Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: MedlinePlus Genetics

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<div class="page-actions"></div> <noscript><span class="js-disabled-message">To use the sharing features on this page, please enable JavaScript.</span></noscript> </div> <div class="main"> <div class="mp-exp exp-full" data-bookmark="description"> <h2>Description</h2> <section><div class="mp-content"><p>Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a behavioral disorder that typically begins in childhood and is characterized by a short attention span (inattention), an inability to be calm and stay still (hyperactivity), and poor impulse control (impulsivity). Some people with ADHD have problems with only inattention or with hyperactivity and impulsivity, but most have problems related to all three features.</p><p>In people with ADHD, the characteristic behaviors are frequent and severe enough to interfere with the activities of daily living such as school, work, and relationships with others. Because of an inability to stay focused on tasks, people with inattention may be easily distracted, forgetful, avoid tasks that require sustained attention, have difficulty organizing tasks, or frequently lose items.</p><p>Hyperactivity is usually shown by frequent movement. Individuals with this feature often fidget or tap their foot when seated, leave their seat when it is inappropriate to do so (such as in the classroom), or talk a lot and interrupt others.</p><p>Impulsivity can result in hasty actions without thought for the consequences. Individuals with poor impulse control may have difficulty waiting for their turn, deferring to others, or considering their actions before acting.</p><p>More than two-thirds of all individuals with ADHD have additional conditions, including insomnia, mood or anxiety disorders, learning disorders, or substance use disorders. Affected individuals may also have <a data-pid="16743" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/autism-spectrum-disorder/">autism spectrum disorder</a>, which is characterized by impaired communication and social interaction, or <a data-pid="14749" href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/tourette-syndrome/">Tourette syndrome</a>, which is a disorder characterized by repetitive and involuntary movements or noises called tics.</p><p>In most affected individuals, ADHD continues throughout life, but in about one-third of individuals, signs and symptoms of ADHD go away by adulthood.</p></div> </section> </div> <div class="mp-exp exp-full" data-bookmark="frequency"> <h2>Frequency</h2> <section><div class="mp-content"><p>Worldwide, ADHD affects approximately 5 percent of children and 3 percent of adults.</p></div> </section> </div> <div class="mp-exp exp-full" data-bookmark="causes"> <h2>Causes</h2> <section><div class="mp-content"><p>Changes in dozens of genes have been associated with ADHD. Many gene variations, most of which have not been identified, are thought to affect the risk of developing ADHD. Because they are common in many populations worldwide, not all people with these gene variations will have the condition. Many of the gene variations have only a small effect, and most people with ADHD are thought to have numerous associated gene variations. These variations also combine with environmental risk factors to determine an individual's risk of developing this complex condition. Environmental risk factors that may contribute to the development of ADHD include complications during pregnancy and delivery and exposure to heavy metals such as lead. It is unclear how genetic and environmental factors influence each other to contribute to ADHD.</p><p>Less commonly, ADHD is caused by rare gene mutations or chromosome abnormalities. In these instances, ADHD is usually one of several features of a syndrome that affects multiple parts of the body. In most individuals with ADHD caused by rare gene mutations, a mutation in a single gene is enough to cause the disorder.</p><p>The genes associated with ADHD are thought to be involved in the development of the brain. The various proteins produced from these genes affect multiple aspects of brain development, including production, growth, or organization of nerve cells (<a class="image-modal" data-alt="Illustration of a nerve cell with a nucleus surrounded by multiple branching dendrites. A long axon, which extends from one dendrite, is covered by the myelin sheath. At the end of the axon are axon terminals." data-caption="" data-credit="Pawel Graczyk/Shutterstock.com" data-filepath="images/PX0000TS_PRESENTATION.jpeg" data-imgtype="genetics" data-pix="PX0000TS" data-sourceurl="" data-title="Parts of a neuron" href="https://medlineplus.gov/images/PX0000TS_PRESENTATION.jpeg" id="PX0000TS_1" title="Show image">neurons<img alt="" aria-hidden="true" class="image-modal-icon" src="https://medlineplus.gov/css/img/icon_camera_small.png"/></a>). Other genes associated with ADHD provide instructions for proteins that are important for communication between neurons. Some of these proteins help produce or control the chemicals that relay communication signals between neurons (<a class="image-modal" data-alt="Diagram showing parts of a neuron and structure of a typical chemical synapse. Neurotransmitters are shown packaged into synaptic vesicles and transmitting signals from a neuron to a target cell across the synapse." data-caption="" data-credit="Designua/Shutterstock.com" data-filepath="images/PX00011G_PRESENTATION.jpeg" data-imgtype="genetics" data-pix="PX00011G" data-sourceurl="" data-title="Release and uptake of neurotransmitters at a nerve cell synapse" href="https://medlineplus.gov/images/PX00011G_PRESENTATION.jpeg" id="PX00011G_2" title="Show image">neurotransmitters<img alt="" aria-hidden="true" class="image-modal-icon" src="https://medlineplus.gov/css/img/icon_camera_small.png"/></a>). Other proteins have roles at the connections between neurons (<a class="image-modal" data-alt="Illustration of axon and dendrites with neuronal synapse highlighted" data-caption="" data-credit="National Institute of Mental Health/National Institutes of Health" data-filepath="images/PX0000K8_PRESENTATION.jpeg" data-imgtype="genetics" data-pix="PX0000K8" data-sourceurl="https://images.nimh.nih.gov/public_il/image_details.cfm?id=669" data-title="Neuronal synapse" href="https://medlineplus.gov/images/PX0000K8_PRESENTATION.jpeg" id="PX0000K8_3" title="Show image">synapses<img alt="" aria-hidden="true" class="image-modal-icon" src="https://medlineplus.gov/css/img/icon_camera_small.png"/></a>) where this communication takes place.</p><p>The specific ways that changes in associated genes are involved in the development of ADHD are unknown. Research has found that people with ADHD often have low levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine, which has many important functions, including having complex roles in thought (cognition), motivation, behavior, and control of movement. Certain layers of the brain may also develop somewhat differently than usual in people with ADHD.</p></div> </section> </div> <div class="mp-exp exp-full" data-bookmark="inheritance"> <h2>Inheritance</h2> <section><div class="mp- mp-content"><p>ADHD has a tendency to run in families, but the inheritance pattern is usually unknown. Overall, the risk of developing this condition is about nine times greater for <a class="image-modal" data-alt="First degree relatives include parents, offspring, and siblings." data-caption="A first degree relative is a family member who shares about 50 percent of their genes with a particular individual in a family. First degree relatives include parents, offspring, and siblings." data-credit="Darryl Leja, NHGRI" data-filepath="images/PX0000I8_PRESENTATION.jpeg" data-imgtype="genetics" data-pix="PX0000I8" data-sourceurl="" data-title="First-degree relatives" href="https://medlineplus.gov/images/PX0000I8_PRESENTATION.jpeg" id="PX0000I8_1" title="Show image">first-degree relatives<img alt="" aria-hidden="true" class="image-modal-icon" src="https://medlineplus.gov/css/img/icon_camera_small.png"/></a> of people with the condition (such as siblings or children) as compared to the general public. People with genetic changes associated with ADHD generally inherit an increased risk of developing the condition, rather than the condition itself. When ADHD is a feature of another genetic syndrome, it can be passed on according to the inheritance pattern of that syndrome.</p></div> </section> </div> <div class="mp-exp exp-full" data-bookmark="synonyms"> <h2>Other Names for This Condition</h2> <section> <ul class="bulletlist"> <li>ADD</li> <li>ADDH</li> <li>ADHD</li> <li>Attention deficit</li> <li>Attention deficit disorder</li> <li>Attention deficit disorder of childhood with hyperactivity</li> <li>Attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity</li> <li>Attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity syndrome</li> <li>Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder</li> <li>Hyperkinetic disorder</li> <li>Hyperkinetic syndrome</li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="mp-exp exp-full" data-bookmark="resources"> <h2>Additional Information & Resources</h2> <section> <div class="mp-content"> <h2>Genetic Testing Information</h2> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gtr/conditions/C1263846/" target="TheNewWin">Genetic Testing Registry: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder</a> <span class="desc-text"><img alt="From the National Institutes of Health" title="From the National Institutes of Health" src="https://medlineplus.gov/images/nih.png" class="imgdesc" width="25" height="16"></span></li> <li><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gtr/conditions/C1837153/" target="TheNewWin">Genetic Testing Registry: Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder, susceptibility to, 1</a> <span class="desc-text"><img alt="From the National Institutes of Health" title="From the National Institutes of Health" src="https://medlineplus.gov/images/nih.png" class="imgdesc" width="25" height="16"></span></li> <li><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gtr/conditions/C2751802/" target="TheNewWin">Genetic Testing Registry: Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder, susceptibility to, 7</a> <span class="desc-text"><img alt="From the National Institutes of Health" title="From the National Institutes of Health" src="https://medlineplus.gov/images/nih.png" class="imgdesc" width="25" height="16"></span></li> </ul> </div> </section> <section> <div class="mp-content"> <h2>Patient Support and Advocacy Resources</h2> <ul> <li><a href="https://rarediseases.org/" target="TheNewWin">National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)</a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <section> <div class="mp-content"> <h2>Clinical Trials</h2> <ul> <li><a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?cond=%22Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder%22" target="TheNewWin">ClinicalTrials.gov</a> <span class="desc-text"><img alt="From the National Institutes of Health" title="From the National Institutes of Health" src="https://medlineplus.gov/images/nih.png" class="imgdesc" width="25" height="16"></span></li> </ul> </div> </section> <section> <div class="mp-content"> <h2>Catalog of Genes and Diseases from OMIM</h2> <ul> <li><a href="https://omim.org/entry/143465" target="TheNewWin">ATTENTION DEFICIT-HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER; ADHD</a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <section> <div class="mp-content"> <h2>Scientific Articles on PubMed</h2> <ul> <li><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%28Attention+Deficit+Disorder+with+Hyperactivity%5BMAJR%5D%29+AND+%28%28attention-deficit/hyperactivity+disorder%5BTI%5D%29+OR+%28ADHD%5BTI%5D%29%29+AND+review%5Bpt%5D+AND+english%5Bla%5D+AND+human%5Bmh%5D+AND+%22last+1080+days%22%5Bdp%5D" target="TheNewWin">PubMed</a> <span class="desc-text"><img alt="From the National Institutes of Health" title="From the National Institutes of Health" src="https://medlineplus.gov/images/nih.png" class="imgdesc" width="25" height="16"></span></li> </ul> </div> </section> </div> <div class="mp-exp exp-full" data-bookmark="references"> <h2>References</h2> <section> <div class="mp-content"> <ul> <li>Belanger SA, Andrews D, Gray C, Korczak D. ADHD in children and youth: Part 1-Etiology, diagnosis, and comorbidity. Paediatr Child Health. 2018 Nov;23(7):447-453. doi: 10.1093/pch/pxy109. Epub 2018 Oct 24. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30681669" target="TheNewWin">Citation on PubMed</a> or <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6199644/" target="TheNewWin">Free article on PubMed Central</a></li> <li>Demontis D, Walters RK, Martin J, Mattheisen M, Als TD, Agerbo E, Baldursson G, Belliveau R, Bybjerg-Grauholm J, Baekvad-Hansen M, Cerrato F, Chambert K, Churchhouse C, Dumont A, Eriksson N, Gandal M, Goldstein JI, Grasby KL, Grove J, Gudmundsson OO, Hansen CS, Hauberg ME, Hollegaard MV, Howrigan DP, Huang H, Maller JB, Martin AR, Martin NG, Moran J, Pallesen J, Palmer DS, Pedersen CB, Pedersen MG, Poterba T, Poulsen JB, Ripke S, Robinson EB, Satterstrom FK, Stefansson H, Stevens C, Turley P, Walters GB, Won H, Wright MJ; ADHD Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC); Early Lifecourse & Genetic Epidemiology (EAGLE) Consortium; 23andMe Research Team; Andreassen OA, Asherson P, Burton CL, Boomsma DI, Cormand B, Dalsgaard S, Franke B, Gelernter J, Geschwind D, Hakonarson H, Haavik J, Kranzler HR, Kuntsi J, Langley K, Lesch KP, Middeldorp C, Reif A, Rohde LA, Roussos P, Schachar R, Sklar P, Sonuga-Barke EJS, Sullivan PF, Thapar A, Tung JY, Waldman ID, Medland SE, Stefansson K, Nordentoft M, Hougaard DM, Werge T, Mors O, Mortensen PB, Daly MJ, Faraone SV, Borglum AD, Neale BM. Discovery of the first genome-wide significant risk loci for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Nat Genet. 2019 Jan;51(1):63-75. doi: 10.1038/s41588-018-0269-7. Epub 2018 Nov 26. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30478444" target="TheNewWin">Citation on PubMed</a> or <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6481311/" target="TheNewWin">Free article on PubMed Central</a></li> <li>Faraone SV, Larsson H. Genetics of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Mol Psychiatry. 2019 Apr;24(4):562-575. doi: 10.1038/s41380-018-0070-0. Epub 2018 Jun 11. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29892054" target="TheNewWin">Citation on PubMed</a> or <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6477889/" target="TheNewWin">Free article on PubMed Central</a></li> <li>Feldman ME, Charach A, Belanger SA. ADHD in children and youth: Part 2-Treatment. Paediatr Child Health. 2018 Nov;23(7):462-472. doi: 10.1093/pch/pxy113. 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Epub 2019 Jan 30. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30700802" target="TheNewWin">Citation on PubMed</a></li> </ul> </div> </section> </div> </div> <div class="side"> <aside> <section><div class="side-section"> <div class="mp-img"> <img class="scale-with-grid" src="https://medlineplus.gov/images/GeneticCounseling.jpg" alt="Genetic Counseling"> </div> </div></section> <section><div class="side-section"> </div></section> <section><div class="side-section"> <div class="section-header"> <h2>Related Health Topics</h2> </div> <div class="section-body"> <ul class="relatedmp"> <li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/attentiondeficithyperactivitydisorder.html">Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/geneticdisorders.html">Genetic Disorders</a></li> </ul> </div> </div></section> <section><div class="side-section"> <div class="section-header red"> <h2>MEDICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA</h2> </div> <div class="section-body" id="more_encyclopedia"> <ul class="relatedmp" style="list-style: none; padding: 0;"> <li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001551.htm">Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder</a></li> <li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002048.htm">Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007592.htm">Medicines for ADHD</a></li> </ul> </div> </div></section> <section><div class="side-section"> <div class="section-header"> <h2>Related Medical Tests</h2> </div> <div class="section-body"> <ul class="relatedmp"> <li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/adhd-screening/">ADHD Screening</a></li> </ul> </div> </div></section> <section><div class="side-section"> <div class="section-header"> <h2>Understanding Genetics</h2> </div> <div class="section-body"> <ul class="relatedmp"> <li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/consult/prognosis/">What is the prognosis of a genetic condition?</a></li> <li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/mutationsanddisorders/mutationscausedisease/">How can gene variants affect health and development?</a></li> <li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/inheritance/runsinfamily/">What does it mean if a disorder seems to run in my family?</a></li> <li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/inheritance/inheritancepatterns/">What are the different ways a genetic condition can be inherited?</a></li> <li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/consult/treatment/">How are genetic conditions treated or managed?</a></li> </ul> </div> </div></section> <section><div class="side-section"> <div class="section-header hide-offscreen"> <h2>Disclaimers</h2> </div> <div class="section-body no-header"> MedlinePlus links to health information from the National Institutes of Health and other federal government agencies. 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Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: MedlinePlus Genetics