rays at that aperture. If these pictures originate from a place which is illuminated by the sun, they will appear colored on the paper exactly as they are. The paper should be very thin and must be viewed from the back.<a href="#cite_note-64">[60]</a></blockquote> In the 16th century, <a href="/wiki/Daniele_Barbaro" title="Daniele Barbaro">Daniele Barbaro</a> suggested replacing the small hole with a larger hole and an old man's spectacle lens (a <a href="/wiki/Lens_(optics)#Types_of_simple_lenses" class="mw-redirect" title="Lens (optics)">biconvex lens</a> for correcting long-sightedness), which produced a much brighter and sharper image.<a href="#cite_note-rideal-61">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[63]</a> By the late 18th century, small, easily portable box-form units equipped with a simple lens, an internal mirror, and a <a href="/wiki/Ground_glass" title="Ground glass">ground glass</a> screen had become popular among affluent amateurs for making sketches of landscapes and architecture. The camera was pointed at the scene and steadied, a sheet of thin paper was placed on top of the ground glass, then a pencil or pen could be used to trace over the image projected from within. The beautiful but fugitive little light-paintings on the screen inspired several people to seek some way of capturing them more completely and effectively—and automatically—by means of chemistry. Daguerre, a skilled professional artist, was familiar with the camera obscura as an aid for establishing correct proportion and <a href="/wiki/Perspective_(visual)" class="mw-redirect" title="Perspective (visual)">perspective</a>, sometimes very useful when planning out the celebrated theatrical scene backdrops he painted and the even larger ultra-realistic panoramas he exhibited in his popular <a href="/wiki/Diorama" title="Diorama">Diorama</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Process">Process</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Daguerreotype&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Process">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Daguerreotype" title="Special:EditPage/Daguerreotype">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Daguerreotype%22">"Daguerreotype"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Daguerreotype%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Daguerreotype%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Daguerreotype%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Daguerreotype%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Daguerreotype%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (January 2019) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> The chemistry of the daguerrotype resembles the modern <a href="/wiki/Gelatin_silver_print" title="Gelatin silver print">gelatin silver</a> process, beginning with <a href="/wiki/Silver_halide" title="Silver halide">silver halides</a> which are formed in darkness before being exposed to light, forming a <a href="/wiki/Latent_image" title="Latent image">latent image</a> which is then <a href="/wiki/Photographic_developer" title="Photographic developer">developed</a> into a visible form, before being <a href="/wiki/Photographic_fixer" title="Photographic fixer">fixed</a> using <a href="/wiki/Sodium_thiosulfate" title="Sodium thiosulfate">sodium thiosulfate</a> ("hypo"). The notable distinguishing features of the daguerrotype process are the formation of silver halides directly on a surface of <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">metallic silver</a>, and the development by exposure to <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a> vapour. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Earliest_known_photograph_of_a_living_animal_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Earliest_known_photograph_of_a_living_animal_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Earliest_known_photograph_of_a_living_animal_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Earliest_known_photograph_of_a_living_animal_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Earliest_known_photograph_of_a_living_animal_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Earliest_known_photograph_of_a_living_animal_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Earliest_known_photograph_of_a_living_animal_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1376" data-file-height="1111" /></a><figcaption>The earliest known photograph of a living animal (excluding humans). This daguerreotype was taken by French photographer Joseph-Philibert Girault de Prangey while visiting Rome between April and July 1842.<a href="#cite_note-68">[64]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turku_1842_-_Henrik_Cajander.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Turku_1842_-_Henrik_Cajander.jpg/220px-Turku_1842_-_Henrik_Cajander.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Turku_1842_-_Henrik_Cajander.jpg/330px-Turku_1842_-_Henrik_Cajander.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Turku_1842_-_Henrik_Cajander.jpg/440px-Turku_1842_-_Henrik_Cajander.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="928" /></a><figcaption>A daguerreotype photograph of the Nobel House in <a href="/wiki/Turku" title="Turku">Turku</a> from 1842</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Daguerreotype_process.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Daguerreotype_process.jpg/220px-Daguerreotype_process.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Daguerreotype_process.jpg/330px-Daguerreotype_process.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Daguerreotype_process.jpg/440px-Daguerreotype_process.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5394" data-file-height="4139" /></a><figcaption>Graphic representation of the steps involved in making a daguerreotype</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plate_manufacture">Plate manufacture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Daguerreotype&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Plate manufacture">edit</a>]</div> The daguerreotype image is formed on a highly polished <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a> surface. Usually the silver is a thin layer on a copper substrate, but other metals such as brass can be used for the substrate and daguerreotypes can also be made on solid silver sheets. A surface of very pure silver is preferable, but sterling (92.5% pure) or US coin (90% pure) or even lower grades of silver are functional. In 19th century practice, the usual stock material, <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheffield plate">Sheffield plate</a>, was produced by a process sometimes called plating by fusion. A sheet of sterling silver was heat-fused onto the top of a thick copper ingot. When the ingot was repeatedly rolled under pressure to produce thin sheets, the relative thicknesses of the two layers of metal remained constant. The alternative was to <a href="/wiki/Electroplating" title="Electroplating">electroplate</a> a layer of pure silver onto a bare copper sheet. The two technologies were sometimes combined, the Sheffield plate being given a finishing coat of pure silver by electroplating. In order that the corners of the plate would not tear the buffing material when the plate was polished, the edges of the plate were bent back using patented devices that could also serve as plate holders to avoid touching the surface of the plate during processing.<a href="#cite_note-69">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Polishing">Polishing</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Daguerreotype&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Polishing">edit</a>]</div> To optimize the image quality of the end product, the silver side of the plate had to be polished to as nearly perfect a mirror finish as possible. The silver had to be completely free of tarnish or other contamination when it was sensitized, so the daguerreotypist had to perform at least the final portion of the polishing and cleaning operation not too long before use. In the 19th century, the polishing was done with a buff covered with hide or velvet, first using <a href="/wiki/Rotten_stone" title="Rotten stone">rotten stone</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Jeweler%27s_rouge" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeweler's rouge">jeweler's rouge</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Lampblack" class="mw-redirect" title="Lampblack">lampblack</a>. Originally, the work was entirely manual, but buffing machinery was soon devised to assist. Finally, the surface was swabbed with <a href="/wiki/Nitric_acid" title="Nitric acid">nitric acid</a> to burn off any residual organic matter. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sensitization">Sensitization</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Daguerreotype&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sensitization">edit</a>]</div> In darkness, or by the light of a <a href="/wiki/Safelight" title="Safelight">safelight</a>, the silver surface was exposed to <a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">halogen</a> fumes to form a silver halide. Originally, only <a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">iodine</a> fumes (from iodine crystals at room temperature) were used, producing a surface coating of <a href="/wiki/Silver_iodide" title="Silver iodide">silver iodide</a>, but it was soon found that a subsequent exposure to <a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">bromine</a> fumes greatly increased the sensitivity of the <a href="/wiki/Silver_halide" title="Silver halide">silver halide</a> coating. Exposure to <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a> fumes, or a combination of bromine and chlorine fumes, could also be used. A final re-fuming with iodine was typical. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exposure">Exposure</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Daguerreotype&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Exposure">edit</a>]</div> The plate was then carried to the camera in a light-tight plate holder. Withdrawing a protective <a href="/wiki/Dark_slide_(photography)" title="Dark slide (photography)">dark slide</a> or opening a pair of doors in the holder exposed the sensitized surface within the dark camera and removing a cap from the camera lens began the exposure, creating an invisible <a href="/wiki/Latent_image" title="Latent image">latent image</a> on the plate. Depending on the sensitization chemistry used, the brightness of the lighting, and the light-concentrating power of the lens, the required exposure time ranged from a few seconds to many minutes.<a href="#cite_note-71">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[68]</a> After the exposure was judged to be complete, the lens was capped and the holder was again made light-tight and removed from the camera. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development">Development</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Daguerreotype&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Development">edit</a>]</div> The latent image was <a href="/wiki/Photographic_processing" title="Photographic processing">developed</a> to visibility by several minutes of exposure to the fumes given off by heated <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a> in a purpose-made developing box. The toxicity of mercury was well known in the 19th century, but precautionary measures were rarely taken.<a href="#cite_note-73">[69]</a> Today, however, the hazards of contact with mercury and other chemicals traditionally used in the daguerreotype process are taken more seriously, as is the risk of release of those chemicals into the environment.<a href="#cite_note-74">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Becquerel_variation">Becquerel variation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Daguerreotype&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Becquerel variation">edit</a>]</div> In the <a href="/wiki/Edmond_Becquerel" title="Edmond Becquerel">Becquerel</a> variation of the process, published in 1840 but very rarely used in the 19th century, the plate, sensitized by fuming with iodine alone, was developed by overall exposure to sunlight passing through yellow, amber or red glass. The silver iodide in its unexposed condition was insensitive to the red end of the <a href="/wiki/Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">visible spectrum</a> of light and was unaffected, but the latent image created in the camera by the blue, violet and ultraviolet rays color-sensitized each point on the plate proportionally, so that this color-filtered "sunbath" intensified it to full visibility, as if the plate had been exposed in the camera for hours or days to produce a visible image without development. Becquerel daguerreotypes, when fully developed and fixed, typically take on a somewhat bluish hue. The image quality may not be as magnificently sharp as a daguerreotype developed using mercury vapor, although modern photographers pursuing daguerreotypy tend to favor the Becquerel process due to the hazards and expense of working with mercury. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fixing">Fixing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Daguerreotype&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Fixing">edit</a>]</div> After development, the light sensitivity of the plate was arrested by removing the unexposed silver halide with a mild solution of <a href="/wiki/Sodium_thiosulfate" title="Sodium thiosulfate">sodium thiosulfate</a>; Daguerre's initial method was to use a hot saturated solution of common salt. Gilding, also called gold toning, was an addition to Daguerre's process introduced by <a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Fizeau" title="Hippolyte Fizeau">Hippolyte Fizeau</a> in 1840. It soon became part of the standard procedure. To give the steely gray image a slightly warmer tone and physically reinforce the powder-like silver particles of which it was composed, a <a href="/wiki/Gold_chloride" title="Gold chloride">gold chloride</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words">which?</a>] solution was pooled onto the surface and the plate was briefly heated over a flame, then drained, rinsed and dried. Without this treatment, the image was as delicate as the "dust" on a butterfly's wing. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Casing_and_other_display_options">Casing and other display options</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Daguerreotype&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Casing and other display options">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Daguerreotype_EAA-1862-2-472-3_det02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Daguerreotype_EAA-1862-2-472-3_det02.jpg/220px-Daguerreotype_EAA-1862-2-472-3_det02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Daguerreotype_EAA-1862-2-472-3_det02.jpg/330px-Daguerreotype_EAA-1862-2-472-3_det02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Daguerreotype_EAA-1862-2-472-3_det02.jpg/440px-Daguerreotype_EAA-1862-2-472-3_det02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1565" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Daguerreotype mounted on a box, in the <a href="/wiki/National_Archives_of_Estonia" title="National Archives of Estonia">National Archives of Estonia</a></figcaption></figure> Even when strengthened by gilding, the image surface was still very easily marred and air would tarnish the silver, so the finished plate was bound up with a protective cover glass and sealed with strips of paper soaked in <a href="/wiki/Gum_arabic" title="Gum arabic">gum arabic</a>. In the US and UK, a gilt brass mat called a preserver in the US and a <a href="/wiki/Pinchbeck_(alloy)" title="Pinchbeck (alloy)">pinchbeck</a> in Britain, was normally used to separate the image surface from the glass. In continental Europe, a thin cardboard mat or <a href="/wiki/Passe-Partout_(framing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Passe-Partout (framing)">passepartout</a> usually served that purpose. There were two main methods of finishing daguerreotypes for protection and display: In the US and Britain, the tradition of preserving miniature paintings in a wooden case covered with leather or paper stamped with a relief pattern continued through to the daguerreotype. Some daguerreotypists were portrait artists who also offered miniature portraits. Black-lacquered cases ornamented with inset <a href="/wiki/Nacre" title="Nacre">mother of pearl</a> were sometimes used. The more substantial Union case was made from a mixture of colored sawdust and shellac (the main component of wood varnish) formed in a heated mold to produce a decorative sculptural relief. The word "Union" referred to the sawdust and varnish mixture—the manufacture of Union cases began in 1856.<a href="#cite_note-77">[73]</a> In all types of cases, the inside of the cover was lined with velvet or plush or satin to provide a dark surface to reflect into the plate for viewing and to protect the cover glass.<a href="#cite_note-78">[74]</a> Some cases, however, held two daguerreotypes opposite each other. The cased images could be set out on a table or displayed on a <a href="/wiki/Fireplace_mantel" title="Fireplace mantel">mantelpiece</a>. Most cases were small and lightweight enough to easily carry in a pocket, although that was not normally done. The other approach, common in France and the rest of continental Europe, was to hang the daguerreotype on the wall in a frame, either simple or elaborate.<a href="#cite_note-79">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-princeton-80">[76]</a> Conservators were able to determine that a daguerreotype of <a href="/wiki/Walt_Whitman" title="Walt Whitman">Walt Whitman</a> was made in New Orleans with the main clue being the type of frame, which was made for wall hanging in the French and continental style.<a href="#cite_note-81">[77]</a> Supporting evidence of the New Orleans origin was a scrap of paper from Le Mesager, a New Orleans bilingual newspaper of the time, which had been used to glue the plate into the frame.<a href="#cite_note-82">[78]</a> Other clues used by historians to identify daguerreotypes are hallmarks in the silver plate and the distinctive patterns left by different photographers when polishing the plate with a leather buff, which leaves extremely fine parallel lines discernible on the surface.<a href="#cite_note-83">[79]</a> As the daguerreotype itself is on a relatively thin sheet of soft metal, it was easily sheared down to sizes and shapes suited for mounting into lockets, as was done with miniature paintings.<a href="#cite_note-84">[80]</a> Other imaginative uses of daguerreotype portraits were to mount them in <a href="/wiki/Pocket_watch" title="Pocket watch">watch fobs and watch cases</a>, jewel caskets and other ornate silver or gold boxes, the handles of <a href="/wiki/Walking_stick" title="Walking stick">walking sticks</a>, and in brooches, bracelets and other jewelry now referred to by collectors as "daguerreian jewelry".<a href="#cite_note-85">[81]</a> The cover glass or crystal was sealed either directly to the edges of the daguerreotype or to the opening of its receptacle and a protective hinged cover was usually provided. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unusual_characteristics">Unusual characteristics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Daguerreotype&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Unusual characteristics">edit</a>]</div> Daguerreotypes are normally laterally reversed—mirror images—because they are necessarily viewed from the side that originally faced the camera lens. Although a daguerreotypist could attach a mirror or <a href="/wiki/Prism_(optics)#Reflective_prisms" title="Prism (optics)">reflective prism</a> in front of the lens to obtain a right-reading result, in practice this was rarely done.<a href="#cite_note-86">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[83]</a> The use of either type of attachment caused some light loss, somewhat increasing the required exposure time, and unless they were of very high optical quality they could degrade the quality of the image. Right-reading text or right-handed buttons on men's clothing in a daguerreotype may be the only evidence that the specimen is a copy of a typical wrong-reading original. The experience of viewing a daguerreotype is unlike that of viewing any other type of photograph. The image does not sit on the surface of the plate. After flipping from positive to negative as the viewing angle is adjusted, viewers experience an apparition in space, a mirage that arises once the eyes are properly focused. When reproduced via other processes, this effect associated with viewing an original daguerreotype will no longer be apparent. Other processes that have a similar viewing experience are <a href="/wiki/Holography" title="Holography">holograms</a> on credit cards or <a href="/wiki/Lippmann_plate" title="Lippmann plate">Lippmann plates</a>.<a href="#cite_note-88">[84]</a> Although daguerreotypes are unique images, they could be copied by re-daguerreotyping the original. Copies were also produced by <a href="/wiki/Lithography" title="Lithography">lithography</a> or <a href="/wiki/Engraving" title="Engraving">engraving</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[85]</a> Today, they can be digitally scanned. A well-exposed and sharp large-format daguerreotype is able to faithfully record fine detail at a resolution that 2000's digital cameras were not able to match.<a href="#cite_note-90">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reduction_of_exposure_time">Reduction of exposure time</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Daguerreotype&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Reduction of exposure time">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_a_Daguerreotypist,_1845.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Portrait_of_a_Daguerreotypist%2C_1845.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_a_Daguerreotypist%2C_1845.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Portrait_of_a_Daguerreotypist%2C_1845.jpg/330px-Portrait_of_a_Daguerreotypist%2C_1845.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Portrait_of_a_Daguerreotypist%2C_1845.jpg/440px-Portrait_of_a_Daguerreotypist%2C_1845.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2750" data-file-height="3116" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of a Daguerreotypist Displaying Daguerreotypes and Cases pictured in an airtight frame.</figcaption></figure> In the early 1840s, two innovations were introduced that dramatically shortened the required exposure times: a lens that produced a much brighter image in the camera, and a modification of the chemistry used to sensitize the plate. The first daguerreotype cameras could not be used for portraiture, as the exposure time required would have been too long. The cameras were fitted with Chevalier <a href="/wiki/Camera_lens#Early_photographic_camera_lenses" title="Camera lens">lenses</a> which were "<a href="/wiki/Lens_speed" title="Lens speed">slow</a>" (about <a href="/wiki/F-number" title="F-number">f/14</a>).<a href="#cite_note-91">[note 5]</a> They projected a sharp and undistorted but dim image onto the plate. Such a lens was necessary in order to produce the highly detailed results which had elicited so much astonishment and praise when daguerreotypes were first exhibited, results which the purchasers of daguerreotype equipment expected to achieve. Using this lens and the original sensitizing method, an exposure of several minutes was required to photograph even a very brightly sunlit scene. A much "faster" lens could have been provided—simply omitting the integral fixed <a href="/wiki/Diaphragm_(optics)" title="Diaphragm (optics)">diaphragm</a> from the Chevalier lens would have increased its working aperture to about <a href="/wiki/F-number" title="F-number">f/4.7</a> and reduced the exposure time by nearly 90 percent—but because of the existing state of lens design the much shorter exposure would have been at the cost of a peripherally distorted and very much less clear image. With uncommon exceptions, daguerreotypes made before 1841 were of static subjects such as landscapes, buildings, monuments, statuary, and <a href="/wiki/Still_life_photography" title="Still life photography">still life</a> arrangements. Attempts at <a href="/wiki/Portrait_photography" title="Portrait photography">portrait photography</a> with the Chevalier lens required the sitter to face into the sun for several minutes while trying to remain motionless and look pleasant, usually producing repulsive and unflattering results. The Woolcott mirror lens that produced tiny, postage stamp size daguerreotypes made portraiture with the daguerreotype process possible and these were the first photographic portraits to be produced. In 1841, the <a href="/wiki/Petzval_lens" title="Petzval lens">Petzval Portrait Lens</a> was introduced.<a href="#cite_note-92">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[89]</a> Professor <a href="/wiki/Andreas_von_Ettingshausen" title="Andreas von Ettingshausen">Andreas von Ettingshausen</a> brought the need for a faster lens for daguerreotype cameras to his colleague, Professor Petzval's attention, who went ahead in cooperation with the <a href="/wiki/Voigtl%C3%A4nder" title="Voigtländer">Voigtländer</a> firm to design a lens that would reduce the time needed to expose daguerreotype plates for portraiture. Petzval was not aware of the scale of his invention at the start of his work on the lens, and later regretted not having secured his rights by obtaining letters patent on his invention. It was the first lens to be designed using mathematical computation, and a team of mathematicians whose specialty was in fact calculating the trajectories of ballistics was put at Petzval's disposal by the <a href="/wiki/Archduke_Louis_of_Austria" title="Archduke Louis of Austria">Archduke Ludwig</a>. It was scientifically designed and optimized for its purpose. With a working aperture of about <a href="/wiki/F-number" title="F-number">f/3.6</a>, an exposure only about one-fifteenth as long as that required when using a Chevalier lens was sufficient. Although it produced an acceptably sharp image in the central area of the plate, where the sitter's face was likely to be, the image quality dropped off toward the edges, so for this and other reasons it was unsuitable for landscape photography and not a general replacement for Chevalier-type lenses. Petzval intended his lens to be convertible with two alternative rear components: one for portraiture and the other for landscape and architecture.<a href="#cite_note-95">[90]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gezicht_op_de_Predikherenlei_en_-brug_te_Gent,_ca._1839,_STAM_Gent.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Gezicht_op_de_Predikherenlei_en_-brug_te_Gent%2C_ca._1839%2C_STAM_Gent.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Gezicht_op_de_Predikherenlei_en_-brug_te_Gent%2C_ca._1839%2C_STAM_Gent.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Gezicht_op_de_Predikherenlei_en_-brug_te_Gent%2C_ca._1839%2C_STAM_Gent.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Gezicht_op_de_Predikherenlei_en_-brug_te_Gent%2C_ca._1839%2C_STAM_Gent.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Gezicht_op_de_Predikherenlei_en_-brug_te_Gent%2C_ca._1839%2C_STAM_Gent.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Gezicht_op_de_Predikherenlei_en_-brug_te_Gent%2C_ca._1839%2C_STAM_Gent.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5165" data-file-height="3835" /></a><figcaption>‘View of the Predikherenlei and Predikherenbrug’ depicts the first photographic record of <a href="/wiki/Ghent" title="Ghent">Ghent</a> and in all probability <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>. It dates back to October 1839, when optician François Braga arrived in <a href="/wiki/Ghent" title="Ghent">Ghent</a> with the daguerreotype camera. Together with his friend, seller of prints and engravings Joseph Pelizzaro, he took the picture on the second floor of judge Philippe Van de Velde’s residence on the Ajuinlei. Of the four original plates they made, two plates are in the holdings of STAM – <a href="/wiki/Ghent_City_Museum" title="Ghent City Museum">Ghent City Museum</a>, while the two others are lost. </figcaption></figure> The other major innovation was a chemical one. In Daguerre's original process, the plate was sensitized by exposure to <a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">iodine</a> fumes alone. A breakthrough came with the discovery that when exposure to <a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">bromine</a> or <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a> fumes was correctly combined with this, the sensitivity of the plate could be greatly increased, which in turn greatly reduced the required exposure time to between fifteen and thirty seconds in favorable lighting conditions, according to Eder.<a href="#cite_note-96">[91]</a> Several experimenters discovered the propensity of using chlorine and bromine in addition to iodine:<a href="#cite_note-97">[92]</a> Wolcott, whose "Wolcott's mixture" was marketed by his partner, John Johnson that they called "quickstuff"; two unrelated individuals with the surname Goddard – Philadelphia physician and chemist <a href="/wiki/Paul_Beck_Goddard" title="Paul Beck Goddard">Paul Beck Goddard</a>,<a href="#cite_note-98">[93]</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Frederick_Goddard" title="John Frederick Goddard">John Frederick Goddard</a> who lectured at the Adelaide Gallery before assisting Beard with setting up the first daguerreotype portraiture studio on the roof of the Regent Street Polytechnic;<a href="#cite_note-99">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[95]</a> (John Frederick Goddard was the first to publish information that bromine increased the sensitivity of daguerreotype plates in the Literary Gazette of 12 December 1840)<a href="#cite_note-BargerWhite2000-101">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[98]</a> and in Vienna: Krachowila and the <a href="/wiki/Johann_August_Natterer" title="Johann August Natterer">Natterer</a> brothers. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unusual_daguerreotype_cameras">Unusual daguerreotype cameras</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Daguerreotype&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Unusual daguerreotype cameras">edit</a>]</div> A number of innovative camera designs appeared: By December 1839, <a href="/wiki/Carl_August_von_Steinheil" title="Carl August von Steinheil">Carl August von Steinheil</a> invented a small, portable metal camera, which was nineteen times smaller than the camera sold by Giroux. The resulting daguerreotypes were viewed in a special brass viewer. At least ten of these cameras were created.<a href="#cite_note-104">[99]</a> One early attempt to address the lack of a good "fast" lens for portraiture, and the subject of the first US patent for photographic apparatus, was Alexander S. Wolcott's camera, which used a concave mirror instead of a lens and operated on the principle of the <a href="/wiki/Reflecting_telescope" title="Reflecting telescope">reflecting telescope</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[101]</a> The mirror was fitted at one end of the camera and focusing was done by adjusting the position of the plate in a holder that slid along a rail. Designed solely for portraiture, this arrangement produced a far brighter image than a Chevalier lens, or even the later Petzval lens, but image quality was only marginal and the design was only practical for use with small plates. Friedrich Voigtländer's small, all-metal Daguerrotype camera (1841) was small enough to be carried. It was fitted with a f/3.5 Petzval portrait lens at the front and a focusing lens at the back, and took round plates. Only 600 of these cameras were produced.<a href="#cite_note-107">[102]</a> The directions for the use of the Voigtländer camera read as follows: <blockquote>Directions for the use of the new daguerreotype apparatus for the making of portraits, executed according to the calculations of Professor Petzval by Voigtländer and Son, Vienna, printed by J.P.Sollinger, August 1, 1841.</blockquote> <blockquote>The person to be photographed must be seated in the open air. For an exposure by overcast, dark skies in winter 3 ½ minutes is sufficient; on a sunny day in the shade 1½ to 2 minutes are enough, and in direct sunlight it requires no more than 40–45 seconds. The last, however, is seldom employed on account of the deep shadows direct sunlight creates.<a href="#cite_note-108">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[104]</a> </blockquote> The stated exposure times are evidently for plates sensitized with iodine only; improved sensitization methods were just being introduced in 1841–42. In 1845 Friedrich von Martens invented the first panoramic camera for curved daguerreotype plates with a lens that turned to cover an angle of 150 degrees. It was called "Megaskop-Kamera" of "Panorama-Kamera".<a href="#cite_note-110">[105]</a> Netto constructed, in 1841, a studio in which the front part of the camera with the lens was built into the wall between the studio and the adjoining darkroom, the rear part of the camera being inside the darkroom.<a href="#cite_note-111">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Portraiture">Portraiture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Daguerreotype&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Portraiture">edit</a>]</div> In one early attempt at portraiture, a Swedish amateur daguerreotypist caused his sitter nearly to lose an eye because of practically staring into the sun during the five-minute exposure.<a href="#cite_note-113">[108]</a> Even with fast lenses and much more sensitive plates, under portrait studio lighting conditions an exposure of several seconds was necessary on the brightest of days, and on hazy or cloudy days the sitter had to remain still for considerably longer. The head rest was already in use for portrait painting. Establishments producing daguerreotype portraits generally had a daylight studio built on the roof, much like a greenhouse. Whereas later in the history of photography artificial electric lighting was done in a dark room, building up the light with hard spotlights and softer floodlights, the daylight studio was equipped with screens and blinds to control the light, to reduce it and make it unidirectional, or diffuse it to soften harsh direct lighting. Blue filtration was sometimes used to make it easier for the sitter to tolerate the strong light, as a daguerreotype plate was almost exclusively sensitive to light at the blue end of the spectrum and filtering out everything else did not significantly increase the exposure time. Usually, it was arranged so that sitters leaned their elbows on a support such as a posing table, the height of which could be adjusted, or else head rests were used that did not show in the picture, and this led to most daguerreotype portraits having stiff, lifeless poses. Some exceptions exist, with lively expressions full of character, as photographers saw the potential of the new medium, and would have used the <a href="/wiki/Tableau_vivant" title="Tableau vivant">tableau vivant</a> technique. These are represented in museum collections and are the most sought after by private collectors today.<a href="#cite_note-114">[109]</a> In the case of young children, their <a href="/wiki/Hidden_mother_photography" title="Hidden mother photography">mothers were sometimes hidden</a> in the frame, to calm them and keep them still so as to prevent blurring.<a href="#cite_note-Bathurst_2013-115">[110]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Device_to_hold_heads_during_Daguerreotype_exposure.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Device_to_hold_heads_during_Daguerreotype_exposure.JPG/170px-Device_to_hold_heads_during_Daguerreotype_exposure.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Device_to_hold_heads_during_Daguerreotype_exposure.JPG/255px-Device_to_hold_heads_during_Daguerreotype_exposure.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Device_to_hold_heads_during_Daguerreotype_exposure.JPG/340px-Device_to_hold_heads_during_Daguerreotype_exposure.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Device to hold heads still during the long exposure time required to make a daguerreotype portrait</figcaption></figure> The image in a daguerreotype is often described as being formed by the <a href="/wiki/Amalgam_(chemistry)" title="Amalgam (chemistry)">amalgam</a>, or alloy, of <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a> because mercury vapor from a pool of heated mercury is used to develop the plate; but using the <a href="/wiki/A._E._Becquerel" class="mw-redirect" title="A. E. Becquerel">Becquerel</a> process (using a red filter and extra exposure) daguerreotypes can be produced without mercury, and chemical analysis shows that there is no mercury in the final image with the Becquerel process.<a href="#cite_note-116">[111]</a> This brings into question the theory that the image is formed of amalgam with mercury development. Although the daguerreotype process could only produce a single image at a time, copies could be created by re-daguerreotyping the original.<a href="#cite_note-117">[112]</a> As with any original photograph that is copied, the contrast increases. With a daguerreotype, any writing will appear back to front. Recopying a daguerreotype will make the writing appear normal and rings worn on the fingers will appear on the correct hand. Another device to make a daguerreotype the right way round would be to use a mirror when taking the photograph. The daguerreotypes of the 1852 Omaha Indian (Native American) delegation in the Smithsonian include a daguerreotype copied in the camera, recognizable by the contrast being high and a black line down the side of the plate.<a href="#cite_note-118">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Proliferation">Proliferation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Daguerreotype&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Proliferation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AdvSplendidDaguerreotypeAmerOfficeWaterburyCTCirca1840s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/AdvSplendidDaguerreotypeAmerOfficeWaterburyCTCirca1840s.jpg/220px-AdvSplendidDaguerreotypeAmerOfficeWaterburyCTCirca1840s.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/AdvSplendidDaguerreotypeAmerOfficeWaterburyCTCirca1840s.jpg/330px-AdvSplendidDaguerreotypeAmerOfficeWaterburyCTCirca1840s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/AdvSplendidDaguerreotypeAmerOfficeWaterburyCTCirca1840s.jpg/440px-AdvSplendidDaguerreotypeAmerOfficeWaterburyCTCirca1840s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="704" data-file-height="852" /></a><figcaption>Advertisement for a traveling daguerreotype photographer, with location left blank</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9-Adolphe-Eug%C3%A8ne_Disd%C3%A9ri" title="André-Adolphe-Eugène Disdéri">André-Adolphe-Eugène Disdéri</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[114]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jules_Itier" title="Jules Itier">Jules Itier</a> of France,<a href="#cite_note-120">[115]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Johann_Baptist_Isenring" title="Johann Baptist Isenring">Johann Baptist Isenring</a> of Switzerland, became prominent daguerreotypists. In Britain, however, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Beard_(photographer)" title="Richard Beard (photographer)">Richard Beard</a> bought the British daguerreotype patent from Miles Berry in 1841 and closely controlled his investment, selling licenses throughout the country and prosecuting <a href="/wiki/Patent_infringement" title="Patent infringement">infringers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-121">[116]</a> Among others, <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Claudet" title="Antoine Claudet">Antoine Claudet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Richard_Williams" title="Thomas Richard Williams">Thomas Richard Williams</a> produced daguerreotypes in the UK.<a href="#cite_note-122">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[118]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width: 210px; clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:LucreciaGuerreroUribe_1848.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/LucreciaGuerreroUribe_1848.jpg/210px-LucreciaGuerreroUribe_1848.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/LucreciaGuerreroUribe_1848.jpg/315px-LucreciaGuerreroUribe_1848.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/LucreciaGuerreroUribe_1848.jpg/420px-LucreciaGuerreroUribe_1848.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4473" data-file-height="2557" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.khanacademy.org/partner-content/getty-museum/getty-photographs/v/early-photography-daguerreotypes">Early photography: making daguerreotypes</a>, <a href="/wiki/J._Paul_Getty_Museum" title="J. Paul Getty Museum">J. Paul Getty Museum</a> with <a href="/wiki/Khan_Academy" title="Khan Academy">Khan Academy</a><a href="#cite_note-khan-124">[119]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Daguerreotype photography spread rapidly across the United States after the discovery first appeared in US newspapers in February 1839.<a href="#cite_note-125">[120]</a> <a href="#cite_note-126">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[122]</a> In the early 1840s, the invention was introduced in a period of months to practitioners in the United States by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel Morse</a>,<a href="#cite_note-128">[123]</a> inventor of the <a href="/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">telegraph</a> code. It is possible that Morse may have been the first American to view a daguerreotype first-hand.<a href="#cite_note-:0-129">[124]</a> Morse's experience with art and technology in the early 1800s<a href="#cite_note-:0-129">[124]</a> attracted him to the daguerreotype; in the summers of 1820 and 1821 he conducted proto-photographic experiments with Benjamin Silliman.<a href="#cite_note-:0-129">[124]</a> In his piece <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seattleartmuseum.org/exhibitions/morse">The Gallery of the Louvre</a> Morse used a Camera obscura to precisely capture the gallery which he then used to create the final painting.<a href="#cite_note-:0-129">[124]</a> Morse met the inventor of the daguerreotype, Louis-Jacques-Mande Daguerre, in Paris in January 1839 when Daguerre's invention was announced.<a href="#cite_note-:0-129">[124]</a> While the daguerreotype fascinated Morse, he was concerned about how the new invention would compete with his telegraph.<a href="#cite_note-:0-129">[124]</a> However, Morse's viewing of the daguerreotype alleviated his fears when he saw how revolutionary its technology was.<a href="#cite_note-:0-129">[124]</a> Morse wrote a letter to his brother Sidney describing Daguerre's invention, which Sidney then published in the New-York Observer on April 20, 1839.<a href="#cite_note-:0-129">[124]</a> While this was not the first report of the daguerreotype to appear in America, it was the first in-person report to appear in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-:0-129">[124]</a> Morse's account of the brand-new invention interested the American public, and through further publishings the technique of the daguerreotype was integrated into the United States.<a href="#cite_note-:1-130">[125]</a> Magazines and newspapers included essays applauding the daguerreotype for advancing democratic American values because it could create an image without painting, which was less efficient and more expensive.<a href="#cite_note-:1-130">[125]</a> The introduction of the daguerreotype to America also promoted progress of ideals and technology. For example, an article published in the Boston Daily Advertiser on February 23, 1839 described the daguerreotype as having similar properties of the camera obscura, but introduced its remarkable capability of "fixing the image permanently on the paper, or making a permanent drawing, by the agency of light alone," which combined old and new concepts for readers to understand.<a href="#cite_note-:1-130">[125]</a> By 1853, an estimated three million daguerreotypes per year were being produced in the United States alone.<a href="#cite_note-131">[126]</a> One of these original Morse Daguerreotype cameras is currently on display at the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_American_History" title="National Museum of American History">National Museum of American History</a>, a branch of the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a><a href="#cite_note-NMAH2-132">[127]</a> A flourishing market in <a href="/wiki/Portrait" title="Portrait">portraiture</a> sprang up, predominantly the work of itinerant practitioners who traveled from town to town. For the first time in history, people could obtain an exact likeness of themselves or their loved ones for a modest cost, making portrait photographs extremely popular with those of modest means. Celebrities and everyday people sought portraits and workers would save an entire day's income to have a daguerreotype taken of them, including occupational portraits.<a href="#cite_note-WDL-133">[128]</a> Notable U.S. daguerreotypists of the mid-19th century included <a href="/wiki/James_Presley_Ball" title="James Presley Ball">James Presley Ball</a>,<a href="#cite_note-134">[129]</a> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Bemis" title="Samuel Bemis">Samuel Bemis</a>,<a href="#cite_note-135">[130]</a> <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Bogardus" title="Abraham Bogardus">Abraham Bogardus</a>,<a href="#cite_note-136">[131]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mathew_Brady" title="Mathew Brady">Mathew Brady</a>,<a href="#cite_note-137">[132]</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Martin_Easterly" title="Thomas Martin Easterly">Thomas Martin Easterly</a>,<a href="#cite_note-138">[133]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Fleischbein" title="François Fleischbein">François Fleischbein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Gurney" title="Jeremiah Gurney">Jeremiah Gurney</a>,<a href="#cite_note-139">[134]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Plumbe" title="John Plumbe">John Plumbe</a>, Jr.,<a href="#cite_note-140">[135]</a> <a href="/wiki/Albert_Southworth" title="Albert Southworth">Albert Southworth</a>,<a href="#cite_note-141">[136]</a> <a href="/wiki/Augustus_Washington" title="Augustus Washington">Augustus Washington</a>,<a href="#cite_note-142">[137]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ezra_Greenleaf_Weld" title="Ezra Greenleaf Weld">Ezra Greenleaf Weld</a>,<a href="#cite_note-143">[138]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Adams_Whipple" title="John Adams Whipple">John Adams Whipple</a>,<a href="#cite_note-144">[139]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gates_31–60-145">[140]</a> This method spread to other parts of the world as well: <ul><li>The first daguerreotype in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> was taken in 1841, but no longer survives. The oldest surviving Australian daguerreotype is a portrait of <a href="/wiki/William_Bland" title="William Bland">Dr. William Bland</a> taken in 1845.<a href="#cite_note-146">[141]</a></li> <li>In Jamaica <a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Duperly" title="Adolphe Duperly">Adolphe Duperly</a>, a Frenchman, produced a booklet of Daguerreotypes, Daguerian Excursions in Jamaica, being a collection of views ... taken on the spot with the Daguerreotype which probably appeared in 1844.<a href="#cite_note-Lint-147">[142]</a></li> <li>In 1857, <a href="/wiki/Ichiki_Shir%C5%8D" title="Ichiki Shirō">Ichiki Shirō</a> created the first known Japanese photograph, a portrait of his <a href="/wiki/Daimy%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Daimyō">daimyō</a> <a href="/wiki/Shimazu_Nariakira" title="Shimazu Nariakira">Shimazu Nariakira</a>.<a href="#cite_note-148">[143]</a> The photograph was designated an <a href="/wiki/Important_Cultural_Properties_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Important Cultural Properties of Japan">Important Cultural Property</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Japan" title="Government of Japan">government of Japan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-149">[144]</a></li> <li>In the early 1850s, <a href="/wiki/Augustus_Washington" title="Augustus Washington">Augustus Washington</a> left Hartford Connecticut to eventually take daguerreotypes for the political leaders of Monrovia, Liberia. He then went on to be elected as a speaker of the Liberian House of Representatives and later a member of the Liberian Senate.<a href="#cite_note-150">[145]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Astronomical_applications_in_the_19th_century">Astronomical applications in the 19th century</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Daguerreotype&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Astronomical applications in the 19th century">edit</a>]</div> In 1839, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Arago" title="François Arago">François Arago</a> had in his address to the French Chamber of Deputies outlined a wealth of possible applications including astronomy, and indeed the daguerreotype was still occasionally used for astronomical photography in the 1870s. The first known photograph of a solar eclipse was taken on July 28, 1851, by <a href="/wiki/Julius_Berkowski" title="Julius Berkowski">Johann Julius Friedrich Berkowski</a>, using the daguerreotype process.<a href="#cite_note-151">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[147]</a> Although the <a href="/wiki/Collodion_process" title="Collodion process">collodion wet plate process</a> offered a cheaper and more convenient alternative for commercial portraiture and for other applications with shorter exposure times, when the <a href="/wiki/Transit_of_Venus" title="Transit of Venus">transit of Venus</a> was about to occur and observations were to be made from several sites on the earth's surface in order to calculate astronomical distances, daguerreotypy proved a more accurate method of making visual recordings through telescopes because it was a dry process with greater dimensional stability, whereas collodion glass plates were exposed wet and the image would become slightly distorted when the emulsion dried. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Late_and_modern_use">Late and modern use</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Daguerreotype&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Late and modern use">edit</a>]</div> Although the daguerreotype process is sometimes said to have died out completely in the early 1860s, documentary evidence indicates that some very slight use of it persisted more or less continuously throughout the following 150 years of its supposed extinction.<a href="#cite_note-153">[148]</a> A few first-generation daguerreotypists refused to entirely abandon their old medium when they started making the new, cheaper, easier to view but comparatively drab ambrotypes and tintypes.<a href="#cite_note-154">[149]</a> Historically minded photographers of subsequent generations, often fascinated by daguerreotypes, sometimes experimented with making their own or even revived the process commercially as a "retro" portraiture option for their clients.<a href="#cite_note-155">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[151]</a> These eccentric late uses were extremely unusual and surviving examples reliably dated to between the 1860s and the 1960s are now exceedingly rare.<a href="#cite_note-157">[152]</a> The daguerreotype experienced a minor renaissance in the late 20th century and the process is currently practiced by a handful of enthusiastic devotees; there are thought to be fewer than 100 worldwide (see list of artists on cdags.org in links below). In recent years, artists like <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Spagnoli" title="Jerry Spagnoli">Jerry Spagnoli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adam_Fuss" title="Adam Fuss">Adam Fuss</a>, Patrick Bailly-Maître-Grand, Alyssa C. Salomon,<a href="#cite_note-158">[153]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Close" title="Chuck Close">Chuck Close</a> have reintroduced the medium to the broader art world. The use of electronic flash in modern daguerreotype has solved many of the problems connected with the slow speed of the process when using daylight. International group exhibitions of contemporary daguerreotypists' works have been held, notably the 2009 exhibition in Bry Sur Marne, France, with 182 daguerreotypes by forty-four artists, and the 2013 ImageObject exhibition in New York City, showcasing seventy-five works by thirty-three artists. The <a href="/wiki/Astolat_Dollhouse_Castle" title="Astolat Dollhouse Castle">Astolat Dollhouse Castle</a> also displays daguerreotypes. The appeal of the medium lies in the "magic mirror" effect of light striking the polished silver plate and revealing a silvery image which can seem ghostly and ethereal even while being perfectly sharp, and in the dedication and handcrafting required to make a daguerreotype. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery_of_sample_daguerreotypes">Gallery of sample daguerreotypes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Daguerreotype&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Gallery of sample daguerreotypes">edit</a>]</div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 177.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 175.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Andrew_Jackson_Daguerreotype.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Andrew Jackson at age 78."><img alt="Andrew Jackson at age 78." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Andrew_Jackson_Daguerreotype.jpg/263px-Andrew_Jackson_Daguerreotype.jpg" decoding="async" width="176" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Andrew_Jackson_Daguerreotype.jpg/394px-Andrew_Jackson_Daguerreotype.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Andrew_Jackson_Daguerreotype.jpg/525px-Andrew_Jackson_Daguerreotype.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1370" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> at age 78.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 156px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 154px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_the_Duke_of_Wellington,_1844,_by_Antoine_Claudet.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Arthur Wellesley, the Duke of Wellington, aged 74 or 75, made by Antoine Claudet in 1844."><img alt="Arthur Wellesley, the Duke of Wellington, aged 74 or 75, made by Antoine Claudet in 1844." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Portrait_of_the_Duke_of_Wellington%2C_1844%2C_by_Antoine_Claudet.jpg/231px-Portrait_of_the_Duke_of_Wellington%2C_1844%2C_by_Antoine_Claudet.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Portrait_of_the_Duke_of_Wellington%2C_1844%2C_by_Antoine_Claudet.jpg/347px-Portrait_of_the_Duke_of_Wellington%2C_1844%2C_by_Antoine_Claudet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Portrait_of_the_Duke_of_Wellington%2C_1844%2C_by_Antoine_Claudet.jpg/462px-Portrait_of_the_Duke_of_Wellington%2C_1844%2C_by_Antoine_Claudet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1912" data-file-height="2480" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Arthur Wellesley, the Duke of Wellington</a>, aged 74 or 75, made by <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Claudet" title="Antoine Claudet">Antoine Claudet</a> in 1844.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 150px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 148px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Shiro_Ichiki,_Portrait_of_Nariakira_Shimazu,_1857.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Shimazu Nariakira, made by Ichiki Shirō in 1857, the earliest surviving Japanese photograph"><img alt="Shimazu Nariakira, made by Ichiki Shirō in 1857, the earliest surviving Japanese photograph" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Shiro_Ichiki%2C_Portrait_of_Nariakira_Shimazu%2C_1857.jpg/222px-Shiro_Ichiki%2C_Portrait_of_Nariakira_Shimazu%2C_1857.jpg" decoding="async" width="148" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Shiro_Ichiki%2C_Portrait_of_Nariakira_Shimazu%2C_1857.jpg/333px-Shiro_Ichiki%2C_Portrait_of_Nariakira_Shimazu%2C_1857.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Shiro_Ichiki%2C_Portrait_of_Nariakira_Shimazu%2C_1857.jpg/443px-Shiro_Ichiki%2C_Portrait_of_Nariakira_Shimazu%2C_1857.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1082" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Shimazu_Nariakira" title="Shimazu Nariakira">Shimazu Nariakira</a>, made by <a href="/wiki/Ichiki_Shir%C5%8D" title="Ichiki Shirō">Ichiki Shirō</a> in 1857, the earliest surviving Japanese photograph</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 212.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:1851_07_28_Berkowski.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The solar eclipse of July 28, 1851, the first correctly exposed photograph of a solar eclipse using the daguerreotype process"><img alt="The solar eclipse of July 28, 1851, the first correctly exposed photograph of a solar eclipse using the daguerreotype process" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/1851_07_28_Berkowski.jpg/316px-1851_07_28_Berkowski.jpg" decoding="async" width="211" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/1851_07_28_Berkowski.jpg/474px-1851_07_28_Berkowski.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/1851_07_28_Berkowski.jpg 2x" data-file-width="499" data-file-height="474" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Solar_eclipse_of_July_28,_1851" title="Solar eclipse of July 28, 1851">solar eclipse of July 28, 1851</a>, the first correctly exposed photograph of a solar eclipse using the daguerreotype process</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 177.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 175.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Friedrich_Wilhelm_Joseph_Schelling,_1848_daguerreotype_-_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Philosopher Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling, made by Hermann Biow in February 1848."><img alt="Philosopher Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling, made by Hermann Biow in February 1848." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Joseph_Schelling%2C_1848_daguerreotype_-_cropped.jpg/263px-Friedrich_Wilhelm_Joseph_Schelling%2C_1848_daguerreotype_-_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="176" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Joseph_Schelling%2C_1848_daguerreotype_-_cropped.jpg/395px-Friedrich_Wilhelm_Joseph_Schelling%2C_1848_daguerreotype_-_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Joseph_Schelling%2C_1848_daguerreotype_-_cropped.jpg/526px-Friedrich_Wilhelm_Joseph_Schelling%2C_1848_daguerreotype_-_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="584" data-file-height="666" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Philosopher <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Joseph_Schelling" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling">Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling</a>, made by <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Biow" title="Hermann Biow">Hermann Biow</a> in February 1848.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 178px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Jose_de_San_Martin.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="José de San Martín, made in Paris 1848."><img alt="José de San Martín, made in Paris 1848." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Jose_de_San_Martin.jpg/267px-Jose_de_San_Martin.jpg" decoding="async" width="178" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Jose_de_San_Martin.jpg/400px-Jose_de_San_Martin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Jose_de_San_Martin.jpg/534px-Jose_de_San_Martin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1349" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_San_Mart%C3%ADn" title="José de San Martín">José de San Martín</a>, made in Paris 1848.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 171.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 169.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Adams_Aged_100,_1845.png" class="mw-file-description" title="John Adams a shoemaker at age 100, born in 1745, possibly the earliest-born person photographed"><img alt="John Adams a shoemaker at age 100, born in 1745, possibly the earliest-born person photographed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/John_Adams_Aged_100%2C_1845.png/254px-John_Adams_Aged_100%2C_1845.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/John_Adams_Aged_100%2C_1845.png 1.5x" data-file-width="362" data-file-height="427" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/John_Adams_(shoemaker)" title="John Adams (shoemaker)">John Adams</a> a shoemaker at age 100, born in 1745, possibly the earliest-born person photographed</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 141.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 139.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Frederic_Chopin_photo.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Frédéric Chopin, c. 1849"><img alt="Frédéric Chopin, c. 1849" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Frederic_Chopin_photo.jpeg/209px-Frederic_Chopin_photo.jpeg" decoding="async" width="140" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Frederic_Chopin_photo.jpeg/313px-Frederic_Chopin_photo.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Frederic_Chopin_photo.jpeg/418px-Frederic_Chopin_photo.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1014" data-file-height="1455" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin">Frédéric Chopin</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1849</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 184px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 182px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Blacksmith_Forging_a_Horshoe,_c._1859%E2%80%931860,_Summer_A._Smith.webp" class="mw-file-description" title="Blacksmith Forging a Horseshoe, c. 1859–1860 by Summer A. Smith"><img alt="Blacksmith Forging a Horseshoe, c. 1859–1860 by Summer A. Smith" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Blacksmith_Forging_a_Horshoe%2C_c._1859%E2%80%931860%2C_Summer_A._Smith.webp/273px-Blacksmith_Forging_a_Horshoe%2C_c._1859%E2%80%931860%2C_Summer_A._Smith.webp.png" decoding="async" width="182" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Blacksmith_Forging_a_Horshoe%2C_c._1859%E2%80%931860%2C_Summer_A._Smith.webp/410px-Blacksmith_Forging_a_Horshoe%2C_c._1859%E2%80%931860%2C_Summer_A._Smith.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Blacksmith_Forging_a_Horshoe%2C_c._1859%E2%80%931860%2C_Summer_A._Smith.webp/546px-Blacksmith_Forging_a_Horshoe%2C_c._1859%E2%80%931860%2C_Summer_A._Smith.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="1456" data-file-height="1599" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Blacksmith Forging a Horseshoe, c. 1859–1860 by <a href="/wiki/Summer_A._Smith" title="Summer A. Smith">Summer A. Smith</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 1072px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 1070px;"><a href="/wiki/File:San_Francisco-1853.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Six daguerreotypes show a panorama of San Francisco, California, in 1853"><img alt="Six daguerreotypes show a panorama of San Francisco, California, in 1853" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/San_Francisco-1853.jpg/1605px-San_Francisco-1853.jpg" decoding="async" width="1070" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/San_Francisco-1853.jpg/2407px-San_Francisco-1853.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/San_Francisco-1853.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2471" data-file-height="462" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Six daguerreotypes show a panorama of <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="San Francisco, California">San Francisco, California</a>, in 1853</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Daguerreotype&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_photography" title="History of photography">History of photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albumen_print" title="Albumen print">Albumen print</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrotype" title="Ambrotype">Ambrotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calotype" title="Calotype">Calotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daguerreobase" title="Daguerreobase">Daguerreobase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Lee_Pattinson" title="Hugh Lee Pattinson">Hugh Lee Pattinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph-Philibert_Girault_de_Prangey" title="Joseph-Philibert Girault de Prangey">Joseph-Philibert Girault de Prangey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Davis_Jr." title="Daniel Davis Jr.">Daniel Davis Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lippmann_plate" title="Lippmann plate">Lippmann plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Paymal_Lerebours" title="Noël Paymal Lerebours">Noël Paymal Lerebours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physautotype" title="Physautotype">Physautotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tintype" title="Tintype">Tintype</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Daguerreotype&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-pronunciation-2"><a href="#cite_ref-pronunciation_2-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/dəˈɡɛər(i.)əˌtaɪp, -(i.)oʊ-/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/1\/13\/Daguerreotype.wav\/Daguerreotype.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Daguerreotype.wav"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/13/Daguerreotype.wav/Daguerreotype.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Daguerreotype.wav" title="File:Daguerreotype.wav">ⓘ</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> This well-known image, now badly effaced by an attempt to clean it, is in the collection of the <a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_fran%C3%A7aise_de_photographie" title="Société française de photographie">Société française de photographie</a>. That institution's <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfp.asso.fr/collection/images/pdf/FRSFP_IR_tirages_DAGUERRE_0092.pdf">inventory of works by or about Daguerre</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402154103/http://www.sfp.asso.fr/collection/images/pdf/FRSFP_IR_tirages_DAGUERRE_0092.pdf">Archived</a> 2015-04-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (item 1) gives it the title Intérieur d'un cabinet de curiosité (Interior of a cabinet of curiosities), describes it as a whole-plate daguerreotype in a contemporary frame, states that it was acquired in 1897, came from the collection of de Cailleux (presumably, the late <a href="/wiki/Alphonse_de_Cailleux" title="Alphonse de Cailleux">Alphonse de Cailleux</a>, deputy director and then general director of the Louvre from 1836 to 1848), is annotated "Daguerre 1837" below, and on the back, in Daguerre's handwriting, bears the dedication "Epreuve ayant servi à constater la découverte du Daguerréotype, offerte à Monsieur de Cailleux par son [très] dévoué serviteur" [signed "Daguerre"] (Proof having served to verify the discovery of Daguerreotype, offered to Monsieur de Cailleux by his very devoted servant Daguerre). There is apparently no other documentary basis which might support statements found in many sources that it is the "first" or "first successful" or "first completely processed" daguerreotype, or that it was presented to de Cailleux at the Louvre in 1837 rather than at an unknown location and date after the 1839 unveiling of the process. According to the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_iBFAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA173">1884 catalogue of one French museum</a>, a framed set of three plates presented by Daguerre to <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Arago" title="François Arago">François Arago</a> bore an identically worded dedication. They were among the plates put on display to a French government body in July 1839 when it was deciding on the award of a pension to Daguerre in exchange for the still-secret details of his process. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Though it shows the busy <a href="/wiki/Boulevard_du_Temple" title="Boulevard du Temple">Boulevard du Temple</a>, the long exposure time (about ten or twelve minutes) meant that moving traffic cannot be seen; however, the bootblack and his customer at lower left remained still long enough to be distinctly visible. The building signage at the upper left shows that the image is laterally (left-right) reversed, as were most daguerreotypes. Daguerre presented this daguerreotype together with two others: a still-life and a view from the same window labelled midi (noon) to King Ludwig I of Bavaria (The Munich Triptych) in order to publicise his invention. All three daguerreotypes were destroyed by cleaning in 1974 but they are preserved in reproduction.<a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Talbot's early "sensitive paper" or "photogenic drawing" process, which required very long camera exposures, should not be confused with the much more practical <a href="/wiki/Calotype" title="Calotype">Calotype</a> or Talbotype process, invented in 1840 and introduced in 1841. </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> Parisian optician Charles Chevalier had long been making assorted high-quality lenses for microscopes, telescopes and other optical devices. The "Chevalier lens" referred to in the context of these earliest photographic cameras was an 81 mm diameter <a href="/wiki/Lens_(optics)#Types_of_simple_lenses" class="mw-redirect" title="Lens (optics)">meniscus</a> <a href="/wiki/Achromatic_lens" title="Achromatic lens">achromatic doublet</a>, mounted with its concave surface forward, and had a <a href="/wiki/Focal_length" title="Focal length">focal length</a> of about 380 mm (each was ground and polished by hand, so the exact focal length of each was slightly different). A <a href="/wiki/Diaphragm_(optics)" title="Diaphragm (optics)">diaphragm</a> with a fixed 27 mm diameter opening formed the front end of the lens barrel and was spaced away from the lens at a distance that optimally reduced the most important <a href="/wiki/Lens_(optics)#Aberrations" class="mw-redirect" title="Lens (optics)">lens aberrations</a>. Chevalier soon began producing other, faster camera lens designs which are also commonly called "Chevalier lenses", a potential source of confusion. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Daguerreotype&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <div><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJones2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Jones_(phonetician)" title="Daniel Jones (phonetician)">Jones, Daniel</a> (2003) [1917]. Peter Roach; James Hartmann; Jane Setter (eds.). English Pronouncing Dictionary. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-12-539683-2" title="Special:BookSources/3-12-539683-2"><bdi>3-12-539683-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+Pronouncing+Dictionary&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=3-12-539683-2&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaguerreotype" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/daguerreotype">"daguerreotype"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a>. Merriam-Webster.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=daguerreotype&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fdaguerreotype&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaguerreotype" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/daguerreotype">"daguerreotype"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dictionary.com" title="Dictionary.com">Dictionary.com Unabridged</a> (Online). n.d.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=daguerreotype&rft.btitle=Dictionary.com+Unabridged&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2Fdaguerreotype&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaguerreotype" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Reference-AHD-daguerreotype" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=daguerreotype">"daguerreotype"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language" title="The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language">The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language</a> (5th ed.). HarperCollins.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+American+Heritage+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language&rft.atitle=daguerreotype&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahdictionary.com%2Fword%2Fsearch.html%3Fq%3Ddaguerreotype&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaguerreotype" class="Z3988"></li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-bates-3"><a href="#cite_ref-bates_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowryBarrett_Lowry2000" class="citation book cs1">Lowry, Bates; Barrett Lowry, Isabel (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/silvercanvasdagu0000jpau/page/12">The Silver Canvas: Daguerreotype Masterpieces from the J. Paul Getty Museum</a>. Getty Publishers. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/silvercanvasdagu0000jpau/page/12">12</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89236-536-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-89236-536-6"><bdi>0-89236-536-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Silver+Canvas%3A+Daguerreotype+Masterpieces+from+the+J.+Paul+Getty+Museum&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Getty+Publishers&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-89236-536-6&rft.aulast=Lowry&rft.aufirst=Bates&rft.au=Barrett+Lowry%2C+Isabel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsilvercanvasdagu0000jpau%2Fpage%2F12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaguerreotype" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hannavy-4"><a href="#cite_ref-hannavy_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHannavy,_John2013" class="citation book cs1">Hannavy, John, ed. (2013). Encyclopedia of Nineteenth-Century Photography. Routledge. p. 365. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-87326-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-87326-4"><bdi>978-1-135-87326-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Nineteenth-Century+Photography&rft.pages=365&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-135-87326-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaguerreotype" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurley,_Robert2010" class="citation book cs1">Curley, Robert, ed. (2010). The 100 Most Influential Inventors of All Time. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61530-003-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61530-003-7"><bdi>978-1-61530-003-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+100+Most+Influential+Inventors+of+All+Time&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=The+Rosen+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-61530-003-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaguerreotype" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/technology/photography/Daguerreotype">"History of photography: Daguerreotype"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 11 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=History+of+photography%3A+Daguerreotype&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftechnology%2Fphotography%2FDaguerreotype&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaguerreotype" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-stokstad_964-967-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stokstad_964-967_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-stokstad_964-967_7-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStokstadCateforisAddiss2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Stokstad" title="Marilyn Stokstad">Stokstad, Marilyn</a>; Cateforis, David; Addiss, Stephen (2005). Art History (2 ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education. pp. 964–967. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-145527-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-145527-3"><bdi>0-13-145527-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art+History&rft.place=Upper+Saddle+River%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=964-967&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Pearson+Education&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-13-145527-3&rft.aulast=Stokstad&rft.aufirst=Marilyn&rft.au=Cateforis%2C+David&rft.au=Addiss%2C+Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaguerreotype" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arthistoryunstuffed.com/hipployte-bayard-1801-1887/">Hippolyte Bayard 1801–1887 Art History Unstuffed</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzabadváry1992" class="citation book cs1">Szabadváry, Ferenc (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=53APqy0KDaQC">History of analytical chemistry</a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-88124-569-2" title="Special:BookSources/2-88124-569-2"><bdi>2-88124-569-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+analytical+chemistry&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=2-88124-569-2&rft.aulast=Szabadv%C3%A1ry&rft.aufirst=Ferenc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D53APqy0KDaQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaguerreotype" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Watt2003-10"><a href="#cite_ref-Watt2003_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatt2003" class="citation book cs1">Watt, Susan (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TYPyWkuRJqYC&pg=PA21">Silver</a>. Marshall Cavendish. pp. 21–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-1464-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-1464-3"><bdi>978-0-7614-1464-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 July 2013. <q>... But the first person to use this property to produce a photographic image (stencils of letters without the use of a camera) was German physicist Johann Heinrich Schulze. In 1727, Schulze made a paste of silver nitrate and chalk, placed the mixture in a glass bottle and wrapped the bottle in ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Silver&rft.pages=21-&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7614-1464-3&rft.aulast=Watt&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTYPyWkuRJqYC%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaguerreotype" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-harmant-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-harmant_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-harmant_11-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarmant1960" class="citation journal cs1">Harmant, Pierre G. (May 1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://collodion.claude-marillier.net/PGH/anno_lucisEN1.html">"Anno Lucis 1839 (1/3)"</a>. Camera: 24–31. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141020191851/http://collodion.claude-marillier.net/PGH/anno_lucisEN1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2014. 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Retrieved 29 September 2009. <q>In 1822, Niépce coated a glass plate ... The sunlight passing through ... This first permanent example ... was destroyed ... some years later.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+First+Photograph+%E2%80%93+Heliography&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrc.utexas.edu%2Fexhibitions%2Fpermanent%2Fwfp%2Fheliography.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaguerreotype" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.luminous-lint.com/app/contents/fra/_source_humphry_davy_and_thomas_wedgwood_01/">"An Account of a method of copying Paintings upon glass, and of making Profiles, by the agency of Light upon Nitrate of Silver. Invented by T. Wedgwood, Esq. With Observations by H. Davy. (1802)"</a>. luminous-lint.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141016042141/http://www.luminous-lint.com/app/contents/fra/_source_humphry_davy_and_thomas_wedgwood_01/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2014. 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Retrieved 20 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Identification+of+the+image+called+%27La+Table+Servie%27+as+a+physautotype+made+by+Niepce+in+1832%E2%80%931833&rft.pub=Universit%C3%A9+Paris-Sud&rft.au=Jean-Louis+Marignier&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpagesperso.lcp.u-psud.fr%2Fmarignier%2F%23La_Table_servie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaguerreotype" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.photo-museum.org/daguerre-invention-photo/">Daguerre and the Invention of Photography Maison Nicéphore Niépce</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://marvinclay.blogspot.se/2012/12/complements-sur-niepce.html">Daguerre and Niépce's numerical code</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://archivesniepce.com/index.php/L-Archive/les-manuscrits">http://archivesniepce.com/index.php/L-Archive/les-manuscrits</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170701183321/http://archivesniepce.com/index.php/L-Archive/les-manuscrits">Archived</a> 2017-07-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archivesniepce.com/index.php/L-Archive/les-manuscrits">Les manuscrits de Niépce (Code secret établi entre Nicéphore Niépce et Daguerre (1829)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEder1978" class="citation book cs1">Eder, Josef Maria (1978) [1945]. History of Photography. Translated by Epstean, Edward (4th ed.). Dover Publications. p. 215. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-23586-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-23586-6"><bdi>0-486-23586-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Photography&rft.pages=215&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0-486-23586-6&rft.aulast=Eder&rft.aufirst=Josef+Maria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaguerreotype" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.photo-museum.org/niepce-invention-photography/">Niépce and the Invention of Photography</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.midley.co.uk/Pension/Pension.htm">A State Pension for L. J. M. Daguerre for the secret of his daguerreotype technique R. Derek WOOD</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Isidore_Niépce_and_Daguerre-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Isidore_Niépce_and_Daguerre_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Isidore_Niépce_and_Daguerre_22-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.photo-museum.org/isidore-niepce-daguerre/">Isidore Niépce and Daguerre</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.midley.co.uk/daguerreotype/dpatent_addenda.htm">Three unpublished Addenda by R. Derek Wood to his article on "The Daguerreotype Patent, The British Government, and The Royal Society"</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TyVAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA57">Court of Queen's Bench before Lord Chief Justice Denman. June 25, 1842. BERRY v. CLAUDET</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161206003400/http://www.johnhannavy.co.uk/photographic-history/past-projects/">"Scottish patent taken out by Richard Beard"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.johnhannavy.co.uk/photographic-history/past-projects/">the original</a> on 6 December 2016. Retrieved 8 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scottish+patent+taken+out+by+Richard+Beard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.johnhannavy.co.uk%2Fphotographic-history%2Fpast-projects%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaguerreotype" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cdags.org/cdags_resources/engdagpatent.pdf">text of daguerrotype patent</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.midley.co.uk/daguerreotype/dpatent_gov_rs.htm">Daguerreotype patent</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.midley.co.uk/daguerreotype/dpatent_addenda.htm">Midley addenda R Derek Wood</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161206003400/http://www.johnhannavy.co.uk/photographic-history/past-projects/">"John Hannavy – Scottish Daguerreotype patent"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.johnhannavy.co.uk/photographic-history/past-projects/">the original</a> on 6 December 2016. Retrieved 8 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+Hannavy+%E2%80%93+Scottish+Daguerreotype+patent&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.johnhannavy.co.uk%2Fphotographic-history%2Fpast-projects%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaguerreotype" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Humphrey-30"><a href="#cite_ref-Humphrey_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHumphrey1858" class="citation book cs1">Humphrey, Samuel D. (1858). "An Account of Wolcott and Johnson's Early Experiments in the Daguerreotype. By John Johnson.". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/167/167-h/167-h.htm#chap06">American Hand Book of the Daguerreotype: Giving the Most Approved and Convenient Methods for Preparing the Chemicals, and the Combinations Used in the Art</a>. New York: S. D. Humphrey.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=An+Account+of+Wolcott+and+Johnson%E2%80%99s+Early+Experiments+in+the+Daguerreotype.+By+John+Johnson.&rft.btitle=American+Hand+Book+of+the+Daguerreotype%3A+Giving+the+Most+Approved+and+Convenient+Methods+for+Preparing+the+Chemicals%2C+and+the+Combinations+Used+in+the+Art&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=S.+D.+Humphrey&rft.date=1858&rft.aulast=Humphrey&rft.aufirst=Samuel+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F167%2F167-h%2F167-h.htm%23chap06&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaguerreotype" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~brett/photos/jjohnson.html">John Johnson, photographer by David Simkin</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp06792/antoine-claudet">Antoine Claudet National Portrait Gallery</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historiccamera.com/cgi-bin/librarium2/pm.cgi?action=app_display&app=datasheet&app_id=1623&">Antoine Claudet</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TyVAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA58">Miles Berry vs Claudet</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.photo-museum.org/niepce-nicephore-daguerre-physautotype/">Niépce, Daguerre, Photomuseum physautotype</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.daguerreotypearchive.org/dagnews/01-22-96.php">Gary W. Ewer. Daguerreotype research archive</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170114002201/http://www.fotomuseum.be/content/dam/fomu/pdf%27s/Daguerreotype%20Journal_n%204_Autumn%20isuue%202015.pdf">"Daguerre's research of the latent image"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fotomuseum.be/content/dam/fomu/pdf%27s/Daguerreotype%20Journal_n%204_Autumn%20isuue%202015.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 14 January 2017. Retrieved 14 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Daguerre%27s+research+of+the+latent+image&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fotomuseum.be%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2Ffomu%2Fpdf%2527s%2FDaguerreotype%2520Journal_n%25204_Autumn%2520isuue%25202015.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaguerreotype" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> (<a href="#CITEREFEder1978">Eder 1978</a>, p. 223) </li> <li id="cite_note-eder-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eder_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eder_39-1">b</a> (<a href="#CITEREFEder1978">Eder 1978</a>, p. 224) </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cultureandcommunication.org/deadmedia/index.php/Daguerre%27s_Diorama">Daguerre's Diorama. NYU Dept of Media, Culture and Communication</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Lowry, Bates & Lowry, Isabel Barrett The Silver Canvas </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etudesphotographiques.revues.org/717">Hubert, ou l'honneur de Daguerre Paul-Louis Roubert p. 41–49</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150214063104/http://etudesphotographiques.revues.org/717">Archived</a> 2015-02-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> quotes the (anonymous) review in Journal des artistes (Wikipedia editors' translation) </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIhl2018" class="citation news cs1">Ihl, Oliver (13 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/lhistoire-meconnue-du-premier-portrait-photographique-92938">"L'histoire méconnue du premier portrait photographique"</a>. The Conversation. Retrieved 18 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=L%27histoire+m%C3%A9connue+du+premier+portrait+photographique&rft.date=2018-03-13&rft.aulast=Ihl&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Flhistoire-meconnue-du-premier-portrait-photographique-92938&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaguerreotype" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarcy-Roquencourt" class="citation web cs1">Darcy-Roquencourt, Jacques. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.niepce-daguerre.com/portrait_of_Sir_Huet.html">"Compléments sur le portrait de Mr Huet"</a>. niepce-daguerre.com. Retrieved 18 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=niepce-daguerre.com&rft.atitle=Compl%C3%A9ments+sur+le+portrait+de+Mr+Huet.&rft.aulast=Darcy-Roquencourt&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.niepce-daguerre.com%2Fportrait_of_Sir_Huet.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaguerreotype" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFViollet-le-Duc1971" class="citation book cs1">Viollet-le-Duc, G. (1971). Lettres d'Italie, 1836-1837; adressées à sa famille. L. Laget. p. 165.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lettres+d%27Italie%2C+1836-1837%3B+adress%C3%A9es+%C3%A0+sa+famille&rft.pages=165&rft.pub=L.+Laget&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Viollet-le-Duc&rft.aufirst=G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaguerreotype" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-46"><a href="#cite_ref-:02_46-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarcy-Roquencourt.2002" class="citation web cs1">Darcy-Roquencourt., Jacques (5 April 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.niepce-daguerre.com/boulevard_du_Temple_de_dag.html">"Boulevard du Temple de Daguerre"</a>. www.niepce-daguerre.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181013094244/http://www.niepce-daguerre.com/boulevard_du_Temple_de_dag.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2018. Retrieved 9 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.niepce-daguerre.com&rft.atitle=Boulevard+du+Temple+de+Daguerre&rft.date=2002-04-05&rft.aulast=Darcy-Roquencourt.&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.niepce-daguerre.com%2Fboulevard_du_Temple_de_dag.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaguerreotype" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZRuME1wAa3EC&pg=PA4">French Daguerreotypes Janet E. Buerger</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.photo-museum.org/isidore-niepce-daguerre/">maison nicephore niépce</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6350543s/f7.image.r=Joseph%20Nic%C3%A9phore%20Ni%C3%A9pce&rk=64378;0">Isidore Niépce Histoire de la decouverte improprement nommé daguerréotype</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStefan_Hughes2012" class="citation book cs1">Stefan Hughes (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iZk5OOf7fVYC&pg=PA28">Catchers of the Light: The Forgotten Lives of the Men and Women Who First Photographed the Heavens</a>. ArtDeCiel Publishing. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62050-961-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62050-961-6"><bdi>978-1-62050-961-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catchers+of+the+Light%3A+The+Forgotten+Lives+of+the+Men+and+Women+Who+First+Photographed+the+Heavens&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=ArtDeCiel+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-62050-961-6&rft.au=Stefan+Hughes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiZk5OOf7fVYC%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaguerreotype" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBallhause" class="citation web cs1">Ballhause, Sylvia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sylviaballhause.de/assets/Textdateien/Daguerre-folder-safe.pdf?PHPSESSID=j1glkdmv6iv6a04gcv486m6ip4">"The Munich Daguerre-Triptych"</a> (PDF). sylviaballhause.de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150404172039/http://www.sylviaballhause.de/assets/Textdateien/Daguerre-folder-safe.pdf?PHPSESSID=j1glkdmv6iv6a04gcv486m6ip4">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 4 April 2015. Retrieved 21 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Munich+Daguerre-Triptych&rft.pub=sylviaballhause.de&rft.aulast=Ballhause&rft.aufirst=Sylvia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sylviaballhause.de%2Fassets%2FTextdateien%2FDaguerre-folder-safe.pdf%3FPHPSESSID%3Dj1glkdmv6iv6a04gcv486m6ip4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaguerreotype" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> (<a href="#CITEREFEder1978">Eder 1978</a>, pp. 200–205) </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/tlbt/hd_tlbt.htm">Fox Talbot Metropolitain Museum</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeathcote1991" class="citation book cs1">Heathcote, Pauline F. (1991). Coope, Rosalys; Corbett, Jane (eds.). Bromley House, 1752–1991: Four Essays Celebrating the 175th Anniversary of the Nottingham Subscription Library. Nottingham Subscription Library. p. 102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9517499-0-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-9517499-0-0"><bdi>0-9517499-0-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bromley+House%2C+1752%E2%80%931991%3A+Four+Essays+Celebrating+the+175th+Anniversary+of+the+Nottingham+Subscription+Library&rft.pages=102&rft.pub=Nottingham+Subscription+Library&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-9517499-0-0&rft.aulast=Heathcote&rft.aufirst=Pauline+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaguerreotype" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-edinphoto-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-edinphoto_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-edinphoto_57-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edinphoto.org.uk/1_early/1_early_photography_-_processes_-_daguerreotype.htm">"Early Photographic Processes: Daguerreotype, 1839–1850s"</a>. edinphoto.org.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006115959/http://www.edinphoto.org.uk/1_early/1_early_photography_-_processes_-_daguerreotype.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 3 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=edinphoto.org.uk&rft.atitle=Early+Photographic+Processes%3A+Daguerreotype%2C+1839%E2%80%931850s&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.edinphoto.org.uk%2F1_early%2F1_early_photography_-_processes_-_daguerreotype.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaguerreotype" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theislandwiki.org/index.php/The_beginnings_of_photography_in_Jersey">Johnathan Carter 2002 Bulletin of Société Jersaise</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Sarah Kate Gillespie The Early American Daguerreotype: Cross-Currents in Art and Technology p 23 </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel2004" class="citation web cs1">Daniel, Malcolm (October 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/dagu/hd_dagu.htm">""Daguerre (1787–1851) and the Invention of Photography". 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Simon and Schuster. p. 182. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-9217-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-9217-7"><bdi>978-0-7432-9217-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Turin+Shroud%3A+How+Da+Vinci+Fooled+History&rft.pages=182&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-9217-7&rft.au=Lynn+Picknett&rft.au=Clive+Prince&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlzodpIzjf0QC%26pg%3DPA182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaguerreotype" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kirriemuircameraobscura.com/history-camera-obscuras">Kirriemuir Camera Obscura History of Camera Obscuras</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilgusWilgus2004" class="citation web cs1">Wilgus, Jack; Wilgus, Beverly (August 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://brightbytes.com/cosite/what.html">"What is a camera obscura?"</a>. brightbytes.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170307162314/http://brightbytes.com//cosite/what.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2017. Retrieved 16 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+a+camera+obscura%3F&rft.pub=brightbytes.com&rft.date=2004-08&rft.aulast=Wilgus&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft.au=Wilgus%2C+Beverly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbrightbytes.com%2Fcosite%2Fwhat.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaguerreotype" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteadman2012" class="citation web cs1">Steadman, Philip (17 February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/vermeer_camera_01.shtml">"Vermeer and the Camera Obscura"</a>. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101129052642/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/vermeer_camera_01.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2010. Retrieved 15 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vermeer+and+the+Camera+Obscura&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2012-02-17&rft.aulast=Steadman&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fbritish%2Fempire_seapower%2Fvermeer_camera_01.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaguerreotype" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gvzpu0Q9RTU">Making a camera obscura in your room. National Geographic</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://petapixel.com/2019/10/23/this-may-be-the-oldest-known-photo-of-a-living-animal/">"This May Be the Oldest Known Photo of a Living Animal"</a>. petapixel.com. 23 October 2019. Retrieved 24 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=petapixel.com&rft.atitle=This+May+Be+the+Oldest+Known+Photo+of+a+Living+Animal&rft.date=2019-10-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpetapixel.com%2F2019%2F10%2F23%2Fthis-may-be-the-oldest-known-photo-of-a-living-animal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaguerreotype" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsenburg2001" class="citation web cs1">Isenburg, Matthew R. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.daguerre.org/resource/exhibit/brochure.htm">"The Making of a Daguerreotype"</a>. daguerre.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141030100307/http://www.daguerre.org/resource/exhibit/brochure.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2014. Retrieved 12 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+a+Daguerreotype&rft.pub=daguerre.org&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Isenburg&rft.aufirst=Matthew+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.daguerre.org%2Fresource%2Fexhibit%2Fbrochure.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaguerreotype" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US10508">Reuben, Knecht. Improved Daguerreotype-plate Holder US 10508 A. Reuben Knecht, assignee. Patent 10,508. 7 February 1854. Print.</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.daguerre.org/resource/texts/spectat-claudet.html">"Photographic Miniature. To the Editor of The Spectator"</a>. The Spectator (689). London: 877–878. 11 September 1841. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923212319/http://www.daguerre.org/resource/texts/spectat-claudet.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 14 September 2014. <q>In a letter to the editor of The Spectator, Claudet explained that he gave his exposures as in June 10 to 20 seconds; in July, 20 to 40 seconds and in September, 60 to 90 seconds.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Spectator&rft.atitle=Photographic+Miniature.+To+the+Editor+of+The+Spectator&rft.issue=689&rft.pages=877-878&rft.date=1841-09-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.daguerre.org%2Fresource%2Ftexts%2Fspectat-claudet.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaguerreotype" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurgess1855" class="citation journal cs1">Burgess, N.G. (June 1855). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.daguerre.org/resource/texts/burgess2.html">"Amusing Incidents in the Life of a Daguerrean Artist"</a>. The Photographic and Fine Art Journal. 8 (6): 190. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923212316/http://www.daguerre.org/resource/texts/burgess2.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 14 September 2014. <q>On a cloudy day, the exposure was given as three or four minutes</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Photographic+and+Fine+Art+Journal&rft.atitle=Amusing+Incidents+in+the+Life+of+a+Daguerrean+Artist&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=190&rft.date=1855-06&rft.aulast=Burgess&rft.aufirst=N.G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.daguerre.org%2Fresource%2Ftexts%2Fburgess2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaguerreotype" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson" class="citation journal cs1">Nelson, Kenneth E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cdags.org/wp-content/uploads/cuttingedge.pdf">"The Cutting Edge of Yesterday"</a> (PDF). The Daguerreian Annual 1990. The Daguerreian Society: 35. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140104213303/http://www.cdags.org/wp-content/uploads/cuttingedge.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 4 January 2014. Retrieved 4 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daguerreian+Annual+1990&rft.atitle=The+Cutting+Edge+of+Yesterday&rft.pages=35&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdags.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fcuttingedge.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaguerreotype" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarron" class="citation web cs1">Barron, Andrew R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cnx.org/contents/fb2244d4-3210-4b3e-baa1-5957b557ed95@5/The_Myth,_Reality,_and_History">"The Myth, Reality, and History of Mercury Toxicity"</a>. cnx.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150206092911/http://cnx.org/contents/fb2244d4-3210-4b3e-baa1-5957b557ed95@5/The_Myth,_Reality,_and_History">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2015. Retrieved 6 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Myth%2C+Reality%2C+and+History+of+Mercury+Toxicity&rft.pub=cnx.org&rft.aulast=Barron&rft.aufirst=Andrew+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcnx.org%2Fcontents%2Ffb2244d4-3210-4b3e-baa1-5957b557ed95%405%2FThe_Myth%2C_Reality%2C_and_History&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaguerreotype" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1175560-overview">Mercury Toxicity</a> at <a href="/wiki/EMedicine" title="EMedicine">eMedicine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergTymoczkoStryer2002" class="citation book cs1">Berg, JM; Tymoczko, JL; Stryer, L. (2002). "17.3". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22340/">Biochemistry</a> (5 ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman and Company. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180509171903/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22340/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2018. Retrieved 30 August 2017. <q>The proverbial phrase "mad as a hatter" refers to the strange behavior of poisoned hat makers who used mercury nitrate to soften and shape animal furs. This form of mercury is absorbed through the skin. Similar problems afflicted the early photographers, who used vaporized mercury to create daguerreotypes.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=17.3&rft.btitle=Biochemistry&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=5&rft.pub=W.+H.+Freeman+and+Company&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Berg&rft.aufirst=JM&rft.au=Tymoczko%2C+JL&rft.au=Stryer%2C+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK22340%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaguerreotype" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://daguerre.org/resource/anthony/anthony3.html">"A Tour of E. 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Retrieved 31 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Mirror+with+a+Memory&rft.pub=phototree.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phototree.com%2Fid_dag.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaguerreotype" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120907130246/http://www.provant.be/en/binaries/Daguerreo%20Folder%20ENG_tcm10-92208.pdf">"Daguerreotype"</a> (PDF). Antwerp Photography Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.provant.be/en/binaries/Daguerreo%20Folder%20ENG_tcm10-92208.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 7 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Daguerreotype&rft.pub=Antwerp+Photography+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.provant.be%2Fen%2Fbinaries%2FDaguerreo%2520Folder%2520ENG_tcm10-92208.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaguerreotype" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-princeton-80"><a href="#cite_ref-princeton_80-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.princeton.edu/~mudd/exhibits/dags/photo/">"The Daguerreotype"</a>. princeton.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131111232314/http://www.princeton.edu/~mudd/exhibits/dags/photo/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2013. Retrieved 5 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Daguerreotype&rft.pub=princeton.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.princeton.edu%2F~mudd%2Fexhibits%2Fdags%2Fphoto%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaguerreotype" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whitmanarchive.org/multimedia/image001.html">"Pictures & Sound: Gallery of Images"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141129024639/http://www.whitmanarchive.org/multimedia/image001.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 14 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pictures+%26+Sound%3A+Gallery+of+Images&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitmanarchive.org%2Fmultimedia%2Fimage001.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaguerreotype" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBethel1992" class="citation journal cs1">Bethel, Denise B. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.13008%2F2153-3695.1327">"Notes on an Early Daguerreotype of Walt Whitman"</a>. Walt Whitman Quarterly Review. 9 (3): 148–153. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.13008%2F2153-3695.1327">10.13008/2153-3695.1327</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161216025">161216025</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Walt+Whitman+Quarterly+Review&rft.atitle=Notes+on+an+Early+Daguerreotype+of+Walt+Whitman&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=148-153&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.13008%2F2153-3695.1327&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161216025%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bethel&rft.aufirst=Denise+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.13008%252F2153-3695.1327&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaguerreotype" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ntm.cz/data/veda-a-vyzkum/booklet-eng.pdf">"Daguerreotypes: Europe's Earliest Photographic Records"</a> (PDF). daguerrebase.org. 2014. pp. 25, 54. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140912183504/http://www.ntm.cz/data/veda-a-vyzkum/booklet-eng.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 12 September 2014. Retrieved 12 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Daguerreotypes%3A+Europe%27s+Earliest+Photographic+Records&rft.pages=25%2C+54&rft.pub=daguerrebase.org&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ntm.cz%2Fdata%2Fveda-a-vyzkum%2Fbooklet-eng.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaguerreotype" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHannavy1997" class="citation book cs1">Hannavy, John (1997). Victorian Photographers at Work. Osprey Publishing. p. 90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7478-0358-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7478-0358-7"><bdi>0-7478-0358-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Victorian+Photographers+at+Work&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-7478-0358-7&rft.aulast=Hannavy&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaguerreotype" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://britishphotohistory.ning.com/profiles/blogs/isenburg-collection-of-early-photography-sells-for-15-million">"Isenburg collection sold to Canada"</a>. BritishPhotoHistory.Ning.com. 7 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BritishPhotoHistory.Ning.com&rft.atitle=Isenburg+collection+sold+to+Canada&rft.date=2012-07-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbritishphotohistory.ning.com%2Fprofiles%2Fblogs%2Fisenburg-collection-of-early-photography-sells-for-15-million&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaguerreotype" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimkin" class="citation web cs1">Simkin, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://photohistory-sussex.co.uk/DickensCharlesPortraits.htm">"Portraits of Charles Dickens (1812–1870)"</a>. photohistory-sussex.co.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141226151016/http://photohistory-sussex.co.uk/DickensCharlesPortraits.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2014. Retrieved 26 December 2014. <q>An advertisement for Mr Claudet's Daguerreotype Portrait Rooms, which was published in the Journal of the Society of Arts in December 1852, states that "Mr. Claudet's portraits are taken non-inverted (viz. the right and left side, as in nature), for which, and his other improvements in Photography, the Great Exhibition Council Medal has been awarded to him.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Portraits+of+Charles+Dickens+%281812%E2%80%931870%29&rft.pub=photohistory-sussex.co.uk&rft.aulast=Simkin&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphotohistory-sussex.co.uk%2FDickensCharlesPortraits.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaguerreotype" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.daguerre.org/resource/texts/spectat-claudet.html">"Photographic Miniature. To the Editor of The Spectator"</a>. The Spectator (689). London: 877–878. 11 September 1841. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923212319/http://www.daguerre.org/resource/texts/spectat-claudet.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 14 September 2014. <q>In a letter to the editor of The Spectator, Claudet explains that he has a mirror available, but does not use it normally as it requires an increase in exposure time, but he employs it when a face is asymmetrical, to reproduce the irregularity on the correct side.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Spectator&rft.atitle=Photographic+Miniature.+To+the+Editor+of+The+Spectator&rft.issue=689&rft.pages=877-878&rft.date=1841-09-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.daguerre.org%2Fresource%2Ftexts%2Fspectat-claudet.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaguerreotype" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanet_E._Buerger1989" class="citation book cs1">Janet E. Buerger (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZRuME1wAa3EC&pg=PA6">French Daguerreotypes</a>. University of Chicago Press. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-07985-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-07985-1"><bdi>978-0-226-07985-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=French+Daguerreotypes&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-226-07985-1&rft.au=Janet+E.+Buerger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZRuME1wAa3EC%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaguerreotype" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140221212250/http://wulibraries.typepad.com/artnews/2009/12/new-paris-et-ses-environs-sous-la-direction-de-m-ch-philipon-1840.html">"Paris et ses environs: reproduits par le daguerreotype / sous la direction de M. Ch. Philipon (1840)"</a>. wulibraries.typepad.com. 16 December 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wulibraries.typepad.com/artnews/2009/12/new-paris-et-ses-environs-sous-la-direction-de-m-ch-philipon-1840.html">the original</a> on 21 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Paris+et+ses+environs%3A+reproduits+par+le+daguerreotype+%2F+sous+la+direction+de+M.+Ch.+Philipon+%281840%29&rft.pub=wulibraries.typepad.com&rft.date=2009-12-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwulibraries.typepad.com%2Fartnews%2F2009%2F12%2Fnew-paris-et-ses-environs-sous-la-direction-de-m-ch-philipon-1840.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaguerreotype" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> Wired Magazine (2010) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/2010/07/ff_daguerrotype_panorama/">"1848 Daguerreotypes Bring Middle America's Past to Life"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170208084143/https://www.wired.com/2010/07/ff_daguerrotype_panorama/">Archived</a> 2017-02-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> The story of the development of the Petzval Portrait lens is given in (<a href="#CITEREFEder1978">Eder 1978</a>, pp. 291–313) </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKingslake1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Kingslake" title="Rudolf Kingslake">Kingslake, Rudolph</a> (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OJrJrEJ-r9QC&pg=PA35">A History of the Photographic Lens</a>. Academic Press. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-408640-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-408640-1"><bdi>978-0-12-408640-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Photographic+Lens&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-12-408640-1&rft.aulast=Kingslake&rft.aufirst=Rudolph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOJrJrEJ-r9QC%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaguerreotype" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lensrentals.com/blog/2010/10/from-petzvals-sum-to-abbes-number/">From Petzval's Sum to Abbe's Number Roger Cicala</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://monoskop.org/images/b/b6/Kingslake_Rudolf_1955_The_Orthoscopic_Lens.pdf">The Orthoscopic Lens</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> (<a href="#CITEREFEder1978">Eder 1978</a>, pp. 265, 293) </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewhall1976" class="citation book cs1">Newhall, Beaumont (1976) [First published 1961]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gp0fPG7UcXwC&pg=PA122">The Daguerreotype in America</a> (3rd ed.). Dover Publications. p. 122. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-23322-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-23322-7"><bdi>0-486-23322-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Daguerreotype+in+America&rft.pages=122&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-486-23322-7&rft.aulast=Newhall&rft.aufirst=Beaumont&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGp0fPG7UcXwC%26pg%3DPA122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaguerreotype" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historiccamera.com/cgi-bin/librarium2/pm.cgi?action=app_display&app=datasheet&app_id=2405&">Paul Beck Goddard</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historiccamera.com/cgi-bin/librarium/pm.cgi?action=display&login=richardbeard">Historic Camera Richard Beard</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yVFdAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA595">John Frederick Goddard</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-BargerWhite2000-101"><a href="#cite_ref-BargerWhite2000_101-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBargerWhite2000" class="citation book cs1">Barger, M. Susan; White, William B. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FLTyvuWX6MMC&pg=PA34">The Daguerreotype: Nineteenth-Century Technology and Modern Science</a>. JHU Press. pp. 34–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6458-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6458-2"><bdi>978-0-8018-6458-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Daguerreotype%3A+Nineteenth-Century+Technology+and+Modern+Science&rft.pages=34-&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-6458-2&rft.aulast=Barger&rft.aufirst=M.+Susan&rft.au=White%2C+William+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFLTyvuWX6MMC%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaguerreotype" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.daguerreotypearchive.org/texts/P8400004_GODDARD_LIT_GAZETTE_1840-12-12.pdf">Literary Gazette 12 December 1840</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.daguerreotypearchive.org/texts/P8630001_HUGHES_BRIT_JOURN_PHOTOG_1863-12-15.pdf">The British Journal of Photography 15 December 1863 Jabez Hughes The Discoverer of the Use of Bromine in Photography: a Few Facts and an Appeal</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCornwall1979" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cornwall, James E. (1979). Die Frühzeit der Fotografie in Deutschland 1839 - 1869. Die Männer der ersten Stunden und ihre Verfahren (in German). VWI.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Fr%C3%BChzeit+der+Fotografie+in+Deutschland+1839+-+1869.+Die+M%C3%A4nner+der+ersten+Stunden+und+ihre+Verfahren&rft.pub=VWI&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Cornwall&rft.aufirst=James+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaguerreotype" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction. J. Limbird. 1843. p. 119.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mirror+of+Literature%2C+Amusement%2C+and+Instruction&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=J.+Limbird&rft.date=1843&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaguerreotype" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2012" class="citation web cs1">Smith, Roger Wesley (5 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://britishphotohistory.ning.com/profiles/blogs/re-creation-of-beard-s-mirror-camera-1840">"Re-creation of Beard's Mirror Camera (1840)"</a>. britishphotohistory.ning.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141214031929/http://britishphotohistory.ning.com/profiles/blogs/re-creation-of-beard-s-mirror-camera-1840">Archived</a> from the original on 14 December 2014. Retrieved 6 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Re-creation+of+Beard%27s+Mirror+Camera+%281840%29&rft.pub=britishphotohistory.ning.com&rft.date=2012-11-05&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Roger+Wesley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbritishphotohistory.ning.com%2Fprofiles%2Fblogs%2Fre-creation-of-beard-s-mirror-camera-1840&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaguerreotype" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://collectiblend.com/Cameras/Voigtlander/Daguerreotype-(Metallcamera).html">Voigtländer Daguerreotype Camera</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> 5th number of the Verh. d. n. ö. Gew. Verein, Vienna 1842, p. 72. Quoted by (<a href="#CITEREFEder1978">Eder 1978</a>, p. 225) </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/objects/co8078527/voigtlander-daguerreotype-camera-daguerreotype-camera">"Voigtlander daguerreotype camera"</a>. Science Museum Group Collection. Science Museum Group. Retrieved 4 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Science+Museum+Group+Collection&rft.atitle=Voigtlander+daguerreotype+camera&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcollection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk%2Fobjects%2Fco8078527%2Fvoigtlander-daguerreotype-camera-daguerreotype-camera&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaguerreotype" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> (<a href="#CITEREFEder1978">Eder 1978</a>, p. 255) </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> Nordisk tidskrift för fotografi (1920, p. 119) quoted in (<a href="#CITEREFEder1978">Eder 1978</a>, p. 256) </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hem.bredband.net/tjmop/giroux_sweden.htm">Photographic studio according to Netto 1842</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> (<a href="#CITEREFEder1978">Eder 1978</a>, p. 187). The amateur daguerreotypist was Lieutenant Lars Jesper Benzelstierna and his sitter was the actor Georg Dahlqvist. </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.musee-orsay.fr/en/events/exhibitions/archives/archives.html?zoom=1&tx_damzoom_pi1%5BshowUid%5D=108982&cHash=b461a5bf10">"A Game of Chess (Circa 1850)"</a>. musee-orsay.fr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131116073153/http://www.musee-orsay.fr/en/events/exhibitions/archives/archives.html?zoom=1&tx_damzoom_pi1%5BshowUid%5D=108982&cHash=b461a5bf10">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2013. Retrieved 5 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Game+of+Chess+%28Circa+1850%29&rft.pub=musee-orsay.fr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.musee-orsay.fr%2Fen%2Fevents%2Fexhibitions%2Farchives%2Farchives.html%3Fzoom%3D1%26tx_damzoom_pi1%255BshowUid%255D%3D108982%26cHash%3Db461a5bf10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaguerreotype" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bathurst_2013-115"><a href="#cite_ref-Bathurst_2013_115-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBathurst2013" class="citation news cs1">Bathurst, Bella (2 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2013/dec/02/hidden-mothers-victorian-photography">"The lady vanishes: Victorian photography's hidden mothers"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180118104008/https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2013/dec/02/hidden-mothers-victorian-photography">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2018. Retrieved 28 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+lady+vanishes%3A+Victorian+photography%27s+hidden+mothers&rft.date=2013-12-02&rft.aulast=Bathurst&rft.aufirst=Bella&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fartanddesign%2F2013%2Fdec%2F02%2Fhidden-mothers-victorian-photography&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaguerreotype" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> (<a href="#CITEREFBargerWhite2000">Barger & White 2000</a>, p. 148) "[The Becquerel method] does not use mercury at all. Becquerel plates are made by sensitizing a polished daguerreotype plate with iodine vapor only ... the exposed plate is ... given an overall exposure to red light until a print-out image appears ... image particles formed in this way are composed only of silver." </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> (<a href="#CITEREFBargerWhite2000">Barger & White 2000</a>, p. 42) </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140108103014/http://www.indiana.edu/~aisri/Preponderance/nmnh_Preponderance_6_Article2.html">"A Preponderance of Evidence: The 1852 Omaha Indian Delegation Daguerreotypes Recovered"</a>. Indiana University Bloomington. 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The Getty. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091212232851/http://www.getty.edu/art/gettyguide/artMakerDetails?maker=2075">Archived</a> from the original on 12 December 2009. Retrieved 9 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Andr%C3%A9+Adolphe-Eug%C3%A8ne+Disd%C3%A9ri&rft.pub=The+Getty&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.getty.edu%2Fart%2Fgettyguide%2FartMakerDetails%3Fmaker%3D2075&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaguerreotype" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100527210757/http://www.getty.edu/art/gettyguide/artMakerDetails?maker=1699">"Jules Itier"</a>. The Getty. 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Derek. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210423150707/http://www.midley.co.uk/daguerreotype/dag_lawsuits.htm">"The Daguerreotype in England: Some Primary Material Relating to Beard's Lawsuits."</a> History of Photography, October 1979, Vol. 3, No. 4, pp. 305–09. </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.getty.edu/art/gettyguide/artMakerDetails?maker=1973">"Antoine Claudet"</a>. The Getty. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110607144840/http://www.getty.edu/art/gettyguide/artMakerDetails?maker=1973">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2011. 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Retrieved 1 November 2015 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Pittsburgh+Gazette&rft.atitle=Chemical+and+Optical+Discovery&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1839-02-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F1022661%2Fchemical_and_optical_discovery%2F%3F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaguerreotype" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="open access publication – free to read"><img alt="Open access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/9px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/14px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/18px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEwer2011" class="citation web cs1">Ewer, Gary W. 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Retrieved 16 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Daguerreotype%3A+An+Archive+of+Source+Texts%2C+Graphics%2C+and+Ephemera&rft.atitle=Texts+from+1839&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Ewer&rft.aufirst=Gary+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.daguerreotypearchive.org%2F1839.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaguerreotype" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120703000459/http://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/object.cfm?key=35&objkey=142">"Morse Daguerreotype Camera"</a>. National Museum of American History. 17 December 2012. 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Psychology Press. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-93103-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-93103-7"><bdi>0-415-93103-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Obscene+Profits%3A+The+Entrepreneurs+of+Pornography+in+the+Cyber+Age&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-415-93103-7&rft.aulast=Lane&rft.aufirst=Frederick+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaguerreotype" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NMAH2-132"><a href="#cite_ref-NMAH2_132-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/object.cfm?key=35&objkey=142">"Morse Daguerreotype Camera"</a>. 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Retrieved 16 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Morse+Daguerreotype+Camera&rft.pub=National+Museum+of+American+History%2C+Smithsonian+Institution&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famericanhistory.si.edu%2Fcollections%2Fobject.cfm%3Fkey%3D35%26objkey%3D142&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaguerreotype" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WDL-133"><a href="#cite_ref-WDL_133-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11367/">"Occupational Portrait of Three Railroad Workers Standing on Crank Handcar"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Digital_Library" title="World Digital Library">World Digital Library</a>. 1850–1860. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131013055928/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11367/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2013. 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Retrieved 24 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bunka.go.jp&rft.atitle=%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%9D%E3%83%BB%E9%87%8D%E8%A6%81%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E8%B2%A1%EF%BC%88%E7%BE%8E%E8%A1%93%E5%93%81%EF%BC%89&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkunishitei.bunka.go.jp%2Fheritage%2Fdetail%2F201%2F10342&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaguerreotype" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2017" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Shawn Michelle (1 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://read.dukeupress.edu/nka/article/2017/41/6/133100/Augustus-WashingtonLooks-to-Liberia">"Augustus Washington"</a>. Nka: Journal of Contemporary African Art. 2017 (41): 6–13. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F10757163-4271608">10.1215/10757163-4271608</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1075-7163">1075-7163</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:194815673">194815673</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nka%3A+Journal+of+Contemporary+African+Art&rft.atitle=Augustus+Washington&rft.volume=2017&rft.issue=41&rft.pages=6-13&rft.date=2017-11-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A194815673%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1075-7163&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1215%2F10757163-4271608&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Shawn+Michelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fread.dukeupress.edu%2Fnka%2Farticle%2F2017%2F41%2F6%2F133100%2FAugustus-WashingtonLooks-to-Liberia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaguerreotype" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeitering2017" class="citation web cs1">Weitering, Hanneke (28 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.space.com/37656-first-total-solar-eclipse-photo-ever.html">"1st Photo of a Total Solar Eclipse Was Taken 166 Years Ago Today"</a>. Space.com. Retrieved 8 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Space.com&rft.atitle=1st+Photo+of+a+Total+Solar+Eclipse+Was+Taken+166+Years+Ago+Today&rft.date=2017-07-28&rft.aulast=Weitering&rft.aufirst=Hanneke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2F37656-first-total-solar-eclipse-photo-ever.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaguerreotype" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarber2017" class="citation magazine cs1">Farber, Madeline (11 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/4883424/solar-eclipse-first-photo-taken/">"This Is the First-Ever Photo of a Total Solar Eclipse"</a>. TIME. Retrieved 9 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TIME&rft.atitle=This+Is+the+First-Ever+Photo+of+a+Total+Solar+Eclipse&rft.date=2017-08-11&rft.aulast=Farber&rft.aufirst=Madeline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F4883424%2Fsolar-eclipse-first-photo-taken%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaguerreotype" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson1996" class="citation web cs1">Nelson, Kenneth E. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927111012/http://www.daguerre.org/resource/history/history.html">"A Thumbnail History of the Daguerreotype"</a>. The Daguerreian Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://daguerre.org/resource/history/history.html">the original</a> on 27 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Daguerreian+Society&rft.atitle=A+Thumbnail+History+of+the+Daguerreotype&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdaguerre.org%2Fresource%2Fhistory%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaguerreotype" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis1896" class="citation journal cs1">Davis, Mrs. D.T. (November 1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110810045114/http://www.daguerre.org/resource/texts/davis/davis.html">"The Daguerreotype in America"</a>. McClure's. 8 (1): 4–16. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://daguerre.org/resource/texts/davis/davis.html">the original</a> on 10 August 2011. Retrieved 30 September 2011. <q>The author notes Hawes, of Southworth and Hawes, has "a number of daguerreotypes made recently, for he is one of the few operators who remain loyal to the old process".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=McClure%27s&rft.atitle=The+Daguerreotype+in+America&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=4-16&rft.date=1896-11&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Mrs.+D.T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdaguerre.org%2Fresource%2Ftexts%2Fdavis%2Fdavis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaguerreotype" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KNkcAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA201">"Copying Methods"</a>. The Photo Miniature. IV (42). Tennant and Ward: 202. 1903.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Photo+Miniature&rft.atitle=Copying+Methods&rft.volume=IV&rft.issue=42&rft.pages=202&rft.date=1903&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKNkcAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaguerreotype" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCannon1929" class="citation journal cs1">Cannon, Poppy (June 1929). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://daguerre.org/resource/texts/hollinger/holling.html">"An Old Art Revived"</a>. The Mentor. 17 (5). Springfield: Crowell Publishing Company: 36–37. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120303191917/http://daguerre.org/resource/texts/hollinger/holling.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2012. Retrieved 29 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Mentor&rft.atitle=An+Old+Art+Revived&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=36-37&rft.date=1929-06&rft.aulast=Cannon&rft.aufirst=Poppy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdaguerre.org%2Fresource%2Ftexts%2Fhollinger%2Fholling.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaguerreotype" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomer1977" class="citation journal cs1">Romer, Grant B. (1977). "The daguerreotype in America and England after 1860". History of Photography. 1 (3): 201–12. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03087298.1977.10442912">10.1080/03087298.1977.10442912</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+of+Photography&rft.atitle=The+daguerreotype+in+America+and+England+after+1860&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=201-12&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03087298.1977.10442912&rft.aulast=Romer&rft.aufirst=Grant+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaguerreotype" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProctor2001" class="citation news cs1">Proctor, Roy (23 December 2001). "Daguerreotype update: sunny North Side driveway". Richmond Times-Dispatch. p. G3. <q>According to Richmond artist Alyssa C. Salomon, who has devoted the last 18 months to mastering the not-so-lost art of the daguerreotype, plenty of room for invention remains in the process invented by Frenchman Louis Jacques Mande Daguerre. To prove it, Salomon is exhibiting 15 of what she calls her "post-modern daguerreotypes" in "The Imagined Life of things", her solo show at Astra Design.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Daguerreotype+update%3A+sunny+North+Side+driveway&rft.pages=G3&rft.date=2001-12-23&rft.aulast=Proctor&rft.aufirst=Roy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaguerreotype" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Daguerreotype&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoe1976" class="citation book cs1">Coe, Brian (1976). The Birth of Photography: The Story of the Formative Years, 1800–1900. London: Ash & Grant. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-904069-06-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-904069-06-0"><bdi>0-904069-06-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Birth+of+Photography%3A+The+Story+of+the+Formative+Years%2C+1800%E2%80%931900&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Ash+%26+Grant&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-904069-06-0&rft.aulast=Coe&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaguerreotype" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel2004" class="citation web cs1">Daniel, Malcolm (October 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/fdag/hd_fdag.htm#thumbnails">"The Daguerreian Age in France: 1839–1855"</a>. metmuseum.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Daguerreian+Age+in+France%3A+1839%E2%80%931855&rft.pub=metmuseum.org&rft.date=2004-10&rft.aulast=Daniel&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Ftoah%2Fhd%2Ffdag%2Fhd_fdag.htm%23thumbnails&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaguerreotype" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavisAspinwallWilson2007" class="citation book cs1">Davis, Keith F.; Aspinwall, Jane Lee; Wilson, Marc F. (2007). The Origins of American Photography: From Daguerreotype to Dry-plate, 1839–1885. Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art. Kansas City: Hall Family Foundation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-12286-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-12286-2"><bdi>978-0-300-12286-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+American+Photography%3A+From+Daguerreotype+to+Dry-plate%2C+1839%E2%80%931885&rft.place=Kansas+City&rft.pub=Hall+Family+Foundation&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-300-12286-2&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Keith+F.&rft.au=Aspinwall%2C+Jane+Lee&rft.au=Wilson%2C+Marc+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaguerreotype" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGernsheimGernsheim1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Gernsheim" title="Helmut Gernsheim">Gernsheim, Helmut</a>; Gernsheim, Alison (1968). L.J.M. Daguerre: The History of the Diorama and the Daguerreotype. New York: Dover Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-22290-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-22290-X"><bdi>0-486-22290-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L.J.M.+Daguerre%3A+The+History+of+the+Diorama+and+the+Daguerreotype&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=0-486-22290-X&rft.aulast=Gernsheim&rft.aufirst=Helmut&rft.au=Gernsheim%2C+Alison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaguerreotype" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoddard1840" class="citation journal cs1">Goddard, John F. (12 December 1840). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.daguerreotypearchive.org/texts/P8400004_GODDARD_LIT_GAZETTE_1840-12-12.pdf">"Valuable Improvement in Daguerréotype"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Literary_Gazette" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary Gazette">The Literary Gazette, and Journal of Belles Lettres, Arts, Sciences</a> (1247). London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Literary+Gazette%2C+and+Journal+of+Belles+Lettres%2C+Arts%2C+Sciences&rft.atitle=Valuable+Improvement+in+Daguerr%C3%A9otype&rft.issue=1247&rft.date=1840-12-12&rft.aulast=Goddard&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.daguerreotypearchive.org%2Ftexts%2FP8400004_GODDARD_LIT_GAZETTE_1840-12-12.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaguerreotype" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHannavy2005" class="citation book cs1">Hannavy, John (2005). Case Histories: The Packaging and Presentation of the Photographic Portrait in Victorian Britain 1840–1875. Antique Collector's Club. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85149-481-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-85149-481-2"><bdi>1-85149-481-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Case+Histories%3A+The+Packaging+and+Presentation+of+the+Photographic+Portrait+in+Victorian+Britain+1840%E2%80%931875&rft.pub=Antique+Collector%27s+Club&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-85149-481-2&rft.aulast=Hannavy&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaguerreotype" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHillMcCartey1850" class="citation book cs1">Hill, Levi L.; McCartey, W. Jr. (1850). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://motamedi.info/text/Hill,%20LL%20(1850)%20A%20Treatise%20on%20the%20Daguerreoptype.pdf">A Treatise on the Daguerreotype: The Whole Art Made Easy, and All the Recent Improvements Revealed ...</a> (PDF). Lexington, New York: Holman & Gray.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Treatise+on+the+Daguerreotype%3A+The+Whole+Art+Made+Easy%2C+and+All+the+Recent+Improvements+Revealed+...&rft.place=Lexington%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Holman+%26+Gray&rft.date=1850&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Levi+L.&rft.au=McCartey%2C+W.+Jr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmotamedi.info%2Ftext%2FHill%2C%2520LL%2520%281850%29%2520A%2520Treatise%2520on%2520the%2520Daguerreoptype.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaguerreotype" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHumphrey1858" class="citation book cs1">Humphrey, Samuel D. (1858). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/167/167-h/167-h.htm">The American Handbook of the Daguerreotype</a> (5 ed.). New York: S.D Humphrey.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Handbook+of+the+Daguerreotype&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=5&rft.pub=S.D+Humphrey&rft.date=1858&rft.aulast=Humphrey&rft.aufirst=Samuel+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F167%2F167-h%2F167-h.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaguerreotype" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenny2001" class="citation book cs1">Kenny, Adele (2001). Photographic Cases Victorian Design Sources 1840–1870. Schiffer Publishing, Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7643-1267-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7643-1267-7"><bdi>0-7643-1267-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Photographic+Cases+Victorian+Design+Sources+1840%E2%80%931870&rft.pub=Schiffer+Publishing%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-7643-1267-7&rft.aulast=Kenny&rft.aufirst=Adele&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaguerreotype" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPfister1978" class="citation book cs1">Pfister, Harold Francis (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/facinglight0000unse">Facing the Light: Historic American Portrait Daguerreotypes: An Exhibition at the National Portrait Gallery, September 22, 1978 – January 15, 1979</a>. National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution. National Portrait Gallery.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Facing+the+Light%3A+Historic+American+Portrait+Daguerreotypes%3A+An+Exhibition+at+the+National+Portrait+Gallery%2C+September+22%2C+1978+%E2%80%93+January+15%2C+1979&rft.pub=National+Portrait+Gallery&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Pfister&rft.aufirst=Harold+Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffacinglight0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaguerreotype" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichter1989" class="citation book cs1">Richter, Stefan (1989). The Art of the Daguerreotype. London: Viking. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-82688-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-670-82688-X"><bdi>0-670-82688-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+the+Daguerreotype&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-670-82688-X&rft.aulast=Richter&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaguerreotype" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudisill1971" class="citation book cs1">Rudisill, Richard (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mirrorimageinflu0000rudi">Mirror Image: The Influence of the Daguerreotype on American Society</a>. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8263-0198-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8263-0198-3"><bdi>0-8263-0198-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mirror+Image%3A+The+Influence+of+the+Daguerreotype+on+American+Society&rft.place=Albuquerque&rft.pub=University+of+New+Mexico+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=0-8263-0198-3&rft.aulast=Rudisill&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmirrorimageinflu0000rudi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaguerreotype" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSobieszekAppel-HeyneMoore1976" class="citation book cs1">Sobieszek, Robert A.; Appel-Heyne, Odette M.; Moore, Charles R. (1976). The Spirit of Fact: The Daguerreotypes of Southworth & Hawes, 1843–1862. Boston: D.R. Godine. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87923-179-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-87923-179-3"><bdi>0-87923-179-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spirit+of+Fact%3A+The+Daguerreotypes+of+Southworth+%26+Hawes%2C+1843%E2%80%931862&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=D.R.+Godine&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-87923-179-3&rft.aulast=Sobieszek&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rft.au=Appel-Heyne%2C+Odette+M.&rft.au=Moore%2C+Charles+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaguerreotype" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTangArdisMessingBrown2010" class="citation web cs1">Tang, Xiaoqing; Ardis, Paul A.; Messing, Ross; Brown, Christopher M.; Nelson, Randal C.; Ravines, Patrick; Wiegandt, Ralph (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110624022143/http://www.cs.rochester.edu/~rmessing/cincinnatti/daguerre.pdf">"Digital Analysis and Restoration of Daguerreotypes"</a> (PDF). University of Rochester, Rochester, New York: rochester.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.rochester.edu/~rmessing/cincinnatti/daguerre.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 24 June 2011. Retrieved 10 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Digital+Analysis+and+Restoration+of+Daguerreotypes&rft.place=University+of+Rochester%2C+Rochester%2C+New+York&rft.pub=rochester.edu&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Tang&rft.aufirst=Xiaoqing&rft.au=Ardis%2C+Paul+A.&rft.au=Messing%2C+Ross&rft.au=Brown%2C+Christopher+M.&rft.au=Nelson%2C+Randal+C.&rft.au=Ravines%2C+Patrick&rft.au=Wiegandt%2C+Ralph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.rochester.edu%2F~rmessing%2Fcincinnatti%2Fdaguerre.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaguerreotype" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurovetsMaggenLewis1998" class="citation journal cs1">Turovets, I.; Maggen, Michael; Lewis, A. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iiconservation.org/node/933">"Cleaning of daguerreotypes with an excimer laser"</a>. Studies in Conservation. 43 (2). International Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works. Studies in conservation, Volume 43, Number 2, pp. 89–100: Iiconservation.org: 89–100. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2Fsic.1998.43.2.89">10.1179/sic.1998.43.2.89</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Conservation&rft.atitle=Cleaning+of+daguerreotypes+with+an+excimer+laser&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=89-100&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1179%2Fsic.1998.43.2.89&rft.aulast=Turovets&rft.aufirst=I.&rft.au=Maggen%2C+Michael&rft.au=Lewis%2C+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iiconservation.org%2Fnode%2F933&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaguerreotype" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Wood_(poet)" title="John Wood (poet)">Wood, John</a> (1991). America and the Daguerreotype. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87745-334-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-87745-334-9"><bdi>0-87745-334-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America+and+the+Daguerreotype&rft.place=Iowa+City&rft.pub=University+of+Iowa+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-87745-334-9&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaguerreotype" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Wood_(poet)" title="John Wood (poet)">Wood, John</a> (1995). The Scenic Daguerreotype: Romanticism and Early Photography. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87745-511-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-87745-511-2"><bdi>0-87745-511-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Scenic+Daguerreotype%3A+Romanticism+and+Early+Photography&rft.place=Iowa+City&rft.pub=University+of+Iowa+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-87745-511-2&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaguerreotype" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Daguerreotype&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/daguerreotype" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/daguerreotype">daguerreotype</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Daguerreotype" class="extiw" title="commons:Daguerreotype">Daguerreotype</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d932Q6jYRg8">The Daguerreotype. Photographic Processes. Series Chapter 2 of 12. George Eastman Museum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.daguerre.org/">The Daguerreian Society</a> A predominantly US oriented database & galleries</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.daguerreotypearchive.org/">The Daguerreotype: an Archive of Source Texts, Graphics, and Ephemera</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k56753837">Historique et description des procédés du daguerréotype rédigés par Daguérre, ornés du portrait de l'auteur, et augmentés de notes et d'observations par MM Lerebours et Susse Frères, Lerebours, Opticien de L'Observatoire; Susse Frères, Éditeurs. Paris 1839</a> (in French) Daguerre's Daguerreotype Manual.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HEZdRU6-bBA">The Nanotechnology of the Daguerreotype University of Rochester</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rochester.edu/news/photos/daguerreotype.html">Cincinnati Waterfront Panorama Daguerreotype</a> at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Rochester" title="University of Rochester">rochester.edu</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cdags.org/">International Contemporary Daguerreotypes community (non-profit org)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americandaguerreotypes.com/">The Social Construction of the American Daguerreotype Portrait</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cwfp.biz/platesizes.php">Daguerreotype Plate Sizes</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/daghtml/dagdag.html">Library of Congress Collection</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130101073420/http://www.cca.qc.ca/en/collection/1350">Daguerreotype collection at the Canadian Centre for Architecture</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.novacon.com.br/odditycameras/giroux.htm">Original Giroux Daguerréotype Camera</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFleischmanKunzig2002" class="citation web cs1">Fleischman, John; Kunzig, Robert (1 February 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://discovermagazine.com/2002/feb/featphoto">"Photography, Old & New Again"</a>. discovermagazine.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Photography%2C+Old+%26+New+Again&rft.pub=discovermagazine.com&rft.date=2002-02-01&rft.aulast=Fleischman&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Kunzig%2C+Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiscovermagazine.com%2F2002%2Ffeb%2Ffeatphoto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaguerreotype" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.photographymuseum.com/sandh1.html">The Daguerreotypes of Southworth and Hawes The American Museum of Photography</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museedebry.fr/#/homepage-daguerre/en">Website of Bry-Sur-Marne's Museum</a> – Enhancement of the museum's collections, some are related with the work of Louis Daguerre and the Daguerreotype</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Photography" title="Template:Photography"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Photography" title="Template talk:Photography"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Photography" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Photography"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Photography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">Photography</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">Camera</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Light_field_camera" title="Light field camera">light-field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_camera" title="Field camera">field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_camera" title="Instant camera">instant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_phone" title="Camera phone">phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinhole_camera" title="Pinhole camera">pinhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Press_camera" title="Press camera">press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangefinder_camera" title="Rangefinder camera">rangefinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-lens_reflex_camera" title="Single-lens reflex camera">SLR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">still</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin-lens_reflex_camera" title="Twin-lens reflex camera">TLR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy_camera" title="Toy camera">toy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/View_camera" title="View camera">view</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darkroom" title="Darkroom">Darkroom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlarger" title="Enlarger">enlarger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safelight" title="Safelight">safelight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_film" title="Photographic film">Film</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Film_base" title="Film base">base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_format" title="Film format">format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_holder" title="Film holder">holder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_stock" title="Film stock">stock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographic_films" title="List of photographic films">available films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_discontinued_photographic_films" title="List of discontinued photographic films">discontinued films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_filter" title="Photographic filter">Filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_(photography)" title="Flash (photography)">Flash</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beauty_dish" title="Beauty dish">beauty dish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cucoloris" title="Cucoloris">cucoloris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobo_(lighting)" title="Gobo (lighting)">gobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_shoe" title="Hot shoe">hot shoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lens_hood" title="Lens hood">lens hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monolight" title="Monolight">monolight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflector_(photography)" title="Reflector (photography)">reflector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snoot" title="Snoot">snoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Softbox" title="Softbox">softbox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_lens" title="Camera lens">Lens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long-focus_lens" title="Long-focus lens">long-focus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_lens" title="Prime lens">prime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoom_lens" title="Zoom lens">zoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide-angle_lens" title="Wide-angle lens">wide-angle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheye_lens" title="Fisheye lens">fisheye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swivel_lens" title="Swivel lens">swivel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephoto_lens" title="Telephoto lens">telephoto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographic_equipment_makers" title="List of photographic equipment makers">Manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopod" title="Monopod">Monopod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movie_projector" title="Movie projector">Movie projector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slide_projector" title="Slide projector">Slide projector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripod_(photography)" title="Tripod (photography)">Tripod</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tripod_head" title="Tripod head">head</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zone_plate" title="Zone plate">Zone plate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/35_mm_equivalent_focal_length" title="35 mm equivalent focal length">35 mm equivalent focal length</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angle_of_view_(photography)" title="Angle of view (photography)">Angle of view</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aperture" title="Aperture">Aperture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backscatter_(photography)" title="Backscatter (photography)">Backscatter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">Black-and-white</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromatic_aberration" title="Chromatic aberration">Chromatic aberration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circle_of_confusion" title="Circle of confusion">Circle of confusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clipping_(photography)" title="Clipping (photography)">Clipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_balance" title="Color balance">Color balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_temperature" title="Color temperature">Color temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depth_of_field" title="Depth of field">Depth of field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depth_of_focus" title="Depth of focus">Depth of focus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_(photography)" title="Exposure (photography)">Exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_compensation" title="Exposure compensation">Exposure compensation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_value" title="Exposure value">Exposure value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebra_patterning" title="Zebra patterning">Zebra patterning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-number" title="F-number">F-number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_format" title="Film format">Film format</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Large_format" title="Large format">large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium_format" title="Medium format">medium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">Film speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focal_length" title="Focal length">Focal length</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guide_number" title="Guide number">Guide number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperfocal_distance" title="Hyperfocal distance">Hyperfocal distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lens_flare" title="Lens flare">Lens flare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metering_mode" title="Metering mode">Metering mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perspective_distortion" title="Perspective distortion">Perspective distortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photograph" title="Photograph">Photograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_printing" title="Photographic printing">Photographic printing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albumen_print" title="Albumen print">Albumen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographic_processes" title="List of photographic processes">Photographic processes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocity_(photography)" title="Reciprocity (photography)">Reciprocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-eye_effect" title="Red-eye effect">Red-eye effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_of_photography" title="Science of photography">Science of photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shutter_speed" title="Shutter speed">Shutter speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_synchronization" title="Flash synchronization">Sync</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zone_System" title="Zone System">Zone System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_photography" title="Abstract photography">Abstract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_photography" title="Aerial photography">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_spotting" title="Aircraft spotting">Aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_photography" title="Architectural photography">Architectural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrophotography" title="Astrophotography">Astrophotography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banquet_photography" title="Banquet photography">Banquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candid_photography" title="Candid photography">Candid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_photography" title="Conceptual photography">Conceptual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_photography" title="Conservation photography">Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloudscape_photography" title="Cloudscape photography">Cloudscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_photography" title="Documentary photography">Documentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclipse_photography" title="Eclipse photography">Eclipse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_anthropology" title="Visual anthropology">Ethnographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_photography" title="Erotic photography">Erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_photography" title="Fashion photography">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fine-art_photography" title="Fine-art photography">Fine-art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_photography" title="Fire photography">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_photography" title="Forensic photography">Forensic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glamour_photography" title="Glamour photography">Glamour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_photography" title="High-speed photography">High-speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_photography" title="Landscape photography">Landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monochrome_photography" title="Monochrome photography">Monochrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_photography" title="Nature photography">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neues_Sehen" title="Neues Sehen">Neues Sehen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nude_photography" title="Nude photography">Nude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photojournalism" title="Photojournalism">Photojournalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictorialism" title="Pictorialism">Pictorialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography" title="Pornography">Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrait_photography" title="Portrait photography">Portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-mortem_photography" title="Post-mortem photography">Post-mortem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruins_photography" title="Ruins photography">Ruins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selfie" title="Selfie">Selfie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_selfie" title="Space selfie">space selfie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_documentary_photography" title="Social documentary photography">Social documentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_photography" title="Sports photography">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Still_life_photography" title="Still life photography">Still life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_photography" title="Stock photography">Stock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_photography" title="Straight photography">Straight photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_photography" title="Street photography">Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy_camera" title="Toy camera">Toy camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_photography" title="Underwater photography">Underwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernacular_photography" title="Vernacular photography">Vernacular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_photography" title="Wedding photography">Wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_photography" title="Wildlife photography">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afocal_photography" title="Afocal photography">Afocal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bokeh" title="Bokeh">Bokeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brenizer_method" title="Brenizer method">Brenizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burst_mode_(photography)" title="Burst mode (photography)">Burst mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contre-jour" title="Contre-jour">Contre-jour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposing_to_the_right" title="Exposing to the right">ETTR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fill_flash" title="Fill flash">Fill flash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireworks_photography" title="Fireworks photography">Fireworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand-colouring_of_photographs" title="Hand-colouring of photographs">Hand-colouring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harris_shutter" title="Harris shutter">Harris shutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_photography" title="High-speed photography">High-speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holography" title="Holography">Holography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_photography" title="Infrared photography">Infrared</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_camera_movement" title="Intentional camera movement">Intentional camera movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirlian_photography" title="Kirlian photography">Kirlian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kite_aerial_photography" title="Kite aerial photography">Kite aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo-fi_photography" title="Lo-fi photography">Lo-fi photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-exposure_photography" title="Long-exposure photography">Long-exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminogram" title="Luminogram">Luminogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro_photography" title="Macro photography">Macro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordan%C3%A7age" title="Mordançage">Mordançage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_exposure" title="Multiple exposure">Multiple exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-exposure_HDR_capture" title="Multi-exposure HDR capture">Multi-exposure HDR capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_photography" title="Night photography">Night</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panning_(camera)" title="Panning (camera)">Panning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panoramic_photography" title="Panoramic photography">Panoramic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photogram" title="Photogram">Photogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_print_toning" title="Photographic print toning">Print toning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigeon_photography" title="Pigeon photography">Pigeon photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redscale" title="Redscale">Redscale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rephotography" title="Rephotography">Rephotography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollout_photography" title="Rollout photography">Rollout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scanography" title="Scanography">Scanography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schlieren_photography" title="Schlieren photography">Schlieren photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabattier_effect" title="Sabattier effect">Sabattier effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_motion" title="Slow motion">Slow motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">Stereoscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stopping_down" title="Stopping down">Stopping down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strip_photography" title="Strip photography">Strip</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slit-scan_photography" title="Slit-scan photography">Slit-scan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_printing" title="Sun printing">Sun printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilt%E2%80%93shift_photography" title="Tilt–shift photography">Tilt–shift</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miniature_faking" title="Miniature faking">Miniature faking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-lapse_photography" title="Time-lapse photography">Time-lapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_photography" title="Ultraviolet photography">Ultraviolet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vignetting" title="Vignetting">Vignetting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerox_art" title="Xerox art">Xerography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoom_burst" title="Zoom burst">Zoom burst</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Composition_(visual_arts)" title="Composition (visual arts)">Composition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diagonal_method" title="Diagonal method">Diagonal method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framing_(visual_arts)" title="Framing (visual arts)">Framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headroom_(photographic_framing)" title="Headroom (photographic framing)">Headroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_room" title="Lead room">Lead room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_thirds" title="Rule of thirds">Rule of thirds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplicity_(photography)" title="Simplicity (photography)">Simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_triangle_(composition)" title="Golden triangle (composition)">Golden triangle (composition)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_photography" title="History of photography">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_photography_technology" title="Timeline of photography technology">Timeline of photography technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrotype" title="Ambrotype">Ambrotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analog_photography" title="Analog photography">Analog photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autochrome_Lumi%C3%A8re" title="Autochrome Lumière">Autochrome Lumière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_camera" title="Box camera">Box camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calotype" title="Calotype">Calotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_obscura" title="Camera obscura">Camera obscura</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Daguerreotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dufaycolor" title="Dufaycolor">Dufaycolor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliography" title="Heliography">Heliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lippmann_plate" title="Lippmann plate">Lippmann plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painted_photography_backdrops" title="Painted photography backdrops">Painted photography backdrops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_and_the_law" title="Photography and the law">Photography and the law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_plate" title="Photographic plate">Glass plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tintype" title="Tintype">Tintype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">Visual arts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Albania" title="Photography in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Bangladesh" title="Photography in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Canada" title="Photography in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_China" title="Photography in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Denmark" title="Photography in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Greece" title="Photography in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_India" title="Photography in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Japan" title="Photography in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Korea" title="Photography in Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Luxembourg" title="Photography in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Norway" title="Photography in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_the_Philippines" title="Photography in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Serbia" title="Photography in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Photography in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Sudan" title="Photography in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Taiwan" title="Photography in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Turkey" title="Photography in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Ukraine" title="Photography in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_the_United_States" title="Photography in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Uzbekistan" title="Photography in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Vietnam" title="Photography in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digital_photography" title="Digital photography">Digital photography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">Digital camera</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_single-lens_reflex_camera" title="Digital single-lens reflex camera">D-SLR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_digital_SLRs" title="Comparison of digital SLRs">comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirrorless_camera" title="Mirrorless camera">MILC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_camera_back" title="Digital camera back">camera back</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digiscoping" title="Digiscoping">Digiscoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_digital_and_film_photography" title="Comparison of digital and film photography">Comparison of digital and film photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_scanner" title="Film scanner">Film scanner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_sensor" title="Image sensor">Image sensor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active-pixel_sensor" title="Active-pixel sensor">CMOS APS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge-coupled_device" title="Charge-coupled device">CCD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-CCD_camera" title="Three-CCD camera">Three-CCD camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foveon_X3_sensor" title="Foveon X3 sensor">Foveon X3 sensor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_sharing" title="Image sharing">Image sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel" title="Pixel">Pixel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_photography" title="Color photography">Color photography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_print_film" title="Color print film">Print film</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromogenic_print" title="Chromogenic print">Chromogenic print</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reversal_film" title="Reversal film">Reversal film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_management" title="Color management">Color management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_space" title="Color space">color space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_color" title="Primary color">primary color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMYK_color_model" title="CMYK color model">CMYK color model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RGB_color_model" title="RGB color model">RGB color model</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Photographic_processing" title="Photographic processing">Photographic processing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bleach_bypass" title="Bleach bypass">Bleach bypass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-41_process" title="C-41 process">C-41 process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collodion_process" title="Collodion process">Collodion process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_processing" title="Cross processing">Cross processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanotype" title="Cyanotype">Cyanotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_developer" title="Photographic developer">Developer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_image_processing" title="Digital image processing">Digital image processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dye_coupler" title="Dye coupler">Dye coupler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-6_process" title="E-6 process">E-6 process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_fixer" title="Photographic fixer">Fixer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelatin_silver_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Gelatin silver process">Gelatin silver process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gum_printing" title="Gum printing">Gum printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_film" title="Instant film">Instant film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-14_process" title="K-14 process">K-14 process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Print_permanence" title="Print permanence">Print permanence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Push_processing" title="Push processing">Push processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_bath" title="Stop bath">Stop bath</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_photographs" title="List of largest photographs">Largest photographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_photographs" title="List of most expensive photographs">Most expensive photographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_devoted_to_one_photographer" title="List of museums devoted to one photographer">Museums devoted to one photographer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographs_considered_the_most_important" title="List of photographs considered the most important">Photographs considered the most important</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographers" title="List of photographers">Photographers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Norwegian_photographers" title="List of Norwegian photographers">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_photographers" title="List of Polish photographers">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_street_photographers" title="List of street photographers">street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women_photographers" title="List of women photographers">women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photography_periodicals" title="List of photography periodicals">Photography periodicals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_photographs" title="Conservation and restoration of photographs">Conservation and restoration of photographs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_film" title="Conservation and restoration of film">film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_photographic_plates" title="Conservation and restoration of photographic plates">photographic plates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy_camera#Lomography" title="Toy camera">Lomography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polaroid_art" title="Polaroid art">Polaroid art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">Stereoscopy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Photography" title="Category:Photography">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_photography" title="Outline of photography">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link 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Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4123031-0">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85035408">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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1,\n [\"CITEREFEder1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEwer2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFarber2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFleischmanKunzig2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGates2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGernsheimGernsheim1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGillespie2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoddard1840\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHannavy,_John2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHannavy1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHannavy2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarmant1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeathcote1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHillMcCartey1850\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHumphrey1858\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFIhl2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsenburg2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJanet_E._Buerger1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJean-Louis_Marignier\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKenny2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKingslake1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLane2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLowryBarrett_Lowry2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLynn_PicknettClive_Prince2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurray2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNelson\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNelson1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewhall1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPfister1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFProctor2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichter1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRideal\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRomer1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRudisill1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimkin\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSobieszekAppel-HeyneMoore1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteadman2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStefan_Hughes2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStokstadCateforisAddiss2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSzabadváry1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTangArdisMessingBrown2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurovetsMaggenLewis1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFViollet-le-Duc1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatt2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeitering2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilgusWilgus2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWood\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWood1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWood1995\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Bulleted list\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite American Heritage Dictionary\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite Dictionary.com\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite Merriam-Webster\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 40,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 14,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 55,\n [\"Commons\"] = 1,\n [\"EMedicine\"] = 1,\n [\"External media\"] = 1,\n [\"Harv\"] = 14,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"In lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"More citations needed\"] = 1,\n [\"NoteFoot\"] = 1,\n [\"NoteTag\"] = 4,\n [\"Notetag\"] = 1,\n [\"Open access\"] = 1,\n [\"Photography subject\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote\"] = 2,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Refn\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 4,\n [\"Which?\"] = 1,\n [\"Wiktionary\"] = 1,\n [\"YouTube\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","220","19.3"],["?","200","17.5"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","100","8.8"],["dataWrapper 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