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right hand panel of [[Hieronymus Bosch]]'s ''[[The Haywain Triptych]]'', c. 1500]]\n\nThe [[Book of Revelation]] describes a '''war in heaven''' between [[angel]]s led by the [[Archangel]] [[Michael (archangel)|Michael]] against those led by \"the dragon\", identified as the [[Devil in Christianity|devil]] or [[Satan]], who will be defeated and thrown down to the earth.\u003Cref\u003E{{bibleverse||Revelation|12:7–9|KJV}}\u003C/ref\u003E\u003Cref\u003E{{cite book |url=https://www.google.com/search?q=Gregg+%22lengthiest+of+these%22\u0026btnG= |author=Joan Young Gregg|title=Devils, Women, and Jews: Reflections of the Other in Medieval Sermon Stories |page=28 |publisher=[[State University of New York]] |date=1997|isbn=0-7914-3417-6}}\u003C/ref\u003E Revelation's war in [[Heaven (Christianity)|heaven]] is related to the idea of [[fallen angel]]s, and possible parallels have been proposed in the [[Hebrew Bible]] and the [[Dead Sea Scrolls]].\n\n==Revelation 12:7–10==\n{{further|Revelation 12}}\n{{quote|7 Then war broke out in heaven. Michael and his angels fought against the dragon, and the dragon and his angels fought back. 8 But he was not strong enough, and they lost their place in heaven. 9 The great dragon was hurled down—that ancient serpent called the devil, or Satan, who leads the whole world astray. He was hurled to the earth, and his angels with him.|Revelation 12:7–10 (NIV)}}\n\n[[File:Paradise Lost 1.jpg|thumb|280px|Michael casts out rebel angels. Illustration by [[Gustave Doré]] for [[John Milton]]'s ''[[Paradise Lost]]''.]]\n\n==Interpretations==\nThe Christian tradition has stories about angelic beings cast down from heaven by God,{{citation needed|date=October 2018}} often presenting the punishment as inflicted in particular on Satan. As a result of linking this motif with the cited passage of the Book of Revelation, the casting of Satan down from heaven, which other versions of the motif present as an action of God himself, has become attributed to the archangel Michael at the conclusion of a war between two groups of angels, of whom (because of the mention of the dragon's tail casting a third of the stars of heaven to the earth) one third are supposed to have been on the side of Satan, in spite of the fact that the casting down of the stars ({{bibleverse||Revelation|12:4|ESV}}) is recounted as occurring before the start of the \"war in heaven\" ({{bibleverse||Revelation|12:7|ESV}}).\n\nCommentators have attributed Satan's rebellion to a number of motives, all of which stem from his great pride. These motives include:\n* a refusal to bow down to mankind on the occasion of the [[List of first men or women in mythology and religion|creation of man]]—as in the [[Armenia]]n, [[Georgia (country)|Georgian]], and [[Latin]] versions of the ''[[Life of Adam and Eve]]''.\u003Cref\u003ESections 14–15 of the [http://micro5.mscc.huji.ac.il/~armenia/website/ Armenian],[http://www.pseudepigrapha.com/pseudepigrapha/TheBookOfAdam.htm Georgian], and [http://www.ccel.org/c/charles/otpseudepig/adamnev.htm Latin] versions of the ''Life of Adam and Eve''\u003C/ref\u003E [[Islam]]ic tradition holds a similar view: [[Devil (Islam)|Iblis]] refuses to bow down to [[Islamic views on Adam|Adam]].\u003Cref\u003E[[Quran]] [http://www.cmje.org/religious-texts/quran/verses/007-qmt.php#007.011 7:11–12] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222085904/http://www.cmje.org/religious-texts/quran/verses/007-qmt.php#007.011 |date=22 February 2012 }}\u003C/ref\u003E\n* the culmination of a gradual distancing from God through use of [[free will]] (an idea of [[Origen of Alexandria]]).\u003Cref\u003E''Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church'' (Oxford University Press 2005 {{ISBN|978-0-19-280290-3}}), article ''Origen''\u003C/ref\u003E\n* a declaration by God that all were to be subject to his Son, the [[Messiah]] (as in Milton's ''[[Paradise Lost]]'').\u003Cref\u003EBook 5, lines 654–668 {{cite web |url= http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~rbear/lost/pl5.html |title= Archived copy |access-date= 29 June 2008 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080516062603/http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~rbear/lost/pl5.html |archive-date= 16 May 2008 |df= dmy | quote = [...] but not so wak'd / Satan, so call him now, his former name / Is heard no more [in] Heav'n; he of the first, / If not the first Arch-Angel, great in Power, / In favour and præeminence, yet fraught / With envie against the Son of God, that day / Honourd by his great Father, and proclaimd / Messiah King anointed, could not beare / Through pride that sight, and thought himself impaird. / Deep malice thence conceiving \u0026 disdain, / Soon as midnight brought on the duskie houre / Friendliest to sleep and silence, he resolv'd / With all his Legions to dislodge, and leave / Unworshipt, unobey'd the Throne supream / Contemptuous [...].}}\u003C/ref\u003E\n\n[[Jonathan Edwards (theologian)|Jonathan Edwards]] states in his sermon ''Wisdom Displayed in Salvation'':\n\n\u003Cblockquote\u003ESatan and his angels rebelled against God in heaven, and proudly presumed to try their strength with his. And when God, by his almighty power, overcame the strength of Satan, and sent him like lightning from heaven to hell with all his army; Satan still hoped to get the victory by subtlety[.]\u003Cref\u003E{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=m3EAAAAAMAAJ\u0026pg=PA87|title= The Works of President Edwards: With a Memoir of His Life ... |author1= Jonathan Edwards |author2= Sereno Edwards Dwight |author3= David Brainerd|year=1830|publisher=G. \u0026 C. \u0026 H. Carvill|page=87}}\u003C/ref\u003E\u003C/blockquote\u003E\n\nIn the ''[[Catholic Encyclopedia]]'' (1911) article \"St. Michael the Archangel\", [[Frederick Holweck]] wrote: \"St. John speaks of the great conflict at the [[End time|end of time]], which reflects also the battle in heaven at the beginning of time.\" He added that Michael's name \"was the war-cry of the good angels in the battle fought in heaven against the enemy and his followers\".\u003Cref\u003E{{cite encyclopedia |url= http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10275b.htm |author = Holweck, Frederick |title= St. Michael the Archangel |encyclopedia= [[The Catholic Encyclopedia]] |volume= 10 |location= New York |date= 1911 |access-date= 28 January 2010}}\u003C/ref\u003E\n\nSeveral modern Bible-commentators view the \"war in heaven\" in Revelation 12:7–13 as an [[eschatology|eschatological]] vision of the end of time or as a reference to [[spiritual warfare]] within the [[Christian Church| church]], rather than (as in [[John Milton|Milton]]'s ''[[Paradise Lost]]'') \"the story of the origin of Satan/[[Lucifer]] as an angel who rebelled against God in primeval times.\"\u003Cref\u003E{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=0VC1rzAtgFsC |title=The People's New Testament Commentary |author1=M. Eugene Boring |author2= Fred B. Craddock | location= Louisville, Kentucky |publisher=Westminster John Knox Press |date=2004 |isbn=0-664-22754-6 |pages=799–800 |quote=The ejection of the Accuser from heaven is not (as in Milton's ''Paradise Lost'') the story of the origin of Satan as an angel who rebelled against God in primeval times. Neither here nor elsewhere do biblical authors give speculative 'explanations' about the origin of Satan or evil. Such a myth had developed in pre-Christian Judaism (1–2 En.), and there are fragmentary echoes of it in the New Testament (Jude 6; 2 Pet. 2:4). That is not the picture in this story, which does not take place in primeval times but at the eschatological time of the establishment of God's kingdom by the life, death, and exaltation of Jesus [...].}}\u003C/ref\u003E\u003Cref\u003ECompare: {{cite web | url= http://mhcw.biblecommenter.com/revelation/12.htm | title= Archived copy | access-date= 28 July 2008 | url-status= dead | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080521001234/http://mhcw.biblecommenter.com/revelation/12.htm | archive-date= 21 May 2008 | df= dmy | quote= It is generally agreed by the most learned expositors that the narrative we have in this and the two following chapters, from the sounding of the seventh trumpet to the opening of the vials, is not a prediction of things to come, but rather a recapitulation and representation of things past [...]. }}\u003C/ref\u003E\u003Cref\u003ECompare: {{cite web |url= http://jfb.biblecommenter.com/revelation/12.htm |title= Archived copy |access-date= 19 June 2008 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080521000820/http://jfb.biblecommenter.com/revelation/12.htm |archive-date= 21 May 2008 |df= dmy |quote= It is generally agreed by the most learned expositors that the narrative we have in this and the two following chapters, from the sounding of the seventh trumpet to the opening of the vials, is not a prediction of things to come, but rather a recapitulation and representation of things past, which, as God would have the apostle to foresee while future, he would have him to review now that they were passed, that he might have a more perfect idea of them in his mind, and might observe the agreement between the prophecy and that Providence that is always fulfilling the scriptures.}}\u003C/ref\u003E\u003Cref\u003E{{cite web |url= http://mhc.biblecommenter.com/revelation/12.htm | title= Revelation 12 Matthew Henry's Commentary |website = Mhc.biblecommenter.com |access-date = 1 December 2016 | quote = 12:7–11 The attempts of the dragon proved unsuccessful against the church, and fatal to his own interests. The seat of this war was in heaven; in the church of Christ, the kingdom of heaven on earth. The parties were Christ, the great Angel of the covenant, and his faithful followers; and Satan and his instruments. The strength of the church is in having the Lord Jesus for the Captain of their salvation. Pagan idolatry, which was the worship of devils, was cast out of the empire by the spreading of Christianity. [...] The servants of God overcame Satan by the blood of the Lamb, as the cause. By the word of their testimony: the powerful preaching of the gospel is mighty, through God, to pull down strongholds. By their courage and patience in suffering: they loved not their lives so well but they could lay them down in Christ's cause. These were the warriors and the weapons by which Christianity overthrew the power of pagan idolatry; and if Christians had continued to fight with these weapons, and such as these, their victories would have been more numerous and glorious, and the effects more lasting. The redeemed overcame by a simple reliance on the blood of Christ, as the only ground of their hopes.}}\u003C/ref\u003E Some commentators have seen the ''war in heaven'' as \"not literal\" but symbolic of events on earth.\u003Cref\u003E''One hundred and seventy-three sermons on several subjects'': Volume 1, p. 137 [[Samuel Clarke]], John Clarke, J. Leathley ((Dublin)), 1751 \"7. that X. there was War in Heaven; Michael and his Angels *- fought against the Dragon, and the Dragon fought and his Angels ... But the Meaning of this Passage is not literal, as if the Devil had the power to fight against the Angels or Ministers of God's government\"\u003C/ref\u003E\u003Cref\u003E\n{{cite book\n | last1 = Smith\n | first1 = Charles Edward\n | author-link1 = Charles Edward Smith\n | chapter = The Church and the Dragon\n | title = The World Lighted: A Study of the Apocalypse\n | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=MxJFAAAAYAAJ\n | location = New York\n | publisher = Funk \u0026 Wagnalls\n | date = 1890\n | pages = 128–129\n | quote = What, now, is the war in heaven? Of course not literal war, nor literally in heaven; not the actual clash of arms between Michael and his angels, and Satan and his wicked cohorts. But something on earth worthy to be represented by such a Titanic contest. What can that be, if not the contest in the visible church concerning true and false doctrine?}}\u003C/ref\u003E\n\n===The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints===\n[[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] (LDS Church) teaches that Revelation 12 concerns an actual event in the [[Pre-existence#Mormonism|pre-mortal existence of man]]. The [[Book of Moses]], included in the LDS \"[[standard works]]\" canon, references the War in Heaven and Satan's origin as a fallen angel of light.\u003Cref\u003E{{cite encyclopedia | last= Top | first= Brent L. | author-link = Brent L. Top | title = War in Heaven |url = http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/EoM/id/4327 | pages = 1546–1547 | editor1-last = Ludlow | editor1-first = Daniel H | editor1-link = Daniel H. Ludlow | encyclopedia = [[Encyclopedia of Mormonism]] | location = New York | publisher = Macmillan Publishing | year = 1992 | isbn = 0-02-879602-0 | oclc = 24502140 }}\u003C/ref\u003E The concept of a war in heaven at the end of time became an addendum to the story of Satan's fall at the genesis of time—a narrative which included Satan and a third of all of heaven's angels. Evidence for this interpretation comes from the phrase \"the dragon and his angels\";\u003Cref\u003E{{lds|Matthew|matt|25|41}}\u003C/ref\u003E this specific phrasing became paramount to the reinforcement of the notion that people associated angels with the [[devil]] preceding the writing of Revelation.\n\nThe LDS Church believes that the War in Heaven started in the premortal existence when Heavenly Father (God) created the [[Plan_of_salvation_(Latter_Day_Saints) | Plan of Salvation]] to enable humanity to become like Him. Jesus Christ as per the plan was the Savior and those who followed the plan would come to Earth to experience mortality and progress toward eternal life. Lucifer, another spirit son of God, rebelled against the plan's reliance on [[Agency_(LDS_Church) | agency]] and proposed an altered plan that negated agency. Thus he became Satan, and he and his followers were cast out of heaven. This denied them participating in God's plan, the privileges of receiving a physical body, and experiencing mortality.\"\u003Cref name=\"lds-war-heaven-manual\"\u003E{{cite web |title=War in Heaven |url=https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/manual/gospel-topics/war-in-heaven?lang=eng |publisher=The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints |access-date=31 May 2020}}\u003C/ref\u003E\u003Cref\u003Ehttps://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/manual/true-to-the-faith/plan-of-salvation?lang=eng\u003C/ref\u003E\n\n==Bible parallels==\n{{see also|Cherub in Eden}}\nParallels are drawn{{by whom?|date=May 2020}} to the passage in {{bibleverse||Isaiah|14:4–17|NIV}} that mentions the \"son of the morning\" who had \"fallen from heaven\" and was \"cast down to the earth\". In verse 12 of this passage, the [[Hebrew]] word that referred to the morning star was translated into Latin as ''[[lucifer]]''. With the application to the Devil of the morning-star story, \"Lucifer\" was then popularly applied to him as a proper name. The term ''lucifer'', the [[Latin]] name (literally \"Light-Bearer\" or \"Light-Bringer\") for the morning star (the planet [[Venus (astronomy) |Venus]] in its morning appearances), is often given to the Devil in popular stories. \nThe brilliancy of the morning star—which appears brighter than all other stars, but is not seen during the night proper—may have given rise to myths such as the [[Babylonia]]n story of Ethana and Zu, who{{who?|date=May 2020}} was led by his pride to strive for the highest seat among the star-gods on the northern mountain of the gods (an image present also in {{bibleverse||Ezekiel|28:14}}), but was hurled down by the supreme ruler of the Babylonian Olympus.\u003Cref name=JE-L\u003E{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=612\u0026letter=L |title=Lucifer |website=JewishEncyclopedia.com |access-date=1 December 2016 | quote = The brilliancy of the morning star, which eclipses all other stars, but is not seen during the night, may easily have given rise to a myth such as was told of Ethana and Zu: he was led by his pride to strive for the highest seat among the star-gods on the northern mountain of the gods (comp. Ezek. xxviii. 14; Ps. xlviii. 3 [A.V. 2]), but was hurled down by the supreme ruler of the Babylonian Olympus. Stars were regarded throughout antiquity as living celestial beings (Job xxxviii. 7).}}\u003C/ref\u003E Stars were then regarded as living celestial beings.\u003Cref name=JE-L/\u003E\u003Cref\u003E{{bibleverse||Job|38:7|ESV}}\u003C/ref\u003E The ''[[Jewish Encyclopedia]]'' states that the myth concerning the Morning star was transferred{{by whom?|date=May 2020}} to Satan by the first century before the [[Common Era]], citing in support of this view the ''[[Life of Adam and Eve]]'' and the [[2 Enoch|Slavonic Book of Enoch]] 29:4, 31:4, where Satan-[[Sataniel]] is described as having been one of the archangels. Because he contrived \"to make his throne higher than the clouds over the earth and resemble 'My power' on high\", Satan-Sataniel was hurled down, with his angels, and since then he has been flying in the air continually above the [[Abyss (religion) |abyss]]. According to Jewish thought, the passage in ''Isaiah'' was used to prophesy the fate of the [[List of Kings of Babylon |King of Babylon]], who is described as aiming to rival God.\u003Cref\u003E\n{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=612\u0026letter=L |title=Lucifer |website=JewishEncyclopedia.com |access-date=1 December 2016 \n}}\n\u003C/ref\u003E\n\n==Dead Sea Scrolls==\nSome scholars discern the concept of a war in heaven in certain [[Dead Sea Scrolls]]: namely, the ''[[War of the Sons of Light Against the Sons of Darkness]]'' (also known as the War Scroll; 1QM and 4Q491–497), Song 5 of the [[Songs of the Sabbath Sacrifice]] (4Q402), and the [[Melchizedek document]] (11Q13).\n\nIn the War Scroll, according to Menahem Mansoor, the angels of light, who are identified with Michael, the prince of light, will fight in heaven against the angels of darkness, who are identified with [[Belial]], while the Sons of Light fight the Sons of Darkness on earth, and during the last of the seven battles described in the scroll will come and help the Sons of Light win the final victory.\u003Cref\u003E{{cite web |url=https://www.google.com/search?q=Mansoor+%22seven+battles+described%22\u0026btnG=|title=Mansoor 'seven battles described' – Google Search}}\u003C/ref\u003E\n\n[[James R. Davila]] speaks of Song 5 of the Songs of the Sabbath Sacrifice as describing \"an eschatological war in heaven similar to that found in [[11Q13]] and to traditions about the archangel Michael in the War Rule and the book of Revelation\".\u003Cref\u003E{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/deadseascrol_inte_2003_000_7657132/page/252 |author=James R. Davila |title=The Dead Sea scrolls as background to postbiblical Judaism and early Christianity: papers from an international conference at St. Andrews in 2001 |publisher=Brill Publishers |location=Leiden |date=2003 |isbn=978-90-04-12678-7 |page=[https://archive.org/details/deadseascrol_inte_2003_000_7657132/page/252 252] }}\u003C/ref\u003E He suggests that [[Melchizedek]], who is mentioned both in the Melchizedek document and the fifth song of the Songs of the Sabbath Sacrifice, may be a divine warrior who is involved in the conflict with the archangel Michael in the [[futurist]] sense.\n\nThat the Melchizedek document (11Q13) concerns a war in heaven is denied by Fred L. Horton, who remarks that \"there is no hint in the extant portion of the 11Q Melchizedek of a revolt of heavenly beings against the heavenly council, and the only dissenting spirit is the traditional Belial\";\u003Cref\u003E{{cite book |url=https://www.google.com/search?q=Horton+%22only+dissenting+spirit%22\u0026btnG= |author=Fred L. Horton|title=The Melchizedek Tradition |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=2005 |isbn=978-0-521-01871-5|page=81}}\u003C/ref\u003E the view of Davila, however, is that the document originally was about an eschatological war in heaven, with Melchizedek as angelic high priest and military redeemer.\u003Cref\u003E{{cite book |url=https://www.google.com/search?q=Angel+%22originally+described+the+eschatological%22\u0026btnG= |author=Joseph L. Angel |title=Otherworldly and Eschatological Priesthood in the Dead Sea Scrolls |publisher=Brill |date=2010|isbn=978-90-04-18145-8|pages=153–154}}\u003C/ref\u003E\n\n==Depiction==\nThe [[motif (narrative)|motif]] of the fall of Satan and his angels can be found in Christian [[angelology]] and [[Christian art]], and the concept of fallen angels (who, for rebelling against God, were downgraded and condemned to being earthbound) is widespread.\u003Cref\u003E{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=24\u0026letter=F |title=Fall of Angels |website=JewishEncyclopedia.com |access-date=1 December 2016}}\u003C/ref\u003E\n\n===Literature===\n[[Anatole France]] in the 1914 novel ''{{lang|fr|[[Revolt of the Angels|La Révolte des Anges]]}}'' adapted the Christian references to make a parable about revolts and revolutionary movements.\n\nIn Milton's ''Paradise Lost'' (1674), the angel Lucifer leads a rebellion against God before the [[Fall of Man]]. A third of the angels, including [[Paganism|pagan]] angels such as [[Moloch]] and [[Belial]], are hurled by [[God]] from Heaven.\u003Cref\u003E{{Cite web | url=http://www.dartmouth.edu/~milton/reading_room/pl/book_1/text.shtml | title=Paradise Lost: Book 1}}\u003C/ref\u003E\n\n===Art===\nThe subject of the War in Heaven has been depicted by many noted artists, both in paintings and in sculptures, including works by [[Pieter Paul Rubens]], [[Guido Reni]] and [[Jacob Epstein]].\n\n\u003Cgallery widths=\"200px\" heights=\"200px\" caption=\"War in Heaven\"\u003E\nFile:Rubens-Höllensturz.jpg|War in Heaven by [[Pieter Paul Rubens]], 1619\nFile:St.Michael - Hochaltar 1 Bild.jpg|Michael fights rebel angels, by [[:de:Johann Georg Unruhe|Johann Georg Unruhe]] 1793\nFile:St.Michael - Hochaltar 3 Bild.jpg|Detail of preceding\nFile:Sebastiano Ricci 058.jpg|Michael fights rebel angels, by [[Sebastiano Ricci]], c. 1720\nFile:GuidoReni MichaelDefeatsSatan.jpg|Michael and Satan, by [[Guido Reni]], c. 1636\nFile:Cathedral St Michaels Victory.jpg|''St Michael's Victory over the Devil'', by [[Jacob Epstein]] at [[Coventry Cathedral]]\nFile:Le-Brun-Chute-Dijon.jpg|''The fall of the rebel angels'', by [[Charles Le Brun]], after 1680\nFile:Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_239.png|Michael and the Dragon. [[c:Die Bibel in Bildern#Revelation|Die Bibel in Bildern]] (Revelation) engraving by [[Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld]], 1860.\n\u003C/gallery\u003E\n\n===Music===\nA choral [[antiphon]] for the feast of [[Michaelmas]], ''Factum est Silentium'', paraphrases the events described in {{bible|Revelation|8:1|KJV}} and {{bible|Revelation|12:7–12|KJV}}:\n\n{{Columns-start|num=2}}\n{{Column}}\n''Factum est silentium in caelo,\u003Cbr /\u003EDum committeret bellum draco cum Michaele Archangelo.''\n\n''Audita est vox millia millium dicentium: \u003Cbr /\u003ESalus, honor et virtus omnipotenti Deo.\u003Cbr /\u003EMillia millium minestrabant ei et decies centena millia assistebant ei.\u003Cbr /\u003EAlleluia.''\n\n'''Variant 1:'''\u003Cbr /\u003E\n''Dum draco committeret bellum et Michael pugnavit cum eo et fecit victoriam.''\n{{Column}}\n''There was silence in heaven\u003Cbr /\u003EWhen the dragon fought with the Archangel Michael.''\n\n''The voice of a thousand thousand was heard saying:\u003Cbr /\u003ESalvation, honour and power be to almighty God.\u003Cbr /\u003EA thousand thousand ministered to him and ten hundreds of thousands stood before him.\u003Cbr /\u003EAlleluia.''\n\n'''Variant 1:'''\u003Cbr /\u003E\n''For a serpent was waging war; and Michael fought with him and emerged victorious.''\n{{Column}}\n{{Columns-end}}\n\nThe antiphon has been set as a choral [[motet]] by a number of composers including [[Felice Anerio]], [[Richard Dering]], [[Melchior Franck]], [[Alessandro Grandi]] and [[Costanzo Porta]].\u003Cref name=\"shrock\"\u003E{{cite book|last1=Shrock|first1=Dennis|title=Choral Repertoire|date=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199716623|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xgzYae1n__EC\u0026pg=PA178|language=en|chapter=2. the Renaissance Era: Richard Dering (Deering) ca. 1580-1630}}\u003C/ref\u003E\u003Cref name=\"gant\"\u003E{{cite book|last1=Gant|first1=Andrew|title=O Sing Unto the Lord: A History of English Church Music|date=2017|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=9780226469621|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y5YtDwAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PA174|language=en}}\u003C/ref\u003E A [[hymn]] written by the German poet and [[hymnodist]] [[Friedrich Spee]] in 1621, ''\"[[:de:Unüberwindlich starker Held|Unüberwindlich starker Held]]\"'' (\"Invincible strong hero\"), also makes reference to the Archangel Michael overcoming the dragon.\u003Cref\u003E{{cite web|last1=Keller|first1=Karl|title=Das St. Michaelslied von Friedrich Spee und \"Der deutsche Michel\"|url=https://www.historicum.net/fileadmin/sxw/Themen/Hexenforschung/Speejb/spj_01_1994/spj_1_1994_87-98.pdf|website=historicum.net|access-date=3 October 2017|language=de}}\u003C/ref\u003E Bach's cantata Es erhub sich ein Streit, BWV 19 is on this subject.\n\n=== Video games ===\nThe War in Heaven is a 1999 Christian-themed video game developed by Eternal Warriors and published by ValuSoft.\u003Cref\u003E{{Cite web|title=The War in Heaven|url=http://www.gamevortex.com/gamevortex/soft_rev.php/2463/the-war-in-heaven-pc.html|access-date=2020-11-11|website=www.gamevortex.com}}\u003C/ref\u003E\n\n==See also==\n{{Commons category}}\n* [[Æsir–Vanir War]]\n* [[Asura]]\n* [[Deva (Hinduism)|Devas]]\n* [[Gigantomachy]]\n* [[Theomachy]]\n* [[Titanomachy]]\n\n==References==\n{{Reflist}}\n\n==Further reading==\n*Christoph Auffarth, Loren T. Stuckenbruck (Eds.): ''The Fall of the Angels''. Brill, Leiden 2004 (Themes in Biblical Narrative, 6), {{ISBN|90-04-12668-6}}.\n*Mareike Hartmann: ''Höllen-Szenarien. Eine Analyse des Höllenverständnisses verschiedener Epochen anhand von Höllendarstellungen''. Lit, Münster 2005 (Ästhetik – Theologie – Liturgik, 32), {{ISBN|3-8258-7681-0}}.\n*Neil Forsyth, ''The Old Enemy: Satan \u0026 the Combat Myth'' (Princeton University Press) 1987.\n\n==External links==\n*[http://www.beliefnet.com/story/199/story_19993_1.html The Fall of Satan], beliefnet.com\n*[http://www.cfdevotionals.org/devpg03/de030622.htm The Fall of Angels], cfdevotionals.org\n*[http://www.christiancourier.com/articles/1281-a-rebellion-in-heaven A Rebellion in Heaven], christiancourier.com\n*[http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=612\u0026letter=L Lucifer], [[Jewish Encyclopedia]]\n*[http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=24\u0026letter=F Fall of Angels], Jewish Encyclopedia\n*[http://warinheaven.com War in Heaven], warinheaven.com\n{{Doomsday}}\n{{DEFAULTSORT:War in Heaven}}\n[[Category:Biblical phrases]]\n[[Category:Book of Revelation]]\n[[Category:Christian cosmology]]\n[[Category:Christian mythology]]\n[[Category:Christian terminology]]\n[[Category:Eschatology]]\n[[Category:Heaven]]\n[[Category:Michael (archangel)]]\n[[Category:Satan]]\n[[Category:War in mythology]]\n\n[[de:Höllensturz]]" ,"new_wikitext": "{{short description|Supernatural war described in the Book of Revelation}}\n{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}\n{{Infobox military conflict\n|conflict = War in Heaven\n|image = [[File:Pieter Bruegel the Elder - The Fall of the Rebel Angels - Google Art Project.jpg|226px]]\n|caption = ''[[The Fall of the Rebel Angels (Bruegel)|The Fall of the Rebel Angels]]'', by [[Pieter Bruegel the Elder]]\n|date = \n|place = [[Heaven]]\n|status = \n|result = Decisive loyal angels victory\n* Lucifer and his fallen angels hurled down to Earth\n|combatant1 = Loyal angels\n|combatant2 = Rebellious angels\n|commander1 = [[Michael (archangel)|Michael]]\u003Cbr/\u003E[[Heavenly host]]\n|commander2 = [[Lucifer]]\u003Cbr/\u003E[[Fallen angel]]s\n}}\n{{Christian Eschatology}}\n[[File:Hieronymus Bosch 073.jpg|thumb|280px|The Fall of the Rebel Angels; right hand panel of [[Hieronymus Bosch]]'s ''[[The Haywain Triptych]]'', c. 1500]]\n\nThe [[Book of Revelation]] describes a '''war in heaven''' between [[angel]]s led by the [[Archangel]] [[Michael (archangel)|Michael]] against those led by \"the dragon\", identified as the [[Devil in Christianity|devil]] or [[Satan]], who will be defeated and thrown down to the earth.\u003Cref\u003E{{bibleverse||Revelation|12:7–9|KJV}}\u003C/ref\u003E\u003Cref\u003E{{cite book |url=https://www.google.com/search?q=Gregg+%22lengthiest+of+these%22\u0026btnG= |author=Joan Young Gregg|title=Devils, Women, and Jews: Reflections of the Other in Medieval Sermon Stories |page=28 |publisher=[[State University of New York]] |date=1997|isbn=0-7914-3417-6}}\u003C/ref\u003E Revelation's war in [[Heaven (Christianity)|heaven]] is related to the idea of [[fallen angel]]s, and possible parallels have been proposed in the [[Hebrew Bible]] and the [[Dead Sea Scrolls]].\n\n==Revelation 12:7–10==\n{{further|Revelation 12}}\n{{quote|7 Then war broke out in heaven. Michael and his angels fought against the dragon, and the dragon and his angels fought back. 8 But he was not strong enough, and they lost their place in heaven. 9 The great dragon was hurled down—that ancient serpent called the devil, or Satan, who leads the whole world astray. He was hurled to the earth, and his angels with him.|Revelation 12:7–10 (NIV)}}\n\n[[File:Paradise Lost 1.jpg|thumb|280px|Michael casts out rebel angels. Illustration by [[Gustave Doré]] for [[John Milton]]'s ''[[Paradise Lost]]''.]]\n\n==Interpretations==\nThe Christian tradition has stories about angelic beings cast down from heaven by God,{{citation needed|date=October 2018}} often presenting the punishment as inflicted in particular on Satan. As a result of linking this motif with the cited passage of the Book of Revelation, the casting of Satan down from heaven, which other versions of the motif present as an action of God himself, has become attributed to the archangel Michael at the conclusion of a war between two groups of angels, of whom (because of the mention of the dragon's tail casting a third of the stars of heaven to the earth) one third are supposed to have been on the side of Satan, in spite of the fact that the casting down of the stars ({{bibleverse||Revelation|12:4|ESV}}) is recounted as occurring before the start of the \"war in heaven\" ({{bibleverse||Revelation|12:7|ESV}}).\n\nCommentators have attributed Satan's rebellion to a number of motives, all of which stem from his great pride. These motives include:\n* a refusal to bow down to mankind on the occasion of the [[List of first men or women in mythology and religion|creation of man]]—as in the [[Armenia]]n, [[Georgia (country)|Georgian]], and [[Latin]] versions of the ''[[Life of Adam and Eve]]''.\u003Cref\u003ESections 14–15 of the [http://micro5.mscc.huji.ac.il/~armenia/website/ Armenian],[http://www.pseudepigrapha.com/pseudepigrapha/TheBookOfAdam.htm Georgian], and [http://www.ccel.org/c/charles/otpseudepig/adamnev.htm Latin] versions of the ''Life of Adam and Eve''\u003C/ref\u003E [[Islam]]ic tradition holds a similar view: [[Devil (Islam)|Iblis]] refuses to bow down to [[Islamic views on Adam|Adam]].\u003Cref\u003E[[Quran]] [http://www.cmje.org/religious-texts/quran/verses/007-qmt.php#007.011 7:11–12] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222085904/http://www.cmje.org/religious-texts/quran/verses/007-qmt.php#007.011 |date=22 February 2012 }}\u003C/ref\u003E\n* the culmination of a gradual distancing from God through use of [[free will]] (an idea of [[Origen of Alexandria]]).\u003Cref\u003E''Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church'' (Oxford University Press 2005 {{ISBN|978-0-19-280290-3}}), article ''Origen''\u003C/ref\u003E\n* a declaration by God that all were to be subject to his Son, the [[Messiah]] (as in Milton's ''[[Paradise Lost]]'').\u003Cref\u003EBook 5, lines 654–668 {{cite web |url= http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~rbear/lost/pl5.html |title= Archived copy |access-date= 29 June 2008 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080516062603/http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~rbear/lost/pl5.html |archive-date= 16 May 2008 |df= dmy | quote = [...] but not so wak'd / Satan, so call him now, his former name / Is heard no more [in] Heav'n; he of the first, / If not the first Arch-Angel, great in Power, / In favour and præeminence, yet fraught / With envie against the Son of God, that day / Honourd by his great Father, and proclaimd / Messiah King anointed, could not beare / Through pride that sight, and thought himself impaird. / Deep malice thence conceiving \u0026 disdain, / Soon as midnight brought on the duskie houre / Friendliest to sleep and silence, he resolv'd / With all his Legions to dislodge, and leave / Unworshipt, unobey'd the Throne supream / Contemptuous [...].}}\u003C/ref\u003E\n\n[[Jonathan Edwards (theologian)|Jonathan Edwards]] states in his sermon ''Wisdom Displayed in Salvation'':\n\n\u003Cblockquote\u003ESatan and his angels rebelled against God in heaven, and proudly presumed to try their strength with his. And when God, by his almighty power, overcame the strength of Satan, and sent him like lightning from heaven to hell with all his army; Satan still hoped to get the victory by subtlety[.]\u003Cref\u003E{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=m3EAAAAAMAAJ\u0026pg=PA87|title= The Works of President Edwards: With a Memoir of His Life ... |author1= Jonathan Edwards |author2= Sereno Edwards Dwight |author3= David Brainerd|year=1830|publisher=G. \u0026 C. \u0026 H. Carvill|page=87}}\u003C/ref\u003E\u003C/blockquote\u003E\n\nIn the ''[[Catholic Encyclopedia]]'' (1911) article \"St. Michael the Archangel\", [[Frederick Holweck]] wrote: \"St. John speaks of the great conflict at the [[End time|end of time]], which reflects also the battle in heaven at the beginning of time.\" He added that Michael's name \"was the war-cry of the good angels in the battle fought in heaven against the enemy and his followers\".\u003Cref\u003E{{cite encyclopedia |url= http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10275b.htm |author = Holweck, Frederick |title= St. Michael the Archangel |encyclopedia= [[The Catholic Encyclopedia]] |volume= 10 |location= New York |date= 1911 |access-date= 28 January 2010}}\u003C/ref\u003E\n\nSeveral modern Bible-commentators view the \"war in heaven\" in Revelation 12:7–13 as an [[eschatology|eschatological]] vision of the end of time or as a reference to [[spiritual warfare]] within the [[Christian Church| church]], rather than (as in [[John Milton|Milton]]'s ''[[Paradise Lost]]'') \"the story of the origin of Satan/[[Lucifer]] as an angel who rebelled against God in primeval times.\"\u003Cref\u003E{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=0VC1rzAtgFsC |title=The People's New Testament Commentary |author1=M. Eugene Boring |author2= Fred B. Craddock | location= Louisville, Kentucky |publisher=Westminster John Knox Press |date=2004 |isbn=0-664-22754-6 |pages=799–800 |quote=The ejection of the Accuser from heaven is not (as in Milton's ''Paradise Lost'') the story of the origin of Satan as an angel who rebelled against God in primeval times. Neither here nor elsewhere do biblical authors give speculative 'explanations' about the origin of Satan or evil. Such a myth had developed in pre-Christian Judaism (1–2 En.), and there are fragmentary echoes of it in the New Testament (Jude 6; 2 Pet. 2:4). That is not the picture in this story, which does not take place in primeval times but at the eschatological time of the establishment of God's kingdom by the life, death, and exaltation of Jesus [...].}}\u003C/ref\u003E\u003Cref\u003ECompare: {{cite web | url= http://mhcw.biblecommenter.com/revelation/12.htm | title= Archived copy | access-date= 28 July 2008 | url-status= dead | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080521001234/http://mhcw.biblecommenter.com/revelation/12.htm | archive-date= 21 May 2008 | df= dmy | quote= It is generally agreed by the most learned expositors that the narrative we have in this and the two following chapters, from the sounding of the seventh trumpet to the opening of the vials, is not a prediction of things to come, but rather a recapitulation and representation of things past [...]. }}\u003C/ref\u003E\u003Cref\u003ECompare: {{cite web |url= http://jfb.biblecommenter.com/revelation/12.htm |title= Archived copy |access-date= 19 June 2008 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080521000820/http://jfb.biblecommenter.com/revelation/12.htm |archive-date= 21 May 2008 |df= dmy |quote= It is generally agreed by the most learned expositors that the narrative we have in this and the two following chapters, from the sounding of the seventh trumpet to the opening of the vials, is not a prediction of things to come, but rather a recapitulation and representation of things past, which, as God would have the apostle to foresee while future, he would have him to review now that they were passed, that he might have a more perfect idea of them in his mind, and might observe the agreement between the prophecy and that Providence that is always fulfilling the scriptures.}}\u003C/ref\u003E\u003Cref\u003E{{cite web |url= http://mhc.biblecommenter.com/revelation/12.htm | title= Revelation 12 Matthew Henry's Commentary |website = Mhc.biblecommenter.com |access-date = 1 December 2016 | quote = 12:7–11 The attempts of the dragon proved unsuccessful against the church, and fatal to his own interests. The seat of this war was in heaven; in the church of Christ, the kingdom of heaven on earth. The parties were Christ, the great Angel of the covenant, and his faithful followers; and Satan and his instruments. The strength of the church is in having the Lord Jesus for the Captain of their salvation. Pagan idolatry, which was the worship of devils, was cast out of the empire by the spreading of Christianity. [...] The servants of God overcame Satan by the blood of the Lamb, as the cause. By the word of their testimony: the powerful preaching of the gospel is mighty, through God, to pull down strongholds. By their courage and patience in suffering: they loved not their lives so well but they could lay them down in Christ's cause. These were the warriors and the weapons by which Christianity overthrew the power of pagan idolatry; and if Christians had continued to fight with these weapons, and such as these, their victories would have been more numerous and glorious, and the effects more lasting. The redeemed overcame by a simple reliance on the blood of Christ, as the only ground of their hopes.}}\u003C/ref\u003E Some commentators have seen the ''war in heaven'' as \"not literal\" but symbolic of events on earth.\u003Cref\u003E''One hundred and seventy-three sermons on several subjects'': Volume 1, p. 137 [[Samuel Clarke]], John Clarke, J. Leathley ((Dublin)), 1751 \"7. that X. there was War in Heaven; Michael and his Angels *- fought against the Dragon, and the Dragon fought and his Angels ... But the Meaning of this Passage is not literal, as if the Devil had the power to fight against the Angels or Ministers of God's government\"\u003C/ref\u003E\u003Cref\u003E\n{{cite book\n | last1 = Smith\n | first1 = Charles Edward\n | author-link1 = Charles Edward Smith\n | chapter = The Church and the Dragon\n | title = The World Lighted: A Study of the Apocalypse\n | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=MxJFAAAAYAAJ\n | location = New York\n | publisher = Funk \u0026 Wagnalls\n | date = 1890\n | pages = 128–129\n | quote = What, now, is the war in heaven? Of course not literal war, nor literally in heaven; not the actual clash of arms between Michael and his angels, and Satan and his wicked cohorts. But something on earth worthy to be represented by such a Titanic contest. What can that be, if not the contest in the visible church concerning true and false doctrine?}}\u003C/ref\u003E\n\n===The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints===\n[[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] (LDS Church) teaches that Revelation 12 concerns an actual event in the [[Pre-existence#Mormonism|pre-mortal existence of man]]. The [[Book of Moses]], included in the LDS \"[[standard works]]\" canon, references the War in Heaven and Satan's origin as a fallen angel of light.\u003Cref\u003E{{cite encyclopedia | last= Top | first= Brent L. | author-link = Brent L. Top | title = War in Heaven |url = http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/EoM/id/4327 | pages = 1546–1547 | editor1-last = Ludlow | editor1-first = Daniel H | editor1-link = Daniel H. Ludlow | encyclopedia = [[Encyclopedia of Mormonism]] | location = New York | publisher = Macmillan Publishing | year = 1992 | isbn = 0-02-879602-0 | oclc = 24502140 }}\u003C/ref\u003E The concept of a war in heaven at the end of time became an addendum to the story of Satan's fall at the genesis of time—a narrative which included Satan and a third of all of heaven's angels. Evidence for this interpretation comes from the phrase \"the dragon and his angels\";\u003Cref\u003E{{lds|Matthew|matt|25|41}}\u003C/ref\u003E this specific phrasing became paramount to the reinforcement of the notion that people associated angels with the [[devil]] preceding the writing of Revelation.\n\nThe LDS Church believes that the War in Heaven started in the premortal existence when Heavenly Father (God) created the [[Plan_of_salvation_(Latter_Day_Saints) | Plan of Salvation]] to enable humanity to become like Him. Jesus Christ as per the plan was the Savior and those who followed the plan would come to Earth to experience mortality and progress toward eternal life. Lucifer, another spirit son of God, rebelled against the plan's reliance on [[Agency_(LDS_Church) | agency]] and proposed an altered plan that negated agency. Thus he became Satan, and he and his followers were cast out of heaven. This denied them participating in God's plan, the privileges of receiving a physical body, and experiencing mortality.\"\u003Cref name=\"lds-war-heaven-manual\"\u003E{{cite web |title=War in Heaven |url=https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/manual/gospel-topics/war-in-heaven?lang=eng |publisher=The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints |access-date=31 May 2020}}\u003C/ref\u003E\u003Cref\u003Ehttps://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/manual/true-to-the-faith/plan-of-salvation?lang=eng\u003C/ref\u003E\n\n==Bible parallels==\n{{see also|Cherub in Eden}}\nParallels are drawn{{by whom?|date=May 2020}} to the passage in {{bibleverse||Isaiah|14:4–17|NIV}} that mentions the \"son of the morning\" who had \"fallen from heaven\" and was \"cast down to the earth\". In verse 12 of this passage, the [[Hebrew]] word that referred to the morning star was translated into Latin as ''[[lucifer]]''. With the application to the Devil of the morning-star story, \"Lucifer\" was then popularly applied to him as a proper name. The term ''lucifer'', the [[Latin]] name (literally \"Light-Bearer\" or \"Light-Bringer\") for the morning star (the planet [[Venus (astronomy) |Venus]] in its morning appearances), is often given to the Devil in popular stories. \nThe brilliancy of the morning star—which appears brighter than all other stars, but is not seen during the night proper—may have given rise to myths such as the [[Babylonia]]n story of Ethana and Zu, who{{who?|date=May 2020}} was led by his pride to strive for the highest seat among the star-gods on the northern mountain of the gods (an image present also in {{bibleverse||Ezekiel|28:14}}), but was hurled down by the supreme ruler of the Babylonian Olympus.\u003Cref name=JE-L\u003E{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=612\u0026letter=L |title=Lucifer |website=JewishEncyclopedia.com |access-date=1 December 2016 | quote = The brilliancy of the morning star, which eclipses all other stars, but is not seen during the night, may easily have given rise to a myth such as was told of Ethana and Zu: he was led by his pride to strive for the highest seat among the star-gods on the northern mountain of the gods (comp. Ezek. xxviii. 14; Ps. xlviii. 3 [A.V. 2]), but was hurled down by the supreme ruler of the Babylonian Olympus. Stars were regarded throughout antiquity as living celestial beings (Job xxxviii. 7).}}\u003C/ref\u003E Stars were then regarded as living celestial beings.\u003Cref name=JE-L/\u003E\u003Cref\u003E{{bibleverse||Job|38:7|ESV}}\u003C/ref\u003E The ''[[Jewish Encyclopedia]]'' states that the myth concerning the Morning star was transferred{{by whom?|date=May 2020}} to Satan by the first century before the [[Common Era]], citing in support of this view the ''[[Life of Adam and Eve]]'' and the [[2 Enoch|Slavonic Book of Enoch]] 29:4, 31:4, where Satan-[[Sataniel]] is described as having been one of the archangels. Because he contrived \"to make his throne higher than the clouds over the earth and resemble 'My power' on high\", Satan-Sataniel was hurled down, with his angels, and since then he has been flying in the air continually above the [[Abyss (religion) |abyss]]. According to Jewish thought, the passage in ''Isaiah'' was used to prophesy the fate of the [[List of Kings of Babylon |King of Babylon]], who is described as aiming to rival God.\u003Cref\u003E\n{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=612\u0026letter=L |title=Lucifer |website=JewishEncyclopedia.com |access-date=1 December 2016 \n}}\n\u003C/ref\u003E\n\n==Dead Sea Scrolls==\nSome scholars discern the concept of a war in heaven in certain [[Dead Sea Scrolls]]: namely, the ''[[War of the Sons of Light Against the Sons of Darkness]]'' (also known as the War Scroll; 1QM and 4Q491–497), Song 5 of the [[Songs of the Sabbath Sacrifice]] (4Q402), and the [[Melchizedek document]] (11Q13).\n\nIn the War Scroll, according to Menahem Mansoor, the angels of light, who are identified with Michael, the prince of light, will fight in heaven against the angels of darkness, who are identified with [[Belial]], while the Sons of Light fight the Sons of Darkness on earth, and during the last of the seven battles described in the scroll will come and help the Sons of Light win the final victory.\u003Cref\u003E{{cite web |url=https://www.google.com/search?q=Mansoor+%22seven+battles+described%22\u0026btnG=|title=Mansoor 'seven battles described' – Google Search}}\u003C/ref\u003E\n\n[[James R. Davila]] speaks of Song 5 of the Songs of the Sabbath Sacrifice as describing \"an eschatological war in heaven similar to that found in [[11Q13]] and to traditions about the archangel Michael in the War Rule and the book of Revelation\".\u003Cref\u003E{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/deadseascrol_inte_2003_000_7657132/page/252 |author=James R. Davila |title=The Dead Sea scrolls as background to postbiblical Judaism and early Christianity: papers from an international conference at St. Andrews in 2001 |publisher=Brill Publishers |location=Leiden |date=2003 |isbn=978-90-04-12678-7 |page=[https://archive.org/details/deadseascrol_inte_2003_000_7657132/page/252 252] }}\u003C/ref\u003E He suggests that [[Melchizedek]], who is mentioned both in the Melchizedek document and the fifth song of the Songs of the Sabbath Sacrifice, may be a divine warrior who is involved in the conflict with the archangel Michael in the [[futurist]] sense.\n\nThat the Melchizedek document (11Q13) concerns a war in heaven is denied by Fred L. Horton, who remarks that \"there is no hint in the extant portion of the 11Q Melchizedek of a revolt of heavenly beings against the heavenly council, and the only dissenting spirit is the traditional Belial\";\u003Cref\u003E{{cite book |url=https://www.google.com/search?q=Horton+%22only+dissenting+spirit%22\u0026btnG= |author=Fred L. Horton|title=The Melchizedek Tradition |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=2005 |isbn=978-0-521-01871-5|page=81}}\u003C/ref\u003E the view of Davila, however, is that the document originally was about an eschatological war in heaven, with Melchizedek as angelic high priest and military redeemer.\u003Cref\u003E{{cite book |url=https://www.google.com/search?q=Angel+%22originally+described+the+eschatological%22\u0026btnG= |author=Joseph L. Angel |title=Otherworldly and Eschatological Priesthood in the Dead Sea Scrolls |publisher=Brill |date=2010|isbn=978-90-04-18145-8|pages=153–154}}\u003C/ref\u003E\n\n==Depiction==\nThe [[motif (narrative)|motif]] of the fall of Satan and his angels can be found in Christian [[angelology]] and [[Christian art]], and the concept of fallen angels (who, for rebelling against God, were downgraded and condemned to being earthbound) is widespread.\u003Cref\u003E{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=24\u0026letter=F |title=Fall of Angels |website=JewishEncyclopedia.com |access-date=1 December 2016}}\u003C/ref\u003E\n\n===Literature===\n[[Anatole France]] in the 1914 novel ''{{lang|fr|[[Revolt of the Angels|La Révolte des Anges]]}}'' adapted the Christian references to make a parable about revolts and revolutionary movements.\n\nIn Milton's ''Paradise Lost'' (1674), the angel Lucifer leads a rebellion against God before the [[Fall of Man]]. A third of the angels, including [[Paganism|pagan]] angels such as [[Moloch]] and [[Belial]], are hurled by [[God]] from Heaven.\u003Cref\u003E{{Cite web | url=http://www.dartmouth.edu/~milton/reading_room/pl/book_1/text.shtml | title=Paradise Lost: Book 1}}\u003C/ref\u003E\n\n===Art===\nThe subject of the War in Heaven has been depicted by many noted artists, both in paintings and in sculptures, including works by [[Pieter Paul Rubens]], [[Guido Reni]] and [[Jacob Epstein]].\n\n\u003Cgallery widths=\"200px\" heights=\"200px\" caption=\"War in Heaven\"\u003E\nFile:Rubens-Höllensturz.jpg|War in Heaven by [[Pieter Paul Rubens]], 1619\nFile:St.Michael - Hochaltar 1 Bild.jpg|Michael fights rebel angels, by [[:de:Johann Georg Unruhe|Johann Georg Unruhe]] 1793\nFile:St.Michael - Hochaltar 3 Bild.jpg|Detail of preceding\nFile:Sebastiano Ricci 058.jpg|Michael fights rebel angels, by [[Sebastiano Ricci]], c. 1720\nFile:GuidoReni MichaelDefeatsSatan.jpg|Michael and Satan, by [[Guido Reni]], c. 1636\nFile:Cathedral St Michaels Victory.jpg|''St Michael's Victory over the Devil'', by [[Jacob Epstein]] at [[Coventry Cathedral]]\nFile:Le-Brun-Chute-Dijon.jpg|''The fall of the rebel angels'', by [[Charles Le Brun]], after 1680\nFile:Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_239.png|Michael and the Dragon. [[c:Die Bibel in Bildern#Revelation|Die Bibel in Bildern]] (Revelation) engraving by [[Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld]], 1860.\n\u003C/gallery\u003E\n\n===Music===\nA choral [[antiphon]] for the feast of [[Michaelmas]], ''Factum est Silentium'', paraphrases the events described in {{bible|Revelation|8:1|KJV}} and {{bible|Revelation|12:7–12|KJV}}:\n\n{{Columns-start|num=2}}\n{{Column}}\n''Factum est silentium in caelo,\u003Cbr /\u003EDum committeret bellum draco cum Michaele Archangelo.''\n\n''Audita est vox millia millium dicentium: \u003Cbr /\u003ESalus, honor et virtus omnipotenti Deo.\u003Cbr /\u003EMillia millium minestrabant ei et decies centena millia assistebant ei.\u003Cbr /\u003EAlleluia.''\n\n'''Variant 1:'''\u003Cbr /\u003E\n''Dum draco committeret bellum et Michael pugnavit cum eo et fecit victoriam.''\n{{Column}}\n''There was silence in heaven\u003Cbr /\u003EWhen the dragon fought with the Archangel Michael.''\n\n''The voice of a thousand thousand was heard saying:\u003Cbr /\u003ESalvation, honour and power be to almighty God.\u003Cbr /\u003EA thousand thousand ministered to him and ten hundreds of thousands stood before him.\u003Cbr /\u003EAlleluia.''\n\n'''Variant 1:'''\u003Cbr /\u003E\n''For a serpent was waging war; and Michael fought with him and emerged victorious.''\n{{Column}}\n{{Columns-end}}\n\nThe antiphon has been set as a choral [[motet]] by a number of composers including [[Felice Anerio]], [[Richard Dering]], [[Melchior Franck]], [[Alessandro Grandi]] and [[Costanzo Porta]].\u003Cref name=\"shrock\"\u003E{{cite book|last1=Shrock|first1=Dennis|title=Choral Repertoire|date=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199716623|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xgzYae1n__EC\u0026pg=PA178|language=en|chapter=2. the Renaissance Era: Richard Dering (Deering) ca. 1580-1630}}\u003C/ref\u003E\u003Cref name=\"gant\"\u003E{{cite book|last1=Gant|first1=Andrew|title=O Sing Unto the Lord: A History of English Church Music|date=2017|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=9780226469621|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y5YtDwAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PA174|language=en}}\u003C/ref\u003E A [[hymn]] written by the German poet and [[hymnodist]] [[Friedrich Spee]] in 1621, ''\"[[:de:Unüberwindlich starker Held|Unüberwindlich starker Held]]\"'' (\"Invincible strong hero\"), also makes reference to the Archangel Michael overcoming the dragon.\u003Cref\u003E{{cite web|last1=Keller|first1=Karl|title=Das St. Michaelslied von Friedrich Spee und \"Der deutsche Michel\"|url=https://www.historicum.net/fileadmin/sxw/Themen/Hexenforschung/Speejb/spj_01_1994/spj_1_1994_87-98.pdf|website=historicum.net|access-date=3 October 2017|language=de}}\u003C/ref\u003E Bach's cantata Es erhub sich ein Streit, BWV 19 is on this subject.\n\n=== Video games ===\nThe War in Heaven is a 1999 Christian-themed video game developed by Eternal Warriors and published by ValuSoft.\u003Cref\u003E{{Cite web|title=The War in Heaven|url=http://www.gamevortex.com/gamevortex/soft_rev.php/2463/the-war-in-heaven-pc.html|access-date=2020-11-11|website=www.gamevortex.com}}\u003C/ref\u003E\n\n==See also==\n{{Commons category}}\n* [[Æsir–Vanir War]]\n* [[Asura]]\n* [[Deva (Hinduism)|Devas]]\n* [[Gigantomachy]]\n* [[Theomachy]]\n* [[Titanomachy]]\n\n==References==\n{{Reflist}}\n\nThen your mom had sex with the devel as known as satan they had a baby both they named him ev he was buttery when he came out (Eds.): ''The Fall of the Angels''. Brill, Leiden 2004 (Themes in Biblical Narrative, 6), {{ISBN|90-04-12668-6}}.\n*Mareike Hartmann: ''Höllen-Szenarien. Eine Analyse des Höllenverständnisses verschiedener Epochen anhand von Höllendarstellungen''. Lit, Münster 2005 (Ästhetik – Theologie – Liturgik, 32), {{ISBN|3-8258-7681-0}}.\n*Neil Forsyth, ''The Old Enemy: Satan \u0026 the Combat Myth'' (Princeton University Press) 1987.\n\n==External links==\n*[http://www.beliefnet.com/story/199/story_19993_1.html The Fall of Satan], beliefnet.com\n*[http://www.cfdevotionals.org/devpg03/de030622.htm The Fall of Angels], cfdevotionals.org\n*[http://www.christiancourier.com/articles/1281-a-rebellion-in-heaven A Rebellion in Heaven], christiancourier.com\n*[http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=612\u0026letter=L Lucifer], [[Jewish Encyclopedia]]\n*[http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=24\u0026letter=F Fall of Angels], Jewish Encyclopedia\n*[http://warinheaven.com War in Heaven], warinheaven.com\n{{Doomsday}}\n{{DEFAULTSORT:War in Heaven}}\n[[Category:Biblical phrases]]\n[[Category:Book of Revelation]]\n[[Category:Christian cosmology]]\n[[Category:Christian mythology]]\n[[Category:Christian terminology]]\n[[Category:Eschatology]]\n[[Category:Heaven]]\n[[Category:Michael (archangel)]]\n[[Category:Satan]]\n[[Category:War in mythology]]\n\n[[de:Höllensturz]]" ,"edit_diff":"@@ -136,6 +136,5 @@\n {{Reflist}}\n \n-==Further reading==\n-*Christoph Auffarth, Loren T. Stuckenbruck (Eds.): ''The Fall of the Angels''. Brill, Leiden 2004 (Themes in Biblical Narrative, 6), {{ISBN|90-04-12668-6}}.\n+Then your mom had sex with the devel as known as satan they had a baby both they named him ev he was buttery when he came out (Eds.): ''The Fall of the Angels''. Brill, Leiden 2004 (Themes in Biblical Narrative, 6), {{ISBN|90-04-12668-6}}.\n *Mareike Hartmann: ''Höllen-Szenarien. Eine Analyse des Höllenverständnisses verschiedener Epochen anhand von Höllendarstellungen''. Lit, Münster 2005 (Ästhetik – Theologie – Liturgik, 32), {{ISBN|3-8258-7681-0}}.\n *Neil Forsyth, ''The Old Enemy: Satan \u0026 the Combat Myth'' (Princeton University Press) 1987.\n","new_size":27170,"old_size":27106,"edit_delta":64,"added_lines":[ "Then your mom had sex with the devel as known as satan they had a baby both they named him ev he was buttery when he came out (Eds.): ''The Fall of the Angels''. 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mw-anonuserlink" title="Special:Contributions/70.162.190.63"><bdi>70.162.190.63</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/w/index.php?title=User_talk:70.162.190.63&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:70.162.190.63 (page does not exist)">talk</a>)</span> triggered <a href="/wiki/Special:AbuseFilter/320" title="Special:AbuseFilter/320">filter 320</a>, performing the action "edit" on <a href="/w/index.php?title=War_in_Heaven&redirect=no" title="War in Heaven">War in Heaven</a>. Actions taken: Disallow; Filter description: "Your mom" Vandalism (<a href="/wiki/Special:AbuseFilter/examine/log/28604942" title="Special:AbuseFilter/examine/log/28604942">examine</a>)</span></p><h3>Changes made in edit</h3><table class="diff diff-type-table diff-contentalign-left diff-editfont-monospace" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /><tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno"></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>{{Reflist}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>{{Reflist}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-right" href="#movedpara_3_0_lhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div><a name="movedpara_1_0_rhs"></a><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Then</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">your</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">mom</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">had sex with the devel as known as satan they had a baby both they named him ev he was buttery when he came out</ins> (Eds.): ''The Fall of the Angels''. Brill, Leiden 2004 (Themes in Biblical Narrative, 6), {{ISBN|90-04-12668-6}}.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>==Further reading==</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-left" href="#movedpara_1_0_rhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div><a name="movedpara_3_0_lhs"></a><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">*Christoph</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Auffarth,</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Loren</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">T.</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Stuckenbruck</del> (Eds.): ''The Fall of the Angels''. Brill, Leiden 2004 (Themes in Biblical Narrative, 6), {{ISBN|90-04-12668-6}}.</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>*Mareike Hartmann: ''Höllen-Szenarien. Eine Analyse des Höllenverständnisses verschiedener Epochen anhand von Höllendarstellungen''. Lit, Münster 2005 (Ästhetik – Theologie – Liturgik, 32), {{ISBN|3-8258-7681-0}}.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>*Mareike Hartmann: ''Höllen-Szenarien. Eine Analyse des Höllenverständnisses verschiedener Epochen anhand von Höllendarstellungen''. Lit, Münster 2005 (Ästhetik – Theologie – Liturgik, 32), {{ISBN|3-8258-7681-0}}.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>*Neil Forsyth, ''The Old Enemy: Satan & the Combat Myth'' (Princeton University Press) 1987.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>*Neil Forsyth, ''The Old Enemy: Satan & the Combat Myth'' (Princeton University Press) 1987.</div></td> </tr> </table><h3>Action parameters</h3><table class="mw-abuselog-details"><thead><tr><th>Variable</th><th>Value</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr class="mw-abuselog-details-user_editcount mw-abuselog-value"><td class="mw-abuselog-var">Edit count of the user (<code>user_editcount</code>)</td><td class="mw-abuselog-var-value"><div class="mw-abuselog-var-value">null</div></td></tr> <tr class="mw-abuselog-details-user_name mw-abuselog-value"><td class="mw-abuselog-var">Name of the user account (<code>user_name</code>)</td><td class="mw-abuselog-var-value"><div class="mw-abuselog-var-value">'70.162.190.63'</div></td></tr> <tr class="mw-abuselog-details-user_age mw-abuselog-value"><td class="mw-abuselog-var">Age of the user account (<code>user_age</code>)</td><td class="mw-abuselog-var-value"><div class="mw-abuselog-var-value">0</div></td></tr> <tr class="mw-abuselog-details-user_groups mw-abuselog-value"><td class="mw-abuselog-var">Groups (including implicit) the user is in (<code>user_groups</code>)</td><td class="mw-abuselog-var-value"><div class="mw-abuselog-var-value">[ 0 => '*' ]</div></td></tr> <tr class="mw-abuselog-details-user_rights mw-abuselog-value"><td class="mw-abuselog-var">Rights that the user has (<code>user_rights</code>)</td><td class="mw-abuselog-var-value"><div class="mw-abuselog-var-value">[ 0 => 'createaccount', 1 => 'read', 2 => 'edit', 3 => 'createtalk', 4 => 'writeapi', 5 => 'viewmywatchlist', 6 => 'editmywatchlist', 7 => 'viewmyprivateinfo', 8 => 'editmyprivateinfo', 9 => 'editmyoptions', 10 => 'abusefilter-log-detail', 11 => 'centralauth-merge', 12 => 'abusefilter-view', 13 => 'abusefilter-log', 14 => 'vipsscaler-test' ]</div></td></tr> <tr class="mw-abuselog-details-user_app mw-abuselog-value"><td class="mw-abuselog-var">Whether the user is editing from mobile app (<code>user_app</code>)</td><td class="mw-abuselog-var-value"><div class="mw-abuselog-var-value">false</div></td></tr> <tr class="mw-abuselog-details-user_mobile mw-abuselog-value"><td class="mw-abuselog-var">Whether or not a user is editing through the mobile interface (<code>user_mobile</code>)</td><td class="mw-abuselog-var-value"><div class="mw-abuselog-var-value">true</div></td></tr> <tr class="mw-abuselog-details-page_id mw-abuselog-value"><td class="mw-abuselog-var">Page ID (<code>page_id</code>)</td><td class="mw-abuselog-var-value"><div class="mw-abuselog-var-value">10254657</div></td></tr> <tr class="mw-abuselog-details-page_namespace mw-abuselog-value"><td class="mw-abuselog-var">Page namespace (<code>page_namespace</code>)</td><td class="mw-abuselog-var-value"><div class="mw-abuselog-var-value">0</div></td></tr> <tr class="mw-abuselog-details-page_title mw-abuselog-value"><td class="mw-abuselog-var">Page title without namespace (<code>page_title</code>)</td><td class="mw-abuselog-var-value"><div class="mw-abuselog-var-value">'War in Heaven'</div></td></tr> <tr class="mw-abuselog-details-page_prefixedtitle mw-abuselog-value"><td class="mw-abuselog-var">Full page title (<code>page_prefixedtitle</code>)</td><td class="mw-abuselog-var-value"><div class="mw-abuselog-var-value">'War in Heaven'</div></td></tr> <tr class="mw-abuselog-details-page_restrictions_edit mw-abuselog-value"><td class="mw-abuselog-var">Edit protection level of the page (<code>page_restrictions_edit</code>)</td><td class="mw-abuselog-var-value"><div class="mw-abuselog-var-value">[]</div></td></tr> <tr class="mw-abuselog-details-page_recent_contributors mw-abuselog-value"><td class="mw-abuselog-var">Last ten users to contribute to the page (<code>page_recent_contributors</code>)</td><td class="mw-abuselog-var-value"><div class="mw-abuselog-var-value">[ 0 => 'CoconutOctopus', 1 => '113.193.78.33', 2 => 'FyzixFighter', 3 => '161.49.149.174', 4 => '2804:14D:1490:8A4B:615F:D103:3B86:77DB', 5 => 'Monkbot', 6 => 'MrOllie', 7 => 'Coin945', 8 => '62.74.16.113', 9 => 'Andrew Englehart' ]</div></td></tr> <tr class="mw-abuselog-details-page_age mw-abuselog-value"><td class="mw-abuselog-var">Page age in seconds (<code>page_age</code>)</td><td class="mw-abuselog-var-value"><div class="mw-abuselog-var-value">435736827</div></td></tr> <tr class="mw-abuselog-details-action mw-abuselog-value"><td class="mw-abuselog-var">Action (<code>action</code>)</td><td class="mw-abuselog-var-value"><div class="mw-abuselog-var-value">'edit'</div></td></tr> <tr class="mw-abuselog-details-summary mw-abuselog-value"><td class="mw-abuselog-var">Edit summary/reason (<code>summary</code>)</td><td class="mw-abuselog-var-value"><div class="mw-abuselog-var-value">''</div></td></tr> <tr class="mw-abuselog-details-old_content_model mw-abuselog-value"><td class="mw-abuselog-var">Old content model (<code>old_content_model</code>)</td><td class="mw-abuselog-var-value"><div class="mw-abuselog-var-value">'wikitext'</div></td></tr> <tr class="mw-abuselog-details-new_content_model mw-abuselog-value"><td class="mw-abuselog-var">New content model (<code>new_content_model</code>)</td><td class="mw-abuselog-var-value"><div class="mw-abuselog-var-value">'wikitext'</div></td></tr> <tr class="mw-abuselog-details-old_wikitext mw-abuselog-value"><td class="mw-abuselog-var">Old page wikitext, before the edit (<code>old_wikitext</code>)</td><td class="mw-abuselog-var-value"><div class="mw-abuselog-var-value">'{{short description|Supernatural war described in the Book of Revelation}} {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}} {{Infobox military conflict |conflict = War in Heaven |image = [[File:Pieter Bruegel the Elder - The Fall of the Rebel Angels - Google Art Project.jpg|226px]] |caption = ''[[The Fall of the Rebel Angels (Bruegel)|The Fall of the Rebel Angels]]'', by [[Pieter Bruegel the Elder]] |date = |place = [[Heaven]] |status = |result = Decisive loyal angels victory * Lucifer and his fallen angels hurled down to Earth |combatant1 = Loyal angels |combatant2 = Rebellious angels |commander1 = [[Michael (archangel)|Michael]]<br/>[[Heavenly host]] |commander2 = [[Lucifer]]<br/>[[Fallen angel]]s }} {{Christian Eschatology}} [[File:Hieronymus Bosch 073.jpg|thumb|280px|The Fall of the Rebel Angels; right hand panel of [[Hieronymus Bosch]]'s ''[[The Haywain Triptych]]'', c. 1500]] The [[Book of Revelation]] describes a '''war in heaven''' between [[angel]]s led by the [[Archangel]] [[Michael (archangel)|Michael]] against those led by "the dragon", identified as the [[Devil in Christianity|devil]] or [[Satan]], who will be defeated and thrown down to the earth.<ref>{{bibleverse||Revelation|12:7–9|KJV}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.google.com/search?q=Gregg+%22lengthiest+of+these%22&btnG= |author=Joan Young Gregg|title=Devils, Women, and Jews: Reflections of the Other in Medieval Sermon Stories |page=28 |publisher=[[State University of New York]] |date=1997|isbn=0-7914-3417-6}}</ref> Revelation's war in [[Heaven (Christianity)|heaven]] is related to the idea of [[fallen angel]]s, and possible parallels have been proposed in the [[Hebrew Bible]] and the [[Dead Sea Scrolls]]. ==Revelation 12:7–10== {{further|Revelation 12}} {{quote|7 Then war broke out in heaven. Michael and his angels fought against the dragon, and the dragon and his angels fought back. 8 But he was not strong enough, and they lost their place in heaven. 9 The great dragon was hurled down—that ancient serpent called the devil, or Satan, who leads the whole world astray. He was hurled to the earth, and his angels with him.|Revelation 12:7–10 (NIV)}} [[File:Paradise Lost 1.jpg|thumb|280px|Michael casts out rebel angels. Illustration by [[Gustave Doré]] for [[John Milton]]'s ''[[Paradise Lost]]''.]] ==Interpretations== The Christian tradition has stories about angelic beings cast down from heaven by God,{{citation needed|date=October 2018}} often presenting the punishment as inflicted in particular on Satan. As a result of linking this motif with the cited passage of the Book of Revelation, the casting of Satan down from heaven, which other versions of the motif present as an action of God himself, has become attributed to the archangel Michael at the conclusion of a war between two groups of angels, of whom (because of the mention of the dragon's tail casting a third of the stars of heaven to the earth) one third are supposed to have been on the side of Satan, in spite of the fact that the casting down of the stars ({{bibleverse||Revelation|12:4|ESV}}) is recounted as occurring before the start of the "war in heaven" ({{bibleverse||Revelation|12:7|ESV}}). Commentators have attributed Satan's rebellion to a number of motives, all of which stem from his great pride. These motives include: * a refusal to bow down to mankind on the occasion of the [[List of first men or women in mythology and religion|creation of man]]—as in the [[Armenia]]n, [[Georgia (country)|Georgian]], and [[Latin]] versions of the ''[[Life of Adam and Eve]]''.<ref>Sections 14–15 of the [http://micro5.mscc.huji.ac.il/~armenia/website/ Armenian],[http://www.pseudepigrapha.com/pseudepigrapha/TheBookOfAdam.htm Georgian], and [http://www.ccel.org/c/charles/otpseudepig/adamnev.htm Latin] versions of the ''Life of Adam and Eve''</ref> [[Islam]]ic tradition holds a similar view: [[Devil (Islam)|Iblis]] refuses to bow down to [[Islamic views on Adam|Adam]].<ref>[[Quran]] [http://www.cmje.org/religious-texts/quran/verses/007-qmt.php#007.011 7:11–12] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222085904/http://www.cmje.org/religious-texts/quran/verses/007-qmt.php#007.011 |date=22 February 2012 }}</ref> * the culmination of a gradual distancing from God through use of [[free will]] (an idea of [[Origen of Alexandria]]).<ref>''Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church'' (Oxford University Press 2005 {{ISBN|978-0-19-280290-3}}), article ''Origen''</ref> * a declaration by God that all were to be subject to his Son, the [[Messiah]] (as in Milton's ''[[Paradise Lost]]'').<ref>Book 5, lines 654–668 {{cite web |url= http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~rbear/lost/pl5.html |title= Archived copy |access-date= 29 June 2008 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080516062603/http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~rbear/lost/pl5.html |archive-date= 16 May 2008 |df= dmy | quote = [...] but not so wak'd / Satan, so call him now, his former name / Is heard no more [in] Heav'n; he of the first, / If not the first Arch-Angel, great in Power, / In favour and præeminence, yet fraught / With envie against the Son of God, that day / Honourd by his great Father, and proclaimd / Messiah King anointed, could not beare / Through pride that sight, and thought himself impaird. / Deep malice thence conceiving & disdain, / Soon as midnight brought on the duskie houre / Friendliest to sleep and silence, he resolv'd / With all his Legions to dislodge, and leave / Unworshipt, unobey'd the Throne supream / Contemptuous [...].}}</ref> [[Jonathan Edwards (theologian)|Jonathan Edwards]] states in his sermon ''Wisdom Displayed in Salvation'': <blockquote>Satan and his angels rebelled against God in heaven, and proudly presumed to try their strength with his. And when God, by his almighty power, overcame the strength of Satan, and sent him like lightning from heaven to hell with all his army; Satan still hoped to get the victory by subtlety[.]<ref>{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=m3EAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA87|title= The Works of President Edwards: With a Memoir of His Life ... |author1= Jonathan Edwards |author2= Sereno Edwards Dwight |author3= David Brainerd|year=1830|publisher=G. & C. & H. Carvill|page=87}}</ref></blockquote> In the ''[[Catholic Encyclopedia]]'' (1911) article "St. Michael the Archangel", [[Frederick Holweck]] wrote: "St. John speaks of the great conflict at the [[End time|end of time]], which reflects also the battle in heaven at the beginning of time." He added that Michael's name "was the war-cry of the good angels in the battle fought in heaven against the enemy and his followers".<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url= http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10275b.htm |author = Holweck, Frederick |title= St. Michael the Archangel |encyclopedia= [[The Catholic Encyclopedia]] |volume= 10 |location= New York |date= 1911 |access-date= 28 January 2010}}</ref> Several modern Bible-commentators view the "war in heaven" in Revelation 12:7–13 as an [[eschatology|eschatological]] vision of the end of time or as a reference to [[spiritual warfare]] within the [[Christian Church| church]], rather than (as in [[John Milton|Milton]]'s ''[[Paradise Lost]]'') "the story of the origin of Satan/[[Lucifer]] as an angel who rebelled against God in primeval times."<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=0VC1rzAtgFsC |title=The People's New Testament Commentary |author1=M. Eugene Boring |author2= Fred B. Craddock | location= Louisville, Kentucky |publisher=Westminster John Knox Press |date=2004 |isbn=0-664-22754-6 |pages=799–800 |quote=The ejection of the Accuser from heaven is not (as in Milton's ''Paradise Lost'') the story of the origin of Satan as an angel who rebelled against God in primeval times. Neither here nor elsewhere do biblical authors give speculative 'explanations' about the origin of Satan or evil. Such a myth had developed in pre-Christian Judaism (1–2 En.), and there are fragmentary echoes of it in the New Testament (Jude 6; 2 Pet. 2:4). That is not the picture in this story, which does not take place in primeval times but at the eschatological time of the establishment of God's kingdom by the life, death, and exaltation of Jesus [...].}}</ref><ref>Compare: {{cite web | url= http://mhcw.biblecommenter.com/revelation/12.htm | title= Archived copy | access-date= 28 July 2008 | url-status= dead | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080521001234/http://mhcw.biblecommenter.com/revelation/12.htm | archive-date= 21 May 2008 | df= dmy | quote= It is generally agreed by the most learned expositors that the narrative we have in this and the two following chapters, from the sounding of the seventh trumpet to the opening of the vials, is not a prediction of things to come, but rather a recapitulation and representation of things past [...]. }}</ref><ref>Compare: {{cite web |url= http://jfb.biblecommenter.com/revelation/12.htm |title= Archived copy |access-date= 19 June 2008 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080521000820/http://jfb.biblecommenter.com/revelation/12.htm |archive-date= 21 May 2008 |df= dmy |quote= It is generally agreed by the most learned expositors that the narrative we have in this and the two following chapters, from the sounding of the seventh trumpet to the opening of the vials, is not a prediction of things to come, but rather a recapitulation and representation of things past, which, as God would have the apostle to foresee while future, he would have him to review now that they were passed, that he might have a more perfect idea of them in his mind, and might observe the agreement between the prophecy and that Providence that is always fulfilling the scriptures.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://mhc.biblecommenter.com/revelation/12.htm | title= Revelation 12 Matthew Henry's Commentary |website = Mhc.biblecommenter.com |access-date = 1 December 2016 | quote = 12:7–11 The attempts of the dragon proved unsuccessful against the church, and fatal to his own interests. The seat of this war was in heaven; in the church of Christ, the kingdom of heaven on earth. The parties were Christ, the great Angel of the covenant, and his faithful followers; and Satan and his instruments. The strength of the church is in having the Lord Jesus for the Captain of their salvation. Pagan idolatry, which was the worship of devils, was cast out of the empire by the spreading of Christianity. [...] The servants of God overcame Satan by the blood of the Lamb, as the cause. By the word of their testimony: the powerful preaching of the gospel is mighty, through God, to pull down strongholds. By their courage and patience in suffering: they loved not their lives so well but they could lay them down in Christ's cause. These were the warriors and the weapons by which Christianity overthrew the power of pagan idolatry; and if Christians had continued to fight with these weapons, and such as these, their victories would have been more numerous and glorious, and the effects more lasting. The redeemed overcame by a simple reliance on the blood of Christ, as the only ground of their hopes.}}</ref> Some commentators have seen the ''war in heaven'' as "not literal" but symbolic of events on earth.<ref>''One hundred and seventy-three sermons on several subjects'': Volume 1, p. 137 [[Samuel Clarke]], John Clarke, J. Leathley ((Dublin)), 1751 "7. that X. there was War in Heaven; Michael and his Angels *- fought against the Dragon, and the Dragon fought and his Angels ... But the Meaning of this Passage is not literal, as if the Devil had the power to fight against the Angels or Ministers of God's government"</ref><ref> {{cite book | last1 = Smith | first1 = Charles Edward | author-link1 = Charles Edward Smith | chapter = The Church and the Dragon | title = The World Lighted: A Study of the Apocalypse | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=MxJFAAAAYAAJ | location = New York | publisher = Funk & Wagnalls | date = 1890 | pages = 128–129 | quote = What, now, is the war in heaven? Of course not literal war, nor literally in heaven; not the actual clash of arms between Michael and his angels, and Satan and his wicked cohorts. But something on earth worthy to be represented by such a Titanic contest. What can that be, if not the contest in the visible church concerning true and false doctrine?}}</ref> ===The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints=== [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] (LDS Church) teaches that Revelation 12 concerns an actual event in the [[Pre-existence#Mormonism|pre-mortal existence of man]]. The [[Book of Moses]], included in the LDS "[[standard works]]" canon, references the War in Heaven and Satan's origin as a fallen angel of light.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia | last= Top | first= Brent L. | author-link = Brent L. Top | title = War in Heaven |url = http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/EoM/id/4327 | pages = 1546–1547 | editor1-last = Ludlow | editor1-first = Daniel H | editor1-link = Daniel H. Ludlow | encyclopedia = [[Encyclopedia of Mormonism]] | location = New York | publisher = Macmillan Publishing | year = 1992 | isbn = 0-02-879602-0 | oclc = 24502140 }}</ref> The concept of a war in heaven at the end of time became an addendum to the story of Satan's fall at the genesis of time—a narrative which included Satan and a third of all of heaven's angels. Evidence for this interpretation comes from the phrase "the dragon and his angels";<ref>{{lds|Matthew|matt|25|41}}</ref> this specific phrasing became paramount to the reinforcement of the notion that people associated angels with the [[devil]] preceding the writing of Revelation. The LDS Church believes that the War in Heaven started in the premortal existence when Heavenly Father (God) created the [[Plan_of_salvation_(Latter_Day_Saints) | Plan of Salvation]] to enable humanity to become like Him. Jesus Christ as per the plan was the Savior and those who followed the plan would come to Earth to experience mortality and progress toward eternal life. Lucifer, another spirit son of God, rebelled against the plan's reliance on [[Agency_(LDS_Church) | agency]] and proposed an altered plan that negated agency. Thus he became Satan, and he and his followers were cast out of heaven. This denied them participating in God's plan, the privileges of receiving a physical body, and experiencing mortality."<ref name="lds-war-heaven-manual">{{cite web |title=War in Heaven |url=https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/manual/gospel-topics/war-in-heaven?lang=eng |publisher=The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints |access-date=31 May 2020}}</ref><ref>https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/manual/true-to-the-faith/plan-of-salvation?lang=eng</ref> ==Bible parallels== {{see also|Cherub in Eden}} Parallels are drawn{{by whom?|date=May 2020}} to the passage in {{bibleverse||Isaiah|14:4–17|NIV}} that mentions the "son of the morning" who had "fallen from heaven" and was "cast down to the earth". In verse 12 of this passage, the [[Hebrew]] word that referred to the morning star was translated into Latin as ''[[lucifer]]''. With the application to the Devil of the morning-star story, "Lucifer" was then popularly applied to him as a proper name. The term ''lucifer'', the [[Latin]] name (literally "Light-Bearer" or "Light-Bringer") for the morning star (the planet [[Venus (astronomy) |Venus]] in its morning appearances), is often given to the Devil in popular stories. The brilliancy of the morning star—which appears brighter than all other stars, but is not seen during the night proper—may have given rise to myths such as the [[Babylonia]]n story of Ethana and Zu, who{{who?|date=May 2020}} was led by his pride to strive for the highest seat among the star-gods on the northern mountain of the gods (an image present also in {{bibleverse||Ezekiel|28:14}}), but was hurled down by the supreme ruler of the Babylonian Olympus.<ref name=JE-L>{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=612&letter=L |title=Lucifer |website=JewishEncyclopedia.com |access-date=1 December 2016 | quote = The brilliancy of the morning star, which eclipses all other stars, but is not seen during the night, may easily have given rise to a myth such as was told of Ethana and Zu: he was led by his pride to strive for the highest seat among the star-gods on the northern mountain of the gods (comp. Ezek. xxviii. 14; Ps. xlviii. 3 [A.V. 2]), but was hurled down by the supreme ruler of the Babylonian Olympus. Stars were regarded throughout antiquity as living celestial beings (Job xxxviii. 7).}}</ref> Stars were then regarded as living celestial beings.<ref name=JE-L/><ref>{{bibleverse||Job|38:7|ESV}}</ref> The ''[[Jewish Encyclopedia]]'' states that the myth concerning the Morning star was transferred{{by whom?|date=May 2020}} to Satan by the first century before the [[Common Era]], citing in support of this view the ''[[Life of Adam and Eve]]'' and the [[2 Enoch|Slavonic Book of Enoch]] 29:4, 31:4, where Satan-[[Sataniel]] is described as having been one of the archangels. Because he contrived "to make his throne higher than the clouds over the earth and resemble 'My power' on high", Satan-Sataniel was hurled down, with his angels, and since then he has been flying in the air continually above the [[Abyss (religion) |abyss]]. According to Jewish thought, the passage in ''Isaiah'' was used to prophesy the fate of the [[List of Kings of Babylon |King of Babylon]], who is described as aiming to rival God.<ref> {{cite web|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=612&letter=L |title=Lucifer |website=JewishEncyclopedia.com |access-date=1 December 2016 }} </ref> ==Dead Sea Scrolls== Some scholars discern the concept of a war in heaven in certain [[Dead Sea Scrolls]]: namely, the ''[[War of the Sons of Light Against the Sons of Darkness]]'' (also known as the War Scroll; 1QM and 4Q491–497), Song 5 of the [[Songs of the Sabbath Sacrifice]] (4Q402), and the [[Melchizedek document]] (11Q13). In the War Scroll, according to Menahem Mansoor, the angels of light, who are identified with Michael, the prince of light, will fight in heaven against the angels of darkness, who are identified with [[Belial]], while the Sons of Light fight the Sons of Darkness on earth, and during the last of the seven battles described in the scroll will come and help the Sons of Light win the final victory.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.google.com/search?q=Mansoor+%22seven+battles+described%22&btnG=|title=Mansoor 'seven battles described' – Google Search}}</ref> [[James R. Davila]] speaks of Song 5 of the Songs of the Sabbath Sacrifice as describing "an eschatological war in heaven similar to that found in [[11Q13]] and to traditions about the archangel Michael in the War Rule and the book of Revelation".<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/deadseascrol_inte_2003_000_7657132/page/252 |author=James R. Davila |title=The Dead Sea scrolls as background to postbiblical Judaism and early Christianity: papers from an international conference at St. Andrews in 2001 |publisher=Brill Publishers |location=Leiden |date=2003 |isbn=978-90-04-12678-7 |page=[https://archive.org/details/deadseascrol_inte_2003_000_7657132/page/252 252] }}</ref> He suggests that [[Melchizedek]], who is mentioned both in the Melchizedek document and the fifth song of the Songs of the Sabbath Sacrifice, may be a divine warrior who is involved in the conflict with the archangel Michael in the [[futurist]] sense. That the Melchizedek document (11Q13) concerns a war in heaven is denied by Fred L. Horton, who remarks that "there is no hint in the extant portion of the 11Q Melchizedek of a revolt of heavenly beings against the heavenly council, and the only dissenting spirit is the traditional Belial";<ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.google.com/search?q=Horton+%22only+dissenting+spirit%22&btnG= |author=Fred L. Horton|title=The Melchizedek Tradition |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=2005 |isbn=978-0-521-01871-5|page=81}}</ref> the view of Davila, however, is that the document originally was about an eschatological war in heaven, with Melchizedek as angelic high priest and military redeemer.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.google.com/search?q=Angel+%22originally+described+the+eschatological%22&btnG= |author=Joseph L. Angel |title=Otherworldly and Eschatological Priesthood in the Dead Sea Scrolls |publisher=Brill |date=2010|isbn=978-90-04-18145-8|pages=153–154}}</ref> ==Depiction== The [[motif (narrative)|motif]] of the fall of Satan and his angels can be found in Christian [[angelology]] and [[Christian art]], and the concept of fallen angels (who, for rebelling against God, were downgraded and condemned to being earthbound) is widespread.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=24&letter=F |title=Fall of Angels |website=JewishEncyclopedia.com |access-date=1 December 2016}}</ref> ===Literature=== [[Anatole France]] in the 1914 novel ''{{lang|fr|[[Revolt of the Angels|La Révolte des Anges]]}}'' adapted the Christian references to make a parable about revolts and revolutionary movements. In Milton's ''Paradise Lost'' (1674), the angel Lucifer leads a rebellion against God before the [[Fall of Man]]. A third of the angels, including [[Paganism|pagan]] angels such as [[Moloch]] and [[Belial]], are hurled by [[God]] from Heaven.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.dartmouth.edu/~milton/reading_room/pl/book_1/text.shtml | title=Paradise Lost: Book 1}}</ref> ===Art=== The subject of the War in Heaven has been depicted by many noted artists, both in paintings and in sculptures, including works by [[Pieter Paul Rubens]], [[Guido Reni]] and [[Jacob Epstein]]. <gallery widths="200px" heights="200px" caption="War in Heaven"> File:Rubens-Höllensturz.jpg|War in Heaven by [[Pieter Paul Rubens]], 1619 File:St.Michael - Hochaltar 1 Bild.jpg|Michael fights rebel angels, by [[:de:Johann Georg Unruhe|Johann Georg Unruhe]] 1793 File:St.Michael - Hochaltar 3 Bild.jpg|Detail of preceding File:Sebastiano Ricci 058.jpg|Michael fights rebel angels, by [[Sebastiano Ricci]], c. 1720 File:GuidoReni MichaelDefeatsSatan.jpg|Michael and Satan, by [[Guido Reni]], c. 1636 File:Cathedral St Michaels Victory.jpg|''St Michael's Victory over the Devil'', by [[Jacob Epstein]] at [[Coventry Cathedral]] File:Le-Brun-Chute-Dijon.jpg|''The fall of the rebel angels'', by [[Charles Le Brun]], after 1680 File:Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_239.png|Michael and the Dragon. [[c:Die Bibel in Bildern#Revelation|Die Bibel in Bildern]] (Revelation) engraving by [[Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld]], 1860. </gallery> ===Music=== A choral [[antiphon]] for the feast of [[Michaelmas]], ''Factum est Silentium'', paraphrases the events described in {{bible|Revelation|8:1|KJV}} and {{bible|Revelation|12:7–12|KJV}}: {{Columns-start|num=2}} {{Column}} ''Factum est silentium in caelo,<br />Dum committeret bellum draco cum Michaele Archangelo.'' ''Audita est vox millia millium dicentium: <br />Salus, honor et virtus omnipotenti Deo.<br />Millia millium minestrabant ei et decies centena millia assistebant ei.<br />Alleluia.'' '''Variant 1:'''<br /> ''Dum draco committeret bellum et Michael pugnavit cum eo et fecit victoriam.'' {{Column}} ''There was silence in heaven<br />When the dragon fought with the Archangel Michael.'' ''The voice of a thousand thousand was heard saying:<br />Salvation, honour and power be to almighty God.<br />A thousand thousand ministered to him and ten hundreds of thousands stood before him.<br />Alleluia.'' '''Variant 1:'''<br /> ''For a serpent was waging war; and Michael fought with him and emerged victorious.'' {{Column}} {{Columns-end}} The antiphon has been set as a choral [[motet]] by a number of composers including [[Felice Anerio]], [[Richard Dering]], [[Melchior Franck]], [[Alessandro Grandi]] and [[Costanzo Porta]].<ref name="shrock">{{cite book|last1=Shrock|first1=Dennis|title=Choral Repertoire|date=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199716623|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xgzYae1n__EC&pg=PA178|language=en|chapter=2. the Renaissance Era: Richard Dering (Deering) ca. 1580-1630}}</ref><ref name="gant">{{cite book|last1=Gant|first1=Andrew|title=O Sing Unto the Lord: A History of English Church Music|date=2017|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=9780226469621|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y5YtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA174|language=en}}</ref> A [[hymn]] written by the German poet and [[hymnodist]] [[Friedrich Spee]] in 1621, ''"[[:de:Unüberwindlich starker Held|Unüberwindlich starker Held]]"'' ("Invincible strong hero"), also makes reference to the Archangel Michael overcoming the dragon.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Keller|first1=Karl|title=Das St. Michaelslied von Friedrich Spee und "Der deutsche Michel"|url=https://www.historicum.net/fileadmin/sxw/Themen/Hexenforschung/Speejb/spj_01_1994/spj_1_1994_87-98.pdf|website=historicum.net|access-date=3 October 2017|language=de}}</ref> Bach's cantata Es erhub sich ein Streit, BWV 19 is on this subject. === Video games === The War in Heaven is a 1999 Christian-themed video game developed by Eternal Warriors and published by ValuSoft.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The War in Heaven|url=http://www.gamevortex.com/gamevortex/soft_rev.php/2463/the-war-in-heaven-pc.html|access-date=2020-11-11|website=www.gamevortex.com}}</ref> ==See also== {{Commons category}} * [[Æsir–Vanir War]] * [[Asura]] * [[Deva (Hinduism)|Devas]] * [[Gigantomachy]] * [[Theomachy]] * [[Titanomachy]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Further reading== *Christoph Auffarth, Loren T. Stuckenbruck (Eds.): ''The Fall of the Angels''. Brill, Leiden 2004 (Themes in Biblical Narrative, 6), {{ISBN|90-04-12668-6}}. *Mareike Hartmann: ''Höllen-Szenarien. Eine Analyse des Höllenverständnisses verschiedener Epochen anhand von Höllendarstellungen''. Lit, Münster 2005 (Ästhetik – Theologie – Liturgik, 32), {{ISBN|3-8258-7681-0}}. *Neil Forsyth, ''The Old Enemy: Satan & the Combat Myth'' (Princeton University Press) 1987. ==External links== *[http://www.beliefnet.com/story/199/story_19993_1.html The Fall of Satan], beliefnet.com *[http://www.cfdevotionals.org/devpg03/de030622.htm The Fall of Angels], cfdevotionals.org *[http://www.christiancourier.com/articles/1281-a-rebellion-in-heaven A Rebellion in Heaven], christiancourier.com *[http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=612&letter=L Lucifer], [[Jewish Encyclopedia]] *[http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=24&letter=F Fall of Angels], Jewish Encyclopedia *[http://warinheaven.com War in Heaven], warinheaven.com {{Doomsday}} {{DEFAULTSORT:War in Heaven}} [[Category:Biblical phrases]] [[Category:Book of Revelation]] [[Category:Christian cosmology]] [[Category:Christian mythology]] [[Category:Christian terminology]] [[Category:Eschatology]] [[Category:Heaven]] [[Category:Michael (archangel)]] [[Category:Satan]] [[Category:War in mythology]] [[de:Höllensturz]]'</div></td></tr> <tr class="mw-abuselog-details-new_wikitext mw-abuselog-value"><td class="mw-abuselog-var">New page wikitext, after the edit (<code>new_wikitext</code>)</td><td class="mw-abuselog-var-value"><div class="mw-abuselog-var-value">'{{short description|Supernatural war described in the Book of Revelation}} {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}} {{Infobox military conflict |conflict = War in Heaven |image = [[File:Pieter Bruegel the Elder - The Fall of the Rebel Angels - Google Art Project.jpg|226px]] |caption = ''[[The Fall of the Rebel Angels (Bruegel)|The Fall of the Rebel Angels]]'', by [[Pieter Bruegel the Elder]] |date = |place = [[Heaven]] |status = |result = Decisive loyal angels victory * Lucifer and his fallen angels hurled down to Earth |combatant1 = Loyal angels |combatant2 = Rebellious angels |commander1 = [[Michael (archangel)|Michael]]<br/>[[Heavenly host]] |commander2 = [[Lucifer]]<br/>[[Fallen angel]]s }} {{Christian Eschatology}} [[File:Hieronymus Bosch 073.jpg|thumb|280px|The Fall of the Rebel Angels; right hand panel of [[Hieronymus Bosch]]'s ''[[The Haywain Triptych]]'', c. 1500]] The [[Book of Revelation]] describes a '''war in heaven''' between [[angel]]s led by the [[Archangel]] [[Michael (archangel)|Michael]] against those led by "the dragon", identified as the [[Devil in Christianity|devil]] or [[Satan]], who will be defeated and thrown down to the earth.<ref>{{bibleverse||Revelation|12:7–9|KJV}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.google.com/search?q=Gregg+%22lengthiest+of+these%22&btnG= |author=Joan Young Gregg|title=Devils, Women, and Jews: Reflections of the Other in Medieval Sermon Stories |page=28 |publisher=[[State University of New York]] |date=1997|isbn=0-7914-3417-6}}</ref> Revelation's war in [[Heaven (Christianity)|heaven]] is related to the idea of [[fallen angel]]s, and possible parallels have been proposed in the [[Hebrew Bible]] and the [[Dead Sea Scrolls]]. ==Revelation 12:7–10== {{further|Revelation 12}} {{quote|7 Then war broke out in heaven. Michael and his angels fought against the dragon, and the dragon and his angels fought back. 8 But he was not strong enough, and they lost their place in heaven. 9 The great dragon was hurled down—that ancient serpent called the devil, or Satan, who leads the whole world astray. He was hurled to the earth, and his angels with him.|Revelation 12:7–10 (NIV)}} [[File:Paradise Lost 1.jpg|thumb|280px|Michael casts out rebel angels. Illustration by [[Gustave Doré]] for [[John Milton]]'s ''[[Paradise Lost]]''.]] ==Interpretations== The Christian tradition has stories about angelic beings cast down from heaven by God,{{citation needed|date=October 2018}} often presenting the punishment as inflicted in particular on Satan. As a result of linking this motif with the cited passage of the Book of Revelation, the casting of Satan down from heaven, which other versions of the motif present as an action of God himself, has become attributed to the archangel Michael at the conclusion of a war between two groups of angels, of whom (because of the mention of the dragon's tail casting a third of the stars of heaven to the earth) one third are supposed to have been on the side of Satan, in spite of the fact that the casting down of the stars ({{bibleverse||Revelation|12:4|ESV}}) is recounted as occurring before the start of the "war in heaven" ({{bibleverse||Revelation|12:7|ESV}}). Commentators have attributed Satan's rebellion to a number of motives, all of which stem from his great pride. These motives include: * a refusal to bow down to mankind on the occasion of the [[List of first men or women in mythology and religion|creation of man]]—as in the [[Armenia]]n, [[Georgia (country)|Georgian]], and [[Latin]] versions of the ''[[Life of Adam and Eve]]''.<ref>Sections 14–15 of the [http://micro5.mscc.huji.ac.il/~armenia/website/ Armenian],[http://www.pseudepigrapha.com/pseudepigrapha/TheBookOfAdam.htm Georgian], and [http://www.ccel.org/c/charles/otpseudepig/adamnev.htm Latin] versions of the ''Life of Adam and Eve''</ref> [[Islam]]ic tradition holds a similar view: [[Devil (Islam)|Iblis]] refuses to bow down to [[Islamic views on Adam|Adam]].<ref>[[Quran]] [http://www.cmje.org/religious-texts/quran/verses/007-qmt.php#007.011 7:11–12] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222085904/http://www.cmje.org/religious-texts/quran/verses/007-qmt.php#007.011 |date=22 February 2012 }}</ref> * the culmination of a gradual distancing from God through use of [[free will]] (an idea of [[Origen of Alexandria]]).<ref>''Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church'' (Oxford University Press 2005 {{ISBN|978-0-19-280290-3}}), article ''Origen''</ref> * a declaration by God that all were to be subject to his Son, the [[Messiah]] (as in Milton's ''[[Paradise Lost]]'').<ref>Book 5, lines 654–668 {{cite web |url= http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~rbear/lost/pl5.html |title= Archived copy |access-date= 29 June 2008 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080516062603/http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~rbear/lost/pl5.html |archive-date= 16 May 2008 |df= dmy | quote = [...] but not so wak'd / Satan, so call him now, his former name / Is heard no more [in] Heav'n; he of the first, / If not the first Arch-Angel, great in Power, / In favour and præeminence, yet fraught / With envie against the Son of God, that day / Honourd by his great Father, and proclaimd / Messiah King anointed, could not beare / Through pride that sight, and thought himself impaird. / Deep malice thence conceiving & disdain, / Soon as midnight brought on the duskie houre / Friendliest to sleep and silence, he resolv'd / With all his Legions to dislodge, and leave / Unworshipt, unobey'd the Throne supream / Contemptuous [...].}}</ref> [[Jonathan Edwards (theologian)|Jonathan Edwards]] states in his sermon ''Wisdom Displayed in Salvation'': <blockquote>Satan and his angels rebelled against God in heaven, and proudly presumed to try their strength with his. And when God, by his almighty power, overcame the strength of Satan, and sent him like lightning from heaven to hell with all his army; Satan still hoped to get the victory by subtlety[.]<ref>{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=m3EAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA87|title= The Works of President Edwards: With a Memoir of His Life ... |author1= Jonathan Edwards |author2= Sereno Edwards Dwight |author3= David Brainerd|year=1830|publisher=G. & C. & H. Carvill|page=87}}</ref></blockquote> In the ''[[Catholic Encyclopedia]]'' (1911) article "St. Michael the Archangel", [[Frederick Holweck]] wrote: "St. John speaks of the great conflict at the [[End time|end of time]], which reflects also the battle in heaven at the beginning of time." He added that Michael's name "was the war-cry of the good angels in the battle fought in heaven against the enemy and his followers".<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url= http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10275b.htm |author = Holweck, Frederick |title= St. Michael the Archangel |encyclopedia= [[The Catholic Encyclopedia]] |volume= 10 |location= New York |date= 1911 |access-date= 28 January 2010}}</ref> Several modern Bible-commentators view the "war in heaven" in Revelation 12:7–13 as an [[eschatology|eschatological]] vision of the end of time or as a reference to [[spiritual warfare]] within the [[Christian Church| church]], rather than (as in [[John Milton|Milton]]'s ''[[Paradise Lost]]'') "the story of the origin of Satan/[[Lucifer]] as an angel who rebelled against God in primeval times."<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=0VC1rzAtgFsC |title=The People's New Testament Commentary |author1=M. Eugene Boring |author2= Fred B. Craddock | location= Louisville, Kentucky |publisher=Westminster John Knox Press |date=2004 |isbn=0-664-22754-6 |pages=799–800 |quote=The ejection of the Accuser from heaven is not (as in Milton's ''Paradise Lost'') the story of the origin of Satan as an angel who rebelled against God in primeval times. Neither here nor elsewhere do biblical authors give speculative 'explanations' about the origin of Satan or evil. Such a myth had developed in pre-Christian Judaism (1–2 En.), and there are fragmentary echoes of it in the New Testament (Jude 6; 2 Pet. 2:4). That is not the picture in this story, which does not take place in primeval times but at the eschatological time of the establishment of God's kingdom by the life, death, and exaltation of Jesus [...].}}</ref><ref>Compare: {{cite web | url= http://mhcw.biblecommenter.com/revelation/12.htm | title= Archived copy | access-date= 28 July 2008 | url-status= dead | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080521001234/http://mhcw.biblecommenter.com/revelation/12.htm | archive-date= 21 May 2008 | df= dmy | quote= It is generally agreed by the most learned expositors that the narrative we have in this and the two following chapters, from the sounding of the seventh trumpet to the opening of the vials, is not a prediction of things to come, but rather a recapitulation and representation of things past [...]. }}</ref><ref>Compare: {{cite web |url= http://jfb.biblecommenter.com/revelation/12.htm |title= Archived copy |access-date= 19 June 2008 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080521000820/http://jfb.biblecommenter.com/revelation/12.htm |archive-date= 21 May 2008 |df= dmy |quote= It is generally agreed by the most learned expositors that the narrative we have in this and the two following chapters, from the sounding of the seventh trumpet to the opening of the vials, is not a prediction of things to come, but rather a recapitulation and representation of things past, which, as God would have the apostle to foresee while future, he would have him to review now that they were passed, that he might have a more perfect idea of them in his mind, and might observe the agreement between the prophecy and that Providence that is always fulfilling the scriptures.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://mhc.biblecommenter.com/revelation/12.htm | title= Revelation 12 Matthew Henry's Commentary |website = Mhc.biblecommenter.com |access-date = 1 December 2016 | quote = 12:7–11 The attempts of the dragon proved unsuccessful against the church, and fatal to his own interests. The seat of this war was in heaven; in the church of Christ, the kingdom of heaven on earth. The parties were Christ, the great Angel of the covenant, and his faithful followers; and Satan and his instruments. The strength of the church is in having the Lord Jesus for the Captain of their salvation. Pagan idolatry, which was the worship of devils, was cast out of the empire by the spreading of Christianity. [...] The servants of God overcame Satan by the blood of the Lamb, as the cause. By the word of their testimony: the powerful preaching of the gospel is mighty, through God, to pull down strongholds. By their courage and patience in suffering: they loved not their lives so well but they could lay them down in Christ's cause. These were the warriors and the weapons by which Christianity overthrew the power of pagan idolatry; and if Christians had continued to fight with these weapons, and such as these, their victories would have been more numerous and glorious, and the effects more lasting. The redeemed overcame by a simple reliance on the blood of Christ, as the only ground of their hopes.}}</ref> Some commentators have seen the ''war in heaven'' as "not literal" but symbolic of events on earth.<ref>''One hundred and seventy-three sermons on several subjects'': Volume 1, p. 137 [[Samuel Clarke]], John Clarke, J. Leathley ((Dublin)), 1751 "7. that X. there was War in Heaven; Michael and his Angels *- fought against the Dragon, and the Dragon fought and his Angels ... But the Meaning of this Passage is not literal, as if the Devil had the power to fight against the Angels or Ministers of God's government"</ref><ref> {{cite book | last1 = Smith | first1 = Charles Edward | author-link1 = Charles Edward Smith | chapter = The Church and the Dragon | title = The World Lighted: A Study of the Apocalypse | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=MxJFAAAAYAAJ | location = New York | publisher = Funk & Wagnalls | date = 1890 | pages = 128–129 | quote = What, now, is the war in heaven? Of course not literal war, nor literally in heaven; not the actual clash of arms between Michael and his angels, and Satan and his wicked cohorts. But something on earth worthy to be represented by such a Titanic contest. What can that be, if not the contest in the visible church concerning true and false doctrine?}}</ref> ===The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints=== [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] (LDS Church) teaches that Revelation 12 concerns an actual event in the [[Pre-existence#Mormonism|pre-mortal existence of man]]. The [[Book of Moses]], included in the LDS "[[standard works]]" canon, references the War in Heaven and Satan's origin as a fallen angel of light.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia | last= Top | first= Brent L. | author-link = Brent L. Top | title = War in Heaven |url = http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/EoM/id/4327 | pages = 1546–1547 | editor1-last = Ludlow | editor1-first = Daniel H | editor1-link = Daniel H. Ludlow | encyclopedia = [[Encyclopedia of Mormonism]] | location = New York | publisher = Macmillan Publishing | year = 1992 | isbn = 0-02-879602-0 | oclc = 24502140 }}</ref> The concept of a war in heaven at the end of time became an addendum to the story of Satan's fall at the genesis of time—a narrative which included Satan and a third of all of heaven's angels. Evidence for this interpretation comes from the phrase "the dragon and his angels";<ref>{{lds|Matthew|matt|25|41}}</ref> this specific phrasing became paramount to the reinforcement of the notion that people associated angels with the [[devil]] preceding the writing of Revelation. The LDS Church believes that the War in Heaven started in the premortal existence when Heavenly Father (God) created the [[Plan_of_salvation_(Latter_Day_Saints) | Plan of Salvation]] to enable humanity to become like Him. Jesus Christ as per the plan was the Savior and those who followed the plan would come to Earth to experience mortality and progress toward eternal life. Lucifer, another spirit son of God, rebelled against the plan's reliance on [[Agency_(LDS_Church) | agency]] and proposed an altered plan that negated agency. Thus he became Satan, and he and his followers were cast out of heaven. This denied them participating in God's plan, the privileges of receiving a physical body, and experiencing mortality."<ref name="lds-war-heaven-manual">{{cite web |title=War in Heaven |url=https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/manual/gospel-topics/war-in-heaven?lang=eng |publisher=The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints |access-date=31 May 2020}}</ref><ref>https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/manual/true-to-the-faith/plan-of-salvation?lang=eng</ref> ==Bible parallels== {{see also|Cherub in Eden}} Parallels are drawn{{by whom?|date=May 2020}} to the passage in {{bibleverse||Isaiah|14:4–17|NIV}} that mentions the "son of the morning" who had "fallen from heaven" and was "cast down to the earth". In verse 12 of this passage, the [[Hebrew]] word that referred to the morning star was translated into Latin as ''[[lucifer]]''. With the application to the Devil of the morning-star story, "Lucifer" was then popularly applied to him as a proper name. The term ''lucifer'', the [[Latin]] name (literally "Light-Bearer" or "Light-Bringer") for the morning star (the planet [[Venus (astronomy) |Venus]] in its morning appearances), is often given to the Devil in popular stories. The brilliancy of the morning star—which appears brighter than all other stars, but is not seen during the night proper—may have given rise to myths such as the [[Babylonia]]n story of Ethana and Zu, who{{who?|date=May 2020}} was led by his pride to strive for the highest seat among the star-gods on the northern mountain of the gods (an image present also in {{bibleverse||Ezekiel|28:14}}), but was hurled down by the supreme ruler of the Babylonian Olympus.<ref name=JE-L>{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=612&letter=L |title=Lucifer |website=JewishEncyclopedia.com |access-date=1 December 2016 | quote = The brilliancy of the morning star, which eclipses all other stars, but is not seen during the night, may easily have given rise to a myth such as was told of Ethana and Zu: he was led by his pride to strive for the highest seat among the star-gods on the northern mountain of the gods (comp. Ezek. xxviii. 14; Ps. xlviii. 3 [A.V. 2]), but was hurled down by the supreme ruler of the Babylonian Olympus. Stars were regarded throughout antiquity as living celestial beings (Job xxxviii. 7).}}</ref> Stars were then regarded as living celestial beings.<ref name=JE-L/><ref>{{bibleverse||Job|38:7|ESV}}</ref> The ''[[Jewish Encyclopedia]]'' states that the myth concerning the Morning star was transferred{{by whom?|date=May 2020}} to Satan by the first century before the [[Common Era]], citing in support of this view the ''[[Life of Adam and Eve]]'' and the [[2 Enoch|Slavonic Book of Enoch]] 29:4, 31:4, where Satan-[[Sataniel]] is described as having been one of the archangels. Because he contrived "to make his throne higher than the clouds over the earth and resemble 'My power' on high", Satan-Sataniel was hurled down, with his angels, and since then he has been flying in the air continually above the [[Abyss (religion) |abyss]]. According to Jewish thought, the passage in ''Isaiah'' was used to prophesy the fate of the [[List of Kings of Babylon |King of Babylon]], who is described as aiming to rival God.<ref> {{cite web|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=612&letter=L |title=Lucifer |website=JewishEncyclopedia.com |access-date=1 December 2016 }} </ref> ==Dead Sea Scrolls== Some scholars discern the concept of a war in heaven in certain [[Dead Sea Scrolls]]: namely, the ''[[War of the Sons of Light Against the Sons of Darkness]]'' (also known as the War Scroll; 1QM and 4Q491–497), Song 5 of the [[Songs of the Sabbath Sacrifice]] (4Q402), and the [[Melchizedek document]] (11Q13). In the War Scroll, according to Menahem Mansoor, the angels of light, who are identified with Michael, the prince of light, will fight in heaven against the angels of darkness, who are identified with [[Belial]], while the Sons of Light fight the Sons of Darkness on earth, and during the last of the seven battles described in the scroll will come and help the Sons of Light win the final victory.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.google.com/search?q=Mansoor+%22seven+battles+described%22&btnG=|title=Mansoor 'seven battles described' – Google Search}}</ref> [[James R. Davila]] speaks of Song 5 of the Songs of the Sabbath Sacrifice as describing "an eschatological war in heaven similar to that found in [[11Q13]] and to traditions about the archangel Michael in the War Rule and the book of Revelation".<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/deadseascrol_inte_2003_000_7657132/page/252 |author=James R. Davila |title=The Dead Sea scrolls as background to postbiblical Judaism and early Christianity: papers from an international conference at St. Andrews in 2001 |publisher=Brill Publishers |location=Leiden |date=2003 |isbn=978-90-04-12678-7 |page=[https://archive.org/details/deadseascrol_inte_2003_000_7657132/page/252 252] }}</ref> He suggests that [[Melchizedek]], who is mentioned both in the Melchizedek document and the fifth song of the Songs of the Sabbath Sacrifice, may be a divine warrior who is involved in the conflict with the archangel Michael in the [[futurist]] sense. That the Melchizedek document (11Q13) concerns a war in heaven is denied by Fred L. Horton, who remarks that "there is no hint in the extant portion of the 11Q Melchizedek of a revolt of heavenly beings against the heavenly council, and the only dissenting spirit is the traditional Belial";<ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.google.com/search?q=Horton+%22only+dissenting+spirit%22&btnG= |author=Fred L. Horton|title=The Melchizedek Tradition |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=2005 |isbn=978-0-521-01871-5|page=81}}</ref> the view of Davila, however, is that the document originally was about an eschatological war in heaven, with Melchizedek as angelic high priest and military redeemer.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.google.com/search?q=Angel+%22originally+described+the+eschatological%22&btnG= |author=Joseph L. Angel |title=Otherworldly and Eschatological Priesthood in the Dead Sea Scrolls |publisher=Brill |date=2010|isbn=978-90-04-18145-8|pages=153–154}}</ref> ==Depiction== The [[motif (narrative)|motif]] of the fall of Satan and his angels can be found in Christian [[angelology]] and [[Christian art]], and the concept of fallen angels (who, for rebelling against God, were downgraded and condemned to being earthbound) is widespread.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=24&letter=F |title=Fall of Angels |website=JewishEncyclopedia.com |access-date=1 December 2016}}</ref> ===Literature=== [[Anatole France]] in the 1914 novel ''{{lang|fr|[[Revolt of the Angels|La Révolte des Anges]]}}'' adapted the Christian references to make a parable about revolts and revolutionary movements. In Milton's ''Paradise Lost'' (1674), the angel Lucifer leads a rebellion against God before the [[Fall of Man]]. A third of the angels, including [[Paganism|pagan]] angels such as [[Moloch]] and [[Belial]], are hurled by [[God]] from Heaven.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.dartmouth.edu/~milton/reading_room/pl/book_1/text.shtml | title=Paradise Lost: Book 1}}</ref> ===Art=== The subject of the War in Heaven has been depicted by many noted artists, both in paintings and in sculptures, including works by [[Pieter Paul Rubens]], [[Guido Reni]] and [[Jacob Epstein]]. <gallery widths="200px" heights="200px" caption="War in Heaven"> File:Rubens-Höllensturz.jpg|War in Heaven by [[Pieter Paul Rubens]], 1619 File:St.Michael - Hochaltar 1 Bild.jpg|Michael fights rebel angels, by [[:de:Johann Georg Unruhe|Johann Georg Unruhe]] 1793 File:St.Michael - Hochaltar 3 Bild.jpg|Detail of preceding File:Sebastiano Ricci 058.jpg|Michael fights rebel angels, by [[Sebastiano Ricci]], c. 1720 File:GuidoReni MichaelDefeatsSatan.jpg|Michael and Satan, by [[Guido Reni]], c. 1636 File:Cathedral St Michaels Victory.jpg|''St Michael's Victory over the Devil'', by [[Jacob Epstein]] at [[Coventry Cathedral]] File:Le-Brun-Chute-Dijon.jpg|''The fall of the rebel angels'', by [[Charles Le Brun]], after 1680 File:Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_239.png|Michael and the Dragon. [[c:Die Bibel in Bildern#Revelation|Die Bibel in Bildern]] (Revelation) engraving by [[Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld]], 1860. </gallery> ===Music=== A choral [[antiphon]] for the feast of [[Michaelmas]], ''Factum est Silentium'', paraphrases the events described in {{bible|Revelation|8:1|KJV}} and {{bible|Revelation|12:7–12|KJV}}: {{Columns-start|num=2}} {{Column}} ''Factum est silentium in caelo,<br />Dum committeret bellum draco cum Michaele Archangelo.'' ''Audita est vox millia millium dicentium: <br />Salus, honor et virtus omnipotenti Deo.<br />Millia millium minestrabant ei et decies centena millia assistebant ei.<br />Alleluia.'' '''Variant 1:'''<br /> ''Dum draco committeret bellum et Michael pugnavit cum eo et fecit victoriam.'' {{Column}} ''There was silence in heaven<br />When the dragon fought with the Archangel Michael.'' ''The voice of a thousand thousand was heard saying:<br />Salvation, honour and power be to almighty God.<br />A thousand thousand ministered to him and ten hundreds of thousands stood before him.<br />Alleluia.'' '''Variant 1:'''<br /> ''For a serpent was waging war; and Michael fought with him and emerged victorious.'' {{Column}} {{Columns-end}} The antiphon has been set as a choral [[motet]] by a number of composers including [[Felice Anerio]], [[Richard Dering]], [[Melchior Franck]], [[Alessandro Grandi]] and [[Costanzo Porta]].<ref name="shrock">{{cite book|last1=Shrock|first1=Dennis|title=Choral Repertoire|date=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199716623|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xgzYae1n__EC&pg=PA178|language=en|chapter=2. the Renaissance Era: Richard Dering (Deering) ca. 1580-1630}}</ref><ref name="gant">{{cite book|last1=Gant|first1=Andrew|title=O Sing Unto the Lord: A History of English Church Music|date=2017|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=9780226469621|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y5YtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA174|language=en}}</ref> A [[hymn]] written by the German poet and [[hymnodist]] [[Friedrich Spee]] in 1621, ''"[[:de:Unüberwindlich starker Held|Unüberwindlich starker Held]]"'' ("Invincible strong hero"), also makes reference to the Archangel Michael overcoming the dragon.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Keller|first1=Karl|title=Das St. Michaelslied von Friedrich Spee und "Der deutsche Michel"|url=https://www.historicum.net/fileadmin/sxw/Themen/Hexenforschung/Speejb/spj_01_1994/spj_1_1994_87-98.pdf|website=historicum.net|access-date=3 October 2017|language=de}}</ref> Bach's cantata Es erhub sich ein Streit, BWV 19 is on this subject. === Video games === The War in Heaven is a 1999 Christian-themed video game developed by Eternal Warriors and published by ValuSoft.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The War in Heaven|url=http://www.gamevortex.com/gamevortex/soft_rev.php/2463/the-war-in-heaven-pc.html|access-date=2020-11-11|website=www.gamevortex.com}}</ref> ==See also== {{Commons category}} * [[Æsir–Vanir War]] * [[Asura]] * [[Deva (Hinduism)|Devas]] * [[Gigantomachy]] * [[Theomachy]] * [[Titanomachy]] ==References== {{Reflist}} Then your mom had sex with the devel as known as satan they had a baby both they named him ev he was buttery when he came out (Eds.): ''The Fall of the Angels''. Brill, Leiden 2004 (Themes in Biblical Narrative, 6), {{ISBN|90-04-12668-6}}. *Mareike Hartmann: ''Höllen-Szenarien. Eine Analyse des Höllenverständnisses verschiedener Epochen anhand von Höllendarstellungen''. Lit, Münster 2005 (Ästhetik – Theologie – Liturgik, 32), {{ISBN|3-8258-7681-0}}. *Neil Forsyth, ''The Old Enemy: Satan & the Combat Myth'' (Princeton University Press) 1987. ==External links== *[http://www.beliefnet.com/story/199/story_19993_1.html The Fall of Satan], beliefnet.com *[http://www.cfdevotionals.org/devpg03/de030622.htm The Fall of Angels], cfdevotionals.org *[http://www.christiancourier.com/articles/1281-a-rebellion-in-heaven A Rebellion in Heaven], christiancourier.com *[http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=612&letter=L Lucifer], [[Jewish Encyclopedia]] *[http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=24&letter=F Fall of Angels], Jewish Encyclopedia *[http://warinheaven.com War in Heaven], warinheaven.com {{Doomsday}} {{DEFAULTSORT:War in Heaven}} [[Category:Biblical phrases]] [[Category:Book of Revelation]] [[Category:Christian cosmology]] [[Category:Christian mythology]] [[Category:Christian terminology]] [[Category:Eschatology]] [[Category:Heaven]] [[Category:Michael (archangel)]] [[Category:Satan]] [[Category:War in mythology]] [[de:Höllensturz]]'</div></td></tr> <tr class="mw-abuselog-details-edit_diff mw-abuselog-value"><td class="mw-abuselog-var">Unified diff of changes made by edit (<code>edit_diff</code>)</td><td class="mw-abuselog-var-value"><div class="mw-abuselog-var-value">'@@ -136,6 +136,5 @@ {{Reflist}} -==Further reading== -*Christoph Auffarth, Loren T. Stuckenbruck (Eds.): ''The Fall of the Angels''. Brill, Leiden 2004 (Themes in Biblical Narrative, 6), {{ISBN|90-04-12668-6}}. +Then your mom had sex with the devel as known as satan they had a baby both they named him ev he was buttery when he came out (Eds.): ''The Fall of the Angels''. Brill, Leiden 2004 (Themes in Biblical Narrative, 6), {{ISBN|90-04-12668-6}}. *Mareike Hartmann: ''Höllen-Szenarien. Eine Analyse des Höllenverständnisses verschiedener Epochen anhand von Höllendarstellungen''. Lit, Münster 2005 (Ästhetik – Theologie – Liturgik, 32), {{ISBN|3-8258-7681-0}}. *Neil Forsyth, ''The Old Enemy: Satan & the Combat Myth'' (Princeton University Press) 1987. '</div></td></tr> <tr class="mw-abuselog-details-new_size mw-abuselog-value"><td class="mw-abuselog-var">New page size (<code>new_size</code>)</td><td class="mw-abuselog-var-value"><div class="mw-abuselog-var-value">27170</div></td></tr> <tr class="mw-abuselog-details-old_size mw-abuselog-value"><td class="mw-abuselog-var">Old page size (<code>old_size</code>)</td><td class="mw-abuselog-var-value"><div class="mw-abuselog-var-value">27106</div></td></tr> <tr class="mw-abuselog-details-edit_delta mw-abuselog-value"><td class="mw-abuselog-var">Size change in edit (<code>edit_delta</code>)</td><td class="mw-abuselog-var-value"><div class="mw-abuselog-var-value">64</div></td></tr> <tr class="mw-abuselog-details-added_lines mw-abuselog-value"><td class="mw-abuselog-var">Lines added in edit (<code>added_lines</code>)</td><td class="mw-abuselog-var-value"><div class="mw-abuselog-var-value">[ 0 => 'Then your mom had sex with the devel as known as satan they had a baby both they named him ev he was buttery when he came out (Eds.): ''The Fall of the Angels''. 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'https://books.google.com/books?id=xgzYae1n__EC&pg=PA178', 29 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20080516062603/http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~rbear/lost/pl5.html', 30 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20080521000820/http://jfb.biblecommenter.com/revelation/12.htm', 31 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20080521001234/http://mhcw.biblecommenter.com/revelation/12.htm', 32 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20120222085904/http://www.cmje.org/religious-texts/quran/verses/007-qmt.php#007.011', 33 => 'https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Isaiah%2014:4%E2%80%9317', 34 => 'https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/manual/gospel-topics/war-in-heaven?lang=eng', 35 => 'https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/manual/true-to-the-faith/plan-of-salvation?lang=eng', 36 => 'https://www.esv.org/Job+38:7', 37 => 'https://www.esv.org/Revelation+12:4', 38 => 'https://www.esv.org/Revelation+12:7', 39 => 'https://www.google.com/search?q=Angel+%22originally+described+the+eschatological%22&btnG=', 40 => 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