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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav 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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Paiwan language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_paiwan" title="Idioma paiwan – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma paiwan" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paiwan-g%C3%AD" title="Paiwan-gí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Paiwan-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tataramon_na_Paiwan" title="Tataramon na Paiwan – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tataramon na Paiwan" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paiwaneg" title="Paiwaneg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Paiwaneg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_paiwan" title="Idioma paiwan – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma paiwan" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paiwan_bhasa" title="Paiwan bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Paiwan bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paiwan_(langue)" title="Paiwan (langue) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Paiwan (langue)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_paiwan" title="Lingua paiwan – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua paiwan" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%A0i-v%C3%A2n-ng%C3%AE" title="Phài-vân-ngî – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Phài-vân-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%B4%EC%99%84%EC%96%B4" title="파이완어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="파이완어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaren_Paiwan" title="Yaren Paiwan – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Yaren Paiwan" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsasao_a_Paiwan" title="Pagsasao a Paiwan – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pagsasao a Paiwan" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Paiwan" title="Bahasa Paiwan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Paiwan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_paiwan" title="Lingua paiwan – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua paiwan" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Paiwan" title="Basa Paiwan – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Basa Paiwan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanung_Paiwan" title="Amanung Paiwan – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Amanung Paiwan" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kipaiwan" title="Kipaiwan – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kipaiwan" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Пајвански јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Пајвански јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_paioana" title="Fiteny paioana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny paioana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paiwaans" title="Paiwaans – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Paiwaans" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AF%E3%83%B3%E8%AA%9E" title="パイワン語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パイワン語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_paiwan" title="Lenga paiwan – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga paiwan" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_paiwan" title="Língua paiwan – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua paiwan" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Пайваньский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пайваньский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paiwanin_kieli" title="Paiwanin kieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Paiwanin kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="ภาษาไปวัน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาไปวัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paiwan_(a%CC%B1lyem)" title="Paiwan (a̱lyem) – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Paiwan (a̱lyem)" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%A9ngua_paiwan" title="Łéngua paiwan – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Łéngua paiwan" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8E%92%E7%81%A3%E8%AA%9E" title="排灣語 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="排灣語" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q715755#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: pink;">Paiwan</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: pink;"><i>Vinuculjan</i>, <i>Pinayuanan</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="pwn-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[vinutsuʎan]</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Paiwan_people" title="Paiwan people">Paiwan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">L1</a>:96,000 (2014)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <b>Paiwan</b></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Writing_systems_of_Formosan_languages" title="Writing systems of Formosan languages">Latin script</a> (Paiwan alphabet)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: pink;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a><sup id="cite_ref-Indigenous_Languages_Development_Act_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Indigenous_Languages_Development_Act-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: pink;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/pwn" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:pwn">pwn</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/paiw1248">paiw1248</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Formosan_languages_2005.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Formosan_languages_2005.png/320px-Formosan_languages_2005.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="389" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Formosan_languages_2005.png/480px-Formosan_languages_2005.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Formosan_languages_2005.png/640px-Formosan_languages_2005.png 2x" data-file-width="2891" data-file-height="3515" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Distribution of Paiwan language (dark green, south)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Lang_Status_80-VU.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lang_Status_80-VU.svg/320px-Lang_Status_80-VU.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lang_Status_80-VU.svg/480px-Lang_Status_80-VU.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lang_Status_80-VU.svg/640px-Lang_Status_80-VU.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="153" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Paiwan is classified as Vulnerable by the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/Atlas_of_the_World%27s_Languages_in_Danger" title="Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger">Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger</a></span></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Paiwan</b> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paiwan</a>: <i lang="pwn">Vinuculjan</i>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="pwn-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[vinutsuʎan]</a></span>) is a native language of southern <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>. It is spoken as a first language by the ethnic <a href="/wiki/Paiwan_people" title="Paiwan people">Paiwan</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_aborigines" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese aborigines">Taiwanese indigenous people</a>, and historically as a second language by many people in southern Taiwan. Paiwan is a <a href="/wiki/Formosan_languages" title="Formosan languages">Formosan language</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian language family</a>. It is also one of the national languages of <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Indigenous_Languages_Development_Act_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Indigenous_Languages_Development_Act-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dialects">Dialects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paiwan_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Dialects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Paiwan variants are seen divided into the following dialect zones by Ferrell.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerrell19824–6_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerrell19824–6-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>A1</b> – southern and central <ul><li>Kuɬaɬau (Kulalao) _ used in Ferrell's 1982 <i>Paiwan Dictionary</i> due to its widespread intelligibility and preservation of various phonemic distinctions; also spoken in Tjuabar Village, <a href="/wiki/Taitung_County" title="Taitung County">Taitung County</a>, where Tjariḍik and "Tjuabar" (closely related to Tjavuaɬi) are also spoken.</li> <li>Kapaiwanan (Su-Paiwan)</li> <li>Tjuaqatsiɬay (Kachirai) – southernmost dialect</li></ul></li> <li><b>A2</b> – central <ul><li>Ɬarəkrək (Riki-riki)</li> <li>Patjavaɬ (Ta-niao-wan)</li></ul></li> <li><b>B1</b> – northernmost <ul><li>Tjukuvuɬ (Tokubun)</li> <li>Kaviangan (Kapiyan)</li></ul></li> <li><b>B2</b> – northwestern <ul><li>Tjaɬakavus (Chalaabus, Lai-yi)</li> <li>Makazayazaya (Ma-chia)</li></ul></li> <li><b>B3</b> – east-central <ul><li>Tjariḍik (Charilik)</li></ul></li> <li><b>B4</b> – eastern <ul><li>Tjavuaɬi (Taimali)</li> <li>Tjakuvukuvuɬ (Naibon, Chaoboobol)</li></ul></li></ul> <p>This classification were thought to be corrected by Cheng 2016 as below:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (February 2024)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Note: A village unnoted of Vuculj/Ravar is by default placed under Vuculj here. </p> <div title="Paiwan-language text"><div lang="pwn" style="font-style: normal;"> <ul><li><b>Paridrayan group (Ravar)</b> <ul><li>Paridrayan /pariɖajan/</li> <li>Tjailjaking</li> <li>Tineljepan</li> <li>Cavak</li> <li>Tjukuvulj</li></ul></li> <li><b>Timur group</b> <ul><li>Timur</li> <li>Tavatavang</li> <li>Vuljulju</li> <li>Sagaran (Ravar-Vuculj mixture)</li></ul></li> <li><b>Makazayazaya branch</b> <ul><li>'ulaljuc</li> <li>Idra</li> <li>Masilidj</li> <li>Makazayazaya</li> <li>Paljulj</li> <li>Kazangiljan</li> <li>Masisi</li> <li>Kazazaljan</li> <li>'apedang</li> <li>Kaviyangan</li> <li>Puljetji</li> <li>Tjuaqau</li></ul></li> <li><b>Eastern branch</b> <ul><li>Paumeli</li> <li>Tjulitjulik</li> <li>Viljauljaulj</li> <li>Kaljataran</li> <li>Ka'aluan</li> <li>Tjua'au</li> <li>Sapulju</li> <li>Kingku</li> <li>Djumulj</li> <li>Tjukuvulj</li></ul></li> <li><b>Tjagaraus branch</b> <ul><li>Payuan</li> <li>Padain</li> <li>Piuma</li></ul></li> <li><b>Raxekerek branch (west)</b> <ul><li>Raxekerek</li> <li>Kinaximan</li> <li>Tjevecekadan</li></ul></li> <li><b>Raxekerek branch (east)</b> <ul><li>Tjahiljik</li> <li>Tjacuqu</li> <li>Tjatjigelj</li> <li>Tjaqup</li> <li>Rahepaq</li> <li>Kaljapitj</li> <li>Qeceljing</li> <li>Pacavalj</li> <li>Kuvaxeng</li> <li>Utjaqas</li> <li>Ljupetj</li></ul></li> <li><b>Tjala'avus branch</b> <ul><li>Tjalja'avus</li> <li>Calasiv</li> <li>Tjana'asia</li> <li>Pucunug</li> <li>Vungalid</li> <li>Pailjus</li></ul></li></ul></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paiwan_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kuljaljau Paiwan has 23–24 consonants (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span> is found only in loanwords, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʔ/</span> is uncommon) and 4 vowels.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerrell19827_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerrell19827-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike many other <a href="/wiki/Formosan_languages" title="Formosan languages">Formosan languages</a> that have merged many Proto-Austronesian phonemes, Paiwan preserves most Proto-Austronesian phonemes and is thus highly important for reconstruction purposes. </p><p>The four Paiwan vowels are <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i<span class="wrap"> </span>ə<span class="wrap"> </span>a<span class="wrap"> </span>u/</span>. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ə/</span> is written <span class="nowrap">⟨e⟩</span> in the literature. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Kuljaljau (Kuɬaɬau) Paiwan consonants </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">Retroflex</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">Uvular</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a> </th> <th><small>voiceless</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span></td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_plosive" title="Voiceless palatal plosive">c</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small>voiced</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiced retroflex plosive">ɖ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_plosive" title="Voiced palatal plosive">ɟ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">Affricate</a> </th> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">ts</a></span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a> </th> <th><small>voiceless</small> </th> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <th><small>voiced</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">Approximant</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span></td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced palatal lateral approximant">ʎ</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Central Paiwan consonants<sup id="cite_ref-Chen_2006_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chen_2006-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">Retroflex</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">Uvular</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ng⟩</span></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a> </th> <th><small>voiceless</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span></td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_plosive" title="Voiceless palatal plosive">c</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨tj⟩</span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨q⟩</span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ʼ⟩</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small>voiced</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiced retroflex plosive">ɖ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨dr⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_plosive" title="Voiced palatal plosive">ɟ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨dj⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">Affricate</a> </th> <td></td> <td colspan="3"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">ts</a></span> ~ <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">tʃ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨c⟩</span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a> </th> <th><small>voiceless</small> </th> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <th><small>voiced</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Rhotic_consonant" title="Rhotic consonant">Rhotic</a> </th> <td></td> <td colspan="4"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span> ~ <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨r⟩</span></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">Approximant</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_approximant" title="Voiced labiodental approximant">ʋ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨w⟩</span></td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced retroflex lateral approximant">ɭ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨l⟩</span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced palatal lateral approximant">ʎ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨lj, ɬ⟩</span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨y⟩</span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In Northern Paiwan the <a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">palatal consonants</a> have been lost, though this is recent and a few conservative speakers maintain them as allophonic variants (not as distinct phonemes). <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʔ/</span> is robust, unlike in other Paiwan dialects where its status is uncertain, as it derives from *q. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Northern Paiwan (Sandimen) consonants<sup id="cite_ref-Chen_2006_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chen_2006-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">Retroflex</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a> </th> <th><small>voiceless</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small>voiced</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiced retroflex plosive">ɖ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">Affricate</a> </th> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">ts</a></span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a> </th> <th><small>voiceless</small> </th> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <th><small>voiced</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a>~<br /><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a> </th> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">Approximant</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> ~ <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced palatal lateral approximant">ʎ</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced retroflex lateral approximant">ɭ</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Southern Paiwan (Mudan) consonants<sup id="cite_ref-Chen_2006_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chen_2006-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">Retroflex</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">Uvular</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a> </th> <th><small>voiceless</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span></td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_plosive" title="Voiceless palatal plosive">c</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small>voiced</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiced retroflex plosive">ɖ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_plosive" title="Voiced palatal plosive">ɟ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">Affricate</a> </th> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">ts</a></span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a> </th> <th><small>voiceless</small> </th> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <th><small>voiced</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a></span> ~ <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">Approximant</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span></td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced retroflex lateral approximant">ɭ</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced palatal lateral approximant">ʎ</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Younger speakers tend to pronounce <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʎ/</span> as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[l]</span>. Fricative <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɣ]</span> is characteristic of Mudan village; elsewhere is Southern Paiwan it tends to be a trill <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[r]</span>, though it still varies <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[r<span class="wrap"> </span>~<span class="wrap"> </span>ɣ<span class="wrap"> </span>~<span class="wrap"> </span>ʁ<span class="wrap"> </span>~<span class="wrap"> </span>h]</span>. Word-initial *k has become <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʔ/</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paiwan_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronouns">Pronouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paiwan_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Paiwan personal pronouns below are from Ferrell (1982).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerrell198214_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerrell198214-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Paiwan Personal Pronouns </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Gloss </th> <th>Equational </th> <th>Genitive </th> <th>Non-Eq., Non-Gen. </th></tr> <tr> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr> </th> <td><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">-aken, ti-aken</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">ku-, ni-aken</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">tjanu-aken</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2SG</abbr> </th> <td><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">-sun, ti-sun</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">su-, ni-sun</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">tjanu-sun</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr> </th> <td><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">ti-madju</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">ni-madju</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">tjai-madju</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, plural" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1PL</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="inclusive person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INCL</abbr> </th> <td><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">-itjen, ti-tjen</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">tja-, ni-tjen</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">tjanu-itjen</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, plural" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1PL</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="exclusive person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">EXCL</abbr> </th> <td><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">-amen, ti-amen</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">nia-, ni-amen</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">tjanu-amen</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person, plural" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2PL</abbr> </th> <td><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">-mun, ti-mun</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">nu-, ni-mun</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">tjanu-mun</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, plural" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3PL</abbr> </th> <td><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">ti-a-madju</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">ni-a-madju</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">tjai-a-madju</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Function_words">Function words</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paiwan_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Function words"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Paiwan has three construction markers, which are also known as relational particles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerrell198213_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerrell198213-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">a</i></span> – shows equational relationship; personal sing. = <span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">ti</i></span>, personal plural = <span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">tia</i></span></li> <li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">nua</i></span> – shows genitive / partitive relationship; personal sing. = <span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">ni</i></span>, personal plural = <span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">nia</i></span></li> <li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">tua</i></span> – shows that the relationship is neither equational nor genitive; personal sing. = *<span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">tjai</i></span>, personal plural = <span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">tjaia</i></span></li></ol> <p>Other words include: </p> <ul><li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">i</i></span> – be at, in (place)</li> <li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">nu</i></span> – if when</li> <li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">na</i></span> – already (definitely) done/doing or have become</li> <li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">uri</i></span> – definite future negative marker</li> <li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">uri</i></span> – definite future marker</li> <li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">ɬa</i></span> – emphasis, setting apart</li></ul> <p>Affixed adverbials include:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerrell198214_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerrell198214-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">-tiaw</i></span> <ul><li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">nu-tiaw</i></span>: tomorrow</li> <li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">ka-tiaw</i></span>: yesterday</li></ul></li> <li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">-sawni</i></span> <ul><li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">nu-sawni</i></span>: soon, in a little while (future)</li> <li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">ka-sawni</i></span>: a little while ago</li></ul></li> <li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">-ngida</i></span> <ul><li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">nu-ngida</i></span>: when? (future)</li> <li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">ka-ngida</i></span>: when? (past)</li></ul></li></ul> <p>Interjections include the following:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerrell198212_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerrell198212-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">ui</i></span> – yes</li> <li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">ini</i></span> – no (not do)</li> <li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">neka</i></span> – no, not (not exist)</li> <li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">ai</i></span> – oh! (surprise, wonder)</li> <li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">ai ḍivá</i></span> – alas!</li> <li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">uá</i></span> – oh! (surprise, taken aback)</li> <li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">ai ḍaḍá</i></span> – ouch! (pain)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbs">Verbs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paiwan_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Verbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Paiwan verbs have 4 types of focus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerrell198230_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerrell198230-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Agent/Actor</li> <li>Object/Goal/Patient</li> <li>Referent: spatial/temporal locus, indirect object, beneficiary</li> <li>Instrument/Cause/Motivation/Origin</li></ol> <p>The following verbal affixes are used to express varying degrees of volition or intent, and are arranged below from highest to lowest intention.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerrell198237_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerrell198237-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">ki-</i></span> (intentional)</li> <li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">pa-</i></span> (intentional)</li> <li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">-m-</i></span> (volitionally ambiguous)</li> <li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">si-</i></span> (volitionally ambiguous)</li> <li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">ma-</i></span> (non-intentional)</li> <li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">se-</i></span> (non-intentional)</li></ol> <p>Paiwan verbs can also take on the following non-derivational suffixes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerrell198213_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerrell198213-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">-anga</i></span>: "certainly," "truly doing"</li> <li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">-angata</i></span>: "definitely" (emphatic)</li> <li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">-anga</i></span>: "still, yet, continuing to"</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Affixes">Affixes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paiwan_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Affixes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Paiwan affixes below are from the Kulalao dialect unless stated otherwise, and are sourced from Ferrell (1982).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerrell198215–27_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerrell198215–27-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <dl><dt>Prefixes</dt></dl> <ul><li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">ka-</i></span>: used as an inchoative marker with some stems; past marker</li> <li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">ka- -an</i></span>: principal, main</li> <li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">kaɬa- -an</i></span>: time/place characterized by something</li> <li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">ma-ka-</i></span>: go past, via; having finished</li> <li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">pa-ka-</i></span>: go/cause to go by way of (something/place)</li> <li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">ka-si-</i></span>: come from</li> <li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">ken(e)-</i></span>: eat, drink, consume</li> <li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">ki-</i></span>: get, obtain</li> <li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">ku-</i></span>: my; I (as agent of non-agent focus verb)</li> <li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">ɬa-</i></span>: belonging to a given [plant/animal] category</li> <li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">ɬe-</i></span>: to go in the direction of</li> <li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">ɬia-</i></span>: (have) come to be in/at</li> <li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">li-</i></span>: have quality of</li> <li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">ma-</i></span>: be affected by, be in condition of (involuntary)</li> <li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">mare-</i></span>: having reciprocal relationship</li> <li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">mare-ka-</i></span>: in some general category</li> <li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">maɬe-</i></span>: number of persons</li> <li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">me-</i></span>: agent marker usually involving change of status (used with certain verbs)</li> <li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">mere-</i></span>: be gigantic, super-</li> <li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">mi-</i></span>: agent marker that is usually intransitive (used with certain verbs)</li> <li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">mi- -an</i></span>: pretend, claim</li> <li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">mu-</i></span>: agent marker (certain verbs)</li> <li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">ka-na- -anga</i></span>: every</li> <li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">pa-</i></span>: to cause to be/occur</li> <li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">pe-</i></span>: emerge, come into view</li> <li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">pi-</i></span>: put in/on; do something to</li> <li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">pu-</i></span>: have or produce; acquire</li> <li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">pu- -an</i></span>: place where something is put or kept</li> <li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">ma-pu-</i></span>: do nothing except ...</li> <li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">ra-</i></span>: having to do with</li> <li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">r-m-a-</i></span>: do at/during</li> <li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">r-m-a- -an</i></span>: do at/in</li> <li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">sa-</i></span>: wish to; go to, in direction of; have odor, quality, flavor of</li> <li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">pa-sa-</i></span>: transfer something to; nearly, be on point of doing</li> <li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">ki-sa-</i></span>: use, utilize, employ</li> <li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">na-sa-</i></span>: perhaps, most likely is</li> <li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">san(e)-</i></span>: construct, work on/in</li> <li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">ki-sane(e)-</i></span>: become/act as; one who acts as</li> <li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">ru-</i></span>: do frequently/habitually; have many of</li> <li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">se-</i></span>: people of (village/nation); have quality of; occur suddenly/unexpectedly/unintentionally</li> <li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">s-ar-e-</i></span>: be in state/condition of (involuntary)</li> <li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">si-</i></span>: be instrument/cause/beneficiary of; instrument focus marker; belonging to certain time in past</li> <li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">ma-si-</i></span>: carry, transport</li> <li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">su-</i></span>: your; you (agent of non-agent focus verb); leave, remove, desist from</li> <li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">ki-su-</i></span>: remove or have removed from oneself</li> <li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">ta-</i></span>: past marker</li> <li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">tu-</i></span>: similar to, like</li> <li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">ma-ru-</i></span>: be dissimilar but of same size</li> <li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">tja-</i></span>: our, we (inclusive); more, to a greater extent, further</li> <li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">ki-tja-</i></span>: take along for use</li> <li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">tjaɬa- -an</i></span>: most, -est</li> <li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">tjara-</i></span>: be definitely</li> <li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">tjaɬu-</i></span>: reach/extend as far as</li> <li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">tjari-</i></span>: furthest, utmost</li> <li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">tja-u-</i></span>: to have just done</li> <li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">tje-</i></span>: choose to do at/from</li> <li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">ka-tje- -an</i></span>: containing</li> <li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">tji-</i></span>: used mainly in plant/animal species names (non-Kulalao frozen affix)</li> <li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">tji-a-</i></span>: be/remain at</li> <li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">tju-</i></span>: do/use separately; be/do at certain place</li> <li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">m-uri-</i></span>: search for</li></ul> <dl><dt>Infixes</dt></dl> <ul><li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">-aɬ-, -al-, -ar-</i></span>: having sound or quality of; involving use of; <i>non-Kulalao</i></li> <li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">-ar-</i></span>: do indiscriminately, on all sides; <i>non-Kulalao</i></li> <li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">-m-</i></span>: agent or actor; -n- following /p/, /b/, /v/, /m/; m- before vowel-initial words</li> <li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">-in-</i></span>: perfective marker, action already begun or accomplished, object or product of past action; in- before vowel-initial words</li></ul> <dl><dt>Suffixes</dt></dl> <ul><li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">-an</i></span>: specific location in time/space; specific one/type; referent focus</li> <li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">-en</i></span>: object/goal of action; object focus</li> <li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">-aw, -ay</i></span>: projected or intended action, referent focus</li> <li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">-u</i></span>: agent focus (most subordinate clauses); most peremptory imperative</li> <li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">-i</i></span>: object focus (most subordinate clauses); polite imperative</li> <li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">-ɬ</i></span>: things in sequence; groupings; durations of time</li></ul> </div> <p>The following affixes are from the Tjuabar dialect of Paiwan, spoken in the northwest areas of Paiwan-occupied territory (<i>Comparative Austronesian Dictionary</i> 1995). </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <dl><dt>Nouns</dt></dl> <ul><li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">-aḷ-, -alʸ-</i></span> 'tiny things'</li> <li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">-in-</i></span> 'things made from plant roots'</li> <li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">-an</i></span> 'place' (always used with another affix)</li> <li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">mar(ə)-</i></span> 'a pair of' (used for humans only)</li> <li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">pu-</i></span> 'rich'</li> <li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">ḳay-</i></span> 'vegetation'</li> <li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">sə-</i></span> 'inhabitants'</li> <li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">cua-</i></span> 'name of a tribe'</li></ul> <dl><dt>Verbs</dt></dl> <ul><li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">-aŋa</i></span> 'already done'</li> <li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">ka-</i></span> 'to complete'</li> <li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">kə-</i></span> 'to do something oneself'</li> <li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">ki-</i></span> 'to do something to oneself'</li> <li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">kisu-</i></span> 'to get rid of'</li> <li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">kicu-</i></span> 'to do something separately'</li> <li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">maCa-</i></span> 'to do something reciprocally' (where C indicates the initial consonant of the stem)</li> <li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">mə-</i></span> 'to experience, to be something'</li> <li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">pa-</i></span> 'to cause someone to do something'</li> <li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">pu-</i></span> 'to produce, to get something'</li> <li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">sa-</i></span> 'to be willing to do something'</li> <li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">calʸu-</i></span> 'to arrive at'</li></ul> <dl><dt>Adjectives</dt></dl> <ul><li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">ma-</i></span> 'being'</li> <li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">na-</i></span> 'with the quality of'</li> <li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">səcalʸi-</i></span> 'very'</li> <li><span title="Paiwan-language text"><i lang="pwn">ca-</i></span> 'more than'</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paiwan_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150216122029/http://focustaiwan.tw/news/asoc/201502150011.aspx">"Amis Remains Taiwan's Biggest Aboriginal Tribe at 37.1% of Total"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Focus_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Focus Taiwan">Focus Taiwan</a></i>. CNA. February 15, 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://focustaiwan.tw/news/asoc/201502150011.aspx">the original</a> on 2015-02-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Focus+Taiwan&rft.atitle=Amis+Remains+Taiwan%27s+Biggest+Aboriginal+Tribe+at+37.1%25+of+Total&rft.date=2015-02-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffocustaiwan.tw%2Fnews%2Fasoc%2F201502150011.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaiwan+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Indigenous_Languages_Development_Act-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Indigenous_Languages_Development_Act_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Indigenous_Languages_Development_Act_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glin.ly.gov.tw/file/legal/tw1406201702.pdf"><i>Yuánzhùmínzú yǔyán fāzhǎn fǎ</i> <bdi lang="zh">原住民族語言發展法</bdi></a> [<i>Indigenous Languages Development Act</i>] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Chinese) – via Lìfayuan quanqiu falu zixun wang</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yu%C3%A1nzh%C3%B9m%C3%ADnz%C3%BA+y%C7%94y%C3%A1n+f%C4%81zh%C7%8En+f%C7%8E+%E5%8E%9F%E4%BD%8F%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E6%B3%95&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglin.ly.gov.tw%2Ffile%2Flegal%2Ftw1406201702.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaiwan+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerrell19824–6-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerrell19824–6_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFerrell1982">Ferrell 1982</a>, pp. 4–6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerrell19827-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerrell19827_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFerrell1982">Ferrell 1982</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chen_2006-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chen_2006_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chen_2006_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chen_2006_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChen2006" class="citation thesis cs1">Chen, Chun-mei (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/handle/2152/3758/chenc55702.pdf"><i>A Comparative Study on Formosan Phonology: Paiwan and Budai Rukai</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Ph.D. thesis). The University of Texas at Austin. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2152%2F3758">2152/3758</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=A+Comparative+Study+on+Formosan+Phonology%3A+Paiwan+and+Budai+Rukai&rft.degree=Ph.D.&rft.inst=The+University+of+Texas+at+Austin&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2152%2F3758&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Chun-mei&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frepositories.lib.utexas.edu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F2152%2F3758%2Fchenc55702.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaiwan+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerrell198214-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerrell198214_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerrell198214_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFerrell1982">Ferrell 1982</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerrell198213-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerrell198213_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerrell198213_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFerrell1982">Ferrell 1982</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerrell198212-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerrell198212_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFerrell1982">Ferrell 1982</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerrell198230-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerrell198230_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFerrell1982">Ferrell 1982</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerrell198237-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerrell198237_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFerrell1982">Ferrell 1982</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerrell198215–27-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerrell198215–27_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFerrell1982">Ferrell 1982</a>, pp. 15–27.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paiwan_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChang2006" class="citation thesis cs1">Chang, Anna Hsiou-chuan (2006). <i>A Reference Grammar of Paiwan</i> (Ph.D. thesis). Australian National University. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.25911%2F5D778712291BF">10.25911/5D778712291BF</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1885%2F10719">1885/10719</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=A+Reference+Grammar+of+Paiwan&rft.degree=Ph.D.&rft.inst=Australian+National+University&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1885%2F10719&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.25911%2F5D778712291BF&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Anna+Hsiou-chuan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaiwan+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChang2018" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Chang, Hsiu-chuan 張秀絹 (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://alilin.apc.gov.tw/files/ebook/4370214655b6aacf99dd96/HTML5/pc.html"><i>Páiwānyǔ yǔfǎ gàilùn</i> <bdi lang="zh">排灣語語法概論</bdi></a> [<i>Introduction to Paiwan Grammar</i>] (in Chinese). Xinbei shi: Yuanzhu minzu weiyuanhui. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-986-05-5690-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-986-05-5690-2"><bdi>978-986-05-5690-2</bdi></a> – via alilin.apc.gov.tw.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=P%C3%A1iw%C4%81ny%C7%94+y%C7%94f%C7%8E+g%C3%A0il%C3%B9n+%E6%8E%92%E7%81%A3%E8%AA%9E%E8%AA%9E%E6%B3%95%E6%A6%82%E8%AB%96&rft.place=Xinbei+shi&rft.pub=Yuanzhu+minzu+weiyuanhui&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-986-05-5690-2&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Hsiu-chuan+%E5%BC%B5%E7%A7%80%E7%B5%B9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Falilin.apc.gov.tw%2Ffiles%2Febook%2F4370214655b6aacf99dd96%2FHTML5%2Fpc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaiwan+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEarlyWhitehorn2003" class="citation book cs1">Early, Robert; Whitehorn, John (2003). <i>One Hundred Paiwan Texts</i>. Pacific Linguistics 542. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15144%2FPL-542">10.15144/PL-542</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1885%2F146710">1885/146710</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85883-479-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-85883-479-0"><bdi>0-85883-479-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+Hundred+Paiwan+Texts&rft.place=Canberra&rft.series=Pacific+Linguistics+542&rft.pub=Pacific+Linguistics&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1885%2F146710&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15144%2FPL-542&rft.isbn=0-85883-479-0&rft.aulast=Early&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Whitehorn%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaiwan+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEgli1990" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Egli, Hans (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sIGc4yZXtKIC"><i>Paiwangrammatik</i></a> [<i>Paiwan Grammar</i>] (in German). Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783447030502" title="Special:BookSources/9783447030502"><bdi>9783447030502</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paiwangrammatik&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9783447030502&rft.aulast=Egli&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsIGc4yZXtKIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaiwan+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerrell1982" class="citation book cs1">Ferrell, Raleigh (1982). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/paiwandictionary0000ferr"><i>Paiwan Dictionary</i></a></span>. Pacific Linguistics Series C – No. 73. Canberra: The Australian National University. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15144%2FPL-C73">10.15144/PL-C73</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1885%2F145076">1885/145076</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85883-264-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85883-264-0"><bdi>978-0-85883-264-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paiwan+Dictionary&rft.place=Canberra&rft.series=Pacific+Linguistics+Series+C+%E2%80%93+No.+73&rft.pub=The+Australian+National+University&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1885%2F145076&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15144%2FPL-C73&rft.isbn=978-0-85883-264-0&rft.aulast=Ferrell&rft.aufirst=Raleigh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpaiwandictionary0000ferr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaiwan+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paiwan_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://e-dictionary.ilrdf.org.tw/pwn/search.htm">Yuánzhùmínzú yǔyán xiànshàng cídiǎn 原住民族語言線上詞典</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Chinese)</span> – Paiwan search page at the "Aboriginal language online dictionary" website of the Indigenous Languages Research and Development Foundation</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://alilin.apc.gov.tw/tw/ebooks?tag=610">Paiwan teaching and leaning materials published by the Council of Indigenous Peoples of Taiwan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211120145223/https://alilin.apc.gov.tw/tw/ebooks?tag=610">Archived</a> 2021-11-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Chinese)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indigenous-justice.president.gov.tw/doc/apology_text/Paiwan.pdf">Paiwan translation of President Tsai Ing-wen's 2016 apology to indigenous people</a> – published on the website of the presidential office</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 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title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Taiwan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Taiwan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Taiwan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Taiwan" title="Languages of Taiwan">Languages of Taiwan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Formosan" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Formosan_languages" title="Formosan languages">Formosan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Atayalic_languages" title="Atayalic languages">Atayalic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atayal_language" title="Atayal language">Atayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seediq_language" title="Seediq language">Seediq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Truku_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Truku language">Truku</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rukaic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rukai_language" title="Rukai language">Rukai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Formosan_languages" title="Northern Formosan languages">Northern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babuza_language" title="Babuza language">Babuza</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Favorlang_language" title="Favorlang language">Favorlang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taokas_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Taokas language">Taokas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papora-Hoanya_language" title="Papora-Hoanya language">Papora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papora-Hoanya_language" title="Papora-Hoanya language">Hoanya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papora-Hoanya_language" title="Papora-Hoanya language">Arikun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papora-Hoanya_language" title="Papora-Hoanya language">Lloa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazeh_language" title="Pazeh language">Pazeh</a> <ul><li>Kaxabu</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulon_language" title="Kulon language">Kulon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saisiyat_language" title="Saisiyat language">Saisiyat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thao_language" title="Thao language">Thao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Formosan_languages" title="East Formosan languages">East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amis_language" title="Amis language">Amis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kavalan_language" title="Kavalan language">Kavalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketagalan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ketagalan language">Ketagalan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basay_language" title="Basay language">Basay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luilang_language" title="Luilang language">Luilang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makatao_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Makatao language">Makatao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qauqaut_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Qauqaut language">Qauqaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakizaya_language" title="Sakizaya language">Sakizaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siraya_language" title="Siraya language">Siraya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taivoan_language" title="Taivoan language">Taivoan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bunun_language" title="Bunun language">Bunun</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puyuma_language" title="Puyuma language">Puyuma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tsouic_languages" title="Tsouic languages">Tsouic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kanakanavu_language" title="Kanakanavu language">Kanakanavu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saaroa_language" title="Saaroa language">Saaroa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsou_language" title="Tsou language">Tsou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Malayo-Polynesian languages">Malayo-Polynesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Batanic" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Batanic_languages" title="Batanic languages">Batanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yami_language" title="Yami language">Yami</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Sinitic" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sinitic_languages" title="Sinitic languages">Sinitic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Mandarin" title="Taiwanese Mandarin">Taiwanese Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junjiahua" title="Junjiahua">Junhua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Min_Chinese" title="Min Chinese">Min</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hokkien" title="Taiwanese Hokkien">Taiwanese Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teochew_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Teochew dialect">Teochew dialect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Min" title="Eastern Min">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhounese" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuzhounese">Fuzhounese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matsu_dialect" title="Matsu dialect">Matsu dialect</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pu-Xian_Min" class="mw-redirect" title="Pu-Xian Min">Pu-Xian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Putian_dialect" title="Putian dialect">Putian dialect</a> (Wuqiu dialect)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hakka" title="Taiwanese Hakka">Taiwanese Hakka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sixian_dialect" title="Sixian dialect">Sixian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hailu_dialect" title="Hailu dialect">Hailu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dabu_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dabu dialect (page does not exist)">Dabu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raoping_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Raoping dialect">Raoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao%27an_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhao'an dialect">Zhao'an</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Sign_Language_family" title="Japanese Sign Language family">Japonic Sign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Sign_Language" title="Taiwan Sign Language">Taiwan Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Auxiliary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese Braille</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shanghainese" title="Shanghainese">Shanghainese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian language">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yilan_Creole_Japanese" title="Yilan Creole Japanese">Yilan Creole Japanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Formosan_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Formosan_languages" title="Template:Formosan languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Formosan_languages" title="Template talk:Formosan languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Formosan_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Formosan languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Formosan_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Formosan_languages" title="Formosan languages">Formosan languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Formosan_languages" title="East Formosan languages">East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ami</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amis_language" title="Amis language">Amis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakizaya_language" title="Sakizaya language">Sakizaya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kavalanic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kavalan_language" title="Kavalan language">Kavalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basay_language" title="Basay language">Basay</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luilang_language" title="Luilang language">Ketagalan</a> †</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sirayaic_languages" title="Sirayaic languages">Sirayaic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siraya_language" title="Siraya language">Siraya</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taivoan_language" title="Taivoan language">Taivoan</a> †</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Formosan_languages" title="Northern Formosan languages">Northern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Atayalic_languages" title="Atayalic languages">Atayalic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atayal_language" title="Atayal language">Atayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seediq_language" title="Seediq language">Seediq</a> (Truku)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northwest</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babuza_language" title="Babuza language">Babuza</a> † <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Favorlang_language" title="Favorlang language">Favorlang</a> †</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papora-Hoanya_language" title="Papora-Hoanya language">Papora-Hoanya</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulon_language" title="Kulon language">Kulon</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazeh_language" title="Pazeh language">Pazeh–Kaxabu</a> <ul><li>Pazeh †</li> <li>Kaxabu</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saisiyat_language" title="Saisiyat language">Saisiyat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thao_language" title="Thao language">Thao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tsouic_languages" title="Tsouic languages">Tsouic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsou_language" title="Tsou language">Tsou</a></li> <li>Southern <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kanakanavu_language" title="Kanakanavu language">Kanakanavu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saaroa_language" title="Saaroa language">Saaroa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bunun_language" title="Bunun language">Bunun</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puyuma_language" title="Puyuma language">Puyuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukai_language" title="Rukai language">Rukai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>Bold</b> indicates languages with more than 1 million speakers</li> <li>? indicates classification dispute</li> <li>† indicates <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct status</a></li></ul> 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