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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Earthquake Hazards Program</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Earthquake_Hazards_Program-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Volcano_early_warning_systems_and_observatories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Volcano_early_warning_systems_and_observatories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Volcano early warning systems and observatories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Volcano_early_warning_systems_and_observatories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coastal_and_Marine_Science_Center" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coastal_and_Marine_Science_Center"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>Coastal and Marine Science Center</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coastal_and_Marine_Science_Center-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_Geomagnetism_Program" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Geomagnetism_Program"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.4</span> <span>National Geomagnetism Program</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Geomagnetism_Program-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_American_Environmental_Atlas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_American_Environmental_Atlas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.5</span> <span>North American Environmental Atlas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_American_Environmental_Atlas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Streamgaging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Streamgaging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.6</span> <span>Streamgaging</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Streamgaging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_Resources_Research_Institute" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_Resources_Research_Institute"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.7</span> <span>Water Resources Research Institute</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_Resources_Research_Institute-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate_Adaptation_Science_Centers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate_Adaptation_Science_Centers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.8</span> <span>Climate Adaptation Science Centers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate_Adaptation_Science_Centers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Astrogeology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Astrogeology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.9</span> <span>Astrogeology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Astrogeology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geochronology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geochronology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.10</span> <span>Geochronology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geochronology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_Streamflow_Information_Program" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Streamflow_Information_Program"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.11</span> <span>National Streamflow Information Program</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Streamflow_Information_Program-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_Wildlife_Health_Center" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Wildlife_Health_Center"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.12</span> <span>National Wildlife Health Center</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Wildlife_Health_Center-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ShakeMaps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ShakeMaps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.13</span> <span>ShakeMaps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ShakeMaps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Select_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Select_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Select activities</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Select_activities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Select activities subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Select_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Topographic_mapping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Topographic_mapping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Topographic mapping</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Topographic_mapping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_National_Map_and_U.S._Topo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_National_Map_and_U.S._Topo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>The National Map and U.S. Topo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_National_Map_and_U.S._Topo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-USGS_Hydrologic_Instrumentation_Facility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#USGS_Hydrologic_Instrumentation_Facility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>USGS Hydrologic Instrumentation Facility</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-USGS_Hydrologic_Instrumentation_Facility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-USGS_publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#USGS_publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>USGS publications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-USGS_publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-List_of_USGS_directors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_USGS_directors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>List of USGS directors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_USGS_directors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">United States Geological Survey: Difference between revisions</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 48 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-48" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">48 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%A6%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AD_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="هيئة المسح الجيولوجي الأمريكية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هيئة المسح الجيولوجي الأمريكية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA" title="যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের ভূতত্ত্ব জরিপ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের ভূতত্ত্ব জরিপ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%AD-kok_T%C4%93-chit_Ti%C4%81u-cha-s%C3%B3%CD%98" title="Bí-kok Tē-chit Tiāu-cha-só͘ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bí-kok Tē-chit Tiāu-cha-só͘" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D0%97%D0%A8%D0%90" title="Геалагічная служба ЗША – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Геалагічная служба ЗША" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%90%D0%A9" title="Геологическа топографска служба на САЩ – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Геологическа топографска служба на САЩ" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servei_Geol%C3%B2gic_dels_Estats_Units" title="Servei Geològic dels Estats Units – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Servei Geològic dels Estats Units" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="United States Geological Survey" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="United States Geological Survey" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="United States Geological Survey" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameerika_%C3%9Chendriikide_Geoloogiateenistus" title="Ameerika Ühendriikide Geoloogiateenistus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ameerika Ühendriikide Geoloogiateenistus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servicio_Geol%C3%B3gico_de_Estados_Unidos" title="Servicio Geológico de Estados Unidos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Servicio Geológico de Estados Unidos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="United States Geological Survey" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameriketako_Estatu_Batuetako_Geologia_Zerbitzua" title="Ameriketako Estatu Batuetako Geologia Zerbitzua – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ameriketako Estatu Batuetako Geologia Zerbitzua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B2%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="سازمان زمین‌شناسی ایالات متحده آمریکا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سازمان زمین‌شناسی ایالات متحده آمریکا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_d%27%C3%A9tudes_g%C3%A9ologiques_des_%C3%89tats-Unis" title="Institut d'études géologiques des États-Unis – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Institut d'études géologiques des États-Unis" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD_%EC%A7%80%EC%A7%88%EC%A1%B0%EC%82%AC%EA%B5%AD" title="미국 지질조사국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미국 지질조사국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3" title="संयुक्त राज्य भूवैज्ञानिक सर्वेक्षण – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="संयुक्त राज्य भूवैज्ञानिक सर्वेक्षण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameri%C4%8Dki_geolo%C5%A1ki_zavod" title="Američki geološki zavod – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Američki geološki zavod" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survei_Geologi_Amerika_Serikat" title="Survei Geologi Amerika Serikat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Survei Geologi Amerika Serikat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="United States Geological Survey" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%92%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA" title="הסקר הגאולוגי של ארצות הברית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הסקר הגאולוגי של ארצות הברית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="United States Geological Survey" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="United States Geological Survey" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%90%D0%94" title="Геолошки топографски институт на САД – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Геолошки топографски институт на САД" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemantauan_Geologi_Amerika_Syarikat" title="Pemantauan Geologi Amerika Syarikat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pemantauan Geologi Amerika Syarikat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="United States Geological Survey" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E5%9C%B0%E8%B3%AA%E8%AA%BF%E6%9F%BB%E6%89%80" title="アメリカ地質調査所 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アメリカ地質調査所" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="United States Geological Survey" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Geological_Survey" title="U.S. Geological Survey – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="U.S. Geological Survey" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="United States Geological Survey" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/AQSH_Geologiya_Xizmati" title="AQSH Geologiya Xizmati – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="AQSH Geologiya Xizmati" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="United States Geological Survey" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servi%C3%A7o_Geol%C3%B3gico_dos_Estados_Unidos" title="Serviço Geológico dos Estados Unidos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Serviço Geológico dos Estados Unidos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serviciul_de_prospectare_geologic%C4%83_al_Statelor_Unite" title="Serviciul de prospectare geologică al Statelor Unite – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Serviciul de prospectare geologică al Statelor Unite" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90" title="Геологическая служба США – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Геологическая служба США" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="United States Geological Survey" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="United States Geological Survey" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geolo%C5%A1ki_zavod_Zdru%C5%BEenih_dr%C5%BEav_Amerike" title="Geološki zavod Združenih držav Amerike – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Geološki zavod Združenih držav Amerike" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82_%D0%A1%D0%90%D0%94" title="Геолошки топографски институт САД – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Геолошки топографски институт САД" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameri%C4%8Dki_geolo%C5%A1ki_zavod" title="Američki geološki zavod – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Američki geološki zavod" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yhdysvaltain_geologian_tutkimuskeskus" title="Yhdysvaltain geologian tutkimuskeskus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Yhdysvaltain geologian tutkimuskeskus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="United States Geological Survey" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%90%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88" title="ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க நில அளவாய்வுத் துறை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க நில அளவாய்வுத் துறை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_Birle%C5%9Fik_Devletleri_Jeoloji_Ara%C5%9Ft%C4%B1rmalar%C4%B1_Kurumu" title="Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Jeoloji Araştırmaları Kurumu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Jeoloji Araştırmaları Kurumu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90" title="Геологічна служба США – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Геологічна служба США" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%B9%DA%88_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%B9_%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%92" title="یونائیٹڈ اسٹیٹ جیولوجیکل سروے – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="یونائیٹڈ اسٹیٹ جیولوجیکل سروے" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%E1%BB%A5c_Kh%E1%BA%A3o_s%C3%A1t_%C4%90%E1%BB%8Ba_ch%E1%BA%A5t_Hoa_K%E1%BB%B3" title="Cục Khảo sát Địa chất Hoa Kỳ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cục Khảo sát Địa chất Hoa Kỳ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%B0%E8%B3%AA%E8%AA%BF%E6%9F%A5%E5%B1%80" title="美國地質調查局 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="美國地質調查局" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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diff-side-deleted"><div id="mw-diff-otitle1"><strong><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Geological_Survey&oldid=1259194553" title="United States Geological Survey">Revision as of 22:01, 23 November 2024</a> <span class="mw-diff-edit"><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Geological_Survey&action=edit&oldid=1259194553" title="United States Geological Survey">edit</a></span><span class="mw-diff-timestamp" data-timestamp="2024-11-23T22:01:29Z"></span></strong></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle2"><a href="/wiki/User:WaddlesJP13" class="mw-userlink" title="User:WaddlesJP13" data-mw-revid="1259194553"><bdi>WaddlesJP13</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:WaddlesJP13" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:WaddlesJP13">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/WaddlesJP13" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/WaddlesJP13">contribs</a>)</span><div class="mw-diff-usermetadata"><div class="mw-diff-userroles"><a 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<td colspan="2" class="diff-ntitle diff-side-added"><div id="mw-diff-ntitle1"><strong><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Geological_Survey&oldid=1260166324" title="United States Geological Survey">Latest revision as of 06:45, 29 November 2024</a> <span class="mw-diff-edit"><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Geological_Survey&action=edit" title="United States Geological Survey">edit</a></span><span class="mw-diff-timestamp" data-timestamp="2024-11-29T06:45:44Z"></span> <span class="mw-diff-undo"><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Geological_Survey&action=edit&undoafter=1259194553&undo=1260166324" title=""Undo" reverts this edit and opens the edit form in preview mode. It allows adding a reason in the summary.">undo</a></span></strong></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle2"><a href="/wiki/User:EatingCarBatteries" class="mw-userlink" title="User:EatingCarBatteries" data-mw-revid="1260166324"><bdi>EatingCarBatteries</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:EatingCarBatteries" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:EatingCarBatteries">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/EatingCarBatteries" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/EatingCarBatteries">contribs</a>)</span><div class="mw-diff-usermetadata"><div class="mw-diff-userroles"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Extended_confirmed_editors" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Extended confirmed editors">Extended confirmed users</a></div><div class="mw-diff-usereditcount"><span>1,466</span> edits</div></div></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle3"> <span class="comment comment--without-parentheses"><span class="autocomment"><a href="#USGS_publications">→<bdi dir="ltr">USGS publications</bdi></a></span></span></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle5"><span class="mw-tag-markers"><a href="/wiki/Special:Tags" title="Special:Tags">Tag</a>: <span class="mw-tag-marker mw-tag-marker-visualeditor"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:VisualEditor">Visual edit</a></span></span></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle4"> </div></td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 139:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 139:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>==USGS publications==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>==USGS publications==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>USGS researchers publish the results of their science in a variety of ways, including peer-reviewed scientific journals as well as in one of a variety of USGS Report Series<ref>{{Cite web|title=USGS Series definitions- USGS Publications Warehouse|url=https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/documentation/usgs_series|access-date=2020-07-30|website=pubs.er.usgs.gov}}</ref> that include preliminary results, maps, data, and final results. A complete catalog of all USGS publications is available from the USGS Publications Warehouse.<ref>https://pubs.usgs.gov/</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>USGS researchers publish the results of their science in a variety of ways, including peer-reviewed scientific journals as well as in one of a variety of USGS Report Series<ref>{{Cite web|title=USGS Series definitions- USGS Publications Warehouse|url=https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/documentation/usgs_series|access-date=2020-07-30|website=pubs.er.usgs.gov}}</ref> that include preliminary results, maps, data, and final results. A complete catalog of all USGS publications is available from the USGS Publications Warehouse.<ref><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">{{Cite web |title=U.S. Geological Survey Publications Warehouse |url=</ins>https://pubs.usgs.gov/<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> |access-date= |website=pubs.usgs.gov}}</ins></ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>== History ==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>== History ==</div></td> </tr>  </table><hr class='diff-hr' id='mw-oldid' /> <h2 class='diff-currentversion-title'>Latest revision as of 06:45, 29 November 2024</h2> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Scientific agency of the US government</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/U.S._National_Geodetic_Survey" title="U.S. National Geodetic Survey">U.S. National Geodetic Survey</a> or <a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_and_Geodetic_Survey" title="United States Coast and Geodetic Survey">United States Coast and Geodetic Survey</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size: 125%;">United States Geological Survey (USGS)</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Geological_Survey.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Seal_of_the_United_States_Geological_Survey.svg/140px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Geological_Survey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Seal_of_the_United_States_Geological_Survey.svg/210px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Geological_Survey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Seal_of_the_United_States_Geological_Survey.svg/280px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Geological_Survey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Seal of the United States Geological Survey</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:USGS_logo_green.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/USGS_logo_green.svg/160px-USGS_logo_green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/USGS_logo_green.svg/240px-USGS_logo_green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/USGS_logo_green.svg/320px-USGS_logo_green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="200" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Official identifier of the U.S. Geological Survey</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States_Geological_Survey.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Flag_of_the_United_States_Geological_Survey.png/220px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Geological_Survey.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Flag_of_the_United_States_Geological_Survey.png 1.5x" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="216" /></a></span><br />Flag of the United States Geological Survey</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Agency overview</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formed</th><td class="infobox-data">March 3, 1879<span class="noprint">; 145 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1879-03-03</span>)</span> (as Geological Survey)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Jurisdiction</th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data">John W. Powell National Center<br /><a href="/wiki/Reston,_Virginia" title="Reston, Virginia">Reston, Virginia</a>, U.S.<br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=United_States_Geological_Survey&params=38.947_N_77.3675_W_type:landmark_region:US-VA"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">38°56′49″N</span> <span class="longitude">77°22′03″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">38.9470°N 77.3675°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">38.9470; -77.3675</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Employees</th><td class="infobox-data">8,670 (2009)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Annual budget</th><td class="infobox-data">$1.497 billion (FY2023)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Agency executive</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/David_Applegate_(geologist)" title="David Applegate (geologist)">Dave Applegate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Director_of_the_U.S._Geological_Survey" title="Director of the U.S. Geological Survey">Director</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent agency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior" title="United States Department of the Interior">United States Department of the Interior</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usgs.gov/">www<wbr />.usgs<wbr />.gov</a></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193755#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>United States Geological Survey</b> (<b>USGS</b>), founded as the <b>Geological Survey</b>, is an <a href="/wiki/Government_agency" title="Government agency">agency</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior" title="United States Department of the Interior">U.S. Department of the Interior</a> whose work spans the disciplines of <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">geography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">geology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hydrology" title="Hydrology">hydrology</a>. The agency was founded on March 3, 1879, to study the <a href="/wiki/Landscape" title="Landscape">landscape</a> of the United States, its <a href="/wiki/Natural_resource" title="Natural resource">natural resources</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Natural_hazard" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural hazard">natural hazards</a> that threaten it. The agency also makes maps of extraterrestrial planets and moons based on data from <a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_missions" title="List of NASA missions">U.S. space probes</a>. </p><p>The sole scientific agency of the U.S. Department of the Interior, USGS is a fact-finding research organization with no regulatory responsibility.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Reston,_Virginia" title="Reston, Virginia">Reston, Virginia</a>, with major offices near <a href="/wiki/Lakewood,_Colorado" title="Lakewood, Colorado">Lakewood, Colorado</a>; at the <a href="/wiki/Denver_Federal_Center" title="Denver Federal Center">Denver Federal Center</a>; and in <a href="/wiki/NASA_Ames_Research_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA Ames Research Park">NASA Ames Research Park</a> in California.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2009, it employed about 8,670 people.<sup id="cite_ref-AP-20091023_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP-20091023-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The current motto of the USGS, in use since August 1997, is "science for a changing world".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The agency's previous slogan, adopted on its hundredth anniversary, was "Earth Science in the Public Service".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organizational_structure">Organizational structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Geological_Survey&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Organizational structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Usgs-headquarters.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Usgs-headquarters.jpeg/220px-Usgs-headquarters.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Usgs-headquarters.jpeg/330px-Usgs-headquarters.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Usgs-headquarters.jpeg/440px-Usgs-headquarters.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/U.S._Geological_Survey_National_Center" title="U.S. Geological Survey National Center">U.S. Geological Survey National Center</a> in <a href="/wiki/Reston,_Virginia" title="Reston, Virginia">Reston, Virginia</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anim7_us.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Anim7_us.gif/220px-Anim7_us.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Anim7_us.gif/330px-Anim7_us.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Anim7_us.gif/440px-Anim7_us.gif 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="630" /></a><figcaption>Earthquake animations from May 16 to May 22, 2010</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Recent_Earthquakes_Last_8-30_Days.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Recent_Earthquakes_Last_8-30_Days.gif/220px-Recent_Earthquakes_Last_8-30_Days.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Recent_Earthquakes_Last_8-30_Days.gif/330px-Recent_Earthquakes_Last_8-30_Days.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Recent_Earthquakes_Last_8-30_Days.gif/440px-Recent_Earthquakes_Last_8-30_Days.gif 2x" data-file-width="567" data-file-height="341" /></a><figcaption>Earthquakes around the world from April 23 to May 23, 2010</figcaption></figure> <p>Since 2012, the USGS science focus has been directed at topical "Mission Areas"<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that have continued to evolve. Further organizational structure includes headquarters functions, geographic regions, science and support programs, science centers, labs, and other facilities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regions">Regions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Geological_Survey&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Regions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The USGS regional organization<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> aligns with the U.S. Department of the Interior Unified Interior Regions:<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Region 1: North Atlantic-Appalachian</li> <li>Region 2: South Atlantic-Gulf</li> <li>Region 3: Great Lakes</li> <li>Region 4: Mississippi Basin</li> <li>Region 5: Missouri Basin</li> <li>Region 6: Arkansas-Rio Grande-Texas-Gulf</li> <li>Region 7: Upper Colorado Basin</li> <li>Region 8: Lower Colorado Basin</li> <li>Region 9: Columbia-Pacific Northwest</li> <li>Region 10: California-Great Basin</li> <li>Region 11: Alaska</li> <li>Region 12: Pacific Islands</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science_programs,_facilities,_and_other_organizations"><span id="Science_programs.2C_facilities.2C_and_other_organizations"></span>Science programs, facilities, and other organizations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Geological_Survey&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Science programs, facilities, and other organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>USGS operates and organizes within a number of specific science programs, facilities, and other organizational units: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Earthquake_Hazards_Program">Earthquake Hazards Program</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Geological_Survey&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Earthquake Hazards Program"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Earthquake_Hazards_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Earthquake Hazards Program">Earthquake Hazards Program</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> monitors <a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">earthquake</a> activity worldwide. The <a href="/wiki/National_Earthquake_Information_Center" title="National Earthquake Information Center">National Earthquake Information Center</a> (NEIC) in <a href="/wiki/Golden,_Colorado" title="Golden, Colorado">Golden, Colorado</a>, on the campus of the <a href="/wiki/Colorado_School_of_Mines" title="Colorado School of Mines">Colorado School of Mines</a> detects the location and magnitude of global earthquakes. The USGS also runs or supports several regional monitoring networks in the United States under the umbrella of the <a href="/wiki/Advanced_National_Seismic_System" title="Advanced National Seismic System">Advanced National Seismic System</a> (ANSS).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The USGS informs authorities, emergency responders, the media, and the public, both domestic and worldwide, about significant earthquakes. It maintains long-term archives of earthquake data for scientific and engineering research. It also conducts and supports research on long-term <a href="/wiki/Seismic_hazard" title="Seismic hazard">seismic hazards</a>. USGS has released the <a href="/wiki/California_earthquake_forecast" class="mw-redirect" title="California earthquake forecast">UCERF California earthquake forecast.</a><sup id="cite_ref-Field_2015_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Field_2015-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Volcano_early_warning_systems_and_observatories">Volcano early warning systems and observatories</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Geological_Survey&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Volcano early warning systems and observatories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 2005,<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Geological_Survey&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> the agency is working to create a <a href="/wiki/Volcano_warning_schemes_of_the_United_States" title="Volcano warning schemes of the United States">National Volcano Early Warning System</a> by improving the instrumentation monitoring <a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_the_United_States" title="List of volcanoes in the United States">the 169 volcanoes in U.S. territory</a> and by establishing methods for measuring the relative threats posed at each site. </p><p>The USGS also operates five volcano observatories throughout the nation: the <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Volcano_Observatory" title="Alaska Volcano Observatory">Alaska Volcano Observatory</a> in <a href="/wiki/Anchorage,_Alaska" title="Anchorage, Alaska">Anchorage, Alaska</a> (on the campus of <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Pacific_University" title="Alaska Pacific University">Alaska Pacific University</a>), the <a href="/wiki/California_Volcano_Observatory" title="California Volcano Observatory">California Volcano Observatory</a> in <a href="/wiki/Menlo_Park,_California" title="Menlo Park, California">Menlo Park, California</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cascades_Volcano_Observatory" title="Cascades Volcano Observatory">Cascades Volcano Observatory</a> (covering volcanoes in <a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Vancouver,_Washington" title="Vancouver, Washington">Vancouver, Washington</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Volcano_Observatory" title="Hawaiian Volcano Observatory">Hawaiian Volcano Observatory</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hilo,_Hawaii" title="Hilo, Hawaii">Hilo, Hawaii</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Yellowstone_Volcano_Observatory" title="Yellowstone Volcano Observatory">Yellowstone Volcano Observatory</a> (covering volcanoes in <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Yellowstone_National_Park" title="Yellowstone National Park">Yellowstone National Park</a>, Wyoming.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Coastal_and_Marine_Science_Center">Coastal and Marine Science Center</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Geological_Survey&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Coastal and Marine Science Center"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The USGS Coastal and Marine Science Center (formerly the USGS Center for Coastal Geology) has three sites, one for the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> (located in <a href="/wiki/Woods_Hole,_Massachusetts" title="Woods Hole, Massachusetts">Woods Hole, Massachusetts</a>), one for the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> (located in <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz,_California" title="Santa Cruz, California">Santa Cruz, California</a>) and one for the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a> (located on the <a href="/wiki/University_of_South_Florida_St._Petersburg" title="University of South Florida St. Petersburg">University of South Florida's St. Petersburg</a> campus). The goal of this department is to conduct research in geology, mapping, hydrology, biology, and related sciences; evaluate hazards associated with floods, droughts, hurricanes, subsidence, human activity, and climate change; map the onshore and offshore geologic framework; assess mineral resources and develop techniques for their discovery; assess water resources and develop an understanding of the impact of human activities and natural phenomena on hydrologic systems; assess links between biodiversity, habitat condition, ecosystem processes and health; and develop new technologies for collection and interpretation of earth science data.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="National_Geomagnetism_Program">National Geomagnetism Program</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Geological_Survey&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: National Geomagnetism Program"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The USGS <a href="/wiki/National_Geomagnetism_Program" title="National Geomagnetism Program">National Geomagnetism Program</a> monitors the <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_field" title="Magnetic field">magnetic field</a> at magnetic observatories and distributes <a href="/wiki/Magnetometer" title="Magnetometer">magnetometer</a> data in real time. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="North_American_Environmental_Atlas">North American Environmental Atlas</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Geological_Survey&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: North American Environmental Atlas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The USGS collaborates with <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canadian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexican</a> government scientists, along with the <a href="/wiki/Commission_for_Environmental_Cooperation" title="Commission for Environmental Cooperation">Commission for Environmental Cooperation</a>, to produce the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Environmental_Atlas" title="North American Environmental Atlas">North American Environmental Atlas</a>, which is used to depict and track environmental issues for a continental perspective. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Streamgaging">Streamgaging</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Geological_Survey&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Streamgaging"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USGS_Station.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/USGS_Station.JPG/220px-USGS_Station.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/USGS_Station.JPG/330px-USGS_Station.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/USGS_Station.JPG/440px-USGS_Station.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a><figcaption>A USGS <a href="/wiki/Stream_gauge" title="Stream gauge">gauging station</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Scioto_River" title="Scioto River">Scioto River</a> below <a href="/wiki/O%27Shaughnessy_Dam_(Ohio)" title="O'Shaughnessy Dam (Ohio)">O'Shaughnessy Dam</a> near <a href="/wiki/Dublin,_Ohio" title="Dublin, Ohio">Dublin, Ohio</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The USGS operates the <a href="/wiki/Stream_gauge" title="Stream gauge">streamgaging</a> network for the United States, with over 7400 <a href="/wiki/Stream_gage" class="mw-redirect" title="Stream gage">streamgages</a>. Real-time streamflow data<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are available online. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Water_Resources_Research_Institute">Water Resources Research Institute</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Geological_Survey&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Water Resources Research Institute"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As part of the Water Resources Research Act of 1984, the State Water Resources Research Act Program created a Water Resources Research Institute (WRRI) in each state, along with Washington DC, Puerto Rico, the US Virgin Islands, and Guam.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Together, these institutes make up the National Institutes for Water Resources (NIWR). The institutes focus on water-related issues through research, training and collaboration.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Climate_Adaptation_Science_Centers">Climate Adaptation Science Centers</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Geological_Survey&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Climate Adaptation Science Centers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The National and regional Climate Adaptation Science Centers (CASCs)<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a partnership-driven program that teams scientific researchers with natural and cultural resource managers to help fish, wildlife, waters, and lands across the country <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">adapt to climate change</a>. The National CASC (NCASC), based at USGS headquarters in Reston, Virginia, serves as the national office for the CASC network, while <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usgs.gov/ecosystems/climate-adaptation-science-centers/learn-about-regional-cascs?qt-science_support_page_related_con=0#qt-science_support_page_related_con">eight regional CASCs</a> made up of federal-university consortiums located across the U.S., U.S. Pacific Islands, and U.S. Caribbean deliver science that addresses resource management priorities of the states within their footprints. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Astrogeology">Astrogeology</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Geological_Survey&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Astrogeology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since 1962, the <a href="/wiki/Astrogeology_Research_Program" title="Astrogeology Research Program">Astrogeology Research Program</a> has been involved in global, <a href="/wiki/Lunar_exploration" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar exploration">lunar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Planetary_exploration" class="mw-redirect" title="Planetary exploration">planetary</a> exploration and <a href="/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography">mapping</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Geochronology">Geochronology</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Geological_Survey&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Geochronology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In collaboration with <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>, the USGS also operates the USGS-Stanford Ion Microprobe Laboratory,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a world-class<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> analytical facility for U-(Th)-Pb <a href="/wiki/Geochronology" title="Geochronology">geochronology</a> and trace element analyses of minerals and other earth materials. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="National_Streamflow_Information_Program">National Streamflow Information Program</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Geological_Survey&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: National Streamflow Information Program"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>USGS operates a number of water-related programs, notably the National Streamflow Information Program<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and National Water-Quality Assessment Program.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> USGS Water data is publicly available from their National Water Information System<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> database. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="National_Wildlife_Health_Center">National Wildlife Health Center</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Geological_Survey&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: National Wildlife Health Center"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The USGS also operates the <a href="/wiki/National_Wildlife_Health_Center" title="National Wildlife Health Center">National Wildlife Health Center</a>, whose mission is "to serve the nation and its natural resources by providing sound science and technical support, and to disseminate information to promote science-based decisions affecting wildlife and ecosystem health. The NWHC provides information, technical assistance, research, education, and leadership on national and international wildlife health issues."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the agency primarily responsible for surveillance of <a href="/wiki/H5N1" class="mw-redirect" title="H5N1">H5N1</a> <a href="/wiki/Avian_influenza" title="Avian influenza">avian influenza</a> outbreaks in the United States. The USGS also runs 17 biological research centers in the United States, including the <a href="/wiki/Patuxent_Wildlife_Research_Center" title="Patuxent Wildlife Research Center">Patuxent Wildlife Research Center</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="ShakeMaps">ShakeMaps</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Geological_Survey&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: ShakeMaps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The USGS is investigating collaboration with the social networking site <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> to allow for more rapid construction of ShakeMaps.<sup id="cite_ref-twittereq_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twittereq-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-twittereqblog_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twittereqblog-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ShakeMaps are an interactive tool allowing users to visually observe the distribution and severity of Shaking resulting from Earthquakes.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Select_activities">Select activities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Geological_Survey&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Select activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Topographic_mapping">Topographic mapping</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Geological_Survey&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Topographic mapping"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mount_Marcy_New_York_USGS_topo_map_1892.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Mount_Marcy_New_York_USGS_topo_map_1892.jpg/220px-Mount_Marcy_New_York_USGS_topo_map_1892.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Mount_Marcy_New_York_USGS_topo_map_1892.jpg/330px-Mount_Marcy_New_York_USGS_topo_map_1892.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Mount_Marcy_New_York_USGS_topo_map_1892.jpg/440px-Mount_Marcy_New_York_USGS_topo_map_1892.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2997" data-file-height="3596" /></a><figcaption>An 1892 15-minute map of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Marcy" title="Mount Marcy">Mount Marcy</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Adirondacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Adirondacks">Adirondacks</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York state</a> from the late 19th century</figcaption></figure> <p>The USGS produces several national series of <a href="/wiki/Topographic_maps" class="mw-redirect" title="Topographic maps">topographic maps</a> which vary in <a href="/wiki/Scale_(map)" title="Scale (map)">scale</a> and extent, with some wide gaps in coverage, notably the complete absence of 1:50,000 scale topographic maps or their equivalent. The largest (both in terms of scale and quantity) and best-known topographic series is the 7.5-minute, 1:24,000 scale, <a href="/wiki/Quadrangle_(geography)" title="Quadrangle (geography)">quadrangle</a>, a non-metric scale virtually unique to the United States. Each of these maps covers an area bounded by two lines of <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitude</a> and two lines of <a href="/wiki/Longitude" title="Longitude">longitude</a> spaced 7.5 <a href="/wiki/Minute_of_arc" class="mw-redirect" title="Minute of arc">minutes</a> apart. Nearly 57,000 individual maps in this series cover the <a href="/wiki/Continental_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Continental United States">48 contiguous states</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Territories" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Territories">U.S. territories</a>, and areas of <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> near <a href="/wiki/Anchorage" class="mw-redirect" title="Anchorage">Anchorage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fairbanks" class="mw-redirect" title="Fairbanks">Fairbanks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Prudhoe_Bay" class="mw-redirect" title="Prudhoe Bay">Prudhoe Bay</a>. The area covered by each map varies with the latitude of its represented location due to convergence of the meridians. At lower latitudes, near 30° north, a 7.5-minute quadrangle contains an area of about 64 square miles (166 km<sup>2</sup>). At 49° north latitude, 49 square miles (127 km<sup>2</sup>) are contained within a quadrangle of that size. As a unique non-metric map scale, the 1:24,000 scale naturally requires a separate and specialized <a href="/wiki/Romer" title="Romer">romer</a> scale for plotting map positions.<sup id="cite_ref-USGS_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In recent years, budget constraints have forced the USGS to rely on donations of time by civilian volunteers in an attempt to update its 7.5-minute topographic map series, and USGS stated outright in 2000 that the program was to be phased out in favor of <i><a href="/wiki/The_National_Map" title="The National Map">The National Map</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/National_Atlas_of_the_United_States" title="National Atlas of the United States">National Atlas of the United States</a> produced by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior" title="United States Department of the Interior">Department of the Interior</a>, one of whose bureaus is USGS). </p><p>An older series of maps, the 15-minute series, was once used to map the contiguous 48 states at a scale of 1:62,500 for maps covering the continental United States, but was discontinued during the last quarter of the twentieth century. Each map was bounded by two <a href="/wiki/Circle_of_latitude" title="Circle of latitude">parallels</a> and two <a href="/wiki/Meridian_(geography)" title="Meridian (geography)">meridians</a> spaced 15 minutes apart—the same area covered by four maps in the 7.5-minute series. The 15-minute series, at a scale of 1:63,360 (one inch representing one mile), remains the primary topographic quadrangle for the state of Alaska (and only for that particular state). Nearly 3,000 maps cover 97% of the state.<sup id="cite_ref-USGS_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United States remains virtually the only developed country in the world without a standardized civilian topographic map series in the standard 1:25,000 or 1:50,000 metric scales, making coordination difficult in border regions (the U.S. military does issue 1:50,000 scale topo maps of the continental United States, though only for use by members of its defense forces). </p><p>The next-smallest topographic series, in terms of scale, is the 1:100,000 series. These maps are bounded by two lines of longitude and two lines of latitude. However, in this series, the lines of latitude are spaced 30 minutes apart and the lines of longitude are spaced 60 minutes, which is the source of another name for these maps; the 30 x 60-minute quadrangle series. Each of these quadrangles covers the area contained within 32 maps in the 7.5-minute series. The 1:100,000 scale series is unusual in that it primarily employs the <a href="/wiki/Metric_system" title="Metric system">metric system</a>. One centimeter on the map represents one kilometer of distance on the ground. <a href="/wiki/Contour_interval" class="mw-redirect" title="Contour interval">Contour intervals</a>, spot elevations, and horizontal distances are also specified in meters. </p><p>The final regular quadrangle series produced by the USGS is the 1:250,000 scale topographic series. Each of these quadrangles in the conterminous United States measures 1 degree of latitude by 2 degrees of longitude. This series was produced by the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Army_Map_Service" title="Army Map Service">Army Map Service</a> in the 1950s, prior to the maps in the larger-scale series, and consists of 489 sheets, each covering an area ranging from 8,218 square miles (21,285 km<sup>2</sup>) at 30° north to 6,222 square miles (16,115 km<sup>2</sup>) at 49° north.<sup id="cite_ref-USGS_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hawaii is mapped at this scale in quadrangles measuring 1° by 1°. </p><p>USGS topographic quadrangle maps are marked with grid lines and tics around the map collar which make it possible to identify locations on the map by several methods, including the <a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">graticule</a> measurements of longitude and latitude, the <a href="/wiki/Survey_township" title="Survey township">township</a> and <a href="/wiki/Section_(land)" class="mw-redirect" title="Section (land)">section</a> method within the <a href="/wiki/Public_Land_Survey_System" title="Public Land Survey System">Public Land Survey System</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cartesian_coordinate_system" title="Cartesian coordinate system">cartesian coordinates</a> in both the <a href="/wiki/State_Plane_Coordinate_System" title="State Plane Coordinate System">State Plane Coordinate System</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Transverse_Mercator_coordinate_system" title="Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system">Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system</a>. </p><p>Other specialty maps have been produced by the USGS at a variety of scales. These include <a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">county</a> maps, maps of special interest areas, such as the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Park">national parks</a>, and areas of scientific interest. </p><p>A number of Internet sites have made these maps available on the web for affordable commercial and professional use. Because works of the U.S. government are in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>, it is also possible to find many of these maps for free at various locations on the Internet. <a href="/wiki/Georeference" class="mw-redirect" title="Georeference">Georeferenced</a> map images are available from the USGS as <a href="/wiki/Digital_raster_graphic" title="Digital raster graphic">digital raster graphics</a> (DRGs) in addition to digital data sets based on USGS maps, notably <a href="/wiki/Digital_line_graph" title="Digital line graph">digital line graphs</a> (DLGs) and <a href="/wiki/Digital_elevation_model" title="Digital elevation model">digital elevation models</a> (DEMs). </p><p>In 2015, the USGS unveiled the topoView website, a new way to view their entire digitized collection of over 178,000 maps from 1884 to 2006. The site is an interactive map of the United States that allows users to search or move around the map to find the USGS collection of maps for a specific area. Users may then view the maps in great detail and download them if desired.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_National_Map_and_U.S._Topo">The National Map and U.S. Topo</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Geological_Survey&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: The National Map and U.S. Topo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2008 the USGS abandoned traditional methods of surveying, revising, and updating topographic maps based on aerial photography and field checks.<sup id="cite_ref-MOO_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MOO-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today's U.S. Topo quadrangle (1:24,000) maps are mass-produced, using automated and semiautomated processes, with cartographic content supplied from the National GIS Database.<sup id="cite_ref-MOO_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MOO-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the two years from June 2009 to May 2011, the USGS produced nearly 40,000 maps, more than 80 maps per work day.<sup id="cite_ref-MOO_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MOO-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only about two hours of interactive work are spent on each map, mostly on text placement and final inspection; there are essentially no field checks or field inspections to confirm map details.<sup id="cite_ref-MOO_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MOO-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:United_States_National_Geodetic_Survey_marker_5667.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/United_States_National_Geodetic_Survey_marker_5667.JPG/220px-United_States_National_Geodetic_Survey_marker_5667.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/United_States_National_Geodetic_Survey_marker_5667.JPG/330px-United_States_National_Geodetic_Survey_marker_5667.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/United_States_National_Geodetic_Survey_marker_5667.JPG/440px-United_States_National_Geodetic_Survey_marker_5667.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>United States Geological Survey marker on the summit of <a href="/wiki/Maiden_Peak_(Washington)" title="Maiden Peak (Washington)">Maiden Peak (Washington)</a></figcaption></figure> <p>While much less expensive to compile and produce, the revised digital U.S. topo maps have been criticized for a lack of accuracy and detail in comparison to older generation maps based on aerial photo surveys and field checks.<sup id="cite_ref-MOO_33-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MOO-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the digital databases were not designed for producing general-purpose maps, data integration can be a problem when retrieved from sources with different resolutions and collection dates.<sup id="cite_ref-MOO_33-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MOO-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Human-made features once recorded by direct field observation are not in any public domain national database and are frequently omitted from the newest generation digital topo maps, including windmills, mines and mineshafts, water tanks, fence lines, survey marks, parks, recreational trails, buildings, boundaries, pipelines, telephone lines, power transmission lines, and even railroads.<sup id="cite_ref-MOO_33-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MOO-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, the digital map's use of existing software may not properly integrate different feature classes or prioritize and organize text in areas of crowded features, obscuring important geographic details.<sup id="cite_ref-MOO_33-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MOO-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, some have noted that the U.S. Topo maps currently fall short of traditional topographic map presentation standards achieved in maps drawn from 1945 to 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-MOO_33-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MOO-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="USGS_Hydrologic_Instrumentation_Facility">USGS Hydrologic Instrumentation Facility</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Geological_Survey&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: USGS Hydrologic Instrumentation Facility"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Hydrologic Instrumentation Facility (HIF) has four sections within its organizational structure;<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Field Services Section which includes the warehouse, repair shop, and Engineering Unit; the Testing Section which includes the Hydraulic Laboratory, testing chambers, and Water Quality Laboratory; the Information Technology Section which includes computer support and the Drafting Unit; and the Administrative Section. </p><p>The HIF was given national responsibility for the design, testing, evaluation, repair, calibration, warehousing, and distribution of hydrologic instrumentation. Distribution is accomplished by direct sales and through a rental program. The HIF supports data collection activities through centralized warehouse and laboratory facilities. The HIF warehouse provides hydrologic instruments, equipment, and supplies for USGS as well as Other Federal Agencies (OFA) and USGS Cooperators. The HIF also tests, evaluates, repairs, calibrates, and develops hydrologic equipment and instruments. The HIF Hydraulic Laboratory facilities include a towing tank, jet tank, pipe flow facility, and tilting flume. In addition, the HIF provides training and technical support for the equipment it stocks. </p><p>The Engineering Group seeks out new technology and designs for instrumentation that can work more efficiently, be more accurate, and or be produced at a lower cost than existing instrumentation. HIF works directly with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Forest_Technology_Systems&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Forest Technology Systems (page does not exist)">vendors</a> to help them produce products that will meet the mission needs of the USGS. For instrument needs not currently met by a vendor, the Engineering Group designs, tests, and issues contracts to have HIF-designed equipment made. Sometimes HIF will patent a new design in the hope that instrument vendors will buy the rights and mass-produce the instrument at a lower cost to everyone. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="USGS_publications">USGS publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Geological_Survey&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: USGS publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>USGS researchers publish the results of their science in a variety of ways, including peer-reviewed scientific journals as well as in one of a variety of USGS Report Series<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that include preliminary results, maps, data, and final results. A complete catalog of all USGS publications is available from the USGS Publications Warehouse.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Geological_Survey&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the mid-1800s, various states set up geological survey institutions; e.g., the <a href="/wiki/Kentucky_Geological_Survey" title="Kentucky Geological Survey">Kentucky Geological Survey</a>, established in 1854.<sup id="cite_ref-Smath2014_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smath2014-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 501">: 501 </span></sup> </p><p>In 1879, a report from the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a> prompted Congress to set up a federal survey agency, in part to inventory the vast lands added to the United States by the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a> in 1803 and the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a> in 1848. The USGS was authorized on March 3 in a last-minute amendment to an unrelated bill that charged the new agency with the "classification of the public lands, and examination of the geological structure, mineral resources, and products of the national domain". The legislation also provided that the <a href="/wiki/Hayden_Geological_Survey_of_1871" title="Hayden Geological Survey of 1871">Hayden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Powell_Geographic_Expedition_of_1869" title="Powell Geographic Expedition of 1869">Powell</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wheeler_Survey" title="Wheeler Survey">Wheeler</a> surveys be discontinued as of June 30, 1879.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Clarence_King" title="Clarence King">Clarence King</a>, the first director of USGS, assembled the new organization from disparate regional survey agencies. After two years, King was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/John_Wesley_Powell" title="John Wesley Powell">John Wesley Powell</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List_of_USGS_directors">List of USGS directors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Geological_Survey&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: List of USGS directors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clarence_King.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Clarence_King.jpg/220px-Clarence_King.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Clarence_King.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="329" data-file-height="413" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Clarence_King" title="Clarence King">Clarence King</a>, first director of the USGS from 1879 to 1881</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>1879–1881: <a href="/wiki/Clarence_King" title="Clarence King">Clarence King</a></li> <li>1881–1894: <a href="/wiki/John_Wesley_Powell" title="John Wesley Powell">John Wesley Powell</a></li> <li>1894–1907: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Doolittle_Walcott" title="Charles Doolittle Walcott">Charles Doolittle Walcott</a></li> <li>1907–1930: <a href="/wiki/George_Otis_Smith" title="George Otis Smith">George Otis Smith</a></li> <li>1930–1943: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Curran_Mendenhall" title="Walter Curran Mendenhall">Walter Curran Mendenhall</a></li> <li>1943–1956: <a href="/wiki/William_Embry_Wrather" title="William Embry Wrather">William Embry Wrather</a></li> <li>1956–1965: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brennan_Nolan" title="Thomas Brennan Nolan">Thomas Brennan Nolan</a></li> <li>1965–1971: <a href="/wiki/William_Thomas_Pecora" title="William Thomas Pecora">William Thomas Pecora</a></li> <li>1971–1978: <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Ellis_McKelvey" title="Vincent Ellis McKelvey">Vincent Ellis McKelvey</a></li> <li>1978–1981: <a href="/wiki/Henry_William_Menard" title="Henry William Menard">Henry William Menard</a></li> <li>1981–1993: <a href="/wiki/Dallas_Lynn_Peck" title="Dallas Lynn Peck">Dallas Lynn Peck</a></li> <li>1994–1997: <a href="/wiki/Gordon_P._Eaton" title="Gordon P. Eaton">Gordon P. Eaton</a></li> <li>1998–2005: <a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Groat" title="Charles G. Groat">Charles G. Groat</a></li> <li>2006–2009: <a href="/wiki/Mark_Myers" title="Mark Myers">Mark Myers</a></li> <li>2009–2013: <a href="/wiki/Marcia_McNutt" title="Marcia McNutt">Marcia McNutt</a></li> <li>2014–2017: <a href="/wiki/Suzette_Kimball" title="Suzette Kimball">Suzette Kimball</a></li> <li>2018–2021: <a href="/wiki/James_F._Reilly" title="James F. Reilly">James F. Reilly</a></li> <li>2022–present: <a href="/wiki/David_Applegate_(geologist)" title="David Applegate (geologist)">David Applegate</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Geological_Survey&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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<li><a href="/wiki/National_Lidar_Dataset_(United_States)" title="National Lidar Dataset (United States)">National Lidar Dataset (United States)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QuakeSim" title="QuakeSim">QuakeSim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_environmental_history" title="Timeline of environmental history">Timeline of environmental history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variscale" title="Variscale">Variscale</a> ruler</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcano_Disaster_Assistance_Program" title="Volcano Disaster Assistance Program">Volcano Disaster Assistance Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_Resource_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Water Resource Region">Water Resource Region</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Geological_Survey&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Geological_Survey&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-bill/2617">H.R. 2617</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usgs.gov/about/about-us/who-we-are">"Who We Are"</a>. United States Geological Survey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220804005000/https://www.usgs.gov/about/about-us/who-we-are">Archived</a> from the original on August 4, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 3,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Who+We+Are&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usgs.gov%2Fabout%2Fabout-us%2Fwho-we-are&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Geological+Survey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLean2024" class="citation news cs1">McLean, Tessa (May 10, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sfgate.com/local/article/bay-area-property-will-be-vacant-housing-proposed-19449732.php">"Big Bay Area property could soon be vacant after 70 years"</a>. <i>San Francisco Chronicle</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:United_States_Geological_Survey" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usgs.gov/">USGS official website</a></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.federalregister.gov/agencies/geological-survey">USGS</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Register" title="Federal Register">Federal Register</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/">Open-File reports online</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28+%28%22Geological+Survey%22+AND+%22United+States%22%29+OR+%28%22Geological+Survey%22+AND+%22U.+S.%22%29+OR+%22USGS%22+%29">Works by or about United States Geological Survey</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historical.mytopo.com/">Mytopo historical maps</a> hosts historical USGS topos in the northeast U.S.</li> <li>U.S. Geological <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ttu-ir.tdl.org/handle/2346/61588">Survey Documents at Texas Tech University 1873–2015</a></li> <li>Historic technical reports from USGS (and other Federal agencies) are available in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trailguides.crl.edu/series/GS">Technical Report Archive and Image Library (TRAIL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_American_Buildings_Survey" class="mw-redirect" title="Historic American Buildings Survey">Historic American Buildings Survey</a> (HABS) documentation, filed under 2255 North Gemini Drive, Flagstaff, Coconino County, AZ: <ul><li>HABS No. AZ-215-A, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://loc.gov/pictures/item/az0479/">U.S. Geological Survey Center of Astrogeology, Building No. 1</a>", 3 photos, 13 data pages, 1 photo caption page</li> <li>HABS No. AZ-224, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://loc.gov/pictures/item/az0593/">U.S. Geological Survey Center of Astrogeology, Photolab</a>", 1 measured drawing, 73 data pages</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_Documentation_Programs#Historic_American_Engineering_Record" title="Heritage Documentation Programs">Historic American Engineering Record</a> (HAER) No. CA-173, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://loc.gov/pictures/item/ca2171/">U.S. Geological Survey, Rock Magnetics Laboratory, 345 Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, San Mateo County, CA</a>", 36 photos, 2 measured drawings, 25 data pages, 4 photo caption pages</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Office_of_Surface_Mining" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of Surface Mining">Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service" title="United States Fish and Wildlife Service">United States Fish and Wildlife Service</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United States Geological Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Insular_Affairs" title="Office of Insular Affairs">Office of the Assistant Secretary for Insular and International Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior" title="United States Department of the Interior">Office of the Solicitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Natural_Resources_Revenue" title="Office of Natural Resources Revenue">Office of Natural Resources Revenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Utah_Project_Completion_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Utah Project Completion Act">Central Utah Project Completion Act Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Arts_and_Crafts_Board" title="Indian Arts and Crafts Board">Indian Arts and Crafts Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Invasive_Species_Act" title="National Invasive Species Act">National Invasive Species Council</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Interior.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Interior.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Interior.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Interior.svg.png 1.5x, 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plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_research_agencies" title="Template:United States research agencies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_research_agencies" title="Template talk:United States research agencies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_research_agencies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States research agencies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Federal_research_and_development_agencies_of_the_United_States_(list)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Federal <a href="/wiki/Science_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Science policy of the United States">research and development agencies</a> of the United States (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_research_and_development_agencies" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States research and development agencies">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent<br />agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a> (NSF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">National Aeronautics and Space Administration</a> (NASA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a> Office of Research and Development</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Advanced_Research_Projects_Activity" title="Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity">Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity</a> (IARPA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution#Smithsonian_research_centers_and_programs" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution research centers and programs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">Agriculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Research_Service" title="Agricultural Research Service">Agricultural Research Service</a> (ARS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Food_and_Agriculture" title="National Institute of Food and Agriculture">National Institute of Food and Agriculture</a> (NIFA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Research_Service" title="Economic Research Service">Economic Research Service</a> (ERS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Forest_Service#Research_Stations_and_Research_Work_Units" title="United States Forest Service">United States Forest Service Research and Development</a> (R&D)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce" title="United States Department of Commerce">Commerce</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">National Institute of Standards and Technology</a> (NIST)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a> (NOAA)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">Defense</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Army</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Combat_Capabilities_Development_Command" title="United States Army Combat Capabilities Development Command">Army Combat Capabilities Development Command</a> (CCDCOM) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Research_Laboratory" title="United States Army Research Laboratory">Army Research Laboratory</a> (ARL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_Capabilities_Development_Command_Soldier_Center" title="Combat Capabilities Development Command Soldier Center">Combat Capabilities Development Command Soldier Center</a> (CCDCSC)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_CCDC_Armaments_Center" title="United States Army CCDC Armaments Center">CCDC Armaments Center</a> (CCDCAC) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Picatinny_Arsenal" title="Picatinny Arsenal">Picatinny Arsenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben%C3%A9t_Laboratories" title="Benét Laboratories">Benét Laboratories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watervliet_Arsenal" title="Watervliet Arsenal">Watervliet Arsenal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Test_and_Evaluation_Command" title="United States Army Test and Evaluation Command">Test and Evaluation Command</a> (ATEC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Medical_Research_and_Development_Command" title="United States Army Medical Research and Development Command">United States Army Medical Research and Development Command</a> (USAMRDC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineer_Research_and_Development_Center" title="Engineer Research and Development Center">Engineer Research and Development Center</a> (ERDC)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Marine Corps</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_Combat_Development_Command" title="Marine Corps Combat Development Command">Marine Corps Combat Development Command</a> (MCCDC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Warfighting_Laboratory" title="United States Marine Corps Warfighting Laboratory">Marine Corps Warfighting Laboratory</a> (MCWL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_Operational_Test_and_Evaluation_Activity" title="Marine Corps Operational Test and Evaluation Activity">Marine Corps Operational Test and Evaluation Activity</a> (MCOTEA)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Navy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Naval_Research" title="Office of Naval Research">Office of Naval Research</a> (ONR) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Research_Laboratory" title="United States Naval Research Laboratory">Naval Research Laboratory</a> (NRL)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Medical_Research_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval Medical Research Center">Naval Medical Research Center</a> (NMRC)</li> <li>Naval Warfare Centers <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Air_Warfare_Center" title="Naval Air Warfare Center">Air</a> (NAWC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Surface_Warfare_Center" title="Naval Surface Warfare Center">Surface</a> (NSWC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Undersea_Warfare_Center" title="Naval Undersea Warfare Center">Undersea</a> (NUWC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Command,_Control_and_Ocean_Surveillance_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval Command, Control and Ocean Surveillance Center">Command, Control and Ocean Surveillance</a> (NCCOSC)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Air_Weapons_Station_China_Lake" title="Naval Air Weapons Station China Lake">Naval Air Weapons Station China Lake</a> (NAWS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Postgraduate_School" title="Naval Postgraduate School">Naval Postgraduate School</a> (NPS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operational_Test_and_Evaluation_Force" title="Operational Test and Evaluation Force">Operational Test and Evaluation Force</a> (OPTEVFOR)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Air Force</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Materiel_Command" title="Air Force Materiel Command">Air Force Materiel Command</a> (AFMC) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_Armament_Center" title="Air Armament Center">Air Armament Center</a> (AAC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Research_Laboratory" title="Air Force Research Laboratory">Air Force Research Laboratory</a> (AFRL)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Life_Cycle_Management_Center" title="Air Force Life Cycle Management Center">Air Force Life Cycle Management Center</a> (AFLCMC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Nuclear_Weapons_Center" title="Air Force Nuclear Weapons Center">Air Force Nuclear Weapons Center</a> (NWC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Institute_of_Technology" title="Air Force Institute of Technology">Air Force Institute of Technology</a> (AFIT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Operational_Test_and_Evaluation_Center" title="Air Force Operational Test and Evaluation Center">Air Force Operational Test and Evaluation Center</a> (AFOTEC)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">Space Force</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Systems_Command" title="Space Systems Command">Space Systems Command</a> (SSC)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DARPA" title="DARPA">Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency</a> (DARPA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniformed_Services_University_of_the_Health_Sciences" title="Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences">Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences</a> (USU)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Education" title="United States Department of Education">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Education_Sciences" title="Institute of Education Sciences">Institute of Education Sciences</a> (IES)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_on_Disability,_Independent_Living,_and_Rehabilitation_Research" title="National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research">National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research</a> (NIDILRR)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Science" title="Office of Science">Office of Science</a> (DOE SC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARPA-E" title="ARPA-E">Advanced Research Projects Agency–Energy</a> (ARPA-E)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy_National_Laboratories" title="United States Department of Energy National Laboratories">National Laboratories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Department of Health and Human Services">Health and<br />Human Services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health">National Institutes of Health</a> (NIH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health</a> (NIOSH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration#Science_and_research_programs" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration science and research programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agency_for_Healthcare_Research_and_Quality" title="Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality">Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality</a> (AHRQ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomedical_Advanced_Research_and_Development_Authority" title="Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority">Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority</a> (BARDA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Medicare_and_Medicaid_Innovation" title="Center for Medicare and Medicaid Innovation">Center for Medicare and Medicaid Innovation</a> (CMMI)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Department of Homeland Security">Homeland Security</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DHS_Science_and_Technology_Directorate" title="DHS Science and Technology Directorate">Science and Technology Directorate</a> (S&T)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard_Research_and_Development_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Coast Guard Research and Development Center">Coast Guard Research and Development Center </a> (CG RDC)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior" title="United States Department of the Interior">Interior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United States Geological Survey</a> (USGS)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">Justice</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Justice" title="National Institute of Justice">National Institute of Justice</a> (NIJ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBI_Science_and_Technology_Branch" title="FBI Science and Technology Branch">FBI Science and Technology Branch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Transportation" title="United States Department of Transportation">Transportation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Research_and_Innovative_Technology_Administration" title="Research and Innovative Technology Administration">Research and Innovative Technology Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration" title="Federal Aviation Administration">Federal Aviation Administration</a> Research, Engineering, and Development</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Highway_Administration" title="Federal Highway Administration">Federal Highway Administration</a> Research and Technology</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Department of the Treasury">Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Financial_Research" title="Office of Financial Research">Office of Financial Research</a> (OFR)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Veterans_Affairs" title="United States Department of Veterans Affairs">Veterans Affairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Veterans_Health_Administration_Office_of_Research_and_Development" title="Veterans Health Administration Office of Research and Development">Veterans Health Administration Office of Research and Development</a> (ORD)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States" title="Executive Office of the President of the United States">Executive Office<br />of the President</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Science_and_Technology_Policy" title="Office of Science and Technology Policy">Office of Science and Technology Policy</a> (OSTP) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Global_Change_Research_Program" title="U.S. Global Change Research Program">U.S. Global Change Research Program</a> (USGCRP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Networking_and_Information_Technology_Research_and_Development" title="Networking and Information Technology Research and Development">Networking and Information Technology Research and Development</a> Program (NITRD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Nanotechnology_Initiative" title="National Nanotechnology Initiative">National Nanotechnology Initiative</a> (NNI)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Legislative branch</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Science,_Space,_and_Technology" title="United States House Committee on Science, Space, and Technology">House Committee on Science, Space, and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Commerce,_Science,_and_Transportation" title="United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation">Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Technology_Assessment" title="Office of Technology Assessment">Office of Technology Assessment</a> (OTA) <i>(defunct)</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federal_judiciary_of_the_United_States" title="Federal judiciary of the United States">Judicial branch</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Judicial_Center" title="Federal Judicial Center">Federal Judicial Center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_government_agencies_involved_in_environmental_science" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_government_agencies_involved_in_environmental_science" title="Template:United States government agencies involved in environmental science"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_government_agencies_involved_in_environmental_science" title="Template talk:United States government agencies involved in environmental science"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_government_agencies_involved_in_environmental_science" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States government agencies involved in environmental science"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_government_agencies_involved_in_environmental_science" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_agencies_in_the_United_States" title="List of federal agencies in the United States">United States government agencies</a> involved in <a href="/wiki/Environmental_science" title="Environmental science">environmental science</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/U.S._Global_Change_Research_Program" title="U.S. Global Change Research Program">Global Change Research Program</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">National Aeronautics and Space Administration</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior" title="United States Department of the Interior">Department of the Interior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Indian_Affairs" title="Bureau of Indian Affairs">Bureau of Indian Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Land_Management" title="Bureau of Land Management">Bureau of Land Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Ocean_Energy_Management" title="Bureau of Ocean Energy Management">Bureau of Ocean Energy Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bureau_of_Reclamation" title="United States Bureau of Reclamation">Bureau of Reclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service" title="United States Fish and Wildlife Service">United States Fish and Wildlife Service</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United States Geological Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Insular_Affairs" title="Office of Insular Affairs">Office of the Assistant Secretary for Insular and International Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Surface_Mining" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of Surface Mining">Office of Surface Mining, Reclamation, and Enforcement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce" title="United States Department of Commerce">Department of Commerce</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S._National_Geodetic_Survey" title="U.S. National Geodetic Survey">Geodetic Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Marine_Fisheries_Service" title="National Marine Fisheries Service">Marine Fisheries Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Ocean_Service" title="National Ocean Service">Ocean Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Research" title="Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research">Oceanic and Atmospheric Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Weather_Service" title="National Weather Service">Weather Service</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">Department of Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Energy_Efficiency_and_Renewable_Energy" title="Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy">Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy</a></li> <li>Office of Environmental Management</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Science" title="Office of Science">Office of Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy_national_laboratories" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Department of Energy national laboratories">National Laboratories and Technology Centers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">Department of Agriculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Research_Service" title="Agricultural Research Service">Agricultural Research Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_and_Plant_Health_Inspection_Service" title="Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service">Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farm_Service_Agency" title="Farm Service Agency">Farm Service Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Nutrition_Service" title="Food and Nutrition Service">Food and Nutrition Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Agricultural_Service" title="Foreign Agricultural Service">Foreign Agricultural Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service" title="Natural Resources Conservation Service">Natural Resources Conservation Service</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_Water_and_Climate_Center" title="National Water and Climate Center">National Water and Climate Center</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_Utilities_Service" title="Rural Utilities Service">Rural Utilities Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Forest_Service" title="United States Forest Service">Forest Service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Department of Homeland Security">Department of Homeland Security</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DHS_Directorate_for_Science_and_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="DHS Directorate for Science and Technology">Science and Technology Directorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">United States Coast Guard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Health and Human Services">Department of Health <br />and Human Services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agency_for_Toxic_Substances_and_Disease_Registry" title="Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry">Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Environmental_Health_Sciences" title="National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences">National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">Department of Defense</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Research_Laboratory" title="Air Force Research Laboratory">Air Force Research Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_Advanced_Research_Projects_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency">Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Typhoon_Warning_Center" title="Joint Typhoon Warning Center">Joint Typhoon Warning Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Naval_Research" title="Office of Naval Research">Office of Naval Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Research,_Development_and_Engineering_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Army Research, Development and Engineering Command">Combat Capabilities Development Command</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States" title="Executive Office of the President of the United States">Executive Office of the President</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_House_Office_of_Domestic_Climate_Policy" title="White House Office of Domestic Climate Policy">Climate Policy Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_Office_on_Clean_Energy_Innovation_and_Implementation" title="White House Office on Clean Energy Innovation and Implementation">Clean Energy Innovation and Implementation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Special_Presidential_Envoy_for_Climate" title="U.S. Special Presidential Envoy for Climate">U.S. Special Presidential Envoy for Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_on_Environmental_Quality" title="Council on Environmental Quality">Council on Environmental Quality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_Science_Services_Administration" title="Environmental Science Services Administration">Environmental Science Services Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Fish_Commission" title="United States Fish Commission">United States Fish Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_and_Geodetic_Survey" title="United States Coast and Geodetic Survey">United States Coast and Geodetic Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_Office_of_Energy_and_Climate_Change_Policy" title="White House Office of Energy and Climate Change Policy">White House Office of Energy and Climate Change Policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193755#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193755#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193755#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1008577-4">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80092173">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11987842b">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11987842b">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00745203">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="United States Geological Survey"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/TO0V095908">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36534465">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Geological Survey (Spojené státy americké)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2002149874&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Geological Survey (Estados Unidos)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX140059">Spain</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5562587">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Estados Unidos. Geological Survey"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/322971">Portugal</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Estados Unidos. U.S. Geological Survey"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/1444604">2</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/1378759">3</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90105130">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000072659&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000573852&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000628415">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAB202010355">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/c9prptnw3j1s0rk">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810668516605606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=494/56901">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007261641505171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058512796906706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA04025648?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500255652">ULAN</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1277807">Trove</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027944387">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Geological survey (U.S.)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6wd7pcw">SNAC</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="United States Geological Survey"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6z64hnt">2</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="U.S. Geological Survey"><a rel="nofollow" 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