CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="390"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "scholars.cityu.edu.hk",cType: 'managed',cRay: '8e71b7d34d0940f2',cH: 'r2e6hCcxE2USJVvXCtkOsfHqnnGij8rfPxNWBoTM.ec-1732370767-1.2.1.1-NTqxdTd0wLsdqNVfOUcjb.HOf0_j.4K1Yu139y2E.tZMb8bSVulp3zHYKraHIeBM',cUPMDTk: "\/en\/concepts\/refinement.html?conceptIds=195873642&__cf_chl_tk=t5_4JsX2TzXQjf2yNMYVwFbvKLG7J5np0tJqc8MnjTE-1732370767-1.0.1.1-1tyg_ybgGuk2lL1WfJL3CZe50MRZqiInQh0z1QfoQzw",cFPWv: 'g',cITimeS: '1732370767',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '390000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/en\/concepts\/refinement.html?conceptIds=195873642&__cf_chl_f_tk=t5_4JsX2TzXQjf2yNMYVwFbvKLG7J5np0tJqc8MnjTE-1732370767-1.0.1.1-1tyg_ybgGuk2lL1WfJL3CZe50MRZqiInQh0z1QfoQzw",md: "daPBWMEAfUPL_IAXcqqx2lbbVaFL0jxNx4O6bN8u_ps-1732370767-1.2.1.1-Lmoo3JTw11UezLgg5LQCJ3w57Sh71jRSsViUa2oybFDE4HP3sNZuGyiqw.QzqGVmNhXm.widEvAVAT.eJEH38Vx5H7wS0iF6elSNDlr806rOSLQhy6mI7VXQ4o316rOC5fM5cLLrvcIy6KwhZXkYF36K4n8nDwib_5LoJbm7E2vQL05TBc4j89x_br5GEXradbkYZHvZKXI1ngGaFIBYG0FyckMXQircrRwWCJDGTztcS.kNaDo.bc9epP71F3kO35TAM2eY0C58AksKXm3IMo58wdGKh9ZBaF0ovHdB8yg1gNmHB5I7AjbPylxRlvJU2RItKaimc.JUmPRMutLd9_JGDHEfREyrDkL_QdM0QQZ37Y7qOEykcxZihlTnCyzRgIZ0TW1oK05wSWEx6rx15vFoIUmIiF3SxrUOmrIOs.UpxvW_PyZwBwcB.ecXmmDmaJ.NjmN4NAEi55g7KqhxlveN8l._7APXe.Y1UYS7U5xFwTwri1uJKXOzcWsq1ALL7BPyTbXy0WHXHeyny9rtEO0g522BvPlmllv8NcoJOCOET8tpZXKsMZTK64HQaH4XbGuxJsxW1uBlrRTud7joeakjQBVsDgfFcCraZ0q5eMKLnxYhxBDt_D.gB6Bvn3UQrVvBC9hNKGf71fG9c78_60tObYmvCIdSAOH.asmPszQB_7VR537sROpqhdkSK0P5B0avQ9rxm2XWZtank0CDuF03uzGSi1oiNUqgaWjbL5qQhno5hKwuWBHVGdBj4I22npEp8Q4bCADcOIZf4L0xdlG5SNKQ_toeoFn5VhSWIOMXqXQZ__ko8W0IuJQJ2k120VLsld3lgWQZ9jlIGUHrtI9XQs0dv1w1XZOjPuvHjuOD98uScxXjPW2dFicxXmbCjEtEWte651hCGKU.7valegPl1X58J747o_bos5OpuOMpcaJFMoD42O4jHwnFc1TrxwNjgLnRnT5wwhwe6JVt8prB_k3ZRcyb6p8WSgkZYdvsk4I_x4ozdp3eAAWQmawFkHLBIOU0A_PCFuRwWlPMT.3H87cg.ve4wS8IDQxlltqHg8JlupwOT2n40hQ2I2ss.S9KoKe2TIK7rnwee8uw8gsPJBEuBWYZ6qlS2dUrgwHYjomTL9aGhGYllB1L1gYGQUSfHw_NC2Cq8_WqAvumIIuvgPebQkdrhGmaNvWP9BK.DrOgRGj43cuLb0sy8dMIPKfXiZOx_TfC0yqEYprI6ecxknJ5zDsaQNZCbJMybOn0S0FUhD2hyJ.PEJQn.BB_k0EEVVPT.kJ9GsXi8LP.TFiL5Lvt4nf1GCXV9PyOTrUzoP01OqZgFvUJwku91xuJaGQR0OdjzPRh6Kwvq0botNCXmlaVqmK7.M.boYN12sXof1zrQwHHSNqvqPZlTm.iO4a.wzKW_kT1U4O0HwDX5oi4lpXag5DvrHuZEE7SVP68ouBUjHQs7iTCnXWrTt7vc_bKN8Hj_41hEfZCM9iOCp0mx1U93ugBM.uttbWtRx6jdbSJSn806zgaKOAVju8W74TR5o2KdBzolB6U9fGIkbHBAfsPQkfpqfoSkLUeO7WnUZj3x6jDMao2sIhiiXqE_FPXHECnFLxF9F3Y4cj7inc93dW5tOiWJLuesWCgwSOOOjK3pCMegRGOXZ8tuRxYsbtZJW51LKdcNjdfys0koR4gh.rsZDTdTYaOK1Vdske2snCOGMpGoHvgoLwvEgZbA76o5gCE58czh07CEoZpl2iOAj3.ou.2yc6pMZPMpPLDMiLsurOITKB.LglZH1tcL73GhSXNE1qWKNXgJY5tYO98r_4_F14fR2QbxgGhB3Z8Sdj4VzPx1pEyIKU8oOGkMqZtK6MWDuhvM6wSEylTxKqUguKmeLeDN4Smxme9qXslOnLSQsiDhEvde2vuc1bIwqDee19rc1SzZEBamTyPkv5g0IceCWbn9Ou48xDjiHr6gpEmLMze9_FSCwzNUxUA18F1f4stGYFeMZVkNIXF4AbjzO3X0xDkij448PBluvGS6rEHfNk80JJQJiOvzfzb0gGCxv8cacXWNwy3CteNtU7WRMVRUPC3uC8.KD..ESNy5SYe3yt3dNlCiojGNka8w4roAGIC2wKw3._0rCbXVpxBvs6OzGuUyurpbYxyM6wKJTP722lkmMzVYHrbsF96ZpBjJvCpNe2aEY0Xje2X_mjxZSiS08Oq7QNih3t5dhgF3rJ1R6ee.0Cmk7oX8toGOIDz2ADEpgN11w_..4h1qHPUVJrpObeuKq_p7BJO.VDvaaUIk8FGwBvcJ5f4dtPxHtRSUfuOyx9mFKNyPdw2M1X1xTLZ5.Zcouku9Xt6ELhP6zyQUUzACF4K2engb6pJdlmB5QUjh_GwR10SbxoU66uC0wzcWWajaYVNRh3QkohMH8LKNXfNyr9YN_chxZAWIZeqQJbgBNr9apCkqWgm_gb1ijlkWtY80_47Sz4_2_2IO3hTnRoIdTY0mx7skDXmoWN3Q6x5816JaZRK65WjHdlnpsd8bi1D4z7_eMeKULJ_PJ.H.El1Y0VQsq_2yhXURk3VXj6HtYmLczVvI5gHOrMy.hUNrqsKh7YDvcQ915jeY_JubfcU_PYstuCeTPE7l.AEGlH_TzLK6GsoApQwhhjCDlkRnSMEhOkJwUpe9fKeTjW4PoQeA2wzhBmsGAi6OWmvqs2UwjBxuxUEhvG8_.i3koO4MSqd_Y6LlKCXEeyd_Koj_gbb3bz2MaXvEzXMWsGkzWlKxPW1pnrirvuj7nulpfTJeqsmbjnt7RM_I0RedAhMm4q_E65kIBB8xMdmLRU0LwFVkc1Tq89ZE9W2Kw3Tob8lsHgdIVR.ApKL4P.RqVlD.3EbwvHyrGUm4_MnoUibFG67s5MqlHxuEddD7w3YdCwKQW3ABOF5fs700vyOQlJ2bLJj046MvDQc.ZPuOuLVRmly1sJSvozJsxLj6Uj3mr8V0V1PPaoJ2MttzCR1Vb52poyKnQIvpUJbZM5rT4KLxoCO14IDhde4HCWJdgnpBSisuqS9AQS62cX96BkgqAr6xaAKvgGshd0QQbZf",mdrd: "xFjA7dCmDBT6m.igFym8S7sZ3izV3DftWu..VaUGWjw-1732370767-1.2.1.1-Cb0xK4o2ZQA_SKvq69e9_kmkHAm_0_FHecceqn2kl9elpZ.QuUdlcdmotmeF1y4h8Tkv6UFSi9RxwtflLGEdNBfSOSwfapyMRJjLlqBDV.i8oHlum8gL6Nr6zSa2YlLkl3lm_4oDxIFXcH7EO_ZtsFwjVFwSDJQMgYMy.Rt3snlEYoJpWtBPPD93.aE0FmjwMJK0_frGTC3ZeSftl4feYW_88xb9zhzbKr5GMjA93SuVZz2vecGml9CNz7_pKh4EpEjvhasB_DjUHuGz0ANt.rTjTeiaDoFkampt4MrLvU7O7xsOenfEla1Xs8LP0c5ltoXsUUdnTvT13qgmv7i5FjAA7lYaAsq34SnYgOiKmSvA5e5Y12RP1FqYx1yVbaIXpVbEWH0iO2nysrzCpO55Dk55c6OabUAKM9Wwb.L5vbKQkhaz71apQmEIziDPcatNDJxxxDSB2bMYassmqWfmgO36tgUsdx0HUpq8nPO_g13BVBqsISKxuRjiDeUF9qu4Sabsjp9BHNVzRYpCCLTn5pRqj.LDJRLfvbx_s6SbIWZWGGAM8RCz_WsqnJ85LapUtiyohd3jvXzGlimySevfmdzxxWhfjEPB3DKl4acY5blTSW5VMMRblJRSzbEMkh8sfsdMnSrQSAwixZhRkzXCFh9pbYMyqpP_1KOojiabqDPtFTVB_eE3gIHW8wWMbcUX2qwFlNsXNRRo8ZU_zKE3D0is5Jm.alAqD0uepx2NPQXteiLhu5HeoacJSpdkhX9AIzypcfFjC2uCdxOD0BkZmIuEZuMlgfRszFVlHP7kbAiqYUu8QcULKML9LGPId6CgoKrPrgr6mSvhyJPc_Jdx7pT.BCHv3soiVJFQD4ThFlabjkHfdvCprxRm3ZC2LdkTCySBLVrpvCVv0fxuiu48Je7IJxCjfXGtNGSfefKs6FVdSvSyfaQiC86MCbA8Yow3qr648xlty2xWSiI0.2qJHd2X87pAdHdtzvEjpbiQxeXAD1c5YJP7tuEHLjD5Zxqebl4X3HkqmHJUyqCR_eCCoz5cEwaMPYCBLDucD_fIt5WPCbVWLt2X8hlkJLaDvsE2gSkmHSKpxTq0gGm0k29LqSdpGeRGuRhIDiX4yEctbSdhS9Ym8l.bNsrABc62wwKaQLNjNBuvyUGMjDmgaXHLSnirHsosT1_U12EGgMVOXCGWY0RI3OaAJcr9jvwP1XEp0xk_emIQyvvRbWJsycVyAX3DMVm70Pqsl2tmgkPKHsHhTnXEuXNBOa.jusSfCg7oQBlT5TePp41aObeL5hzzM75qygdLd6Bs6rj7cW73ml7yha5ftuDxP052gui3eoheGFhD79veZWbXSkc2DZbQGiMVntQyN7._An0BMUt_fBjFV8.npsyJbM0LKFpIZv3zWQOEgf_FPCmSiNlKQf.kHToFtOI8NC0QQ6ICs6IgL0g.YjMZwGSO2rC8E0P._d6_p1JSUWXjDqav8RpjUBrkBEaurV2CS1KAKtNif8fptdkUG.97ShoI1a.W3WeaGB8jm_xeEcAPJOG3OoSMxnhusiDZNt_OGJSsPrW_c_R4IsEN.eRqALYopbFL8bPfS6Q.Gtv8CbOTEeLmE3VI4BH5PtSx3Vl14RXxrykvPzdw89fubYvyaBwHl8lcQV464c9czqDEyIRDBpLqlugTIrbCWtQNOAY1wZpCeEtMRyChKNvohD0edU8YyGpaT7iBLmN.UohbQPH8uhpN58eJw53WJPTXL4xc5HFWEz5Ih4DFfbOMgMIfGUDEnJ_KUNUsdVaOaKl32LNWXQ9AqZQBnrkXC5qkPS.b.An7LXmEQKVvOw98tWpiE6ftOZnI_M7baKyAbCL98ZD9o.Zbs70eFecqFZxLbZzAMOdkxsGOHKe1waP4EPu253JlNzP2ZBFW.vP36Za74DlptnVOed9AA.AVlllq9hV0qdGD67LGhA.uYTsNtvd9vmiErbryHApGdyc9RcXVmb_eW7da8ZOhYmFR0g"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/g/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=8e71b7d34d0940f2';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/en\/concepts\/refinement.html?conceptIds=195873642&__cf_chl_rt_tk=t5_4JsX2TzXQjf2yNMYVwFbvKLG7J5np0tJqc8MnjTE-1732370767-1.0.1.1-1tyg_ybgGuk2lL1WfJL3CZe50MRZqiInQh0z1QfoQzw" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>