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id="toc-Late_antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Late antiquity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Middle Ages subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Early Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-High_Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High_Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>High Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High_Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renaissance_and_reforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renaissance_and_reforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Renaissance and reforms</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Renaissance_and_reforms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Renaissance and reforms subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Renaissance_and_reforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Discoveries_and_missionaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discoveries_and_missionaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Discoveries and missionaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discoveries_and_missionaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_Renaissance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Renaissance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>European Renaissance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Renaissance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reformation_era_wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reformation_era_wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Reformation era wars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reformation_era_wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-England" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#England"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>England</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Council_of_Trent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Council_of_Trent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Council of Trent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Council_of_Trent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baroque,_Enlightenment_and_revolutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baroque,_Enlightenment_and_revolutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Baroque, Enlightenment and revolutions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Baroque,_Enlightenment_and_revolutions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Baroque, Enlightenment and revolutions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Baroque,_Enlightenment_and_revolutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Marian_devotions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marian_devotions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Marian devotions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marian_devotions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enlightenment_secularism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enlightenment_secularism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Enlightenment secularism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enlightenment_secularism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Church_in_North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Church_in_North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Church in North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Church_in_North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Church_in_South_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Church_in_South_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Church in South America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Church_in_South_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jesuits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jesuits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Jesuits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jesuits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jesuits_in_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jesuits_in_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5.1</span> <span>Jesuits in India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jesuits_in_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>French Revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-19th-century_France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th-century_France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6.1</span> <span>19th-century France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th-century_France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_Republic_1870–1940" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_Republic_1870–1940"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6.2</span> <span>Third Republic 1870–1940</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_Republic_1870–1940-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industrial_age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrial_age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Industrial age</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Industrial_age-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Industrial age subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Industrial_age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_Vatican_Council" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Vatican_Council"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>First Vatican Council</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Vatican_Council-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_teachings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_teachings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Social teachings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_teachings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Role_of_women's_institutes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_of_women's_institutes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>Role of women's institutes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_of_women's_institutes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mariology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mariology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Mariology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mariology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-clericalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-clericalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Anti-clericalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-clericalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dictatorships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dictatorships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Dictatorships</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dictatorships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5.1</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Austria_and_Nazi_Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Austria_and_Nazi_Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5.2</span> <span>Austria and Nazi Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Austria_and_Nazi_Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Industrial_age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Industrial_age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Post-Industrial age</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Post-Industrial_age-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Post-Industrial age subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Post-Industrial_age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Second_Vatican_Council" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Vatican_Council"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Second Vatican Council</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Vatican_Council-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.1</span> <span>Reforms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Theology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Modernism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modernism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.1</span> <span>Modernism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modernism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liberation_theology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liberation_theology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.2</span> <span>Liberation theology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liberation_theology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sexuality_and_gender_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexuality_and_gender_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Sexuality and gender issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sexuality_and_gender_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catholicism_today" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catholicism_today"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Catholicism today</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Catholicism_today-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Catholicism today subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Catholicism_today-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Catholic-Eastern_Orthodox_dialogue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catholic-Eastern_Orthodox_dialogue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Catholic-Eastern Orthodox dialogue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catholic-Eastern_Orthodox_dialogue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sex_abuse_cases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sex_abuse_cases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Sex abuse cases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sex_abuse_cases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Benedict_XVI" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Benedict_XVI"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Benedict XVI</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Benedict_XVI-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Francis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Francis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Francis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Francis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">History of the Catholic Church</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AB%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="تاريخ الكنيسة الكاثوليكية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تاريخ الكنيسة الكاثوليكية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istor_an_Iliz_katolik" title="Istor an Iliz katolik – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Istor an Iliz katolik" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hist%C3%B2ria_de_l%27Esgl%C3%A9sia_Cat%C3%B2lica" title="Història de l'Església Catòlica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Història de l'Església Catòlica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschichte_der_r%C3%B6misch-katholischen_Kirche" title="Geschichte der römisch-katholischen Kirche – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Geschichte der römisch-katholischen Kirche" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%B8%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82_%CE%95%CE%BA%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Ιστορία της Καθολικής Εκκλησίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιστορία της Καθολικής Εκκλησίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_de_la_Iglesia_cat%C3%B3lica" title="Historia de la Iglesia católica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Historia de la Iglesia católica" 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nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/25px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/38px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/50px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="1105" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_Church" title="Category:Catholic Church">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Basilica_di_San_Pietro_in_Vaticano_September_2015-1a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="St. Peter's Basilica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Basilica_di_San_Pietro_in_Vaticano_September_2015-1a.jpg/220px-Basilica_di_San_Pietro_in_Vaticano_September_2015-1a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Basilica_di_San_Pietro_in_Vaticano_September_2015-1a.jpg/330px-Basilica_di_San_Pietro_in_Vaticano_September_2015-1a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Basilica_di_San_Pietro_in_Vaticano_September_2015-1a.jpg/440px-Basilica_di_San_Pietro_in_Vaticano_September_2015-1a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="13066" data-file-height="6823" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a>, Vatican City</div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:gold"> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Outline of the Catholic Church">Overview</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a>: <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Hierarchy of the Catholic Church">Hierarchy</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">timeline</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Liturgy</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacraments_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Sacraments of the Catholic Church">Sacraments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Mariology" title="Catholic Mariology">Mary</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Background</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a> <a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Fathers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History of the Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">History of the papacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">Ecumenical councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magisterium" title="Magisterium">Magisterium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four Marks of the Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_true_church" title="One true church">One true church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">Apostolic succession</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Hierarchy of the Catholic Church">Organisation</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Cardinals" title="College of Cardinals">College of Cardinals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Ecumenical councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_polity" title="Episcopal polity">Episcopal polity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_law_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Canon law of the Catholic Church">Canon law</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Theologies</a></li><li>Doctrine</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <p><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> </p> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Son" title="God the Son">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Ghost</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consubstantiality" title="Consubstantiality">Consubstantialitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filioque" title="Filioque">Filioque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divinum_illud_munus" title="Divinum illud munus">Divinum illud munus</a></li></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Divine_law" title="Divine law">Divine law</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments_in_Catholic_theology" title="Ten Commandments in Catholic theology">Decalogus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Papal_infallibility" title="Papal infallibility">Ex Cathedra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Divinization_(Christian)" title="Divinization (Christian)">Deificatio</a></i></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Churches_Militant,_Penitent,_and_Triumphant" title="Churches Militant, Penitent, and Triumphant">Realms beyond the States of the Church</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heaven_in_Christianity" title="Heaven in Christianity">Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purgatory" title="Purgatory">Purgatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbo" title="Limbo">Limbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hell_in_Christianity#Roman_Catholicism" title="Hell in Christianity">Hell</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Paschal_mystery" title="Paschal mystery">Paschal mystery</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Passion_of_Jesus" title="Passion of Jesus">Passion of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrowing_of_Hell" title="Harrowing of Hell">Harrowing of Hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension of Jesus</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Blessed Virgin Mary</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Mariology" title="Catholic Mariology">Mariology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church">Veneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Mater Dei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_virginity_of_Mary" title="Perpetual virginity of Mary">Perpetual virginity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dormition_of_the_Mother_of_God" title="Dormition of the Mother of God">Dormition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titles_of_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Titles of Mary">Titles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Heaven" title="Queen of Heaven">Queen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_apparition" title="Marian apparition">Apparition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediatrix" title="Mediatrix">Mediatrix</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_desire" title="Baptism of desire">Baptism of desire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_blood" title="Baptism of blood">Baptism of blood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_in_Christianity" title="Grace in Christianity">Divine grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extra_Ecclesiam_nulla_salus" title="Extra Ecclesiam nulla salus">Outside the Church there is no salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infused_righteousness" title="Infused righteousness">Infused righteousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invincible_ignorance_(Catholic_theology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Invincible ignorance (Catholic theology)">Invincible ignorance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justification_(theology)" title="Justification (theology)">Justification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Means_of_grace" title="Means of grace">Means of grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_(Christianity)" title="Merit (Christianity)">Merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortal_sin" title="Mortal sin">Mortal sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satisfaction_theory_of_atonement" title="Satisfaction theory of atonement">Satisfaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_influence_theory_of_atonement" title="Moral influence theory of atonement">Moral influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctification_in_Christianity" title="Sanctification in Christianity">Sanctification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synergism" title="Synergism">Synergism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venial_sin" title="Venial sin">Venial sin</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecclesiology" title="Catholic ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Bishops" title="College of Bishops">College of Bishops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deposit_of_faith" title="Deposit of faith">Deposit of faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infallibility_of_the_Church" title="Infallibility of the Church">Infallibility of the Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystici_corporis_Christi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mystici corporis Christi">Mystical Body of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_primacy" title="Papal primacy">Papal primacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_God" title="People of God">People of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitas_perfecta" title="Communitas perfecta">Perfect community</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Subsistit_in" title="Subsistit in">Subsistit in</a></i></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Other teachings</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Josephology" title="Josephology">Josephology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_moral_theology" title="Catholic moral theology">Morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology_of_the_body" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic theology of the body">Body</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_the_Body" title="Theology of the Body">Lectures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology_of_sexuality" title="Catholic theology of sexuality">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_apologetics" title="Christian apologetics">Apologetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amillennialism" title="Amillennialism">Amillennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypostatic_union" title="Hypostatic union">Hypostatic union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination#Catholicism" title="Predestination">Predestination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_deadly_sins" title="Seven deadly sins">Seven deadly sins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatific_vision" title="Beatific vision">Beatific vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogma_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Dogma in the Catholic Church">Dogma</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">Texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></li></ul> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Official Bible</li></ul> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sixtine_Vulgate" title="Sixtine Vulgate">Sixtine Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixto-Clementine_Vulgate" title="Sixto-Clementine Vulgate">Sixto-Clementine Vulgate</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nova_Vulgata" title="Nova Vulgata">Nova Vulgata</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostles%27_Creed" title="Apostles' Creed">Apostles' Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasian_Creed" title="Athanasian Creed">Athanasian Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">Papal bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_exhortation" title="Apostolic exhortation">Apostolic exhortation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclical" title="Encyclical">Epistula Encyclica</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Philosophy</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Virtues" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal Virtues">Cardinal Virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_war_theory#Catholic_doctrine" title="Just war theory">Just war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_moral_theology" title="Catholic moral theology">Catholic ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalism#Catholic_personalism" title="Personalism">Personalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_probabilism" title="Catholic probabilism">Probabilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy,_theology,_and_fundamental_theory_of_Catholic_canon_law" title="Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law">Philosophy of canon law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_philosophers_and_theologians" title="List of Catholic philosophers and theologians">Philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_ethics" title="Virtue ethics">Virtue ethics</a></li></ul> <p><br /> Schools </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustinianism" title="Augustinianism">Augustinianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotism" title="Scotism">Scotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occamism" title="Occamism">Occamism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-scholasticism" title="Neo-scholasticism">Neo-scholasticism</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Worship</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Liturgy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Mass in the Catholic Church">Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Liturgy" title="Divine Liturgy">Divine Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Qurbana" title="Holy Qurbana">Holy Qurbana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Qurbono" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Qurbono">Holy Qurbono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgy_of_the_Hours" title="Liturgy of the Hours">Liturgy of the Hours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_year" title="Liturgical year">Liturgical year</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacraments_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Sacraments of the Catholic Church">Sacraments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament_of_Penance" title="Sacrament of Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Eucharist in the Catholic Church">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Confirmation in the Catholic Church">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_Sick_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Anointing of the Sick in the Catholic Church">Anointing of the Sick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marriage in the Catholic Church">Matrimony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_orders_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Holy orders in the Catholic Church">Holy orders</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Prayer in the Catholic Church">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_devotions" title="Catholic devotions">Devotions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_particular_churches_and_liturgical_rites" title="Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites">Rites</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_liturgical_rites" title="Latin liturgical rites">Latin liturgy</a>:</li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_of_Paul_VI" title="Mass of Paul VI">Post-Vatican II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_of_Sarum" title="Use of Sarum">Use of Sarum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Use" title="Anglican Use">Anglican Use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaire_Use" title="Zaire Use">Zaire Use</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallican_Rite" title="Gallican Rite">Gallican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambrosian_Rite" title="Ambrosian Rite">Ambrosian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rite_of_Braga" title="Rite of Braga">Braga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozarabic_Rite" title="Mozarabic Rite">Mozarabic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><br /><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic liturgy</a>:</li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_Rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandrian Rite">Alexandrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochene_Rite" title="Antiochene Rite">Antiochene</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malankara_Rite" title="Malankara Rite">Malankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Syriac_Rite" title="East Syriac Rite">East Syriac</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Rite" title="Armenian Rite">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Miscellaneous</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antipope" title="Antipope">Antipopes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Anti-Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Criticism of the Catholic Church">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Deism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church and Deism">Deism</a>/<a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Pandeism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church and Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_ecumenism" title="Catholic Church and ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_order_(Catholic)" title="Religious order (Catholic)">Monasticism</a></li></ul> <p>Relations with: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Islam" title="Catholic Church and Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Judaism" title="Catholic Church and Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic%E2%80%93Eastern_Orthodox_relations" title="Catholic–Eastern Orthodox relations">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic-Protestant_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic-Protestant relations">Protestantism</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Societal issues</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_art" title="Catholic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_and_the_Catholic_Church" title="Evolution and the Catholic Church">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_health_care" title="Catholic Church and health care">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_HIV/AIDS" title="Catholic Church and HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_homosexuality" title="Catholic Church and homosexuality">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_sexual_abuse_cases" title="Catholic Church sexual abuse cases">Sexual abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_music" title="Christian music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Nazi_Germany" title="Catholic Church and Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics" title="Catholic Church and politics">Politics</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Catholic Church and politics in the United States">in the United States</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church and science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_gender_roles_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Sex and gender roles in the Catholic Church">Sex and gender roles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_slavery" title="Catholic Church and slavery">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">the Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Links and resources</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Catholic_Church_articles" title="Index of Catholic Church articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Outline of the Catholic Church">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Glossary of the Catholic Church">Glossary</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_Church" title="Category:Catholic Church">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" 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typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Vatican_City" title="Portal:Vatican City">Vatican City portal</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/48px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/64px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church" title="Portal:Catholic Church">Catholic Church portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catholic_Church_sidebar" title="Template:Catholic Church sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Catholic_Church_sidebar" title="Template talk:Catholic Church sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic_Church_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic Church sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>history of the Catholic Church</b> is the formation, events, and historical development of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> through time. </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Sacred_tradition" title="Sacred tradition">tradition</a> of the Catholic Church, it started from the day of Pentecost at the upper room of Jerusalem;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Catholic tradition considers that the Church is a continuation of the <a href="/wiki/Early_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Christian">early Christian community</a> established by the <a href="/wiki/Disciples_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Disciples of Jesus">Disciples of Jesus</a>. The Church considers its <a href="/wiki/Bishop_in_the_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop in the Catholic Church">bishops</a> to be the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">successors</a> to <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Apostles" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelve Apostles">Jesus's apostles</a> and the Church's leader, the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Rome">Bishop of Rome</a> (also known as the Pope), to be the sole successor to <a href="/wiki/St_Peter" class="mw-redirect" title="St Peter">St Peter</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who ministered in Rome in the first century AD after his appointment by Jesus as head of the Church.<sup id="cite_ref-NatGeographic281_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NatGeographic281-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Norman11_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norman11-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the 2nd century, bishops began congregating in regional <a href="/wiki/Synod" title="Synod">synods</a> to resolve doctrinal and administrative issues.<sup id="cite_ref-chadwick37B_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chadwick37B-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian Eamon Duffy claims that by the 3rd century, the church at Rome might even function as a court of appeal on doctrinal issues.<sup id="cite_ref-duffy18_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duffy18-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Roman_Empire_as_diffusion_of_innovation" title="Christianization of the Roman Empire as diffusion of innovation">Christianity spread throughout the early Roman Empire</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">persecutions</a> due to conflicts with the <a href="/wiki/Polytheist" class="mw-redirect" title="Polytheist">polytheist</a> <a href="/wiki/State_religion_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="State religion of Rome">state religion</a>. In 313, the persecutions were lessened by the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Milan" title="Edict of Milan">Edict of Milan</a> with the legalization of Christianity by the <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I_and_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I and Christianity">Emperor Constantine I</a>. In 380, under <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Emperor Theodosius</a>, <a href="/wiki/State_church_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="State church of the Roman Empire">Christianity became the state religion of the Roman Empire</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Thessalonica" title="Edict of Thessalonica">Edict of Thessalonica</a>, a decree of the Emperor which would persist until the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">fall of the Western Roman Empire</a>, and later, with the Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Empire, until the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a>. During this time, the period of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Ecumenical_Councils" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven Ecumenical Councils">Seven Ecumenical Councils</a>, there were considered five primary sees (jurisdictions within the Catholic Church) according to <a href="/wiki/Eusebius_of_Caesarea" class="mw-redirect" title="Eusebius of Caesarea">Eusebius</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Rome">Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarch_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Antioch" title="Patriarch of Antioch">Antioch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_in_Christianity" title="Jerusalem in Christianity">Jerusalem</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch of Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, known as the <a href="/wiki/Pentarchy" title="Pentarchy">Pentarchy</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Toulouse_(721)" title="Battle of Toulouse (721)">battles of Toulouse</a> preserved the Christian West against the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a>, even though Rome itself was ravaged in 850, and Constantinople besieged. In the <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_11th_century" title="Christianity in the 11th century">11th century</a>, already strained relations between the primarily <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Greek Church</a> in the East, and the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a> in the West, developed into the <a href="/wiki/East-West_Schism" class="mw-redirect" title="East-West Schism">East-West Schism</a>, partially due to conflicts over <a href="/wiki/Papal_supremacy" title="Papal supremacy">papal supremacy</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a>, and the sacking of Constantinople by renegade crusaders proved the final breach. Prior to and during the 16th century, the Church engaged in a process of reform and renewal. Reform during the 16th century is known as the <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Norman81_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norman81-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In subsequent centuries, Catholicism spread widely across the world despite experiencing a reduction in its hold on European populations due to the growth of <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> and also because of <a href="/wiki/Religious_skepticism" title="Religious skepticism">religious skepticism</a> during and after the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a> in the 1960s introduced the most significant changes to Catholic practices since the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a> four centuries before. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Church_beginnings">Church beginnings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Church beginnings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline of the Catholic Church</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_early_Christianity" title="Historiography of early Christianity">Historiography of early Christianity</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to sacred tradition, the Catholic Church was founded by <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> <a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> records Jesus' activities and teachings, His appointment of the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Apostles" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelve Apostles">twelve Apostles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">His instructions to them to continue His work</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kreeft98O_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kreeft98O-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bokenkotter30_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bokenkotter30-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Catholic Church teaches that the coming of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a> upon the apostles, in an event known as <a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a>, signaled the beginning of the public ministry of the Church.<sup id="cite_ref-OneFaith46_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OneFaith46-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Catholics hold that <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Saint Peter</a> was Rome's first bishop and the consecrator of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Linus" title="Pope Linus">Linus</a> as its next bishop, thus starting the unbroken line which includes the current pontiff, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a>. That is, the Catholic Church maintains the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">apostolic succession</a> of the Bishop of Rome, the Pope – the successor to Saint Peter.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the account of the <a href="/wiki/Confession_of_Peter" title="Confession of Peter">Confession of Peter</a> found in the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Gospel of Matthew</a>, it is believed that Christ designates Peter as the "rock" upon which Christ's church will be built.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While some scholars do state Peter was the first Bishop of Rome,<sup id="cite_ref-JoyceCE1913_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JoyceCE1913-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> others say that the institution of the papacy is not dependent on the idea that Peter was Bishop of Rome or even on his ever having been in Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many scholars hold that a church structure of plural presbyters/bishops persisted in Rome until the mid-2nd century, when the structure of a single bishop and plural <a href="/wiki/Presbyter" title="Presbyter">presbyters</a> was adopted,<sup id="cite_ref-REB_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-REB-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that later writers retrospectively applied the term "bishop of Rome" to the most prominent members of the clergy in the earlier period and also to Peter himself.<sup id="cite_ref-REB_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-REB-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On this basis, Protestant theologians <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Cullmann" title="Oscar Cullmann">Oscar Cullmann</a><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Chadwick_(theologian)" title="Henry Chadwick (theologian)">Henry Chadwick</a><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> question whether there was a formal link between Peter and the modern papacy; Catholic scholar <a href="/wiki/Raymond_E._Brown" title="Raymond E. Brown">Raymond E. Brown</a> says that, while it is anachronistic to speak of Peter in terms of a local bishop of Rome, Christians of that period would have looked on Peter as having "roles that would contribute in an essential way to the development of the role of the papacy in the subsequent church". These roles, Brown says, "contributed enormously to seeing the bishop of Rome, the bishop of the city where Peter died, and where Paul witnessed to the truth of Christ, as the successor of Peter in care for the church universal".<sup id="cite_ref-REB_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-REB-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_organization">Early organization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Early history of Christianity">Early history of Christianity</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Irenaeus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Saint_Irenaeus.jpg/220px-Saint_Irenaeus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/Saint_Irenaeus.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="245" data-file-height="325" /></a><figcaption>An engraving of <a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">St Irenaeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Lyon#Prelates" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Lyon">Bishop of Lugdunum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Conditions in the Roman Empire facilitated the spread of new ideas. The empire's well-defined network of roads and waterways allowed easier travel, while the <a href="/wiki/Pax_Romana" title="Pax Romana">Pax Romana</a> made it safe to travel from one region to another. The government had encouraged inhabitants, especially those in urban areas, to learn Greek, and the common language allowed ideas to be more easily expressed and understood.<sup id="cite_ref-bokenkotter24_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bokenkotter24-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jesus's apostles gained converts in <a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Jewish communities</a> around the Mediterranean Sea,<sup id="cite_ref-chadwickhenry23and24_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chadwickhenry23and24-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and over 40 Christian communities had been established by 100.<sup id="cite_ref-Hitchcock_281_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hitchcock_281-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although most of these were in the Roman Empire, notable Christian communities were also established in <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Armenia">Armenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Iran" title="Christianity in Iran">Iran</a> and along the Indian <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Coast" title="Malabar Coast">Malabar Coast</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AFM_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFM-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new religion was most successful in urban areas, spreading first among slaves and people of low social standing, and then among aristocratic women.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At first, Christians continued to worship alongside Jewish believers, which historians refer to as <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christianity" title="Jewish Christianity">Jewish Christianity</a>, but within twenty years of Jesus's death, <a href="/wiki/Sabbath_in_Christianity" title="Sabbath in Christianity">Sunday</a> was being regarded as the primary day of worship.<sup id="cite_ref-Davidson115_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davidson115-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As preachers such as <a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Tarsus" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul of Tarsus">Paul of Tarsus</a> began converting <a href="/wiki/Gentile" title="Gentile">Gentiles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Split_of_early_Christianity_and_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Split of early Christianity and Judaism">Christianity began growing away from Jewish practices</a><sup id="cite_ref-chadwickhenry23and24_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chadwickhenry23and24-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to establish itself as a separate religion,<sup id="cite_ref-macculloch109_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-macculloch109-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though the issue of <a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Tarsus_and_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul of Tarsus and Judaism">Paul of Tarsus and Judaism</a> is still debated today. To resolve doctrinal differences among the competing factions, sometime around the year 50 the apostles convened the first Church council, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">Council of Jerusalem</a>. This council affirmed that Gentiles could become Christians without adopting all of the <a href="/wiki/Mosaic_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosaic Law">Mosaic Law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-chadwick37B_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chadwick37B-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Growing tensions soon led to a starker separation that was virtually complete by the time Christians refused to join in the <a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba Jewish revolt</a> of 132,<sup id="cite_ref-Davidson146_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davidson146-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however some groups of Christians retained elements of Jewish practice.<sup id="cite_ref-Davidson149_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davidson149-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to some historians and scholars, the early Christian Church was very loosely organized, resulting in diverse interpretations of Christian beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-MacCulloch,_pp.127_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacCulloch,_pp.127-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In part to ensure a greater consistency in their teachings, by the end of the 2nd century Christian communities had evolved a more structured hierarchy, with a central bishop having authority over the clergy in his city,<sup id="cite_ref-duffy9and10_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duffy9and10-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leading to the development of the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop" title="Metropolitan bishop">Metropolitan bishop</a>. The organization of the Church began to mimic that of the Empire; bishops in politically important cities exerted greater authority over bishops in nearby cities.<sup id="cite_ref-markus75_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-markus75-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The churches in Antioch, Alexandria, and Rome held the highest positions.<sup id="cite_ref-macculloch134_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-macculloch134-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beginning in the 2nd century, bishops often congregated in regional <a href="/wiki/Synod" title="Synod">synods</a> to resolve doctrinal and policy issues.<sup id="cite_ref-chadwick37B_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chadwick37B-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Catholic historian <a href="/wiki/Eamon_Duffy" title="Eamon Duffy">Eamon Duffy</a> claims that by the 3rd century, the bishop of Rome began to act as a court of appeals for problems that other bishops could not resolve.<sup id="cite_ref-duffy18_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duffy18-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Doctrine was further refined by a series of influential theologians and teachers, known collectively as the <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the year 100 onward, <a href="/wiki/Proto-orthodox_Christianity" title="Proto-orthodox Christianity">proto-orthodox</a> teachers like <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius of Antioch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a> defined Catholic teaching in stark opposition to other things, such as <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Davidson169_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davidson169-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Teachings and traditions were consolidated under the influence of theological <a href="/wiki/Apologists" class="mw-redirect" title="Apologists">apologists</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Clement I">Pope Clement I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Norman27_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norman27-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persecutions">Persecutions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Persecutions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unlike most <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">religions in the Roman Empire</a>, Christianity required its adherents to <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">renounce all other gods</a>, a practice adopted from <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>. Christians' refusal to join pagan celebrations meant they were unable to participate in much of public life, which caused non-Christians – including government authorities – to fear that the Christians were angering the gods and thereby threatening the peace and prosperity of the Empire. In addition, the peculiar intimacy of Christian society and its secrecy about its religious practices spawned rumors that Christians were guilty of <a href="/wiki/Incest" title="Incest">incest</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_cannibalism" title="Human cannibalism">cannibalism</a>; the resulting persecutions, although usually local and sporadic, were a defining feature of Christian self-understanding until Christianity was legalized in the 4th century.<sup id="cite_ref-macculloch155and164_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-macculloch155and164-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-chadwick21_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chadwick21-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A series of more centrally organized <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">persecutions of Christians</a> emerged in the late 3rd century, when emperors decreed that the Empire's military, political, and economic crises were caused by angry gods. All residents were ordered to give sacrifices or be punished.<sup id="cite_ref-chadwick41and42_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chadwick41and42-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jews were exempted as long as they paid the <a href="/wiki/Fiscus_Judaicus" title="Fiscus Judaicus">Jewish Tax</a>. Estimates of the number of Christians who were executed ranges from a few hundred to 50,000.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many fled<sup id="cite_ref-macculloch174_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-macculloch174-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or renounced their beliefs. Disagreements over what role, if any, these <a href="/wiki/Apostate" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostate">apostates</a> should have in the Church led to the <a href="/wiki/Donatist" class="mw-redirect" title="Donatist">Donatist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Novatianist" class="mw-redirect" title="Novatianist">Novatianist</a> schisms.<sup id="cite_ref-duffy20_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duffy20-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In spite of these persecutions, <a href="/wiki/Evangelization" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelization">evangelization</a> efforts persisted, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Milan" title="Edict of Milan">Edict of Milan</a> which legalized Christianity in 313.<sup id="cite_ref-StoChris58_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StoChris58-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 380, Christianity had become the <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a> of the Roman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-StoChris59_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StoChris59-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Religious philosopher <a href="/wiki/Simone_Weil" title="Simone Weil">Simone Weil</a> wrote: "By the time of Constantine, the state of apocalyptic expectation must have worn rather thin. [The imminent coming of Christ, expectation of the Last Day – constituted 'a very great social danger']. Besides, the spirit of the old law, so widely separated from all mysticism, was not so very different from the Roman spirit itself. Rome could come to terms with the <a href="/wiki/Jehovah" title="Jehovah">God of Hosts</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Late_antiquity">Late antiquity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Late antiquity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_late_ancient_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="History of late ancient Christianity">History of late ancient Christianity</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/First_seven_Ecumenical_Councils" class="mw-redirect" title="First seven Ecumenical Councils">First seven Ecumenical Councils</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rise_of_Christianity_during_the_Fall_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Rise of Christianity during the Fall of Rome">Rise of Christianity during the Fall of Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I_and_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I and Christianity">Constantine I and Christianity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/State_church_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="State church of the Roman Empire">State church of the Roman Empire</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Constantine_Musei_Capitolini.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Constantine_Musei_Capitolini.jpg/220px-Constantine_Musei_Capitolini.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="351" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Constantine_Musei_Capitolini.jpg/330px-Constantine_Musei_Capitolini.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Constantine_Musei_Capitolini.jpg/440px-Constantine_Musei_Capitolini.jpg 2x" data-file-width="538" data-file-height="858" /></a><figcaption>Emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I">Constantine I</a> established the rights of the Church in the year 315.</figcaption></figure> <p>When <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I">Constantine</a> became emperor of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a> in 312, he attributed his victory to the Christian God. Many soldiers in his army were Christians, and his army was his base of power. With <a href="/wiki/Licinius" title="Licinius">Licinius</a>, (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Empire">Eastern Roman emperor</a>), he issued the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Milan" title="Edict of Milan">Edict of Milan</a> which mandated toleration of all religions in the empire. The edict had little effect on the attitudes of the people.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New laws were crafted to codify some Christian beliefs and practices.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Constantine's biggest effect on Christianity was his patronage. He gave large gifts of land and money to the Church and offered tax exemptions and other special legal status to <a href="/wiki/Fabrica_ecclesiae" title="Fabrica ecclesiae">ecclesiastical property</a> and personnel.<sup id="cite_ref-mcmullen49and50_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcmullen49and50-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These gifts and later ones combined to make the Church the largest landowner in the West by the 6th century.<sup id="cite_ref-duffy64_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duffy64-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of these gifts were funded through severe taxation of pagan cults.<sup id="cite_ref-mcmullen49and50_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcmullen49and50-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some pagan cults were forced to disband for lack of funds; when this happened the Church took over the cult's previous role of caring for the poor.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a reflection of their increased standing in the Empire, clergy began to adopt the dress of the royal household, including the <a href="/wiki/Cope" title="Cope">cope</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During Constantine's reign, approximately half of those who identified themselves as Christian did not subscribe to the mainstream version of the faith.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Constantine feared that disunity would displease God and lead to trouble for the Empire, so he took military and judicial measures to eliminate some sects.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To resolve other disputes, Constantine began the practice of calling <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">ecumenical councils</a> to determine binding interpretations of Church doctrine.<sup id="cite_ref-duffy29_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duffy29-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Decisions made at the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Council of Nicea</a> (325) about the divinity of Christ led to a schism; the new religion, <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a> flourished outside the Roman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Partially to distinguish themselves from Arians, Catholic <a href="/wiki/Marian_devotions" title="Marian devotions">devotion to Mary</a> became more prominent. This led to further schisms.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 380, mainstream Christianity–as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a>–became the official religion of the Roman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Christianity became more associated with the Empire, resulting in persecution for Christians living outside of the empire, as their rulers feared Christians would revolt in favor of the Emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 385, this new legal authority of the Church resulted in the first use of capital punishment being pronounced as a sentence upon a Christian 'heretic', namely <a href="/wiki/Priscillian" title="Priscillian">Priscillian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HereticsExecuted_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HereticsExecuted-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During this period, the Bible as it has come down to the 21st century was first officially laid out in Church Councils or Synods <a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Christian_Biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Development of the Christian Biblical canon">through the process of official 'canonization'</a>. Prior to these Councils or Synods, the Bible had already reached a form that was nearly identical to the form in which it is now found. According to some accounts, in 382 the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Rome" title="Council of Rome">Council of Rome</a> first officially recognized the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a>, listing the accepted books of the <i><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></i>, and in 391 the <a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a> Latin translation of the Bible was made.<sup id="cite_ref-StoryChristianity_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StoryChristianity-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other accounts list the Council of Carthage of 397 as the Council that finalized the Biblical canon as it is known today.<sup id="cite_ref-CarthageCouncil_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CarthageCouncil-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Ephesus" class="mw-redirect" title="First Council of Ephesus">Council of Ephesus</a> in 431 clarified the nature of Jesus' <a href="/wiki/Incarnation" title="Incarnation">incarnation</a>, declaring that he was <a href="/wiki/Hypostatic_union" title="Hypostatic union">both fully man and fully God</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SaintsSinners_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SaintsSinners-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two decades later, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a> solidified Roman papal primacy which added to continuing breakdown in relations between Rome and Constantinople, the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ConciseHistory_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ConciseHistory-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also sparked were the <a href="/wiki/Monophysite" class="mw-redirect" title="Monophysite">Monophysite</a> disagreements over the precise nature of the incarnation of Jesus which led to the first of the various <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox Churches</a> breaking away from the Catholic Church.<sup id="cite_ref-OxfordHistory_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OxfordHistory-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Medieval_history_of_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval history of Christianity">Medieval history of Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Papacy" title="Byzantine Papacy">Byzantine Papacy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Christian monasticism</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Middle_Ages">Early Middle Ages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Early Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Decline_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Decline of the Roman Empire">fall of the Western Roman Empire</a> in 476, trinitarian Christianity competed with <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arian Christianity</a> for the conversion of the barbarian tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-LeGoff20_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LeGoff20-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 496 conversion of <a href="/wiki/Clovis_I" title="Clovis I">Clovis I</a>, pagan king of the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a>, saw the beginning of a steady rise of the faith in the West.<sup id="cite_ref-LeGoff21_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LeGoff21-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fra_Angelico_031.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Fra_Angelico_031.jpg/220px-Fra_Angelico_031.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Fra_Angelico_031.jpg/330px-Fra_Angelico_031.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Fra_Angelico_031.jpg/440px-Fra_Angelico_031.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="2468" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Nursia" title="Benedict of Nursia">Saint Benedict</a>, father of Western monasticism and author of <i><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_St_Benedict" class="mw-redirect" title="Rule of St Benedict">Rule of St Benedict</a></i>. Detail from fresco by <a href="/wiki/Fra_Angelico" title="Fra Angelico">Fra Angelico</a>, c. 1437–46.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 530, <a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Nursia" title="Benedict of Nursia">Saint Benedict</a> wrote his <i><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_St_Benedict" class="mw-redirect" title="Rule of St Benedict">Rule of St Benedict</a></i> as a practical guide for <a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">monastic</a> community life. Its message spread to monasteries throughout Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-Woods27_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woods27-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Monasteries became major conduits of civilization, preserving craft and artistic skills while maintaining intellectual culture within their schools, <a href="/wiki/Scriptorium" title="Scriptorium">scriptoria</a> and libraries. They functioned as agricultural, economic and production centers as well as a focus for spiritual life.<sup id="cite_ref-LeGoff120_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LeGoff120-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this period the Visigoths and Lombards moved away from Arianism for Catholicism.<sup id="cite_ref-LeGoff21_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LeGoff21-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Gregory the Great">Pope Gregory the Great</a> played a notable role in these conversions and dramatically reformed the ecclesiastical structures and administration which then launched renewed missionary efforts.<sup id="cite_ref-Duffy52_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duffy52-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Missionaries such as <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Canterbury" title="Augustine of Canterbury">Augustine of Canterbury</a>, who was sent from Rome to begin the conversion of the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxons</a>, and, coming the other way in the <a href="/wiki/Hiberno-Scottish_mission" title="Hiberno-Scottish mission">Hiberno-Scottish mission</a>, Saints <a href="/wiki/Colombanus" class="mw-redirect" title="Colombanus">Colombanus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boniface" class="mw-redirect" title="Boniface">Boniface</a>, <a href="/wiki/Willibrord" title="Willibrord">Willibrord</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ansgar" title="Ansgar">Ansgar</a> and many others took Christianity into northern Europe and spread Catholicism among the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Slavic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic peoples">Slavic peoples</a>, and reached the <a href="/wiki/Viking" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking">Vikings</a> and other Scandinavians in later centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-StoChris84_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StoChris84-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Whitby" title="Synod of Whitby">Synod of Whitby</a> of 664, though not as decisive as sometimes claimed, was an important moment in the reintegration of the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic Church">Celtic Church</a> of the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a> into the Roman hierarchy, after having been effectively cut off from contact with Rome by the pagan invaders. And in Italy, the 728 <a href="/wiki/Donation_of_Sutri" title="Donation of Sutri">Donation of Sutri</a> and the 756 <a href="/wiki/Donation_of_Pepin" title="Donation of Pepin">Donation of Pepin</a> left the papacy in charge of a sizable kingdom. Further consolidating the papal position over the western part of the former Roman Empire, the <a href="/wiki/Donation_of_Constantine" title="Donation of Constantine">Donation of Constantine</a> was probably forged during the 8th century. </p><p>In the early 8th century, <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_iconoclasm" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine iconoclasm">Byzantine iconoclasm</a> became a major source of conflict between the Eastern and Western parts of the Church. <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> emperors forbade the creation and veneration of religious images, as violations of <a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments">the Ten Commandments</a>. Other major religions in the East such as <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> had similar prohibitions. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_III" title="Pope Gregory III">Pope Gregory III</a> vehemently disagreed.<sup id="cite_ref-Vidmar103_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vidmar103-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A new <a href="/wiki/Empress_Irene" class="mw-redirect" title="Empress Irene">Empress Irene</a> siding with the pope, called for an <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Ecumenical_Councils" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Ecumenical Councils">Ecumenical Council</a>. In 787, the fathers of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea" title="Second Council of Nicaea">Second Council of Nicaea</a> "warmly received the papal delegates and his message".<sup id="cite_ref-Duffy74_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duffy74-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the conclusion, 300 bishops, who were led by the representatives of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Hadrian_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Hadrian I">Pope Hadrian I</a><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "adopted the Pope's teaching",<sup id="cite_ref-Duffy74_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duffy74-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in favor of icons. </p><p>With the coronation of <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_III" title="Pope Leo III">Pope Leo III</a> in 800, his new title as <i>Patricius Romanorum,</i> and the handing over of the keys to the <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Saint_Peter" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of Saint Peter">Tomb of Saint Peter</a>, the papacy had acquired a new protector in the West. This freed the pontiffs to some degree from the power of the emperor in Constantinople but also led to a <a href="/wiki/East-West_Schism" class="mw-redirect" title="East-West Schism">schism</a>, because the emperors and <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarch_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople">patriarchs of Constantinople</a> interpreted themselves as the true descendants of the Roman Empire dating back to the beginnings of the Church.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_I" title="Pope Nicholas I">Pope Nicholas I</a> had refused to recognize <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Photios_I_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarch Photios I of Constantinople">Patriarch Photios I of Constantinople</a>, who in turn had attacked the pope as a heretic, because he kept the <a href="/wiki/Filioque" title="Filioque">filioque</a> in the creed, which referred to the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a> emanating from God the Father<i> and</i> the Son. The papacy was strengthened through this new alliance, which in the long term created a new problem for the Popes, when in the <a href="/wiki/Investiture_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Investiture controversy">Investiture controversy</a> succeeding emperors sought to appoint bishops and even future popes.<sup id="cite_ref-Vidmar107_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vidmar107-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Duffy78_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duffy78-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the disintegration of the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a> and repeated incursions of Islamic forces into Italy, the papacy, without any protection, entered a phase of major weakness.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="High_Middle_Ages">High Middle Ages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: High Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St-thomas-aquinas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/St-thomas-aquinas.jpg/220px-St-thomas-aquinas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/St-thomas-aquinas.jpg/330px-St-thomas-aquinas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/St-thomas-aquinas.jpg/440px-St-thomas-aquinas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4004" data-file-height="6000" /></a><figcaption>Saint <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a> carrying the whole Church with his theology</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Medieval_history_of_Christianity#High_Middle_Ages_(800–1499)" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval history of Christianity">Medieval history of Christianity § High Middle Ages (800–1499)</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Cluniac_reforms" class="mw-redirect" title="Cluniac reforms">Cluniac reform</a> of monasteries that began in 910 placed abbots under the direct control of the pope rather than the secular control of feudal lords, thus eliminating a major source of corruption. This sparked a great monastic renewal.<sup id="cite_ref-Duffy88_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duffy88-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Monasteries, convents and cathedrals still operated virtually all schools and libraries, and often functioned as credit establishments promoting economic growth.<sup id="cite_ref-Woods40_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woods40-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LeGoff80_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LeGoff80-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After 1100, some older <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_school" title="Cathedral school">cathedral schools</a> split into lower <a href="/wiki/Grammar_school" title="Grammar school">grammar schools</a> and higher schools for advanced learning. First in <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bologna" title="University of Bologna">Bologna</a>, then at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">Paris</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">Oxford</a>, many of these higher schools developed into <a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">universities</a> and became the direct ancestors of modern Western institutions of learning.<sup id="cite_ref-Woods44_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woods44-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was here where notable theologians worked to explain the connection between human experience and faith.<sup id="cite_ref-Bokenkotter158_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bokenkotter158-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most notable of these theologians, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a>, produced <i><a href="/wiki/Summa_Theologica" title="Summa Theologica">Summa Theologica</a></i>, a key intellectual achievement in its synthesis of <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotelian</a> thought and the Gospel.<sup id="cite_ref-Bokenkotter158_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bokenkotter158-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Monastic contributions to <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">western society</a> included the teaching of metallurgy, the introduction of new crops, the invention of <a href="/wiki/Musical_notation" title="Musical notation">musical notation</a> and the creation and preservation of literature.<sup id="cite_ref-Woods44_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woods44-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 11th century, the <a href="/wiki/East-West_Schism" class="mw-redirect" title="East-West Schism">East–West schism</a> permanently divided Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-SandSp91_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SandSp91-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It arose over a dispute on whether Constantinople or Rome held jurisdiction over the church in Sicily and led to mutual excommunications in 1054.<sup id="cite_ref-SandSp91_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SandSp91-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Western (Latin) branch of Christianity has since become known as the Catholic Church, while the Eastern (Greek) branch became known as the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-StoChris44_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StoChris44-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vidmar104_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vidmar104-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Lyon" title="Second Council of Lyon">Second Council of Lyon</a> (1274) and the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Florence" title="Council of Florence">Council of Florence</a> (1439) both failed to heal the schism.<sup id="cite_ref-Duffy119_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duffy119-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern churches</a> have since reunited with the Catholic Church, and others claim never to have been out of communion with the pope.<sup id="cite_ref-Vidmar104_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vidmar104-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Officially, the two churches remain in schism, although <a href="/wiki/Catholic%E2%80%93Orthodox_Joint_Declaration_of_1965" title="Catholic–Orthodox Joint Declaration of 1965">excommunications were mutually lifted</a> in 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-Duffy278_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duffy278-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 11th century saw the <a href="/wiki/Investiture_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Investiture controversy">Investiture controversy</a> between Emperor and Pope over the right to make church appointments, the first major phase of the struggle between <a href="/wiki/Church_and_state_in_medieval_Europe" title="Church and state in medieval Europe">Church and state in medieval Europe</a>. The Papacy were the initial victors, but as Italians divided between <a href="/wiki/Guelphs_and_Ghibellines" title="Guelphs and Ghibellines">Guelphs and Ghibellines</a> in factions that were often passed down through families or states until the end of <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">the Middle Ages</a>, the dispute gradually weakened the Papacy, not least by drawing it into politics. The Church also attempted to control, or exact a price for, most marriages among the great by prohibiting, in 1059, marriages involving <a href="/wiki/Consanguinity" title="Consanguinity">consanguinity</a> (blood kin) and <a href="/wiki/Affinity_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Affinity (Catholic canon law)">affinity</a> (kin by marriage) to the seventh degree of relationship. Under these rules, almost all great marriages required a dispensation. The rules were relaxed to the fourth degree in 1215 (now only the first degree is prohibited by the Church – a man cannot marry his stepdaughter, for example). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Passages_d%27outremer_Fr5594,_fol._19r,_Concile_de_Clermont.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Passages_d%27outremer_Fr5594%2C_fol._19r%2C_Concile_de_Clermont.jpg/220px-Passages_d%27outremer_Fr5594%2C_fol._19r%2C_Concile_de_Clermont.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Passages_d%27outremer_Fr5594%2C_fol._19r%2C_Concile_de_Clermont.jpg/330px-Passages_d%27outremer_Fr5594%2C_fol._19r%2C_Concile_de_Clermont.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Passages_d%27outremer_Fr5594%2C_fol._19r%2C_Concile_de_Clermont.jpg/440px-Passages_d%27outremer_Fr5594%2C_fol._19r%2C_Concile_de_Clermont.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3163" data-file-height="4748" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_II" title="Pope Urban II">Pope Urban II</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Clermont" title="Council of Clermont">Council of Clermont</a> (1095), where he preached the <a href="/wiki/First_Crusade" title="First Crusade">First Crusade</a>; later <a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">manuscript illumination</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Colombe" title="Jean Colombe">Jean Colombe</a> from a copy of the <i><a href="/wiki/Passages_d%27outremer" title="Passages d'outremer">Passages d'outremer</a></i> of c. 1490</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_II" title="Pope Urban II">Pope Urban II</a> launched the <a href="/wiki/First_Crusade" title="First Crusade">First Crusade</a> in 1095 when he received an appeal from <a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_Emperors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Byzantine Emperors">Byzantine emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexios_I_Komnenos" title="Alexios I Komnenos">Alexius I</a> to help ward off a Turkish invasion.<sup id="cite_ref-rileysmith_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rileysmith-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Urban further believed that a Crusade might help bring about reconciliation with Eastern Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-Vidmar130_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vidmar130-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bokenkotter140_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bokenkotter140-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fueled by reports of Muslim atrocities against Christians,<sup id="cite_ref-Bokenkotter155_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bokenkotter155-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the series of military campaigns known as the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a> began in 1096. They were intended to return the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a> to Christian control. The goal was not permanently realized, and episodes of brutality committed by the armies of both sides left a legacy of mutual distrust between Muslims and Western and Eastern Christians.<sup id="cite_ref-LeGoff66_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LeGoff66-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade#Decision_to_go_to_Constantinople" title="Fourth Crusade">The sack of Constantinople</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a> left Eastern Christians embittered, despite the fact that <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III" title="Pope Innocent III">Pope Innocent III</a> had expressly forbidden any such attack.<sup id="cite_ref-Tyerman_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tyerman-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2001, <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> apologized to the Orthodox Christians for the sins of Catholics including the sacking of Constantinople in 1204.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two new orders of architecture emerged from the Church of this era. The earlier <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque</a> style combined massive walls, rounded arches and ceilings of masonry. To compensate for the absence of large windows, interiors were brightly painted with scenes from the Bible and the lives of the saints. Later, the <a href="/wiki/Basilique_Saint-Denis" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilique Saint-Denis">Basilique Saint-Denis</a> marked a new trend in cathedral building when it utilized <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic architecture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Woods122_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woods122-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This style, with its large windows and high, pointed arches, improved lighting and geometric harmony in a manner that was intended to direct the worshiper's mind to God who "orders all things".<sup id="cite_ref-Woods122_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woods122-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other developments, the 12th century saw the founding of eight new <a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">monastic orders</a>, many of them functioning as <a href="/wiki/Military_order_(society)" class="mw-redirect" title="Military order (society)">Military Knights</a> of the Crusades.<sup id="cite_ref-Norman62_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norman62-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cistercian" class="mw-redirect" title="Cistercian">Cistercian</a> monk <a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a> exerted great influence over the new orders and produced reforms to ensure purity of purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-Norman62_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norman62-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His influence led <a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_III" title="Pope Alexander III">Pope Alexander III</a> to begin reforms that would lead to the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Canon_law_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon law (Catholic Church)">canon law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Duffy101_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duffy101-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the following century, new <a href="/wiki/Mendicant_orders" title="Mendicant orders">mendicant orders</a> were founded by <a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dominic_de_Guzm%C3%A1n" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominic de Guzmán">Dominic de Guzmán</a> which brought <a href="/wiki/Consecrated_life_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Consecrated life (Catholic Church)">consecrated religious life</a> into urban settings.<sup id="cite_ref-LeGoff87_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LeGoff87-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>12th-century France witnessed the growth of <a href="/wiki/Catharism" title="Catharism">Catharism</a> in Languedoc. It was in connection with the struggle against this heresy that the Inquisition originated. After the Cathars were accused of murdering a <a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_Castelnau" title="Pierre de Castelnau">papal legate</a> in 1208, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III" title="Pope Innocent III">Pope Innocent III</a> declared the <a href="/wiki/Albigensian_Crusade" title="Albigensian Crusade">Albigensian Crusade</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Duffy112_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duffy112-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abuses committed during the crusade caused Innocent III to informally institute the first papal inquisition to prevent future massacres and root out the remaining Cathars.<sup id="cite_ref-Vidmar144_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vidmar144-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bokenkotter132_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bokenkotter132-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Formalized under <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_IX" title="Pope Gregory IX">Gregory IX</a>, this <a href="/wiki/Medieval_inquisition" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval inquisition">Medieval inquisition</a> executed an average of three people per year for heresy at its height.<sup id="cite_ref-Bokenkotter132_107-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bokenkotter132-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Norman93_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norman93-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over time, other <a href="/wiki/Inquisitions" class="mw-redirect" title="Inquisitions">inquisitions</a> were launched by the Church or secular rulers to prosecute heretics, to respond to the threat of <a href="/wiki/Moors" title="Moors">Moorish</a> invasion or for political purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-christopherblack_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-christopherblack-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The accused were encouraged to recant their heresy and those who did not could be punished by penance, fines, imprisonment or <a href="/wiki/Execution_by_burning" class="mw-redirect" title="Execution by burning">execution by burning</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-christopherblack_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-christopherblack-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Casey_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Casey-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:16em"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/25px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/38px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/50px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="1105" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Ecumenical_councils" title="Category:Ecumenical councils">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Ecumenical councils</a><br />of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size notpageimage" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Council_Trent.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Renaissance print depicting the Council of Trent"><img alt="A Renaissance print depicting the Council of Trent" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Council_Trent.jpg/170px-Council_Trent.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Council_Trent.jpg/255px-Council_Trent.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Council_Trent.jpg 2x" data-file-width="323" data-file-height="224" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption">Renaissance depiction of the Council of Trent</div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #FFCC99"> 4th–5th centuries</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I (325)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">Constantinople I (381)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Ephesus (431)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon (451)</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #FFCC99"> 6th–9th centuries</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Second Council of Constantinople">Constantinople II (553)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Third Council of Constantinople">Constantinople III (680–681)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea" title="Second Council of Nicaea">Nicaea II (787)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_Constantinople_(Catholic_Church)" title="Fourth Council of Constantinople (Catholic Church)">Constantinople IV (869–870)</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #FFCC99"> 12th–14th centuries</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="First Council of the Lateran">Lateran I (1123)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Second Council of the Lateran">Lateran II (1139)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Third Council of the Lateran">Lateran III (1179)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Fourth Council of the Lateran">Lateran IV (1215)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Lyon" title="First Council of Lyon">Lyon I (1245)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Lyon" title="Second Council of Lyon">Lyon II (1274)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Vienne" title="Council of Vienne">Vienne (1311–1312)</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #FFCC99"> 15th–16th centuries</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Constance" title="Council of Constance">Constance (1414–1418)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Florence" title="Council of Florence">Basel–Ferrara–Florence (1431–1442)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Fifth Council of the Lateran">Lateran V (1512–1517)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Trent (1545–1563)</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #FFCC99"> 19th–20th centuries</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">Vatican I (1869–1870)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Vatican II (1962–1965)</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Template:Catholic ecumenical councils"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Template talk:Catholic ecumenical councils"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic ecumenical councils"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A growing sense of church-state conflicts marked the 14th century. To escape instability in Rome, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_V" title="Pope Clement V">Clement V</a> in 1309 became the first of seven popes to reside in the fortified city of <a href="/wiki/Avignon" title="Avignon">Avignon</a> in southern France<sup id="cite_ref-Duffy122_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duffy122-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> during a period known as the <a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon Papacy</a>. The papacy returned to Rome in 1378 at the urging of <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a> and others who felt the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">See of Peter</a> should be in the Roman church.<sup id="cite_ref-McManners232_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McManners232-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vidmar155_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vidmar155-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the death of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XI" title="Pope Gregory XI">Pope Gregory XI</a> later that year, the <a href="/wiki/Papal_conclave" title="Papal conclave">papal election</a> was disputed between supporters of Italian and French-backed candidates leading to the <a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western Schism</a>. For 38 years, separate claimants to the papal throne sat in Rome and Avignon. Efforts at resolution further complicated the issue when a third compromise pope was elected in 1409.<sup id="cite_ref-McManners240_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McManners240-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The matter was finally resolved in 1417 at the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Constance" title="Council of Constance">Council of Constance</a> where the cardinals called upon all three claimants to the papal throne to resign, and held a new election naming <a href="/wiki/Pope_Martin_V" title="Pope Martin V">Martin V</a> pope.<sup id="cite_ref-McManners240_114-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McManners240-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Renaissance_and_reforms">Renaissance and reforms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Renaissance and reforms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discoveries_and_missionaries">Discoveries and missionaries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Discoveries and missionaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_16th_century" title="Christianity in the 16th century">Christianity in the 16th century</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Catholicism_and_the_wars_of_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism and the wars of religion">Catholicism and the wars of religion</a></div> <p>Through the late 15th and early 16th centuries, European missionaries and explorers spread Catholicism to the Americas, Asia, Africa and Oceania. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI" title="Pope Alexander VI">Pope Alexander VI</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">papal bull</a> <a href="/wiki/Inter_caetera" title="Inter caetera">Inter caetera</a>, awarded colonial rights over most of the newly discovered lands to Spain and <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Koschorke13_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koschorke13-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the <i>patronato</i> system, state authorities controlled clerical appointments and no direct contact was allowed with the Vatican.<sup id="cite_ref-Dussel39_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dussel39-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 1511, the Dominican friar <a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Montesinos_(Dominican_friar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonio de Montesinos (Dominican friar)">Antonio de Montesinos</a> openly rebuked the Spanish authorities governing <a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a> for their mistreatment of the American natives, telling them "... you are in mortal sin ... for the cruelty and tyranny you use in dealing with these innocent people".<sup id="cite_ref-Woods135_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woods135-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Johansen109a_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johansen109a-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Koschorke287_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koschorke287-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">King Ferdinand</a> enacted the <i><a href="/wiki/Laws_of_Burgos" title="Laws of Burgos">Laws of Burgos</a></i> and <i>Valladolid</i> in response. Enforcement was lax, and while some blame the Church for not doing enough to liberate the Indians, others point to the Church as the only voice raised on behalf of indigenous peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-Dussel45_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dussel45-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The issue resulted in a crisis of conscience in 16th-century Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-Johansen109_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johansen109-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Koschorke287_119-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koschorke287-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An outpouring of self-criticism and philosophical reflection among Catholic theologians, most notably <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Vitoria" title="Francisco de Vitoria">Francisco de Vitoria</a>, led to debate on the nature of human rights<sup id="cite_ref-Koschorke287_119-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koschorke287-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the birth of modern international law.<sup id="cite_ref-Woods137_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woods137-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chadwick327_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chadwick327-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1521, through the leadership and preaching of the Portuguese explorer <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan" title="Ferdinand Magellan">Ferdinand Magellan</a>, the first Catholics were baptized in what became the first Christian nation in Southeast Asia, the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Koschorke21_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koschorke21-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following year, <a href="/wiki/Franciscan" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscan">Franciscan</a> missionaries arrived in what is now <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, and sought to convert the Indians and to provide for their well-being by establishing schools and hospitals. They taught the Indians better farming methods, and easier ways of weaving and making pottery. Because some people questioned whether the Indians were truly human and deserved <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_III" title="Pope Paul III">Pope Paul III</a> in the papal bull Veritas Ipsa or <a href="/wiki/Sublimis_Deus" title="Sublimis Deus">Sublimis Deus</a> (1537) confirmed that the Indians were deserving people.<sup id="cite_ref-Johansen110_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johansen110-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Koschorke290_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koschorke290-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Afterward, the conversion effort gained momentum.<sup id="cite_ref-samora20_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-samora20-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the next 150 years, the missions expanded into <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">southwestern North America</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jacksonxiv_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jacksonxiv-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The native people were legally defined as children, and priests took on a paternalistic role, often enforced with corporal punishment.<sup id="cite_ref-jacksonxiii_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jacksonxiii-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elsewhere, in India, Portuguese missionaries and the Spanish Jesuit <a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a> evangelized among non-Christians and a Christian community which claimed to have been established by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas the Apostle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Koschorke3_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koschorke3-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Whitby_abbey_photography.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Whitby_abbey_photography.jpg/220px-Whitby_abbey_photography.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Whitby_abbey_photography.jpg/330px-Whitby_abbey_photography.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Whitby_abbey_photography.jpg/440px-Whitby_abbey_photography.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Whitby_Abbey" title="Whitby Abbey">Whitby Abbey</a>, England, one of hundreds of European monasteries destroyed during the Reformation in Anglican, French, and Reformed areas. While some Lutheran monasteries voluntarily dissolved, others <a href="/wiki/Template:Lutheran_orders" title="Template:Lutheran orders">continue to the present day</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_Renaissance">European Renaissance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: European Renaissance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Europe, the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> marked a period of renewed interest in ancient and classical learning. It also brought a re-examination of accepted beliefs. Cathedrals and churches had long served as picture books and art galleries for millions of the uneducated. The stained glass windows, <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">frescoes</a>, statues, paintings and panels retold the stories of the saints and of biblical characters. The Church sponsored great Renaissance artists like <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a>, who created some of the world's most famous artworks.<sup id="cite_ref-Duffy133_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duffy133-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Church leaders were able to harness <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance humanism</a> inspired arts into their overall effort, there were also conflicts between clerics and humanists, such as during the heresy trials of <a href="/wiki/Johann_Reuchlin" title="Johann Reuchlin">Johann Reuchlin</a>. In 1509, a well known scholar of the age, <a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a>, wrote <i><a href="/wiki/The_Praise_of_Folly" class="mw-redirect" title="The Praise of Folly">The Praise of Folly</a>,</i> a work which captured a widely held unease about corruption in the Church.<sup id="cite_ref-Norman86_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norman86-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Papacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Papacy">Papacy</a> itself was questioned by <a href="/wiki/Conciliarism" title="Conciliarism">conciliarism</a> expressed in the councils of <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Constance" title="Council of Constance">Constance</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Basel" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Basel">Basel</a>. Real reforms during these <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Ecumenical_Councils" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Ecumenical Councils">ecumenical councils</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Lateran_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth Lateran Council">Fifth Lateran Council</a> were attempted several times but thwarted. They were seen as necessary but did not succeed in large measure because of internal feuds,<sup id="cite_ref-Franzen_65-78_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franzen_65-78-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ongoing conflicts with the Ottoman Empire and <a href="/wiki/Saracen" title="Saracen">Saracenes</a><sup id="cite_ref-Franzen_65-78_133-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franzen_65-78-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Simony" title="Simony">simony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cardinal-nephew" title="Cardinal-nephew">nepotism</a> practiced in the Renaissance Church of the 15th and early 16th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-Bokenkotter202_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bokenkotter202-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, rich, powerful and worldly men like Roderigo <a href="/wiki/House_of_Borgia" title="House of Borgia">Borgia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI" title="Pope Alexander VI">Pope Alexander VI</a>) were able to win election to the papacy.<sup id="cite_ref-Bokenkotter202_134-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bokenkotter202-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Duffy149_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duffy149-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reformation_era_wars">Reformation era wars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Reformation era wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Lateran_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth Lateran Council">Fifth Lateran Council</a> issued some but only minor reforms in March 1517. A few months later, on 31 October 1517, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> posted his <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ninety-Five_Theses" class="mw-redirect" title="The Ninety-Five Theses">Ninety-Five Theses</a></i> in public, hoping to spark debate.<sup id="cite_ref-Vidmar184_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vidmar184-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bokenkotter215_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bokenkotter215-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His theses protested key points of Catholic <a href="/wiki/Doctrine" title="Doctrine">doctrine</a> as well as the sale of <a href="/wiki/Indulgence" title="Indulgence">indulgences</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Vidmar184_136-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vidmar184-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bokenkotter215_137-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bokenkotter215-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Huldrych Zwingli">Huldrych Zwingli</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a>, and others also criticized Catholic teachings. These challenges, supported by powerful political forces in the region, developed into the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ConciseHistory2_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ConciseHistory2-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vidmar196_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vidmar196-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this era, many people emigrated from their homes to areas which tolerated or practiced their faith, although some lived as <a href="/wiki/Crypto-protestantism" class="mw-redirect" title="Crypto-protestantism">crypto-Protestants</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nicodemite" title="Nicodemite">Nicodemites</a>. </p><p>In Germany, the Reformation led to war between the Protestant <a href="/wiki/Schmalkaldic_League" title="Schmalkaldic League">Schmalkaldic League</a> and the Catholic Emperor <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a>. The first nine-year war ended in 1555 but continued tensions produced a far graver conflict, the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a>, which broke out in 1618.<sup id="cite_ref-Vidmar233_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vidmar233-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Netherlands, the wars of the Counter-Reformation were the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Revolt">Dutch Revolt</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a>, part of which was the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_J%C3%BClich_Succession" title="War of the Jülich Succession">War of the Jülich Succession</a> also including northwestern Germany. The <a href="/wiki/Cologne_War" title="Cologne War">Cologne War</a> (1583–89) was a conflict between <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> factions which devastated the <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Cologne" title="Electorate of Cologne">Electorate of Cologne</a>. After the archbishop ruling the area converted to Protestantism, Catholics elected another archbishop, <a href="/wiki/Ernest_of_Bavaria" title="Ernest of Bavaria">Ernst of Bavaria</a>, and successfully defeated him and his allies. </p><p>In France, a series of conflicts termed the <a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">French Wars of Religion</a> was fought from 1562 to 1598 between the <a href="/wiki/Huguenot" class="mw-redirect" title="Huguenot">Huguenots</a> and the forces of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_League_(French)" title="Catholic League (French)">French Catholic League</a>. A series of popes sided with and became financial supporters of the Catholic League.<sup id="cite_ref-Duffy177_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duffy177-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This ended under <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VIII" title="Pope Clement VIII">Pope Clement VIII</a>, who hesitantly accepted King <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry IV's</a> 1598 <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Nantes" title="Edict of Nantes">Edict of Nantes</a>, which granted civil and <a href="/wiki/Religious_toleration" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious toleration">religious toleration</a> to Protestants.<sup id="cite_ref-Vidmar233_140-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vidmar233-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Duffy177_141-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duffy177-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1565, several hundred <a href="/wiki/Fort_Caroline#Fort_Caroline_(1564–1565)" title="Fort Caroline">Huguenot shipwreck survivors</a> surrendered to the Spanish in Florida, believing they would be treated well. Although a Catholic minority in their party was spared, all of the rest were executed for heresy, with active clerical participation.<sup id="cite_ref-HendersonCommittee198987_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HendersonCommittee198987-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="England">England</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: England"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Martyrs_of_Guernsey_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Martyrs_of_Guernsey_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Martyrs_of_Guernsey_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Martyrs_of_Guernsey_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Martyrs_of_Guernsey_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Martyrs_of_Guernsey_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Martyrs_of_Guernsey_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1210" data-file-height="781" /></a><figcaption>When the Calvinist <a href="/wiki/Guernsey_Martyrs" title="Guernsey Martyrs">Guernsey Martyrs</a> were executed for heresy during the Marian persecutions, one of the women gave birth. Although the baby was rescued, priests nearby said the boy should burn due to having inherited moral stain from his mother.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">English Reformation</a> was ostensibly based on <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">Henry VIII</a>'s desire for annulment of his marriage with <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Aragon" title="Catherine of Aragon">Catherine of Aragon</a>, and was initially more of a political, and later a theological dispute.<sup id="cite_ref-scruton1996p470_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scruton1996p470-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Supremacy" title="Acts of Supremacy">Acts of Supremacy</a> made the English monarch head of the English church thereby establishing the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>. Then, beginning in 1536, some 825 monasteries throughout England, <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> and Ireland were <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Monasteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolution of the Monasteries">dissolved</a> and Catholic churches were confiscated.<sup id="cite_ref-Schama_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schama-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vidmar220_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vidmar220-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When he died in 1547 all monasteries, friaries, convents of nuns and shrines were destroyed or dissolved.<sup id="cite_ref-Vidmar220_146-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vidmar220-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gonzalez75_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gonzalez75-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Mary I of England</a> reunited the Church of England with Rome and, against the advice of the Spanish ambassador, persecuted Protestants during the <a href="/wiki/Marian_Persecutions" class="mw-redirect" title="Marian Persecutions">Marian Persecutions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Vidmar225_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vidmar225-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Haigh159_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haigh159-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After some provocation, the following monarch, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a> enforced the Act of Supremacy. This prevented Catholics from becoming members of professions, holding public office, voting or educating their children.<sup id="cite_ref-Vidmar225_148-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vidmar225-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Solt149_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Solt149-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_martyrs_of_the_English_Reformation" title="List of Catholic martyrs of the English Reformation">Executions of Catholics</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Protestant_martyrs_of_the_English_Reformation" title="List of Protestant martyrs of the English Reformation">dissenting Protestants</a> under Elizabeth I, who reigned much longer, then surpassed the Marian persecutions<sup id="cite_ref-Vidmar225_148-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vidmar225-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and persisted under subsequent English monarchs.<sup id="cite_ref-SchamaII_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SchamaII-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elizabeth I also executed other <a href="/wiki/Penal_Laws_(Ireland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Penal Laws (Ireland)">Penal laws</a> were also enacted in Ireland<sup id="cite_ref-jackson_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jackson-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but were less effective than in England.<sup id="cite_ref-Vidmar225_148-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vidmar225-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Norman132_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norman132-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In part because the Irish people associated Catholicism with nationhood and national identity, they resisted persistent English efforts to eliminate the Catholic Church.<sup id="cite_ref-Vidmar225_148-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vidmar225-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Norman132_153-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norman132-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Council_of_Trent">Council of Trent</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Council of Trent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historian <a href="/wiki/Diarmaid_MacCulloch" title="Diarmaid MacCulloch">Diarmaid MacCulloch</a>, in his book <i>The Reformation, A History</i> noted that through all the slaughter of the Reformation era emerged the valuable concept of religious toleration and an improved Catholic Church<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which responded to doctrinal challenges and abuses highlighted by the Reformation at the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a> (1545–1563). The council became the driving-force of the <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a>, and reaffirmed central Catholic doctrines such as <a href="/wiki/Transubstantiation" title="Transubstantiation">transubstantiation</a>, and the requirement for love and hope as well as faith to attain salvation.<sup id="cite_ref-Bokenkotter242_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bokenkotter242-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also reformed many other areas of importance to the Church, most importantly by improving the education of the clergy and consolidating the central jurisdiction of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Norman81_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norman81-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bokenkotter242_155-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bokenkotter242-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vidmar237_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vidmar237-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stift_melk_001_2004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Stift_melk_001_2004.jpg/300px-Stift_melk_001_2004.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Stift_melk_001_2004.jpg/450px-Stift_melk_001_2004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Stift_melk_001_2004.jpg/600px-Stift_melk_001_2004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2443" data-file-height="1523" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Melk_Abbey" title="Melk Abbey">Melk Abbey</a>—adjoining <a href="/wiki/Wachau_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Wachau Valley">Wachau Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lower_Austria" title="Lower Austria">Lower Austria</a>—exemplifies the <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> style.</figcaption></figure> <p>The decades after the council saw an <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent#Protestant_response" title="Council of Trent">intellectual dispute</a> between the Lutheran <a href="/wiki/Martin_Chemnitz" title="Martin Chemnitz">Martin Chemnitz</a> and the Catholic <a href="/wiki/Diogo_de_Payva_de_Andrada" class="mw-redirect" title="Diogo de Payva de Andrada">Diogo de Payva de Andrada</a> over whether certain statements matched the teachings of the Church Fathers and Scripture or not. The criticisms of the Reformation were among factors that sparked new <a href="/wiki/Religious_order" title="Religious order">religious orders</a> including the <a href="/wiki/Theatines" title="Theatines">Theatines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barnabites" title="Barnabites">Barnabites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a>, some of which became the great missionary orders of later years.<sup id="cite_ref-Norman91_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norman91-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spiritual renewal and reform were inspired by many new saints like <a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_Avila" class="mw-redirect" title="Teresa of Avila">Teresa of Avila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francis_de_Sales" title="Francis de Sales">Francis de Sales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philip_Neri" title="Philip Neri">Philip Neri</a> whose writings spawned distinct schools of spirituality within the Church (<a href="/wiki/Oratory_of_Saint_Philip_Neri" title="Oratory of Saint Philip Neri">Oratorians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carmelites" title="Carmelites">Carmelites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Salesian">Salesian</a>), etc.<sup id="cite_ref-Bokenkotter251_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bokenkotter251-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Improvement to the education of the laity was another positive effect of the era, with a proliferation of secondary schools reinvigorating higher studies such as history, philosophy and theology.<sup id="cite_ref-Vidmar241_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vidmar241-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To popularize Counter-Reformation teachings, the Church encouraged the <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> style in art, music and architecture. Baroque religious expression was stirring and emotional, created to stimulate religious fervor.<sup id="cite_ref-Murray45_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murray45-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Elsewhere, Jesuit missionary Francis Xavier introduced the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Japan" title="Catholic Church in Japan">Catholic Church in Japan</a>, and by the end of the 16th century tens of thousands of Japanese adhered. Church growth came to a halt in 1597 under the Shogun <a href="/wiki/Toyotomi_Hideyoshi" title="Toyotomi Hideyoshi">Toyotomi Hideyoshi</a> who, in an effort to isolate the country from foreign influences, launched a <a href="/wiki/Kirishitan#Early_Persecution" title="Kirishitan">severe persecution of Christians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Koschorke31_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koschorke31-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Japanese were forbidden to leave the country and Europeans were forbidden to enter. Despite this, a <a href="/wiki/Kakure_Kirishitan" title="Kakure Kirishitan">minority Christian population</a> survived into the 19th century when Japan opened more to outside influence, and they continue to the present day.<sup id="cite_ref-Koschorke31_161-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koschorke31-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McManners318_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McManners318-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Baroque,_Enlightenment_and_revolutions"><span id="Baroque.2C_Enlightenment_and_revolutions"></span>Baroque, Enlightenment and revolutions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Baroque, Enlightenment and revolutions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_17th_century" title="Christianity in the 17th century">Christianity in the 17th century</a> and <a href="/wiki/Modern_history_of_Christianity#Age_of_Enlightenment_(1640–1740)" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern history of Christianity">Modern history of Christianity § Age of Enlightenment (1640–1740)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marian_devotions">Marian devotions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Marian devotions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a> generated a revival of religious life and <a href="/wiki/Blessed_Virgin_Mary_(Roman_Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blessed Virgin Mary (Roman Catholic)">Marian devotions</a> in the Catholic Church. During the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Reformation</a>, the Church had defended its <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Mariology">Marian beliefs</a> against Protestant views. At the same time, the Catholic world was engaged in ongoing <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Wars_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Wars in Europe">Ottoman Wars in Europe</a> against Turkey which were fought and won under the auspices of the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a>. The victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto" title="Battle of Lepanto">Battle of Lepanto</a> (1571) was accredited to her "and signified the beginning of a strong resurgence of Marian devotions, focusing especially on Mary, the <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Heaven" title="Queen of Heaven">Queen of Heaven</a> and Earth and her powerful role as <a href="/wiki/Mediatrix" title="Mediatrix">mediatrix</a> of many graces".<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Colloquium_Marianum" title="Colloquium Marianum">Colloquium Marianum</a>, an elite group, and the <a href="/wiki/Sodality_of_Our_Lady" title="Sodality of Our Lady">Sodality of Our Lady</a> based their activities on a virtuous life, free of <a href="/wiki/Seven_deadly_sins" title="Seven deadly sins">cardinal sins</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_V" title="Pope Paul V">Pope Paul V</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gregory_XV" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregory XV">Gregory XV</a> ruled in 1617 and 1622 to be inadmissible to state, that the virgin was conceived non-immaculate. Supporting the belief that the virgin Mary, in the first instance of her conception was preserved free from all stain of original sin (aka Immaculate Conception) <a href="/wiki/Alexander_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander VII">Alexander VII</a> declared in 1661, that the soul of Mary was free from <a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">original sin</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_XI" title="Pope Clement XI">Pope Clement XI</a> ordered the feast of the <a href="/wiki/Immaculata" class="mw-redirect" title="Immaculata">Immaculata</a> for the whole Church in 1708. The feast of the <a href="/wiki/Rosary" title="Rosary">Rosary</a> was introduced in 1716, the feast of the Seven Sorrows in 1727. The <a href="/wiki/Angelus" title="Angelus">Angelus</a> prayer was strongly supported by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XIII" title="Pope Benedict XIII">Pope Benedict XIII</a> in 1724 and by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XIV" title="Pope Benedict XIV">Pope Benedict XIV</a> in 1742.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Popular Marian piety was even more colourful and varied than ever before: Numerous Marian <a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage" title="Pilgrimage">pilgrimages</a>, <i>Marian Salve</i> <a href="/wiki/Catholic_devotions" title="Catholic devotions">devotions</a>, new Marian <a href="/wiki/Litany" title="Litany">litanies</a>, Marian theatre plays, Marian <a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">hymns</a>, Marian <a href="/wiki/Procession" title="Procession">processions</a>. Marian <a href="/wiki/Fraternal_and_service_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Fraternal and service organizations">fraternities</a>, today mostly defunct, had millions of members.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacob_Ferdinand_Voet_-_Portrait_of_Innocenzo_XI_Odescalchi_(cropped).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Jacob_Ferdinand_Voet_-_Portrait_of_Innocenzo_XI_Odescalchi_%28cropped%29.jpeg/220px-Jacob_Ferdinand_Voet_-_Portrait_of_Innocenzo_XI_Odescalchi_%28cropped%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Jacob_Ferdinand_Voet_-_Portrait_of_Innocenzo_XI_Odescalchi_%28cropped%29.jpeg/330px-Jacob_Ferdinand_Voet_-_Portrait_of_Innocenzo_XI_Odescalchi_%28cropped%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Jacob_Ferdinand_Voet_-_Portrait_of_Innocenzo_XI_Odescalchi_%28cropped%29.jpeg/440px-Jacob_Ferdinand_Voet_-_Portrait_of_Innocenzo_XI_Odescalchi_%28cropped%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2293" data-file-height="2856" /></a><figcaption> After centuries of French opposition, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_XI" title="Pope Innocent XI">Pope Innocent XI</a> was beatified by <a href="/wiki/Pius_XII" class="mw-redirect" title="Pius XII">Pius XII</a> in 1956</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enlightenment_secularism">Enlightenment secularism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Enlightenment secularism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> constituted a new challenge of the Church. Unlike the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a>, which questioned certain Christian doctrines, the enlightenment questioned Christianity as a whole. Generally, it elevated human <a href="/wiki/Reason" title="Reason">reason</a> above divine <a href="/wiki/Revelation" title="Revelation">revelation</a> and down-graded religious authorities such as the <a href="/wiki/Papacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Papacy">papacy</a> based on it.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parallel the Church attempted to fend off <a href="/wiki/Gallicanism" title="Gallicanism">Gallicanism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Councilarism" class="mw-redirect" title="Councilarism">Councilarism</a>, ideologies which threatened the papacy and structure of the Church.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Toward the latter part of the 17th century, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_XI" title="Pope Innocent XI">Pope Innocent XI</a> viewed the increasing Turkish attacks against Europe, which were supported by France, as the major threat for the Church. He built a Polish-Austrian coalition for the Turkish defeat at Vienna in 1683. Scholars have called him a saintly pope because he reformed abuses by the Church, including <a href="/wiki/Simony" title="Simony">simony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepotism" title="Nepotism">nepotism</a> and the lavish papal expenditures that had caused him to inherit a papal debt of 50,000,000 <a href="/wiki/Italian_scudo" title="Italian scudo">scudi</a>. By eliminating certain honorary posts and introducing new fiscal policies, Innocent XI was able to regain control of the church's finances.<sup id="cite_ref-Duffy188_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duffy188-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_X" title="Pope Innocent X">Innocent X</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_XI" title="Pope Clement XI">Clement XI</a> battled <a href="/wiki/Jansenism" title="Jansenism">Jansenism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gallicanism" title="Gallicanism">Gallicanism</a>, which supported <a href="/wiki/Conciliarism" title="Conciliarism">Conciliarism</a>, and rejected papal primacy, demanding special concessions for the Church in France. This weakened the Church's ability to respond to <a href="/wiki/Gallicanism" title="Gallicanism">gallicanist</a> thinkers such as <a href="/wiki/Denis_Diderot" title="Denis Diderot">Denis Diderot</a>, who challenged fundamental doctrines of the Church.<sup id="cite_ref-Bokenkotter267_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bokenkotter267-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1685 gallicanist King <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a> of France issued the <a href="/wiki/Revocation_of_the_Edict_of_Nantes" class="mw-redirect" title="Revocation of the Edict of Nantes">Revocation of the Edict of Nantes</a>, ending a century of religious toleration. France forced Catholic theologians to support <a href="/wiki/Conciliarism" title="Conciliarism">conciliarism</a> and deny <a href="/wiki/Papal_infallibility" title="Papal infallibility">Papal infallibility</a>. The king threatened <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_XI" title="Pope Innocent XI">Pope Innocent XI</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Ecumenical_Councils" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Ecumenical Councils">general council</a> and a military take-over of the Papal state.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute</a> French State used Gallicanism to gain control of virtually all major Church appointments as well as many of the Church's properties.<sup id="cite_ref-Duffy188_168-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duffy188-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Norman137_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norman137-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> State authority over the Church became popular in other countries as well. In Belgium and Germany, Gallicanism appeared in the form of <a href="/wiki/Febronianism" title="Febronianism">Febronianism</a>, which rejected papal prerogatives in an equal fashion.<sup id="cite_ref-Franzen_328_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franzen_328-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Emperor <a href="/wiki/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor">Joseph II</a> of Austria (1780–1790) practiced <a href="/wiki/Josephinism" title="Josephinism">Josephinism</a> by regulating Church life, appointments, and massive confiscation of Church properties.<sup id="cite_ref-Franzen_328_172-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franzen_328-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 18th century is also the time of the Catholic Enlightenment, a multi-faceted reform movement.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Church_in_North_America">Church in North America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Church in North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In what is now the Western United States, the Catholic Church expanded its missionary activity but, until the 19th century, had to work in conjunction with the Spanish crown and military.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jun%C3%ADpero_Serra" title="Junípero Serra">Junípero Serra</a>, the Franciscan priest in charge of this effort, founded a series of missions and presidios in California which became important economic, political, and religious institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-Norman111_175-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norman111-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These missions brought grain, cattle and a new political and religious order to the Indian tribes of California. Coastal and overland routes were established from Mexico City and mission outposts in Texas and New Mexico that resulted 13 major California missions by 1781. European visitors brought new diseases that killed off a third of the native population.<sup id="cite_ref-King_176-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-King-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mexico shut down the missions in the 1820s and sold off the lands. Only in the 19th century, after the breakdown of most Spanish and Portuguese colonies, was the Vatican able to take charge of Catholic missionary activities through its <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_Fide" class="mw-redirect" title="Propaganda Fide">Propaganda Fide</a> organization.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Church_in_South_America">Church in South America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Church in South America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During this period the Church faced colonial abuses from the Portuguese and Spanish governments. In South America, the Jesuits protected native peoples from enslavement by establishing semi-independent settlements called <a href="/wiki/Jesuit_Reductions" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit Reductions">reductions</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XVI" title="Pope Gregory XVI">Pope Gregory XVI</a>, challenging Spanish and Portuguese sovereignty, appointed his own candidates as bishops in the colonies, condemned slavery and the <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">slave trade</a> in 1839 (papal bull <i><a href="/wiki/In_supremo_apostolatus" title="In supremo apostolatus">In supremo apostolatus</a></i>), and approved the ordination of native clergy in spite of government racism.<sup id="cite_ref-Duffy221_178-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duffy221-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jesuits">Jesuits</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Jesuits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jesuits_in_India">Jesuits in India</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Jesuits in India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_India" title="Christianity in India">Christianity in India</a> has a tradition of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christians" title="Saint Thomas Christians">St. Thomas</a> establishing the faith in Kerala. They are called St. Thomas Christians. The community was very small until the Jesuit <a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a> (1502–1552) began missionary work. <a href="/wiki/Roberto_de_Nobili" title="Roberto de Nobili">Roberto de Nobili</a> (1577–1656), a <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscan</a> <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuit</a> missionary to Southern India followed in his path. He pioneered <a href="/wiki/Inculturation" title="Inculturation">inculturation</a>, adopting many <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a> customs which were not, in his opinion, contrary to Christianity. He lived like a Brahmin, learned <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, and presented Christianity as a part of Indian beliefs, not identical with the Portuguese culture of the colonialists. He permitted the use of all customs, which in his view did not directly contradict Christian teachings. By 1640 there were 40,000 Christians in <a href="/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai">Madurai</a> alone. In 1632, Pope <a href="/wiki/Gregory_XV" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregory XV">Gregory XV</a> gave permission for this approach. But strong anti-Jesuit sentiments in Portugal, France, and even in Rome, resulted in a reversal. This ended the successful Catholic missions in India.<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 12 September 1744, <a href="/wiki/Benedict_XIV" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedict XIV">Benedict XIV</a> forbade the so-called <a href="/wiki/Malabar_rites" title="Malabar rites">Malabar rites</a> in India, with the result that leading Indian castes, who wanted to adhere to their traditional cultures, turned away from the Catholic Church.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_Revolution">French Revolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: French Revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_18th_century" title="Christianity in the 18th century">Christianity in the 18th century</a> and <a href="/wiki/Modern_history_of_Christianity#Revivalism_(1720–1906)" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern history of Christianity">Modern history of Christianity § Revivalism (1720–1906)</a></div> <p>The anti-clericalism of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> saw the wholesale nationalisation of church property and attempts to establish a state-run church. Large numbers of priests refused to take an oath of compliance to the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(French_Revolution)" title="National Assembly (French Revolution)">National Assembly</a>, leading to the Church being outlawed and replaced by a new religion of the worship of "Reason" but it never gained popularity. In this period, all monasteries were destroyed, 30,000 priests were exiled and hundreds more were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VI" title="Pope Pius VI">Pope Pius VI</a> sided against the revolution in the <a href="/wiki/First_Coalition" class="mw-redirect" title="First Coalition">First Coalition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I of France">Napoleon Bonaparte</a> invaded Italy. The 82-year-old pope was taken as a prisoner to France in February 1798 and soon died. To win popular support for his rule, Napoleon re-established the Catholic Church in France through the <a href="/wiki/Concordat_of_1801" title="Concordat of 1801">Concordat of 1801</a>. The church lands were never returned, however the priests and other religious were given salaries by the government, which maintained church properties through tax revenues. Catholics were allowed to continue some of their schools. The end of the Napoleonic wars, signaled by the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a>, brought Catholic revival and the return of the Papal States to the pope; the Jesuits were restored.<sup id="cite_ref-Duffy216_184-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duffy216-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="19th-century_France">19th-century France</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: 19th-century France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>France remained basically Catholic. The census of 1872 counted 36 million people, of whom 35.4 million were listed as Catholics, 600,000 as Protestants, 50,000 as Jews and 80,000 as freethinkers. The Revolution failed to destroy the Catholic Church, and Napoleon's concordat of 1801 restored its status. The return of the Bourbons in 1814 brought back many rich nobles and landowners who supported the Church, seeing it as a bastion of conservatism and monarchism. However the monasteries with their vast land holdings and political power were gone; much of the land had been sold to urban entrepreneurs who lacked historic connections to the land and the peasants. Few new priests were trained in the 1790–1814 period, and many left the church. The result was that the number of parish clergy plunged from 60,000 in 1790 to 25,000 in 1815, many of them elderly. Entire regions, especially around Paris, were left with few priests. On the other hand, some traditional regions held fast to the faith, led by local nobles and historic families.<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The comeback was slow—very slow in the larger cities and industrial areas. With systematic missionary work and a new emphasis on liturgy and devotions to the Virgin Mary, plus support from Napoleon III, there was a comeback. In 1870 there were 56,500 priests, representing a much younger and more dynamic force in the villages and towns, with a thick network of schools, charities and lay organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conservative Catholics held control of the national government, 1820–1830, but most often played secondary political roles or had to fight the assault from republicans, liberals, socialists and seculars.<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Third_Republic_1870–1940"><span id="Third_Republic_1870.E2.80.931940"></span>Third Republic 1870–1940</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Third Republic 1870–1940"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Throughout the lifetime of the Third Republic there were battles over the status of the Catholic Church. The French clergy and bishops were closely associated with the Monarchists and many of its hierarchy were from noble families. Republicans were based in the anticlerical middle class who saw the Church's alliance with the monarchists as a political threat to republicanism, and a threat to the modern spirit of progress. The Republicans detested the church for its political and class affiliations; for them, the church represented outmoded traditions, superstition and monarchism. The Republicans were strengthened by Protestant and Jewish support. Numerous laws were passed to weaken the Catholic Church. In 1879, priests were excluded from the administrative committees of hospitals and of boards of charity; in 1880, new measures were directed against the religious congregations; from 1880 to 1890 came the substitution of lay women for nuns in many hospitals. Napoleon's 1801 Concordat continued in operation but in 1881, the government cut off salaries to priests it disliked.<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1882 school laws of Republican <a href="/wiki/Jules_Ferry" title="Jules Ferry">Jules Ferry</a> set up a national system of public schools that taught strict puritanical morality but no religion.<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For a while privately funded Catholic schools were tolerated. Civil marriage became compulsory, divorce was introduced and chaplains were removed from the army.<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When <a href="/wiki/Leo_XIII" class="mw-redirect" title="Leo XIII">Leo XIII</a> became pope in 1878 he tried to calm Church-State relations. In 1884 he told French bishops not to act in a hostile manner to the State. In 1892 he issued an encyclical advising French Catholics to rally to the Republic and defend the Church by participating in Republican politics. This attempt at improving the relationship failed. Deep-rooted suspicions remained on both sides and were inflamed by the <a href="/wiki/Dreyfus_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Dreyfus Affair">Dreyfus Affair</a>. Catholics were for the most part anti-dreyfusard. The Assumptionists published anti-Semitic and anti-republican articles in their journal <i>La Croix</i>. This infuriated Republican politicians, who were eager to take revenge. Often they worked in alliance with Masonic lodges. The <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Waldeck-Rousseau" title="Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau">Waldeck-Rousseau Ministry</a> (1899–1902) and the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Combes" title="Émile Combes">Combes Ministry (1902–05)</a> fought with the Vatican over the appointment of bishops. Chaplains were removed from naval and military hospitals (1903–04), and soldiers were ordered not to frequent Catholic clubs (1904). Combes as Prime Minister in 1902, was determined to thoroughly defeat Catholicism. He closed down all parochial schools in France. Then he had parliament reject authorisation of all religious orders. This meant that all fifty four orders were dissolved and about 20,000 members immediately left France, many for Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/1905_French_law_on_the_separation_of_Church_and_State" class="mw-redirect" title="1905 French law on the separation of Church and State">1905 the 1801 Concordat was abrogated; Church and State were finally separated.</a> All Church property was confiscated. Public worship was given over to associations of Catholic laymen who controlled access to churches. In practise, Masses and rituals continued. The Church was badly hurt and lost half its priests. In the long run, however, it gained autonomy—for the State no longer had a voice in choosing bishops and Gallicanism was dead.<sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruinas_030.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Ruinas_030.jpg/300px-Ruinas_030.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Ruinas_030.jpg/450px-Ruinas_030.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Ruinas_030.jpg/600px-Ruinas_030.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>Church from the <a href="/wiki/Jesuit_Reductions" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit Reductions">Indian settlement</a> of <a href="/wiki/San_Ignacio_Min%C3%AD" title="San Ignacio Miní">San Ignacio Miní</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the end of the 19th century, Catholic missionaries followed colonial governments into Africa and built schools, hospitals, monasteries and churches.<sup id="cite_ref-Has398_195-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Has398-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They enthusiastically supported the colonial administration of the <a href="/wiki/French_Congo" title="French Congo">French Congo</a>, which forced the native populations of both territories to engage in large-scale forced labour, enforced through summary execution and mutilation. Catholic missionaries in the French Congo tried to prevent the French central government from stopping these atrocities <sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Industrial_age">Industrial age</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Industrial age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Modern_history_of_Christianity#Late_modern_history_(1848–present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern history of Christianity">Modern history of Christianity § Late modern history (1848–present)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_19th_century" title="Christianity in the 19th century">Christianity in the 19th century</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Vatican_Council">First Vatican Council</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: First Vatican Council"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before the council, in 1854 <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a> with the support of the overwhelming majority of Catholic Bishops, whom he had consulted between 1851 and 1853, proclaimed the <a href="/wiki/Dogma_(Roman_Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogma (Roman Catholic)">dogma</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1846, the Pope had granted the unanimous wish of the bishops from the United States, and declared the Immaculata the patron of the US.<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">First Vatican Council</a> (1869–1870) is now also called "Vatican One." Some 108 council delegates requested to add the words "Immaculate Virgin" to the <a href="/wiki/Hail_Mary" title="Hail Mary">Hail Mary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some also requested the dogma of the Immaculate Conception be included in the <a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">Creed</a> of the Church, which was opposed by Pius IX<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many French Catholics wished the dogmatization of Papal <a href="/wiki/Infallibility" title="Infallibility">infallibility</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">assumption of Mary</a> by the ecumenical council.<sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During <a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">Vatican One</a>, nine mariological petitions favoured a possible assumption dogma, which however was strongly opposed by some council fathers, especially from Germany. In 1870, the <a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">First Vatican Council</a> affirmed the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Papal_infallibility" title="Papal infallibility">papal infallibility</a> when exercised in specifically defined pronouncements.<sup id="cite_ref-Duffy232_202-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duffy232-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Controversy over this and other issues resulted in a very small breakaway movement called the <a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fahlbusch_203-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fahlbusch-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_teachings">Social teachings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Social teachings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LeoXIII1900.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/LeoXIII1900.jpg/220px-LeoXIII1900.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/LeoXIII1900.jpg/330px-LeoXIII1900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/LeoXIII1900.jpg/440px-LeoXIII1900.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1464" data-file-height="1897" /></a><figcaption>The Church was slow to react to the growing industrialization and impoverishment of workers, trying first to remediate the situation with increased charity. In 1891 <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a> issued <i><a href="/wiki/Rerum_novarum" title="Rerum novarum">Rerum novarum</a></i> in which the Church defined the dignity and rights of industrial workers.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> brought many concerns about the deteriorating working and living conditions of urban workers. Influenced by the German Bishop <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Emmanuel_Freiherr_von_Ketteler" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm Emmanuel Freiherr von Ketteler">Wilhelm Emmanuel Freiherr von Ketteler</a>, in 1891 <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a> published the encyclical <i><a href="/wiki/Rerum_novarum" title="Rerum novarum">Rerum novarum</a></i>, which set in context <a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a> in terms that rejected socialism but advocated the regulation of working conditions. <i>Rerum novarum</i> argued for the establishment of a living wage and the right of workers to form trade unions.<sup id="cite_ref-Duffy240_204-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duffy240-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Quadragesimo_anno" title="Quadragesimo anno">Quadragesimo anno</a></i> was issued by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI" title="Pope Pius XI">Pope Pius XI</a>, on 15 May 1931, 40 years after <i>Rerum novarum</i>. Unlike Leo, who addressed mainly the condition of workers, Pius XI concentrated on the ethical implications of the social and economic order. He called for the reconstruction of the social order based on the principle of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/solidarity" class="extiw" title="wikt:solidarity">solidarity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity_(Catholicism)" title="Subsidiarity (Catholicism)">subsidiarity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He noted major dangers for human freedom and dignity, arising from unrestrained capitalism and totalitarian communism. </p><p>The social teachings of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a> repeat these teachings, and apply them in greater detail not only to workers and owners of capital, but also to other professions such as politicians, educators, house-wives, farmers, <a href="/wiki/Bookkeeper" class="mw-redirect" title="Bookkeeper">bookkeepers</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_organization" title="International organization">international organizations</a>, and all aspects of life including the military. Going beyond Pius XI, he also defined social teachings in the areas of medicine, <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sport" title="Sport">sport</a>, television, science, law and education. <i>There is virtually no social issue, which Pius XII did not address and relate to the Christian faith.</i><sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was called <i>"the Pope of Technology,</i> for his willingness and ability to examine the social implications of technological advances. The dominant concern was the continued rights and dignity of the individual. With the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Space_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Space age">space age</a> at the end of his pontificate, Pius XII explored the social implications of space exploration and satellites on the social fabric of humanity asking for a new sense of community and solidarity in light of existing <a href="/wiki/Social_teachings_of_the_papacy" title="Social teachings of the papacy">papal teachings</a> on subsidiarity.<sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Role_of_women's_institutes"><span id="Role_of_women.27s_institutes"></span>Role of women's institutes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Role of women's institutes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gibson_and_Mother_Marianne_Cope.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Gibson_and_Mother_Marianne_Cope.jpg/220px-Gibson_and_Mother_Marianne_Cope.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Gibson_and_Mother_Marianne_Cope.jpg/330px-Gibson_and_Mother_Marianne_Cope.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Gibson_and_Mother_Marianne_Cope.jpg/440px-Gibson_and_Mother_Marianne_Cope.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="520" /></a><figcaption>Catholic Sisters and the leper children of Hawaii in 1886. Catholic women like St <a href="/wiki/Marianne_Cope" title="Marianne Cope">Marianne Cope</a> played a central role in developing and running of many the modern world's education and health care systems.</figcaption></figure> <p>Catholic women have played a prominent role in providing education and health services in keeping with Catholic social teaching. Ancient orders like the <a href="/wiki/Carmelites" title="Carmelites">Carmelites</a> had engaged in social work for centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 19th century saw a new flowering of institutes for women, dedicated to the provision of health and education services – of these the <a href="/wiki/Salesian_Sisters_of_Don_Bosco" title="Salesian Sisters of Don Bosco">Salesian Sisters of Don Bosco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claretian_Sisters" title="Claretian Sisters">Claretian Sisters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Franciscan_Missionaries_of_Mary" title="Franciscan Missionaries of Mary">Franciscan Missionaries of Mary</a> became among the largest Catholic women's religious institutes of all.<sup id="cite_ref-catholicculture.org_209-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-catholicculture.org-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_Mercy" title="Sisters of Mercy">Sisters of Mercy</a> was founded by <a href="/wiki/Catherine_McAuley" title="Catherine McAuley">Catherine McAuley</a> in Ireland in 1831, and her nuns went on to establish hospitals and schools across the world.<sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Little_Sisters_of_the_Poor" title="Little Sisters of the Poor">Little Sisters of the Poor</a> was founded in the mid-19th century by Saint <a href="/wiki/Jeanne_Jugan" title="Jeanne Jugan">Jeanne Jugan</a> near Rennes, France, to care for the many impoverished elderly who lined the streets of French towns and cities.<sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Britain's Australian colonies, Australia's first canonized Saint, <a href="/wiki/Mary_MacKillop" title="Mary MacKillop">Mary MacKillop</a>, co-founded the <a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_St._Joseph_of_the_Sacred_Heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Sisters of St. Joseph of the Sacred Heart">Sisters of St. Joseph of the Sacred Heart</a> as an educative religious institute for the poor in 1866, going on to establish schools, orphanages and refuges for the needy.<sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1872, the <a href="/wiki/Salesian_Sisters_of_Don_Bosco" title="Salesian Sisters of Don Bosco">Salesian Sisters of Don Bosco</a> (also called Daughters of Mary Help of Christians) was founded by <a href="/wiki/Maria_Domenica_Mazzarello" title="Maria Domenica Mazzarello">Maria Domenica Mazzarello</a>. The teaching order was to become the modern world's largest institute for women, with around 14,000 members in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-catholicculture.org_209-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-catholicculture.org-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saint <a href="/wiki/Marianne_Cope" title="Marianne Cope">Marianne Cope</a> opened and operated some of the first general hospitals in the United States, instituting cleanliness standards which influenced the development of America's modern hospital system.<sup id="cite_ref-214" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in the United States, Saint <a href="/wiki/Katharine_Drexel" title="Katharine Drexel">Katharine Drexel</a> founded <a href="/wiki/Xavier_University_of_Louisiana" title="Xavier University of Louisiana">Xavier University of Louisiana</a> to assist African and Native Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-215" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mariology">Mariology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Mariology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Madonna_and_Child_(Filippo_Lippi).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Madonna_and_Child_%28Filippo_Lippi%29.jpg/220px-Madonna_and_Child_%28Filippo_Lippi%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Madonna_and_Child_%28Filippo_Lippi%29.jpg/330px-Madonna_and_Child_%28Filippo_Lippi%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Madonna_and_Child_%28Filippo_Lippi%29.jpg/440px-Madonna_and_Child_%28Filippo_Lippi%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="910" /></a><figcaption><i>Madonna and Child</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Filippo_Lippi" title="Filippo Lippi">Filippo Lippi</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Popes have always highlighted the inner link between the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a> as <a href="/wiki/Mother_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother of God">Mother of God</a> and the full acceptance of Jesus Christ as <a href="/wiki/Son_of_God" title="Son of God">Son of God</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-217" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the 19th century, they were highly important for the development of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Mariology">mariology</a> to explain the <a href="/wiki/Blessed_Virgin_Mary_(Roman_Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blessed Virgin Mary (Roman Catholic)">veneration of Mary</a> through their decisions not only in the area of Marian beliefs (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariology(RC)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mariology(RC) (page does not exist)">Mariology</a>) but also Marian practices and <a href="/wiki/Catholic_devotions" title="Catholic devotions">devotions</a>. Before the 19th century, Popes promulgated Marian veneration by authorizing new Marian <a href="/wiki/Feast_days" class="mw-redirect" title="Feast days">feast days</a>, prayers, initiatives, the acceptance and support of Marian congregations.<sup id="cite_ref-218" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-219" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the 19th century, Popes begin to use encyclicals more frequently. Thus <a href="/wiki/Leo_XIII" class="mw-redirect" title="Leo XIII">Leo XIII</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rosary_Pope" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosary Pope">Rosary Pope</a> issued eleven Marian encyclicals. Recent Popes promulgated the veneration of the Blessed Virgin with two <a href="/wiki/Dogma" title="Dogma">dogmas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pius_IX" class="mw-redirect" title="Pius IX">Pius IX</a> the <a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a> in 1854 and the <a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption of Mary</a> in 1950 by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a>. Pius XII also promulgated the new feast <a href="/wiki/Queenship_of_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Queenship of Mary">Queenship of Mary</a> celebrating Mary as <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Heaven" title="Queen of Heaven">Queen of Heaven</a> and he introduced the first ever <a href="/wiki/Marian_year" title="Marian year">Marian year</a> in 1954, a second one was proclaimed by <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_II" class="mw-redirect" title="John Paul II">John Paul II</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pius_IX" class="mw-redirect" title="Pius IX">Pius IX</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pius_XI" class="mw-redirect" title="Pius XI">Pius XI</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pius_XII" class="mw-redirect" title="Pius XII">Pius XII</a> facilitated the veneration of <a href="/wiki/Marian_apparition" title="Marian apparition">Marian apparitions</a> such as in <a href="/wiki/Lourdes" title="Lourdes">Lourdes</a> and <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1tima,_Portugal" title="Fátima, Portugal">Fátima</a>. Later Popes such from <a href="/wiki/John_XXIII" class="mw-redirect" title="John XXIII">John XXIII</a> to <a href="/wiki/Benedict_XVI" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedict XVI">Benedict XVI</a> promoted the visit to <a href="/wiki/Marian_shrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Marian shrine">Marian shrines</a> (<a href="/wiki/Benedict_XVI" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedict XVI">Benedict XVI</a> in 2007 and 2008). The <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a> highlighted the importance of Marian veneration in <i><a href="/wiki/Lumen_gentium" title="Lumen gentium">Lumen gentium</a></i>. During the council, <a href="/wiki/Paul_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul VI">Paul VI</a> proclaimed Mary to be the <a href="/wiki/Mother_of_the_Church" title="Mother of the Church">Mother of the Church</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-clericalism">Anti-clericalism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Anti-clericalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_20th_century" title="Christianity in the 20th century">Christianity in the 20th century</a></div> <p>The 20th century saw the rise of various politically <a href="/wiki/Political_radicalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Political radicalism">radical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-clerical" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-clerical">anti-clerical</a> governments. The 1926 <a href="/wiki/Calles_Law" title="Calles Law">Calles Law</a> separating church and state in Mexico led to the <a href="/wiki/Cristero_War" title="Cristero War">Cristero War</a><sup id="cite_ref-Chadwick264_220-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chadwick264-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which over 3,000 priests were exiled or assassinated,<sup id="cite_ref-Scheina_221-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scheina-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> churches desecrated, services mocked, nuns raped and captured priests shot.<sup id="cite_ref-Chadwick264_220-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chadwick264-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Soviet Union following the 1917 <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik Revolution">Bolshevik Revolution</a>, persecution of the Church and Catholics continued well into the 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-222" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to the execution and exiling of clerics, monks and laymen, the confiscation of religious implements and closure of churches was common.<sup id="cite_ref-Riasanovsky_634_223-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Riasanovsky_634-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 1936–39 <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>, the Catholic hierarchy supported <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a>'s rebel <a href="/wiki/Spanish_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish State">Nationalist</a> forces against the <a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_(Spain)" title="Popular Front (Spain)">Popular Front</a> government,<sup id="cite_ref-payne_224-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-payne-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> citing <a href="/wiki/Red_Terror_(Spain)" title="Red Terror (Spain)">Republican violence</a> directed against the Church.<sup id="cite_ref-Alonso_225-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alonso-225"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Church had been an active element in the polarising politics of the years preceding the Civil War.<sup id="cite_ref-226" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI" title="Pope Pius XI">Pope Pius XI</a> referred to these three countries as a "terrible triangle"<sup id="cite_ref-227" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-227"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the failure to protest in Europe and the United States as a "conspiracy of silence".<sup id="cite_ref-228" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dictatorships">Dictatorships</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Dictatorships"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Italy">Italy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pope <a href="/wiki/Pius_XI" class="mw-redirect" title="Pius XI">Pius XI</a> aimed to end the long breach between the papacy and the Italian government and to gain recognition once more of the sovereign independence of the Holy See. Most of the Papal States had been seized by the armies of King <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_II_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Emmanuel II of Italy">Victor Emmanuel II of Italy</a> (1861–1878) in 1860 seeking <a href="/wiki/Italian_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian unification">Italian unification</a>. Rome itself was seized by force in 1870 and the pope became the "<a href="/wiki/Prisoner_in_the_Vatican" title="Prisoner in the Vatican">prisoner in the Vatican</a>." The Italian government's policies had always been anti-clerical until the First World War, when some compromises were reached.<sup id="cite_ref-229" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-229"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vatican_City_annex.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Vatican_City_annex.jpg/220px-Vatican_City_annex.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Vatican_City_annex.jpg/330px-Vatican_City_annex.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Vatican_City_annex.jpg/440px-Vatican_City_annex.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="818" /></a><figcaption>Boundary map of <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></figcaption></figure> <p>To bolster his own dictatorial Fascist regime, <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> was also eager for an agreement. Agreement was reached in 1929 with the <a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaties" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateran Treaties">Lateran Treaties</a>, which helped both sides.<sup id="cite_ref-230" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-230"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>227<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the terms of the first treaty, <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a> was given sovereignty as an independent nation in return for the Vatican relinquishing its claim to the former territories of the Papal States. Pius XI thus became a head of a tiny state with its own territory, army, radio station, and diplomatic representation. The Concordat of 1929 made Catholicism the sole religion of Italy (although other religions were tolerated), paid salaries to priests and bishops, recognized church marriages (previously couples had to have a civil ceremony), and brought religious instruction into the public schools. In turn the bishops swore allegiance to the Italian state, which had a veto power over their selection.<sup id="cite_ref-231" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-231"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Church was not officially obligated to support the Fascist regime; the strong differences remained but the seething hostility ended. The Church especially endorsed foreign policies such as support for the anti-Communist side in the Spanish Civil War, and support for the conquest of Ethiopia. Friction continued over the Catholic Action youth network, which Mussolini wanted to merge into his Fascist youth group. A compromise was reached with only the Fascists allowed to sponsor sports teams.<sup id="cite_ref-232" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-232"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>229<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Italy paid the Vatican 1750 million lira (about $100 million) for the seizures of church property since 1860. Pius XI invested the money in the stock markets and real estate. To manage these investments, the Pope appointed the lay-person <a href="/wiki/Bernardino_Nogara" title="Bernardino Nogara">Bernardino Nogara</a>, who through shrewd investing in stocks, gold, and futures markets, significantly increased the Catholic Church's financial holdings. The income largely paid for the upkeep of the expensive-to-maintain stock of historic buildings in the Vatican which previously had been maintained through funds raised from the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a> up until 1870. </p><p>The Vatican's relationship with Mussolini's government deteriorated drastically after 1930 as Mussolini's totalitarian ambitions began to impinge more and more on the autonomy of the Church. For example, the Fascists tried to absorb the Church's youth groups. In response Pius XI issued the encyclical <i><a href="/wiki/Non_abbiamo_bisogno" title="Non abbiamo bisogno">Non abbiamo bisogno</a></i> ("We Have No Need)") in 1931. It denounced the regime's persecution of the church in Italy and condemned "pagan worship of the State."<sup id="cite_ref-233" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-233"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>230<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Austria_and_Nazi_Germany">Austria and Nazi Germany</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Austria and Nazi Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI_and_Germany" title="Pope Pius XI and Germany">Pope Pius XI and Germany</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R24391,_Konkordatsunterzeichnung_in_Rom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R24391%2C_Konkordatsunterzeichnung_in_Rom.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R24391%2C_Konkordatsunterzeichnung_in_Rom.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R24391%2C_Konkordatsunterzeichnung_in_Rom.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R24391%2C_Konkordatsunterzeichnung_in_Rom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R24391%2C_Konkordatsunterzeichnung_in_Rom.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R24391%2C_Konkordatsunterzeichnung_in_Rom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="440" /></a><figcaption>Signing of the <i><a href="/wiki/Reichskonkordat" title="Reichskonkordat">Reichskonkordat</a></i> on 20 July 1933. From left to right: German prelate <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Kaas" title="Ludwig Kaas">Ludwig Kaas</a>, German Vice-Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Papen" title="Franz von Papen">Franz von Papen</a>, representing Germany, Monsignor <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Pizzardo" title="Giuseppe Pizzardo">Giuseppe Pizzardo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Cardinal Pacelli</a>, Monsignor <a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Ottaviani" title="Alfredo Ottaviani">Alfredo Ottaviani</a>, German ambassador <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Buttmann" title="Rudolf Buttmann">Rudolf Buttmann</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Vatican supported the right-wing <a href="/wiki/Christian_Socialist_Party_(Austria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Socialist Party (Austria)">Christian Socialists</a> in Austria, a country with a majority Catholic population but a powerful secular element. Pope Pius XI favored the regime of <a href="/wiki/Engelbert_Dollfuss" title="Engelbert Dollfuss">Engelbert Dollfuss</a> (1932–34), who wanted to remold society based on papal encyclicals. Dollfuss suppressed the anti-clerical elements and the socialists, but was assassinated by the Austrian Nazis in 1934. His successor <a href="/wiki/Kurt_von_Schuschnigg" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurt von Schuschnigg">Kurt von Schuschnigg</a> (1934–38) was also pro-Catholic and received Vatican support. Germany annexed Austria in 1938 and imposed its own policies.<sup id="cite_ref-234" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-234"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>231<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pius XI was prepared to negotiate concordats with any country that was willing to do so, thinking that written treaties were the best way to protect the Church's rights against governments increasingly inclined to interfere in such matters. Twelve concordats were signed during his reign with various types of governments, including some German state governments. When <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> became Chancellor of Germany on 30 January 1933 and asked for a concordat, Pius XI accepted. The <a href="/wiki/Reichskonkordat" title="Reichskonkordat">Concordat</a> of 1933 included guarantees of liberty for the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Nazi_Germany" title="Catholic Church and Nazi Germany">Church in Nazi Germany</a>, independence for Catholic organisations and youth groups, and religious teaching in schools.<sup id="cite_ref-235" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-235"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>232<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nazi ideology was spearheaded by <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_SS" title="Ideology of the SS">SS</a>. In the struggle for total control over German minds and bodies, the SS developed an anti-religious agenda.<sup id="cite_ref-236" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-236"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>233<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No Catholic or Protestant chaplains were allowed in its units (although they were allowed in the regular army). Himmler established a special unit to identify and eliminate Catholic influences. The SS decided the German Catholic Church was a serious threat to its hegemony and while it was too strong to be abolished it was partly stripped of its influence, for example by closing its youth clubs and publications.<sup id="cite_ref-237" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-237"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>234<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After repeated violations of the Concordat, Pope Pius XI issued the 1937 encyclical <i><a href="/wiki/Mit_brennender_Sorge" title="Mit brennender Sorge">Mit brennender Sorge</a></i> which publicly condemned the Nazis' persecution of the Church and their ideology of neopaganism and racial superiority.<sup id="cite_ref-238" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-238"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>235<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the Second World War began in September 1939, the Church condemned the invasion of Poland and subsequent 1940 Nazi invasions.<sup id="cite_ref-Cook983_239-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cook983-239"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>236<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">Holocaust</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a> directed the Church hierarchy to help <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_and_the_Holocaust" title="Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust">protect Jews and Gypsies from the Nazis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-240" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-240"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>237<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Pius XII has been credited with helping to save hundreds of thousands of Jews,<sup id="cite_ref-Deák_241-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deák-241"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>238<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Church has also been accused of <a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_antisemitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity and antisemitism">antisemitism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-242" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-242"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>239<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Albert Einstein, addressing the Catholic Church's role during the Holocaust, said the following: "Being a lover of freedom, when the revolution came in Germany, I looked to the universities to defend it, knowing that they had always boasted of their devotion to the cause of truth; but, no, the universities immediately were silenced. Then I looked to the great editors of the newspapers whose flaming editorials in days gone by had proclaimed their love of freedom; but they, like the universities, were silenced in a few short weeks... Only the Church stood squarely across the path of Hitler's campaign for suppressing truth. I never had any special interest in the Church before, but now I feel a great affection and admiration because the Church alone has had the courage and persistence to stand for intellectual truth and moral freedom. I am forced thus to confess that what I once despised I now praise unreservedly."<sup id="cite_ref-243" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-243"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>240<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other commentators have accused Pius of not doing enough to stop Nazi atrocities.<sup id="cite_ref-Phayer_244-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phayer-244"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>241<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Debate over the validity of these criticisms continues to this day.<sup id="cite_ref-Deák_241-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deák-241"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>238<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">dismembered Yugoslavia</a>, the church favoured the Nazi-installed Croatian Catholic fascist <a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Ustaše</a> regime due to its anti-communist ideology and for the potential to reinstate Catholic influence in the region following the dissolution of <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Phayer2000p32_245-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phayer2000p32-245"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>242<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite being informed of the regime's <a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">genocide against Orthodox Serbs</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">Jews</a> and other non-Croats, the church did not publicly speak out against it, preferring to exert pressure through diplomacy.<sup id="cite_ref-246" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-246"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>243<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In assessing the Vatican's position, historian <a href="/wiki/Jozo_Tomasevich" title="Jozo Tomasevich">Jozo Tomasevich</a> writes that "it seems the Catholic Church fully supported the [Ustaše] regime and its policies."<sup id="cite_ref-247" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-247"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>244<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-Industrial_age">Post-Industrial age</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Post-Industrial age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Vatican_Council">Second Vatican Council</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Second Vatican Council"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church_since_1962" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Catholic Church since 1962">History of the Catholic Church since 1962</a></div> <p>The Catholic Church engaged in a comprehensive process of reform following the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a> (1962–65).<sup id="cite_ref-Duffy272_248-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duffy272-248"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>245<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Intended as a continuation of Vatican I, under <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a> the council developed into an engine of modernisation.<sup id="cite_ref-Duffy272_248-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duffy272-248"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>245<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-249" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-249"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>246<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was tasked with making the historical teachings of the Church clear to a modern world, and made pronouncements on topics including the nature of the church, the mission of the laity and religious freedom.<sup id="cite_ref-Duffy272_248-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duffy272-248"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>245<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The council approved a revision of the liturgy and permitted the <a href="/wiki/Latin_liturgical_rites" title="Latin liturgical rites">Latin liturgical rites</a> to use vernacular languages as well as <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> during mass and other sacraments.<sup id="cite_ref-Paulvi_250-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paulvi-250"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>247<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Efforts by the Church to improve <a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Christian unity</a> became a priority.<sup id="cite_ref-Duffy274_251-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duffy274-251"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>248<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to finding common ground on certain issues with Protestant churches, the Catholic Church has discussed the possibility of unity with the Eastern Orthodox Church.<sup id="cite_ref-252" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-252"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>249<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reforms">Reforms</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Reforms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Changes to old rites and ceremonies following Vatican II produced a variety of responses. Some stopped going to church, while others tried to preserve the old liturgy with the help of sympathetic priests.<sup id="cite_ref-Bokenkotter410_253-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bokenkotter410-253"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>250<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These formed the basis of today's <a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditionalist Catholic">Traditionalist Catholic</a> groups, which believe that the reforms of Vatican II have gone too far. <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Christianity" title="Liberal Christianity">Liberal</a> Catholics form another dissenting group who feel that the Vatican II reforms did not go far enough. The liberal views of theologians such as <a href="/wiki/Hans_K%C3%BCng" title="Hans Küng">Hans Küng</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Curran_(theologian)" title="Charles Curran (theologian)">Charles Curran</a>, led to Church withdrawal of their authorization to teach as Catholics.<sup id="cite_ref-254" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-254"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>251<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Catholic historian Thomas Bokenkotter, most Catholics "accepted the changes more or less gracefully."<sup id="cite_ref-Bokenkotter410_253-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bokenkotter410-253"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>250<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2007, <a href="/wiki/Benedict_XVI" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedict XVI">Benedict XVI</a> eased permission for the optional old Mass to be celebrated upon request by the faithful.<sup id="cite_ref-255" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-255"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>252<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/1983_Code_of_Canon_Law" title="1983 Code of Canon Law">new <i>Codex Iuris Canonici</i></a>, called for by <a href="/wiki/John_XXIII" class="mw-redirect" title="John XXIII">John XXIII</a>, was promulgated by <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> on 25 January 1983. This new Code of Canon Law includes numerous reforms and alterations in Church law and Church discipline for the Latin Church. It replaced the <a href="/wiki/1917_Code_of_Canon_Law" title="1917 Code of Canon Law">1917 Code of Canon Law</a> issued by <a href="/wiki/Benedict_XV" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedict XV">Benedict XV</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theology">Theology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Theology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modernism">Modernism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Modernism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Modernism in the Catholic Church">Modernism in the Catholic Church</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Liberation_theology">Liberation theology</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Liberation theology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1960s, growing social awareness and politicization in the Latin American Church gave birth to <a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">liberation theology</a>. The Peruvian priest, <a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Gustavo Gutiérrez">Gustavo Gutiérrez</a>, became its primary proponent<sup id="cite_ref-LTBBC_256-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LTBBC-256"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>253<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, in 1979, the bishops' conference in Mexico officially declared the Latin American Church's "preferential option for the poor".<sup id="cite_ref-257" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-257"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>254<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archbishop <a href="/wiki/%C3%93scar_Romero" title="Óscar Romero">Óscar Romero</a>, a supporter of aspects of the movement, became the region's most famous contemporary martyr in 1980, when he was murdered while celebrating Mass by forces allied with the government.<sup id="cite_ref-258" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-258"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>255<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a> (as Cardinal Ratzinger) denounced the movement.<sup id="cite_ref-259" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-259"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>256<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Brazilian theologian <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Boff" title="Leonardo Boff">Leonardo Boff</a> was twice ordered to cease publishing and teaching.<sup id="cite_ref-260" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-260"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>257<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Pope John Paul II was criticized for his severity in dealing with proponents of the movement, he maintained that the Church, in its efforts to champion the poor, should not do so by resorting to violence or partisan politics.<sup id="cite_ref-LTBBC_256-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LTBBC-256"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>253<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The movement is still alive in Latin America today, though the Church now faces the challenge of Pentecostal <a href="/wiki/Christian_revival" title="Christian revival">revival</a> in much of the region.<sup id="cite_ref-261" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-261"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>258<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sexuality_and_gender_issues">Sexuality and gender issues</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Sexuality and gender issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Sexual_revolution" title="Sexual revolution">sexual revolution</a> of the 1960s brought challenging issues for the Church. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a>'s 1968 encyclical <i><a href="/wiki/Humanae_Vitae" class="mw-redirect" title="Humanae Vitae">Humanae Vitae</a></i> reaffirmed the Catholic Church's traditional view of marriage and marital relations and asserted a continued proscription of <a href="/wiki/Contraception" class="mw-redirect" title="Contraception">artificial birth control</a>. In addition, the encyclical reaffirmed the sanctity of life from conception to <a href="/wiki/Death_by_natural_causes" class="mw-redirect" title="Death by natural causes">natural death</a> and asserted a continued condemnation of both abortion and <a href="/wiki/Euthanasia" title="Euthanasia">euthanasia</a> as grave sins which were equivalent to murder.<sup id="cite_ref-262" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-262"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>259<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Norman184_263-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norman184-263"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>260<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The efforts to lead the Church to consider the <a href="/wiki/Ordination_of_women" title="Ordination of women">ordination of women</a> led Pope John Paul II to issue two documents to explain Church teaching. <i><a href="/wiki/Mulieris_Dignitatem" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulieris Dignitatem">Mulieris Dignitatem</a></i> was issued in 1988 to clarify women's <a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">equally important and complementary</a> role in the work of the Church.<sup id="cite_ref-264" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-264"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>261<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bokenkotter467_265-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bokenkotter467-265"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>262<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then in 1994, <i><a href="/wiki/Ordinatio_sacerdotalis" title="Ordinatio sacerdotalis">Ordinatio sacerdotalis</a></i> explained that the Church extends ordination only to men in order to follow the example of Jesus, who chose only men for this specific duty.<sup id="cite_ref-Benedict180_266-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benedict180-266"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>263<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-267" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-267"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>264<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-268" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-268"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>265<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Catholicism_today">Catholicism today</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Catholicism today"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_21st_century" title="Christianity in the 21st century">Christianity in the 21st century</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catholic-Eastern_Orthodox_dialogue">Catholic-Eastern Orthodox dialogue</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Catholic-Eastern Orthodox dialogue"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In June 2004, the <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecumenical Patriarch">Ecumenical Patriarch</a> Bartholomew I's visited Rome on the <a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Saints_Peter_and_Paul" title="Feast of Saints Peter and Paul">Feast of Saints Peter and Paul</a> (29 June) for another personal meeting with Pope John Paul II, for conversations with the <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Council_for_Promoting_Christian_Unity" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity">Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity</a> and for taking part in the celebration for the feast day in <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a>. </p><p>The Patriarch's partial participation in the Eucharistic liturgy at which the Pope presided followed the program of the past visits of Patriarch Dimitrios (1987) and <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Bartholomew_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarch Bartholomew I">Patriarch Bartholomew I</a> himself: full participation in the <a href="/wiki/Liturgy_of_the_Word" class="mw-redirect" title="Liturgy of the Word">Liturgy of the Word</a>, joint proclamation by the Pope and by the Patriarch of the profession of faith according to the <a href="/wiki/Nicene-Constantinopolitan_Creed" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed">Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed</a> in Greek and as the conclusion, the final Blessing imparted by both the Pope and the Patriarch at the Altar of the Confessio.<sup id="cite_ref-269" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-269"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>266<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Patriarch did not fully participate in the Liturgy of the Eucharist involving the consecration and distribution of the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a> itself.<sup id="cite_ref-270" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-270"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>267<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-271" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-271"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>268<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In accordance with the Catholic Church's practice of including the <a href="/wiki/Filioque_clause" class="mw-redirect" title="Filioque clause">Filioque clause</a> when reciting the Creed in Latin,<sup id="cite_ref-272" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-272"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>269<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but not when reciting the Creed in Greek,<sup id="cite_ref-273" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-273"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>270<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Popes <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_II" class="mw-redirect" title="John Paul II">John Paul II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benedict_XVI" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedict XVI">Benedict XVI</a> have recited the Nicene Creed jointly with Patriarchs <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Demetrius_I_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarch Demetrius I of Constantinople">Demetrius I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Bartholomew I">Bartholomew I</a> in Greek without the <i>Filioque</i> clause.<sup id="cite_ref-274" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-274"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>271<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-275" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-275"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>272<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The action of these Patriarchs in reciting the Creed together with the Popes has been strongly criticized by some elements of Eastern Orthodoxy, such as the Metropolitan of Kalavryta, Greece, in November 2008<sup id="cite_ref-276" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-276"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>273<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Ravenna" class="mw-redirect" title="Declaration of Ravenna">declaration of Ravenna</a> in 2007 re-asserted these beliefs, and re-stated the notion that the bishop of Rome is indeed the <i>protos</i>, although future discussions are to be held on the concrete ecclesiological exercise of papal primacy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sex_abuse_cases">Sex abuse cases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Sex abuse cases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Catholic_sex_abuse_cases" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic sex abuse cases">Catholic sex abuse cases</a></div> <p>Major lawsuits emerged in numerous countries in recent decades claiming that <a href="/wiki/Catholic_sex_abuse_cases" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic sex abuse cases">priests had sexually abused minors</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bruni336_277-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bruni336-277"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>274<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to the ensuing scandals, the Church has established formal procedures to prevent abuse, encourage reporting of any abuse that occurs and to handle such reports promptly, although groups representing victims have disputed their effectiveness.<sup id="cite_ref-278" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-278"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>275<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some priests resigned, others were defrocked and jailed,<sup id="cite_ref-279" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-279"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>276<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and there were financial settlements with many victims.<sup id="cite_ref-Bruni336_277-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bruni336-277"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>274<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Conference_of_Catholic_Bishops" title="United States Conference of Catholic Bishops">United States Conference of Catholic Bishops</a> commissioned a comprehensive study that found that four percent of all priests who served in the US from 1950 to 2002 had faced some sort of accusation of <a href="/wiki/Sexual_misconduct" title="Sexual misconduct">sexual misconduct</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Benedict_XVI">Benedict XVI</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Benedict XVI"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the election of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a> in 2005, the Church moved to the right. Benedict decentralized beatifications and reverted the decision of his predecessor regarding papal elections.<sup id="cite_ref-280" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-280"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>277<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2007, he set a Church record by approving the beatification of <a href="/wiki/498_Spanish_Martyrs" title="498 Spanish Martyrs">498 Spanish Martyrs</a>. His first encyclical <i><a href="/wiki/Deus_caritas_est" title="Deus caritas est">Deus caritas est</a></i> discussed love and sex in continued opposition to more liberal views on sexuality.<sup id="cite_ref-281" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-281"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>278<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-282" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-282"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>279<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Francis">Francis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Francis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the election of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> in 2013, following the <a href="/wiki/Resignation_of_Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Resignation of Pope Benedict XVI">resignation</a> of Benedict XVI, Francis is the current and first Jesuit pope, the first pope from the Americas, and the first from the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-283" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-283"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>280<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since his election to the papacy, he has displayed a simpler and less formal approach to the office, choosing to reside in the <a href="/wiki/Domus_Sanctae_Marthae" title="Domus Sanctae Marthae">Vatican guesthouse</a> rather than the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Palace" title="Apostolic Palace">papal residence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-284" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-284"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>281<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He has signalled numerous dramatic changes in policy as well—for example removing conservatives from high Vatican positions, calling on bishops to lead a simpler life, and taking a more pastoral attitude towards homosexuality.<sup id="cite_ref-285" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-285"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>282<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-286" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-286"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>283<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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href="/wiki/History_of_the_Papacy" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Papacy">History of the Papacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Political Catholicism">Political Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_the_Catholic_Church_in_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Role of the Catholic Church in civilization">Role of the Catholic Church in civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline of the Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Legal history of the Catholic Church">Legal history of the Catholic Church</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJoyce1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Joyce, George (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/The Pope"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/The_Pope">"The Pope" </a></span>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Pope&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Joyce&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span><br /><i>Regarding Peter as the first Bishop of Rome</i>, "It is not, however, difficult to show that the fact of his [Peter's] bishopric is so well attested as to be historically certain. In considering this point, it will be well to begin with the third century, when references to it become frequent, and work backwards from this point. In the middle of the third century St. Cyprian expressly terms the Roman See the Chair of St. Peter, saying that Cornelius has succeeded to "the place of Fabian which is the place of Peter" (Ep 55:8; cf. 59:14). Firmilian of Caesarea notices that Stephen claimed to decide the controversy regarding rebaptism on the ground that he held the succession from Peter (Cyprian, Ep. 75:17). He does not deny the claim: yet certainly, had he been able, he would have done so. Thus in 250 the Roman episcopate of Peter was admitted by those best able to know the truth, not merely at Rome but in the churches of Africa and of Asia Minor. In the first quarter of the century (about 220) Tertullian (De Pud. 21) mentions Callistus's claim that Peter's power to forgive sins had descended in a special manner to him. Had the Roman Church been merely founded by Peter and not reckoned him as its first bishop, there could have been no ground for such a contention. Tertullian, like Firmilian, had every motive to deny the claim. Moreover, he had himself resided at Rome, and would have been well aware if the idea of a Roman episcopate of Peter had been, as is contended by its opponents, a novelty dating from the first years of the third century, supplanting the older tradition according to which Peter and Paul were co-founders, and Linus first bishop. About the same period, Hippolytus (for Lightfoot is surely right in holding him to be the author of the first part of the "Liberian Catalogue" — "Clement of Rome", 1:259) reckons Peter in the list of Roman bishops...."<sup id="cite_ref-JoyceCE1913_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JoyceCE1913-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to several historians, including <a href="/wiki/Bart_D._Ehrman" title="Bart D. Ehrman">Bart D. Ehrman</a>, "Peter, in short, could not have been the first bishop of Rome, because the Roman church did not have <i>anyone</i> as its bishop until about a hundred years after Peter's death."<sup id="cite_ref-ehrman_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ehrman-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As examples, Bokenkotter cites that Sunday became a state day of rest, that harsher punishments were given for prostitution and adultery, and that some protections were given to slaves. (Bokenkotter, pp. 41–42.)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarry2001" class="citation book cs1">Barry, Msgr. John F. (2001). <i>One Faith One Lord: A Study of Basic Catholic Belief</i>. William H. Sadlier Incorporated. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0821522073" title="Special:BookSources/978-0821522073"><bdi>978-0821522073</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+Faith+One+Lord%3A+A+Study+of+Basic+Catholic+Belief&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=William+H.+Sadlier+Incorporated&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0821522073&rft.aulast=Barry&rft.aufirst=Msgr.+John+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a></i> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Publishing_House" title="Vatican Publishing House">Libreria Editrice Vaticana</a>. 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P29.HTM#:~:text=862%20">Paragraph 862</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft.pages=Paragraph+862&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Libreria+Editrice+Vaticana&rft.date=2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NatGeographic281-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NatGeographic281_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hitchcock, <i>Geography of Religion</i> (2004), p. 281, quote: "Some (Christian communities) had been evangelized by Peter, the disciple Jesus designated as the founder of His church. Once the position was institutionalized, historians looked back and recognized Peter as the first pope of the Christian church in Rome"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Norman11-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Norman11_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Norman, <i>The Roman Catholic Church an Illustrated History</i> (2007), pp. 11, 14, quote: "The Church was founded by Jesus Himself in His earthly lifetime.", "The apostolate was established in Rome, the world's capital when the church was inaugurated; it was there that the universality of the Christian teaching most obviously took its central directive–it was the bishops of Rome who very early on began to receive requests for adjudication on disputed points from other bishops."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chadwick37B-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chadwick37B_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chadwick37B_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chadwick37B_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chadwick, Henry, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-duffy18-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-duffy18_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-duffy18_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Duffy, p. 18.; "By the beginning of the third century the church at Rome was an acknowledged point of reference for Christians throughout the Mediterranean world, and might even function as a court of appeal."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Norman81-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Norman81_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Norman81_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Norman, <i>The Roman Catholic Church an Illustrated History</i> (2007), p. 81</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Roman-Catholicism">"Roman Catholicism"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180616055157/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Roman-Catholicism">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Roman+Catholicism&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FRoman-Catholicism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span> "The Roman Catholic Church traces its history to Jesus Christ and the Apostles."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kreeft98O-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kreeft98O_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kreeft, p. 980.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bokenkotter30-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bokenkotter30_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bokenkotter, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OneFaith46-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OneFaith46_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barry, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a></i> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Publishing_House" title="Vatican Publishing House">Libreria Editrice Vaticana</a>. 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P2A.HTM#:~:text=880%20">Paragraphs 880–881</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft.pages=Paragraphs+880-881&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Libreria+Editrice+Vaticana&rft.date=2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christian Bible, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2016:13–20&version=nrsv">Matthew 16:13–20</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/453832/Saint-Peter-the-Apostle/5630/Incidents-important-in-interpretations-of-Peter">"Saint Peter the Apostle: Incidents important in interpretations of Peter"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Saint+Peter+the+Apostle%3A+Incidents+important+in+interpretations+of+Peter&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F453832%2FSaint-Peter-the-Apostle%2F5630%2FIncidents-important-in-interpretations-of-Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JoyceCE1913-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JoyceCE1913_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JoyceCE1913_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoyce1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Joyce, George (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/The Pope"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/The_Pope">"The Pope" </a></span>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Pope&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Joyce&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131207211426/http://www.catholic.com/tracts/was-peter-in-rome">"Was Peter in Rome?"</a>. Catholic Answers. 10 August 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholic.com/tracts/was-peter-in-rome">the original</a> on 7 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2014</span>. <q>if Peter never made it to the capital, he still could have been the first pope, since one of his successors could have been the first holder of that office to settle in Rome. After all, if the papacy exists, it was established by Christ during His lifetime, long before Peter is said to have reached Rome. There must have been a period of some years in which the papacy did not yet have its connection to Rome.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Was+Peter+in+Rome%3F&rft.pub=Catholic+Answers&rft.date=2004-08-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholic.com%2Ftracts%2Fwas-peter-in-rome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-REB-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-REB_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-REB_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-REB_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Raymond E. Brown, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b8ubeFP6JUYC&dq=Peter+symbolisms+attached&pg=PA134">101 Questions and Answers on the Bible</a></i> (Paulist Press 2003 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-80914251-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-80914251-4">978-0-80914251-4</a>), pp. 132–134</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ehrman-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ehrman_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Bart_D._Ehrman" title="Bart D. Ehrman">Bart D. Ehrman</a>. "Peter, Paul, and Mary Magdalene: The Followers of Jesus in History and Legend." Oxford University Press, USA. 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-530013-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-530013-0">0-19-530013-0</a>. p. 84</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oscar Cullmann (1962), Peter: Disciple, Apostle, Martyr (2 ed.), Westminster Press p. 234</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henry Chadwick (1993), The Early Church, Penguin Books p. 18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bokenkotter24-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bokenkotter24_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bokenkotter, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chadwickhenry23and24-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chadwickhenry23and24_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chadwickhenry23and24_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chadwick, Henry, pp. 23–24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hitchcock_281-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hitchcock_281_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hitchcock, <i>Geography of Religion</i> (2004), p. 281, quote: "By the year 100, more than 40 Christian communities existed in cities around the Mediterranean, including two in North Africa, at Alexandria and Cyrene, and several in Italy."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AFM-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AFM_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A.E. Medlycott, <i>India and The Apostle Thomas</i>, pp.1–71, 213–97; M.R. James, <i>Apocryphal New Testament</i>, pp.364–436; Eusebius, <i>History</i>, chapter 4:30; J.N. Farquhar, <i>The Apostle Thomas in North India</i>, chapter 4:30; V.A. Smith, <i>Early History of India</i>, p.235; L.W. Brown, <i>The Indian Christians of St. Thomas</i>, pp.49–59</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110208073816/http://stthoma.com/"><i>stthoma.com</i></a>, stthoma.com, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stthoma.com/">the original</a> on 8 February 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2013</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=stthoma.com&rft.pub=stthoma.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stthoma.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McMullen, pp. 37, 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davidson115-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Davidson115_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davidson, <i>The Birth of the Church</i> (2005), p. 115</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-macculloch109-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-macculloch109_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MacCulloch, <i>Christianity</i>, p. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davidson146-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Davidson146_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davidson, <i>The Birth of the Church</i> (2005), p. 146</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davidson149-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Davidson149_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davidson, <i>The Birth of the Church</i> (2005), p. 149</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MacCulloch,_pp.127-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MacCulloch,_pp.127_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MacCulloch, <i>Christianity</i>, pp.127–131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-duffy9and10-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-duffy9and10_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Duffy, pp. 9–10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-markus75-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-markus75_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Markus, p. 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-macculloch134-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-macculloch134_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MacCulloch, <i>Christianity</i>, p. 134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MacCulloch, <i>Christianity</i>, p. 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davidson169-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Davidson169_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davidson, <i>The Birth of the Church</i> (2005), pp. 169, 181</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Norman27-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Norman27_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Norman, <i>The Roman Catholic Church an Illustrated History</i> (2007), pp. 27–8, quote: "A distinguished succession of theological apologists added intellectual authority to the resources at the disposal of the papacy, at just that point in its early development when the absence of a centralized teaching office could have fractured the universal witness to a single body of ideas. At the end of the first century there was St. Clement of Rome, third successor to St. To gain;to adhear Peter in the see; in the second century there was St. Ignatius of Antioch, St. Irenaeus of Lyons and St. Justin Martyr; in the fourth century St. Augustine of Hippo.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-macculloch155and164-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-macculloch155and164_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MacCulloch, <i>Christianity</i>, pp. 155–159, 164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chadwick21-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chadwick21_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chadwick, Henry, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chadwick41and42-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chadwick41and42_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chadwick, Henry, pp. 41–42, 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeikki_Räisänen2010" class="citation book cs1">Heikki Räisänen (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ktyMXIjcGakC&pg=PA292"><i>The Rise of Christian Beliefs: The Thought World of Early Christians</i></a>. Fortress Press. p. 292. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781451409536" title="Special:BookSources/9781451409536"><bdi>9781451409536</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+Christian+Beliefs%3A+The+Thought+World+of+Early+Christians&rft.pages=292&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781451409536&rft.au=Heikki+R%C3%A4is%C3%A4nen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DktyMXIjcGakC%26pg%3DPA292&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-macculloch174-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-macculloch174_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MacCulloch, <i>Christianity</i>, p. 174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-duffy20-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-duffy20_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Duffy, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-StoChris58-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-StoChris58_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Collins, <i>The Story of Christianity</i> (1999), pp. 58–9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-StoChris59-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-StoChris59_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Collins, <i>The Story of Christianity</i> (1999), p. 59</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weil, Letter to a Priest, excerpt 35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McMullen, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bokenkotter, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mcmullen49and50-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mcmullen49and50_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mcmullen49and50_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">McMullen, pp. 49–50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-duffy64-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-duffy64_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Duffy, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McMullen, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MacCulloch, <i>Christianity</i>, p. 199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McMullen, p. 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Duffy, p. 27. Chadwick, Henry, p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-duffy29-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-duffy29_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Duffy, p. 29. MacCulloch <i>Christianity</i>, p. 212.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MacCulloch, <i>Christianity</i>, p. 221.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MacCulloch, <i>Christianity</i>, p. 225.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chadwick, Henry, pp. 56–57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Duffy, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MacCulloch, <i>Christianity</i>, pp. 185, 212.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HereticsExecuted-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HereticsExecuted_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyguide.org/ancient/lecture27b.html">"Lecture 27: Heretics, Heresies and the Church"</a>. 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lecture+27%3A+Heretics%2C+Heresies+and+the+Church&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyguide.org%2Fancient%2Flecture27b.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span> Review of Church policies towards heresy, including capital punishment (see Synod at Saragossa).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-StoryChristianity-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-StoryChristianity_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Collins, <i>The Story of Christianity</i> (1999), pp. 61–2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CarthageCouncil-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CarthageCouncil_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Denzinger <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catho.org/9.php?d=bxk#a4r">186</a> in the new numbering, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catecheticsonline.com/SourcesofDogma1.php">92</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100418172015/http://www.catecheticsonline.com/SourcesofDogma1.php">Archived</a> 18 April 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> in the old</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SaintsSinners-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SaintsSinners_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Duffy, <i>Saints and Sinners</i> (1997), p. 35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ConciseHistory-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ConciseHistory_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Bokenkotter, <i>A Concise History of the Catholic Church</i> (2004), pp. 84–93</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OxfordHistory-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OxfordHistory_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McManners, <i>Oxford Illustrated History of Christianity</i> (2002), p. 142, Chapter 4 Eastern Christendom by <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Ware" class="mw-redirect" title="Timothy Ware">Kallistos Ware</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LeGoff20-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LeGoff20_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Le Goff, <i>Medieval Civilization</i> (1964), pp. 5–20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LeGoff21-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LeGoff21_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LeGoff21_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Le Goff, <i>Medieval Civilization</i> (1964), p. 21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Woods27-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Woods27_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woods, <i>How the Church Built Western Civilization</i> (2005), p. 27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LeGoff120-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LeGoff120_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Le Goff, <i>Medieval Civilization</i> (1964), p. 120</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duffy52-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Duffy52_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Duffy, <i>Saints and Sinners</i> (1997), pp. 50–2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-StoChris84-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-StoChris84_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Collins, <i>The Story of Christianity</i> (1999), pp. 84–6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vidmar103-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vidmar103_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vidmar, Jedin 34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duffy74-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Duffy74_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Duffy74_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Duffy, <i>Saints and Sinners</i> (1997), pp. 63, 74</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Franzen 35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jedin 36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vidmar107-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vidmar107_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vidmar, <i>The Catholic Church Through the Ages</i> (2005), pp. 107–11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duffy78-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Duffy78_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Duffy, <i>Saints and Sinners</i> (1997), p. 78, quote: "By contrast, Paschal's successor <a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_II" title="Pope Eugene II">Eugenius II</a> (824–7), elected with imperial influence, gave away most of these papal gains. He acknowledged the Emperor's sovereignty in the papal state, and he accepted a constitution imposed by Lothair which established imperial supervision of the administration of Rome, imposed an oath to the Emperor on all citizens, and required the Pope–elect to swear fealty before he could be consecrated. Under <a href="/wiki/Pope_Sergius_II" title="Pope Sergius II">Sergius II</a> (844–7) it was even agreed that the Pope could not be consecrated without an imperial mandate, and that the ceremony must be in the presence of his representative, a revival of some of the more galling restrictions of Byzantine rule."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Franzen. 36–42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duffy88-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Duffy88_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Duffy, <i>Saints and Sinners</i> (1997), pp. 88–9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Woods40-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Woods40_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woods, <i>How the Church Built Western Civilization</i> (2005), p. 40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LeGoff80-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LeGoff80_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Le Goff, <i>Medieval Civilization</i> (1964), pp. 80–2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Woods44-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Woods44_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Woods44_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Woods, <i>How the Church Built Western Civilization</i> (2005), pp. 44–8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bokenkotter158-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bokenkotter158_87-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bokenkotter158_87-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bokenkotter, <i>A Concise History of the Catholic Church</i> (2004), pp. 158–9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SandSp91-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SandSp91_88-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SandSp91_88-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Duffy, <i>Saints and Sinners</i> (1997), p. 91</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-StoChris44-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-StoChris44_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Collins, <i>The Story of Christianity</i> (1999), p. 103</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vidmar104-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vidmar104_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vidmar104_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Vidmar, <i>The Catholic Church Through the Ages</i> (2005), p. 104</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duffy119-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Duffy119_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Duffy, <i>Saints and Sinners</i> (1997), pp. 119, 131</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050409045926/http://www.cwnews.com/news/biosgloss/definition.cfm?glossID=67">"Eastern Catholic"</a>. <i>Catholic World News</i>. Trinity Communications. 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cwnews.com/news/biosgloss/definition.cfm?glossID=67">the original</a> on 9 April 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catholic+World+News&rft.atitle=Eastern+Catholic&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cwnews.com%2Fnews%2Fbiosgloss%2Fdefinition.cfm%3FglossID%3D67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duffy278-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Duffy278_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Duffy, <i>Saints and Sinners</i> (1997), p. 278</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rileysmith-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rileysmith_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Riley-Smith, <i>The First Crusaders</i> (1997), p. 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vidmar130-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vidmar130_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vidmar, <i>The Catholic Church Through the Ages</i> (2005), pp. 130–1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bokenkotter140-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bokenkotter140_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bokenkotter, <i>A Concise History of the Catholic Church</i> (2004), p. 140 quote: "And so when Urban called for a crusade at Clermont in 1095, one of his motives was to bring help to the beleaguered Eastern Christians."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bokenkotter155-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bokenkotter155_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bokenkotter, <i>A Concise History of the Catholic Church</i> (2004), p. 155 quote: "Stories were also circulating about the harsh treatment of Christian pilgrims to Jerusalem at the hands of the infidel, inflaming Western opinion."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LeGoff66-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LeGoff66_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Le Goff, <i>Medieval Civilization</i> (1964), pp. 65–7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tyerman-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tyerman_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tyerman, <i>God's War: A New History of the Crusades</i> (2006), pp. 525–60</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3850789.stm">"Pope sorrow over Constantinople"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 29 June 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Pope+sorrow+over+Constantinople&rft.date=2004-06-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F3850789.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Woods122-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Woods122_101-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Woods122_101-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Woods, <i>How the Church Built Western Civilization</i> (2005), pp. 119–22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Norman62-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Norman62_102-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Norman62_102-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Norman, <i>The Roman Catholic Church</i> (2007), p. 62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duffy101-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Duffy101_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Duffy, <i>Saints and Sinners</i> (1997), p. 101</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LeGoff87-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LeGoff87_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Le Goff, <i>Medieval Civilization</i> (1964), p. 87</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duffy112-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Duffy112_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Duffy, <i>Saints and Sinners</i> (1997), p. 112</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vidmar144-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vidmar144_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vidmar, <i>The Catholic Church Through the Ages</i> (2005), pp. 144–7, quote: "The Albigensian Crusade, as it became known, lasted until 1219. The pope, Innocent III, was a lawyer and saw both how easily the crusade had gotten out of hand and how it could be mitigated. He encouraged local rulers to adopt anti-heretic legislation and bring people to trial. By 1231 a papal inquisition began, and the friars were given charge of investigating tribunals."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bokenkotter132-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bokenkotter132_107-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bokenkotter132_107-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bokenkotter, <i>A Concise History of the Catholic Church</i> (2004), p. 132, quote: "A crusade was proclaimed against these Albigenses, as they were sometimes called ... It was in connection with this crusade that the papal system of Inquisition originated-a special tribunal appointed by the Popes and charged with ferreting out heretics. Until then the responsibility devolved on the local bishops. However, Innocent found it necessary in coping with the Albigensian threat to send out delegates who were entrusted with special powers that made them independent of the episcopal authority. In 1233 Gregory IX organized this <i>ad hoc</i> body into a system of permanent inquisitors, who were usually chosen from among the mendicant friars, Dominicans and Franciscans, men who were often marked by a high degree of courage, integrity, prudence, and zeal."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Norman93-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Norman93_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Norman, <i>The Roman Catholic Church an Illustrated History</i> (2007), p. 93</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-christopherblack-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-christopherblack_109-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-christopherblack_109-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Black, <i>Early Modern Italy</i> (2001), pp. 200–2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Casey-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Casey_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Casey, <i>Early Modern Spain: A Social History</i> (2002), pp. 229–30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duffy122-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Duffy122_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Duffy, <i>Saints and Sinners</i> (1997), p. 122</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McManners232-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McManners232_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McManners, <i>Oxford Illustrated History of Christianity</i> (1990), p. 232, Chapter 6 Christian Civilization by Colin Morris (University of Southampton)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vidmar155-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vidmar155_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vidmar, <i>The Catholic Church Through the Ages</i> (2005), p. 155</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McManners240-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McManners240_114-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McManners240_114-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">McManners, <i>Oxford Illustrated History of Christianity</i> (1990), p. 240, Chapter 7 The <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Medieval</a> Church and its Reformation by <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Collinson" title="Patrick Collinson">Patrick Collinson</a> (University of Cambridge)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Koschorke13-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Koschorke13_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Koschorke" title="Klaus Koschorke">Koschorke, K.</a> <i>A History of Christianity in Asia, Africa, and Latin America</i> (2007), pp. 13, 283</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dussel39-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dussel39_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dussel, Enrique, <i>A History of the Church in Latin America</i>, Wm B Eerdmans Publishing, 1981, pp. 39, 59</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Woods135-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Woods135_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woods, <i>How the Church Built Western Civilization</i> (2005), p. 135</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johansen109a-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Johansen109a_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Bruce_E._Johansen" title="Bruce E. Johansen">Bruce E. Johansen</a>, <i>The Native Peoples of North America,</i> Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, 2006, pp. 109, 110, quote: "In the Americas, the Catholic priest <a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_de_Las_Casas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bartolomé de Las Casas">Bartolome de las Casas</a> avidly encouraged enquiries into the Spanish conquest's many cruelties. Las Casas chronicled Spanish brutality against the Native peoples in excruciating detail."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Koschorke287-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Koschorke287_119-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koschorke287_119-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koschorke287_119-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Koschorke, <i>A History of Christianity in Asia, Africa, and Latin America</i> (2007), p. 287</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dussel45-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dussel45_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dussel, Enrique, <i>A History of the Church in Latin America</i>, Wm B Eerdmans Publishing, 1981, pp. 45, 52, 53 quote: "The missionary Church opposed this state of affairs from the beginning, and nearly everything positive that was done for the benefit of the indigenous peoples resulted from the call and clamor of the missionaries. The fact remained, however, that widespread injustice was extremely difficult to uproot ... Even more important than Bartolome de Las Casas was the Bishop of Nicaragua, Antonio de Valdeviso, who ultimately suffered martyrdom for his defense of the Indian."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johansen109-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Johansen109_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Bruce_E._Johansen" title="Bruce E. Johansen">Bruce E. Johansen</a>, <i>The Native Peoples of North America,</i> Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, 2006, pp. 109, 110, quote: In large part because of Las Casas's work, a movement arose in Spain for more humane treatment of indigenous peoples.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Woods137-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Woods137_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woods, <i>How the Church Built Western Civilization</i> (2005), p. 137</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chadwick327-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chadwick327_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chadwick, Owen, <i>The Reformation</i>, Penguin, 1990, p. 327</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Koschorke21-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Koschorke21_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Koschorke, <i>A History of Christianity in Asia, Africa, and Latin America</i> (2007), p. 21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johansen110-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Johansen110_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Bruce_E._Johansen" title="Bruce E. Johansen">Bruce E. Johansen</a>, <i>The Native Peoples of North America,</i> Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, 2006, p. 110, quote: "In the Papal bull <i>Sublimis deus</i> (1537), Pope Paul III declared that Indians were to be regarded as fully human, and that their souls were as immortal as those of Europeans. This edict also outlawed slavery of Indians in any form ..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Koschorke290-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Koschorke290_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Koschorke, <i>A History of Christianity in Asia, Africa, and Latin America</i> (2007), p. 290</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-samora20-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-samora20_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Samora <i>et al.</i>, <i>A History of the Mexican-American People</i> (1993), p. 20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jacksonxiv-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jacksonxiv_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jackson, <i>From Savages to Subjects: Missions in the History of the American Southwest</i> (2000), p. 14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jacksonxiii-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jacksonxiii_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jackson, <i>From Savages to Subjects: Missions in the History of the American Southwest</i> (2000), p. 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Koschorke3-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Koschorke3_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Koschorke, <i>A History of Christianity in Asia, Africa, and Latin America</i> (2007), pp. 3, 17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duffy133-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Duffy133_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Duffy, <i>Saints and Sinners</i> (1997), p. 133</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Norman86-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Norman86_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Norman, <i>The Roman Catholic Church an Illustrated History</i> (2007), p. 86</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Franzen_65-78-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Franzen_65-78_133-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Franzen_65-78_133-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Franzen 65–78</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bokenkotter202-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bokenkotter202_134-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bokenkotter202_134-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bokenkotter, <i>A Concise History of the Catholic Church</i> (2004), pp. 201–5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duffy149-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Duffy149_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Duffy, <i>Saints and Sinners</i> (1997), p. 149</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vidmar184-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vidmar184_136-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vidmar184_136-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Vidmar, <i>The Catholic Church Through the Ages</i> (2005), p. 184</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bokenkotter215-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bokenkotter215_137-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bokenkotter215_137-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bokenkotter, <i>A Concise History of the Catholic Church</i> (2004), p. 215</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ConciseHistory2-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ConciseHistory2_138-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bokenkotter, <i>A Concise History of the Catholic Church</i> (2004), pp. 223–4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vidmar196-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vidmar196_139-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vidmar, <i>The Catholic Church Through the Ages</i> (2005), pp. 196–200</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vidmar233-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vidmar233_140-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vidmar233_140-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Vidmar, <i>The Catholic Church Through the Ages</i> (2005), p. 233</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duffy177-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Duffy177_141-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Duffy177_141-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Duffy, <i>Saints and Sinners</i> (1997), pp. 177–8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HendersonCommittee198987-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HendersonCommittee198987_142-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_R._HendersonInternational_Council_on_Monuments_and_Sites._U.S._CommitteeUnited_States._National_Park_Service1989" class="citation book cs1">Richard R. Henderson; International Council on Monuments and Sites. U.S. Committee; United States. National Park Service (March 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AIkIAQAAMAAJ&q=slaughters"><i>A Preliminary inventory of Spanish colonial resources associated with National Park Service units and national historic landmarks, 1987</i></a>. United States Committee, International Council on Monuments and Sites, for the U.S. Dept. of the Interior, National Park Service. p. 87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780911697032" title="Special:BookSources/9780911697032"><bdi>9780911697032</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Preliminary+inventory+of+Spanish+colonial+resources+associated+with+National+Park+Service+units+and+national+historic+landmarks%2C+1987&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=United+States+Committee%2C+International+Council+on+Monuments+and+Sites%2C+for+the+U.S.+Dept.+of+the+Interior%2C+National+Park+Service&rft.date=1989-03&rft.isbn=9780911697032&rft.au=Richard+R.+Henderson&rft.au=International+Council+on+Monuments+and+Sites.+U.S.+Committee&rft.au=United+States.+National+Park+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAIkIAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dslaughters&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004364950/B9789004364950_009.xml">Pleading the Belly: A Sparing Plea? Pregnant Convicts and the Courts in Medieval England</a> by Sara M. Butler in <i>Crossing Borders: Boundaries and Margins in Medieval and Early Modern Britain</i> DOI: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004364950_009">https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004364950_009</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-scruton1996p470-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-scruton1996p470_144-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoger_Scruton1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Roger Scruton</a> (1996). <i>A Dictionary of Political Thought</i>. p. 470. <q>The (English) Reformation must not be confused with the changes introduced into the Church of England during the 'Reformation Parliament' of 1529–36, which were of a political rather than a religious nature, designed to unite the secular and religious sources of authority within a single sovereign power: the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Church</a> did not until later make any substantial change in doctrine.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Political+Thought&rft.pages=470&rft.date=1996&rft.au=Roger+Scruton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schama-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schama_145-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schama, <i>A History of Britain 1: At the Edge of the World?</i> (2003), pp. 309–11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vidmar220-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vidmar220_146-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vidmar220_146-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Vidmar, <i>The Catholic Church Through the Ages</i> (2005), p. 220, quote: "Henry, seeing how far Cranmer had tried to take him in making the land Lutheran or Calvinist, pulled the plug in September 1538 and passed the Six Articles, which tried to restore the ancient faith, including the practice of celibacy for the clergy. By 1543 most of the Reformation legislation was reversed. One man, John Lambert, was made an example in November 1538. He was burned by being dragged in and out of the fire for holding the very same beliefs about the Eucharist that Cranmer held. Cranmer was made to watch the whole brutal event. He also had to send his wife back to Germany."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gonzalez75-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gonzalez75_147-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gonzalez, <i>The Story of Christianity, Volume 2</i> (1985), p. 75, quote: "In England, he took steps to make the church conform as much as possible to Roman Catholicism, except in the matter of obedience to the pope. He also refused to restore monasteries, which he had suppressed and confiscated under the pretense of reformation, and whose properties he had no intention of returning."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vidmar225-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vidmar225_148-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vidmar225_148-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vidmar225_148-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vidmar225_148-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vidmar225_148-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Vidmar, <i>The Catholic Church Through the Ages</i> (2005), pp. 225–6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haigh159-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Haigh159_149-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Haigh, <i>The English Reformation Revised</i> (1987), p. 159, quote: "Mary wanted to make England a Catholic country as quickly as possible: to reintroduce the pope's authority, to repeal those parliamentary statutes which had so radically altered the relationship of Church and State and to restore to the Church its Catholic doctrine and services. Nothing was to be allowed to stand in her way. No murmurings among the people, no riots or rebellions or intrigues, not even the advice of the Spanish ambassador to make haste slowly could deflect the Queen from her purpose. ... Death by burning at the hands of the sheriffs became the penalty for those who, convicted of heresy in the church courts, refused to recant."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Solt149-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Solt149_150-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Solt, <i>Church and State in Early Modern England, 1509–1640</i>, (1990), p. 149</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SchamaII-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SchamaII_151-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schama, <i>A History of Britain 1: At the Edge of the World?</i> (2003), pp. 272–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jackson-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jackson_152-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jackson, <i>Ireland Her Own</i> (1991), p. 514</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Norman132-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Norman132_153-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Norman132_153-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Norman, <i>The Roman Catholic Church an Illustrated History</i> (2007), pp. 131–2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotemra2004" class="citation web cs1">Potemra, Michael (13 July 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070426172353/http://nationalreview.com/books/potemra200407131542.asp">"Crucible of Freedom"</a>. <i>National Review</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nationalreview.com/books/potemra200407131542.asp">the original</a> on 26 April 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Review&rft.atitle=Crucible+of+Freedom&rft.date=2004-07-13&rft.aulast=Potemra&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnationalreview.com%2Fbooks%2Fpotemra200407131542.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bokenkotter242-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bokenkotter242_155-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bokenkotter242_155-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bokenkotter, <i>A Concise History of the Catholic Church</i> (2004), pp. 242–4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vidmar237-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vidmar237_156-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vidmar, <i>The Catholic Church Through the Ages</i> (2005), p. 237</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Norman91-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Norman91_157-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Norman, <i>The Roman Catholic Church an Illustrated History</i> (2007), pp. 91–2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bokenkotter251-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bokenkotter251_158-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bokenkotter, <i>A Concise History of the Catholic Church</i> (2004), p. 251</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vidmar241-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vidmar241_159-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vidmar, <i>The Catholic Church Through the Ages</i> (2005), p. 241</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Murray45-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Murray45_160-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Murray, <i>Dictionary of the Arts</i> (1994), p. 45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Koschorke31-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Koschorke31_161-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koschorke31_161-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Koschorke, <i>A History of Christianity in Asia, Africa, and Latin America</i> (2007), pp. 31–2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McManners318-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McManners318_162-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McManners, <i>Oxford Illustrated History of Christianity</i> (1990), p. 318, Chapter 9 The Expansion of Christianity by <a href="/wiki/John_McManners" title="John McManners">John McManners</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Otto Stegmüller, Barock, in Marienkunde, 1967 566</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">F Zöpfl, Barocke Frömmigkeit, in Marienkunde, 577</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zöpfl 579</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lortz, IV, 7–11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Duffy 188–189</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duffy188-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Duffy188_168-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Duffy188_168-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Duffy, <i>Saints and Sinners</i> (1997), pp. 188–91</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bokenkotter267-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bokenkotter267_169-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bokenkotter, <i>A Concise History of the Catholic Church</i> (2004), pp. 267–9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Franzen 326</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Norman137-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Norman137_171-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Norman, <i>The Roman Catholic Church an Illustrated History</i> (2007), p. 137</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Franzen_328-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Franzen_328_172-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Franzen_328_172-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Franzen 328</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ulrich_L._Lehner" title="Ulrich L. Lehner">Ulrich L. Lehner</a>, The Catholic Enlightenment. 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130413051024/http://www.xula.edu/president/index.php"><i>Xavier University of Louisiana</i></a>, Xula.edu, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xula.edu/president/index.php">the original</a> on 13 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2013</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Xavier+University+of+Louisiana&rft.pub=Xula.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xula.edu%2Fpresident%2Findex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Mystici corporis</i>, <i>Lumen gentium</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Redemptoris_Mater" title="Redemptoris Mater">Redemptoris Mater</a></i> provide a modern Catholic understanding of this link.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see Pius XII, <i>Mystici corporis</i>, also John Paul II in <i>Redemptoris Mater</i>: The Second Vatican Council, by presenting Mary in the mystery of Christ, also finds the path to a deeper understanding of the mystery of the Church. Mary, as the Mother of Christ, is in a particular way united with the Church, "which the Lord established as his own body."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Baumann in Marienkunde 1163</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">^ Baumann in Marienkunde, 672</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chadwick264-220"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chadwick264_220-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chadwick264_220-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chadwick, Owen, pp. 264–265.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scheina-221"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Scheina_221-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scheina, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Riasanovsky 617</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Riasanovsky_634-223"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Riasanovsky_634_223-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Riasanovsky 634</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-payne-224"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-payne_224-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayne2008" class="citation book cs1">Payne, Stanley G (2008). <i>Franco and Hitler: Spain, Germany and World War II</i>. Yale University Press. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-12282-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-12282-4"><bdi>978-0-300-12282-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Franco+and+Hitler%3A+Spain%2C+Germany+and+World+War+II.&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-300-12282-4&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Stanley+G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alonso-225"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Alonso_225-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernandez-Alonso2002" class="citation book cs1">Fernandez-Alonso, J (2002). <i>The New Catholic Encyclopedia</i>. Vol. 13. Catholic University Press/Thomas Gale. pp. 395–396. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7876-4017-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7876-4017-4"><bdi>0-7876-4017-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=395-396&rft.pub=Catholic+University+Press%2FThomas+Gale&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-7876-4017-4&rft.aulast=Fernandez-Alonso&rft.aufirst=J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mary Vincent, Catholicism in the Second Spanish Republic <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-820613-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-820613-5">0-19-820613-5</a> p.218</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFontenelle1939" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fontenelle, René (1939). <i>Seine Heiligkeit Pius XI</i> (in French). France: Alsactia. p. 164.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seine+Heiligkeit+Pius+XI&rft.place=France&rft.pages=164&rft.pub=Alsactia&rft.date=1939&rft.aulast=Fontenelle&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/content/pius-xi/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xi_enc_19370319_divini-redemptoris.html">"Divini Redemptoris (March 19, 1937) | PIUS XI"</a>. <i>www.vatican.va</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vatican.va&rft.atitle=Divini+Redemptoris+%28March+19%2C+1937%29+%7C+PIUS+XI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fcontent%2Fpius-xi%2Fen%2Fencyclicals%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_p-xi_enc_19370319_divini-redemptoris.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Emma Fattorini, <i>Hitler, Mussolini and the Vatican: Pope Pius XI and the Speech That was Never Made </i> (2011) ch 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frank J. Coppa, <i>Controversial concordats: the Vatican's relations with Napoleon, Mussolini, and Hitler</i> (1999)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCyprian_Blamires2006" class="citation book cs1">Cyprian Blamires (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nvD2rZSVau4C&pg=PA120"><i>World Fascism: A Historical Encyclopedia</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781576079409" title="Special:BookSources/9781576079409"><bdi>9781576079409</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Fascism%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781576079409&rft.au=Cyprian+Blamires&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnvD2rZSVau4C%26pg%3DPA120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenneth Scott Latourette, <i>Christianity in a Revolutionary Age A History of Christianity in the 19th and 20th Century: Vol 4 The 20th Century In Europe</i> (1961) pp 32–35, 153, 156, 371</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEamon_Duffy2002" class="citation book cs1">Eamon Duffy (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/saintssinnershis00duff_0/page/340"><i>Saints and Sinners: A History of the Popes; Second Edition</i></a>. Yale University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/saintssinnershis00duff_0/page/340">340</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300091656" title="Special:BookSources/0300091656"><bdi>0300091656</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saints+and+Sinners%3A+A+History+of+the+Popes%3B+Second+Edition&rft.pages=340&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0300091656&rft.au=Eamon+Duffy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsaintssinnershis00duff_0%2Fpage%2F340&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Latourette, <i>Christianity in a Revolutionary Age A History of Christianity in the 19th and 20th Century: Vol 4 The 20th Century in Europe</i> (1961) pp 188–91</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Latourette, <i>Christianity in a Revolutionary Age: A History of Christianity in the 19th and 20th Century: Vol 4 The 20th Century in Europe</i> (1961) pp 176–88</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark Edward Russ, "The Nazis' Religionspolitik: An Assessment of Recent Literature," <i>Catholic Historical Review</i> (2006) 92#3 pp 252–267</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wolfgang Dierker, "Himmlers Glaubenskrieger. Der Sicherheitsdienst der SS, Seine Religionspolitik und die 'Politische Religion' des Nationalsozialismus," <i>Historisches Jahrbuch</i> (2002), Vol. 122, pp 321–344.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartyn_Housden1997" class="citation book cs1">Martyn Housden (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Rp6Qfc69FjsC&pg=PA52"><i>Resistance and Conformity in the Third Reich</i></a>. Psychology Press. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415121347" title="Special:BookSources/9780415121347"><bdi>9780415121347</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Resistance+and+Conformity+in+the+Third+Reich&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780415121347&rft.au=Martyn+Housden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRp6Qfc69FjsC%26pg%3DPA52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cook983-239"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cook983_239-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cook, p. 983</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bokenkotter p. 192</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Deák-241"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Deák_241-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Deák_241-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Deák, p. 182.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEakin2001" class="citation news cs1">Eakin, Emily (1 September 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B04E3DF1130F932A3575AC0A9679C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all">"New Accusations of a Vatican Role in Anti-Semitism; Battle Lines Were Drawn After Beatification of Pope Pius IX"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=New+Accusations+of+a+Vatican+Role+in+Anti-Semitism%3B+Battle+Lines+Were+Drawn+After+Beatification+of+Pope+Pius+IX&rft.date=2001-09-01&rft.aulast=Eakin&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D9B04E3DF1130F932A3575AC0A9679C8B63%26sec%3D%26spon%3D%26pagewanted%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/vault/issue/1940-12-23/page/44/">"German Martyrs"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>. 23 December 1940. p. 38.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=German+Martyrs&rft.pages=38&rft.date=1940-12-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2Fvault%2Fissue%2F1940-12-23%2Fpage%2F44%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Phayer-244"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Phayer_244-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Phayer, pp. 50–57</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Phayer2000p32-245"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Phayer2000p32_245-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Phayer (2000), p. 32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Phayer (2000), p. 39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomasevich2001" class="citation book cs1">Tomasevich, Jozo (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fqUSGevFe5MC&pg=PA555"><i>War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupation and Collaboration</i></a>. Stanford University Press. p. 555. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-7924-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-7924-1"><bdi>978-0-8047-7924-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+and+Revolution+in+Yugoslavia%2C+1941%E2%80%931945%3A+Occupation+and+Collaboration&rft.pages=555&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-7924-1&rft.aulast=Tomasevich&rft.aufirst=Jozo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfqUSGevFe5MC%26pg%3DPA555&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duffy272-248"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Duffy272_248-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Duffy272_248-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Duffy272_248-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Duffy, <i>Saints and Sinners</i> (1997), pp. 270–6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Derek_HolmesBernard_Bickers2002" class="citation book cs1">J. Derek Holmes; Bernard Bickers (5 August 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0l2tAwAAQBAJ"><i>Short History of the Catholic Church</i></a>. A&C Black. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86012-308-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86012-308-8"><bdi>978-0-86012-308-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Short+History+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2002-08-05&rft.isbn=978-0-86012-308-8&rft.au=J.+Derek+Holmes&rft.au=Bernard+Bickers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0l2tAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paulvi-250"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Paulvi_250-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_VI1963" class="citation web cs1">Paul VI, Pope (4 December 1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080221180735/https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19631204_sacrosanctum-concilium_en.html">"Sacrosanctum Concilium"</a>. Vatican. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19631204_sacrosanctum-concilium_en.html">the original</a> on 21 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sacrosanctum+Concilium&rft.pub=Vatican&rft.date=1963-12-04&rft.aulast=Paul+VI&rft.aufirst=Pope&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2Fhist_councils%2Fii_vatican_council%2Fdocuments%2Fvat-ii_const_19631204_sacrosanctum-concilium_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duffy274-251"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Duffy274_251-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Duffy, <i>Saints and Sinners</i> (1997), p. 274</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130310120644/http://www.pbs.org/wnet/religionandethics/week346/feature.html">"Roman Catholic-Eastern Orthodox Dialogue"</a>. Public Broadcasting Service. 14 July 2000. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wnet/religionandethics/week346/feature.html">the original</a> on 10 March 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Roman+Catholic-Eastern+Orthodox+Dialogue&rft.pub=Public+Broadcasting+Service&rft.date=2000-07-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwnet%2Freligionandethics%2Fweek346%2Ffeature.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bokenkotter410-253"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bokenkotter410_253-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bokenkotter410_253-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bokenkotter, <i>A Concise History of the Catholic Church</i> (2004), p. 410</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bauckham, Richard, in <i>New Dictionary of Theology</i>, Ed. Ferguson, (1988), p. 373</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Apostolic Letter "Motu Proprio data" Summorum Pontificum on the use of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman Liturgy</a> prior to the reform of 1970 (7 July 2007)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LTBBC-256"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LTBBC_256-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LTBBC_256-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/beliefs/liberationtheology.shtml">"Liberation Theology"</a>. BBC. 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Liberation+Theology&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Freligion%2Freligions%2Fchristianity%2Fbeliefs%2Fliberationtheology.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAguilar,_Mario2007" class="citation book cs1">Aguilar, Mario (2007). <i>The History and Politics of Latin American Theology, Volume 1</i>. London: SCM Press. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-334-04023-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-334-04023-1"><bdi>978-0-334-04023-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+and+Politics+of+Latin+American+Theology%2C+Volume+1&rft.place=London&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=SCM+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-334-04023-1&rft.au=Aguilar%2C+Mario&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For more on Romero, by a former colleague, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSobrino,_Jon1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jon_Sobrino" title="Jon Sobrino">Sobrino, Jon</a> (1990). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/archbishopromero0000sobr"><i>Archbishop Romero: Memories and Reflections</i></a></span>. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88344-667-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88344-667-6"><bdi>978-0-88344-667-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archbishop+Romero%3A+Memories+and+Reflections&rft.place=Maryknoll%2C+NY&rft.pub=Orbis&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-88344-667-6&rft.au=Sobrino%2C+Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farchbishopromero0000sobr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRohter2007" class="citation news cs1">Rohter, Larry (7 May 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/07/world/americas/07theology.html">"As Pope Heads to Brazil, a Rival Theology Persists"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=As+Pope+Heads+to+Brazil%2C+a+Rival+Theology+Persists&rft.date=2007-05-07&rft.aulast=Rohter&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F05%2F07%2Fworld%2Famericas%2F07theology.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span> Benedict's main involvement in dealing with liberation theology was while he was still Cardinal Ratzinger.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAguilar,_Mario2007" class="citation book cs1">Aguilar, Mario (2007). <i>The History and Politics of Latin American Theology, Volume 1</i>. London: SCM Press. p. 121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-334-04023-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-334-04023-1"><bdi>978-0-334-04023-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+and+Politics+of+Latin+American+Theology%2C+Volume+1&rft.place=London&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=SCM+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-334-04023-1&rft.au=Aguilar%2C+Mario&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For liberation theology's persistence, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRohter2007" class="citation news cs1">Rohter, Larry (7 May 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/07/world/americas/07theology.html?pagewanted=1&_r=1">"As Pope Heads to Brazil, a Rival Theology Persists"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=As+Pope+Heads+to+Brazil%2C+a+Rival+Theology+Persists&rft.date=2007-05-07&rft.aulast=Rohter&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F05%2F07%2Fworld%2Famericas%2F07theology.html%3Fpagewanted%3D1%26_r%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span> For the threat from Pentecostalism, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStoll1990" class="citation book cs1">Stoll, David (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islatinamericatu00davi"><i>Is Latin America turning Protestant?: The Politics of Evangelical Growth</i></a>. Berkeley: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06499-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06499-7"><bdi>978-0-520-06499-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Is+Latin+America+turning+Protestant%3F%3A+The+Politics+of+Evangelical+Growth&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-520-06499-7&rft.aulast=Stoll&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fislatinamericatu00davi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_VI1968" class="citation web cs1">Paul VI, Pope (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110303114045/http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/paul_vi/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-vi_enc_25071968_humanae-vitae_en.html">"Humanae Vitae"</a>. Vatican. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/paul_vi/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-vi_enc_25071968_humanae-vitae_en.html">the original</a> on 3 March 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Humanae+Vitae&rft.pub=Vatican&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Paul+VI&rft.aufirst=Pope&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fholy_father%2Fpaul_vi%2Fencyclicals%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_p-vi_enc_25071968_humanae-vitae_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Norman184-263"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Norman184_263-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Norman, <i>The Roman Catholic Church an Illustrated History</i> (2007), p. 184</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Paul_II1988" class="citation web cs1">John Paul II, Pope (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070107000833/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_letters/documents/hf_jp-ii_apl_15081988_mulieris-dignitatem_en.html">"Mulieris Dignitatem"</a>. Vatican. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_letters/documents/hf_jp-ii_apl_15081988_mulieris-dignitatem_en.html">the original</a> on 7 January 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mulieris+Dignitatem&rft.pub=Vatican&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=John+Paul+II&rft.aufirst=Pope&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fholy_father%2Fjohn_paul_ii%2Fapost_letters%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_jp-ii_apl_15081988_mulieris-dignitatem_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bokenkotter467-265"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bokenkotter467_265-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bokenkotter, <i>A Concise History of the Catholic Church</i> (2004), p. 467</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Benedict180-266"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Benedict180_266-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pope Benedict XVI, Jesus of Nazareth (2008), pp. 180–1, quote: "The difference between the discipleship of the Twelve and the discipleship of the women is obvious; the tasks assigned to each group are quite different. Yet Luke makes clear—and the other Gospels also show this in all sorts of ways—that 'many' women belonged to the more intimate community of believers and that their faith—filled following of Jesus was an essential element of that community, as would be vividly illustrated at the foot of the Cross and the Resurrection."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Paul_II1994" class="citation web cs1">John Paul II, Pope (22 May 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000309192257/http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_letters/documents/hf_jp-ii_apl_22051994_ordinatio-sacerdotalis_en.html">"Apostolic Letter to the Bishops of the Catholic Church on Reserving Priestly Ordination to Men Alone"</a>. Vatican. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_letters/documents/hf_jp-ii_apl_22051994_ordinatio-sacerdotalis_en.html">the original</a> on 9 March 2000<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Apostolic+Letter+to+the+Bishops+of+the+Catholic+Church+on+Reserving+Priestly+Ordination+to+Men+Alone&rft.pub=Vatican&rft.date=1994-05-22&rft.aulast=John+Paul+II&rft.aufirst=Pope&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fholy_father%2Fjohn_paul_ii%2Fapost_letters%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_jp-ii_apl_22051994_ordinatio-sacerdotalis_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCowell1994" class="citation news cs1">Cowell, Alan (31 May 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F05E7DE133BF932A05756C0A962958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all">"Pope Rules Out Debate on Making Women Priests"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Pope+Rules+Out+Debate+on+Making+Women+Priests&rft.date=1994-05-31&rft.aulast=Cowell&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D9F05E7DE133BF932A05756C0A962958260%26sec%3D%26spon%3D%26pagewanted%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ewtn.com/library/Theology/CATORT04.HTM">Report on Catholic-Orthodox Relations</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/news_services/liturgy/2004/documents/ns_lit_doc_20040629_rite_en.html">Presentation of the Celebration</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040806145711/https://www.vatican.va/news_services/liturgy/2004/documents/ns_lit_doc_20040629_rite_en.html">Archived</a> 6 August 2004 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/speeches/2004/july/documents/hf_jp-ii_spe_20040701_jp-ii-bartholomew-i_en.html">Common Declaration</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Missale Romanum 2002 (Roman Missal in Latin), p. 513</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ρωμαϊκό Λειτουργικό 2006 (Roman Missal in Greek), vol. 1, p. 347</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/news_services/liturgy/2004/documents/ns_lit_doc_20040629_rite_en.html">programme of the celebration</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040806145711/https://www.vatican.va/news_services/liturgy/2004/documents/ns_lit_doc_20040629_rite_en.html">Archived</a> 6 August 2004 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_MFg8FBOHDg">Video recording of joint recitation</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mkka.blogspot.com/">The Metropolitan's own blog</a>, reported also by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.romfea.gr/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1932">this Religious News Agency</a> and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roacamerica.org/art-kiss-demetrios-latest.shtml">Russian Orthodox</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090921003654/http://www.roacamerica.org/art-kiss-demetrios-latest.shtml">Archived</a> 21 September 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bruni336-277"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bruni336_277-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bruni336_277-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bruni, <i>A Gospel of Shame</i> (2002), p. 336</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Willey2010" class="citation news cs1">David Willey (15 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-10645748">"Vatican 'speeds up' abuse cases"</a>. <i>BBC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Vatican+%27speeds+up%27+abuse+cases&rft.date=2010-07-15&rft.au=David+Willey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-10645748&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman2006" class="citation news cs1">Newman, Andy (31 August 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/31/nyregion/31priest.html">"A Choice for New York Priests in Abuse Cases"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Choice+for+New+York+Priests+in+Abuse+Cases&rft.date=2006-08-31&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F08%2F31%2Fnyregion%2F31priest.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moto Proprio, De Aliquibus Mutationibus, 11 June 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John L. Allen <i>Pope Benedict XVI: A Biography of Joseph Ratzinger</i> (2005).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Seewald, <i>Benedict XVI: A Life Volume Two: Professor and Prefect to Pope and Pope Emeritus 1966–The Present</i> (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2021)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/04/13/cardinal-walter-kasper-says-pope-francis-will-bring-new-life-to-vatican-ii_n_3076386.html">Cardinal Walter Kasper Says Pope Francis Will Bring New Life To Vatican II</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVallely2013" class="citation news cs1">Vallely, Paul (14 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/comment/pope-francis-profile-jorge-mario-bergoglio-a-humble-man-who-moved-out-of-a-palace-into-an-apartment-cooks-his-own-meals-and-travels-by-bus-8533450.html">"Pope Francis profile: Jorge Mario Bergoglio, a humble man who moved out of a palace into an apartment, cooks his own meals and travels by bus"</a>. <i>The Independent</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Pope+Francis+profile%3A+Jorge+Mario+Bergoglio%2C+a+humble+man+who+moved+out+of+a+palace+into+an+apartment%2C+cooks+his+own+meals+and+travels+by+bus&rft.date=2013-03-14&rft.aulast=Vallely&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fvoices%2Fcomment%2Fpope-francis-profile-jorge-mario-bergoglio-a-humble-man-who-moved-out-of-a-palace-into-an-apartment-cooks-his-own-meals-and-travels-by-bus-8533450.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Austen Ivereigh, <i> Wounded shepherd: Pope Francis and his struggle to convert the Catholic Church</i> ( Henry Holt, 2019).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christopher Lamb, <i>The Outsider: Pope Francis and His Battle to Reform the Catholic Church</i> (Orbis Books, 2020) ch. 5 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YVnMDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Pope+Francis%22+church&pg=PT8">online</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBokenkotter2004" class="citation book cs1">Bokenkotter, Thomas (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof00boke"><i>A Concise History of the Catholic Church</i></a>. Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-50584-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-50584-1"><bdi>0-385-50584-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-385-50584-1&rft.aulast=Bokenkotter&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconcisehistoryof00boke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Collinge, William J. <i>Historical dictionary of Catholicism</i> (1997) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio00coll">online free</a></li> <li>Holmes, J. Derek, and Bernard Bickers. <i>Short History of the Catholic Church</i> (A&C Black, 2002).</li> <li>Kung, Hans. <i>The Catholic Church: a short history</i> (NY: Modern Library, 2007).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacCulloch2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Diarmaid_MacCulloch" title="Diarmaid MacCulloch">MacCulloch, Diarmaid</a> (2010). <i>Christianity: The First Three Thousand Years</i>. Viking. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-02126-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-02126-0"><bdi>978-0-670-02126-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity%3A+The+First+Three+Thousand+Years&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-670-02126-0&rft.aulast=MacCulloch&rft.aufirst=Diarmaid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span> (originally published 2009 by Allen Lane, as <i>A History of Christianity</i>)</li> <li>Tanner, Norman. <i>New short history of the Catholic Church</i> (A&C Black, 2011).</li> <li>Wedewer, Hermann, and Joseph McSorley. <i>A short history of the Catholic Church</i> (1918), capsule history country by country; population statistics for early 20th century. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/AShortHistoryOfTheCatholicChurch">online free</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAguilar2007" class="citation book cs1">Aguilar, Mario (2007). <i>The History and Politics of Latin American Theology</i>. Vol. 1. London: SCM Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-334-04023-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-334-04023-1"><bdi>978-0-334-04023-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+and+Politics+of+Latin+American+Theology&rft.place=London&rft.pub=SCM+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-334-04023-1&rft.aulast=Aguilar&rft.aufirst=Mario&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong2002" class="citation book cs1">Armstrong, Alastair (2002). <i>The European Reformation</i>. London: Heinemann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-435-32710-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-435-32710-0"><bdi>0-435-32710-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+European+Reformation&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Heinemann&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-435-32710-0&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=Alastair&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Aston, Nigel. <i>Christianity and Revolutionary Europe, 1750-1830</i> (2003), 379pp; a major scholarly survey.</li> <li>Atkin, Nicholas and Frank Tallett. <i>Priests, Prelates and People: A History of European Catholicism since 1750</i> (2003) 390pp, A major scholarly survey.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownTackett2007" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Stewart J.; Tackett, Timothy, eds. (2007). <i>Cambridge History of Christianity: Volume 7, Enlightenment, Reawakening and Revolution 1660-1815</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521816052" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521816052"><bdi>978-0521816052</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cambridge+History+of+Christianity%3A+Volume+7%2C+Enlightenment%2C+Reawakening+and+Revolution+1660-1815&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0521816052&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChadwick1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Chadwick_(theologian)" title="Henry Chadwick (theologian)">Chadwick, Henry</a> (1990). "The Early Christian Community". In McManners, John (ed.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordillustrate00mcma"><i>The Oxford Illustrated History of Christianity</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordillustrate00mcma/page/20">20–61</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-822928-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-822928-3"><bdi>0-19-822928-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Early+Christian+Community&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Illustrated+History+of+Christianity&rft.pages=20-61&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-19-822928-3&rft.aulast=Chadwick&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordillustrate00mcma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChadwick1995" class="citation book cs1">Chadwick, Owen (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofchristi0000chad_b5p0"><i>A History of Christianity</i></a>. Barnes & Noble. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7607-7332-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7607-7332-7"><bdi>0-7607-7332-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Christianity&rft.pub=Barnes+%26+Noble&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-7607-7332-7&rft.aulast=Chadwick&rft.aufirst=Owen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofchristi0000chad_b5p0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChadwick1990" class="citation book cs1">Chadwick, Owen (1990) [1964]. <i>The Reformation</i>. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-013757-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-013757-2"><bdi>0-14-013757-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reformation&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-14-013757-2&rft.aulast=Chadwick&rft.aufirst=Owen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Chadwick, Owen. <i>A History of the Popes 1830-1914</i> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofpopes180000chad_r8h9">online</a></li> <li>Chadwick, Owen. <i>The Popes and European Revolution</i> (1981) 655pp [<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/details/popeseuropeanrev0000chad">https://archive.org/details/popeseuropeanrev0000chad</a> online\</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollinsPrice1999" class="citation book cs1">Collins, Michael; Price, Mathew A. (1999). <i>The Story of Christianity</i>. Dorling Kindersley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7513-0467-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7513-0467-0"><bdi>0-7513-0467-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Christianity&rft.pub=Dorling+Kindersley&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-7513-0467-0&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Price%2C+Mathew+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuffy1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eamon_Duffy" title="Eamon Duffy">Duffy, Eamon</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/saintssinnershis00duff"><i>Saints and Sinners, a History of the Popes</i></a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-07332-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-07332-1"><bdi>0-300-07332-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saints+and+Sinners%2C+a+History+of+the+Popes&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-300-07332-1&rft.aulast=Duffy&rft.aufirst=Eamon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsaintssinnershis00duff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDussel1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Enrique_Dussel" title="Enrique Dussel">Dussel, Enrique</a> (1981). <i>A History of the Church in Latin America</i>. Wm. B. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-2131-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-2131-6"><bdi>0-8028-2131-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Church+in+Latin+America&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-8028-2131-6&rft.aulast=Dussel&rft.aufirst=Enrique&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFahlbusch2007" class="citation book cs1">Fahlbusch, Erwin (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7ly4DgtT3LkC&q=old+catholic+church,+origin&pg=PA729"><i>The Encyclopedia of Christianity</i></a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2415-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2415-8"><bdi>978-0-8028-2415-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Christianity&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-2415-8&rft.aulast=Fahlbusch&rft.aufirst=Erwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7ly4DgtT3LkC%26q%3Dold%2Bcatholic%2Bchurch%2C%2Borigin%26pg%3DPA729&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Forlenza, Rosario. "New Perspectives on Twentieth-Century Catholicism." <i>Contemporary European History</i> 28.4 (2019): 581-595 DOI: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0960777319000146">https://doi.org/10.1017/S0960777319000146</a> in Europe</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranzenBäumerFröhlich2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Franzen, August; Bäumer, Remigius; Fröhlich, Roland (2000). <i>Kleine Kirchengeschichte</i> (in German). Freiburg: Herder. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-451-26896-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-451-26896-0"><bdi>978-3-451-26896-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kleine+Kirchengeschichte&rft.place=Freiburg&rft.pub=Herder&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-3-451-26896-0&rft.aulast=Franzen&rft.aufirst=August&rft.au=B%C3%A4umer%2C+Remigius&rft.au=Fr%C3%B6hlich%2C+Roland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span><i>(quoted as Franzen)</i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranzenBäumer1988" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Franzen, August; Bäumer, Remigius (1988). <i>Papstgeschichte</i> (in German). Freiburg: Herder. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-451-08578-X" title="Special:BookSources/3-451-08578-X"><bdi>3-451-08578-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Papstgeschichte&rft.place=Freiburg&rft.pub=Herder&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=3-451-08578-X&rft.aulast=Franzen&rft.aufirst=August&rft.au=B%C3%A4umer%2C+Remigius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span><i>(quoted as Franzen, Papstgeschichte)</i></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaigh1987" class="citation book cs1">Haigh, Christopher (1987). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/englishreformati00chri"><i>The English Reformation Revised</i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-33631-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-33631-7"><bdi>0-521-33631-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+English+Reformation+Revised&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-521-33631-7&rft.aulast=Haigh&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fenglishreformati00chri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Hales, E. E. Y. <i>Pio Nono: A study in European politics and religion in the nineteenth century</i> (2013) 352pp <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pionono001634mbp">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHitchcockEsposito2004" class="citation book cs1">Hitchcock, Susan Tyler; <a href="/wiki/John_Esposito" title="John Esposito">Esposito, John</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/geographyofrelig0000hitc"><i>Geography of Religion</i></a>. National Geographic Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7922-7313-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7922-7313-3"><bdi>0-7922-7313-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geography+of+Religion&rft.pub=National+Geographic+Society&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7922-7313-3&rft.aulast=Hitchcock&rft.aufirst=Susan+Tyler&rft.au=Esposito%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgeographyofrelig0000hitc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamen1997" class="citation book cs1">Kamen, Henry (1997). <i>The Spanish Inquisition</i>. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-297-81719-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-297-81719-1"><bdi>0-297-81719-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+Inquisition&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-297-81719-1&rft.aulast=Kamen&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoschorkeLudwigDelgado2007" class="citation book cs1">Koschorke, Klaus; Ludwig, Frieder; Delgado, Mariano (2007). <i>A History of Christianity in Asia, Africa, and Latin America, 1450–1990</i>. Wm B Eerdmans Publishing Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2889-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2889-7"><bdi>978-0-8028-2889-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Christianity+in+Asia%2C+Africa%2C+and+Latin+America%2C+1450%E2%80%931990&rft.pub=Wm+B+Eerdmans+Publishing+Co&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-2889-7&rft.aulast=Koschorke&rft.aufirst=Klaus&rft.au=Ludwig%2C+Frieder&rft.au=Delgado%2C+Mariano&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangan1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Langan" title="Thomas Langan">Langan, Thomas</a> (1998). <i>The Catholic Tradition</i>. University of Missouri Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8262-6096-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8262-6096-3"><bdi>978-0-8262-6096-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Catholic+Tradition&rft.pub=University+of+Missouri+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8262-6096-3&rft.aulast=Langan&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLe_Goff2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Le_Goff" title="Jacques Le Goff">Le Goff, Jacques</a> (2000). <i>Medieval Civilization</i>. Barnes & Noble. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7607-1652-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7607-1652-6"><bdi>978-0-7607-1652-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Civilization&rft.pub=Barnes+%26+Noble&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7607-1652-6&rft.aulast=Le+Goff&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacMullen1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacMullen" title="Ramsay MacMullen">MacMullen, Ramsay</a> (1984). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/christianizingro00macm_0"><i>Christianizing the Roman Empire: (A.D. 100–400)</i></a></span>. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-585-38120-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-585-38120-6"><bdi>978-0-585-38120-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianizing+the+Roman+Empire%3A+%28A.D.+100%E2%80%93400%29&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-585-38120-6&rft.aulast=MacMullen&rft.aufirst=Ramsay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchristianizingro00macm_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkus1990" class="citation book cs1">Markus, Robert (1990). "From Rome to the Barbarian Kingdom (339–700)". In McManners, John (ed.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780192852595"><i>The Oxford Illustrated History of Christianity</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780192852595/page/62">62–91</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-822928-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-822928-3"><bdi>0-19-822928-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=From+Rome+to+the+Barbarian+Kingdom+%28339%E2%80%93700%29&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Illustrated+History+of+Christianity&rft.pages=62-91&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-19-822928-3&rft.aulast=Markus&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780192852595&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcManners1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_McManners" title="John McManners">McManners, John</a> (1990). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780192852595"><i>The Oxford Illustrated History of Christianity</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-822928-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-822928-3"><bdi>0-19-822928-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Illustrated+History+of+Christianity&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-19-822928-3&rft.aulast=McManners&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780192852595&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Mourret, Fernand. <i>History of the Catholic Church</i> (8 vol, 1931) comprehensive history to 1878. country by country. online free; by French Catholic priest.</li> <li>Nettelbeck, Colin W. "The Eldest Daughter and the Trente glorieuses: Catholicism and national identity in postwar France." <i>Modern & Contemporary France</i> 6.4 (1998): 445–462, France 1944-1975</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorman2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Norman_(historian)" title="Edward Norman (historian)">Norman, Edward</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/romancatholicchu0000norm"><i>The Roman Catholic Church, An Illustrated History</i></a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25251-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25251-6"><bdi>978-0-520-25251-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roman+Catholic+Church%2C+An+Illustrated+History&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-520-25251-6&rft.aulast=Norman&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fromancatholicchu0000norm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrlandis1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jose_Orlandis" class="mw-redirect" title="Jose Orlandis">Orlandis, Jose</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M8kjqryq8dIC&q=Catholic+church+and+world+history&pg=PP1"><i>A Short History of the Catholic Church</i></a>. Scepter Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85182-125-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-85182-125-2"><bdi>1-85182-125-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft.pub=Scepter+Publishers&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=1-85182-125-2&rft.aulast=Orlandis&rft.aufirst=Jose&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM8kjqryq8dIC%26q%3DCatholic%2Bchurch%2Band%2Bworld%2Bhistory%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPham2006" class="citation book cs1">Pham, John Peter (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/heirsoffisherman00pham"><i>Heirs of the Fisherman: Behind the Scenes of Papal Death and Succession</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-517834-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-517834-3"><bdi>0-19-517834-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heirs+of+the+Fisherman%3A+Behind+the+Scenes+of+Papal+Death+and+Succession&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-19-517834-3&rft.aulast=Pham&rft.aufirst=John+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fheirsoffisherman00pham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Price, Roger, <i>Religious Renewal in France, 1789-1870: The Roman Catholic Church between Catastrophe and Triumph</i> (2018) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.h-france.net/vol18reviews/vol18no172byrnes.pdf">online review</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiley-Smith1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Riley-Smith" title="Jonathan Riley-Smith">Riley-Smith, Jonathan</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/firstcrusaders1000jona"><i>The First Crusaders</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-511-00308-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-511-00308-0"><bdi>978-0-511-00308-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Crusaders&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-511-00308-0&rft.aulast=Riley-Smith&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffirstcrusaders1000jona&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolt1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leo_Frank_Solt" class="mw-redirect" title="Leo Frank Solt">Solt, Leo Frank</a> (1990). <i>Church and State in Early Modern England, 1509-1640</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-505979-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-505979-4"><bdi>0-19-505979-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Church+and+State+in+Early+Modern+England%2C+1509-1640&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-19-505979-4&rft.aulast=Solt&rft.aufirst=Leo+Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinfels2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Steinfels" title="Peter Steinfels">Steinfels, Peter</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/peopleadrift00pete"><i>A People Adrift: The Crisis of the Roman Catholic Church in America</i></a>. Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-83663-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-83663-7"><bdi>0-684-83663-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+People+Adrift%3A+The+Crisis+of+the+Roman+Catholic+Church+in+America&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-684-83663-7&rft.aulast=Steinfels&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpeopleadrift00pete&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Stow, Kenneth R. "The Papacy and the Jews: Catholic Reformation and Beyond." <i>Jewish History</i> (1992): 257–279. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0,27&qsp=8&q=papal+history+catholic+reform&qst=ir#d=gs_cit&t=1674804439321&u=%2Fscholar%3Fq%3Dinfo%3AOFUul0IKLm0J%3Ascholar.google.com%2F%26output%3Dcite%26scirp%3D3%26hl%3Den">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTyerman2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Tyerman" title="Christopher Tyerman">Tyerman, Christopher</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/godswarnewhistor00tyer"><i>God's War: A New History of the Crusades</i></a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-02387-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-02387-0"><bdi>0-674-02387-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God%27s+War%3A+A+New+History+of+the+Crusades&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-674-02387-0&rft.aulast=Tyerman&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgodswarnewhistor00tyer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVidmar2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Vidmar" title="John Vidmar">Vidmar, John</a> (2005). <i>The Catholic Church Through the Ages</i>. Paulist Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8091-4234-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8091-4234-1"><bdi>0-8091-4234-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Catholic+Church+Through+the+Ages&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-8091-4234-1&rft.aulast=Vidmar&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalshThavis,_John2003" class="citation book cs1">Walsh, Mary Ann; Thavis, John (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/johnpaulii00mary"><i>John Paul II: A Light for the World, Essays and Reflections on the Papacy of</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58051-142-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-58051-142-2"><bdi>1-58051-142-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Paul+II%3A+A+Light+for+the+World%2C+Essays+and+Reflections+on+the+Papacy+of&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-58051-142-2&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=Mary+Ann&rft.au=Thavis%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjohnpaulii00mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoods2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Woods" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Woods">Woods, Thomas Jr.</a> (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howcatholicchurc0000wood"><i>How the Catholic Church Built Western Civilization</i></a></span>. Regnery Publishing, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89526-038-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-89526-038-7"><bdi>0-89526-038-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+the+Catholic+Church+Built+Western+Civilization&rft.pub=Regnery+Publishing%2C+Inc&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-89526-038-7&rft.aulast=Woods&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhowcatholicchurc0000wood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Woodwards, E.L. <i>Three Studies in European Conservatism. Mettenich: Guizot: The Catholic Church In The Nineteenth Century</i> (1923) online pp 231–344.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoolner2003" class="citation book cs1">Woolner, David (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jMvaoXvJ4VcC&q=Role+of+Catholic+Church+during+World+War+II&pg=PP1"><i>FDR, The Vatican and the Roman Catholic Church in America, 1933–1945</i></a>. Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-209-7908-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-209-7908-9"><bdi>978-88-209-7908-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=FDR%2C+The+Vatican+and+the+Roman+Catholic+Church+in+America%2C+1933%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-88-209-7908-9&rft.aulast=Woolner&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjMvaoXvJ4VcC%26q%3DRole%2Bof%2BCatholic%2BChurch%2Bduring%2BWorld%2BWar%2BII%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_the_Catholic_Church" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template:History of the Catholic Church"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template talk:History of the Catholic Church"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a 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title="Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church">Ecclesiastical history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">Papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Papal primacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Catholic ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Catholic Bible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Development of the Christian biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Roman_Curia" title="History of the Roman Curia">History of the Roman Curia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_institute" title="Religious institute">Religious institutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Christian monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic culture">Catholic culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_art" title="Catholic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Church</a><br />(30–325/476)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Origins of Christianity">Origins</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Age">Apostolic Age</a> (30–100)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus_in_the_New_Testament" class="mw-redirect" title="Life of Jesus in the New Testament">Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles in the New Testament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commissioning_of_the_Twelve_Apostles" title="Commissioning of the Twelve Apostles">Commissioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">Council of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_of_Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Split of Christianity and Judaism">Split with Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">General epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ante-Nicene_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a> (100–325)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Clement I">Pope Clement I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a><br />(313–476)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Great_Church(180–451)Romanstate_church(380–451)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a><br />(180–451)<br /><a href="/wiki/State_church_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="State church of the Roman Empire">Roman<br />state church</a><br />(380–451)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arian_controversy" title="Arian controversy">Arian controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archbasilica_of_Saint_John_Lateran" title="Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran">Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="Old St. Peter's Basilica">Old St. Peter's Basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_I" title="Pope Sylvester I">Pope Sylvester I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">First Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Council of Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Nursia" title="Benedict of Nursia">Benedict of Nursia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Second Council of Constantinople">Second Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_chant" title="Gregorian chant">Gregorian chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Third Council of Constantinople">Third Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Boniface" title="Saint Boniface">Saint Boniface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Byzantine Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea" title="Second Council of Nicaea">Second Council of Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_III" title="Pope Leo III">Pope Leo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_Constantinople_(Catholic_Church)" title="Fourth Council of Constantinople (Catholic Church)">Fourth Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_II" title="Pope Urban II">Pope Urban II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_clash_between_the_Church_and_the_Empire" title="The clash between the Church and the Empire">Clash against the empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="First Council of the Lateran">First Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Second Council of the Lateran">Second Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Third Council of the Lateran">Third Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III" title="Pope Innocent III">Pope Innocent III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Fourth Council of the Lateran">Fourth Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Lyon" title="First Council of Lyon">First Council of Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Lyon" title="Second Council of Lyon">Second Council of Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_VIII" title="Pope Boniface VIII">Pope Boniface VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western Schism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon Papacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_V" title="Pope Clement V">Pope Clement V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Vienne" title="Council of Vienne">Council of Vienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knights_Templar" title="Knights Templar">Knights Templar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI" title="Pope Alexander VI">Pope Alexander VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Counter-Reformation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Exsurge_Domine" title="Exsurge Domine">Exsurge Domine</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_monasteries" title="Dissolution of the monasteries">Dissolution of the monasteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Pope Leo X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Society of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola" title="Ignatius of Loyola">Ignatius of Loyola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pope Pius V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_the_Cross" title="John of the Cross">John of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Canisius" title="Peter Canisius">Peter Canisius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Neri" title="Philip Neri">Philip Neri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Robert Bellarmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">European wars of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque period</a> to the<br /><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_XI" title="Pope Innocent XI">Pope Innocent XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XIV" title="Pope Benedict XIV">Pope Benedict XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suppression_of_the_Society_of_Jesus" title="Suppression of the Society of Jesus">Suppression of the Society of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">Anti-clericalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VI" title="Pope Pius VI">Pope Pius VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimabara_Rebellion" title="Shimabara Rebellion">Shimabara Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Nantes" title="Edict of Nantes">Edict of Nantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VII" title="Pope Pius VII">Pope Pius VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Catholic Church and politics in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_La_Salette" title="Our Lady of La Salette">Our Lady of La Salette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Lourdes" title="Our Lady of Lourdes">Our Lady of Lourdes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">First Vatican Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_infallibility" title="Papal infallibility">Papal infallibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_the_Divine_Heart" title="Mary of the Divine Heart">Mary of the Divine Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Consecration_to_the_Sacred_Heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart">Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rerum_novarum" title="Rerum novarum">Rerum novarum</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_20th_century" title="Catholic Church in the 20th century">20th century</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pope Pius X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_F%C3%A1tima" title="Our Lady of Fátima">Our Lady of Fátima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecutions_of_the_Catholic_Church_and_Pius_XII" title="Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII">Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_1942_consecration_to_the_Immaculate_Heart_of_Mary" title="Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary">Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Nazi_Germany" title="Catholic Church and Nazi Germany">Nazism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mit_brennender_Sorge" title="Mit brennender Sorge">Mit brennender Sorge</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pacem_in_terris" title="Pacem in terris">Pacem in terris</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_ecumenism" title="Catholic Church and ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Judaism" title="Catholic Church and Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a> (<a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Pope_Paul_VI" title="Coronation of Pope Paul VI">coronation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_I" title="Pope John Paul I">Pope John Paul I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Holy See–Soviet Union relations">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_HIV/AIDS" title="Catholic Church and HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day" title="World Youth Day">World Youth Day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_1995" title="World Youth Day 1995">1995</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_sexual_abuse_cases" title="Catholic Church sexual abuse cases">Sexual abuse scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Islam" title="Catholic Church and Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day" title="World Youth Day">World Youth Day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2000" title="World Youth Day 2000">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2002" title="World Youth Day 2002">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2005" title="World Youth Day 2005">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2008" title="World Youth Day 2008">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2011" title="World Youth Day 2011">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2013" title="World Youth Day 2013">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2016" title="World Youth Day 2016">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2019" title="World Youth Day 2019">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2023" title="World Youth Day 2023">2023</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laudato_si%27" title="Laudato si'">Laudato si'</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Declaration_of_Pope_Francis_and_Patriarch_Kirill" title="Joint Declaration of Pope Francis and Patriarch Kirill">Patriarch Kirill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Catholic_Church" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Catholic Church">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Vatican_City" title="Portal:Vatican City">Vatican City portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" 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class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catholic_Church_footer" title="Template:Catholic Church footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Catholic_Church_footer" title="Template talk:Catholic Church footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic_Church_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic Church footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Catholic_Church" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Catholic_Church_articles" title="Index of Catholic Church articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Outline of the Catholic Church">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Glossary of the Catholic Church">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Catholics" title="Lists of Catholics">Lists of Catholics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church">Ecclesiastical</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Legal_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Legal history of the Catholic Church">Legal</a></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a> <a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primacy_of_Peter" title="Primacy of Peter">Petrine primacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic fathers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">History of the papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Primacy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Islamic conquests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Schism (1054)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Schism (1378)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Modern era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church and Protestant">Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Trent</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Nazi_Germany" title="Catholic Church and Nazi Germany">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Vatican II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Holy See–Soviet Union relations">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_sexual_abuse_cases" title="Catholic Church sexual abuse cases">Sexual abuse scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Islam" title="Catholic Church and Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Catholic_Church" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Catholic Church">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Theology</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Bible</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Catholic_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic tradition">Tradition</a><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism</a></i></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="General" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingship_and_kingdom_of_God" title="Kingship and kingdom of God">Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology_on_the_body" title="Catholic theology on the body">Body and soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_grace" title="Divine grace">Divine grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogma_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Dogma in the Catholic Church">Dogma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_saints" title="List of Catholic saints">Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments_in_Catholic_theology" title="Ten Commandments in Catholic theology">Ten Commandments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li>Official Bible <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sixtine_Vulgate" title="Sixtine Vulgate">Sixtine Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixto-Clementine_Vulgate" title="Sixto-Clementine Vulgate">Sixto-Clementine Vulgate</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nova_Vulgata" title="Nova Vulgata">Nova Vulgata</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecclesiology" title="Catholic ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Communitas_perfecta" title="Communitas perfecta">Communitas perfecta</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_ecumenism" title="Catholic Church and ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four marks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/One_true_church" title="One true church">One true church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholicity" title="Catholicity">Catholic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infallibility_of_the_Church" title="Infallibility of the Church">Infallibility</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mystici_Corporis_Christi" title="Mystici Corporis Christi">Mystici Corporis Christi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_God" title="People of God">People of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churches_Militant,_Penitent,_and_Triumphant" title="Churches Militant, Penitent, and Triumphant">Three states</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Subsistit_in" title="Subsistit in">Subsistit in</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy,_theology,_and_fundamental_theory_of_Catholic_canon_law" title="Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law">In canon law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Sacraments_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Sacraments of the Catholic Church">Sacraments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Confirmation in the Catholic Church">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Eucharist in the Catholic Church">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament_of_Penance" title="Sacrament of Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_Sick_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Anointing of the Sick in the Catholic Church">Anointing of the Sick</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Last_rites" title="Last rites">Last rites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_orders_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Holy orders in the Catholic Church">Holy orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marriage in the Catholic Church">Matrimony</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Mariology" title="Catholic Mariology">Mariology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Catholic_Mariology" title="History of Catholic Mariology">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_popes" title="Mariology of the popes">Mariology of the popes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_saints" title="Mariology of the saints">Mariology of the saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Mother of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_virginity_of_Mary" title="Perpetual virginity of Mary">Perpetual virginity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church">Veneration</a></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephology" title="Josephology">Josephology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_moral_theology" title="Catholic moral theology">Moral theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalism_(Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Personalism (Catholic)">Personalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_philosophers_and_theologians" title="List of Catholic philosophers and theologians">Philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy,_theology,_and_fundamental_theory_of_Catholic_canon_law" title="Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law">Philosophy of canon law</a></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_the_Catholic_Church" title="Science and the Catholic Church">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_and_the_Catholic_Church" title="Evolution and the Catholic Church">Evolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Relations_between_the_Catholic_Church_and_the_state" title="Relations between the Catholic Church and the state">Relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics" title="Catholic Church and politics">Politics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Saint_(Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint (Catholic)">Saints</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Family" title="Holy Family">Holy Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archangel" title="Archangel">Archangels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_martyr" title="Christian martyr">Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctors of the Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">Evangelists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessor_of_the_Faith" title="Confessor of the Faith">Confessors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">Disciples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_(title)" title="Virgin (title)">Virgins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Organisation<br /><small><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Hierarchy of the Catholic Church">Hierarchy</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Canon_law_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Canon law of the Catholic Church">Canon law</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Catholic_laity" title="Catholic laity">Laity</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Order_of_precedence_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Order of precedence in the Catholic Church">Precedence</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_by_country" title="Catholic Church by country">By country</a></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_popes" title="List of popes">List of popes</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Ecumenical councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Cardinals" title="College of Cardinals">College</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)" title="Cardinal (Catholic Church)">Cardinals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_living_cardinals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of living cardinals">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Cardinal_Advisers" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Cardinal Advisers">Advisers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dicastery" title="Dicastery">Dicasteries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Synod of Bishops in the Catholic Church">Synod of Bishops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Properties_of_the_Holy_See" title="Properties of the Holy See">Properties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Vatican_City%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Vatican City–related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Vatican_City" title="Outline of Vatican City">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Palace" title="Apostolic Palace">Apostolic Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rota" title="Roman Rota">Roman Rota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Guard" title="Swiss Guard">Swiss Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Vatican Museums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_polity" title="Ecclesiastical polity">Polity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Holy_orders_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Holy orders in the Catholic Church">Holy orders</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_dioceses_(structured_view)" title="List of Catholic dioceses (structured view)">Diocese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_conference" title="Episcopal conference">Episcopal conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eparchy#Church_hierarchy" title="Eparchy">Eparchy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Bishops in the Catholic Church">Bishop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_archbishop" title="Major archbishop">Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primate_(bishop)" title="Primate (bishop)">Primate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop" title="Metropolitan bishop">Metropolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archbishop" title="Archbishop">Archbishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocesan_bishop" title="Diocesan bishop">Diocesan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coadjutor_bishop" title="Coadjutor bishop">Coadjutor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_bishop" title="Auxiliary bishop">Auxiliary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titular_bishop" title="Titular bishop">Titular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_emeritus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope emeritus">Emeritus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parish_(Catholic_Church)" title="Parish (Catholic Church)">Parish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Priesthood in the Catholic Church">Priest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">Deacon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Consecrated_life" title="Consecrated life">Consecrated life</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_(Western_Christianity)" title="Religious (Western Christianity)">Religious</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_(hierarchy)" title="Superior (hierarchy)">Superior</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot">Abbot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abbess" title="Abbess">Abbess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_general_(Christianity)" title="Superior general (Christianity)">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_superior" title="Provincial superior">Provincial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prior_(ecclesiastical)" title="Prior (ecclesiastical)">Prior, Prioress</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_master_(order)" title="Grand master (order)">Grand master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_brother" title="Religious brother">Brother</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friar" title="Friar">Friar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Monk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_sister" title="Religious sister">Sister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_nun" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic nun">Nun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermit" title="Hermit">Hermit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novitiate" title="Novitiate">Novice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Novice_master" title="Novice master">Master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblate" title="Oblate">Oblate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postulant" title="Postulant">Postulant</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_particular_churches_and_liturgical_rites" title="Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites">Particular churches</a><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Sui_iuris" title="Sui iuris">sui iuris</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Albanian Greek Catholic Church">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholic_Church" title="Armenian Catholic Church">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Belarusian Greek Catholic Church">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Bulgarian Greek Catholic Church">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church" title="Chaldean Catholic Church">Chaldean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Catholic_Church" title="Coptic Catholic Church">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Catholic_Church_of_Croatia_and_Serbia" title="Greek Catholic Church of Croatia and Serbia">Croatian and Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Catholic_Church" title="Eritrean Catholic Church">Eritrean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Catholic_Church" title="Ethiopian Catholic Church">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Georgia" title="Catholic Church in Georgia">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Byzantine_Catholic_Church" title="Greek Byzantine Catholic Church">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Hungarian Greek Catholic Church">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Albanian_Catholic_Church" title="Italo-Albanian Catholic Church">Italo-Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Macedonian Greek Catholic Church">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Church" title="Maronite Church">Maronite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Melkite Greek Catholic Church">Melkite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Romanian Greek Catholic Church">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Russian Greek Catholic Church">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church">Ruthenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Slovak Greek Catholic Church">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church" title="Syriac Catholic Church">Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Syro-Malabar Catholic Church">Syro-Malabar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malankara_Catholic_Church" title="Syro-Malankara Catholic Church">Syro-Malankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church">Ukrainian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Catholic liturgy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic liturgy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_liturgical_rites" title="Alexandrian liturgical rites">Alexandrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochene_Rite" title="Antiochene Rite">Antiochian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Rite" title="Armenian Rite">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Syriac_Rite" title="East Syriac Rite">East Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malankara_Rite" title="Malankara Rite">Malankara</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_liturgical_rites" title="Latin liturgical rites">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambrosian_Rite" title="Ambrosian Rite">Ambrosian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rite_of_Braga" title="Rite of Braga">Braga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozarabic_Rite" title="Mozarabic Rite">Mozarabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_of_Paul_VI" title="Mass of Paul VI">Paul VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Use" title="Anglican Use">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaire_Use" title="Zaire Use">Zaire</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_art" title="Catholic art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marian art in the Catholic Church">Marian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_artists" title="List of Catholic artists">Artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_writers" title="List of Catholic writers">Writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Catholic_church_buildings" title="Lists of Catholic church buildings">Church buildings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altarpiece" title="Altarpiece">Altarpieces</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_Catholicism" title="Folk Catholicism">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Library" title="Vatican Library">Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_music" title="Category:Catholic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_the_Holy_See" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of the Holy See">Distinctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilisation</a></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Criticism of the Catholic Church">Criticism of the Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Anti-Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_media" title="Category:Catholic media">Media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See_Press_Office" title="Holy See Press Office">Holy See Press Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Media" title="Vatican Media">Vatican Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_News" title="Vatican News">Vatican News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Television_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican Television Center">Vatican Television Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Radio" title="Vatican Radio">Vatican Radio</a></li></ul></li> <li>Vatican Polyglot Press</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27Osservatore_Romano" title="L'Osservatore Romano">L'Osservatore Romano</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Acta_Apostolicae_Sedis" title="Acta Apostolicae Sedis">Acta Apostolicae Sedis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Annuario_Pontificio" title="Annuario Pontificio">Annuario Pontificio</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_order_(Catholic)" title="Religious order (Catholic)">Religious orders</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Religious_institute" title="Religious institute">institutes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Society_of_apostolic_life" title="Society of apostolic life">societies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assumptionists" title="Assumptionists">Assumptionists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Annunciation_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary" title="Order of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary">Annonciades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustinians" title="Augustinians">Augustinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Basil_the_Great" title="Order of Saint Basil the Great">Basilians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedictines" title="Benedictines">Benedictines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethlehemites" title="Bethlehemites">Bethlehemites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Most_Holy_Annunciation" title="Order of the Most Holy Annunciation">Blue nuns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camaldolese" title="Camaldolese">Camaldoleses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camillians" title="Camillians">Camillians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmelites" title="Carmelites">Carmelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthusians" title="Carthusians">Carthusians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistercians" title="Cistercians">Cistercians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_Clares" title="Poor Clares">Clarisses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptionists" title="Conceptionists">Conceptionists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canons_Regular_of_the_Order_of_the_Holy_Cross" title="Canons Regular of the Order of the Holy Cross">Crosiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_Our_Lady_of_Charity_of_the_Good_Shepherd" title="Congregation of Our Lady of Charity of the Good Shepherd">Good Shepherd Sisters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieronymites" title="Hieronymites">Hieronymites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legionaries_of_Christ" title="Legionaries of Christ">Legionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary_of_Mercy" title="Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mercy">Mercedarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Minims" title="Order of Minims">Minims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivetans" title="Olivetans">Olivetans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oratory_of_Saint_Philip_Neri" title="Oratory of Saint Philip Neri">Oratorians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piarists" title="Piarists">Piarists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premonstratensians" title="Premonstratensians">Premonstratensians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemptoristines" title="Redemptoristines">Redemptoristines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servite_Order" title="Servite Order">Servites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatines" title="Theatines">Theatines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trappists" title="Trappists">Trappists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarians" title="Trinitarians">Trinitarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Visitation_of_Holy_Mary" title="Order of the Visitation of Holy Mary">Visitandines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Association_of_the_Christian_faithful" title="Association of the Christian faithful">Associations<br />of the faithful</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confraternity" title="Confraternity">Confraternities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_lay_organisations" title="Catholic lay organisations">Lay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Marian_movements_and_societies" title="Catholic Marian movements and societies">Marian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_youth_work" title="Catholic youth work">Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Movement_of_Christian_Workers" title="World Movement of Christian Workers">Workers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_order" title="Third order">Third orders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third_Order_of_Saint_Dominic" title="Third Order of Saint Dominic">Saint Dominic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lay_Carmelites" title="Lay Carmelites">Lay Carmelites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Order_of_Discalced_Carmelites" title="Secular Order of Discalced Carmelites">Discalced</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Order_of_Saint_Francis" title="Third Order of Saint Francis">Saint Francis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Franciscan_Order" title="Secular Franciscan Order">Secular</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_order_(religious_society)#International" title="Military order (religious society)">Military orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fimcap" title="Fimcap">Fimcap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Action" title="Catholic Action">Catholic Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Charismatic_Renewal" title="Catholic Charismatic Renewal">Charismatic Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communion_and_Liberation" title="Communion and Liberation">Communion and Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Sant%27Egidio" title="Community of Sant'Egidio">Sant'Egidio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focolare_Movement" title="Focolare Movement">Focolare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Catholic_Knights" title="International Alliance of Catholic Knights">International Alliance of Catholic Knights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Catholic_Conference_of_Scouting" title="International Catholic Conference of Scouting">Scouting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Mary" title="Legion of Mary">Legion of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocatechumenal_Way" title="Neocatechumenal Way">Neocatechumenal Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opus_Dei" title="Opus Dei">Opus Dei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schoenstatt_Apostolic_Movement" title="Schoenstatt Apostolic Movement">Schoenstatt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_charities" title="Catholic charities">Charities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aid_to_the_Church_in_Need" title="Aid to the Church in Need">Aid to the Church in Need</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caritas_Internationalis" title="Caritas Internationalis">Caritas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Charities_USA" title="Catholic Charities USA">Catholic Charities USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Home_Missions" title="Catholic Home Missions">Home Missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Relief_Services" title="Catholic Relief Services">Relief Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIDSE" title="CIDSE">CIDSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Christi" title="Pax Christi">Pax Christi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Saint_Vincent_de_Paul" title="Society of Saint Vincent de Paul">Society of Saint Vincent de Paul</a><br /></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_health_care" title="Catholic Church and health care">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_school" title="Catholic school">Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_higher_education" title="Catholic higher education">Universities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church" title="Portal:Catholic Church">Catholic Church portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_Church" title="Category:Catholic Church">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Catholic_theology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Catholic_theology" title="Template:History of Catholic theology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Catholic_theology" title="Template talk:History of Catholic theology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Catholic_theology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Catholic theology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Catholic_theology" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_dogmatic_theology" title="Catholic dogmatic theology">History of Catholic theology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:gold"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_philosophers_and_theologians" title="List of Catholic philosophers and theologians">Key figures</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History of the Catholic Church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">History of the papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Papal primacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Ecumenical councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Catholic Bible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Development of the Christian biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">History of Christian theology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Clement" title="First Epistle of Clement">First Epistle of Clement</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Didache" title="Didache">Didache</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Barnabas" title="Epistle of Barnabas">Epistle of Barnabas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Shepherd_of_Hermas" title="The Shepherd of Hermas">The Shepherd of Hermas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristides_of_Athens" title="Aristides of Athens">Aristides of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Diognetus" title="Epistle to Diognetus">Epistle to Diognetus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montanism" title="Montanism">Montanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novatian" title="Novatian">Antipope Novatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian" title="Cyprian">Cyprian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine</a> to<br /><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagianism" title="Pelagianism">Pelagianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">Monophysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian" title="Ephrem the Syrian">Ephrem the Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_of_Poitiers" title="Hilary of Poitiers">Hilary of Poitiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Jerusalem" title="Cyril of Jerusalem">Cyril of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea" title="Basil of Caesarea">Basil of Caesarea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nyssa" title="Gregory of Nyssa">Gregory of Nyssa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cassian" title="John Cassian">John Cassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orosius" title="Orosius">Orosius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Chrysologus" title="Peter Chrysologus">Peter Chrysologus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Pope Leo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite">Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Climacus" title="John Climacus">John Climacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monothelitism" title="Monothelitism">Monothelitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecthesis" title="Ecthesis">Ecthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transubstantiation" title="Transubstantiation">Transubstantiation dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination" title="Predestination">Predestination disputes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulinus_II_of_Aquileia" title="Paulinus II of Aquileia">Paulinus II of Aquileia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcuin" title="Alcuin">Alcuin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Aniane" title="Benedict of Aniane">Benedict of Aniane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabanus_Maurus" title="Rabanus Maurus">Rabanus Maurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschasius_Radbertus" title="Paschasius Radbertus">Paschasius Radbertus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Scotus_Eriugena" title="John Scotus Eriugena">John Scotus Eriugena</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roscellinus" title="Roscellinus">Roscellinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Narek" title="Gregory of Narek">Gregory of Narek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berengar_of_Tours" title="Berengar of Tours">Berengar of Tours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Damian" title="Peter Damian">Peter Damian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_of_Fiore" title="Joachim of Fiore">Joachim of Fiore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Peter Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decretum_Gratiani" title="Decretum Gratiani">Decretum Gratiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lombard" title="Peter Lombard">Peter Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Laon" title="Anselm of Laon">Anselm of Laon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildegard_of_Bingen" title="Hildegard of Bingen">Hildegard of Bingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_of_Saint_Victor" title="Hugh of Saint Victor">Hugh of Saint Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Dominic" title="Saint Dominic">Dominic de Guzmán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Grosseteste" title="Robert Grosseteste">Robert Grosseteste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_of_Padua" title="Anthony of Padua">Anthony of Padua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_of_Nazareth" title="Beatrice of Nazareth">Beatrice of Nazareth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus Magnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boetius_of_Dacia" title="Boetius of Dacia">Boetius of Dacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Ghent" title="Henry of Ghent">Henry of Ghent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siger_of_Brabant" title="Siger of Brabant">Siger of Brabant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Roger Bacon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a> and reforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramon_Llull" title="Ramon Llull">Ramon Llull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Duns Scotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">William of Ockham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rolle" title="Richard Rolle">Richard Rolle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_van_Ruysbroeck" class="mw-redirect" title="John van Ruysbroeck">John of Ruusbroec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridget_of_Sweden" title="Bridget of Sweden">Bridget of Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meister_Eckhart" title="Meister Eckhart">Meister Eckhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Tauler" title="Johannes Tauler">Johannes Tauler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Hilton" title="Walter Hilton">Walter Hilton</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cloud_of_Unknowing" title="The Cloud of Unknowing">The Cloud of Unknowing</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Suso" title="Henry Suso">Heinrich Seuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geert_Groote" title="Geert Groote">Geert Groote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devotio_Moderna" title="Devotio Moderna">Devotio Moderna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_of_Norwich" title="Julian of Norwich">Julian of Norwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_%C3%A0_Kempis" title="Thomas à Kempis">Thomas à Kempis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_of_Cusa" title="Nicholas of Cusa">Nicholas of Cusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilio_Ficino" title="Marsilio Ficino">Marsilio Ficino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Savonarola" title="Girolamo Savonarola">Girolamo Savonarola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pico_della_Mirandola" title="Giovanni Pico della Mirandola">Giovanni Pico della Mirandola</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cajetan" title="Thomas Cajetan">Thomas Cajetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fisher" title="John Fisher">John Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Eck" title="Johann Eck">Johann Eck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Vitoria" title="Francisco de Vitoria">Francisco de Vitoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_of_Villanova" title="Thomas of Villanova">Thomas of Villanova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola" title="Ignatius of Loyola">Ignatius of Loyola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Osuna" title="Francisco de Osuna">Francisco de Osuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_%C3%81vila" title="John of Ávila">John of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Luis de León">Luis de León</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_the_Cross" title="John of the Cross">John of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Canisius" title="Peter Canisius">Peter Canisius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Molina" title="Luis de Molina">Luis de Molina</a> (<a href="/wiki/Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Robert Bellarmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Francisco Suárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_of_Brindisi" title="Lawrence of Brindisi">Lawrence of Brindisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_de_Sales" title="Francis de Sales">Francis de Sales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque period</a> to<br /><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Campanella" title="Tommaso Campanella">Tommaso Campanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_B%C3%A9rulle" title="Pierre de Bérulle">Pierre de Bérulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Gassendi" title="Pierre Gassendi">Pierre Gassendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Jesus_of_%C3%81greda" title="Mary of Jesus of Ágreda">Mary of Jesus of Ágreda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Vieira" title="António Vieira">António Vieira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Olier" title="Jean-Jacques Olier">Jean-Jacques Olier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Thomassin" title="Louis Thomassin">Louis Thomassin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet">Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_F%C3%A9nelon" title="François Fénelon">François Fénelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Jansen" title="Cornelius Jansen">Cornelius Jansen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jansenism" title="Jansenism">Jansenism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Blaise Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Malebranche" title="Nicolas Malebranche">Nicolas Malebranche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Giambattista Vico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonsus_Liguori" title="Alphonsus Liguori">Alphonsus Liguori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Montfort" title="Louis de Montfort">Louis de Montfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Gaetana_Agnesi" title="Maria Gaetana Agnesi">Maria Gaetana Agnesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Muzzarelli" title="Alfonso Muzzarelli">Alfonso Muzzarelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Michael_Sailer" title="Johann Michael Sailer">Johann Michael Sailer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Mary_Hofbauer" title="Clement Mary Hofbauer">Clement Mary Hofbauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Lanteri" title="Bruno Lanteri">Bruno Lanteri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_G%C3%B6rres" title="Joseph Görres">Joseph Görres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_de_La_Mennais" title="Félicité de La Mennais">Félicité de La Mennais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Taparelli" title="Luigi Taparelli">Luigi Taparelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Rosmini" title="Antonio Rosmini">Antonio Rosmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignaz_von_D%C3%B6llinger" title="Ignaz von Döllinger">Ignaz von Döllinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">John Henry Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Henri_Lacordaire" title="Jean-Baptiste Henri Lacordaire">Henri Lacordaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Balmes" title="Jaime Balmes">Jaime Balmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Sanseverino" title="Gaetano Sanseverino">Gaetano Sanseverino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Maria_Cornoldi" title="Giovanni Maria Cornoldi">Giovanni Maria Cornoldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Emmanuel_von_Ketteler" title="Wilhelm Emmanuel von Ketteler">Wilhelm Emmanuel Freiherr von Ketteler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Pecci" title="Giuseppe Pecci">Giuseppe Pecci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hergenr%C3%B6ther" title="Joseph Hergenröther">Joseph Hergenröther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Maria_Zigliara" title="Tommaso Maria Zigliara">Tommaso Maria Zigliara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Joseph_Scheeben" title="Matthias Joseph Scheeben">Matthias Joseph Scheeben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Boutroux" title="Émile Boutroux">Émile Boutroux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Modernism in the Catholic Church">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-scholasticism" title="Neo-scholasticism">Neo-scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Bloy" title="Léon Bloy">Léon Bloy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9-Joseph_Mercier" title="Désiré-Joseph Mercier">Désiré-Joseph Mercier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_H%C3%BCgel" title="Friedrich von Hügel">Friedrich von Hügel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Solovyov_(philosopher)" title="Vladimir Solovyov (philosopher)">Vladimir Solovyov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Joseph_Lagrange" title="Marie-Joseph Lagrange">Marie-Joseph Lagrange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Tyrrell" title="George Tyrrell">George Tyrrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Blondel" title="Maurice Blondel">Maurice Blondel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_Lisieux" title="Thérèse of Lisieux">Thérèse of Lisieux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">G. K. Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9ginald_Garrigou-Lagrange" title="Réginald Garrigou-Lagrange">Reginald Garrigou-Lagrange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Joseph Maréchal">Joseph Maréchal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin" title="Pierre Teilhard de Chardin">Pierre Teilhard de Chardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Jacques Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Gilson" title="Étienne Gilson">Étienne Gilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Knox" title="Ronald Knox">Ronald Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Bernanos" title="Georges Bernanos">Georges Bernanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_von_Hildebrand" title="Dietrich von Hildebrand">Dietrich von Hildebrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Marcel" title="Gabriel Marcel">Gabriel Marcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Dominique_Chenu" title="Marie-Dominique Chenu">Marie-Dominique Chenu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano_Guardini" title="Romano Guardini">Romano Guardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Edith Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulton_J._Sheen" title="Fulton J. Sheen">Fulton Sheen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Lubac" title="Henri de Lubac">Henri de Lubac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Dorothy Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Daniel-Rops" title="Henri Daniel-Rops">Henri Daniel-Rops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Guitton" title="Jean Guitton">Jean Guitton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josemar%C3%ADa_Escriv%C3%A1" title="Josemaría Escrivá">Josemaría Escrivá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_th%C3%A9ologie" title="Nouvelle théologie">Nouvelle théologie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Rahner" title="Karl Rahner">Karl Rahner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves_Congar" title="Yves Congar">Yves Congar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lonergan" title="Bernard Lonergan">Bernard Lonergan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Mounier" title="Emmanuel Mounier">Emmanuel Mounier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Dani%C3%A9lou" title="Jean Daniélou">Jean Daniélou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Urs_von_Balthasar" title="Hans Urs von Balthasar">Hans Urs von Balthasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Lefebvre" title="Marcel Lefebvre">Marcel Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Copleston" title="Frederick Copleston">Frederick Copleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Delp" title="Alfred Delp">Alfred Delp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Schillebeeckx" title="Edward Schillebeeckx">Edward Schillebeeckx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Merton" title="Thomas Merton">Thomas Merton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Girard" title="René Girard">René Girard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_K%C3%BCng" title="Hans Küng">Hans Küng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Baptist_Metz" title="Johann Baptist Metz">Johann Baptist Metz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Vanier" title="Jean Vanier">Jean Vanier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Nouwen" title="Henri Nouwen">Henri Nouwen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_von_Hildebrand" title="Alice von Hildebrand">Alice von Hildebrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Maria_Martini" title="Carlo Maria Martini">Carlo Maria Martini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Gustavo Gutiérrez">Gustavo Gutiérrez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">Alasdair MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Kasper" title="Walter Kasper">Walter Kasper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raniero_Cantalamessa" title="Raniero Cantalamessa">Raniero Cantalamessa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Heller" title="Michał Heller">Michał Heller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kreeft" title="Peter Kreeft">Peter Kreeft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Marion" title="Jean-Luc Marion">Jean-Luc Marion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Hal%C3%ADk" title="Tomáš Halík">Tomáš Halík</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aidan_Nichols" title="Aidan Nichols">Aidan Nichols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Hahn" title="Scott Hahn">Scott Hahn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Popes" title="Template:Popes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Popes" title="Template talk:Popes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Popes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Popes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Popes_of_the_Catholic_Church" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Popes</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_popes" title="List of popes">List of popes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_popes_(graphical)" title="List of popes (graphical)">graphical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canonised_popes" title="List of canonised popes">canonised</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_name" title="Papal name">Papal names</a></li> <li>Tombs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extant_papal_tombs" title="List of extant papal tombs">extant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_non-extant_papal_tombs" title="List of non-extant papal tombs">non-extant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipope" title="Antipope">Antipope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_emeritus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope emeritus">Pope emeritus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_renunciation" title="Papal renunciation">papal resignation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope-elect_Stephen" title="Pope-elect Stephen">Pope-elect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">1st–4th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Linus" title="Pope Linus">Linus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anacletus" title="Pope Anacletus">Anacletus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Evaristus" title="Pope Evaristus">Evaristus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_I" title="Pope Alexander I">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_I" title="Pope Sixtus I">Sixtus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Telesphorus" title="Pope Telesphorus">Telesphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hyginus" title="Pope Hyginus">Hyginus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_I" title="Pope Pius I">Pius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anicetus" title="Pope Anicetus">Anicetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Soter" title="Pope Soter">Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eleutherius" title="Pope Eleutherius">Eleutherius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Victor_I" title="Pope Victor I">Victor I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zephyrinus" title="Pope Zephyrinus">Zephyrinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_I" title="Pope Callixtus I">Callixtus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_I" title="Pope Urban I">Urban I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pontian" title="Pope Pontian">Pontian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anterus" title="Pope Anterus">Anterus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Fabian" title="Pope Fabian">Fabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Cornelius" title="Pope Cornelius">Cornelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Lucius_I" title="Pope Lucius I">Lucius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_I" title="Pope Stephen I">Stephen I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_II" title="Pope Sixtus II">Sixtus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dionysius" title="Pope Dionysius">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_I" title="Pope Felix I">Felix I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eutychian" title="Pope Eutychian">Eutychian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Caius" title="Pope Caius">Caius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marcellinus" title="Pope Marcellinus">Marcellinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marcellus_I" title="Pope Marcellus I">Marcellus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eusebius" title="Pope Eusebius">Eusebius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Miltiades" title="Pope Miltiades">Miltiades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_I" title="Pope Sylvester I">Sylvester I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Mark" title="Pope Mark">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_I" title="Pope Julius I">Julius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Liberius" title="Pope Liberius">Liberius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_I" title="Pope Damasus I">Damasus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Siricius" title="Pope Siricius">Siricius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anastasius_I" title="Pope Anastasius I">Anastasius I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">5th–8th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_I" title="Pope Innocent I">Innocent I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zosimus" title="Pope Zosimus">Zosimus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_I" title="Pope Boniface I">Boniface I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_I" title="Pope Celestine I">Celestine I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_III" title="Pope Sixtus III">Sixtus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Leo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hilarius" title="Pope Hilarius">Hilarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Simplicius" title="Pope Simplicius">Simplicius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_III" title="Pope Felix III">Felix III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anastasius_II" title="Pope Anastasius II">Anastasius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Symmachus" title="Pope Symmachus">Symmachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hormisdas" title="Pope Hormisdas">Hormisdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_I" title="Pope John I">John I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_IV" title="Pope Felix IV">Felix IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_II" title="Pope Boniface II">Boniface II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_II" title="Pope John II">John II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agapetus_I" title="Pope Agapetus I">Agapetus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Silverius" title="Pope Silverius">Silverius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Vigilius" title="Pope Vigilius">Vigilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pelagius_I" title="Pope Pelagius I">Pelagius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_III" title="Pope John III">John III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_I" title="Pope Benedict I">Benedict I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pelagius_II" title="Pope Pelagius II">Pelagius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sabinian" title="Pope Sabinian">Sabinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_III" title="Pope Boniface III">Boniface III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_IV" title="Pope Boniface IV">Boniface IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adeodatus_I" title="Pope Adeodatus I">Adeodatus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_V" title="Pope Boniface V">Boniface V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Honorius_I" title="Pope Honorius I">Honorius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Severinus" title="Pope Severinus">Severinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_IV" title="Pope John IV">John IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Theodore_I" title="Pope Theodore I">Theodore I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Martin_I" title="Pope Martin I">Martin I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_I" title="Pope Eugene I">Eugene I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Vitalian" title="Pope Vitalian">Vitalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adeodatus_II" title="Pope Adeodatus II">Adeodatus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Donus" title="Pope Donus">Donus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agatho" title="Pope Agatho">Agatho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_II" title="Pope Leo II">Leo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_II" title="Pope Benedict II">Benedict II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_V" title="Pope John V">John V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Conon" title="Pope Conon">Conon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sergius_I" title="Pope Sergius I">Sergius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_VI" title="Pope John VI">John VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_VII" title="Pope John VII">John VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sisinnius" title="Pope Sisinnius">Sisinnius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Constantine" title="Pope Constantine">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_II" title="Pope Gregory II">Gregory II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_III" title="Pope Gregory III">Gregory III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zachary" title="Pope Zachary">Zachary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_II" title="Pope Stephen II">Stephen II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_I" title="Pope Paul I">Paul I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_III" title="Pope Stephen III">Stephen III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_I" title="Pope Adrian I">Adrian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_III" title="Pope Leo III">Leo III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">9th–12th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_IV" title="Pope Stephen IV">Stephen IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paschal_I" title="Pope Paschal I">Paschal I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_II" title="Pope Eugene II">Eugene II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Valentine" title="Pope Valentine">Valentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_IV" title="Pope Gregory IV">Gregory IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sergius_II" title="Pope Sergius II">Sergius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_IV" title="Pope Leo IV">Leo IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_III" title="Pope Benedict III">Benedict III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_I" title="Pope Nicholas I">Nicholas I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_II" title="Pope Adrian II">Adrian II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_VIII" title="Pope John VIII">John VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marinus_I" title="Pope Marinus I">Marinus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_III" title="Pope Adrian III">Adrian III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_V" title="Pope Stephen V">Stephen V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Formosus" title="Pope Formosus">Formosus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_VI" title="Pope Boniface VI">Boniface VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_VI" title="Pope Stephen VI">Stephen VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Romanus" title="Pope Romanus">Romanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Theodore_II" title="Pope Theodore II">Theodore II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_IX" title="Pope John IX">John IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_IV" title="Pope Benedict IV">Benedict IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_V" title="Pope Leo V">Leo V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sergius_III" title="Pope Sergius III">Sergius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anastasius_III" title="Pope Anastasius III">Anastasius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Lando" title="Pope Lando">Lando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_X" title="Pope John X">John X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_VI" title="Pope Leo VI">Leo VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_VII" title="Pope Stephen VII">Stephen VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XI" title="Pope John XI">John XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_VII" title="Pope Leo VII">Leo VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_VIII" title="Pope Stephen VIII">Stephen VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marinus_II" title="Pope Marinus II">Marinus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agapetus_II" title="Pope Agapetus II">Agapetus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XII" title="Pope John XII">John XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_V" title="Pope Benedict V">Benedict V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_VIII" title="Pope Leo VIII">Leo VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XIII" title="Pope John XIII">John XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_VI" title="Pope Benedict VI">Benedict VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_VII" title="Pope Benedict VII">Benedict VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XIV" title="Pope John XIV">John XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XV" title="Pope John XV">John XV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_V" title="Pope Gregory V">Gregory V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_II" title="Pope Sylvester II">Sylvester II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XVII" title="Pope John XVII">John XVII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XVIII" title="Pope John XVIII">John XVIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sergius_IV" title="Pope Sergius IV">Sergius IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_VIII" title="Pope Benedict VIII">Benedict VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XIX" title="Pope John XIX">John XIX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_IX" title="Pope Benedict IX">Benedict IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_III" title="Pope Sylvester III">Sylvester III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VI" title="Pope Gregory VI">Gregory VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_II" title="Pope Clement II">Clement II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_II" title="Pope Damasus II">Damasus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_IX" title="Pope Leo IX">Leo IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Victor_II" title="Pope Victor II">Victor II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_IX" title="Pope Stephen IX">Stephen IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_II" title="Pope Nicholas II">Nicholas II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_II" title="Pope Alexander II">Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VII" title="Pope Gregory VII">Gregory VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Victor_III" title="Pope Victor III">Victor III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_II" title="Pope Urban II">Urban II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paschal_II" title="Pope Paschal II">Paschal II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_II" title="Pope Gelasius II">Gelasius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_II" title="Pope Callixtus II">Callixtus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Honorius_II" title="Pope Honorius II">Honorius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_II" title="Pope Innocent II">Innocent II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_II" title="Pope Celestine II">Celestine II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Lucius_II" title="Pope Lucius II">Lucius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_III" title="Pope Eugene III">Eugene III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anastasius_IV" title="Pope Anastasius IV">Anastasius IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_IV" title="Pope Adrian IV">Adrian IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_III" title="Pope Alexander III">Alexander III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Lucius_III" title="Pope Lucius III">Lucius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_III" title="Pope Urban III">Urban III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VIII" title="Pope Gregory VIII">Gregory VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_III" title="Pope Clement III">Clement III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_III" title="Pope Celestine III">Celestine III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III" title="Pope Innocent III">Innocent III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">13th–16th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Honorius_III" title="Pope Honorius III">Honorius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_IX" title="Pope Gregory IX">Gregory IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_IV" title="Pope Celestine IV">Celestine IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_IV" title="Pope Innocent IV">Innocent IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_IV" title="Pope Alexander IV">Alexander IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_IV" title="Pope Urban IV">Urban IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_IV" title="Pope Clement IV">Clement IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_X" title="Pope Gregory X">Gregory X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_V" title="Pope Innocent V">Innocent V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_V" title="Pope Adrian V">Adrian V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXI" title="Pope John XXI">John XXI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_III" title="Pope Nicholas III">Nicholas III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Martin_IV" title="Pope Martin IV">Martin IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Honorius_IV" title="Pope Honorius IV">Honorius IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_IV" title="Pope Nicholas IV">Nicholas IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_V" title="Pope Celestine V">Celestine V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_VIII" title="Pope Boniface VIII">Boniface VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XI" title="Pope Benedict XI">Benedict XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_V" title="Pope Clement V">Clement V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXII" title="Pope John XXII">John XXII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XII" title="Pope Benedict XII">Benedict XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VI" title="Pope Clement VI">Clement VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_VI" title="Pope Innocent VI">Innocent VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_V" title="Pope Urban V">Urban V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XI" title="Pope Gregory XI">Gregory XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_VI" title="Pope Urban VI">Urban VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_IX" title="Pope Boniface IX">Boniface IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_VII" title="Pope Innocent VII">Innocent VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XII" title="Pope Gregory XII">Gregory XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Martin_V" title="Pope Martin V">Martin V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_IV" title="Pope Eugene IV">Eugene IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_V" title="Pope Nicholas V">Nicholas V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_III" title="Pope Callixtus III">Callixtus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_II" title="Pope Pius II">Pius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_II" title="Pope Paul II">Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_IV" title="Pope Sixtus IV">Sixtus IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_VIII" title="Pope Innocent VIII">Innocent VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI" title="Pope Alexander VI">Alexander VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_III" title="Pope Pius III">Pius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_II" title="Pope Julius II">Julius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Leo X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_VI" title="Pope Adrian VI">Adrian VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VII" title="Pope Clement VII">Clement VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_III" title="Pope Paul III">Paul III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_III" title="Pope Julius III">Julius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marcellus_II" title="Pope Marcellus II">Marcellus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_IV" title="Pope Paul IV">Paul IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IV" title="Pope Pius IV">Pius IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pius V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XIII" title="Pope Gregory XIII">Gregory XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_V" title="Pope Sixtus V">Sixtus V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_VII" title="Pope Urban VII">Urban VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XIV" title="Pope Gregory XIV">Gregory XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_IX" title="Pope Innocent IX">Innocent IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VIII" title="Pope Clement VIII">Clement VIII</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">17th–21st centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XI" title="Pope Leo XI">Leo XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_V" title="Pope Paul V">Paul V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XV" title="Pope Gregory XV">Gregory XV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_VIII" title="Pope Urban VIII">Urban VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_X" title="Pope Innocent X">Innocent X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VII" title="Pope Alexander VII">Alexander VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_IX" title="Pope Clement IX">Clement IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_X" title="Pope Clement X">Clement X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_XI" title="Pope Innocent XI">Innocent XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VIII" title="Pope Alexander VIII">Alexander VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_XII" title="Pope Innocent XII">Innocent XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_XI" title="Pope Clement XI">Clement XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_XIII" title="Pope Innocent XIII">Innocent XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XIII" title="Pope Benedict XIII">Benedict XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_XII" title="Pope Clement XII">Clement XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XIV" title="Pope Benedict XIV">Benedict XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_XIII" title="Pope Clement XIII">Clement XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_XIV" title="Pope Clement XIV">Clement XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VI" title="Pope Pius VI">Pius VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VII" title="Pope Pius VII">Pius VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XII" title="Pope Leo XII">Leo XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VIII" title="Pope Pius VIII">Pius VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XVI" title="Pope Gregory XVI">Gregory XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pius IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Leo XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pius X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XV" title="Pope Benedict XV">Benedict XV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI" title="Pope Pius XI">Pius XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pius XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">John XXIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Paul VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_I" title="Pope John Paul I">John Paul I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Benedict XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">History of the papacy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Papal_selection_before_1059" title="Papal selection before 1059">Antiquity and Early<br /> Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_selection_before_1059#During_the_Roman_Empire" title="Papal selection before 1059">During the Roman Empire</a> (until 493) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bishops_of_Rome_under_Constantine_the_Great" title="Bishops of Rome under Constantine the Great">Under Constantine</a> (312–337)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Papacy" title="Ostrogothic Papacy">Ostrogothic Papacy</a> (493–537)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Papacy" title="Byzantine Papacy">Byzantine Papacy</a> (537–752)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_Papacy" title="Frankish Papacy">Frankish Papacy</a> (756–857)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saeculum_obscurum" title="Saeculum obscurum">Saeculum obscurum</a></i> (904–964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crescentii" title="Crescentii">Crescentii era</a> (974–1012)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">High and Late<br />Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tusculan_Papacy" title="Tusculan Papacy">Tusculan Papacy</a> (1012–1044 / 1048)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy_(1048%E2%80%931257)" title="History of the papacy (1048–1257)">Conflicts with the HRE</a> (1048–1257)</li> <li>Wandering Papacy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viterbo_Papacy" title="Viterbo Papacy">Viterbo</a>, 1257–1281</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orvieto_Papacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Orvieto Papacy">Orvieto</a>, 1262–1297</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perugia_Papacy" title="Perugia Papacy">Perugia</a>, 1228–1304</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon Papacy</a> (1309–1378)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western Schism</a> (1378–1417)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Early Modern and<br /> Modern Era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Papacy" title="Renaissance Papacy">Renaissance Papacy</a> (1417–1534)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation_Papacy" title="Reformation Papacy">Reformation Papacy</a> (1534–1585)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_Papacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Baroque Papacy">Baroque Papacy</a> (1585–1689)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Baroque,_Enlightenment_and_revolutions">Age of Enlightenment</a> (c. 1640–1740)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popes_during_the_Age_of_Revolution" title="Popes during the Age of Revolution">Revolutionary Papacy</a> (1775–1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Question">Roman Question</a> (1870–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a> (1929–present) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican City in World War II">World War II</a> (1939–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Holy See–Soviet Union relations">Cold War</a> (1945–1991)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Popes" title="Category:Popes">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church" title="Portal:Catholic Church">Catholic Church Portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Christianity" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Christianity" title="Template:History of Christianity"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Christianity" title="Template talk:History of Christianity"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Christianity" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Christianity"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Christianity" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History of Christianity</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">Spread</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century" title="Christianity in the 1st century">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">2nd and 3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_4th_century" title="Christianity in the 4th century">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_5th_century" title="Christianity in the 5th century">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_6th_century" title="Christianity in the 6th century">6th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_7th_century" title="Christianity in the 7th century">7th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_8th_century" title="Christianity in the 8th century">8th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_9th_century" title="Christianity in the 9th century">9th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_10th_century" title="Christianity in the 10th century">10th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_11th_century" title="Christianity in the 11th century">11th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_12th_century" title="Christianity in the 12th century">12th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_13th_century" title="Christianity in the 13th century">13th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_14th_century" title="Christianity in the 14th century">14th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_15th_century" title="Christianity in the 15th century">15th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_16th_century" title="Christianity in the 16th century">16th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_17th_century" title="Christianity in the 17th century">17th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_18th_century" title="Christianity in the 18th century">18th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_19th_century" title="Christianity in the 19th century">19th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_20th_century" title="Christianity in the 20th century">20th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_21st_century" title="Christianity in the 21st century">21st</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Origins and<br />Apostolic Age</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus" title="Life of Jesus">Life of Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles in the New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christian">Jewish Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">Council of Jerusalem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">General epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene<br />period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_in_early_Christian_theology" title="Diversity in early Christian theology">Diversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoptionism" title="Adoptionism">Adoptionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docetism" title="Docetism">Docetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donatism" title="Donatism">Donatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcionism" title="Marcionism">Marcionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montanism" title="Montanism">Montanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">Canon development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic</a> / <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Roman_Africa_province" title="Christianity in the Roman Africa province">Early African</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinian_shift" title="Constantinian shift">Constantinian shift</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion" title="Christianity as the Roman state religion">Roman state religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Christianity" title="Nicene Christianity">Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">Constantinople I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Ephesus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Chalcedonian Christianity">Chalcedonian</a> / <a href="/wiki/Non-Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Non-Chalcedonian Christianity">Non-Chalcedonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Catholicism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">Papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Development of primacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_opposition_to_papal_supremacy" title="Eastern Orthodox opposition to papal supremacy">Eastern Orthodox opposition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Fourth Council of the Lateran">Lateran IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_patronage_of_Julius_II" title="Art patronage of Julius II">Art patronage of Julius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Leo X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_the_Protestant_Reformation_and_Counter-Reformation" title="Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Xavier</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_monasteries" title="Dissolution of the monasteries">Monastery dissolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_rock" title="Mass rock">Mass rocks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Priest_hole" title="Priest hole">priest holes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe" title="Our Lady of Guadalupe">Guadalupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jansenism" title="Jansenism">Jansenists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism#Neo-Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Neo-Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Modernism in the Catholic Church">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">Vatican I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Vatican II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesial_community" title="Ecclesial community">Ecclesial community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Eastern_Christianity" title="History of Eastern Christianity">Eastern<br />Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="History of Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icon#History" title="Icon">Icons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iconodulism" title="Iconodulism">Iconodulism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Great Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Armenia" title="Christianization of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iberia" title="Christianization of Iberia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Greece" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_history" title="Coptic history">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church under the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Russian Orthodox Church">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_North_America" title="Timeline of Eastern Orthodoxy in North America">North America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pelagianism" title="Pelagianism">Pelagianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_the_Germanic_peoples" title="Christianisation of the Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Franks" title="Christianization of the Franks">Franks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Christianity" title="Gothic Christianity">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Scandinavia" title="Christianization of Scandinavia">Scandinavian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iceland" title="Christianization of Iceland">Iceland</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Slavs" title="Christianization of the Slavs">Slavs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bohemia" title="Christianization of Bohemia">Bohemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bulgaria" title="Christianization of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Christianization of Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Moravia" title="Christianization of Moravia">Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Poland" title="Christianization of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Pomerania" title="Christianization of Pomerania">Pomerania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogomilism" title="Bogomilism">Bogomils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Church" title="Bosnian Church">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catharism" title="Catharism">Cathars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Brethren" title="Apostolic Brethren">Apostolic Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulcinian" class="mw-redirect" title="Dulcinian">Dulcinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism#Early_Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Early Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Christian mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Dominic" title="Saint Dominic">Dominic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_Ways_(Aquinas)" title="Five Ways (Aquinas)">Five Ways</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wycliffe" title="John Wycliffe">Wycliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Papal Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Reformation" title="Bohemian Reformation">Bohemian Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Hus" title="Jan Hus">Hus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conciliarism" title="Conciliarism">Conciliarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synod" title="Synod">Synods</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a><br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/History_of_Protestantism" title="History of Protestantism">Protestantism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharistic_theology" title="Eucharistic theology">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Calvinist%E2%80%93Arminian_debate" title="History of the Calvinist–Arminian debate">Calvinist–Arminian debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation#Politics" title="Counter-Reformation">Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_theory_in_the_Early_Modern_period#Christian_resistance_theories_of_the_early_modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Resistance theory in the Early Modern period">Resistance theories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state#Reformation" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicodemite" title="Nicodemite">Nicodemites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymnody_of_continental_Europe" title="Hymnody of continental Europe">Hymnody of continental Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_and_material_principles_of_theology" title="Formal and material principles of theology">Formal and material principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_Gospel" title="Law and Gospel">Law and Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Reformation_literature" title="Template:Reformation literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_work_ethic" title="Protestant work ethic">Protestant work ethic</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lutheranism" title="History of Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses" title="Ninety-five Theses">Ninety-five Theses</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Worms" title="Diet of Worms">Diet of Worms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Martin_Luther" title="Theology of Martin Luther">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Bible" title="Luther Bible">Bible</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon" title="Philip Melanchthon">Melanchthon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Concord" title="Book of Concord">Book of Concord</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_orthodoxy" title="Lutheran orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramental_union" title="Sacramental union">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_art" title="Lutheran art">Art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Reformed_Christianity" title="History of Reformed Christianity">Calvinism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Huldrych Zwingli">Zwingli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Reformation" title="Scottish Reformation">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Knox" title="John Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_points_of_Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Five points of Calvinism">TULIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_baptismal_theology" title="Reformed baptismal theology">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Dort" title="Synod of Dort">Dort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Forms_of_Unity" title="Three Forms of Unity">Three Forms of Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Assembly" title="Westminster Assembly">Westminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_orthodoxy" title="Reformed orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrical_psalter" title="Metrical psalter">Metrical psalters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">Anglicanism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_English_Reformation" title="Timeline of the English Reformation">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer">Cranmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_Religious_Settlement" title="Elizabethan Religious Settlement">Elizabethan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty-nine_Articles" title="Thirty-nine Articles">39 Articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_church_music" title="Anglican church music">Church music</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptist_theology" title="Anabaptist theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Reformation" title="Radical Reformation">Radical Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Grebel" title="Conrad Grebel">Grebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Brethren" title="Swiss Brethren">Swiss Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs%27_Synod" title="Martyrs' Synod">Martyrs' Synod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menno_Simons" title="Menno Simons">Menno Simons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smyth_(English_theologian)" title="John Smyth (English theologian)">Smyth</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_Mirror" title="Martyrs Mirror">Martyrs Mirror</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ausbund" title="Ausbund">Ausbund</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">1640–1789</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_revival" title="Christian revival">Revivalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Missionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptists_in_the_history_of_separation_of_church_and_state" title="Baptists in the history of separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edict_of_toleration#Early_modern_period" title="Edict of toleration">Edicts of toleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millerism" title="Millerism">Millerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Merton_thesis" title="Merton thesis">Fostering of early experimental science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Lutheranism" title="Neo-Lutheranism">Neo-</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Lutherans" title="Old Lutherans">Old Lutherans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">1789–present</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camp_meeting" title="Camp meeting">Camp meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restorationists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="History of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="History of the Latter Day Saint movement">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="History of the Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Oxford Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laestadianism" title="Laestadianism">Laestadianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awakening_(Finnish_religious_movement)" title="Awakening (Finnish religious movement)">Finnish Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Christian existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Great_Awakening" title="Third Great Awakening">Third Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azusa_Street_Revival" title="Azusa Street Revival">Azusa Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">Gospel music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalist%E2%80%93Modernist_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamentalist–Modernist controversy">Fundamentalist – Modernist controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_solae" title="Five solae">Five <i>solae</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_movement" title="Jesus movement">Jesus movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Charismatic Movement">Charismatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_epistemology" title="Reformed epistemology">Reformed epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Great_Awakening" title="Fourth Great Awakening">Fourth Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mainline_Protestant" title="Mainline Protestant">Mainline</a> Protestants</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_influence_of_Evangelicalism_in_Latin_America" title="Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America">Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christianity" title="Timeline of Christianity">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christian_missions" title="Timeline of Christian missions">Missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_martyrs" title="List of Christian martyrs">Martyrs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="History of Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Protestantism" title="History of Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style 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style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_New_Testament" title="Persecution of Christians in the New Testament">New Testament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Fire_of_Rome" title="Great Fire of Rome">Great Fire of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_in_Lyon" title="Persecution in Lyon">Persecution in Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decian_persecution" title="Decian persecution">Decian persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocletianic_Persecution" title="Diocletianic Persecution">Diocletianic Persecution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians#Early_Middle_Ages" title="Persecution of Christians">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homs_revolts_(854%E2%80%93855)" title="Homs revolts (854–855)">Homs revolts (854–855)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" title="Martyrs of Córdoba">Martyrs of Córdoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashmurian_revolts" title="Bashmurian revolts">Bashmurian revolts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_the_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" title="Destruction of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre">Destruction of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kisrawan_campaigns_(1292%E2%80%931305)" title="Kisrawan campaigns (1292–1305)">Kisrawan campaigns (1292–1305)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians#Early_Modern_period_(1500_to_1815)" title="Persecution of Christians">Early modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e" title="War in the Vendée">Revolt in the Vendée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Japan" title="Martyrs of Japan">Martyrs of Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kakure_Kirishitan" title="Kakure Kirishitan">Kakure Kirishitan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captivity_of_Mangalorean_Catholics_at_Seringapatam" title="Captivity of Mangalorean Catholics at Seringapatam">Captivity of Mangalorean Catholics at Seringapatam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians#Modern_era_(1815_to_1989)" title="Persecution of Christians">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinople_massacre_of_1821" title="Constantinople massacre of 1821">Constantinople massacre of 1821</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1843_and_1846_massacres_in_Hakkari" title="1843 and 1846 massacres in Hakkari">1843 and 1846 massacres in Hakkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_Aleppo_(1850)" title="Massacre of Aleppo (1850)">1850 Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_civil_conflict_in_Mount_Lebanon_and_Damascus" title="1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus">1860 Lebanon conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianjin_Massacre" title="Tianjin Massacre">Tianjin Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kucheng_massacre" title="Kucheng massacre">Kucheng massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%E1%BB%B1_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c%27s_Catholic_persecution" title="Tự Đức's Catholic persecution">Tự Đức's Catholic persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamidian_massacres" title="Hamidian massacres">Hamidian massacres</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Diyarbekir_(1895)" title="Massacres of Diyarbekir (1895)">Diyarbekir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candia_massacre" title="Candia massacre">Candia massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adana_massacre" title="Adana massacre">Adana massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_of_Mount_Lebanon" title="Great Famine of Mount Lebanon">Great Famine of Mount Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Assyrian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">Greek genocide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmit_massacres" title="İzmit massacres">İzmit massacres</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cristero_War" title="Cristero War">Cristero War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shusha_massacre" title="Shusha massacre">Shusha massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Terror_(Spain)" title="Red Terror (Spain)">Red Terror (Spain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Nazi Germany">Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_pogrom" title="Istanbul pogrom">Istanbul pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Thursday_(Lebanon)" title="Black Thursday (Lebanon)">Black Thursday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chouf_massacres" class="mw-redirect" title="Chouf massacres">Chouf massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damour_massacre" title="Damour massacre">Damour massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_War_(Lebanon)" title="Mountain War (Lebanon)">Mountain War (Lebanon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_Hall_Putsch" title="Beer Hall Putsch">Beer Hall Putsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Eastern_Bloc" title="Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Persecution of Christians in the post–Cold War era">Persecution of Christians in the post–Cold War era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumgait_pogrom" title="Sumgait pogrom">Sumgait pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maluku_sectarian_conflict" title="Maluku sectarian conflict">Maluku sectarian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nag_Hammadi_massacre" title="Nag Hammadi massacre">Nag Hammadi massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosheh_massacres" title="Kosheh massacres">Kosheh massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram_insurgency" title="Boko Haram insurgency">Boko Haram insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maspero_demonstrations" title="Maspero demonstrations">Maspero demonstrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_attacks_on_Christians_in_southeastern_Gujarat" title="1998 attacks on Christians in southeastern Gujarat">1998 attacks on Christians in southeastern Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_attacks_on_Christians_in_Dangs_district" class="mw-redirect" title="1998 attacks on Christians in Dangs district">1998 attacks on Christians in Dangs district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Ramgiri-Udaygiri_violence" title="1998 Ramgiri-Udaygiri violence">1998 Ramgiri-Udaygiri violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Ranalai_violence" title="1999 Ranalai violence">1999 Ranalai violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Christmas_violence_in_Kandhamal" title="2007 Christmas violence in Kandhamal">2007 Christmas violence in Kandhamal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Kandhamal_violence" title="2008 Kandhamal violence">2008 Kandhamal violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Kandhamal_nun_gang_rape_case" title="2008 Kandhamal nun gang rape case">2008 Kandhamal nun gang rape case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_attacks_on_Christians_in_southern_Karnataka" title="2008 attacks on Christians in southern Karnataka">2008 attacks on Christians in southern Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_anti-Christian_violence_in_Karnataka" title="2021 anti-Christian violence in Karnataka">2021 anti-Christian violence in Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_hostage_crisis" title="Manila hostage crisis">2010 Manila hostage crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_by_the_Islamic_State" title="Persecution of Christians by the Islamic State">Persecution by the Islamic State</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By<br />persecutor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Early Christianity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herod_Agrippa" title="Herod Agrippa">Agrippa I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Roman Empire</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax" title="Maximinus Thrax">Maximinus Thrax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decius" title="Decius">Decius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_(emperor)" title="Valerian (emperor)">Valerian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Late Antiquity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximian" title="Maximian">Maximian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galerius#Persecution_of_Christians" title="Galerius">Galerius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shapur_II" title="Shapur II">Shapur II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanaric" title="Athanaric">Athanaric</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mutawakkil" title="Al-Mutawakkil">Al-Mutawakkil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah" title="Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah">Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulagu_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hulagu Khan">Hulagu Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timur" title="Timur">Timur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toyotomi_Hideyoshi" title="Toyotomi Hideyoshi">Toyotomi Hideyoshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_Ieyasu" title="Tokugawa Ieyasu">Tokugawa Ieyasu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor" title="Kangxi Emperor">Kangxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipu_Sultan" title="Tipu Sultan">Tipu Sultan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minh_M%E1%BA%A1ng" title="Minh Mạng">Minh Mạng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%E1%BB%B1_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Tự Đức">Tự Đức</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Jeongsun" title="Queen Jeongsun">Queen Jeongsun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ranavalona_I" title="Ranavalona I">Ranavalona I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwanga_II_of_Buganda" title="Mwanga II of Buganda">Mwanga II of Buganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarco_El%C3%ADas_Calles" title="Plutarco Elías Calles">Plutarco Elías Calles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Garrido_Canabal" title="Tomás Garrido Canabal">Tomás Garrido Canabal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bai_Chongxi" title="Bai Chongxi">Bai Chongxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha">Enver Hoxha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Pashas" title="Three Pashas">Three Pashas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_anti-religious_campaign_(1921%E2%80%931928)" title="USSR anti-religious campaign (1921–1928)">Vladimir Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_anti-religious_campaign_(1928%E2%80%931941)" title="USSR anti-religious campaign (1928–1941)">Joseph Stalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Nazi Germany">Adolf Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Mao Zedong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pol_Pot" title="Pol Pot">Pol Pot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_North_Korea#Persecution_of_Christians_and_Buddhists" title="Human rights in North Korea">Kim Il-sung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abubakar_Shekau" title="Abubakar Shekau">Abubakar Shekau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antireligious_campaigns_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party#2012–present:_Xi_Jinping_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Antireligious campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party">Xi Jinping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi" title="Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi">Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By<br />country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Christians in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Christians in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Armenian_sentiment_in_Azerbaijan" title="Anti-Armenian sentiment in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Myanmar" title="Freedom of religion in Myanmar">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Cambodia" title="Freedom of religion in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_China" title="Christianity in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Christians in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulturkampf" title="Kulturkampf">German Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirchenkampf" title="Kirchenkampf">Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_Christians_in_India" title="Violence against Christians in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Christians in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Christians in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Christians in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirishitan" title="Kirishitan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Laos" title="Christianity in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Christians in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_Madagascar" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Christians in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Christians in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism_in_Mexico" title="Anti-clericalism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Christians in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_North_Korea" title="Persecution of Christians in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Christians in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_Pakistan" title="Persecution of Christians in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Freedom of religion in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Christians in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Persecution of Christians in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Christians in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Christians in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Thailand" title="Christianity in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Christians in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Vietnam" title="Christianity in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Christians in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By<br />persecuted group</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism#Persecutions_and_migrations" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Eastern_Orthodox_Christians" title="Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians">Eastern Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">Mormons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_Mormons" class="mw-redirect" title="Violence against Mormons">Violence against Mormons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Oriental_Orthodox_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Oriental Orthodox Christians">Oriental Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Armenian_sentiment" title="Anti-Armenian sentiment">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Copts" title="Persecution of Copts">Copts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Protestants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_martyr" title="Christian martyr">Martyrs</a><br /><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_martyrs" title="List of Christian martyrs">list</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Innocents" title="Massacre of the Innocents">Massacre of the Innocents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Saint Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthusian_Martyrs" title="Carthusian Martyrs">Carthusian Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Martyrs" title="Chinese Martyrs">Chinese Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Martyrs_of_Jasenovac" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Martyrs of Jasenovac">Saint Martyrs of Jasenovac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blessed_Martyrs_of_Drina" title="Blessed Martyrs of Drina">Drina Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forty_Martyrs_of_England_and_Wales" title="Forty Martyrs of England and Wales">Forty Martyrs of England and Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Martyrs" title="Korean Martyrs">Korean Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Japan" title="Martyrs of Japan">Martyrs of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War">Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Martyr" title="New Martyr">New Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Martyrs" title="Canadian Martyrs">North American Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saints_of_the_Cristero_War" title="Saints of the Cristero War">Saints of the Cristero War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda_Martyrs" title="Uganda Martyrs">Uganda Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Martyrs" title="Vietnamese Martyrs">Vietnamese Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/233_Spanish_Martyrs" title="233 Spanish Martyrs">233 Spanish Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/498_Spanish_Martyrs" title="498 Spanish Martyrs">498 Spanish Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/522_Spanish_Martyrs" title="522 Spanish Martyrs">522 Spanish Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Turon" title="Martyrs of Turon">Martyrs of Turon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Daimiel" title="Martyrs of Daimiel">Martyrs of Daimiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_victims_of_Soviet_persecutions" title="Eastern Catholic victims of Soviet persecutions">Eastern Catholics in the USSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_kidnapping_and_beheading_of_Copts_in_Libya" title="2015 kidnapping and beheading of Copts in Libya">21 Martyrs of Libya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Persecution_of_Christians" title="Category:Persecution of Christians">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Persecution_of_Christians" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Persecution of Christians">Commons</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Holy_See" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Holy_See" title="Template:Holy See"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Holy_See" title="Template talk:Holy See"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Holy_See" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Holy See"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Holy_See" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_see" title="Apostolic see">Apostolic</a> <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_see" title="Episcopal see">episcopal see</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a> as <a href="/wiki/Bishop_in_the_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop in the Catholic Church">bishop</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Rome" title="Diocese of Rome">Diocese of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty and government</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_the_Holy_See" title="Legal status of the Holy See">Sovereign judicial entity</a> under <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_see" title="Apostolic see">Apostolic see</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primacy_of_Peter" title="Primacy of Peter">Primacy of Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">History of papal primacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrimony_of_Saint_Peter" title="Patrimony of Saint Peter">Patrimony of Saint Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="Old St. Peter's Basilica">Old St. Peter's Basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Palace" title="Lateran Palace">Lateran Palace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Museum" title="Lateran Museum">Museum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Rome" title="Duchy of Rome">Duchy of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donation_of_Sutri" title="Donation of Sutri">Donation of Sutri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donation_of_Pepin" title="Donation of Pepin">Donation of Pepin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon Papacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_power_of_the_Holy_See" title="Temporal power of the Holy See">Temporal power</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popes_during_the_Age_of_Revolution" title="Popes during the Age of Revolution">Age of Revolution</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Prisoner_in_the_Vatican" title="Prisoner in the Vatican">Prisoner in the Vatican</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_during_the_Savoyard_era_(1870%E2%80%931929)" title="Vatican during the Savoyard era (1870–1929)">Savoyard era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican City in World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Holy See–Soviet Union relations">Warsaw Pact</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereign<br />judicial entity</a><br /><small>under<br /><a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international<br />law</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_the_Holy_See" title="Legal status of the Holy See">Legal status</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Official" title="Official">Officials</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Secretary_of_State" title="Cardinal Secretary of State">Cardinal Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Parolin" title="Pietro Parolin">Pietro Parolin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)" title="Cardinal (Catholic Church)">Cardinals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_living_cardinals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of living cardinals">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Cardinal_Advisers" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Cardinal Advisers">Advisers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Governance" title="Governance">Governance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_State_(Holy_See)" title="Secretariat of State (Holy See)">Secretariat of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Cardinals" title="College of Cardinals">College of Cardinals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_conclave" title="Papal conclave">Papal conclave</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Vatican_City" title="Politics of Vatican City">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Camera" title="Apostolic Camera">Apostolic Camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_commission" title="Pontifical commission">Commissions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Commission_for_Vatican_City_State" title="Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State">For Vatican City State</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_council" title="Pontifical council">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_(Roman_Curia)" title="Congregation (Roman Curia)">Congregations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicastery" title="Dicastery">Dicasteries</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Holy_See" title="Foreign relations of the Holy See">Foreign affairs</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Multilateral_foreign_policy_of_the_Holy_See" title="Multilateral foreign policy of the Holy See">Multilateral policy</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Section_for_Relations_with_States_(Roman_Curia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Section for Relations with States (Roman Curia)">Section for Relations with States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_to_the_Holy_See" title="List of diplomatic missions to the Holy See">To the Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_the_Holy_See" title="List of diplomatic missions of the Holy See">Of the Holy See</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_the_diplomatic_missions_of_the_Holy_See" title="List of heads of the diplomatic missions of the Holy See">Heads</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Italy_relations" title="Holy See–Italy relations">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See_and_the_United_Nations" title="Holy See and the United Nations">United Nations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Observer_of_the_Holy_See_to_the_United_Nations" title="Permanent Observer of the Holy See to the United Nations">Permanent Observer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Observer_of_the_Holy_See_to_the_United_Nations_in_Geneva" title="Permanent Observer of the Holy See to the United Nations in Geneva">in Geneva</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Holy See–European Union relations">European Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Observer_of_the_Holy_See_to_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Permanent Observer of the Holy See to the Council of Europe">Permanent Observer to the Council of Europe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_nunciature" title="Apostolic nunciature">Apostolic nunciature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuncio" title="Nuncio">Nuncio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_the_Holy_See" title="Treaties of the Holy See">Treaties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concordat" title="Concordat">Concordats</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Rome" title="Diocese of Rome">Diocese<br />of Rome</a><br /><small>with <a href="/wiki/Universal_jurisdiction" title="Universal jurisdiction">universal</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Full_communion" title="Full communion">full communion</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Papal_primacy" title="Papal primacy">Papal primacy</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Synods" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Synod of Bishops in the Catholic Church">Synods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church#Ordinary_general_assemblies" title="Synod of Bishops in the Catholic Church">Ordinary general assemblies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church#Extraordinary_general_assemblies" title="Synod of Bishops in the Catholic Church">Extraordinary general assemblies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church#Special_assemblies" title="Synod of Bishops in the Catholic Church">Special assemblies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Province_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecclesiastical Province of Rome">Ecclesiastical<br />province of Rome</a><br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/Apostolic_vicariate" title="Apostolic vicariate">Vicariate</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Vicar" title="Cardinal Vicar">Rome</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Vicar_General_for_Vatican_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Vicar General for Vatican City">Vatican City</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Suburbicarian_diocese" title="Suburbicarian diocese">Suburbicarian sees</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Suburbicarian_Diocese_of_Ostia" title="Roman Catholic Suburbicarian Diocese of Ostia">Ostia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Suburbicarian_Diocese_of_Velletri-Segni" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Suburbicarian Diocese of Velletri-Segni">Velletri-Segni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Suburbicarian_Diocese_of_Porto-Santa_Rufina" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Suburbicarian Diocese of Porto-Santa Rufina">Porto-Santa Rufina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Suburbicarian_Diocese_of_Frascati" title="Roman Catholic Suburbicarian Diocese of Frascati">Frascati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Suburbicarian_Diocese_of_Palestrina" title="Roman Catholic Suburbicarian Diocese of Palestrina">Palestrina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Suburbicarian_Diocese_of_Albano" title="Roman Catholic Suburbicarian Diocese of Albano">Albano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Suburbicarian_Diocese_of_Sabina-Poggio_Mirteto" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Suburbicarian Diocese of Sabina-Poggio Mirteto">Sabina-Poggio Mirteto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Territorial_abbey" title="Territorial abbey">Territorial abbeys</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_Abbey_of_Montecassino" class="mw-redirect" title="Territorial Abbey of Montecassino">Montecassino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_Saint_Scholastica,_Subiaco" title="Abbey of Saint Scholastica, Subiaco">Subiaco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Suffragan_diocese" title="Suffragan diocese">Suffragan dioceses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Gaeta" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Gaeta">Gaeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Anagni-Alatri" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Anagni-Alatri">Anagni-Alatri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Civita_Castellana" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Civita Castellana">Civita Castellana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Civitavecchia-Tarquinia" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Civitavecchia-Tarquinia">Civitavecchia-Tarquinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Frosinone-Veroli-Ferentino" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Frosinone-Veroli-Ferentino">Frosinone-Veroli-Ferentino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Latina-Terracina-Sezze-Priverno" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Latina-Terracina-Sezze-Priverno">Latina-Terracina-Sezze-Priverno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Rieti" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Rieti">Rieti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Sora-Cassino-Aquino-Pontecorvo" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Sora-Cassino-Aquino-Pontecorvo">Sora-Cassino-Aquino-Pontecorvo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Tivoli" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Tivoli">Tivoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Viterbo" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Viterbo">Viterbo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Properties_of_the_Holy_See" title="Properties of the Holy See">Properties</a><br /><small>including<br /><a href="/wiki/Extraterritoriality" title="Extraterritoriality">extra-<br />territoriality</a></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Inside<br /><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Major_basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="Major basilica">Major basilicas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archbasilica_of_Saint_John_Lateran" title="Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran">Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_di_Santa_Maria_Maggiore" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore">Basilica of Saint Mary Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint_Paul_Outside_the_Walls" title="Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls">Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Palace" title="Lateran Palace">Lateran Palace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Lateran_University" title="Pontifical Lateran University">Lateran University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scala_Sancta" title="Scala Sancta">Scala Sancta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancta_Sanctorum_(Lateran,_Rome)" title="Sancta Sanctorum (Lateran, Rome)">Sancta Sanctorum</a></li> <li>Adjoining buildings</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_San_Callisto" title="Palazzo San Callisto">Palace of Saint Callixtus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gianicolo" class="mw-redirect" title="Gianicolo">Gianicolo</a> Hill area <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Urban_University" title="Pontifical Urban University">Pontifical Urban University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_North_American_College" title="Pontifical North American College">Pontifical North American College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bambino_Ges%C3%B9_Hospital" title="Bambino Gesù Hospital">Bambino Gesù Hospital</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_della_Cancelleria" title="Palazzo della Cancelleria">Palazzo della Cancelleria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_di_Propaganda_Fide" title="Palazzo di Propaganda Fide">Palace of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_the_Holy_Office" title="Palace of the Holy Office">Palace of the Holy Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_dei_Convertendi" title="Palazzo dei Convertendi">Palace of the Congregation for the Oriental Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palazzo_Pio_(Borgo)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palazzo Pio (Borgo) (page does not exist)">Palazzo Pio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Maffei_Marescotti" class="mw-redirect" title="Palace of Maffei Marescotti">Palace of the Vicariate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Roman_Major_Seminary" title="Pontifical Roman Major Seminary">Pontifical Minor Roman Seminary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegio_Teutonico" title="Collegio Teutonico">Collegio Teutonico</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Cemetery" title="Teutonic Cemetery">Teutonic Cemetery</a></li></ul></li> <li>Benedictine monastery</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontifical_Oratory_of_San_Paolo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pontifical Oratory of San Paolo (page does not exist)">Pontifical Oratory of San Paolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beda_College" title="Beda College">Beda College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_VI_Audience_Hall" title="Paul VI Audience Hall">Paul VI Audience Hall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Non-extraterritorial" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Non-<br />extraterritorial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Palace of the <a href="/wiki/Santi_Apostoli,_Rome" title="Santi Apostoli, Rome">Holy Apostles</a></li> <li>Palace of <a href="/wiki/San_Carlo_ai_Catinari" title="San Carlo ai Catinari">San Carlo ai Catinari</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collegio_Bellarmino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Collegio Bellarmino (page does not exist)">Collegio Bellarmino</a></li> <li>Archaeological Institute</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Oriental_Institute" title="Pontifical Oriental Institute">Pontifical Oriental Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Lombard_Seminary" title="Pontifical Lombard Seminary">Pontifical Lombard Seminary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegium_Russicum" title="Collegium Russicum">Russian College</a></li> <li>Two Palaces of <a href="/wiki/Sant%27Apollinare_alle_Terme_Neroniane-Alessandrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Sant'Apollinare alle Terme Neroniane-Alessandrine">Sant'Apollinare</a></li> <li>House of Retreat for the Clergy of Saints John and Paul <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nympheum_of_Nero&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nympheum of Nero (page does not exist)">Nympheum of Nero</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Outside<br />Rome</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_Palace_of_Castel_Gandolfo" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal Palace of Castel Gandolfo">Papal Palace of Castel Gandolfo</a> <ul><li>Papal farm</li> <li>Gardens of the Villa Cybo</li> <li>Villa <a href="/wiki/Barberini" class="mw-redirect" title="Barberini">Barberini</a></li> <li>Adjacent gardens</li></ul></li> <li>Summer estate of <a href="/wiki/Pontificio_Collegio_Urbano_de_Propaganda_Fide" title="Pontificio Collegio Urbano de Propaganda Fide">Pontificio Collegio Urbano de Propaganda Fide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Radio" title="Vatican Radio">Vatican Radio</a> antennae area of <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Maria_di_Galeria" class="extiw" title="it:Santa Maria di Galeria">Santa Maria di Galeria</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Non-extraterritorial" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Non-<br />extraterritorial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_the_Holy_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica of the Holy House">Basilica of the Holy House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint_Francis_of_Assisi" title="Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi">Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint_Anthony_of_Padua" title="Basilica of Saint Anthony of Padua">Basilica of Saint Anthony of Padua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Acta_Apostolicae_Sedis" title="Acta Apostolicae Sedis">Acta Apostolicae Sedis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_the_Holy_See" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of the Holy See">Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_household" title="Papal household">Papal household</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter%27s_Pence" title="Peter's Pence">Peter's Pence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rota" title="Roman Rota">Roman Rota</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Penitentiary" title="Apostolic Penitentiary">Apostolic Penitentiary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Signatura" title="Apostolic Signatura">Apostolic Signatura</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Guard" title="Swiss Guard">Swiss Guard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td 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