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</ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Early works </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operatic_successes_and_failures,_1879–96" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operatic_successes_and_failures,_1879–96"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Operatic successes and failures, 1879–96 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operatic_successes_and_failures,_1879–96-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_years,_1896–1912" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_years,_1896–1912"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Later years, 1896–1912 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_years,_1896–1912-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Music </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Music-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Music subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Background </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Operas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_vocal_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_vocal_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Other vocal music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_vocal_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orchestral_and_chamber_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orchestral_and_chamber_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Orchestral and chamber music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orchestral_and_chamber_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recordings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recordings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Recordings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recordings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reputation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reputation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Reputation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reputation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes,_references_and_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes,_references_and_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Notes, references and sources </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes,_references_and_sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Notes, references and sources subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Notes,_references_and_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Jules Massenet</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 55 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-55" aria-hidden="true" > 55 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Massenet" title="Jules Massenet – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Jules Massenet" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%84_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87" title="جول ماسينيه – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جول ماسينيه" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Massenet" title="Jules Massenet – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Jules Massenet" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8D" title="Жуль Маснэ – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Жуль Маснэ" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%83%D0%BB_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Жул Масне – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Жул Масне" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Massenet" title="Jules Massenet – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Jules Massenet" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Massenet" title="Jules Massenet – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jules Massenet" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Massenet" title="Jules Massenet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Jules Massenet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Massenet" title="Jules Massenet – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Jules Massenet" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Massenet" title="Jules Massenet – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Jules Massenet" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%96%CF%85%CE%BB_%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%BD%CE%AD" title="Ζυλ Μασνέ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ζυλ Μασνέ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Massenet" title="Jules Massenet – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Jules Massenet" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Massenet" title="Jules Massenet – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Jules Massenet" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Massenet" title="Jules Massenet – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Jules Massenet" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D9%88%D9%84_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%87" title="ژول ماسنه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ژول ماسنه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Massenet" title="Jules Massenet – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jules Massenet" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Massenet" title="Jules Massenet – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Jules Massenet" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Massenet" title="Jules Massenet – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Jules Massenet" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Massenet" title="Jules Massenet – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Jules Massenet" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A5%98_%EB%A7%88%EC%8A%A4%EB%84%A4" title="쥘 마스네 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="쥘 마스네" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BA%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC_%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%B6%D5%A5" title="Ժյուլ Մասնե – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ժյուլ Մասնե" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Massenet" title="Jules Massenet – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Jules Massenet" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Massenet" title="Jules Massenet – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Jules Massenet" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Massenet" title="Jules Massenet – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Jules Massenet" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Massenet" title="Jules Massenet – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Jules Massenet" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%27%D7%99%D7%9C_%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%94" title="ז'יל מאסנה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ז'יל מאסנה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Massenet" title="Jules Massenet – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Jules Massenet" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iulius_Massenet" title="Iulius Massenet – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Iulius Massenet" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDils_Masn%C4%93" title="Žils Masnē – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Žils Masnē" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Massenet" title="Jules Massenet – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Jules Massenet" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Massenet" title="Jules Massenet – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Jules Massenet" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%84_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87" title="جول ماسينيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جول ماسينيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Massenet" title="Jules Massenet – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Jules Massenet" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Massenet" title="Jules Massenet – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Jules Massenet" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B9%E3%83%8D" title="ジュール・マスネ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジュール・マスネ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Massenet" title="Jules Massenet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jules Massenet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Massenet" title="Jules Massenet – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Jules Massenet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Massenet" title="Jules Massenet – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jules Massenet" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Massenet" title="Jules Massenet – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Jules Massenet" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Massenet" title="Jules Massenet – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Jules Massenet" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Massenet" title="Jules Massenet – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Jules Massenet" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B5,_%D0%96%D1%8E%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Массне, Жюль – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Массне, Жюль" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Massenet" title="Jules Massenet – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Jules Massenet" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Massenet" title="Jules Massenet – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Jules Massenet" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Massenet" title="Jules Massenet – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Jules Massenet" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Massenet" title="Jules Massenet – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Jules Massenet" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Жил Масне – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Жил Масне" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Massenet" title="Jules Massenet – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Jules Massenet" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Massenet" title="Jules Massenet – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jules Massenet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Massenet" title="Jules Massenet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" 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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">French composer (1842–1912)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Massenet" redirects here. For other people with same surname, see <a href="/wiki/Massenet_(surname)" title="Massenet (surname)">Massenet (surname)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jules_Massenet_by_Eug%C3%A8ne_Pirou.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Middle-aged man, receding hair, neatly moustached, looking slightly away from the camera, in a cabinet card mount" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Jules_Massenet_by_Eug%C3%A8ne_Pirou.jpg/220px-Jules_Massenet_by_Eug%C3%A8ne_Pirou.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Jules_Massenet_by_Eug%C3%A8ne_Pirou.jpg/330px-Jules_Massenet_by_Eug%C3%A8ne_Pirou.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Jules_Massenet_by_Eug%C3%A8ne_Pirou.jpg/440px-Jules_Massenet_by_Eug%C3%A8ne_Pirou.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2728" data-file-height="3992" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_card" title="Cabinet card">Cabinet card</a> of Massenet by <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Pirou" title="Eugène Pirou">Eugène Pirou</a>, 1895</figcaption></figure> Jules Émile Frédéric Massenet (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>French pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[ʒyl emil fʁedeʁik masnɛ]</a>;<a href="#cite_note-6">[n 1]</a> 12 May 1842 – 13 August 1912) was a French composer of the <a href="/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">Romantic era</a> best known for his operas, of which he wrote more than thirty. The two most frequently staged are <a href="/wiki/Manon" title="Manon">Manon</a> (1884) and <a href="/wiki/Werther" title="Werther">Werther</a> (1892). He also composed <a href="/wiki/Oratorio" title="Oratorio">oratorios</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ballet" title="Ballet">ballets</a>, orchestral works, <a href="/wiki/Incidental_music" title="Incidental music">incidental music</a>, piano pieces, songs and other music. While still a schoolboy, Massenet was admitted to France's principal music college, the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Conservatoire" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Conservatoire">Paris Conservatoire</a>. There he studied under <a href="/wiki/Ambroise_Thomas" title="Ambroise Thomas">Ambroise Thomas</a>, whom he greatly admired. After winning the country's top musical prize, the <a href="/wiki/Prix_de_Rome" title="Prix de Rome">Prix de Rome</a>, in 1863, he composed prolifically in many genres, but quickly became best known for his operas. Between 1867 and his death forty-five years later he wrote more than forty stage works in a wide variety of styles, from <a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra-comique" class="mw-redirect" title="Opéra-comique">opéra-comique</a> to grand-scale depictions of classical myths, romantic comedies, <a href="/wiki/Drame_lyrique" class="mw-redirect" title="Drame lyrique">lyric dramas</a>, as well as oratorios, <a href="/wiki/Cantata" title="Cantata">cantatas</a> and ballets. Massenet had a good sense of the theatre and of what would succeed with the Parisian public. Despite some miscalculations, he produced a series of successes that made him the leading composer of opera in France in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Like many prominent French composers of the period, Massenet became a professor at the Conservatoire. He taught composition there from 1878 until 1896, when he resigned after the death of the director, Ambroise Thomas. Among his students were <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Charpentier" title="Gustave Charpentier">Gustave Charpentier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Chausson" title="Ernest Chausson">Ernest Chausson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reynaldo_Hahn" title="Reynaldo Hahn">Reynaldo Hahn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Piern%C3%A9" title="Gabriel Pierné">Gabriel Pierné</a>. By the time of his death, Massenet was regarded by many critics as old-fashioned and unadventurous although his two best-known operas remained popular in France and abroad. After a few decades of neglect, his works began to be favourably reassessed during the mid-20th century, and many of them have since been staged and recorded. Although critics do not rank him among the handful of outstanding operatic geniuses such as <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Mozart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Verdi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Wagner</a>, his operas are now widely accepted as well-crafted and intelligent products of the <a href="/wiki/Belle_%C3%89poque" title="Belle Époque">Belle Époque</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jules_Massenet&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_years">Early years</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jules_Massenet&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early years">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Massenet%27s-birthplace.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="exterior of large house in rural 19th century France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/df/Massenet%27s-birthplace.jpg/220px-Massenet%27s-birthplace.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/df/Massenet%27s-birthplace.jpg/330px-Massenet%27s-birthplace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/df/Massenet%27s-birthplace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="389" data-file-height="257" /></a><figcaption> Massenet's birthplace in Montaud, photographed c. 1908</figcaption></figure> Massenet was born on 12 May 1842 at <a href="/wiki/Montaud_(Loire)" title="Montaud (Loire)">Montaud</a>, then an outlying <a href="/wiki/Hamlet_(place)" title="Hamlet (place)">hamlet</a> and now a part of the city of <a href="/wiki/Saint-%C3%89tienne" title="Saint-Étienne">Saint-Étienne</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Loire_(department)" title="Loire (department)">Loire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a> He was the youngest of the four children of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexis_Massenet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexis Massenet (page does not exist)">Alexis Massenet</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Massenet" class="extiw" title="fr:Alexis Massenet">fr</a>] (1788–1863) and his second wife Eléonore-Adelaïde née Royer de Marancour (1809–1875); the elder children were Julie, Léon and Edmond.<a href="#cite_note-9">[n 2]</a> Massenet senior was a prosperous ironmonger; his wife was a talented amateur musician who gave Jules his first piano lessons. By early 1848 the family had moved to Paris, where they settled in a flat in <a href="/wiki/Saint-Germain-des-Pr%C3%A9s" title="Saint-Germain-des-Prés">Saint-Germain-des-Prés</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[8]</a> Massenet was educated at the <a href="/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Saint-Louis" title="Lycée Saint-Louis">Lycée Saint-Louis</a> and, from either 1851 or 1853, the <a href="/wiki/Conservatoire_de_Paris" title="Conservatoire de Paris">Paris Conservatoire</a>. According to his colourful but unreliable memoirs,<a href="#cite_note-rodders-11">[9]</a> Massenet auditioned in October 1851, when he was nine, before a judging panel comprising <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Auber" title="Daniel Auber">Daniel Auber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fromental_Hal%C3%A9vy" title="Fromental Halévy">Fromental Halévy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ambroise_Thomas" title="Ambroise Thomas">Ambroise Thomas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michele_Carafa" title="Michele Carafa">Michele Carafa</a>, and was admitted at once.<a href="#cite_note-12">[10]</a> His biographer Demar Irvine dates the audition and admission as January 1853.<a href="#cite_note-13">[11]</a> Both sources agree that Massenet continued his general education at the lycée in tandem with his musical studies.<a href="#cite_note-14">[12]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Young-jules-massenet-1860s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="head and shoulder drawing of young man, clean shaven with a bouffant mane of hair" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Young-jules-massenet-1860s.jpg/170px-Young-jules-massenet-1860s.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Young-jules-massenet-1860s.jpg/255px-Young-jules-massenet-1860s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Young-jules-massenet-1860s.jpg/340px-Young-jules-massenet-1860s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="688" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption> Massenet in the early 1860s</figcaption></figure> At the Conservatoire Massenet studied <a href="/wiki/Solf%C3%A8ge" title="Solfège">solfège</a> with <a href="/wiki/Marie_Gabriel_Augustin_Savard" title="Marie Gabriel Augustin Savard">Augustin Savard</a> and the piano with François Laurent.<a href="#cite_note-15">[13]</a> He pursued his studies, with modest distinction, until the beginning of 1855, when family concerns disrupted his education. Alexis Massenet's health was poor, and on medical advice he moved from Paris to <a href="/wiki/Chamb%C3%A9ry" title="Chambéry">Chambéry</a> in the south of France; the family, including Massenet, moved with him. Again, Massenet's own memoirs and the researches of his biographers are at variance: the composer recalled his exile in Chambéry as lasting for two years; <a href="/wiki/Henry_Theophilus_Finck" title="Henry Theophilus Finck">Henry Finck</a> and Irvine record that the young man returned to Paris and the Conservatoire in October 1855.<a href="#cite_note-16">[14]</a> On his return he lodged with relations in <a href="/wiki/Montmartre" title="Montmartre">Montmartre</a> and resumed his studies; by 1859 he had progressed so far as to win the Conservatoire's top prize for pianists.<a href="#cite_note-17">[15]</a> The family's finances were no longer comfortable, and to support himself Massenet took private piano students and played as a percussionist in theatre orchestras.<a href="#cite_note-18">[16]</a> His work in the orchestra pit gave him a good working knowledge of the operas of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Gounod" title="Charles Gounod">Gounod</a> and other composers, classic and contemporary.<a href="#cite_note-grove-19">[17]</a> Traditionally, many students at the Conservatoire went on to substantial careers as church organists; with that in mind Massenet enrolled for organ classes, but they were not a success and he quickly abandoned the instrument. He gained some work as a piano accompanist, in the course of which he met <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Wagner</a> who, along with <a href="/wiki/Hector_Berlioz" title="Hector Berlioz">Berlioz</a>, was one of his two musical heroes.<a href="#cite_note-21">[n 3]</a> In 1861 Massenet's music was published for the first time, the Grande Fantasie de Concert sur le <a href="/wiki/Dinorah" title="Dinorah">Pardon de Ploërmel</a> de <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Meyerbeer" title="Giacomo Meyerbeer">Meyerbeer</a>, a virtuoso piano work in nine sections.<a href="#cite_note-22">[19]</a> Having graduated to the composition class under Ambroise Thomas, Massenet was entered for the Conservatoire's top musical honour, the <a href="/wiki/Prix_de_Rome#Winners_in_the_Musical_Composition_category" title="Prix de Rome">Prix de Rome</a>, previous winners of which included Berlioz, Thomas, Gounod and <a href="/wiki/Georges_Bizet" title="Georges Bizet">Bizet</a>. The first two of these were on the judging panel for the 1863 competition.<a href="#cite_note-24">[n 4]</a> All the competitors had to set the same text by <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Chouquet" title="Gustave Chouquet">Gustave Chouquet</a>, a cantata about <a href="/wiki/David_Rizzio" title="David Rizzio">David Rizzio</a>; after all the settings had been performed Massenet came face to face with the judges. He recalled: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"> Ambroise Thomas, my beloved master, came towards me and said, "Embrace Berlioz, you owe him a great deal for your prize." "The prize," I cried, bewildered, my face shining with joy. "I have the prize!!!" I was deeply moved and I embraced Berlioz, then my master, and finally Monsieur Auber. Monsieur Auber comforted me. Did I need comforting? Then he said to Berlioz pointing to me, "He'll go far, the young rascal, when he's had less experience!"<a href="#cite_note-25">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[n 5]</a></blockquote> The prize brought a well-subsidised three-year period of study, two-thirds of which was spent at the <a href="/wiki/French_Academy_in_Rome" title="French Academy in Rome">French Academy in Rome</a>, based at the <a href="/wiki/Villa_Medici" title="Villa Medici">Villa Medici</a>. At that time the academy was dominated by painters rather than musicians; Massenet enjoyed his time there, and made lifelong friendships with, among others, the sculptor <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Falgui%C3%A8re" title="Alexandre Falguière">Alexandre Falguière</a> and the painter <a href="/wiki/Carolus-Duran" title="Carolus-Duran">Carolus-Duran</a>, but the musical benefit he derived was largely self-taught.<a href="#cite_note-i31-29">[24]</a> He absorbed the music at <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St Peter's</a>, and closely studied the works of the great German masters, from <a href="/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel" title="George Frideric Handel">Handel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Bach</a> to contemporary composers.<a href="#cite_note-i31-29">[24]</a> During his time in Rome, Massenet met <a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Franz Liszt</a>, at whose request he gave piano lessons to Louise-Constance "Ninon" de Gressy, the daughter of one of Liszt's rich patrons. Massenet and Ninon fell in love, but marriage was out of the question while he was a student with modest means.<a href="#cite_note-30">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_works">Early works</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jules_Massenet&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early works">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Salle-Favart-1840.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="interior of 19th century theatre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Salle-Favart-1840.jpg/220px-Salle-Favart-1840.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Salle-Favart-1840.jpg/330px-Salle-Favart-1840.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Salle-Favart-1840.jpg 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="302" /></a><figcaption> Auditorium of the <a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra-Comique" title="Opéra-Comique">Opéra-Comique</a></figcaption></figure> Massenet returned to Paris in 1866. He made a living by teaching the piano and publishing songs, piano pieces and orchestral suites, all in the popular style of the day.<a href="#cite_note-grove-19">[17]</a> Prix de Rome winners were sometimes invited by the <a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra-Comique" title="Opéra-Comique">Opéra-Comique</a> in Paris to compose a work for performance there. At Thomas's instigation, Massenet was commissioned to write a one-act <a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_comique" title="Opéra comique">opéra comique</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_grand%27tante" title="La grand'tante">La grand'tante</a>, presented in April 1867.<a href="#cite_note-31">[26]</a> At around the same time he composed a <a href="/wiki/Requiem" title="Requiem">Requiem</a>, which has not survived.<a href="#cite_note-mt-32">[27]</a> In 1868 he met <a href="/wiki/Georges_Hartmann" title="Georges Hartmann">Georges Hartmann</a>, who became his publisher and was his mentor for twenty-five years; Hartmann's journalistic contacts did much to promote his protégé's reputation.<a href="#cite_note-grove-19">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[n 6]</a> In October 1866 Massenet and Ninon were married; their only child, Juliette, was born in 1868. Massenet's musical career was briefly interrupted by the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> of 1870–71, during which he served as a volunteer in the <a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(France)" title="National Guard (France)">National Guard</a> alongside his friend Bizet.<a href="#cite_note-grove-19">[17]</a> He found the war so "utterly terrible" that he refused to write about it in his memoirs.<a href="#cite_note-35">[29]</a> He and his family were trapped in the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Paris_(1870%E2%80%9371)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Paris (1870–71)">siege of Paris</a> but managed to get out before the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune" title="Paris Commune">Paris Commune</a> began; the family stayed for some months in <a href="/wiki/Bayonne" title="Bayonne">Bayonne</a>, in southwestern France.<a href="#cite_note-36">[30]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:C%C3%A9lestin_Nanteuil_-_Jules_Massenet_-_Don_C%C3%A9sar_de_Bazan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/C%C3%A9lestin_Nanteuil_-_Jules_Massenet_-_Don_C%C3%A9sar_de_Bazan.jpg/220px-C%C3%A9lestin_Nanteuil_-_Jules_Massenet_-_Don_C%C3%A9sar_de_Bazan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/C%C3%A9lestin_Nanteuil_-_Jules_Massenet_-_Don_C%C3%A9sar_de_Bazan.jpg/330px-C%C3%A9lestin_Nanteuil_-_Jules_Massenet_-_Don_C%C3%A9sar_de_Bazan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/C%C3%A9lestin_Nanteuil_-_Jules_Massenet_-_Don_C%C3%A9sar_de_Bazan.jpg/440px-C%C3%A9lestin_Nanteuil_-_Jules_Massenet_-_Don_C%C3%A9sar_de_Bazan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6980" data-file-height="9040" /></a><figcaption>Poster for the première of <a href="/wiki/Don_C%C3%A9sar_de_Bazan" title="Don César de Bazan">Don César de Bazan</a> by <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9lestin_Nanteuil" title="Célestin Nanteuil">Célestin Nanteuil</a></figcaption></figure> After order was restored, Massenet returned to Paris where he completed his first large-scale stage work, an opéra comique in four acts, <a href="/wiki/Don_C%C3%A9sar_de_Bazan" title="Don César de Bazan">Don César de Bazan</a> (Paris, 1872). It was a failure, but in 1873 he succeeded with his incidental music to <a href="/wiki/Leconte_de_Lisle" title="Leconte de Lisle">Leconte de Lisle</a>'s tragedy <a href="/wiki/Les_%C3%89rinnyes" title="Les Érinnyes">Les Érinnyes</a> and with the dramatic oratorio, <a href="/wiki/Marie-Magdeleine" title="Marie-Magdeleine">Marie-Magdeleine</a>, both of which were performed at the <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_l%27Od%C3%A9on" class="mw-redirect" title="Théâtre de l'Odéon">Théâtre de l'Odéon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mt-32">[27]</a> His reputation as a composer was growing, but at this stage he earned most of his income from teaching, giving lessons for six hours a day.<a href="#cite_note-m94-37">[31]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jules_Massenet_-_Le_roi_de_Lahore_-_Acte_V,_tableau_1,_Int%C3%A9rieur_du_sanctuaire_d%27Indra_-_Philippe_Chaperon_-_Original.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Scenery for exotic indoor Asian setting" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Jules_Massenet_-_Le_roi_de_Lahore_-_Acte_V%2C_tableau_1%2C_Int%C3%A9rieur_du_sanctuaire_d%27Indra_-_Philippe_Chaperon_-_Original.jpg/220px-Jules_Massenet_-_Le_roi_de_Lahore_-_Acte_V%2C_tableau_1%2C_Int%C3%A9rieur_du_sanctuaire_d%27Indra_-_Philippe_Chaperon_-_Original.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Jules_Massenet_-_Le_roi_de_Lahore_-_Acte_V%2C_tableau_1%2C_Int%C3%A9rieur_du_sanctuaire_d%27Indra_-_Philippe_Chaperon_-_Original.jpg/330px-Jules_Massenet_-_Le_roi_de_Lahore_-_Acte_V%2C_tableau_1%2C_Int%C3%A9rieur_du_sanctuaire_d%27Indra_-_Philippe_Chaperon_-_Original.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Jules_Massenet_-_Le_roi_de_Lahore_-_Acte_V%2C_tableau_1%2C_Int%C3%A9rieur_du_sanctuaire_d%27Indra_-_Philippe_Chaperon_-_Original.jpg/440px-Jules_Massenet_-_Le_roi_de_Lahore_-_Acte_V%2C_tableau_1%2C_Int%C3%A9rieur_du_sanctuaire_d%27Indra_-_Philippe_Chaperon_-_Original.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2992" data-file-height="2208" /></a><figcaption>Design by <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Chaperon" title="Philippe Chaperon">Philippe Chaperon</a> for <a href="/wiki/Le_roi_de_Lahore" title="Le roi de Lahore">Le roi de Lahore</a>, 1877</figcaption></figure> Massenet was a prolific composer; he put this down to his way of working, rising early and composing from four o'clock in the morning until midday, a practice he maintained all his life.<a href="#cite_note-m94-37">[31]</a> In general he worked fluently, seldom revising, although <a href="/wiki/Le_roi_de_Lahore" title="Le roi de Lahore">Le roi de Lahore</a>, his nearest approach to a traditional <a href="/wiki/Grand_opera" title="Grand opera">grand opera</a>, took him several years to complete to his own satisfaction.<a href="#cite_note-grove-19">[17]</a> It was finished in 1877 and was one of the first new works to be staged at the <a href="/wiki/Palais_Garnier" title="Palais Garnier">Palais Garnier</a>, opened two years previously.<a href="#cite_note-38">[32]</a> The opera, with a story taken from the <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a>, was a success and was quickly taken up by the opera houses of eight Italian cities. It was also performed at the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_State_Opera_House" title="Hungarian State Opera House">Hungarian State Opera House</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_State_Opera" title="Bavarian State Opera">Bavarian State Opera</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Semperoper" title="Semperoper">Semperoper</a> in Dresden, the <a href="/wiki/Teatro_Real" title="Teatro Real">Teatro Real</a> in Madrid, and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Opera_House" title="Royal Opera House">Royal Opera House, Covent Garden</a> in London.<a href="#cite_note-39">[33]</a> After the first Covent Garden performance, <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a> summed the piece up in a way that was frequently to be applied to the composer's operas: "M. Massenet's opera, although not a work of genius proper, is one of more than common merit, and contains all the elements of at least temporary success."<a href="#cite_note-40">[34]</a> This period was an early high point in Massenet's career. He had been made a chevalier of the <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honour" title="Legion of Honour">Legion of Honour</a> in 1876, and in 1878 he was appointed professor of counterpoint, fugue and composition at the Conservatoire under Thomas, who was now the director.<a href="#cite_note-mt-32">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[n 7]</a> In the same year he was elected to the <a href="/wiki/Institut_de_France" title="Institut de France">Institut de France</a>, a prestigious honour, rare for a man in his thirties. <a href="/wiki/Camille_Saint-Sa%C3%ABns" title="Camille Saint-Saëns">Camille Saint-Saëns</a>, whom Massenet beat in the election for the vacancy, was resentful at being passed over for a younger composer. When the result of the election was announced, Massenet sent Saint-Saëns a courteous telegram: "My dear colleague: the Institut has just committed a great injustice". Saint-Saëns cabled back, "I quite agree." He was elected three years later, but his relations with Massenet remained cool.<a href="#cite_note-rodders-11">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[37]</a> Massenet was a popular and respected teacher at the Conservatoire. His pupils included <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Bruneau" title="Alfred Bruneau">Bruneau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Charpentier" title="Gustave Charpentier">Charpentier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Chausson" title="Ernest Chausson">Chausson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reynaldo_Hahn" title="Reynaldo Hahn">Hahn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xavier_Leroux" title="Xavier Leroux">Leroux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Piern%C3%A9" title="Gabriel Pierné">Pierné</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henri_Rabaud" title="Henri Rabaud">Rabaud</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Vidal" title="Paul Vidal">Vidal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mt-32">[27]</a> He was known for the care he took in drawing out his pupils' ideas, never trying to impose his own.<a href="#cite_note-rodders-11">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[n 8]</a> One of his last students, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Koechlin" title="Charles Koechlin">Charles Koechlin</a>, recalled Massenet as a voluble professor, dispensing "a teaching active, living, vibrant, and moreover comprehensive".<a href="#cite_note-46">[38]</a> According to some writers, Massenet's influence extended beyond his own students. In the view of the critic <a href="/wiki/Rodney_Milnes" title="Rodney Milnes">Rodney Milnes</a>, "In word-setting alone, all French musicians profited from the freedom he won from earlier restrictions."<a href="#cite_note-rodders-11">[9]</a> <a href="/wiki/Romain_Rolland" title="Romain Rolland">Romain Rolland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Francis_Poulenc" title="Francis Poulenc">Francis Poulenc</a> have both considered Massenet an influence on <a href="/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy">Debussy</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Pell%C3%A9as_et_M%C3%A9lisande_(opera)" title="Pelléas et Mélisande (opera)">Pelléas et Mélisande</a>;<a href="#cite_note-rodders-11">[9]</a> Debussy was a student at the Conservatoire during Massenet's professorship but did not study under him.<a href="#cite_note-48">[n 9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operatic_successes_and_failures,_1879–96">Operatic successes and failures, 1879–96</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jules_Massenet&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Operatic successes and failures, 1879–96">edit</a>]</div> Massenet's growing reputation did not prevent a contretemps with the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Op%C3%A9ra" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Opéra">Paris Opéra</a> in 1879. <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Vaucorbeil" title="Auguste Vaucorbeil">Auguste Vaucorbeil</a>, director of the Opéra, refused to stage the composer's new piece, <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9rodiade" title="Hérodiade">Hérodiade</a>, judging the libretto either improper or inadequate.<a href="#cite_note-50">[n 10]</a> Édouard-Fortuné Calabresi, joint director of the <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_la_Monnaie" class="mw-redirect" title="Théâtre de la Monnaie">Théâtre de la Monnaie</a>, Brussels, immediately offered to present the work, and its première, lavishly staged, was given in December 1881. It ran for fifty-five performances in Brussels, and had its Italian premiere two months later at <a href="/wiki/La_Scala" title="La Scala">La Scala</a>. The work finally reached Paris in February 1884, by which time Massenet had established himself as the leading French opera composer of his generation.<a href="#cite_note-51">[41]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Massenet-sanderson-p%C3%A2tisserie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Caricature of middle-aged male pianist and young female singer" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Massenet-sanderson-p%C3%A2tisserie.jpg/220px-Massenet-sanderson-p%C3%A2tisserie.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Massenet-sanderson-p%C3%A2tisserie.jpg/330px-Massenet-sanderson-p%C3%A2tisserie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Massenet-sanderson-p%C3%A2tisserie.jpg/440px-Massenet-sanderson-p%C3%A2tisserie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="587" data-file-height="740" /></a><figcaption>"M. Massenet's bland pâtisserie and Mlle. Sanderson's sugar-candy notes" baked in "the National Musical Oven". Caricature from La Silhouette, March 1894.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Manon" title="Manon">Manon</a>, first given at the Opéra-Comique in January 1884, was a prodigious success and was followed by productions at major opera houses in Europe and the United States. Together with Gounod's <a href="/wiki/Faust_(opera)" title="Faust (opera)">Faust</a> and Bizet's <a href="/wiki/Carmen" title="Carmen">Carmen</a> it became, and has remained, one of the cornerstones of the French operatic repertoire.<a href="#cite_note-penguin-52">[42]</a> After the intimate drama of Manon, Massenet once more turned to opera on the grand scale with <a href="/wiki/Le_Cid_(opera)" title="Le Cid (opera)">Le Cid</a> in 1885, which marked his return to the Opéra. The Paris correspondent of <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> wrote that with this new work Massenet "has resolutely declared himself a melodist of undoubted consistency and of remarkable inspiration."<a href="#cite_note-53">[43]</a> After these two triumphs, Massenet entered a period of mixed fortunes. He worked on <a href="/wiki/Werther" title="Werther">Werther</a> intermittently for several years, but it was rejected by the Opéra-Comique as too gloomy.<a href="#cite_note-werther-54">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[n 11]</a> In 1887 he met the American <a href="/wiki/Soprano" title="Soprano">soprano</a> <a href="/wiki/Sibyl_Sanderson" title="Sibyl Sanderson">Sibyl Sanderson</a>. He developed passionate feelings for her, which remained platonic, although it was widely believed in Paris that she was his mistress, as caricatures in the journals hinted with varying degrees of subtlety.<a href="#cite_note-57">[46]</a> For her, the composer revised Manon and wrote <a href="/wiki/Esclarmonde" title="Esclarmonde">Esclarmonde</a> (1889). The latter was a success, but it was followed by <a href="/wiki/Le_mage" class="mw-redirect" title="Le mage">Le mage</a> (1891), which failed. Massenet did not complete his next project, <a href="/wiki/Amadis_(Massenet)" title="Amadis (Massenet)">Amadis</a>, and it was not until 1892 that he recovered his earlier successful form. Werther received its first performance in February 1892, when the Vienna <a href="/wiki/Vienna_State_Opera" title="Vienna State Opera">Hofoper</a> asked for a new piece, following the enthusiastic reception of the Austrian premiere of Manon.<a href="#cite_note-rodders-11">[9]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eug%C3%A8ne_Grasset_-_Jules_Massenet_-_Werther.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Eug%C3%A8ne_Grasset_-_Jules_Massenet_-_Werther.jpg/220px-Eug%C3%A8ne_Grasset_-_Jules_Massenet_-_Werther.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Eug%C3%A8ne_Grasset_-_Jules_Massenet_-_Werther.jpg/330px-Eug%C3%A8ne_Grasset_-_Jules_Massenet_-_Werther.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Eug%C3%A8ne_Grasset_-_Jules_Massenet_-_Werther.jpg/440px-Eug%C3%A8ne_Grasset_-_Jules_Massenet_-_Werther.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7008" data-file-height="9375" /></a><figcaption>Poster for the first French production of <a href="/wiki/Werther" title="Werther">Werther</a>.</figcaption></figure> Though in the view of some writers Werther is the composer's masterpiece,<a href="#cite_note-penguin-52">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[47]</a> it was not immediately taken up with the same keenness as Manon. The first performance in Paris was in January 1893 by the Opéra-Comique company at the Théâtre Lyrique, and there were performances in the United States, Italy and Britain, but it met with a muted response. The New York Times said of it, "If M. Massenet's opera does not have lasting success it will be because it has no genuine depth. Perhaps M. Massenet is not capable of achieving profound depths of tragic passion; but certainly he will never do so in a work like Werther".<a href="#cite_note-59">[48]</a> It was not until a revival by the Opéra-Comique in 1903 that the work became an established favourite.<a href="#cite_note-werther-54">[44]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tha%C3%AFs_(opera)" title="Thaïs (opera)">Thaïs</a> (1894), composed for Sanderson, was moderately received.<a href="#cite_note-60">[49]</a> Like Werther, it did not gain widespread popularity among French opera-goers until its first revival, which was four years after the premiere, by which time the composer's association with Sanderson was over.<a href="#cite_note-rodders-11">[9]</a> In the same year he had a modest success in Paris with the one-act <a href="/wiki/Le_portrait_de_Manon" title="Le portrait de Manon">Le portrait de Manon</a> at the Opéra-Comique, and a much greater one in London with <a href="/wiki/La_Navarraise" title="La Navarraise">La Navarraise</a> at Covent Garden.<a href="#cite_note-61">[50]</a> The Times commented that in this piece Massenet had adopted the <a href="/wiki/Verismo" title="Verismo">verismo</a> style of such works as <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Mascagni" title="Pietro Mascagni">Mascagni</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Cavalleria_rusticana" title="Cavalleria rusticana">Cavalleria rusticana</a> to great effect. The audience clamoured for the composer to acknowledge the applause, but Massenet, always a shy man, declined to take even a single curtain call.<a href="#cite_note-62">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_years,_1896–1912">Later years, 1896–1912</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jules_Massenet&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Later years, 1896–1912">edit</a>]</div> The death of Ambroise Thomas in February 1896 made vacant the post of director of the Conservatoire. The French government announced on 6 May that Massenet had been offered the position and had refused it.<a href="#cite_note-63">[52]</a> The following day it was announced that another faculty member, <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Dubois" title="Théodore Dubois">Théodore Dubois</a>, had been appointed director, and Massenet had resigned as professor of composition.<a href="#cite_note-64">[53]</a> Two explanations have been advanced for this sequence of events. Massenet wrote in 1910 that he had remained in his post as professor out of loyalty to Thomas, and was eager to abandon all academic work in favour of composing, a statement repeated by his biographers Hugh Macdonald and Demar Irvine.<a href="#cite_note-grove-19">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[54]</a> Other writers on French music have written that Massenet was intensely ambitious to succeed Thomas, but resigned in pique after three months of manoeuvring, once the authorities finally rejected his insistence on being appointed director for life, as Thomas had been.<a href="#cite_note-66">[55]</a> He was succeeded as professor by <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Faur%C3%A9" title="Gabriel Fauré">Gabriel Fauré</a>, who was doubtful of Massenet's credentials, considering his popular style to be "based on a generally cynical view of art".<a href="#cite_note-67">[56]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mary-garden-ch%C3%A9rubin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Slender woman dressed as a young man in 18th century costume" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Mary-garden-ch%C3%A9rubin.jpg/170px-Mary-garden-ch%C3%A9rubin.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Mary-garden-ch%C3%A9rubin.jpg/255px-Mary-garden-ch%C3%A9rubin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Mary-garden-ch%C3%A9rubin.jpg/340px-Mary-garden-ch%C3%A9rubin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="793" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mary_Garden" title="Mary Garden">Mary Garden</a> in the title role of <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A9rubin" title="Chérubin">Chérubin</a>, 1905</figcaption></figure> With <a href="/wiki/Gris%C3%A9lidis" title="Grisélidis">Grisélidis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cendrillon_(Massenet)" title="Cendrillon (Massenet)">Cendrillon</a> complete, though still awaiting performance, Massenet began work on <a href="/wiki/Sapho_(Massenet)" title="Sapho (Massenet)">Sapho</a>, based on a novel by <a href="/wiki/Alphonse_Daudet" title="Alphonse Daudet">Daudet</a> about the love of an innocent young man from the country for a worldly-wise Parisienne.<a href="#cite_note-68">[57]</a> It was given at the Opéra-Comique in November 1897, with great success, though it has been neglected since the composer's death.<a href="#cite_note-69">[58]</a> His next work staged there was Cendrillon, his version of the <a href="/wiki/Cinderella" title="Cinderella">Cinderella</a> story, which was well received in May 1899.<a href="#cite_note-70">[59]</a> Macdonald comments that at the start of the 20th century Massenet was in the enviable position of having his works included in every season of the Opéra and the Opéra-Comique, and in opera houses around the world.<a href="#cite_note-grove-19">[17]</a> From 1900 to his death he led a life of steady work and, generally, success. According to his memoirs, he declined a second offer of the directorship of the Conservatoire in 1905.<a href="#cite_note-71">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[n 12]</a> Apart from composition, his main concern was his home life in the <a href="/wiki/Rue_de_Vaugirard" title="Rue de Vaugirard">rue de Vaugirard</a>, Paris, and at his country house in <a href="/wiki/%C3%89greville" title="Égreville">Égreville</a>. He was uninterested in Parisian society, and so shunned the limelight that in later life he preferred not to attend his own first nights.<a href="#cite_note-75">[63]</a> He described himself as "a fireside man, a bourgeois artist".<a href="#cite_note-76">[64]</a> The main biographical detail of note of his latter years was his second amitié amoureuse with one of his leading ladies, <a href="/wiki/Lucy_Arbell" title="Lucy Arbell">Lucy Arbell</a>, who created roles in his last operas.<a href="#cite_note-78">[n 13]</a> Milnes describes Arbell as "gold-digging": her blatant exploitation of the composer's honourable affections caused his wife considerable distress and even strained Massenet's devotion (or infatuation as Milnes characterises it).<a href="#cite_note-rodders-11">[9]</a> After the composer's death Arbell pursued his widow and publishers through the law courts, seeking to secure herself a monopoly of the leading roles in several of his late operas.<a href="#cite_note-rodders-11">[9]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Georges_Rochegrosse_-_Jules_Massenet_-_Roma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Georges_Rochegrosse_-_Jules_Massenet_-_Roma.jpg/220px-Georges_Rochegrosse_-_Jules_Massenet_-_Roma.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Georges_Rochegrosse_-_Jules_Massenet_-_Roma.jpg/330px-Georges_Rochegrosse_-_Jules_Massenet_-_Roma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Georges_Rochegrosse_-_Jules_Massenet_-_Roma.jpg/440px-Georges_Rochegrosse_-_Jules_Massenet_-_Roma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7724" data-file-height="9916" /></a><figcaption>Poster by <a href="/wiki/Georges_Rochegrosse" title="Georges Rochegrosse">Georges Rochegrosse</a> for the 1912 Paris première of <a href="/wiki/Roma_(opera)" title="Roma (opera)">Roma</a>.</figcaption></figure> A rare excursion from the opera house came in 1903 with Massenet's only <a href="/wiki/Piano_Concerto_(Massenet)" title="Piano Concerto (Massenet)">piano concerto</a>, on which he had begun work while still a student. The work was performed by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Di%C3%A9mer" title="Louis Diémer">Louis Diémer</a> at the Conservatoire, but made little impression compared with his operas.<a href="#cite_note-79">[66]</a> In 1905 Massenet composed <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A9rubin" title="Chérubin">Chérubin</a>, a light comedy about the later career of the sex-mad pageboy Cherubino from <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Mozart</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Marriage_of_Figaro" title="The Marriage of Figaro">The Marriage of Figaro</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[67]</a> Then came two serious operas, <a href="/wiki/Ariane_(Massenet)" title="Ariane (Massenet)">Ariane</a>, on the Greek legend of <a href="/wiki/Ariadne" title="Ariadne">Theseus and Ariadne</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_(opera)" title="Thérèse (opera)">Thérèse</a>, a terse drama set in the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-81">[68]</a> His last major success was <a href="/wiki/Don_Quichotte" title="Don Quichotte">Don Quichotte</a> (1910), which L'Etoile called "a very Parisian evening and, naturally, a very Parisian triumph".<a href="#cite_note-83">[n 14]</a> Even with his creative powers seemingly in decline he wrote four other operas in his later years – <a href="/wiki/Bacchus_(opera)" title="Bacchus (opera)">Bacchus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roma_(opera)" title="Roma (opera)">Roma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panurge_(opera)" title="Panurge (opera)">Panurge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cl%C3%A9op%C3%A2tre" title="Cléopâtre">Cléopâtre</a>. The last two, like Amadis, which he had been unable to finish in the 1890s, were premiered after the composer's death and then lapsed into oblivion.<a href="#cite_note-grove-19">[17]</a> In August 1912 Massenet went to Paris from his house at Égreville to see his doctor. The composer had been suffering from abdominal cancer for some months, but his symptoms did not seem imminently life-threatening. Within a few days his condition deteriorated sharply. His wife and family hastened to Paris, and were with him when he died, aged seventy. By his own wish his funeral, with no music, was held privately at Égreville, where he is buried in the churchyard.<a href="#cite_note-84">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Music">Music</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jules_Massenet&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Jules_Massenet" title="List of compositions by Jules Massenet">List of compositions by Jules Massenet</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jules_Massenet&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Enrico_Caruso_-_Geraldine_Farrar_-_Jules_Massenet_-_Manon_-_On_L%27appelle_Manon.ogg" title="File:Enrico Caruso - Geraldine Farrar - Jules Massenet - Manon - On L'appelle Manon.ogg">"On l'appelle Manon"</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="250" data-mwtitle="Enrico_Caruso_-_Geraldine_Farrar_-_Jules_Massenet_-_Manon_-_On_L'appelle_Manon.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Enrico_Caruso_-_Geraldine_Farrar_-_Jules_Massenet_-_Manon_-_On_L%27appelle_Manon.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f9/Enrico_Caruso_-_Geraldine_Farrar_-_Jules_Massenet_-_Manon_-_On_L%27appelle_Manon.ogg/Enrico_Caruso_-_Geraldine_Farrar_-_Jules_Massenet_-_Manon_-_On_L%27appelle_Manon.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description">From <a href="/wiki/Manon" title="Manon">Manon</a>, performed by <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Caruso" title="Enrico Caruso">Enrico Caruso</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geraldine_Farrar" title="Geraldine Farrar">Geraldine Farrar</a> in 1912</div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Massenet_-_Le_Cid_-_Pleurez,_pleurez,_mes_yeux.ogg" title="File:Massenet - Le Cid - Pleurez, pleurez, mes yeux.ogg">"Pleurez, pleurez, mes yeux"</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="262" data-mwtitle="Massenet_-_Le_Cid_-_Pleurez,_pleurez,_mes_yeux.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Massenet_-_Le_Cid_-_Pleurez%2C_pleurez%2C_mes_yeux.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f6/Massenet_-_Le_Cid_-_Pleurez%2C_pleurez%2C_mes_yeux.ogg/Massenet_-_Le_Cid_-_Pleurez%2C_pleurez%2C_mes_yeux.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description">From <a href="/wiki/Le_Cid_(opera)" title="Le Cid (opera)">Le Cid</a>, performed by <a href="/wiki/Marguerita_Sylva" class="mw-redirect" title="Marguerita Sylva">Marguerita Sylva</a> in 1910</div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Fleeting_Vision_(Heriodade).ogg" title="File:Fleeting Vision (Heriodade).ogg">"Vision fugitive"</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="257" data-mwtitle="Fleeting_Vision_(Heriodade).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Fleeting_Vision_%28Heriodade%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0d/Fleeting_Vision_%28Heriodade%29.ogg/Fleeting_Vision_%28Heriodade%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description">From <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9rodiade" title="Hérodiade">Hérodiade</a>, performed by <a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Clark" title="Charles W. Clark">Charles W. Clark</a> in 1914</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr />Problems playing these files? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</div> </div> In the view of his biographer Hugh Macdonald, Massenet's main influences were Gounod and Thomas, with Meyerbeer and Berlioz also important to his style.<a href="#cite_note-grove-19">[17]</a> From beyond France he absorbed some traits from <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Verdi</a>, and possibly Mascagni, and above all Wagner. Unlike some other French composers of the period, Massenet never fell fully under Wagner's spell, but he took from the earlier composer a richness of orchestration and a fluency in treatment of musical themes.<a href="#cite_note-rodders-11">[9]</a> Although when he chose, Massenet could write noisy and dissonant scenes – in 1885 <a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">Bernard Shaw</a> called him "one of the loudest of modern composers"<a href="#cite_note-86">[72]</a> – much of his music is soft and delicate. Hostile critics have seized on this characteristic,<a href="#cite_note-mt-32">[27]</a> but the article on Massenet in the 2001 edition of <a href="/wiki/Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians</a> observes that in the best of his operas this sensual side "is balanced by strong dramatic tension (as in Werther), theatrical action (as in Thérèse), scenic diversion (as in Esclarmonde), or humour (as in Le portrait de Manon)."<a href="#cite_note-grove-19">[17]</a> Massenet's Parisian audiences were greatly attracted by the exotic in music, and Massenet willingly obliged, with musical evocations of far-flung places or times long past. Macdonald lists a great number of locales depicted in the operas, from ancient Egypt, mythical Greece and biblical Galilee to Renaissance Spain, India and Revolutionary Paris. Massenet's practical experience in orchestra pits as a young man and his careful training at the Conservatoire equipped him to make such effects without much recourse to unusual instruments. He understood the capabilities of his singers, and composed with close, detailed regard for their voices.<a href="#cite_note-rodders-11">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-grove-19">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operas">Operas</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jules_Massenet&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Operas">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_operas_by_Jules_Massenet" title="List of operas by Jules Massenet">List of operas by Jules Massenet</a></div> Massenet wrote more than thirty operas. Authorities differ on the exact total because some of the works, particularly from his early years, are lost and others were left incomplete. Still others, such as Don César de Bazan and Le roi de Lahore, were substantially recomposed after their first productions and exist in two or more versions. Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians lists forty Massenet operas in all, of which nine are shown as lost or destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-grove-19">[17]</a> The "OperaGlass" website of <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> shows revised versions as premieres, and <a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Opera" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Opera">The New Grove Dictionary of Opera</a> does not: their totals are forty-four and thirty-six respectively.<a href="#cite_note-rodders-11">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-glass-87">[73]</a> Having honed his personal style as a young man, and sticking broadly with it for the rest of his career, Massenet does not, as some other composers do, lend himself to classification into clearly defined early, middle and late periods. Moreover, his versatility means that there is no plot or locale that can be regarded as typical Massenet. Another respect in which he differed from many opera composers is that he did not work regularly with the same librettists: Grove lists more than thirty writers who provided him with librettos.<a href="#cite_note-grove-19">[17]</a> The 1954 (fifth) edition of Grove said of Massenet, "to have heard Manon is to have heard the whole of him".<a href="#cite_note-88">[74]</a> In 1994 <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Porter_(music_critic)" title="Andrew Porter (music critic)">Andrew Porter</a> called this view preposterous. He countered, "Who knows Manon, Werther and Don Quichotte knows the best of Massenet, but not his range from heroic romance to steamy verismo."<a href="#cite_note-89">[75]</a> Massenet's output covered most of the different subgenres of opera, from opérette (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b53108891f/f1.image">L'adorable Bel'-Boul</a> and L'écureuil du déshonneur – both early pieces, the latter lost) and opéra-comique such as Manon, to grand opera – Grove categorises Le roi de Lahore as "the last grand opera to have a great and widespread success". Many of the elements of traditional grand opera are written into later large-scale works such as Le mage and Hérodiade.<a href="#cite_note-grove-19">[17]</a> Massenet's operas consist of anything from one to five acts, and although many of them are described on the title pages of their scores as "opéra" or "opéra comique", others have carefully nuanced descriptions such as "comédie chantée", "comédie lyrique", "comédie-héroïque", "conte de fées", "drame passionnel", "haulte farce musicale", "opéra légendaire", "opéra romanesque" and "opéra tragique".<a href="#cite_note-90">[76]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Meditation_from_Thais_-_Bomsori_Kim.opus" title="File:Meditation from Thais - Bomsori Kim.opus">Méditation from Thaïs</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_3" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="287" data-mwtitle="Meditation_from_Thais_-_Bomsori_Kim.opus" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/ff/Meditation_from_Thais_-_Bomsori_Kim.opus/Meditation_from_Thais_-_Bomsori_Kim.opus.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Meditation_from_Thais_-_Bomsori_Kim.opus" type="audio/ogg; codecs="opus"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/ff/Meditation_from_Thais_-_Bomsori_Kim.opus/Meditation_from_Thais_-_Bomsori_Kim.opus.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description">Performed by <a href="/wiki/Bomsori_Kim" title="Bomsori Kim">Bomsori Kim</a> and Pallavi Mahidhara</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr />Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</div> </div> In some of his operas, such as Esclarmonde and Le mage, Massenet moved away from the traditional French pattern of free-standing arias and duets. Solos meld from declamatory passages into more melodic form, in a way that many contemporary critics thought Wagnerian. Shaw was not among them: in 1885 he wrote of Manon: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Of Wagnerism there is not the faintest suggestion. A phrase which occurs in the first love duet breaks out once or twice in subsequent amorous episodes, and has been seized on by a few unwary critics as a Wagnerian <a href="/wiki/Leitmotiv" class="mw-redirect" title="Leitmotiv">leit motif</a>. But if Wagner had never existed, Manon would have been composed much as it stands now, whereas if Meyerbeer and Gounod had not made a path for M. Massenet, it is impossible to say whither he might have wandered, or how far he could have pushed his way.<a href="#cite_note-91">[77]</a></blockquote> The 21st-century critic Anne Feeney comments, "Massenet rarely repeated musical phrases, let alone used recurrent themes, so the resemblance [to Wagner] lies solely in the declamatory lyricism and enthusiastic use of the brass and percussion."<a href="#cite_note-92">[78]</a> Massenet enjoyed introducing comedy into his serious works, and writing some mainly comic operas. In Macdonald's view of the comic works, Cendrillon and Don Quichotte succeed, but Don César de Bazan and Panurge are less satisfying than "the more delicately tuned operas such as Manon, Le portrait de Manon and <a href="/wiki/Le_jongleur_de_Notre-Dame" title="Le jongleur de Notre-Dame">Le jongleur de Notre-Dame</a>, where comedy serves a more complex purpose."<a href="#cite_note-grove-19">[17]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Operabase" title="Operabase">Operabase</a>, analysis of productions around the world in 2012–13 shows Massenet as the twentieth most popular of all opera composers, and the fourth most popular French one, after Bizet, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Offenbach" title="Jacques Offenbach">Offenbach</a> and Gounod.<a href="#cite_note-93">[79]</a> The most often performed of his operas in the period are shown as Werther (63 productions in all countries), followed by Manon (47), Don Quichotte (22), Thaïs (21), Cendrillon (17), La Navarraise (4), Cléopâtre (3), Thérèse (2), Le Cid (2), Hérodiade (2), Esclarmonde (2), Chérubin (2) and Le mage (1).<a href="#cite_note-94">[80]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean_de_Paleologu_-_Jules_Massenet_-_Sapho.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Poster by Jean de Paleologu for Sapho, 1897"><img alt="theatre poster listing names of author, composer and star" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Jean_de_Paleologu_-_Jules_Massenet_-_Sapho.jpg/143px-Jean_de_Paleologu_-_Jules_Massenet_-_Sapho.jpg" decoding="async" width="143" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Jean_de_Paleologu_-_Jules_Massenet_-_Sapho.jpg/214px-Jean_de_Paleologu_-_Jules_Massenet_-_Sapho.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Jean_de_Paleologu_-_Jules_Massenet_-_Sapho.jpg/285px-Jean_de_Paleologu_-_Jules_Massenet_-_Sapho.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3510" data-file-height="4916" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Poster by <a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Paleologu" title="Jean de Paleologu">Jean de Paleologu</a> for <a href="/wiki/Sapho_(Massenet)" title="Sapho (Massenet)">Sapho</a>, 1897</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Georges_Rochegrosse%27s_poster_for_Jules_Massenet%27s_Don_Quichotte.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Poster by Georges Rochegrosse for Don Quichotte, 1910"><img alt="theatre poster depicting Cervantes's Don Quixote" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/27/Georges_Rochegrosse%27s_poster_for_Jules_Massenet%27s_Don_Quichotte.jpg/150px-Georges_Rochegrosse%27s_poster_for_Jules_Massenet%27s_Don_Quichotte.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/27/Georges_Rochegrosse%27s_poster_for_Jules_Massenet%27s_Don_Quichotte.jpg/225px-Georges_Rochegrosse%27s_poster_for_Jules_Massenet%27s_Don_Quichotte.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/27/Georges_Rochegrosse%27s_poster_for_Jules_Massenet%27s_Don_Quichotte.jpg/300px-Georges_Rochegrosse%27s_poster_for_Jules_Massenet%27s_Don_Quichotte.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3680" data-file-height="4892" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Poster by <a href="/wiki/Georges_Rochegrosse" title="Georges Rochegrosse">Georges Rochegrosse</a> for <a href="/wiki/Don_Quichotte" title="Don Quichotte">Don Quichotte</a>, 1910</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_vocal_music">Other vocal music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jules_Massenet&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Other vocal music">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Massenet_-_Notre_P%C3%A8re_-_par_l%27Atelier_Vocal_des_Herbiers.ogg" title="File:Massenet - Notre Père - par l'Atelier Vocal des Herbiers.ogg">"Notre Père"</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_4" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="223" data-mwtitle="Massenet_-_Notre_Père_-_par_l'Atelier_Vocal_des_Herbiers.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Massenet_-_Notre_P%C3%A8re_-_par_l%27Atelier_Vocal_des_Herbiers.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/19/Massenet_-_Notre_P%C3%A8re_-_par_l%27Atelier_Vocal_des_Herbiers.ogg/Massenet_-_Notre_P%C3%A8re_-_par_l%27Atelier_Vocal_des_Herbiers.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description">Performed by l'Atelier Vocal des Herbiers</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr />Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</div> </div> Between 1862 and 1900 Massenet composed eight <a href="/wiki/Oratorio" title="Oratorio">oratorios</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cantata" title="Cantata">cantatas</a>, mostly on religious subjects.<a href="#cite_note-95">[81]</a> There is a degree of overlap between his operatic style and his choral works for church or concert hall performance.<a href="#cite_note-96">[82]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vincent_d%27Indy" title="Vincent d'Indy">Vincent d'Indy</a> wrote that there was "a discreet and semi-religious eroticism" in Massenet's music.<a href="#cite_note-98">[n 15]</a> The religious element was a regular theme in his secular as well as sacred works: this derived not from any strong personal faith, but from his response to the dramatic aspects of Roman Catholic ritual.<a href="#cite_note-penguin-52">[42]</a> The mingling of operatic and religious elements in his works was such that one of his oratorios, Marie-Magdeleine, was staged as an opera during the composer's lifetime.<a href="#cite_note-glass-87">[73]</a> Elements of the erotic and some implicit sympathy for sinners were controversial, and may have prevented his church works establishing themselves more securely.<a href="#cite_note-grove-19">[17]</a> Arthur Hervey, a contemporary critic not unsympathetic to Massenet, commented that Marie-Magdeleine and the later oratorio <a href="/wiki/%C3%88ve" title="Ève">Ève</a> (1875) were "the Bible doctored up in a manner suitable to the taste of impressionable Parisian ladies – utterly inadequate for the theme, at the same time very charming and effective."<a href="#cite_note-99">[84]</a> Of the four works categorised by Irvine and Grove as oratorios, only one, <a href="/wiki/La_Terre_Promise" title="La Terre Promise">La terre promise</a> (1900), was written for church performance. Massenet used the term "oratorio" for that work, but he called Marie-Magdeleine a "drame sacré", Ève a "mystère", and <a href="/wiki/La_Vierge" title="La Vierge">La Vierge</a> (1880) a "légende sacrée".<a href="#cite_note-100">[85]</a> Massenet composed many other smaller-scale choral works, and more than two hundred songs. His early collections of songs were particularly popular and helped establish his reputation. His choice of lyrics ranged widely. Most were verses by poets such as <a href="/wiki/Alfred_de_Musset" title="Alfred de Musset">Musset</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guy_de_Maupassant" title="Guy de Maupassant">Maupassant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Hugo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophile_Gautier" title="Théophile Gautier">Gautier</a> and many lesser-known French writers, with occasional poems from overseas, including <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Tennyson" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred Tennyson">Tennyson</a> in English and <a href="/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">Shelley</a> in French translation.<a href="#cite_note-101">[86]</a> Grove comments that Massenet's songs, though pleasing and impeccable in craftsmanship, are less inventive than those of Bizet and less distinctive than those of <a href="/wiki/Henri_Duparc_(composer)" title="Henri Duparc (composer)">Duparc</a> and Fauré.<a href="#cite_note-grove-19">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orchestral_and_chamber_music">Orchestral and chamber music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jules_Massenet&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Orchestral and chamber music">edit</a>]</div> Massenet was a fluent and skilful orchestrator, and willingly provided ballet episodes for his operas, incidental music for plays, and a one-act stand-alone ballet for Vienna (Le carillon, 1892). Macdonald remarks that Massenet's orchestral style resembled that of <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9o_Delibes" title="Léo Delibes">Delibes</a>, "with its graceful movement and bewitching colour", which was highly suited to classical French ballet.<a href="#cite_note-grove-19">[17]</a> The <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9ditation_(Tha%C3%AFs)" title="Méditation (Thaïs)">Méditation</a> for solo violin and orchestra, from Thaïs, is possibly the best known non-vocal piece by Massenet, and appears on many recordings.<a href="#cite_note-102">[87]</a> Another popular stand-alone orchestral piece from the operas is Le dernier sommeil de la Vierge from La Vierge, which has featured on numerous discs since the middle of the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-103">[88]</a> A Parisian critic, after seeing La grand' tante, declared that Massenet was a symphonist rather than a theatre composer.<a href="#cite_note-grove-19">[17]</a> At the time of the British premiere of Manon in 1885, the critic in <a href="/wiki/The_Manchester_Guardian" class="mw-redirect" title="The Manchester Guardian">The Manchester Guardian</a>, reviewing the work enthusiastically, nevertheless echoed his French confrère's view that the composer was really a symphonist, whose music was at its best when purely orchestral.<a href="#cite_note-104">[89]</a> Massenet took a wholly opposite view of his talents. He was temperamentally unsuited to writing symphonically: the constraints of <a href="/wiki/Sonata_form" title="Sonata form">sonata form</a> bored him. He wrote, in the early 1870s, "What I have to say, musically, I have to say rapidly, forcefully, concisely; my discourse is tight and nervous, and if I wanted to express myself otherwise I would not be myself."<a href="#cite_note-105">[90]</a> His efforts in the <a href="/wiki/Concertante" class="mw-redirect" title="Concertante">concertante</a> field made little mark, but his orchestral suites, colourful and picturesque according to Grove, have survived on the fringes of the repertoire.<a href="#cite_note-grove-19">[17]</a> Other works for orchestra are a symphonic poem, Visions (1891), an Ouverture de Concert (1863) and Ouverture de Phèdre (1873). After early attempts at chamber music as a student, he wrote little more in the genre. Most of his early chamber pieces are now lost; three pieces for cello and piano survive.<a href="#cite_note-106">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recordings">Recordings</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jules_Massenet&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Recordings">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Massenet-performers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="portraits of two men and two women" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Massenet-performers.jpg/200px-Massenet-performers.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Massenet-performers.jpg/300px-Massenet-performers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/Massenet-performers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Among Massenet's interpreters, clockwise from top left: <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Monteux" title="Pierre Monteux">Pierre Monteux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9e_Fleming" title="Renée Fleming">Renée Fleming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Alagna" title="Roberto Alagna">Roberto Alagna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Victoria_de_los_%C3%81ngeles" title="Victoria de los Ángeles">Victoria de los Ángeles</a></figcaption></figure> The only known recording made by Massenet is an excerpt from Sapho, "Pendant un an je fus ta femme", in which he plays a piano accompaniment for the soprano <a href="/wiki/Georgette_Leblanc" title="Georgette Leblanc">Georgette Leblanc</a>. It was recorded in 1903, and was not intended for publication. It has been released on compact disc (2008), together with contemporary recordings by <a href="/wiki/Edvard_Grieg" title="Edvard Grieg">Grieg</a>, Saint-Saëns, Debussy and others.<a href="#cite_note-107">[92]</a> In Massenet's later years, and in the decade after his death, many of his songs and opera extracts were recorded. Some of the performers were the original creators of the roles, such as <a href="/wiki/Ernest_van_Dyck" title="Ernest van Dyck">Ernest van Dyck</a> (Werther),<a href="#cite_note-108">[93]</a> <a href="/wiki/Emma_Calv%C3%A9" title="Emma Calvé">Emma Calvé</a> (Sapho),<a href="#cite_note-109">[94]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hector_Dufranne" title="Hector Dufranne">Hector Dufranne</a> (Grisélidis),<a href="#cite_note-110">[95]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vanni_Marcoux" title="Vanni Marcoux">Vanni Marcoux</a> (Panurge).<a href="#cite_note-111">[96]</a> Complete French recordings of Manon and Werther, conducted by <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lie_Cohen_(conductor)" title="Élie Cohen (conductor)">Élie Cohen</a>, were issued in 1932 and 1933 and have been republished on CD.<a href="#cite_note-blyth-112">[97]</a> The critic <a href="/wiki/Alan_Blyth" title="Alan Blyth">Alan Blyth</a> comments that they embody the original, intimate Opéra-Comique style of performing Massenet.<a href="#cite_note-blyth-112">[97]</a> Of Massenet's operas, the two best known, Manon and Werther, have been recorded many times, and studio or live recordings have been issued of many of the others, including Cendrillon, Le Cid, Don Quichotte, Esclarmonde, Hérodiade, Le jongleur de Notre-Dame, Le mage, La Navarraise and Thaïs. Conductors on these discs include <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Beecham" title="Thomas Beecham">Sir Thomas Beecham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Bonynge" title="Richard Bonynge">Richard Bonynge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Chailly" title="Riccardo Chailly">Riccardo Chailly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colin_Davis" title="Colin Davis">Sir Colin Davis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Fournillier" title="Patrick Fournillier">Patrick Fournillier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Mackerras" title="Charles Mackerras">Sir Charles Mackerras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Monteux" title="Pierre Monteux">Pierre Monteux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Pappano" title="Antonio Pappano">Sir Antonio Pappano</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michel_Plasson" title="Michel Plasson">Michel Plasson</a>. Among the sopranos and <a href="/wiki/Mezzo-soprano" title="Mezzo-soprano">mezzos</a> are <a href="/wiki/Janet_Baker" title="Janet Baker">Dame Janet Baker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victoria_de_los_%C3%81ngeles" title="Victoria de los Ángeles">Victoria de los Ángeles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natalie_Dessay" title="Natalie Dessay">Natalie Dessay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9e_Fleming" title="Renée Fleming">Renée Fleming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angela_Gheorghiu" title="Angela Gheorghiu">Angela Gheorghiu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joan_Sutherland" title="Joan Sutherland">Dame Joan Sutherland</a>. Leading men in recordings of Massenet operas include <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Alagna" title="Roberto Alagna">Roberto Alagna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Bacquier" title="Gabriel Bacquier">Gabriel Bacquier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pl%C3%A1cido_Domingo" title="Plácido Domingo">Plácido Domingo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hampson_(baritone)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Hampson (baritone)">Thomas Hampson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jonas_Kaufmann" title="Jonas Kaufmann">Jonas Kaufmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_van_Dam" title="José van Dam">José van Dam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alain_Vanzo" title="Alain Vanzo">Alain Vanzo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tito_Schipa" title="Tito Schipa">Tito Schipa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rolando_Villaz%C3%B3n" title="Rolando Villazón">Rolando Villazón</a>.<a href="#cite_note-march-113">[98]</a> In addition to the operas, recordings have been issued of several orchestral works, including the ballet Le carillon, the piano concerto in E♭, the Fantaisie for cello and orchestra, and orchestral suites.<a href="#cite_note-march-113">[98]</a> Many individual <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9lodie" title="Mélodie">mélodies</a> by Massenet were included in mixed recitals on record during the 20th century, and more have been committed to disc since then, including, for the first time, a CD in 2012, exclusively devoted to his songs for soprano and piano.<a href="#cite_note-114">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reputation">Reputation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jules_Massenet&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Reputation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jules_Massenet_from_Musical_Memories_by_Saint-Sa%C3%ABns.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="image of the same man shown in the image at the top of the page, clearly several decades later" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Jules_Massenet_from_Musical_Memories_by_Saint-Sa%C3%ABns.jpg/170px-Jules_Massenet_from_Musical_Memories_by_Saint-Sa%C3%ABns.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Jules_Massenet_from_Musical_Memories_by_Saint-Sa%C3%ABns.jpg/255px-Jules_Massenet_from_Musical_Memories_by_Saint-Sa%C3%ABns.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Jules_Massenet_from_Musical_Memories_by_Saint-Sa%C3%ABns.jpg/340px-Jules_Massenet_from_Musical_Memories_by_Saint-Sa%C3%ABns.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1070" data-file-height="1433" /></a><figcaption>Massenet in his later years</figcaption></figure> By the time of the composer's death in 1912 his reputation had declined, especially outside his native country. In the second edition (1907) of Grove, <a href="/wiki/John_Alexander_Fuller_Maitland" title="John Alexander Fuller Maitland">J A Fuller Maitland</a> accused the composer of pandering to the fashionable Parisian taste of the moment, and disguising a uniformly "weak and sugary" style with superficial effects. Fuller Maitland contended that to discerning music lovers such as himself the operas of Massenet were "inexpressibly monotonous", and he predicted that they would all be forgotten after the composer's death.<a href="#cite_note-115">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[n 16]</a> Similar views were expressed in an obituary in <a href="/wiki/The_Musical_Times" title="The Musical Times">The Musical Times</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">His early scores are, for the greater part, his best ... Later, and for the plain reason that he never attempted to renovate his style, he sank into sheer mannerism. Indeed, one can but marvel that so gifted a musician, who lacked neither individuality nor skill, should have so utterly succeeded in throwing away his gifts. Success spoiled him ... the actual progress of musical art during the past forty years left Massenet unmoved ... he has taken no part in the evolution of modern music.<a href="#cite_note-mt-32">[27]</a></blockquote> Massenet was never entirely without supporters. In the 1930s Sir Thomas Beecham told the critic <a href="/wiki/Neville_Cardus" title="Neville Cardus">Neville Cardus</a>, "I would give the whole of Bach's <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg_Concertos" title="Brandenburg Concertos">Brandenburg Concertos</a> for Massenet's Manon, and would think I had vastly profited by the exchange."<a href="#cite_note-cardus-118">[102]</a> By the 1950s critics were reappraising Massenet's works. In 1951 <a href="/wiki/Martin_Cooper_(musicologist)" title="Martin Cooper (musicologist)">Martin Cooper</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a> wrote that Massenet's detractors, including some fellow composers, were on the whole idealistic, even puritanical, "but few of them have in practice achieved anything so near perfection in any genre, however humble, as Massenet achieved in his best works."<a href="#cite_note-119">[103]</a> In 1955 <a href="/wiki/Edward_Sackville-West,_5th_Baron_Sackville" title="Edward Sackville-West, 5th Baron Sackville">Edward Sackville-West</a> and <a href="/wiki/Desmond_Shawe-Taylor_(music_critic)" title="Desmond Shawe-Taylor (music critic)">Desmond Shawe-Taylor</a> commented in <a href="/wiki/The_Record_Guide" title="The Record Guide">The Record Guide</a> that, although usually dismissed as an inferior Gounod, Massenet wrote music with a distinct flavour of its own. "He had a gift for melody of a suave, voluptuous and eminently singable kind, and the intelligence and dramatic sense to make the most of it." The writers called for revivals of Grisélidis, Le jongleur de Notre-Dame, Don Quichotte and Cendrillon, all then neglected.<a href="#cite_note-recordguide-55">[45]</a> By the 1990s, Massenet's reputation had been considerably rehabilitated. In The Penguin Opera Guide (1993), Hugh Macdonald wrote that though Massenet's operas never equalled the grandeur of Berlioz's <a href="/wiki/Les_Troyens" title="Les Troyens">Les Troyens</a>, the genius of Bizet's Carmen or the profundity of Debussy's Pelléas et Mélisande, from the 1860s until the years before the First World War, the composer gave the French lyric stage a remarkable series of works, two of which – Manon and Werther – are "masterpieces that will always grace the repertoire". In Macdonald's view, Massenet "embodies many enduring aspects of the <a href="/wiki/Belle_%C3%89poque" title="Belle Époque">belle époque</a>, one of the richest cultural periods in history".<a href="#cite_note-penguin-52">[42]</a> In France, Massenet's 20th-century eclipse was less complete than elsewhere, but his oeuvre has been revalued in recent years. In 2003 Piotr Kaminsky wrote in Mille et un opéras of Massenet's skill in translating French text into flexible melodic phrases, his exceptional orchestral virtuosity, combining sparkle and clarity, and his unerring theatrical instinct.<a href="#cite_note-120">[104]</a> Begun by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Louis_Pichon" title="Jean-Louis Pichon">Jean-Louis Pichon</a> in November 1990, the <a href="/wiki/Massenet_Festival" title="Massenet Festival">Massenet Festival</a> in Massenet's native Saint-Étienne have produced biennial performances to promote and celebrate his music.<a href="#cite_note-grove-19">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[105]</a> Rodney Milnes, in The New Grove Dictionary of Opera (1992), agrees that Manon and Werther have a secure place in the international repertoire; he counts three others as "re-establishing a toehold" (Cendrillon, Thaïs and Don Quichotte), with many more due for re-evaluation or rediscovery. He concludes that comparing Massenet with the handful of composers of great genius, "It would be absurd to claim that he was anything more than a second-rate composer; he nevertheless deserves to be seen, like <a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Richard Strauss</a>, at least as a first-class second-rate one."<a href="#cite_note-rodders-11">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes,_references_and_sources">Notes, references and sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jules_Massenet&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes, references and sources">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jules_Massenet&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 24em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> English pronunciations: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈmæsəneɪ/</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌmæsəˈneɪ, mæsˈneɪ, mɑːsˈneɪ/</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells2008-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2011-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Collins-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Massenet's biographer Demar Irvine notes that, according to French usage of the time, the four children had the right to bear the more aristocratic surname Massenet de Marancour or Massenet Royer de Marancour. The elder brothers did so, but Jules preferred the plain single name.<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Massenet was employed as accompanist to the leading tenor <a href="/wiki/Gustave-Hippolyte_Roger" title="Gustave-Hippolyte Roger">Gustave-Hippolyte Roger</a>, at whose house at <a href="/wiki/Villiers-sur-Marne" title="Villiers-sur-Marne">Villiers-sur-Marne</a> Wagner spent ten days in early 1860. Massenet was impressed by Wagner's piano playing, "like a musician, not at all like a pianist". It is not clear whether Wagner heard Massenet play during his stay.<a href="#cite_note-20">[18]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> This was Massenet's second attempt at the Prix; he gained a mention honorable for his cantata Louise de Mézières in 1862.<a href="#cite_note-23">[20]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> A similar remark was made about <a href="/wiki/Camille_Saint-Sa%C3%ABns" title="Camille Saint-Saëns">Saint-Saëns</a> in 1864: "Il sait tout, mais il manque d'inexpérience" – "He knows everything but lacks inexperience". Saint-Saëns, many years later, attributed it to Gounod.<a href="#cite_note-26">[22]</a> It is more generally believed that the remark was made by Berlioz.<a href="#cite_note-27">[23]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Massenet recalled in his memoirs that Hartmann's premises in the <a href="/wiki/Boulevard_de_la_Madeleine" title="Boulevard de la Madeleine">Boulevard de la Madeleine</a> became an unofficial centre of Parisian musical life, with Bizet, Saint-Saëns, <a href="/wiki/Edouard_Lalo" class="mw-redirect" title="Edouard Lalo">Lalo</a> and <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Franck" title="César Franck">Franck</a> all "part of the inner circle".<a href="#cite_note-33">[28]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Massenet succeeded <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Bazin_(composer)" title="François Bazin (composer)">François Bazin</a>, a teacher whose pedantic methods had so repelled him when a student that he left Bazin's classes after a month.<a href="#cite_note-41">[35]</a> Bazin is one of the few people about whom Massenet wrote a hard word in his memoirs.<a href="#cite_note-42">[36]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Massenet's detractors put a different interpretation on his encouragement of his students' originality: <a href="/wiki/Michel-Dimitri_Calvocoressi" title="Michel-Dimitri Calvocoressi">Michel-Dimitri Calvocoressi</a> wrote in 1912, "He can hardly be said to have exercised a wholesome influence as a teacher, and generally speaking, such of his pupils as have displayed more than ordinary merits as composers did not follow his example."<a href="#cite_note-mt-32">[27]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Debussy's professor of composition was <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Guiraud" title="Ernest Guiraud">Ernest Guiraud</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[39]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> According to Macdonald it was "the biblical-amorous subject" to which Vaucorbeil took exception – an objection that also applied to Saint-Saëns's <a href="/wiki/Samson_and_Delilah_(opera)" title="Samson and Delilah (opera)">Samson et Delila</a>, which was banned from the Opéra for many years.<a href="#cite_note-grove-19">[17]</a> Massenet's recollection was that Vaucorbeil considered the librettist, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Milliet" title="Paul Milliet">Paul Milliet</a>, incompetent.<a href="#cite_note-49">[40]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> This judgment was still shared by some well into the 20th century. The authors of <a href="/wiki/The_Record_Guide" title="The Record Guide">The Record Guide</a> (1955) observed that although Werther was popular in France it had never caught on elsewhere, "largely no doubt because of the monotonously self-pitying character of the hero (this is Goethe's fault rather than Massenet's)."<a href="#cite_note-recordguide-55">[45]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Irvine reiterates Massenet's claim, but cites no other authority for it.<a href="#cite_note-72">[61]</a> The post was offered to and accepted by Fauré, whose biographers Duchen, Jones and Nectoux make no mention of any prior offer of the post to Massenet in 1905; nor is it mentioned in Woldu and Queuniet's 1996 study of the crisis that led to the handover from Dubois to Fauré.<a href="#cite_note-73">[62]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> These were Perséphone in Ariane, the title role in Thérèse, Queen Amahelli in Bacchus and Dulcinée in Don Quichotte. She appeared after the composer's death as Postumia in Roma and Colombe in Panurge.<a href="#cite_note-77">[65]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> "Une soirée bien parisienne et, naturellement, triomphe bien parisien aussi."<a href="#cite_note-82">[69]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> "Un érotisme discret et quasi-réligieux"<a href="#cite_note-97">[83]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> Fuller Maitland was equally antipathetic to many contemporary composers, being similarly hostile to <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Sullivan" title="Arthur Sullivan">Sullivan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Elgar" title="Edward Elgar">Elgar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy">Debussy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Richard Strauss</a>.<a href="#cite_note-116">[101]</a> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References">References</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jules_Massenet&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 24em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells2008-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells2008_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWells2008">Wells 2008</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2011-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2011_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJones2011">Jones 2011</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Collins-3"><a href="#cite_ref-Collins_3-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/massenet">"Massenet"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Collins_English_Dictionary" title="Collins English Dictionary">Collins English Dictionary</a>. 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and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/search?q=Massenet&qt=results_page#%2528x0%253Amusic%2Bx4%253Acd%2529format">"Massenet"</a>, WorldCat, retrieved 31 July 2014; and <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.classicstoday.com/review/review-15864/">[1]</a>, retrieved 27 December 2017 </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/title/massenet-j-vocal-music-ivre-damour-silver-bonynge/oclc/885066936&referer=brief_results">"Ivre d'amour"</a>, WorldCat, retrieved 7 August 2012 </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> Fuller Maitland, p. 88 </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> Dibble, Jeremy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/10378">"Fuller Maitland, J A"</a> Grove Music Online, Oxford Music Online, retrieved 29 July 2014 (subscription required); and McHale, Maria. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130415203322/http://ml.oxfordjournals.org/content/84/3/507.extract">"The English Musical Renaissance and the Press 1850–1914: Watchmen of Music by Meirion Hughes"</a>, Music and Letters (2003) Vol 84 (3), pp. 507–509 (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-cardus-118"><a href="#cite_ref-cardus_118-0">^</a> Cardus, p. 29 </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> Cooper, French Music (1951), quoted in Hughes and van Thal, p. 250 </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Kaminsky, p. 864 </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBury2012" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bury, Laurent (13 August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forumopera.com/actu/jean-louis-pichon-je-pense-avoir-fait-evoluer-le-regard-des-gens-sur-massenet">"Jean-Louis Pichon : «Je pense avoir fait évoluer le regard des gens sur Massenet»"</a> [Jean-Louis Pichon: "I think I have changed the way people look at Massenet"]. forumopera.com (in French). Le magazine du monde lyrique. Retrieved 20 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=forumopera.com&rft.atitle=Jean-Louis+Pichon+%3A+%C2%ABJe+pense+avoir+fait+%C3%A9voluer+le+regard+des+gens+sur+Massenet%C2%BB&rft.date=2012-08-13&rft.aulast=Bury&rft.aufirst=Laurent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forumopera.com%2Factu%2Fjean-louis-pichon-je-pense-avoir-fait-evoluer-le-regard-des-gens-sur-massenet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJules+Massenet" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jules_Massenet&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalthazar2013" class="citation book cs1">Balthazar, Scott (2013). Historical Dictionary of Opera. Lanham, US: Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0810867680" title="Special:BookSources/0810867680"><bdi>0810867680</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Opera&rft.place=Lanham%2C+US&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=0810867680&rft.aulast=Balthazar&rft.aufirst=Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJules+Massenet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellaigue1921" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bellaigue, Camille (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/souvenirsdemusiq00bell">Souvenirs de musique et de musiciens</a> (in French). Paris: Nouvelle Librairie Nationale. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/15309469">15309469</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Souvenirs+de+musique+et+de+musiciens&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Nouvelle+Librairie+Nationale&rft.date=1921&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F15309469&rft.aulast=Bellaigue&rft.aufirst=Camille&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsouvenirsdemusiq00bell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJules+Massenet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlyth1979" class="citation book cs1">Blyth, Alan (1979). Opera on Record Volume 1. London: Hutchinson. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/874515332">874515332</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Opera+on+Record+Volume+1&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hutchinson&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F874515332&rft.aulast=Blyth&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJules+Massenet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlyth1994" class="citation book cs1">Blyth, Alan (1994) [1992]. Opera on CD. London: Kyle Cathie. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1856261034" title="Special:BookSources/1856261034"><bdi>1856261034</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Opera+on+CD&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Kyle+Cathie&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=1856261034&rft.aulast=Blyth&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJules+Massenet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCardus1961" class="citation book cs1">Cardus, Neville (1961). Sir Thomas Beecham. 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London: Osgood, McIlvaine. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/6551952">6551952</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Masters+of+French+Music&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Osgood%2C+McIlvaine&rft.date=1894&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F6551952&rft.aulast=Hervey&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fmastersoffrenchm00herv%23page%2F180%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJules+Massenet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughesHerbert_van_Thal1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gervase_Hughes" title="Gervase Hughes">Hughes, Gervase</a>; <a href="/wiki/Herbert_van_Thal" title="Herbert van Thal">Herbert van Thal</a>, eds. (1971). The Music Lover's Companion. London: Eyre and Spottiswoode. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0413279200" title="Special:BookSources/0413279200"><bdi>0413279200</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Music+Lover%27s+Companion&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Eyre+and+Spottiswoode&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=0413279200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJules+Massenet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrvine1994" class="citation book cs1">Irvine, Demar (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/massenetchronicl00irvi">Massenet – A Chronicle of His Life and Times</a>. Portland, Oregon: Amadeus Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1574670247" title="Special:BookSources/1574670247"><bdi>1574670247</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Massenet+%E2%80%93+A+Chronicle+of+His+Life+and+Times&rft.place=Portland%2C+Oregon&rft.pub=Amadeus+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=1574670247&rft.aulast=Irvine&rft.aufirst=Demar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmassenetchronicl00irvi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJules+Massenet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Graham_Johnson_(musician)" title="Graham Johnson (musician)">Johnson, Graham</a> (2009). Gabriel Fauré – The Songs and their Poets. Farnham, UK; Burlington, US: Ashgate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0754659607" title="Special:BookSources/0754659607"><bdi>0754659607</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gabriel+Faur%C3%A9+%E2%80%93+The+Songs+and+their+Poets&rft.place=Farnham%2C+UK%3B+Burlington%2C+US&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=0754659607&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Graham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJules+Massenet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Jones_(phonetician)" title="Daniel Jones (phonetician)">Jones, Daniel</a> (2011). <a href="/wiki/Peter_Roach_(phonetician)" title="Peter Roach (phonetician)">Roach, Peter</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jane_Setter" title="Jane Setter">Setter, Jane</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Esling" title="John Esling">Esling, John</a> (eds.). Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary (18th ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-15255-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-15255-6"><bdi>978-0-521-15255-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cambridge+English+Pronouncing+Dictionary&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.edition=18th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-521-15255-6&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJules+Massenet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1989" class="citation book cs1">Jones, J Barrie (1989). Gabriel Fauré – A Life in Letters. London: B T Batsford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0713454687" title="Special:BookSources/0713454687"><bdi>0713454687</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gabriel+Faur%C3%A9+%E2%80%93+A+Life+in+Letters&rft.place=London&rft.pub=B+T+Batsford&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0713454687&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=J+Barrie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJules+Massenet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaminski2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kaminski, Piotr (2003). Mille et un opéras (in French). Paris: Fayard. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2213600171" title="Special:BookSources/2213600171"><bdi>2213600171</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mille+et+un+op%C3%A9ras&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Fayard&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=2213600171&rft.aulast=Kaminski&rft.aufirst=Piotr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJules+Massenet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly1990" class="citation book cs1">Kelly, Alan (1990). La Voix de son maître – His Master's Voice: the French catalogue, 1898–1929. New York: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0313273332" title="Special:BookSources/0313273332"><bdi>0313273332</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Voix+de+son+ma%C3%AEtre+%E2%80%93+His+Master%27s+Voice%3A+the+French+catalogue%2C+1898%E2%80%931929&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0313273332&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJules+Massenet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoechlin1976" class="citation book cs1">Koechlin, Charles (1976) [1945]. Gabriel Fauré, 1845–1924. London: Dennis Dobson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0404146791" title="Special:BookSources/0404146791"><bdi>0404146791</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gabriel+Faur%C3%A9%2C+1845%E2%80%931924&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Dennis+Dobson&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0404146791&rft.aulast=Koechlin&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJules+Massenet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacdonald,_Hugh1997" class="citation book cs1">Macdonald, Hugh (1997) [1993]. "Massenet, Jules". In Amanda Holden (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/operaguidepengui00nich">The Penguin Opera Guide</a>. London: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/014051385X" title="Special:BookSources/014051385X"><bdi>014051385X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Massenet%2C+Jules&rft.btitle=The+Penguin+Opera+Guide&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=014051385X&rft.au=Macdonald%2C+Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foperaguidepengui00nich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJules+Massenet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarch2008" class="citation book cs1">March, Ivan, ed. (2008). Penguin Guide to Recorded Classical Music, 2009. London and New York: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0141041625" title="Special:BookSources/0141041625"><bdi>0141041625</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Penguin+Guide+to+Recorded+Classical+Music%2C+2009&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=0141041625&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJules+Massenet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMassenetH_Villiers_Barnett_(trans)1919" class="citation book cs1">Massenet, Jules; H Villiers Barnett (trans) (1919) [1910]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/myrecollectionsb00barniala#page/n7/mode/2up">My Recollections</a>. Boston: Small Maynard. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/774419363">774419363</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Recollections&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Small+Maynard&rft.date=1919&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F774419363&rft.aulast=Massenet&rft.aufirst=Jules&rft.au=H+Villiers+Barnett+%28trans%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fmyrecollectionsb00barniala%23page%2Fn7%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJules+Massenet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNectouxRoger_Nichols_(trans)1991" class="citation book cs1">Nectoux, Jean-Michel; Roger Nichols (trans) (1991). Gabriel Fauré – A Musical Life. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521235243" title="Special:BookSources/0521235243"><bdi>0521235243</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gabriel+Faur%C3%A9+%E2%80%93+A+Musical+Life&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0521235243&rft.aulast=Nectoux&rft.aufirst=Jean-Michel&rft.au=Roger+Nichols+%28trans%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJules+Massenet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNectoux1994" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nectoux, Jean-Michel (1994). Camille Saint-Saëns et Gabriel Fauré – Correspondance, 1862–1920 (in French). Paris: Société française de musicologie. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2853570045" title="Special:BookSources/2853570045"><bdi>2853570045</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Camille+Saint-Sa%C3%ABns+et+Gabriel+Faur%C3%A9+%E2%80%93+Correspondance%2C+1862%E2%80%931920&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+fran%C3%A7aise+de+musicologie&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=2853570045&rft.aulast=Nectoux&rft.aufirst=Jean-Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJules+Massenet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNichols2011" class="citation book cs1">Nichols, Roger (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mauriceravel00roge">Ravel – A Life</a>. New Haven, US and London: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300108826" title="Special:BookSources/0300108826"><bdi>0300108826</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ravel+%E2%80%93+A+Life&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+US+and+London&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=0300108826&rft.aulast=Nichols&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmauriceravel00roge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJules+Massenet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRidingLeslie_Dunton-Downer2006" class="citation book cs1">Riding, Alan; Leslie Dunton-Downer (2006). Opera. London: Dorling Kindersley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1405312793" title="Special:BookSources/1405312793"><bdi>1405312793</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Opera&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Dorling+Kindersley&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1405312793&rft.aulast=Riding&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft.au=Leslie+Dunton-Downer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJules+Massenet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSackville-WestDesmond_Shawe-Taylor1955" class="citation book cs1">Sackville-West, Edward; Desmond Shawe-Taylor (1955). The Record Guide. London: Collins. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/500373060">500373060</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Record+Guide&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Collins&rft.date=1955&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F500373060&rft.aulast=Sackville-West&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft.au=Desmond+Shawe-Taylor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJules+Massenet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaw1981" class="citation book cs1">Shaw, Bernard (1981). Dan Laurence (ed.). Shaw's Music: The Complete Music Criticism of Bernard Shaw, Volume 1 (1876–1890). London: The Bodley Head. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0370302478" title="Special:BookSources/0370302478"><bdi>0370302478</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shaw%27s+Music%3A+The+Complete+Music+Criticism+of+Bernard+Shaw%2C+Volume+1+%281876%E2%80%931890%29&rft.place=London&rft.pub=The+Bodley+Head&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0370302478&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJules+Massenet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2010" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Rollin (2010). Saint-Saëns and the Organ. Stuyvesant, US: Pendragon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1576471802" title="Special:BookSources/1576471802"><bdi>1576471802</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saint-Sa%C3%ABns+and+the+Organ&rft.place=Stuyvesant%2C+US&rft.pub=Pendragon&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=1576471802&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Rollin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJules+Massenet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStudd1999" class="citation book cs1">Studd, Stephen (1999). Saint-Saëns – A Critical Biography. London: Cygnus Arts. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1900541653" title="Special:BookSources/1900541653"><bdi>1900541653</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saint-Sa%C3%ABns+%E2%80%93+A+Critical+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Cygnus+Arts&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1900541653&rft.aulast=Studd&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJules+Massenet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_C._Wells" title="John C. Wells">Wells, John C.</a> (2008). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.). Harlow, Essex, UK: Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0"><bdi>978-1-4058-8118-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Longman+Pronunciation+Dictionary&rft.place=Harlow%2C+Essex%2C+UK&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4058-8118-0&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJules+Massenet" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jules_Massenet&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuller2016" class="citation web cs1">Fuller, Nick (22 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.musicweb-international.com/classrev/2016/Aug/Massenet_article.pdf">"Jules Massenet: His Life and Works"</a> (PDF). MusicWeb International. Retrieved 22 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jules+Massenet%3A+His+Life+and+Works&rft.pub=MusicWeb+International&rft.date=2016-08-22&rft.aulast=Fuller&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.musicweb-international.com%2Fclassrev%2F2016%2FAug%2FMassenet_article.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJules+Massenet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMassenet2015" class="citation book cs1">Massenet, Anne (2015) [2001]. Massenet and His Letters. Translated by Mary Dibbern. Hillsdale, NY, US: Pendragon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1576472086" title="Special:BookSources/1576472086"><bdi>1576472086</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Massenet+and+His+Letters&rft.place=Hillsdale%2C+NY%2C+US&rft.pub=Pendragon+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=1576472086&rft.aulast=Massenet&rft.aufirst=Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJules+Massenet" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jules_Massenet&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Jules_Massenet" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Jules Massenet">Jules Massenet</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jules-massenet.fr/">Official website (Association Massenet Internationale)</a>, International Massenet Association, founded in 1990</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/artist/q7690">All Music biographical notes on Massenet (in English)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.musicologie.org/Biographies/m/massenet.html">Extensive biography with list of references and compositions (in French)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details/collection_image_gallery.aspx?assetId=314142&objectId=736435&partId=1">Rudolf Lehmann's drawing of Massenet</a> in the British Museum, 1893</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/38445">Works by Jules Massenet</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Massenet%2C%20Jules%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Jules%20Massenet%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Massenet%2C%20Jules%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Jules%20Massenet%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Massenet%2C%20J%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Jules%20Massenet%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Massenet%2C%20Jules%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Jules%20Massenet%22%29%20OR%20%28%221842-1912%22%20AND%20Massenet%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Jules Massenet</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bruceduffie.com/massenet7x.html">"Massenet, Mary Garden, and the Chicago Opera 1910–1932"</a> (Includes charts, cast lists, programs, and many photos)</li> <li>Scores and Vocal Scores <ul><li><a href="https://imslp.org/wiki/Category:Massenet,_Jules" class="extiw" title="scores:Category:Massenet, Jules">Free scores by Jules Massenet</a> at the <a href="/wiki/International_Music_Score_Library_Project" title="International Music Score Library Project">International Music Score Library Project</a> (IMSLP)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dlib.indiana.edu/variations/scores/scores.html">Indiana University Bloomington Libraries</a>: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dlib.indiana.edu/variations/scores/aby3341/large/index.html">Werther: Full orchestral score, French text only</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dlib.indiana.edu/variations/scores/akn9800/large/index.html">Manon: Full orchestral score, French text only</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dlib.indiana.edu/variations/scores/ahp5976/large/index.html">Don Quichotte: Vocal score (piano reduction), French and English libretto</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jules_Massenet327" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jules_Massenet" title="Template:Jules Massenet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jules_Massenet" title="Template talk:Jules Massenet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jules_Massenet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jules Massenet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jules_Massenet327" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jules Massenet</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Jules_Massenet" title="List of compositions by Jules Massenet">List of compositions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_operas_by_Jules_Massenet" title="List of operas by Jules Massenet">List of operas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_grand%27tante" title="La grand'tante">La grand'tante</a> (1867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_C%C3%A9sar_de_Bazan" title="Don César de Bazan">Don César de Bazan</a> (1872)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_roi_de_Lahore" title="Le roi de Lahore">Le roi de Lahore</a> (1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9rodiade" title="Hérodiade">Hérodiade</a> (1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manon" title="Manon">Manon</a> (1884)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Cid_(opera)" title="Le Cid (opera)">Le Cid</a> (1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esclarmonde" title="Esclarmonde">Esclarmonde</a> (1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Mage" title="Le Mage">Le Mage</a> (1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werther" title="Werther">Werther</a> (1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tha%C3%AFs_(opera)" title="Thaïs (opera)">Thaïs</a> (1894)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_portrait_de_Manon" title="Le portrait de Manon">Le portrait de Manon</a> (1894)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Navarraise" title="La Navarraise">La Navarraise</a> (1894)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapho_(Massenet)" title="Sapho (Massenet)">Sapho</a> (1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cendrillon_(Massenet)" title="Cendrillon (Massenet)">Cendrillon</a> (1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gris%C3%A9lidis" title="Grisélidis">Grisélidis</a> (1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_jongleur_de_Notre-Dame" title="Le jongleur de Notre-Dame">Le jongleur de Notre-Dame</a> (1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A9rubin" title="Chérubin">Chérubin</a> (1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_(Massenet)" title="Ariane (Massenet)">Ariane</a> (1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_(opera)" title="Thérèse (opera)">Thérèse</a> (1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacchus_(opera)" title="Bacchus (opera)">Bacchus</a> (1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Quichotte" title="Don Quichotte">Don Quichotte</a> (1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roma_(opera)" title="Roma (opera)">Roma</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panurge_(opera)" title="Panurge (opera)">Panurge</a> (1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cl%C3%A9op%C3%A2tre" title="Cléopâtre">Cléopâtre</a> (1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amadis_(Massenet)" title="Amadis (Massenet)">Amadis</a> (1922)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oratorios</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Magdeleine" title="Marie-Magdeleine">Marie-Magdeleine</a> (1873)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%88ve_(Massenet)" title="Ève (Massenet)">Ève</a> (1875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Vierge" title="La Vierge">La Vierge</a> (1880)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Terre_Promise" title="La Terre Promise">La Terre Promise</a> (1900)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ballets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cigale_(ballet)" title="Cigale (ballet)">Cigale</a> (1904)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27histoire_de_Manon" title="L'histoire de Manon">L'histoire de Manon</a> (arr. Leighton Lucas, 1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concerto</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piano_Concerto_(Massenet)" title="Piano Concerto (Massenet)">Piano Concerto</a> (1902)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Incidental music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Les_%C3%89rinnyes" title="Les Érinnyes">Les Érinnyes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9ditation_(Tha%C3%AFs)" title="Méditation (Thaïs)">Méditation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cercle_Funambulesque" title="Cercle Funambulesque">Cercle Funambulesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massenet_Festival" title="Massenet Festival">Massenet Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O_Superman" title="O Superman">O Superman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Jules_Massenet" title="Category:Jules Massenet">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Romantic_music538" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Romantic_music" title="Template:Romantic music"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Romantic_music" title="Template talk:Romantic music"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Romantic_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Romantic music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Romantic_music538" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">Romantic music</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_Romantic_composers" title="List of Romantic composers">List of Romantic composers</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Composers and musicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Adam" title="Adolphe Adam">Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Valentin_Alkan" title="Charles-Valentin Alkan">Alkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Arensky" title="Anton Arensky">Arensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Atterberg" title="Kurt Atterberg">Atterberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Auber" title="Daniel Auber">Auber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mily_Balakirev" title="Mily Balakirev">Balakirev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Bazzini" title="Antonio Bazzini">Bazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Beach" title="Amy Beach">Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Beethoven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Bellini" title="Vincenzo Bellini">Bellini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Sterndale_Bennett" title="William Sterndale Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Auguste_de_B%C3%A9riot" title="Charles Auguste de Bériot">Bériot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector_Berlioz" title="Hector Berlioz">Berlioz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Bertin" title="Louise Bertin">Bertin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Berwald" title="Franz Berwald">Berwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Bizet" title="Georges Bizet">Bizet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Borodin" title="Alexander Borodin">Borodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Bortkiewicz" title="Sergei Bortkiewicz">Bortkiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Brahms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Bruch" title="Max Bruch">Bruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner">Bruckner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferruccio_Busoni" title="Ferruccio Busoni">Busoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Whitefield_Chadwick" title="George Whitefield Chadwick">Chadwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9cile_Chaminade" title="Cécile Chaminade">Chaminade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Chausson" title="Ernest Chausson">Chausson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Cherubini" title="Luigi Cherubini">Cherubini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin">Chopin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Crusell" title="Bernhard Crusell">Crusell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Cui" title="César Cui">Cui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Czerny" title="Carl Czerny">Czerny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licien_David" title="Félicien David">Félicien David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_David_(musician)" title="Ferdinand David (musician)">Ferdinand David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9o_Delibes" title="Léo Delibes">Delibes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Delius" title="Frederick Delius">Delius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Denza" title="Luigi Denza">Denza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_d%27Indy" title="Vincent d'Indy">d'Indy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Donizetti" title="Gaetano Donizetti">Donizetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k" title="Antonín Dvořák">Dvořák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Elgar" title="Edward Elgar">Elgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Farrenc" title="Louise Farrenc">Farrenc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Faur%C3%A9" title="Gabriel Fauré">Fauré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Field_(composer)" title="John Field (composer)">Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Foote" title="Arthur Foote">Foote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Foster" title="Stephen Foster">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Franck" title="César Franck">Franck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Franz" title="Robert Franz">Franz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauro_Giuliani" title="Mauro Giuliani">Giuliani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Glazunov" title="Alexander Glazunov">Glazunov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Glinka" title="Mikhail Glinka">Glinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_Carlos_Gomes" title="Antônio Carlos Gomes">Gomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Melchor_Gomis" title="José Melchor Gomis">J. Gomis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gounod" title="Charles Gounod">Gounod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gretchaninov" title="Alexander Gretchaninov">Gretchaninov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edvard_Grieg" title="Edvard Grieg">Grieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fromental_Hal%C3%A9vy" title="Fromental Halévy">Halévy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Herbert" title="Victor Herbert">Herbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_H%C3%A9rold" title="Ferdinand Hérold">Hérold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Holst" title="Gustav Holst">Holst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Nepomuk_Hummel" title="Johann Nepomuk Hummel">Hummel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Joachim" title="Joseph Joachim">Joachim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Joplin" title="Scott Joplin">Joplin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Kalivoda" title="Jan Kalivoda">Kalivoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Kalkbrenner" title="Friedrich Kalkbrenner">Kalkbrenner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Kreisler" title="Fritz Kreisler">Kreisler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Kuhlau" title="Friedrich Kuhlau">Kuhlau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toivo_Kuula" title="Toivo Kuula">Kuula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Lachner" title="Franz Lachner">Lachner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Lalo" title="Édouard Lalo">Lalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruggero_Leoncavallo" title="Ruggero Leoncavallo">Leoncavallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Liszt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Loewe" title="Carl Loewe">Loewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_Lumbye" title="Hans Christian Lumbye">Lumbye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mykola_Lysenko" title="Mykola Lysenko">Lysenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_MacDowell" title="Edward MacDowell">MacDowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leevi_Madetoja" title="Leevi Madetoja">Madetoja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Mahler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Marschner" title="Heinrich Marschner">Marschner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santiago_Masarnau_Fern%C3%A1ndez" title="Santiago Masarnau Fernández">Masarnau</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Massenet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Medtner" title="Nikolai Medtner">Medtner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_M%C3%A9hul" title="Étienne Méhul">Méhul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanny_Mendelssohn" title="Fanny Mendelssohn">Fanny Mendelssohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Felix Mendelssohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saverio_Mercadante" title="Saverio Mercadante">Mercadante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9d%C3%A9e_M%C3%A9reaux" title="Amédée Méreaux">Méreaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Meyerbeer" title="Giacomo Meyerbeer">Meyerbeer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Moniuszko" title="Stanisław Moniuszko">Moniuszko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignaz_Moscheles" title="Ignaz Moscheles">Moscheles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moritz_Moszkowski" title="Moritz Moszkowski">Moszkowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modest_Mussorgsky" title="Modest Mussorgsky">Mussorgsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Niedermeyer" title="Louis Niedermeyer">Niedermeyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Nielsen" title="Carl Nielsen">Nielsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Offenbach" title="Jacques Offenbach">Offenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Onslow_(composer)" title="George Onslow (composer)">Onslow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pacini" title="Giovanni Pacini">Pacini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Jan_Paderewski" title="Ignacy Jan Paderewski">Paderewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Paganini" title="Niccolò Paganini">Paganini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Knowles_Paine" title="John Knowles Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Popper" title="David Popper">Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Prudent" title="Émile Prudent">Prudent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Puccini" title="Giacomo Puccini">Puccini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Rachmaninoff" title="Sergei Rachmaninoff">Rachmaninoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Raff" title="Joachim Raff">Raff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Reicha" title="Anton Reicha">Reicha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Reinecke" title="Carl Reinecke">Reinecke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottorino_Respighi" title="Ottorino Respighi">Respighi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Ries" title="Ferdinand Ries">Ries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Rimsky-Korsakov" title="Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov">Rimsky-Korsakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Rode" title="Pierre Rode">Rode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gioachino_Rossini" title="Gioachino Rossini">Rossini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Rubinstein" title="Anton Rubinstein">Rubinstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Saint-Sa%C3%ABns" title="Camille Saint-Saëns">Saint-Saëns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_de_Sarasate" title="Pablo de Sarasate">Sarasate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Schubert" title="Franz Schubert">Schubert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann">C. Schumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann">R. Schumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Scriabin" title="Alexander Scriabin">Scriabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius">Sibelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Bedřich Smetana">Smetana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Sor" title="Fernando Sor">Sor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Philip_Sousa" title="John Philip Sousa">Sousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Spohr" title="Louis Spohr">Spohr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspare_Spontini" title="Gaspare Spontini">Spontini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Strauss_I" title="Johann Strauss I">J. Strauss I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Strauss_II" title="Johann Strauss II">J. Strauss II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">R. Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Taneyev" title="Sergei Taneyev">Taneyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_T%C3%A1rrega" title="Francisco Tárrega">Tárrega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Tchaikovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismond_Thalberg" title="Sigismond Thalberg">Thalberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Tobias" title="Rudolf Tobias">Tobias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Verdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Vieuxtemps" title="Henri Vieuxtemps">Vieuxtemps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_V%C3%A1clav_Vo%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%A1ek" title="Jan Václav Voříšek">Voříšek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Maria_von_Weber" title="Carl Maria von Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Wieniawski" title="Henryk Wieniawski">Wieniawski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Vaughan_Williams" title="Ralph Vaughan Williams">Vaughan Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Wolf" title="Hugo Wolf">Wolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ysa%C3%BFe" title="Eugène Ysaÿe">Ysaÿe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Instrumentation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_guitar" title="Romantic guitar">Romantic guitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchestra#Early_Romantic_orchestra" title="Orchestra">Romantic orchestra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballade_(classical_music)" title="Ballade (classical music)">Ballade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_piece" title="Character piece">Character piece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorale_prelude" title="Chorale prelude">Chorale prelude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermezzo" title="Intermezzo">Intermezzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lied" title="Lied">Lied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazurka" title="Mazurka">Mazurka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchestral_song" title="Orchestral song">Orchestral song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_ballet" title="Romantic ballet">Romantic ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantische_Oper" title="Romantische Oper">Romantic opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphonic_poem" title="Symphonic poem">Symphonic poem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony" title="Symphony">Symphony</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indianist_movement" title="Indianist movement">Indianist movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_nationalism" title="Musical nationalism">Musical nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_Zeitschrift_f%C3%BCr_Musik" title="Neue Zeitschrift für Musik">Neue Zeitschrift für Musik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_German_School" title="New German School">New German School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-romanticism" title="Post-romanticism">Post-romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky_and_the_Belyayev_circle" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky and the Belyayev circle">Tchaikovsky and the Belyayev circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky_and_The_Five" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky and The Five">Tchaikovsky and The Five</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Romantics" title="War of the Romantics">War of the Romantics</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_practice_period" title="Common practice period">Common practice period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_chess" title="Romantic chess">Chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic Revival architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_poetry" title="Romantic poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_science" title="Romanticism in science">Science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_nationalism" title="Musical nationalism">Musical nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">Romantic nationalism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div style="float: left;"> ← <a href="/wiki/Template:Classical_period_(music)" title="Template:Classical period (music)">Classical music</a></div><div style="float: right;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Modernism_(music)" title="Template:Modernism (music)">Modernist music</a> → </div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Romantic_music" title="Category:Romantic music">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" 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