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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>19th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Location" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Location"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Location</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Location-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Retailing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retailing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Retailing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retailing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Museums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Museums</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Botanical_gardens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Botanical_gardens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Botanical gardens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Botanical_gardens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clubs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clubs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Clubs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clubs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Places_of_worship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Places_of_worship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Places of worship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Places_of_worship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In popular culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Movies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Movies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Movies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Movies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Khartoum</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 154 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-154" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">154 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Khartoum" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoem" title="Khartoem – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Khartoem" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%AB%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B1%E1%88%9D" title="ካርቱም – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ካርቱም" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartum" title="Khartum – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Khartum" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%85" title="الخرطوم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الخرطوم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartum" title="Khartum – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Khartum" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A9%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Խարթում – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Խարթում" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B8%A4artum" title="Ḥartum – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ḥartum" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xartum" title="Xartum – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Xartum" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%85" title="خرطوم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="خرطوم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Khartoum" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AE" title="খার্তুম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="খার্তুম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Khartoum" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Хартум – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Хартум" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Хартум – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Хартум" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Хартум – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Хартум" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Khartoum" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Хартум – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хартум" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%81%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8F%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8D" title="ཁར་ཏུམ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཁར་ཏུམ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartum" title="Kartum – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kartum" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%27hartoum" title="C'hartoum – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="C'hartoum" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartum" title="Khartum – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Khartum" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Хартум – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Хартум" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum_(ulohang_dakbayan)" title="Khartoum (ulohang dakbayan) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Khartoum (ulohang dakbayan)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chart%C3%BAm" title="Chartúm – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Chartúm" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Khartoum" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Khartoum" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Khartoum" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Khartoum" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartum" title="Khartum – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Khartum" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahidiil%C3%ADinii_(%C3%81s%C3%A1%C3%AD_Dine%CA%BC%C3%A9_Daalzhin%C3%AD_Bik%C3%A9yah)" title="Ahidiilíinii (Ásáí Dineʼé Daalzhiní Bikéyah) – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Ahidiilíinii (Ásáí Dineʼé Daalzhiní Bikéyah)" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartum" title="Hartum – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hartum" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BC" title="Χαρτούμ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χαρτούμ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jartum" title="Jartum – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Jartum" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%A4artumo" title="Ĥartumo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĥartumo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartum" title="Khartum – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Khartum" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%85" title="خارطوم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خارطوم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Khartoum" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Khartoum" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Khartoum" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kart%C3%BBm" title="Kartûm – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Kartûm" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Khartoum" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cart%C3%BAm" title="Cartúm – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cartúm" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Khartoum" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khart%C3%BAn" title="Khartún – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Khartún" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Khartoum" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%98%EB%A5%B4%ED%88%BC" title="하르툼 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="하르툼" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Khartoum" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A9%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Խարթում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Խարթում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AE" title="खार्तूम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="खार्तूम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Khartoum" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Khartoum" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Khartoum" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartum" title="Khartum – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Khartum" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartum" title="Cartum – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Cartum" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Хартум – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Хартум" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Khartoum" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kart%C3%BAm" title="Kartúm – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kartúm" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartum" title="Khartum – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Khartum" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%27%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9D" title="ח'רטום – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ח'רטום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Khartoum" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaartum" title="Kaartum – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Kaartum" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%96%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%82" title="ಖಾರ್ಟೂಂ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಖಾರ್ಟೂಂ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ხარტუმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ხარტუმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Хартум – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Хартум" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Khartoum" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Khartoum" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Khartoum" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Khartoum" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartoum" title="Kartoum – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Kartoum" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xart%C3%BBm" title="Xartûm – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Xartûm" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Хартум – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Хартум" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartum" title="Khartum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Khartum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hart%C5%ABma" title="Hartūma – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Hartūma" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartum" title="Khartum – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Khartum" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartumas" title="Chartumas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Chartumas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartum" title="Khartum – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Khartum" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Khartoum" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartum" title="Hartum – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Hartum" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartum" title="Khartum – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Khartum" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kart%C3%BAm" title="Kartúm – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kartúm" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Картум – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Картум" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Khartoum" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%96%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%82" title="ഖാർത്തൂം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഖാർത്തൂം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AE" title="खार्टूम – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="खार्टूम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ხარტუმი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ხარტუმი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%85" title="الخرطوم – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الخرطوم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%85" title="خرطوم – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="خرطوم" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Khartoum" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Khartoum" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Хартум – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Хартум" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%81%E1%80%AB%E1%80%90%E1%80%BD%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7" title="ခါတွမ်းမြို့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ခါတွမ်းမြို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoem" title="Khartoem – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Khartoem" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AB%E3%83%84%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0" title="ハルツーム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハルツーム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Хартум – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Хартум" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartuum_(Steed)" title="Chartuum (Steed) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Chartuum (Steed)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Khartoum" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Khartoum" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartom" title="Khartom – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Khartom" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaartum" title="Kaartum – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Kaartum" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xartum" title="Xartum – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Xartum" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%AE" title="ਖ਼ਰਤੂਮ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਖ਼ਰਤੂਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%85" title="خرطوم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="خرطوم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartum" title="Kartum – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Kartum" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%85" title="خرطوم – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="خرطوم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%81%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%98" title="ខាទូម – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ខាទូម" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Khartoum" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartum" title="Khartum – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Khartum" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartum" title="Chartum – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Chartum" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartum" title="Cartum – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cartum" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Khartoum" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartum" title="Khartum – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Khartum" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Хартум – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хартум" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ke-s-mu" title="Ke-s-mu – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Ke-s-mu" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartum" title="Khartum – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Khartum" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Khartoum" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartum" title="Hartum – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Hartum" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Khartoum" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%85" title="خرطوم – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="خرطوم" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chart%C3%BAm_(mesto)" title="Chartúm (mesto) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Chartúm (mesto)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartum" title="Kartum – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kartum" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chart%C5%AFm" title="Chartům – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Chartům" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartuum" title="Khartuum – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Khartuum" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%88%D9%85" title="خەرتووم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="خەرتووم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Картум – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Картум" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartum" title="Kartum – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kartum" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartum" title="Khartum – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Khartum" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Khartoum" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Khartoum" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="கர்த்தூம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கர்த்தூம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xer%E1%B9%ADum" title="Xerṭum – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Xerṭum" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Хартум – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Хартум" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A1" title="คาร์ทูม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คาร์ทูม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaartu%C9%94%CC%88m" title="Kaartuɔ̈m – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Kaartuɔ̈m" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Thuɔŋjäŋ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Хартум – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Хартум" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartum" title="Hartum – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hartum" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Хартум – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Хартум" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Хартум – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Хартум" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%85" title="خرطوم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="خرطوم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%87%D9%85" title="خارتۇم – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="خارتۇم" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Khartoum" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartum" title="Hartum – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Hartum" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Khartoum" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qartum" title="Qartum – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Qartum" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Khartoum" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xartum" title="Xartum – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Xartum" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%96%80%E5%9C%9F%E7%A9%86" title="喀土穆 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="喀土穆" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Khartoum" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%96%80%E5%9C%9F%E7%A9%86" title="喀土穆 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="喀土穆" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xartum" title="Xartum – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Xartum" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartums" title="Chartums – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Chartums" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%96%80%E5%9C%9F%E7%A9%86" title="喀土穆 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="喀土穆" data-language-autonym="中文" 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.geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Khartoum&params=15.6_N_32.5_E_region:SD_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">15°36′N</span> <span class="longitude">32°30′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">15.6°N 32.5°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">15.6; 32.5</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Khartoum,_Sudan&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Khartoum, Sudan">Khartoum, Sudan</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Capital of Sudan</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the capital city of Sudan. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Khartoum_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Khartoum (disambiguation)">Khartoum (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Capital city in Sudan</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Khartoum</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native"><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الخرطوم</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital city</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="background-color:white;border-collapse:collapse;border:0px solid black;width:280px;display:table;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:1px 0 0 1px"><div style="display:table;background-color:white;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Khartoum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Khartoum.jpg/280px-Khartoum.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Khartoum.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="281" /></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:white;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Khartoum_Mosque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Khartoum_Mosque.jpg/139px-Khartoum_Mosque.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Khartoum_Mosque.jpg/209px-Khartoum_Mosque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Khartoum_Mosque.jpg/278px-Khartoum_Mosque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:University_of_Khartoum_001.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/University_of_Khartoum_001.JPG/139px-University_of_Khartoum_001.JPG" decoding="async" width="139" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/University_of_Khartoum_001.JPG/209px-University_of_Khartoum_001.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/University_of_Khartoum_001.JPG/278px-University_of_Khartoum_001.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:white;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Elmek_Nimir_Bridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Elmek_Nimir_Bridge.jpg/280px-Elmek_Nimir_Bridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Elmek_Nimir_Bridge.jpg/420px-Elmek_Nimir_Bridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Elmek_Nimir_Bridge.jpg/560px-Elmek_Nimir_Bridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5013" data-file-height="3342" /></a></span></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-caption">From top: night view of Khartoum, Khartoum Mosque, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Khartoum" title="University of Khartoum">University of Khartoum</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/El_Mek_Nimr_Bridge" title="El Mek Nimr Bridge">El Mek Nimr Bridge</a>.</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Khartoum_locality.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Official seal of Khartoum"><img alt="Official seal of Khartoum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Khartoum_locality.png/100px-Khartoum_locality.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Khartoum_locality.png/150px-Khartoum_locality.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Khartoum_locality.png/200px-Khartoum_locality.png 2x" data-file-width="272" data-file-height="230" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Seal</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nickname: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">"Triangular Capital"</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sudan_adm_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Khartoum is located in Sudan"><img alt="Khartoum is located in Sudan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Sudan_adm_location_map.svg/250px-Sudan_adm_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Sudan_adm_location_map.svg/375px-Sudan_adm_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Sudan_adm_location_map.svg/500px-Sudan_adm_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1654" data-file-height="1450" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:51.678%;left:62.857%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Khartoum"><img alt="Khartoum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:4px;left:-3em"><div>Khartoum</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location in Sudan and Africa</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Sudan</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Africa_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Khartoum is located in Africa"><img alt="Khartoum is located in Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Africa_location_map.svg/250px-Africa_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Africa_location_map.svg/375px-Africa_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Africa_location_map.svg/500px-Africa_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1525" data-file-height="1440" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:30.506%;left:69.877%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Khartoum"><img alt="Khartoum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:4px;left:-3em"><div>Khartoum</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Khartoum (Africa)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Africa</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Khartoum&params=15.6_N_32.5_E_region:SD_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">15°36′N</span> <span class="longitude">32°30′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">15.6°N 32.5°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">15.6; 32.5</span></span></span></a></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-watlas_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-watlas-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/States_of_Sudan" title="States of Sudan">State</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Khartoum_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Khartoum (state)">Khartoum</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital city</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,010 km<sup>2</sup> (390 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-watlas_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-watlas-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th><td class="infobox-data">381 m (1,250 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(urban 2021, all others 2013)<sup id="cite_ref-worldatlas_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-worldatlas-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital city</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">639,598</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">630/km<sup>2</sup> (1,640/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">Urban</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">6,017,000</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">6,344,348</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonyms</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Khartoumese, Khartoumian <small>(the latter more properly designates a Mesolithic archaeological stratum)</small><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (November 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B02:00" title="UTC+02:00">UTC+02:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_Africa_Time" title="Central Africa Time">Central Africa Time</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">(Not Observed)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Khartoum</b> or <b>Khartum</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span></span>/</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/e2\/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-Khartoum.wav\/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-Khartoum.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-Khartoum.wav"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e2/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-Khartoum.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-Khartoum.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:LL-Q1860_(eng)-Vealhurl-Khartoum.wav" title="File:LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-Khartoum.wav">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">kar-<span style="font-size:90%">TOOM</span></i></a>;<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الخرطوم</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-Khurṭūm</i></span>, pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[al.xur.tˤuːm]</a>) is the <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">capital city</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>. With a population of 6,344,348, Khartoum's metropolitan area is the largest in Sudan. </p><p>Khartoum is located at the <a href="/wiki/Confluence" title="Confluence">confluence</a> of the <a href="/wiki/White_Nile" title="White Nile">White Nile</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – flowing north from <a href="/wiki/Lake_Victoria" title="Lake Victoria">Lake Victoria</a> – and the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Nile" title="Blue Nile">Blue Nile</a>, flowing west from <a href="/wiki/Lake_Tana" title="Lake Tana">Lake Tana</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>. Divided by these two parts of the Nile, the Khartoum <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">metropolitan area</a> is a tripartite metropolis consisting of Khartoum proper and linked by bridges to <a href="/wiki/Khartoum_North" title="Khartoum North">Khartoum North</a> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الخرطوم بحري</span></span> <span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-Kharṭūm Baḥrī</i></span>) and <a href="/wiki/Omdurman" title="Omdurman">Omdurman</a> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">أم درمان</span></span> <span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Umm Durmān</i></span>) to the west. The place where the two Niles meet is known as <i>al-Mogran</i> or <i>al-Muqran</i> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">المقرن</span></span>; English: "The Confluence"). </p><p>Khartoum was founded in 1821 by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt" title="Muhammad Ali of Egypt">Muhammad Ali Pasha</a>, <sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>north of the ancient city of <a href="/wiki/Soba_(city)" title="Soba (city)">Soba</a>. In 1882 the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_War" title="Anglo-Egyptian War">took control</a> of the Egyptian government, leaving the administration of Sudan in the hands of the Egyptians. At the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Mahdist_War" title="Mahdist War">Mahdist War</a>, the British attempted to evacuate Anglo-Egyptian garrisons from Sudan but the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Khartoum" title="Siege of Khartoum">Siege of Khartoum</a> in 1884 resulted in the capture of the city by <a href="/wiki/Mahdist_State" title="Mahdist State">Mahdist</a> forces and a massacre of the defending Anglo-Egyptian garrison. In 1898 it was reoccupied by British forces and was the seat of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan's government until 1956.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1956, the city was designated as the capital of an <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Sudan_(1956%E2%80%931969)" title="Republic of Sudan (1956–1969)">independent Sudan</a>. Three hostages were killed during the <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_the_Saudi_Embassy_in_Khartoum" title="Attack on the Saudi Embassy in Khartoum">attack on the Saudi Embassy in Khartoum</a> in 1973. </p><p>In 2008, the <a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Equality_Movement" title="Justice and Equality Movement">Justice and Equality Movement</a> engaged in <a href="/wiki/2008_attack_on_Omdurman_and_Khartoum" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 attack on Omdurman and Khartoum">combat</a> in the city with the <a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Armed_Forces" title="Sudanese Armed Forces">Sudanese Armed Forces</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Darfur" title="War in Darfur">War in Darfur</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Khartoum_massacre" title="Khartoum massacre">Khartoum massacre</a> occurred in 2019 during the <a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudanese Revolution">Sudanese Revolution</a>. The city saw <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khartoum_(2023)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Khartoum (2023)">extensive combat</a> during the <a href="/wiki/2023_Sudan_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Sudan clashes">2023 Sudan conflict</a> between the armed forces and the <a href="/wiki/Rapid_Support_Forces" title="Rapid Support Forces">Rapid Support Forces</a> (RSF), affecting <a href="/wiki/Khartoum_International_Airport" title="Khartoum International Airport">Khartoum International Airport</a> and other critical sites.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Khartoum is an economic and trade center in <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>, with rail lines from <a href="/wiki/Port_Sudan" title="Port Sudan">Port Sudan</a> and <a href="/wiki/El-Obeid" title="El-Obeid">El-Obeid</a>. It is served by <a href="/wiki/Khartoum_International_Airport" title="Khartoum International Airport">Khartoum International Airport</a> with the <a href="/wiki/New_Khartoum_International_Airport" title="New Khartoum International Airport">New Khartoum International Airport</a> under construction. Several national and cultural institutions are in Khartoum and its metropolitan area, including the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Sudan" title="National Museum of Sudan">National Museum of Sudan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Khalifa_House_Museum" title="Khalifa House Museum">Khalifa House Museum</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Khartoum" title="University of Khartoum">University of Khartoum</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Sudan_University_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Sudan University of Science and Technology">Sudan University of Science and Technology</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khartoum&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The origin of the word <i>Khartoum</i> is uncertain. Scholars posit that the name derives from the <a href="/wiki/Dinka_language" title="Dinka language">Dinka</a> words <span title="Dinka-language text"><i lang="din">khar-tuom</i></span> (Dinka-Bor dialect) or <span title="Dinka-language text"><i lang="din">khier-tuom</i></span> (as is the pronunciation in various Dinka dialects), translating to "place where rivers meet". This is supported by historical accounts which place the <a href="/wiki/Dinka_people" title="Dinka people">Dinka</a> homeland in central Sudan (around present-day Khartoum) as recently as the 13th-17th centuries A.D.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One <a href="/wiki/Folk_etymology" title="Folk etymology">folk etymology</a> is that it is derived from <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> <span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">khurṭūm</i></span> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">خرطوم</span></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">trunk</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> or <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">hose</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>), probably referring to the narrow strip of land extending between the Blue and White Niles.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Captain <a href="/wiki/James_Augustus_Grant" title="James Augustus Grant">J.A. Grant</a>, who reached Khartoum in 1863 with <a href="/wiki/John_Hanning_Speke" title="John Hanning Speke">Captain Speke</a>'s expedition, thought the name was most probably from the Arabic <span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">qurtum</i></span> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">قرطم</span></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">safflower</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>, i.e., <i><a href="/wiki/Carthamus_tinctorius" class="mw-redirect" title="Carthamus tinctorius">Carthamus tinctorius</a></i>), which was cultivated extensively in Egypt for its oil to be used as fuel.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars speculate that the word derives from the <a href="/wiki/Nubian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nubian language">Nubian</a> word <span title="Nubian languages romanization"><i lang="nub-Latn">Agartum</i></span>, meaning "the abode of <a href="/wiki/Atum" title="Atum">Atum</a>", Atum being the Nubian and Egyptian god of creation. Other <a href="/wiki/Beja_people" title="Beja people">Beja</a> scholars suggest <i>Khartoum</i> is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Beja_language" title="Beja language">Beja</a> word <span title="Beja-language text"><i lang="bej-Latn">hartoom</i></span>, "meeting".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sociologist Vincent J. Donovan notes that in the <a href="/wiki/Nilotic_languages" title="Nilotic languages">Nilotic</a> <a href="/wiki/Maa_languages" title="Maa languages">Maa</a> language of the <a href="/wiki/Maasai_people" title="Maasai people">Maasai people</a>, <span title="Masai-language text"><i lang="mas">khartoum</i></span> means "we have acquired" and that the geographical location of Khartoum is where Maasai oral tradition claims that the ancestors of the Maasai first acquired <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khartoum&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Khartoum" title="Timeline of Khartoum">Timeline of Khartoum</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khartoum&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Slave_market_Khartoum_19th_c.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Slave_market_Khartoum_19th_c.png/220px-Slave_market_Khartoum_19th_c.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Slave_market_Khartoum_19th_c.png/330px-Slave_market_Khartoum_19th_c.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Slave_market_Khartoum_19th_c.png/440px-Slave_market_Khartoum_19th_c.png 2x" data-file-width="743" data-file-height="435" /></a><figcaption>In the <a href="/wiki/Slave_auction" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave auction">slave-market</a> at Khartoum</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1821, Khartoum was established 24 km (15 mi) north of the ancient city of <a href="/wiki/Soba_(city)" title="Soba (city)">Soba</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Isma%27il_Kamil_Pasha" title="Isma'il Kamil Pasha">Isma'il Kamil Pasha</a>, the third son of Egypt's ruler, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt" title="Muhammad Ali of Egypt">Muhammad Ali Pasha</a>, who had just incorporated Sudan into his realm. Originally, Khartoum served as an outpost for the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Army" title="Egyptian Army">Egyptian Army</a>. Egypt shifted the seat of the colonial government from <a href="/wiki/Wad_Madani" title="Wad Madani">Wad Madani</a> to Khartoum in 1823, which became a permanent settlement and underwent rapid development in the next decades. With its elevation to capital status, Khartoum quickly grew into a regional center of trade, serving as a <a href="/wiki/Rest_area" title="Rest area">rest area</a> on the caravan route from <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> to <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, but also becoming a major focal point for the <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Sudan" title="Slavery in Sudan">slave trade</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A significant change took place in 1854, when most of the city was destroyed by heavy rains and floods. It was rebuilt with houses made out of mud and stones, replacing those made out of thatch and straw. Khartoum also became the seat of several European consulates and the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Khartoum" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Khartoum">Apostolic Vicariate of Central Africa</a>. European pressure and influence forced Egypt to close the city's public slave market in 1854, although slaves continued to be sold and trafficked in large numbers, specifically from the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Nile" title="Blue Nile">Blue Nile</a> region and the <a href="/wiki/Nuba_Mountains" title="Nuba Mountains">Nuba Mountains</a>, as well as down the <a href="/wiki/White_Nile" title="White Nile">White Nile</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Dinka_people" title="Dinka people">Dinka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shilluk_people" title="Shilluk people">Shilluk</a> territories).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the British explorer <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Baker" title="Samuel Baker">Samuel Baker</a>, who visited Khartoum in 1862, slavery was the industry "that kept Khartoum going as a bustling town".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 13 March 1884, troops loyal to the <a href="/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdi</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ahmad" title="Muhammad Ahmad">Muhammad Ahmad</a> began the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Khartoum" title="Siege of Khartoum">siege of Khartoum</a> against the Egyptian garrison led by the British General <a href="/wiki/Charles_George_Gordon" title="Charles George Gordon">Charles George Gordon</a>. Despite being fortified by trenches and a wall connecting the Blue and White Niles, the city was conquered by the Mahdists on 26 January 1885. Many of the inhabitants were massacred or enslaved and the survivors were deported to the newly established <a href="/wiki/Omdurman" title="Omdurman">Omdurman</a>, while Khartoum was largely destroyed and abandoned.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the reconquest of Sudan by Anglo-Egyptian forces in 1898, Khartoum was reinstated as the capital, and was rebuilt according to a street plan in the shape of the <a href="/wiki/Union_Jack" title="Union Jack">Union Jack</a>. Khartoum Bahri was established as a garrison comprising a dockyard and a railhead to <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, while Omdurman, remained the most populous part and largely kept its old shape.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khartoum&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Die_Gartenlaube_(1888)_b_617.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Die_Gartenlaube_%281888%29_b_617.jpg/220px-Die_Gartenlaube_%281888%29_b_617.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Die_Gartenlaube_%281888%29_b_617.jpg/330px-Die_Gartenlaube_%281888%29_b_617.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Die_Gartenlaube_%281888%29_b_617.jpg/440px-Die_Gartenlaube_%281888%29_b_617.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3349" data-file-height="2170" /></a><figcaption>Khartoum in 1888</figcaption></figure><p>During World War II, the Italian Empire attempted to advance into Sudan from <a href="/wiki/Italian_East_Africa" title="Italian East Africa">Ethiopia</a>, with the end goal of capturing Khartoum. However, the <a href="/wiki/Northern_front,_East_Africa,_1940" title="Northern front, East Africa, 1940">Italian attack</a> was repelled by British forces in Sudan. </p><p>The fourth <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a> summit was held in Khartoum on 29 August 1967. </p><p>In 1973, the city was the site of a <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_the_Saudi_Embassy_in_Khartoum" title="Attack on the Saudi Embassy in Khartoum">hostage crisis</a> in which members of <a href="/wiki/Black_September_Organization" title="Black September Organization">Black September</a> held 10 hostages at the Saudi Arabian embassy, five of them diplomats. The US ambassador, the US deputy ambassador, and the Belgian <i>chargé d'affaires</i> were murdered. The remaining hostages were released. A 1973 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a> document, declassified in 2006, concluded: "The Khartoum operation was planned and carried out with the full knowledge and personal approval of <a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1977, the first oil pipeline between Khartoum and <a href="/wiki/Port_Sudan" title="Port Sudan">Port Sudan</a> was completed.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Organisation of African Unity">Organization of African Unity</a> summit of 18–22 July 1978 was held in Khartoum, during which Sudan was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Organisation of African Unity">OAU</a> presidency.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sudan_Khartoum_Palace_1936.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Sudan_Khartoum_Palace_1936.jpg/220px-Sudan_Khartoum_Palace_1936.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Sudan_Khartoum_Palace_1936.jpg/330px-Sudan_Khartoum_Palace_1936.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Sudan_Khartoum_Palace_1936.jpg/440px-Sudan_Khartoum_Palace_1936.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4321" data-file-height="3411" /></a><figcaption>Government House (1936); now the Presidential Palace</figcaption></figure> <p>Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, Khartoum was the destination of hundreds of thousands of refugees fleeing conflicts in neighboring nations such as <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>. Many Eritrean and Ethiopian refugees assimilated into society, while others settled in large slums on the city's outskirts. Since the mid-1980s, large numbers of refugees from <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Darfur" title="Darfur">Darfur</a> – fleeing the violence of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sudanese_Civil_War" title="Second Sudanese Civil War">Second Sudanese Civil War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Darfur_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Darfur conflict">Darfur conflict</a> – have settled around Khartoum. </p><p>In 1991, <a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a> purchased <a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden%27s_house_in_Khartoum" title="Osama bin Laden's house in Khartoum">a house</a> in the affluent <a href="/wiki/Riyad,_Khartoum" class="mw-redirect" title="Riyad, Khartoum">al-Riyadh</a> neighborhood of the city and another in <a href="/wiki/Soba_(city)" title="Soba (city)">Soba</a>. He lived there until 1996, when he was banished from the country. Following the <a href="/wiki/1998_U.S._embassy_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="1998 U.S. embassy bombings">1998 U.S. embassy bombings</a>, the United States accused bin Laden's <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a> group and, on 20 August, launched <a href="/wiki/Cruise_missile" title="Cruise missile">cruise missile</a> attacks on the <a href="/wiki/Al-Shifa_pharmaceutical_factory" title="Al-Shifa pharmaceutical factory">al-Shifa pharmaceutical factory</a> in <a href="/wiki/Khartoum_North" title="Khartoum North">Khartoum North</a>. The factory's destruction created diplomatic tension between the U.S. and Sudan. The factory ruins are now a tourist attraction.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 1991, the government of President <a href="/wiki/Omar_al-Bashir" title="Omar al-Bashir">Omar al-Bashir</a> sought to remove half the population from the city. The residents, deemed <a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Sudan" title="Squatting in Sudan">squatters</a>, were mostly southern Sudanese whom the government feared could be potential rebel sympathizers. Around 425,000 people were placed in five "Peace Camps" in the desert an hour's drive from Khartoum. The camps were watched over by heavily armed security guards, many relief agencies were banned from assisting, and "the nearest food was at a market four miles away, a vast journey in the desert heat." Many residents were reduced to having only burlap sacks as housing. The intentional displacement was part of a large urban renewal plan backed by the housing minister, Sharaf Bannaga.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Whiteandblueniles.jpg/220px-Whiteandblueniles.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Whiteandblueniles.jpg/330px-Whiteandblueniles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Whiteandblueniles.jpg/440px-Whiteandblueniles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Khartoum with White and Blue Niles</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khartoum&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The sudden death of <a href="/wiki/Sudan_People%27s_Liberation_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudan People's Liberation Army">SPLA</a> head and vice-president of Sudan <a href="/wiki/John_Garang" title="John Garang">John Garang</a> in late July 2005, was followed by three days of violent <a href="/wiki/Riot" title="Riot">riots</a> in the capital. Order was finally restored after southern Sudanese politicians and tribal leaders sent strong messages to the rioters. The death toll was at least 24, as youths from southern Sudan attacked northern Sudanese and clashed with security forces.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a> summit of 16–24 January 2006 was held in Khartoum;<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as was the <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a> summit of 28–29 March 2006, during which they elected Sudan the Arab League presidency.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 10 May 2008, the <a href="/wiki/Darfur" title="Darfur">Darfur</a> rebel group <a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Equality_Movement" title="Justice and Equality Movement">Justice and Equality Movement</a> attacked the city with the goal of toppling <a href="/wiki/Omar_al-Bashir" title="Omar al-Bashir">Omar al-Bashir</a>'s government. The Sudanese government held off the assault.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 23 October 2012, an <a href="/wiki/Yarmouk_munitions_factory_explosion" class="mw-redirect" title="Yarmouk munitions factory explosion">explosion at the Yarmouk munitions factory</a> killed two people and injured another person. The Sudanese government claimed that the explosion was the result of an Israeli airstrike.<sup id="cite_ref-aj25_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aj25-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 3 June 2019, Khartoum was the site of the <a href="/wiki/Khartoum_massacre" title="Khartoum massacre">Khartoum massacre</a>, where over 100 dissidents were murdered (the government said 61 were killed), hundreds more injured and 70 women <a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">raped</a> by <a href="/wiki/Rapid_Support_Forces" title="Rapid Support Forces">Rapid Support Forces</a> (RSF) soldiers in order to forcefully disperse the <a href="/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_Sudanese_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2018–19 Sudanese protests">peaceful protests</a> calling for a civilian government.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 1 July 2020, activists demanded that al-Zibar Basha street in Khartoum be renamed. <a href="/wiki/Al-Zubayr_Rahma_Mansur" title="Al-Zubayr Rahma Mansur">Al-Zubayr Rahma Mansur</a> was a slave trader and the al-Zibar Basha street leads to the military base where the 2019 Khartoum massacre took place.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 26 October 2021, the city was locked down following <a href="/wiki/2021_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2021 Sudanese coup d'état">a military coup</a> that left at least 7 dead, triggering protests and calls for a general strike. Prime minister <a href="/wiki/Abdalla_Hamdok" title="Abdalla Hamdok">Abdalla Hamdok</a> was arrested during the coup, and held along with other cabinet members in an unknown location.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 15 April 2023, fighting between the Sudanese Armed Forces and the RSF broke out across Sudan, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khartoum_(2023)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Khartoum (2023)">including in Khartoum</a>. Fighting was reported at the presidential palace, the RSF's headquarters, <a href="/wiki/Khartoum_International_Airport" title="Khartoum International Airport">Khartoum International Airport</a> and <a href="/wiki/Merowe_Airport" title="Merowe Airport">Merowe Airport</a>, the last two of which the RSF claimed to have captured. Gunfire and clashes were also reported at <a href="/wiki/El_Obeid_Airport" title="El Obeid Airport">El Obeid Airport</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_Kordofan" title="North Kordofan">North Kordofan</a>. </p> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1208px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Khartoum_panorama-1_-_by_ScubaBeer.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Panorama of Khartoum"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Khartoum_panorama-1_-_by_ScubaBeer.jpg/1200px-Khartoum_panorama-1_-_by_ScubaBeer.jpg" decoding="async" width="1200" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Khartoum_panorama-1_-_by_ScubaBeer.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="284" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Khartoum_panorama-1_-_by_ScubaBeer.jpg" title="File:Khartoum panorama-1 - by ScubaBeer.jpg"> </a></div>Panorama of Khartoum</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khartoum&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:River_Nile_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/River_Nile_map.svg/220px-River_Nile_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="403" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/River_Nile_map.svg/330px-River_Nile_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/River_Nile_map.svg/440px-River_Nile_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="438" data-file-height="802" /></a><figcaption>Khartoum (<i>center</i>) is near the middle of the Nile river system</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Location">Location</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khartoum&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Location"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Khartoum is located at the confluence of the Blue Nile and the White Nile.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Khartoum is relatively flat, at elevation 385 m (1,263 ft),<sup id="cite_ref-dto_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dto-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the Nile flows northeast past Omdurman to <a href="/wiki/Shendi" title="Shendi">Shendi</a>, at elevation 364 m (1,194 ft)<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> about 163 km (101 mi) away. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khartoum&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Khartoum features a <a href="/wiki/Hot_desert_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot desert climate">hot desert climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a> <i>BWh</i>) with a dry season occurring during winter, typical of the Saharo-Sahelian zone, which marks the progressive passage between the <a href="/wiki/Sahara_Desert" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahara Desert">Sahara Desert</a>'s vast arid areas and the <a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahel</a>'s vast semi-arid areas. The climate is extremely dry for most of the year, with about eight months when average rainfall is lower than 5 mm (0.20 in). The very long dry season is itself divided into a warm, very dry season between November and February, as well as a very hot, dry season between March and May. During this part of the year, hot, dry continental <a href="/wiki/Trade_winds" title="Trade winds">trade winds</a> from deserts, such as the <a href="/wiki/Harmattan" title="Harmattan">harmattan</a>, sweep over the region; the weather is stable and very dry. </p><p>The very irregular, very brief, rainy season lasts about 1 month as the maximum rainfall is recorded in August, with about 48 mm (1.9 in). The rainy season is characterized by a seasonal reverse of wind regimes, when the <a href="/wiki/Intertropical_Convergence_Zone" title="Intertropical Convergence Zone">Intertropical Convergence Zone</a> goes northerly. Average annual rainfall is very low, with only 121.3 mm (4.78 in) of precipitation. Khartoum records on average six days with 10 mm (0.39 in) or more and 19 days with 1 mm (0.039 in) or more of rainfall. The highest temperatures occur during two periods in the year: the first at the late dry season, when average high temperatures consistently exceed 40 °C (104 °F) from April to June, and the second at the early dry season, when average high temperatures exceed 39 °C (102 °F) in September and October. Temperatures cool off somewhat during the night, with Khartoum's lowest average low temperature of the year, in January, just above 15 °C (59 °F). Khartoum is one of the hottest major cities on Earth, with annual mean temperatures hovering around 30 °C (86 °F). The city also has very warm winters. In no month does the average monthly high temperature fall below 30 °C (86 °F). This is something not seen in other major cities with hot desert climates, such as <a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona">Phoenix</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Khartoum (1991–2020) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #EE0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42.7<br />(108.9) </td> <td style="background: #F10000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42.5<br />(108.5) </td> <td style="background: #C60000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">45.6<br />(114.1) </td> <td style="background: #BA0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">46.5<br />(115.7) </td> <td style="background: #AC0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">47.5<br />(117.5) </td> <td style="background: #BA0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">46.5<br />(115.7) </td> <td style="background: #D20000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">44.7<br />(112.5) </td> <td style="background: #DC0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">44.0<br />(111.2) </td> <td style="background: #CA0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">45.3<br />(113.5) </td> <td style="background: #E30000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">43.5<br />(110.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">41.5<br />(106.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF0D00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.5<br />(103.1) </td> <td style="background: #AC0000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">47.5<br />(117.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF4800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.0<br />(87.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF3500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.7<br />(92.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF1F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.0<br />(98.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF0600; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.6<br />(105.1) </td> <td style="background: #F60000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42.1<br />(107.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">41.5<br />(106.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF1200; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.8<br />(101.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF1F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.9<br />(98.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.9<br />(102.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF0D00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.5<br />(103.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF2800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.6<br />(96.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF4000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.1<br />(89.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF1C00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">37.3<br />(99.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF7B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.6<br />(74.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF6B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.9<br />(78.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF5500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.1<br />(84.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF3B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.8<br />(91.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF2C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.0<br />(95.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF2D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.9<br />(94.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF3C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.7<br />(90.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF4700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.1<br />(88.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF3C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.7<br />(90.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF3B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.9<br />(91.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF5700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.8<br />(83.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.0<br />(77.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF4C00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">30.4<br />(86.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFAF5F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.1<br />(61.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFA144; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.0<br />(64.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF8C1A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.1<br />(70.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.9<br />(76.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.9<br />(82.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF5B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.2<br />(82.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.7<br />(80.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.4<br />(77.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF6700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.5<br />(79.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF6800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.4<br />(79.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF860D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.0<br />(71.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFA144; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.0<br />(64.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">23.4<br />(74.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFEAD5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.5<br />(45.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4C9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.4<br />(47.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFC790; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.5<br />(54.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF60; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.0<br />(60.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF9E3E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.5<br />(65.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF9226; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.2<br />(68.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFA347; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.8<br />(64.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFA144; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.0<br />(64.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFA449; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.7<br />(63.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFA54B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.5<br />(63.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFBA75; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.5<br />(58.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFD6AD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.4<br />(50.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFEAD5; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">7.5<br />(45.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FEFFFE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.4<br />(0.02) </td> <td style="background: #F7FFF7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.7<br />(0.19) </td> <td style="background: #F9FFF9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.4<br />(0.13) </td> <td style="background: #D9FFD9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.9<br />(0.98) </td> <td style="background: #AFFFAF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53.1<br />(2.09) </td> <td style="background: #D9FFD9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.5<br />(0.96) </td> <td style="background: #F1FFF1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.1<br />(0.36) </td> <td style="background: #FEFFFE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.3<br />(0.01) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #EFFFEF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">120.4<br />(4.74) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days </th> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.7 </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.6 </td> <td style="background: #DCDCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.8 </td> <td style="background: #C3C3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.8 </td> <td style="background: #E1E1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.3 </td> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.1 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">12.4 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #9B9BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26 </td> <td style="background: #AEAEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21 </td> <td style="background: #C1C1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16 </td> <td style="background: #C9C9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14 </td> <td style="background: #B6B6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19 </td> <td style="background: #9B9BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26 </td> <td style="background: #5E5EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42 </td> <td style="background: #3434FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">53 </td> <td style="background: #5656FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">44 </td> <td style="background: #8C8CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30 </td> <td style="background: #9F9FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25 </td> <td style="background: #9090FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29 </td> <td style="background: #9090FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">29 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #F2F214; color:#000000;" class="notheme">316.2 </td> <td style="background: #F4F419; color:#000000;" class="notheme">296.6 </td> <td style="background: #F2F214; color:#000000;" class="notheme">316.2 </td> <td style="background: #F5F51B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">318.0 </td> <td style="background: #F0F011; color:#000000;" class="notheme">310.0 </td> <td style="background: #EBEB05; color:#000000;" class="notheme">279.0 </td> <td style="background: #E7E700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">269.7 </td> <td style="background: #E8E800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">272.8 </td> <td style="background: #EAEA01; color:#000000;" class="notheme">273.0 </td> <td style="background: #F0F00F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">306.9 </td> <td style="background: #F1F112; color:#000000;" class="notheme">303.0 </td> <td style="background: #F2F216; color:#000000;" class="notheme">319.3 </td> <td style="background: #EFEF0D; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">3,580.7 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #F0F010; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.8 </td> <td style="background: #F0F010; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.8 </td> <td style="background: #EFEF0E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.7 </td> <td style="background: #F0F010; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.8 </td> <td style="background: #E9E900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.9 </td> <td style="background: #E4E400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.2 </td> <td style="background: #DEDE00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.3 </td> <td style="background: #DFDF00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.4 </td> <td style="background: #E5E500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.3 </td> <td style="background: #EEEE0A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.5 </td> <td style="background: #F1F113; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0 </td> <td style="background: #F1F111; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.9 </td> <td style="background: #EBEB03; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">9.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="World Meteorological Organisation">World Meteorological Organisation</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-WMO_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WMO-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NOAA (extremes and humidity 1961–1990)<sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: <a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Wetterdienst" title="Deutscher Wetterdienst">Deutscher Wetterdienst</a> (sun, 1961–1990)<sup id="cite_ref-DWD_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DWD-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khartoum&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr style="background:#efefef;"> <th rowspan="2">Year </th> <th colspan="2">Population </th></tr> <tr style="background:#efefef;"> <th style="width:100px;">City </th> <th style="width:100px;">Metropolitan area </th></tr> <tr> <td>1859<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">30,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">n.a. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1907<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">69,349 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">n.a. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1956 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">93,100 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">245,800 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1973 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">333,906 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">748,300 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1983 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">476,218 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,340,646 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1993 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">947,483 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,919,773 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2008 Census Preliminary </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,639,598 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,274,321 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Almost 250,000 Syrians lived in Khartoum as of 2019, representing 5% of the total population of the city. Most are young men who have fled war in Syria. Sudan was the only country in the world to accept travelers carrying a Syrian passport who lacked a visa.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khartoum&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Strato_en_%C4%A4artumo_(Sudano)_003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Strato_en_%C4%A4artumo_%28Sudano%29_003.jpg/220px-Strato_en_%C4%A4artumo_%28Sudano%29_003.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Strato_en_%C4%A4artumo_%28Sudano%29_003.jpg/330px-Strato_en_%C4%A4artumo_%28Sudano%29_003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Strato_en_%C4%A4artumo_%28Sudano%29_003.jpg/440px-Strato_en_%C4%A4artumo_%28Sudano%29_003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Development in Khartoum in 2009, with the <a href="/wiki/PDOC_Headquarters" title="PDOC Headquarters">PDOC Headquarters</a> on right and the under-construction <a href="/wiki/GNPOC_Tower" class="mw-redirect" title="GNPOC Tower">GNPOC Tower</a> on left</figcaption></figure> <p>After the signing of the historic <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Peace_Agreement" title="Comprehensive Peace Agreement">Comprehensive Peace Agreement</a> between the Government of Sudan and the <a href="/wiki/Sudan_People%27s_Liberation_Movement" title="Sudan People's Liberation Movement">Sudan People's Liberation Movement</a> (SPLA), the Government of Sudan began a massive development project.<sup id="cite_ref-ST_ECON_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ST_ECON-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BBC_ECON_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_ECON-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2007, the biggest projects in Khartoum were the <a href="/wiki/Al-Mogran_Development_Project" title="Al-Mogran Development Project">Al-Mogran Development Project</a>, two five-star hotels, a new airport, <a href="/wiki/El_Mek_Nimr_Bridge" title="El Mek Nimr Bridge">El Mek Nimr Bridge</a> (finished in October 2007) and the <a href="/wiki/Tuti_Bridge" title="Tuti Bridge">Tuti Bridge</a> that links Khartoum to <a href="/wiki/Tuti_Island" title="Tuti Island">Tuti Island</a>. </p><p>In the 21st century, Khartoum developed based on Sudan's oil wealth (although the independence of <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a> in 2011 affected the economy of Sudan negatively<sup id="cite_ref-:0_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). The center of the city has tree-lined streets. Khartoum has the highest concentration of <a href="/wiki/Economic_activity" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic activity">economic activity</a> in the country. This has changed as major economic developments take place in other parts of the country, like <a href="/wiki/Oil_exploration" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil exploration">oil exploration</a> in the south, the <a href="/wiki/Giad" title="Giad">Giad Industrial Complex</a> in <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazirah,_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Jazirah, Sudan">Al Jazirah</a> state and White Nile Sugar Project in Central Sudan, and the <a href="/wiki/Merowe_Dam" title="Merowe Dam">Merowe Dam</a> in the North. </p><p>Among the city's industries are printing, glass manufacturing, food processing, and textiles. Petroleum products are now produced in the far north of Khartoum state, providing fuel and jobs for the city. One of Sudan's largest refineries is located in northern Khartoum.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Retailing">Retailing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khartoum&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Retailing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khartoum,_Africa_road_tunnel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Khartoum%2C_Africa_road_tunnel.jpg/220px-Khartoum%2C_Africa_road_tunnel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Khartoum%2C_Africa_road_tunnel.jpg/330px-Khartoum%2C_Africa_road_tunnel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Khartoum%2C_Africa_road_tunnel.jpg/440px-Khartoum%2C_Africa_road_tunnel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2643" data-file-height="1852" /></a><figcaption>Africa road tunnel near the <a href="/wiki/Khartoum_International_Airport" title="Khartoum International Airport">Khartoum International Airport</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Souq_al_Arabi" title="Souq al Arabi">Souq al Arabi</a> is Khartoum's largest open air market. The <a href="/wiki/Souq" class="mw-redirect" title="Souq">souq</a> is spread over several blocks in the center of Khartoum proper just south of the Great Mosque (Mesjid al-Kabir) and the minibus station. It is divided into separate sections, including one focused entirely on gold.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Al Qasr Street and Al Jamhoriyah Street are considered the most famous <a href="/wiki/High_Street" title="High Street">high streets</a> in <a href="/wiki/Khartoum_State" title="Khartoum State">Khartoum State</a>. </p><p>Afra Mall is located in the southern suburb of Arkeweet. The Afra Mall has a supermarket, retail outlets, coffee shops, a bowling alley, movie theaters, and a children's playground. </p><p>In 2011, Sudan opened the Hotel Section and part of the food court of the new, <a href="/wiki/Corinthia_Hotel_Khartoum" title="Corinthia Hotel Khartoum">Corinthia Hotel</a> Tower. The Mall/Shopping section is still under construction. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khartoum&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Khartoum" title="Special:EditPage/Khartoum">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Khartoum" title="Education in Khartoum">Education in Khartoum</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:University_of_Khartoum_002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/University_of_Khartoum_002.jpg/220px-University_of_Khartoum_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/University_of_Khartoum_002.jpg/330px-University_of_Khartoum_002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/University_of_Khartoum_002.jpg/440px-University_of_Khartoum_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Khartoum" title="University of Khartoum">University of Khartoum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Khartoum is the main location for most of Sudan's top educational bodies. There are four main levels of education: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Kindergarten" title="Kindergarten">Kindergarten</a> and day-care. It begins in the age of 3–4, consists of 1-2 grades, (depending on the parents).</li> <li>Elementary school. The first grade pupils enter at the age of 6–7. It consists of 8 grades, after which, at 13–14 years old, students are ready to take the certificate exams and enter high school.</li> <li>Upper second school and high school. In these three the school methods add some main academic subjects such as chemistry, biology, physics, and geography. There are three grades in this level. The students' ages are about 14–15 to 17–18.</li> <li>Higher education. There are several universities and colleges in Khartoum, including the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Khartoum" title="University of Khartoum">University of Khartoum</a><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Sudan_University_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Sudan University of Science and Technology">Sudan University of Science and Technology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khartoum&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khartoum_public_transportation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Khartoum Public Transportation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Khartoum_public_transportation.jpg/220px-Khartoum_public_transportation.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Khartoum_public_transportation.jpg/330px-Khartoum_public_transportation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Khartoum_public_transportation.jpg/440px-Khartoum_public_transportation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5202" data-file-height="3468" /></a><figcaption>Khartoum public bus</figcaption></figure> <p>Khartoum is home to the largest airport in Sudan, <a href="/wiki/Khartoum_International_Airport" title="Khartoum International Airport">Khartoum International Airport</a>. It is the main hub for <a href="/wiki/Sudan_Airways" title="Sudan Airways">Sudan Airways</a>, Sudan's main carrier. A new airport was planned for the southern outskirts of the city, but with Khartoum's rapid growth and consequent <a href="/wiki/Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">urban sprawl</a>, the airport is still located in the heart of the city. </p><p>Khartoum's transportation is limited to the vehicular road system, with buses and personal vehicles comprising the main types of vehicles. As with many cities in the continent, parts of Khartoum are connected through privately owned buses.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Blue_Nile_in_Khartoum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/The_Blue_Nile_in_Khartoum.jpg/220px-The_Blue_Nile_in_Khartoum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/The_Blue_Nile_in_Khartoum.jpg/330px-The_Blue_Nile_in_Khartoum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/The_Blue_Nile_in_Khartoum.jpg/440px-The_Blue_Nile_in_Khartoum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3964" data-file-height="2973" /></a><figcaption>A boat on the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Nile" title="Blue Nile">Blue Nile</a> before the <a href="/wiki/Al_Mansheiya_Bridge" title="Al Mansheiya Bridge">Al Mansheiya Bridge</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Khartoum has a number of bridges across both tributaries of the Nile. The <a href="/wiki/Mac_Nimir_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac Nimir Bridge">Mac Nimir Bridge</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Nile_Road_%26_Railway_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Nile Road & Railway Bridge">Blue Nile Road & Railway Bridge</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cooper_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooper Bridge">Cooper Bridge</a> (also known as the Armed Forces Bridge), and the <a href="/wiki/Elmansheya_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Elmansheya Bridge">Elmansheya Bridge</a> span the Blue Nile, connecting Khartoum to Khartoum North. The <a href="/wiki/Omdurman_Bridge" title="Omdurman Bridge">Omdurman Bridge</a>, the Victory Bridge, and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Dabbasin_Bridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Dabbasin Bridge (page does not exist)">Al-Dabbasin Bridge</a> span the White Nile, connecting Khartoum to Omdurman. The <a href="/wiki/Tuti_Bridge" title="Tuti Bridge">Tuti Bridge</a> connects Tuti Island with Khartoum. Prior to the construction of the Tuti Bridge in 2008, residents of Tuti Island relied on <a href="/wiki/Water_taxi" title="Water taxi">water taxis</a> to cross the Blue Nile into Khartoum. </p><p>Khartoum has rail lines from <a href="/wiki/Wadi_Halfa" title="Wadi Halfa">Wadi Halfa</a>, Port Sudan on the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Al-Ubayyid" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Ubayyid">El Obeid</a>. All are operated by <a href="/wiki/Sudan_Railways" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudan Railways">Sudan Railways</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khartoum&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The architecture of Khartoum reflects the city's history since the early 1820s and is marked by both native Sudanese, Turkish, British and modern buildings. In general, the <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Sudan" title="Architecture of Sudan">architecture of Sudan</a> reflects a wide diversity in its shapes, materials, and use. </p><p>Since independence, the people of Sudan have introduced new infrastructure and technology, which has led to new and innovative building concepts, ideas and construction techniques.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khartoum&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sudan_National_Museum_(8625532907).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Sudan_National_Museum_%288625532907%29.jpg/220px-Sudan_National_Museum_%288625532907%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Sudan_National_Museum_%288625532907%29.jpg/330px-Sudan_National_Museum_%288625532907%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Sudan_National_Museum_%288625532907%29.jpg/440px-Sudan_National_Museum_%288625532907%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Sudan" title="National Museum of Sudan">National Museum of Sudan</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums">Museums</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khartoum&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Museums"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The largest museum in Sudan is the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Sudan" title="National Museum of Sudan">National Museum of Sudan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Founded in 1971, it contains works from different epochs of Sudanese history. Among the exhibits are two <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_temple" title="Egyptian temple">Egyptian temples</a> of <a href="/wiki/Buhen" title="Buhen">Buhen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Semna" class="mw-redirect" title="Semna">Semna</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> originally built by Pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Hatshepsut" title="Hatshepsut">Hatshepsut</a> and Pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Tuthmosis_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuthmosis III">Tuthmosis III</a>, respectively, but relocated to Khartoum upon the flooding of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Nasser" title="Lake Nasser">Lake Nasser</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Republican_Palace_Museum,_Khartoum" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican Palace Museum, Khartoum">Republican Palace Museum</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> opened in 2000, is located in the former Anglican All Saints' cathedral<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on Sharia al-Jama'a, next to the historical <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidential Palace">Presidential Palace</a>. </p><p>The Ethnographic Museum<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is located on Sharia al-Jama'a, close to the Mac Nimir Bridge. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Botanical_gardens">Botanical gardens</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khartoum&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Botanical gardens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Khartoum is home to one of the oldest botanical gardens in Africa, <a href="/wiki/Sudan_National_Botanical_Garden" title="Sudan National Botanical Garden">National Botanical Garden</a> in the Mogran district of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jami_el_kebir,Khartum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Jami_el_kebir%2CKhartum.jpg/220px-Jami_el_kebir%2CKhartum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Jami_el_kebir%2CKhartum.jpg/330px-Jami_el_kebir%2CKhartum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Jami_el_kebir%2CKhartum.jpg/440px-Jami_el_kebir%2CKhartum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1433" /></a><figcaption>Great Mosque</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clubs">Clubs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khartoum&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Clubs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Khartoum is home to several clubs, including the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Blue_Nile_Sailing_Club&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blue Nile Sailing Club (page does not exist)">Blue Nile Sailing Club</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> social clubs such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_German_Club,_the_Greek_Club,_the_Coptic_Club,_the_Syrian_Club_and_the_International_Club,&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The German Club, the Greek Club, the Coptic Club, the Syrian Club and the International Club, (page does not exist)">the German Club, the Greek Club,</a><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as football clubs <a href="/wiki/Al_Khartoum_SC" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Khartoum SC">Al Khartoum SC</a><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Al_Ahli_SC_(Khartoum)" title="Al Ahli SC (Khartoum)">Al Ahli Khartoum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Places_of_worship">Places of worship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khartoum&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Places of worship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Places_of_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Places of worship">places of worship</a> in Khartoum primarily consist of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Muslim</a> mosques.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> churches and temples: <a href="/wiki/St._Matthew%27s_Cathedral,_Khartoum" title="St. Matthew's Cathedral, Khartoum">St. Matthew's Cathedral, Khartoum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Khartoum" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Khartoum">Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Khartoum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>), <a href="/wiki/Sudan_Interior_Church" title="Sudan Interior Church">Sudan Interior Church</a> (<a href="/wiki/Baptist_World_Alliance" title="Baptist World Alliance">Baptist World Alliance</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church_of_the_Annunciation,_Khartoum" title="Greek Orthodox Church of the Annunciation, Khartoum">Greek Orthodox Church of the Annunciation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Sudan" title="Presbyterian Church in Sudan">Presbyterian Church in Sudan</a> (<a href="/wiki/World_Communion_of_Reformed_Churches" title="World Communion of Reformed Churches">World Communion of Reformed Churches</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khartoum&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khartoum&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Khartoum's unique history and cultural significance have inspired literary works that explore its past, present, and future. For example, in "Reading Khartoum," the city is depicted as a space shaped by movement, political instability, and socio-cultural changes, resulting in underlying layers of meanings and ambiguity. Arabic-written poetry also offers a personalized glimpse of the city, reflecting its distinct cultural appearance and setting it apart from other Arab and African cities.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Movies">Movies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khartoum&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Movies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Khartoum" title="Song of Khartoum">Song of Khartoum</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khartoum_(film)" title="Khartoum (film)">Khartoum (film)</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khartoum_Offside" title="Khartoum Offside">Khartoum Offside</a> (2019)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khartoum&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output 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.id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TheFreeDictionary.com&rft.atitle=Khartoum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreedictionary.com%2FKhartoum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhartoum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.african-cities.org/khartoum/">"Khartoum - ACRC"</a>. 1 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Khartoum+-+ACRC&rft.date=2021-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.african-cities.org%2Fkhartoum%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhartoum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.african-cities.org/khartoum/">"Khartoum - ACRC"</a>. 1 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Khartoum+-+ACRC&rft.date=2021-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.african-cities.org%2Fkhartoum%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhartoum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Khartoum">"Khartoum | Location, Facts, & History"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150626182639/https://www.britannica.com/place/Khartoum">Archived</a> from the original on 26 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Khartoum+%7C+Location%2C+Facts%2C+%26+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FKhartoum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhartoum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeiro2023" class="citation web cs1">Leiro, Roberto (15 April 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://airwaysmag.com/sudans-rsf-clashes-with-army-in-khartoum-airport/">"Sudan's RSF Clashes with Army in Khartoum Airport"</a>. <i>Airways</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230416183624/https://airwaysmag.com/sudans-rsf-clashes-with-army-in-khartoum-airport/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Airways&rft.atitle=Sudan%27s+RSF+Clashes+with+Army+in+Khartoum+Airport&rft.date=2023-04-15&rft.aulast=Leiro&rft.aufirst=Roberto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fairwaysmag.com%2Fsudans-rsf-clashes-with-army-in-khartoum-airport%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhartoum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoom2006" class="citation book cs1">Room, Adrian (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M1JIPAN-eJ4C"><i>Placenames of the World</i></a> (2nd ed.). McFarland. p. 194. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-2248-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7864-2248-3"><bdi>0-7864-2248-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230219022556/https://books.google.com/books?id=M1JIPAN-eJ4C">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Placenames+of+the+World&rft.pages=194&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-7864-2248-3&rft.aulast=Room&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM1JIPAN-eJ4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhartoum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeswick2013" class="citation book cs1">Beswick, Stephanie (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r61i6BD0Vw0C&q=damadim+ancient+nubia&pg=PA39"><i>Sudan's Blood Memory: The Legacy of War, Ethnicity, and Slavery in Early South Sudan</i></a>. University Rochester Press. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781580461511" title="Special:BookSources/9781580461511"><bdi>9781580461511</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230419233116/https://books.google.com/books?id=r61i6BD0Vw0C&q=damadim+ancient+nubia&pg=PA39">Archived</a> from the original on 19 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sudan%27s+Blood+Memory%3A+The+Legacy+of+War%2C+Ethnicity%2C+and+Slavery+in+Early+South+Sudan&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=University+Rochester+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781580461511&rft.aulast=Beswick&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr61i6BD0Vw0C%26q%3Ddamadim%2Bancient%2Bnubia%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhartoum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalkley1935" class="citation journal cs1">Walkley, C. E. J. (1935). "The Story of Khartoum". <i>Sudan Notes and Records</i>. <b>18</b> (2). University of Khartoum: 221–241. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41710712">41710712</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sudan+Notes+and+Records&rft.atitle=The+Story+of+Khartoum&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=221-241&rft.date=1935&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41710712%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Walkley&rft.aufirst=C.+E.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhartoum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/p/passages/4761530.0004.006/--beja-scholars-and-the-creativity-of-powerlessness?rgn=main;view=fulltext">"Beja scholars and the creativity of powerlessness"</a>. <i>Passages</i>. University of Michigan Library. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160316081810/http://quod.lib.umich.edu/p/passages/4761530.0004.006/--beja-scholars-and-the-creativity-of-powerlessness?rgn=main;view=fulltext">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Passages&rft.atitle=Beja+scholars+and+the+creativity+of+powerlessness&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fquod.lib.umich.edu%2Fp%2Fpassages%2F4761530.0004.006%2F--beja-scholars-and-the-creativity-of-powerlessness%3Frgn%3Dmain%3Bview%3Dfulltext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhartoum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShukri1966" class="citation journal cs1">Shukri, Hasan (August 1966). "Khartoum and Tuti 'Shreen Munz Qarnan". <i>Khartoum</i>. <b>1</b> (11): 23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Khartoum&rft.atitle=Khartoum+and+Tuti+%27Shreen+Munz+Qarnan&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=23&rft.date=1966-08&rft.aulast=Shukri&rft.aufirst=Hasan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhartoum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonovan1978" class="citation book cs1">Donovan, Vincent J. (1978). <i>Christianity Rediscovered: An Epistle from the Masai</i>. Orbis Books. p. 45.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity+Rediscovered%3A+An+Epistle+from+the+Masai&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Orbis+Books&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Donovan&rft.aufirst=Vincent+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhartoum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUhlig2008" class="citation book cs1">Uhlig, Siegbert (2008). <i>Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: Volume 3: He-N</i>. p. 392.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Aethiopica%3A+Volume+3%3A+He-N&rft.pages=392&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Uhlig&rft.aufirst=Siegbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhartoum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roman Adrian Cybriwsky, <i>Capital Cities around the World: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture</i>, ABC-CLIO, USA, 2013, p. 139</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUhlig2008" class="citation book cs1">Uhlig, Siegbert (2008). <i>Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: Volume 3: He-N</i>. p. 392.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Aethiopica%3A+Volume+3%3A+He-N&rft.pages=392&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Uhlig&rft.aufirst=Siegbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhartoum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJok,_Madut_Jok2001" class="citation book cs1">Jok, Madut Jok (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wqzvlWdxThwC&q=War+and+Slavery+in+Sudan&pg=PA1"><i>War and Slavery in Sudan</i></a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8122-1762-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8122-1762-4"><bdi>0-8122-1762-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+and+Slavery+in+Sudan&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-8122-1762-4&rft.au=Jok%2C+Madut+Jok&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwqzvlWdxThwC%26q%3DWar%2Band%2BSlavery%2Bin%2BSudan%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhartoum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammond2005" class="citation book cs1">Hammond, Peter (2005). <i>Slavery, Terrorism & Islam</i>. Cape Town, South Africa: Christian Liberty Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slavery%2C+Terrorism+%26+Islam&rft.place=Cape+Town%2C+South+Africa&rft.pub=Christian+Liberty+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Hammond&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhartoum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUhlig2003" class="citation book cs1">Uhlig, Siegbert (2003). <i>Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: D-Ha</i>. p. 392.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Aethiopica%3A+D-Ha&rft.pages=392&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Uhlig&rft.aufirst=Siegbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhartoum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Britannica, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Khartoum">Khartoum</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150626182639/https://www.britannica.com/place/Khartoum">Archived</a> 26 June 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, britannica.com, USA, accessed on 30 June 2019</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUhlig2008" class="citation book cs1">Uhlig, Siegbert (2008). <i>Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: Volume 3: He-N</i>. p. 392.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Aethiopica%3A+Volume+3%3A+He-N&rft.pages=392&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Uhlig&rft.aufirst=Siegbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhartoum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/documents/organization/67584.pdf">"The Seizure of the Saudi Arabian Embassy in Khartoum"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>U.S. Department of State</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200802205255/https://2001-2009.state.gov/documents/organization/67584.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Department+of+State&rft.atitle=The+Seizure+of+the+Saudi+Arabian+Embassy+in+Khartoum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2001-2009.state.gov%2Fdocuments%2Forganization%2F67584.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhartoum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vQiPecYNgPYC&q=In+1977%2C+the+first+oil+pipeline+between+Khartoum+and+the+Port+of+Sudan+was+completed.&pg=PA174"><i>Minerals Yearbook</i></a>. Bureau of Mines. 1995. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230419233115/https://books.google.com/books?id=vQiPecYNgPYC&q=In+1977%2C+the+first+oil+pipeline+between+Khartoum+and+the+Port+of+Sudan+was+completed.&pg=PA174">Archived</a> from the original on 19 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Minerals+Yearbook&rft.pub=Bureau+of+Mines&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvQiPecYNgPYC%26q%3DIn%2B1977%252C%2Bthe%2Bfirst%2Boil%2Bpipeline%2Bbetween%2BKhartoum%2Band%2Bthe%2BPort%2Bof%2BSudan%2Bwas%2Bcompleted.%26pg%3DPA174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhartoum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris1994" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Gordon (1994). <i>The Organization of African Unity</i>. London, United Kingdom: Transaction Publishers. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781412830270" title="Special:BookSources/9781412830270"><bdi>9781412830270</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Organization+of+African+Unity&rft.place=London%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9781412830270&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhartoum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCybriwsky2013" class="citation book cs1">Cybriwsky, Roman Adrian (2013). <i>Capital Cities around the World: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture</i>. ABC-CLIO. p. 140. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781610692489" title="Special:BookSources/9781610692489"><bdi>9781610692489</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Capital+Cities+around+the+World%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Geography%2C+History%2C+and+Culture&rft.pages=140&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781610692489&rft.aulast=Cybriwsky&rft.aufirst=Roman+Adrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhartoum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeterson,_Scott2000" class="citation book cs1">Peterson, Scott (2000). <i>Me against my brother : at war in Somalia, Sudan, and Rwanda : a journalist reports from the battlefields of Africa</i>. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415921988" title="Special:BookSources/0415921988"><bdi>0415921988</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/43287853">43287853</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Me+against+my+brother+%3A+at+war+in+Somalia%2C+Sudan%2C+and+Rwanda+%3A+a+journalist+reports+from+the+battlefields+of+Africa&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F43287853&rft.isbn=0415921988&rft.au=Peterson%2C+Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhartoum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.csmonitor.com/1992/0331/31041.html">"Khartoum Squatters Forcibly Displaced"</a>. <i>The Christian Science Monitor</i>. 31 March 1992. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0882-7729">0882-7729</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190321211536/https://www.csmonitor.com/1992/0331/31041.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.atitle=Khartoum+Squatters+Forcibly+Displaced&rft.date=1992-03-31&rft.issn=0882-7729&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2F1992%2F0331%2F31041.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhartoum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1992" class="citation news cs1">Miller, Judith (9 March 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1992/03/09/world/sudan-is-undeterred-in-drive-to-expel-squatters.html">"Sudan Is Undeterred in Drive to Expel Squatters"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200902063209/https://www.nytimes.com/1992/03/09/world/sudan-is-undeterred-in-drive-to-expel-squatters.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Sudan+Is+Undeterred+in+Drive+to+Expel+Squatters&rft.date=1992-03-09&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Judith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1992%2F03%2F09%2Fworld%2Fsudan-is-undeterred-in-drive-to-expel-squatters.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhartoum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4734517.stm">"World | Africa | Riots after Sudan VP Garang dies"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 1 August 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061223055919/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4734517.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=World+%26%23124%3B+Africa+%26%23124%3B+Riots+after+Sudan+VP+Garang+dies&rft.date=2005-08-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2F4734517.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhartoum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff" class="citation web cs1">Staff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://au.int/decisions/assembly">"Decisions & Declarations of the Assembly; African Union"</a>. <i>African Union</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200711080952/https://au.int/decisions/assembly">Archived</a> from the original on 11 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=African+Union&rft.atitle=Decisions+%26+Declarations+of+the+Assembly%3B+African+Union&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fau.int%2Fdecisions%2Fassembly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhartoum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiro,_Dilip2013" class="citation book cs1">Hiro, Dilip (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ty0uAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT96"><i>A Comprehensive Dictionary of the Middle East</i></a>. Olive Branch Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1566569040" title="Special:BookSources/978-1566569040"><bdi>978-1566569040</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230419233115/https://books.google.com/books?id=ty0uAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT96">Archived</a> from the original on 19 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Comprehensive+Dictionary+of+the+Middle+East&rft.pub=Olive+Branch+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1566569040&rft.au=Hiro%2C+Dilip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dty0uAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhartoum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191104081817/http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article27076">"Curfew in capital as Sudanese army clash near Khartoum with Darfur rebels"</a>. <i>Sudan Tribune</i>. 10 May 2008. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sudan+Tribune&rft.atitle=Curfew+in+capital+as+Sudanese+army+clash+near+Khartoum+with+Darfur+rebels&rft.date=2008-05-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sudantribune.com%2Fspip.php%3Farticle27076&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhartoum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7394033.stm">"Sudanese rebels 'reach Khartoum'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 10 May 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190418094122/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7394033.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Sudanese+rebels+%27reach+Khartoum%27&rft.date=2008-05-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fafrica%2F7394033.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhartoum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160416090457/http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article27077">"PHOTOS: Sudan capital after today's attack from Darfur JEM"</a>. <i>Sudan Tribune</i>. 10 May 2008. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sudan+Tribune&rft.atitle=PHOTOS%3A+Sudan+capital+after+today%27s+attack+from+Darfur+JEM&rft.date=2008-05-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sudantribune.com%2Fspip.php%3Farticle27077&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhartoum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aj25-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-aj25_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2012/10/20121024142531802810.html">"Khartoum fire blamed on Israeli bombing"</a>. <i>Al Jazeera</i>. 25 October 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190414231902/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2012/10/20121024142531802810.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Khartoum+fire+blamed+on+Israeli+bombing&rft.date=2012-10-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2Fafrica%2F2012%2F10%2F20121024142531802810.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhartoum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurkeSalih2019" class="citation news cs1">Burke, Jason; Salih, Zeinab Mohammed (13 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jul/13/sudanese-protesters-demand-justice-after-mass-killings">"Sudanese protesters demand justice following mass killings"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200624140646/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jul/13/sudanese-protesters-demand-justice-after-mass-killings">Archived</a> from the original on 24 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Sudanese+protesters+demand+justice+following+mass+killings&rft.date=2019-07-13&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Burke&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft.au=Salih%2C+Zeinab+Mohammed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2019%2Fjul%2F13%2Fsudanese-protesters-demand-justice-after-mass-killings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhartoum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurkeSalih2020" class="citation news cs1">Burke, Samuel Okiror Jason; Salih, Zeinab Mohammed (1 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/jul/01/decolonise-and-rename-streets-of-uganda-and-sudan-activists-urge">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Decolonise and rename' streets of Uganda and Sudan, activists urge"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200704012141/https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/jul/01/decolonise-and-rename-streets-of-uganda-and-sudan-activists-urge">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27Decolonise+and+rename%27+streets+of+Uganda+and+Sudan%2C+activists+urge&rft.date=2020-07-01&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Burke&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Okiror+Jason&rft.au=Salih%2C+Zeinab+Mohammed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fglobal-development%2F2020%2Fjul%2F01%2Fdecolonise-and-rename-streets-of-uganda-and-sudan-activists-urge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhartoum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/sudan-s-capital-locked-down-after-coup-triggers-deadly-unrest-1.4710621">"Sudan's capital locked down after coup triggers deadly unrest"</a>. <i>The Irish Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220920173715/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/sudan-s-capital-locked-down-after-coup-triggers-deadly-unrest-1.4710621">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Sudan%27s+capital+locked+down+after+coup+triggers+deadly+unrest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fsudan-s-capital-locked-down-after-coup-triggers-deadly-unrest-1.4710621&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhartoum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZerboniBrandoliniMarianiPerego2021" class="citation journal cs1">Zerboni, Andrea; Brandolini, Filippo; Mariani, Guido S.; Perego, Alessandro; Salvatori, Sandro; Usai, Donatella; Pelfini, Manuela; Williams, Martin A.J. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=distancesto.com&rft.atitle=Khartoum+Elevation+%28385m%29&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.distancesto.com%2Felevation%2Fsd%2Fkhartoum%2Fhistory%2F14508.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhartoum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.distancesto.com/elevation/sd/shendi-latitude-longitude/history/49674.html">"Shendi Elevation (364m)"</a>. <i>distancesto.com</i>. 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180129141549/https://www.distancesto.com/elevation/sd/shendi-latitude-longitude/history/49674.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=distancesto.com&rft.atitle=Shendi+Elevation+%28364m%29&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.distancesto.com%2Felevation%2Fsd%2Fshendi-latitude-longitude%2Fhistory%2F49674.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhartoum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeelB._L._FinlaysonT._A._McMahon2007" class="citation journal cs1">Peel, M. C.; B. L. Finlayson; T. A. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Weather+Information+Service+%E2%80%93+Khartoum&rft.pub=World+Meteorological+Organization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nodc.noaa.gov%2Farchive%2Farc0216%2F0253808%2F2.2%2Fdata%2F0-data%2FRegion-1-WMO-Normals-9120%2FSudan%2FXLS%2FKhartoum_62721.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhartoum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NOAA-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NOAA_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG__I/SU/62721.TXT">"Khartoum Climate Normals 1961–1990"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230419233117/ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG__I/SU/62721.TXT">Archived</a> from the original on 19 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Melik+Society&rft.atitle=The+Blue+Nile+Sailing+Club&rft.date=2011-01-18&rft.aulast=Uloth&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.melik.org.uk%2Farticles%2Fnile-gunboats%2Fthe-blue-nile-sailing-club%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhartoum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130201094621/http://africa.reuters.com/wire/news/usnL7340156.html">"Reuters.com"</a>. Africa.reuters.com. 9 February 2009. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FIFA+%28International+Federation+of+Association+Football%29&rft.atitle=Al+Ahli+Khartoum&rft.date=2017-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fifa.com%2Flive-scores%2Fclubs%2Fclub%3Dsudan-al-ahli-khartoum-2000005021%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhartoum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150507031209/http://www.sudanway.sd/features_mosques.htm">"::مساجد السودان::"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sudanway.sd/features_mosques.htm">the original</a> on 7 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%3A%3A%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%3A%3A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sudanway.sd%2Ffeatures_mosques.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhartoum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Britannica, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Sudan">Sudan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200510172804/https://www.britannica.com/place/Sudan">Archived</a> 10 May 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, britannica.com, USA, accessed on 7 July 2019</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWanni2005" class="citation journal cs1">Wanni, Nada Hussein (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3917%2Fpolaf.100.0302">"Reading Khartoum"</a>. <i>Politique Africaine</i>. <b>100</b> (4): 302–314. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3917%2Fpolaf.100.0302">10.3917/polaf.100.0302</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0244-7827">0244-7827</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politique+Africaine&rft.atitle=Reading+Khartoum&rft.volume=100&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=302-314&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3917%2Fpolaf.100.0302&rft.issn=0244-7827&rft.aulast=Wanni&rft.aufirst=Nada+Hussein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3917%252Fpolaf.100.0302&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhartoum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khartoum&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Khartoum#Bibliography" title="Timeline of Khartoum">Bibliography of the history of Khartoum</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khartoum&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Khartoum#Q1963" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Khartoum">Khartoum</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/apr/05/captured-in-darfur-south-sudan">Kidnapped, tortured and thrown in jail: my 70 days in Sudan</a> The Guardian, 2017</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWerner2018" class="citation web cs1">Werner, Louis (April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aramcoworld.com/Articles/March-2018/Khartoum-A-Tale-of-Two-Rivers">"Khartoum: A Tale of Two Rivers"</a>. <i>AramcoWorld</i>.</cite><span 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class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Places_adjacent_to_Khartoum" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Places adjacent to Khartoum</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table role="presentation" style="width:100%; margin:0; text-align:center;"><tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Omdurman" title="Omdurman">Omdurman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern,_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern, Sudan">Northern State</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Khartoum_North" title="Khartoum North">Khartoum Bahri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shendi" title="Shendi">Shendi</a>, <a href="/wiki/River_Nile_State" title="River Nile State">River Nile State</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Blue_Nile" title="Blue Nile">Blue Nile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khartoum_North" title="Khartoum North">Khartoum North</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="North"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/14px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/21px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/28px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td style="width:33%">White Nile, <a href="/wiki/Omdurman" title="Omdurman">Omdurman</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Kordofan" title="North Kordofan">North Kordofan</a></td> <td style="width:33%;"> <div style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="West"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/17px-Pfeil_links.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/25px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/34px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span><b style="display:inline-block; vertical-align:middle; margin:0.75em 1em">Khartoum</b><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="East"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/17px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/25px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/34px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Kassala" title="Kassala">Kassala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kassala_State" title="Kassala State">Kassala State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Port_Sudan" title="Port Sudan">Port Sudan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea_State" title="Red Sea State">Red Sea State</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="South"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/14px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/21px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/28px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ed_Dueim" title="Ed Dueim">Ed Dueim</a>, <a href="/wiki/White_Nile_State" title="White Nile State">White Nile State</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wad_Madani" title="Wad Madani">Wad Madani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazirah_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Jazirah (state)">Al Jazirah (state)</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Al_Qadarif" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Qadarif">Al Qadarif</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al_Qadarif_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Qadarif (state)">Al Qadarif State</a></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Capitals_of_African_countries" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_African_capitals" title="Template:List of African capitals"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_African_capitals" title="Template talk:List of African capitals"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_African_capitals" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of African capitals"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Capitals_of_African_countries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capitals</a> of African countries</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">states with limited recognition</a> are in <i>italics</i></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 27em;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Abuja" title="Abuja">Abuja</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Accra" title="Accra">Accra</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Antananarivo" title="Antananarivo">Antananarivo</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara">Asmara</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bamako" title="Bamako">Bamako</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bangui" title="Bangui">Bangui</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Banjul" title="Banjul">Banjul</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bissau" title="Bissau">Bissau</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville">Brazzaville</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Rep. of the Congo</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Conakry" title="Conakry">Conakry</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dakar" title="Dakar">Dakar</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Djibouti_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Djibouti (city)">Djibouti</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dodoma" title="Dodoma">Dodoma</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Laayoune" title="Laayoune">El Aaiún</a></b> (claimed)/<b><a href="/wiki/Tifariti" title="Tifariti">Tifariti</a></b> (factual), <a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></i><sup>1</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Freetown" title="Freetown">Freetown</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gaborone" title="Gaborone">Gaborone</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gitega" title="Gitega">Gitega</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Harare" title="Harare">Harare</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Hargeisa" title="Hargeisa">Hargeisa</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a></i><sup>1</sup></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_Saint_Helena" title="Jamestown, Saint Helena">Jamestown</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></i><sup>2</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Juba" title="Juba">Juba</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kampala" title="Kampala">Kampala</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Khartoum</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kigali" title="Kigali">Kigali</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">D.R. Congo</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Libreville" title="Libreville">Libreville</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lilongwe" title="Lilongwe">Lilongwe</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lom%C3%A9" title="Lomé">Lomé</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Luanda" title="Luanda">Luanda</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lusaka" title="Lusaka">Lusaka</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Malabo" title="Malabo">Malabo</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Maputo" title="Maputo">Maputo</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Maseru" title="Maseru">Maseru</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Mbabane" title="Mbabane">Mbabane</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Ngwenyama" title="Ngwenyama">executive</a>)<br /> </li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Lobamba" title="Lobamba">Lobamba</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Eswatini" title="Parliament of Eswatini">legislative</a>), <a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu">Mogadishu</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Monrovia" title="Monrovia">Monrovia</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Moroni,_Comoros" title="Moroni, Comoros">Moroni</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nairobi" title="Nairobi">Nairobi</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/N%27Djamena" title="N'Djamena">N'Djamena</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Niamey" title="Niamey">Niamey</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nouakchott" title="Nouakchott">Nouakchott</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ouagadougou" title="Ouagadougou">Ouagadougou</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Port_Louis" title="Port Louis">Port Louis</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Porto-Novo" title="Porto-Novo">Porto-Novo</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Praia" title="Praia">Praia</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria">Pretoria</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/President_of_South_Africa" title="President of South Africa">executive</a>)<br /> </li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_South_Africa" title="Parliament of South Africa">legislative</a>)<br /> </li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Bloemfontein" title="Bloemfontein">Bloemfontein</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Appeal_(South_Africa)" title="Supreme Court of Appeal (South Africa)">judicial</a>), <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Rabat" title="Rabat">Rabat</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9" title="São Tomé">São Tomé</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Victoria,_Seychelles" title="Victoria, Seychelles">Victoria</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Windhoek" title="Windhoek">Windhoek</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Yamoussoukro" title="Yamoussoukro">Yamoussoukro</a></b> (political)<br /> </li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Abidjan" title="Abidjan">Abidjan</a></b> (economic), <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Yaound%C3%A9" title="Yaoundé">Yaoundé</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>1</sup> <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">An unrecognised or partially-recognised nation</a></li> <li><sup>2</sup> <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Capitals_of_Arab_countries" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Capitals_of_Arab_countries" title="Template:Capitals of Arab countries"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Capitals_of_Arab_countries" title="Template talk:Capitals of Arab countries"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Capitals_of_Arab_countries" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Capitals of Arab countries"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Capitals_of_Arab_countries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Capitals of <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab countries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">Africa</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">Asia</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;padding-left:0.3em;width:50%;"><div> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Djibouti_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Djibouti (city)">Djibouti</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li></ul> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Hargeisa" title="Hargeisa">Hargeisa</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a></i><sup>1</sup></li></ul></div></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Khartoum</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu">Mogadishu</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Moroni,_Comoros" title="Moroni, Comoros">Moroni</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nouakchott" title="Nouakchott">Nouakchott</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Rabat" title="Rabat">Rabat</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li></ul> </div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding-left:0.3em;width:50%;"><div> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi" title="Abu Dhabi">Abu Dhabi</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Doha" title="Doha">Doha</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></b> <small>(proclaimed)</small>, <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a><br /></li><li> <b><a href="/wiki/Ramallah" title="Ramallah">Ramallah</a></b> <small>(de facto)</small><sup>1</sup></li></ul></div></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kuwait_City" title="Kuwait City">Kuwait City</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Manama" title="Manama">Manama</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Muscat" title="Muscat">Muscat</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sanaa" title="Sanaa">Sanaa</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>1</sup> <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">An unrecognised or partially-recognised nation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Districts_of_Khartoum" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Districts_of_Khartoum" title="Template:Districts of Khartoum"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Districts_of_Khartoum" title="Template talk:Districts of Khartoum"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Districts_of_Khartoum" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Districts of Khartoum"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Districts_of_Khartoum" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Districts of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Khartoum</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Khartoum" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Khartoum">History </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Khartoum" title="Timeline of Khartoum">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nile_Expedition" title="Nile Expedition">Nile Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Khartoum" title="Siege of Khartoum">Siege of Khartoum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Khartoum_currency" title="Siege of Khartoum currency">Currency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Arab_League_summit" title="1967 Arab League summit">1967 Arab League summit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khartoum_Resolution" title="Khartoum Resolution">Khartoum Resolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Arab_League_summit" title="2006 Arab League summit">2006 Arab League summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_the_Saudi_Embassy_in_Khartoum" title="Attack on the Saudi Embassy in Khartoum">1973 attack on the Saudi Embassy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Khartoum_attacks" title="1988 Khartoum attacks">1988 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_attack_on_Omdurman_and_Khartoum" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 attack on Omdurman and Khartoum">2008 attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khartoum_massacre" title="Khartoum massacre">Khartoum massacre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khartoum_massacre_investigation" title="Khartoum massacre investigation">Investigation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khartoum_(2023)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Khartoum (2023)">Battle of Khartoum (2023)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Old Khartoum</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Muqrin,_Khartoum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Muqrin, Khartoum (page does not exist)"> Al-Muqrin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sika_Hadeed,_Khartoum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sika Hadeed, Khartoum (page does not exist)">Sika Hadeed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khartoum_2" title="Khartoum 2">Khartoum 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khartoum_3" title="Khartoum 3">Khartoum 3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al_Barari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al Barari (page does not exist)">Al Barari</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burri_al-Draisa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Burri al-Draisa (page does not exist)">Burri al-Draisa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burri_al-Lamap&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Burri al-Lamap (page does not exist)">Burri al-Lamap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burri_Almahas" title="Burri Almahas">Burri Almahas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airport_district,_Khartoum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Airport district, Khartoum (page does not exist)"> Airport district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuti_Island" title="Tuti Island">Tuti Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Eastern Khartoum</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garden_City,_Khartoum" title="Garden City, Khartoum">Garden City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Manshiyya,_Khartoum" title="Al-Manshiyya, Khartoum">Al-Manshiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al_Jara%27if_West,_Khartoum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al Jara'if West, Khartoum (page does not exist)">Al Jara'if</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riyadh,_Khartoum" title="Riyadh, Khartoum">Riyadh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taif,_Khartoum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taif, Khartoum (page does not exist)">Al Taif</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emtidad_Nasser,_Khartoum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emtidad Nasser, Khartoum (page does not exist)">Emtidad Nasser</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mujahideen,_Khartoum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mujahideen, Khartoum (page does not exist)">Al Mujahideen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maamora,_Khartoum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maamora, Khartoum (page does not exist)">Al Maamora</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amal,_Khartoum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amal, Khartoum (page does not exist)">Al Amal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soba,_Khartoum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soba, Khartoum (page does not exist)">Soba</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Soba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eastern Soba (page does not exist)">Eastern Soba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Soba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Western Soba (page does not exist)">Western Soba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wadi_Soba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wadi Soba (page does not exist)">Wadi Soba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_%27Aylafun" title="Al 'Aylafun">Al 'Aylafun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Southern Khartoum</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al_Amarat,_Khartoum" title="Al Amarat, Khartoum">Al Amarat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arkawit,_Khartoum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arkawit, Khartoum (page does not exist)">Arkawit</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alsahafa,_Khartoum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alsahafa, Khartoum (page does not exist)">Al Sahafa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al_Azhari,_Khartoum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al Azhari, Khartoum (page does not exist)">Al Azhari</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al_Hilla_al-Jadidha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al Hilla al-Jadidha (page does not exist)">Al Hilla al-Jadidha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al_Sajjana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al Sajjana (page does not exist)">Al Sajjana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shajara,_Khartoum" title="Al-Shajara, Khartoum">Al Shagra</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al_Diyum_East,_Khartoum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al Diyum East, Khartoum (page does not exist)">Eastern Aldiom</a> (Al Deim)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabra,_Khartoum" title="Jabra, Khartoum">Jabra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Azuzab" title="Al-Azuzab">Al-Azuzab</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=El-Emtidad,_Khartoum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="El-Emtidad, Khartoum (page does not exist)">El-Emtidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ashra" title="Al-Ashra">Al-Ashra</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al_Nozha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al Nozha (page does not exist)">Al Nozha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wad_Ajeeb" title="Wad Ajeeb">Wad Ajeeb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Jabal awlia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalakla" title="Kalakla">Al-Klaklat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Adam" title="Abu Adam">Abu Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalakla_East&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalakla East (page does not exist)">East</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalakla_al-Lafa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalakla al-Lafa (page does not exist)">al-Lafa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalakla_al-Munawara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalakla al-Munawara (page does not exist)">al-Munawara</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalakla_al-Qaala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalakla al-Qaala (page does not exist)">al-Qaala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalakla_al-Qubba" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalakla al-Qubba">al-Qubba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalakla_Sanqa%27at&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalakla Sanqa'at (page does not exist)">Sanqa'at</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalakla_al-Wehda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalakla al-Wehda (page does not exist)">al-Wehda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalakla_Wad-Amara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalakla Wad-Amara (page does not exist)">Wad-Amara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al_Andalus,_Khartoum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al Andalus, Khartoum (page does not exist)">Al Andalus</a> <small>(Formerly Dar es Salaam)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alnigaz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alnigaz (page does not exist)">Alnigaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayo,_Khartoum" title="Mayo, Khartoum">Mayo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alsalama,_Khartoum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alsalama, Khartoum (page does not exist)">Alsalama</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allamap&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allamap (page does not exist)">Allamap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabal_Awliya" title="Jabal Awliya">Jabal Awliya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al_Remailah,_Khartoum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al Remailah, Khartoum (page does not exist)"> Al Remailah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al_Quoz,_Khartoum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al Quoz, Khartoum (page does not exist)"> Al Quoz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aldikhanat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aldikhanat (page does not exist)">Aldikhanat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alshiqelab&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alshiqelab (page does not exist)">Alshiqelab</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiba_al-Husnab&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taiba al-Husnab (page does not exist)">Taiba al-Husnab</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traah_AlBeja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Traah AlBeja (page does not exist)">Traah AlBeja</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salmaniya,_Khartoum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salmaniya, Khartoum (page does not exist)">Al Salmaniya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eid_Hussein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eid Hussein (page does not exist)">Eid Hussein</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wadalagli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wadalagli (page does not exist)">Wadalagli </a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almigooma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Almigooma (page does not exist)">Almigooma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Populated_places_in_Khartoum_State" title="Category:Populated places in Khartoum State">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Khartoum" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Khartoum">Commons</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1963#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1963#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1963#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/138043918">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJvRQ9BFDqXHPDrFWfp3wC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4110249-6">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79091927">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12072587n">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12072587n">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Chartúm (Súdán)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge508587&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX453463">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/gdsvtjx05dc5npd">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007550343905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/7ab363df-ec7d-4a26-90f2-51aadd65fc4a">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10044234">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khartoum&oldid=1259758940">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khartoum&oldid=1259758940</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Khartoum" title="Category:Khartoum">Khartoum</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Populated_places_established_in_1821" title="Category:Populated places established in 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