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class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=zh.wikipedia.org&uselang=zh"><span>资助维基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E5%96%80%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%9C%B0%E8%B2%8C" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E5%96%80%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%9C%B0%E8%B2%8C" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-语源" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#语源"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>语源</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-语源-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-特点" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#特点"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>特点</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-特点-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-化学原理" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#化学原理"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>化学原理</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-化学原理-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-喀斯特地形分類" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#喀斯特地形分類"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>喀斯特地形分類</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-喀斯特地形分類-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关喀斯特地形分類子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-喀斯特地形分類-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-按其發育演化" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#按其發育演化"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>按其發育演化</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-按其發育演化-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-按出露条件" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#按出露条件"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>按出露条件</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-按出露条件-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-按气候带" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#按气候带"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>按气候带</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-按气候带-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-按岩性" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#按岩性"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>按岩性</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-按岩性-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-地形種類" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#地形種類"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>地形種類</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-地形種類-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-地势分布" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#地势分布"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>地势分布</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-地势分布-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-应用" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#应用"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>应用</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-应用-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-中國溶岩地區的環境問題" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#中國溶岩地區的環境問題"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>中國溶岩地區的環境問題</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-中國溶岩地區的環境問題-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參見" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參見"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>參見</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參見-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="目录" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">喀斯特地貌</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。70种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-70" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">70种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karst" title="Karst – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Karst" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="كارست – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كارست" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karst" title="Karst – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Karst" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karst" title="Karst – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Karst" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82" title="Карст – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Карст" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82" title="Карст – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Карст" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82" title="Карст – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Карст" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carst" title="Carst – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Carst" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kras" title="Kras – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kras" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carst" title="Carst – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Carst" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karst" title="Karst – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Karst" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karst" title="Karst – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Karst" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%83%CF%84" title="Καρστ – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καρστ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karst" title="Karst – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Karst" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karsto" title="Karsto – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Karsto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karst" title="Karst – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Karst" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karst" title="Karst – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Karst" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karst" title="Karst – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Karst" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="کارست – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کارست" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karstimaa" title="Karstimaa – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Karstimaa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karst" title="Karst – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Karst" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9igi%C3%BAn_carst" title="Réigiún carst – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Réigiún carst" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carso" title="Carso – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Carso" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%98" title="קרסט – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קרסט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F" title="कार्स्ट – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कार्स्ट" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C5%A1" title="Krš – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Krš" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karszt" title="Karszt – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Karszt" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BD%D5%BF" title="Կարստ – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կարստ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curing" title="Curing – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Curing" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karst" title="Karst – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Karst" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carsismo" title="Carsismo – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Carsismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E5%9C%B0%E5%BD%A2" title="カルスト地形 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カルスト地形" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karst" title="Karst – 爪哇语" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Karst" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="კარსტი – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კარსტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82" title="Карст – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Карст" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EB%A5%B4%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8" title="카르스트 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="카르스트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirfurv_karst" title="Tirfurv karst – 康沃尔语" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Tirfurv karst" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="康沃尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82" title="Карст – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Карст" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carstus" title="Carstus – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Carstus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karst" title="Karst – 卢森堡语" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Karst" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="卢森堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karst" title="Karst – 林堡语" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Karst" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karstas_(rei%C5%A1kinys)" title="Karstas (reiškinys) – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Karstas (reiškinys)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karsta_process" title="Karsta process – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Karsta process" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82" title="Карст – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Карст" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karst_(geografie)" title="Karst (geografie) – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Karst (geografie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karst" title="Karst – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Karst" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karst" title="Karst – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Karst" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carst" title="Carst – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Carst" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kras_(geologia)" title="Kras (geologia) – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kras (geologia)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carste" title="Carste – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Carste" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carst" title="Carst – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Carst" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82" title="Карст – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Карст" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82" title="Карст – 盧森尼亞文" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Карст" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="盧森尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kras" title="Kras – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kras" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karst" title="Karst – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Karst" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kras" title="Kras – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kras" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kras" title="Kras – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kras" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karst" title="Karst – 索马里语" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Karst" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="索马里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81_(%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Крас (геоморфологија) – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Крас (геоморфологија)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karst" title="Karst – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Karst" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="சுண்ணாம்புக் கரடு – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சுண்ணாம்புக் கரடு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C" title="คาสต์ – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คาสต์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karst" title="Karst – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Karst" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82" title="Карст – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Карст" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82" title="Карст – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Карст" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karst" title="Karst – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Karst" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carsismo" title="Carsismo – 威尼斯语" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Carsismo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="威尼斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karst" title="Karst – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Karst" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%96%80%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%9C%B0%E5%BD%A2" title="喀斯特地形 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="喀斯特地形" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B2%A9%E6%BA%B6%E5%9C%B0%E8%B2%8C" title="岩溶地貌 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="岩溶地貌" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q16817#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%80%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%9C%B0%E8%B2%8C" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E5%96%80%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%9C%B0%E8%B2%8C" rel="discussion" title="关于此页面的讨论[t]" 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class="ca-variants-zh-Hans mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hans/%E5%96%80%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%9C%B0%E8%B2%8C" lang="zh-Hans" hreflang="zh-Hans"><span>简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-2" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hant/%E5%96%80%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%9C%B0%E8%B2%8C" lang="zh-Hant" hreflang="zh-Hant"><span>繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-3" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-CN mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-cn/%E5%96%80%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%9C%B0%E8%B2%8C" lang="zh-Hans-CN" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN"><span>大陆简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-4" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-HK mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hk/%E5%96%80%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%9C%B0%E8%B2%8C" lang="zh-Hant-HK" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK"><span>香港繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-5" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-MO mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-mo/%E5%96%80%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%9C%B0%E8%B2%8C" lang="zh-Hant-MO" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO"><span>澳門繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-6" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-MY mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-my/%E5%96%80%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%9C%B0%E8%B2%8C" lang="zh-Hans-MY" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY"><span>大马简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-7" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-SG mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-sg/%E5%96%80%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%9C%B0%E8%B2%8C" lang="zh-Hans-SG" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG"><span>新加坡简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-8" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-TW mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-tw/%E5%96%80%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%9C%B0%E8%B2%8C" lang="zh-Hant-TW" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW"><span>臺灣正體</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="查看"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%80%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%9C%B0%E8%B2%8C"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%96%80%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%9C%B0%E8%B2%8C&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%96%80%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%9C%B0%E8%B2%8C&action=history" title="本页面的早前版本。[h]" accesskey="h"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="工具" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">工具</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" 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id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%85%A5%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/%E5%96%80%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%9C%B0%E8%B2%8C" title="列出所有与本页相链的页面[j]" accesskey="j"><span>链入页面</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%87%BA%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9/%E5%96%80%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%9C%B0%E8%B2%8C" rel="nofollow" title="页面链出所有页面的更改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>相关更改</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project:上传" title="上传图像或多媒体文件[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上传文件</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%96%80%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%9C%B0%E8%B2%8C&oldid=85318119" title="此页面该修订版本的固定链接"><span>固定链接</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%96%80%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%9C%B0%E8%B2%8C&action=info" title="关于此页面的更多信息"><span>页面信息</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%E6%AD%A4%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2&page=%E5%96%80%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%9C%B0%E8%B2%8C&id=85318119&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="有关如何引用此页面的信息"><span>引用此页</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:URL%E7%BC%A9%E7%9F%AD%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E5%2596%2580%25E6%2596%25AF%25E7%2589%25B9%25E5%259C%25B0%25E8%25B2%258C"><span>获取短链接</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E5%2596%2580%25E6%2596%25AF%25E7%2589%25B9%25E5%259C%25B0%25E8%25B2%258C"><span>下载二维码</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/导出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E5%96%80%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%9C%B0%E8%B2%8C&action=show-download-screen"><span>下载为PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="本页面的可打印版本[p]" accesskey="p"><span>打印页面</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 在其他项目中 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Karst" hreflang="en"><span>维基共享资源</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q16817" title="链接到连接的数据仓库项目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>维基数据项目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r85100532">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span class="noviewer hatnote-notice-img" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E4%B9%89" title="Wikipedia:消歧义"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/25px-Disambig_gray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/38px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/50px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="168" /></a></span>「<b>喀斯特</b>」重定向至此。关于斯洛文尼亚的高原，请见「<b><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%80%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E9%AB%98%E5%8E%9F" title="喀斯特高原">喀斯特高原</a></b>」。</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732972">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox{border-left-color:#36c!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left-color:#b32424!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#300!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left-color:#f28500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox{border-left-color:#36c!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left-color:#b32424!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#300!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left-color:#f28500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}</style><table class="box-Refimprove plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tango-nosources.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/45px-Tango-nosources.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/68px-Tango-nosources.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/90px-Tango-nosources.svg.png 2x" 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href="/wiki/File:Reflecting_cavern_lake.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Reflecting_cavern_lake.jpg/220px-Reflecting_cavern_lake.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Reflecting_cavern_lake.jpg/330px-Reflecting_cavern_lake.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Reflecting_cavern_lake.jpg/440px-Reflecting_cavern_lake.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>美國<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%99%E7%B4%8D%E5%BA%A6%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%92" title="仙納度國家公園">仙納度國家公園</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mexico_Cenotes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Mexico_Cenotes.jpg/220px-Mexico_Cenotes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Mexico_Cenotes.jpg/330px-Mexico_Cenotes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Mexico_Cenotes.jpg/440px-Mexico_Cenotes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1278" data-file-height="529" /></a><figcaption>墨西哥<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%87%E7%90%B4%E4%BC%8A%E5%AF%9F" title="奇琴伊察">奇琴伊察</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karst_minerve.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Karst_minerve.jpg/220px-Karst_minerve.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Karst_minerve.jpg/330px-Karst_minerve.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Karst_minerve.jpg/440px-Karst_minerve.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1013" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD" title="法国">法国</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B1%B3%E5%86%85%E5%B0%94%E5%A4%AB_(%E5%9F%83%E7%BD%97%E7%9C%81)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="米内尔夫 (埃罗省)（页面不存在）">米内尔夫</a>卡斯特地貌</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C5%A0kocjan,_Diva%C4%8Da_-_naravni_most_med_Veliko_in_Malo_dolino.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/%C5%A0kocjan%2C_Diva%C4%8Da_-_naravni_most_med_Veliko_in_Malo_dolino.jpg/250px-%C5%A0kocjan%2C_Diva%C4%8Da_-_naravni_most_med_Veliko_in_Malo_dolino.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/%C5%A0kocjan%2C_Diva%C4%8Da_-_naravni_most_med_Veliko_in_Malo_dolino.jpg/330px-%C5%A0kocjan%2C_Diva%C4%8Da_-_naravni_most_med_Veliko_in_Malo_dolino.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/%C5%A0kocjan%2C_Diva%C4%8Da_-_naravni_most_med_Veliko_in_Malo_dolino.jpg/500px-%C5%A0kocjan%2C_Diva%C4%8Da_-_naravni_most_med_Veliko_in_Malo_dolino.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E6%B4%9B%E6%96%87%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" title="斯洛文尼亚">斯洛文尼亚</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%80%E7%A7%91%E8%8C%A8%E6%8F%9A%E6%BA%B6%E6%B4%9E" title="什科茨揚溶洞">什科茨揚溶洞</a>入口处</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kravice_2_(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Kravice_2_%283%29.jpg/250px-Kravice_2_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Kravice_2_%283%29.jpg/330px-Kravice_2_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Kravice_2_%283%29.jpg/500px-Kravice_2_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption>波士尼亞Kravica瀑布</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Puerto_Princesa_Underground_River.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Puerto_Princesa_Underground_River.jpg/220px-Puerto_Princesa_Underground_River.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Puerto_Princesa_Underground_River.jpg/330px-Puerto_Princesa_Underground_River.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Puerto_Princesa_Underground_River.jpg/440px-Puerto_Princesa_Underground_River.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="1880" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E5%BE%8B%E5%AE%BE" title="菲律宾">菲律宾</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E6%9E%97%E5%A1%9E%E8%90%A8%E6%B8%AF%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%8B%E6%B2%B3%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%AD" title="普林塞萨港地下河国家公园">普林塞萨港地下河国家公园</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E9%98%BF%E5%BB%AC%E5%8F%A4%E6%B4%9E_Alu_karst_cave_20191224112417.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/%E9%98%BF%E5%BB%AC%E5%8F%A4%E6%B4%9E_Alu_karst_cave_20191224112417.jpg/250px-%E9%98%BF%E5%BB%AC%E5%8F%A4%E6%B4%9E_Alu_karst_cave_20191224112417.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/%E9%98%BF%E5%BB%AC%E5%8F%A4%E6%B4%9E_Alu_karst_cave_20191224112417.jpg/330px-%E9%98%BF%E5%BB%AC%E5%8F%A4%E6%B4%9E_Alu_karst_cave_20191224112417.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/%E9%98%BF%E5%BB%AC%E5%8F%A4%E6%B4%9E_Alu_karst_cave_20191224112417.jpg/500px-%E9%98%BF%E5%BB%AC%E5%8F%A4%E6%B4%9E_Alu_karst_cave_20191224112417.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1363" /></a><figcaption>擎天玉柱，8公尺高，直徑0.3公尺。阿廬古洞，中國雲南<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B8%E8%A5%BF%E5%8E%BF" title="泸西县">瀘西</a> </figcaption></figure> <p><b>喀斯特地形</b>（<span title="Undetermined文本"><span lang="und">Karst</span></span>）又<b>岩溶地貌</b>、<b>溶蝕地形</b>、<b><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E7%81%B0%E5%B2%A9" title="石灰岩">石灰岩</a>地形</b>，是具有溶蚀力的水对可溶性岩石（碳酸盐岩类、硫酸盐岩、卤盐岩<sup id="cite_ref-TB-2022-1174_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TB-2022-1174-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>）进行溶蚀等作用所形成的地表和地下形态的总称。水对可溶性<a href="/wiki/%E5%B2%A9%E7%9F%B3" title="岩石">岩石</a>所进行的作用，统称为<b>喀斯特作用</b>。当雨水或者地下水与地面的碳酸盐类岩石接触时，就会有少量碳酸盐溶于水中。经过长时期的溶解<a href="/wiki/%E4%BE%B5%E8%9A%80" class="mw-redirect" title="侵蚀">侵蚀</a>，形成了以地表岩层千沟万壑为标志的地表特征。在喀斯特地貌下往往存在<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%8B%E6%B2%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="地下河">地下河</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%B6%E6%B4%9E" title="溶洞">溶洞</a>等景象。 </p><p>喀斯特地形约占<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%86%E5%9C%B0" title="陆地">陆地</a>面积的15%<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。中国是喀斯特面积最大、分布最广的国家<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，达344万平方千米，其中以<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%B5%E5%B7%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="贵州">贵州</a>为中心的西南裸露型喀斯特地区是世界上面积最大、最集中连片分布区<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TB-2022-1174_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TB-2022-1174-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>喀斯特地形的地表崎嶇、土壤十分貧瘠，不利<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%B2%E6%A5%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="農業">農業</a>發展，因此在<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B2%E8%B2%B4%E9%AB%98%E5%8E%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="雲貴高原">雲貴高原</a>有「地無三里平，天無三日晴，人無三兩銀」的俗諺。但其千沟万壑的特色卻十分受到觀光客青睞。除了<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%91%E8%B4%B5%E9%AB%98%E5%8E%9F" title="云贵高原">云贵高原</a>以外，<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E7%88%BE%E5%B9%B9%E5%8D%8A%E5%B3%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="巴爾幹半島">巴爾幹半島</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%8C%B6%E5%8A%A0%E6%95%A6%E5%8D%8A%E5%B3%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="猶加敦半島">猶加敦半島</a>均有喀斯特地形的存在<sup id="cite_ref-大地_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-大地-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="语源"><span id=".E8.AF.AD.E6.BA.90"></span>语源</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%96%80%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%9C%B0%E8%B2%8C&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：语源"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>“喀斯特”（<span title="Undetermined文本"><span lang="und">karst</span></span>）之名来自<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E6%B4%9B%E6%96%87%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" title="斯洛文尼亚">斯洛文尼亚</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E5%8D%8A%E5%B3%B6" title="伊斯特拉半島">伊斯特拉半岛</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%80%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E9%AB%98%E5%8E%9F" title="喀斯特高原">喀斯特高原</a>（当地称为Kars，意为岩石裸露的地方）。喀斯特是位於<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E6%B4%9B%E7%B6%AD%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="斯洛維尼亞">斯洛維尼亞</a>西南部<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E8%B0%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="河谷">河谷</a>以南，並延伸到<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="義大利">義大利</a>東北角一片高地。（當地稱該高地Il Carso，為喀斯特地形之意）<sup id="cite_ref-大地_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-大地-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>这里在<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E7%94%9F%E4%BB%A3" title="中生代">中生代</a>形成了分布广泛的厚实的石灰岩层。经过长时间的水流侵蚀，形成了可能是世界上最典型的喀斯特地貌之一。<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" title="地理學家">地理學家</a>最早在該地做有系統的岩溶地貌研究。19世纪中叶，地质学家们将这种石灰岩层所特有的地貌冠名以「喀斯特」。 </p><p>1966年2月14日至23日<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%9C%B0%E8%B4%A8%E9%83%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="中华人民共和国地质部">地质部</a>水文地质工程地质局在广西桂林召开的第二届中国岩溶(喀斯特)学术会议<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，建议将中文里“喀斯特”一词改为“岩溶”，以便于中国学者理解接受<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。1981年在山西太原召开的北方岩溶会议上，议定为了方便国际接轨和学术交流，“喀斯特”和“岩溶”都可使用，但不要与<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BB%91%E5%9C%9F%E5%B2%A9%E6%BA%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="黑土岩溶（页面不存在）">黑土岩溶</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BB%84%E5%9C%9F%E5%B2%A9%E6%BA%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="黄土岩溶（页面不存在）">黄土岩溶</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%BB%E5%9C%9F%E5%B2%A9%E6%BA%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="冻土岩溶（页面不存在）">冻土岩溶</a>混淆，这三类的物质基础不属于喀斯特地形的三类可溶性岩石<sup id="cite_ref-TB-2022-1174_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TB-2022-1174-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="特点"><span id=".E7.89.B9.E7.82.B9"></span>特点</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%96%80%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%9C%B0%E8%B2%8C&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：特点"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>喀斯特地形以<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%9E%E7%A9%B4" title="洞穴">洞穴</a>、溶洞、岩石陷落、丘陵和凹陷地带等独特的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E8%B2%8C" class="mw-disambig" title="地貌">地貌</a>形态为特征。通常地下水系统非常发达，形成了复杂的地下河流、地下湖泊和<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%B7%E6%B3%89" class="mw-redirect" title="喷泉">喷泉</a>。此外，喀斯特地形还常常出现土壤稀少、侵蚀速率较高以及<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E5%9C%9F%E6%B5%81%E5%A4%B1" title="水土流失">水土流失</a>等环境问题<sup id="cite_ref-TB-2022-1174_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TB-2022-1174-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="化学原理"><span id=".E5.8C.96.E5.AD.A6.E5.8E.9F.E7.90.86"></span>化学原理</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%96%80%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%9C%B0%E8%B2%8C&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：化学原理"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>喀斯特地形的形成通常是温带气候地区<a href="/wiki/PH%E5%80%BC" title="PH值">pH值</a>较低的酸性雨和石灰岩层所造成的。随着地表下的岩石不断与水反应，将不溶的碳酸盐在与<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E7%A2%B3" title="二氧化碳">二氧化碳</a>的共同作用下不断生成可溶但不稳定的碳酸氢盐，在排水较好的地下岩层就能形成一个大的<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%B6%E6%B4%9E" title="溶洞">溶洞</a>。溶洞中的水在流动时，其溶解的碳酸氢盐就可能分解，再度形成不溶的碳酸盐沉降在地面。溶洞中从高处落下这样的水滴就可能在很短的时间内将碳酸盐沉降在溶洞顶部，而另一部分则会在地面沉降。上部的碳酸盐沉降往往形成一个倒锥形的<a href="/wiki/%E9%92%9F%E4%B9%B3%E7%9F%B3" title="钟乳石">钟乳石</a>，而地面上会形成形如其名的<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E7%AC%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="石笋">石笋</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="喀斯特地形分類"><span id=".E5.96.80.E6.96.AF.E7.89.B9.E5.9C.B0.E5.BD.A2.E5.88.86.E9.A1.9E"></span>喀斯特地形分類</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%96%80%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%9C%B0%E8%B2%8C&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：喀斯特地形分類"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="按其發育演化"><span id=".E6.8C.89.E5.85.B6.E7.99.BC.E8.82.B2.E6.BC.94.E5.8C.96"></span>按其發育演化</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%96%80%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%9C%B0%E8%B2%8C&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：按其發育演化"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>地表水沿石灰岩内的節理或裂隙發生溶蝕作用，形成<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B2%A9%E6%BA%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="岩溝（页面不存在）">岩溝</a>。</li> <li>地表水沿灰岩裂缝向下渗流和溶蚀，超过100m深后形成滲穴（<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%BD%E6%B0%B4%E6%B4%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="落水洞">落水洞</a>）。</li> <li>从落水洞下落的地下水到含水层后发生横向流动，形成<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%B6%E6%B4%9E" title="溶洞">溶洞</a>（鐘乳洞/石灰岩洞）。</li> <li>随地下洞穴的形成地表发生塌陷，塌陷的深度大面积小，称<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9D%8D%E9%99%B7%E6%BC%8F%E6%96%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="坍陷漏斗（页面不存在）">坍陷漏斗</a>，深度小面积大则称<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="窪盆" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Uvala (landform)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AA%AA%E7%9B%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="窪盆（页面不存在）">窪盆</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uvala_(landform)" class="extiw" title="en:Uvala (landform)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Uvala (landform)</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>。</li> <li>地下水的溶蚀与塌陷作用长期相结合地作用，形成<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9D%A1%E7%AB%8B%E8%B0%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="坡立谷（页面不存在）">坡立谷</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E7%94%9F%E6%A1%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="天生桥">天生桥</a>。</li> <li>地面上升，原溶洞和地下河等被抬出地表成<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%BE%E8%B0%B7" title="乾谷">乾谷</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E6%9E%97" class="mw-disambig" title="石林">石林</a>，地下水的溶蚀作用在旧日的溶洞和地下河之下继续进行。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="按出露条件"><span id=".E6.8C.89.E5.87.BA.E9.9C.B2.E6.9D.A1.E4.BB.B6"></span>按出露条件</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%96%80%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%9C%B0%E8%B2%8C&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：按出露条件"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>裸露型喀斯特</li> <li>覆盖型喀斯特</li> <li>埋藏型喀斯特</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="按气候带"><span id=".E6.8C.89.E6.B0.94.E5.80.99.E5.B8.A6"></span>按气候带</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%96%80%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%9C%B0%E8%B2%8C&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：按气候带"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>热带喀斯特</li> <li>亚热带喀斯特</li> <li>温带喀斯特</li> <li>寒带喀斯特</li> <li>干旱区喀斯特。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="按岩性"><span id=".E6.8C.89.E5.B2.A9.E6.80.A7"></span>按岩性</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%96%80%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%9C%B0%E8%B2%8C&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：按岩性"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>石灰岩喀斯特</li> <li>白云岩喀斯特</li> <li>石膏喀斯特</li> <li>盐喀斯特</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="地形種類"><span id=".E5.9C.B0.E5.BD.A2.E7.A8.AE.E9.A1.9E"></span>地形種類</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%96%80%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%9C%B0%E8%B2%8C&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：地形種類"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li>岩面地形：與岩性植被有無，岩石節理、片理、層理以及其破裂面程度有關。多孔隙純石灰岩與白雲岩不易發生，有植被的地表比無植被的容易被溶蝕。</li> <li>石灰岩河谷：石灰岩地面理論上不會有表面逕流，但仍存在因大多發源地是非石灰岩區，只是剛好流經此處。地區內乾溝最普遍，原為表流，沒入地底；原來河谷便成為乾溝，可能被誤認成河川襲奪的風口谷。</li> <li>滲穴：水在石灰岩上節理處滲入石灰岩，溶蝕節理，起初是水入地下的孔道，久之入口加大如漏斗，深度至少三至五公尺。</li> <li>構造谷地</li> <li>洞穴：石灰岩被入滲地下的水溶解成穴、孔道，又連結起來成為一地下水系。石灰岩水系是立體系，連結各洞口孔道好幾層，可能各層生成不同時，越老越高，只有最低的一層有流水。</li> <li>白堊區域：英國東南和法國，白堊容易溶蝕，透水性強，不容積水，地面表流沖刷出的常是乾溝。</li></ol> <p>由其他不同成因而产生形态上类似喀斯特的现象，统称为<b>假喀斯特</b>，包括碎屑喀斯特、黄土和粘土喀斯特、热融喀斯特和火山岩区的熔岩喀斯特等。它们不是由可溶性岩石所构成，在本质上不同于喀斯特。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="地势分布"><span id=".E5.9C.B0.E5.8A.BF.E5.88.86.E5.B8.83"></span>地势分布</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%96%80%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%9C%B0%E8%B2%8C&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：地势分布"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>喀斯特地貌主要分布在气候暖湿的石灰岩层分布区。较著名的区域有中国广西、云南和贵州等省（区），<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97" title="越南">越南</a>北部，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB" title="南斯拉夫">南斯拉夫</a>狄那里克<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%8D%91%E6%96%AF%E5%B1%B1" title="阿尔卑斯山">阿尔卑斯山</a>区，意大利和奥地利交界的阿尔卑斯山区，<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E9%AB%98%E5%8E%9F" title="法國中央高原">法国中央高原</a>，俄罗斯<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E6%8B%89%E5%B0%94%E5%B1%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="乌拉尔山">乌拉尔山</a>，澳大利亚南部，美国肯塔基和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E7%AC%AC%E5%AE%89%E7%BA%B3%E5%B7%9E" title="印第安纳州">印第安纳州</a>，古巴及牙买加等地。中国喀斯特地貌分布广、面积大。主要分布在碳酸盐岩出露地区，面积约91～130万平方公里。其中以广西、贵州和云南东部所占的面积最大，是世界上最大的喀斯特区之一；有著名的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%91%E5%8D%97%E7%9F%B3%E6%9E%97" class="mw-redirect" title="云南石林">云南石林</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="应用"><span id=".E5.BA.94.E7.94.A8"></span>应用</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%96%80%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%9C%B0%E8%B2%8C&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：应用"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>喀斯特矿泉、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%A9%E6%B3%89" class="mw-redirect" title="温泉">温泉</a>富含有益元素和气体，有医疗价值。喀斯特洞穴和古喀斯特面上各种沉积矿产较为丰富，古喀斯特潜山是良好的储油气构造。喀斯特地区的奇峰异洞、明暗相间的河流、清澈的喀斯特泉等，是很好的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%85%E6%B8%B8%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="旅游资源（页面不存在）">旅游资源</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="中國溶岩地區的環境問題"><span id=".E4.B8.AD.E5.9C.8B.E6.BA.B6.E5.B2.A9.E5.9C.B0.E5.8D.80.E7.9A.84.E7.92.B0.E5.A2.83.E5.95.8F.E9.A1.8C"></span>中國溶岩地區的環境問題</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%96%80%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%9C%B0%E8%B2%8C&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：中國溶岩地區的環境問題"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li>石漠化問題熱帶亞熱帶濕潤與半濕潤氣候條件，溶岩極其發育的自然背景下，受人為活動干擾，使地表植被遭受破壞，造成土壤嚴重侵蝕，基岩大面積裸露，土地退化的極端表現。</li> <li>缺水問題</li> <li>地下水污染岩溶地區人類活動，常在地下河系統的匯水區，而地表水常通過落水洞排入地下，缺乏過濾作用，岩溶水極易受到汙染，中國南方多地下河已變成下水道。</li> <li>地面塌陷 <ol><li>基岩塌陷：分別有地下河塌陷、礦產開採塌陷、蒸發岩溶石塌陷。岩溶上鬆散沉積層中的塌陷：地下水位坡動引起土中潛蝕，產生土洞，導致塌陷。（抽水、氣候變化、水庫蓄水）</li> <li>震動：工程施工。（廣西貴港市樟木鎮塌陷）</li></ol></li> <li>洪澇</li></ol> <p>產生與加劇原因： </p> <ol><li>季風區降水分配時間不均勻（5-9月降水佔全年75~85%）</li> <li>岩溶地下水系發育</li> <li>水土流失，泥沙淤塞地下河咽喉部位</li> <li>大江大河上建水庫，地表水沿地下河倒灌以致其內澇問題加劇。</li> <li>全球變化問題</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參見"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.A6.8B"></span>參見</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%96%80%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%9C%B0%E8%B2%8C&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：參見"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8D%97%E6%96%B9%E5%96%80%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9" title="中国南方喀斯特">中国南方喀斯特</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%96%80%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%9C%B0%E8%B2%8C&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：参考文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655521">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655520">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%AB%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90" title="维基共享资源">维基共享资源</a>中相關的多媒體資源：<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Karst" class="extiw" title="commons:Karst"><span style="font-weight:bold;">喀斯特地貌</span></a>（<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Karst" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Karst">分類</a>）</div></div> </div> <div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist tright" style="margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px"> <ul style="display:table;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0.1em;max-width:175px;background:var(--background-color-base,#f9f9f9);font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-weight:bold"> <li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Terra.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/28px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/42px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/56px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:地理学">地理学主题</a></span></li></ul></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-TB-2022-1174-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TB-2022-1174_1-0"><sup><b>1.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TB-2022-1174_1-1"><sup><b>1.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TB-2022-1174_1-2"><sup><b>1.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TB-2022-1174_1-3"><sup><b>1.3</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Bai, Xiaoyong; Ran, Chen; Chen, Jing’an; Luo, Guangjie; Chen, Fei; Xiao, Biqin; Long, Mingkang; Li, Zilin; Zhang, Xiaoyun; Shen, Xiaoqian; Yang, Shu; Lin, Xinhai; Li, Chaojun; Zhang, Sirui; Xiong, Lian; Wang, Shijie. Methods, progress and prospect for diagnosis of karst ecosystem health in China—An overview. Chinese Science Bulletin. 2023-03-01. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1360%2FTB-2022-1174"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1360/TB-2022-1174</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%96%80%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%9C%B0%E8%B2%8C&rft.atitle=Methods%2C+progress+and+prospect+for+diagnosis+of+karst+ecosystem+health+in+China%26mdash%3BAn+overview&rft.au=Chen%2C+Fei&rft.au=Chen%2C+Jing%E2%80%99an&rft.au=Li%2C+Chaojun&rft.au=Li%2C+Zilin&rft.au=Lin%2C+Xinhai&rft.au=Long%2C+Mingkang&rft.au=Luo%2C+Guangjie&rft.au=Ran%2C+Chen&rft.au=Shen%2C+Xiaoqian&rft.au=Wang%2C+Shijie&rft.au=Xiao%2C+Biqin&rft.au=Xiong%2C+Lian&rft.au=Yang%2C+Shu&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Sirui&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Xiaoyun&rft.aufirst=Xiaoyong&rft.aulast=Bai&rft.date=2023-03-01&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chinese+Science+Bulletin&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1360%2FTB-2022-1174&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Ford, Derek; Williams, Paul. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781118684986">Karst Hydrogeology and Geomorphology</a> 1. Wiley. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2023-12-29</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-470-84996-5" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-470-84996-5"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-470-84996-5</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240412144706/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781118684986">存档</a>于2024-04-12） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%96%80%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%9C%B0%E8%B2%8C&rft.au=Williams%2C+Paul&rft.aufirst=Derek&rft.aulast=Ford&rft.btitle=Karst+Hydrogeology+and+Geomorphology&rft.edition=1&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-470-84996-5&rft.pub=Wiley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fbook%2F10.1002%2F9781118684986&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">卢耀如 (编). 中国岩溶: 景观・类型・规律. 地质出版社. 1986 <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">（中文）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%96%80%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%9C%B0%E8%B2%8C&rft.au=%E5%8D%A2%E8%80%80%E5%A6%82&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%B2%A9%E6%BA%B6%3A+%E6%99%AF%E8%A7%82%E3%83%BB%E7%B1%BB%E5%9E%8B%E3%83%BB%E8%A7%84%E5%BE%8B&rft.date=1986&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=%E5%9C%B0%E8%B4%A8%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">袁道先 (编). 中国岩溶学. 地質出版社. 1994. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-7-116-01468-8" title="Special:网络书源/978-7-116-01468-8"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-7-116-01468-8</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">（中文）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%96%80%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%9C%B0%E8%B2%8C&rft.au=%E8%A2%81%E9%81%93%E5%85%88&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%B2%A9%E6%BA%B6%E5%AD%A6&rft.date=1994&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-7-116-01468-8&rft.pub=%E5%9C%B0%E8%B3%AA%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-大地-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-大地_5-0"><sup><b>5.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-大地_5-1"><sup><b>5.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">MacFarlane, Robert. 大地之下：時間無限深邃的地方 Underland: A Deep Time Journey. 大家出版. 2021: 204–205. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9789865562045" title="Special:网络书源/9789865562045"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9789865562045</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%96%80%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%9C%B0%E8%B2%8C&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.aulast=MacFarlane&rft.btitle=%E5%A4%A7%E5%9C%B0%E4%B9%8B%E4%B8%8B%EF%BC%9A%E6%99%82%E9%96%93%E7%84%A1%E9%99%90%E6%B7%B1%E9%82%83%E7%9A%84%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9+Underland%3A+A+Deep+Time+Journey&rft.date=2021&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9789865562045&rft.pages=204-205&rft.pub=%E5%A4%A7%E5%AE%B6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lib.gxdfz.org.cn/view-a8-49.html">《广西通志·岩溶志》第四编写岩溶调查研究第二章解放后岩溶调查研究第五节重要岩溶学术会议</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2021-05-28</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210616101017/http://lib.gxdfz.org.cn/view-a8-49.html">存档</a>于2021-06-16）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%96%80%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%9C%B0%E8%B2%8C&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E5%B9%BF%E8%A5%BF%E9%80%9A%E5%BF%97%C2%B7%E5%B2%A9%E6%BA%B6%E5%BF%97%E3%80%8B+%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E7%BC%96%E5%86%99%E5%B2%A9%E6%BA%B6%E8%B0%83%E6%9F%A5%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6+%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E7%AB%A0%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E5%90%8E%E5%B2%A9%E6%BA%B6%E8%B0%83%E6%9F%A5%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6+%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%94%E8%8A%82+%E9%87%8D%E8%A6%81%E5%B2%A9%E6%BA%B6%E5%AD%A6%E6%9C%AF%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flib.gxdfz.org.cn%2Fview-a8-49.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">全国岩溶(喀斯特)学术会议. 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