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href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\">Indian Act<\/a><\/em>. It applies to some <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">Indigenous peoples<\/a>\tin Canada. People with status, known as Status Indians (or Registered Indians), fit the criteria for status as laid out in the Act. The terms of status \u2014 including who is considered Indian under the law \u2014 have changed over time. Outside legal contexts,\r\n\t<a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-term\">Indian<\/a> is a term that is now considered outdated and offensive.<\/p>","body":"<h3>What is Indian Status?<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Section 35(2) of the&nbsp;<em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/constitution-act-1982\/\">Constitution Act, 1982<\/a>&nbsp;<\/em>defines three groups of Aboriginal peoples \u2014 <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-term\">Indians<\/a>,\r\n\t<a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/inuit\">Inuit<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/metis\">M\u00e9tis<\/a>. Indians, in this case, refers to <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">First Nations<\/a>\tpeople. Legally speaking however, not all First Nations peoples are Indians \u2014 that is, not all have Indian Status. Indian is a legal identity that has been defined since 1876 by criteria set out in the&nbsp;<em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\">Indian Act<\/a><\/em>.\r\n\tThe people who fit these criteria are known as Status Indians. Outside legal contexts, <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-term\">Indian<\/a> is a term that is now considered outdated and offensive. <\/p>\r\n<p>Status Indians (sometimes also referred to as Registered Indians) appear on the Indian Register \u2014 the official record of Registered Indians in Canada, maintained by the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">federal government<\/a>. The register contains the names, birth dates, death dates, and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/marriage-and-divorce\">marriage<\/a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;\r\n\t<a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/divorce-in-canada\" style=\"background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">divorce<\/a>&nbsp;details, as well as records of persons transferring from one&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">band<\/a>&nbsp;to another, for all Registered Indians. People\r\n\t\twith status are issued identification cards (known as status cards) that contain information about their identity, band and registration number.\r\n\t\t<br>\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to the federal government, \u201cunder the&nbsp;<em>Indian Act<\/em>, Status Indians may be eligible for a range of benefits,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-rights\">rights<\/a>, programs and services offered\r\n\tby the federal and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/provincial-government\">provincial<\/a>&nbsp;or&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/territorial-government\">territorial<\/a>&nbsp;governments.\u201d\r\n\tFor example, all Status Indians are exempt from paying income&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/taxation\">tax<\/a>&nbsp;on any income they earn on a&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">reserve<\/a>,\r\n\tand the personal&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/property-law\">property<\/a>&nbsp;of a Status Indian cannot be seized if it is situated on a reserve. However, the provisions governing these exemptions are complex and do\r\n\tnot apply uniformly in every scenario. Additionally, having status does not necessarily guarantee certain rights, such as the ability to live on reserve. Non-Status people can also live on reserve in some cases, depending on community bylaws. <\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Indian Status and Band Membership<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Indian Status does not necessarily guarantee membership in a&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">band<\/a>. After amendments to the&nbsp;<em>Indian Act&nbsp;<\/em>in 1985, bands gained the ability to create their own membership\r\n\trules. (However, if they do not wish to do so, the federal government will continue to manage membership lists.) Bands now determined who could participate in band politics, and who could access band resources and property. <\/p>\r\n<p>However, bands did not control who gained or lost status; the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">federal government<\/a>&nbsp;retained this power. Therefore, while most members of bands are also Status Indians,\r\n\tit is possible to have status without belonging to a band, or vice versa.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Treaty Indians<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Treaty Indians are Status Indians who belong to a&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">First Nation<\/a>&nbsp;or band that signed any&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-treaties\">treaty<\/a>&nbsp;with\r\n\tthe&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/crown\/\">Crown<\/a>&nbsp;since 1701, thereby surrendering land for specified benefits. Some Treaty Indians live on a reserve not covered by a treaty, meaning that their community never\r\n\tsigned a treaty with the government to surrender their lands. These individuals live on what is typically known as unceded territories.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>The term also applies to First Nations who have&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-self-government\">self-government<\/a>&nbsp;agreements. Treaties may provide the descendants of signatories with annuities (annual\r\n\tpayments) and rights (such as the right to&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/hunting\">hunt<\/a>&nbsp;and fish) in addition to those given to all Status Indians.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Non-Status Indians<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Non-Status Indians are First Nations peoples who are not registered with the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">federal government<\/a>. In some cases, they do not qualify for status based on the requirements\r\n\tset out by the federal government in the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\"><em>Indian Act<\/em><\/a>. In other cases, Non-Status Indians have lost their status as a result of&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/marriage-and-divorce\">marriage<\/a>&nbsp;to\r\n\ta Non-Status person,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\">enfranchisement<\/a>&nbsp;or other legal restrictions. (<em>See also&nbsp;<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-suffrage\">Indigenous Suffrage in Canada<\/a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;\r\n\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-women-and-the-franchise\">Indigenous Women and the Franchise<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Not legally recognized under the&nbsp;<i>Indian Act<\/i>, Non-Status Indians do not enjoy the same&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-rights\">rights<\/a>&nbsp;and privileges as Status Indians; some even face criticism\r\n\tfrom Indigenous groups who consider them \u201cinauthentic\u201d Indians. Being legally defined as Indian does not wholly define one\u2019s ancestral or cultural identity. Non-Status Indians still retain Indigenous identity. They also often share many of the same&nbsp;\r\n\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/native-people-social-conditions\">socio<\/a>-<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people-economic-conditions\">economic<\/a>&nbsp;issues as Status Indians, including lack of access to&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people-health\">health care<\/a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;\r\n\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people-education\">education<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/poverty\">poverty<\/a>, displacement from&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-territory\">ancestral homelands<\/a>, and the loss of Indigenous\r\n\t\t\tculture and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people-languages\">language<\/a>. Ineligible for status, Non-Status Indians have had difficulties finding avenues of support for these issues. Organizations such as\r\n\t\t\tthe&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/congress-of-aboriginal-peoples\/\">Congress of Aboriginal Peoples<\/a>&nbsp;have sought to represent the concerns of Non-Status Indians (and other Indigenous peoples) in Canada.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>In April 2016, the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/supreme-court-of-canada\">Supreme Court of Canada<\/a>&nbsp;ruled that \u201cIndian,\u201d as defined by section 91 (24) of the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/constitution-act-1982\">Constitution<\/a>,\r\n\tincludes Non-Status Indians, as well as the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/metis\">M\u00e9tis<\/a>. However, this does not mean that Non-Status people are now Status Indians. The&nbsp;<em>Indian Act<\/em>, which continues to define\r\n\tIndian Status, was not changed by this ruling. This 2016 judgement means that Non-Status people fall under the legislative jurisdiction of the federal government.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>M\u00e9tis and Inuit Peoples<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Indian Status is held only by Indigenous peoples who are defined as such under the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\"><em>Indian Act<\/em><\/a>.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/inuit\">Inuit<\/a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;\r\n\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/metis\">M\u00e9tis<\/a>&nbsp;do not have status, just like Non-Status Indians. However, in separate judgments, the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/supreme-court-of-canada\">Supreme Court<\/a>&nbsp;ruled that M\u00e9tis and Inuit are the responsibility\r\n\t\tof the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">federal government<\/a>&nbsp;(as opposed to&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/provincial-government\">provincial<\/a>&nbsp;or&nbsp;\r\n\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/territorial-government\">territorial<\/a>&nbsp;governments). In a 1939 ruling, the Court gave responsibility for Inuit affairs to Ottawa, and in 2016, it did the same for the M\u00e9tis and Non-Status Indians. In doing so, the court has ruled that these peoples are included in the\r\n\t\t\tdefinition of <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-term\">Indian<\/a> in section 91 (24) of the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/constitution-act-1982\">Constitution<\/a>, which covers the federal\r\n\t\t\tgovernment\u2019s power over matters relating to \u201cIndians, and Lands reserved for the Indians.\u201d<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Demography<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>As of the 2016&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/statistics-canada\">Statistics Canada<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/demographic-data-collection\">census<\/a>, 1.7 million people identified\r\n\tthemselves as Aboriginal, representing 4.8 per cent of the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/population\">Canadian population<\/a>. Of those people, 58.4 per cent (977,235) were&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">First Nations<\/a>,\r\n\t35.1 per cent (587,545) were&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/metis\">M\u00e9tis<\/a>&nbsp;and 3.9 per cent (65,025) were&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/inuit\">Inuit<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Within the First Nations population, 83.9 percent (820,120) were Registered (Status) or Treaty Indians, and 2.83 per cent (232,380) identified as Non-Status. Among the Status and Treaty Indian population (744,855), 44.2 per cent lived on&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">reserve<\/a>,\r\n\twhile the rest lived off reserve. From 2006 to 2016, there was population growth both on reserve (with an increase of 12.8 per cent) and off reserve (49.1 per cent).<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Indian Act Amendments Affecting Status<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Since 1876, many Status Indians have lost their status because of discriminatory terms in the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\"><em>Indian Act<\/em><\/a>. Until 1951, the&nbsp;<em>Indian Act&nbsp;<\/em>forced many Status\r\n\tIndian men and women to \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\/\">enfranchise<\/a>\u201d \u2014 give up status rights for&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/citizenship\">citizenship<\/a>&nbsp;rights.\r\n\tGaining the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-suffrage\/\">franchise<\/a>, joining the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/armed-forces\">military<\/a>, obtaining a college degree or becoming\r\n\ta professional automatically resulted in the loss of Indian status. In addition, any Status Indian who resided outside of Canada for five years or longer resigned his or her status. (<em>See also&nbsp;<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-suffrage\">Indigenous Suffrage<\/a>.)\r\n\t<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Amendments to the Act in 1951 replaced the concept of \u201cIndian blood\u201d with one of status through registration. In other words, simply having First Nations heritage was not enough to qualify for status. However, the Act still privileged male lines of descent.\r\n\tBefore 1985, a Status Indian&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-women-and-the-franchise\/\">woman<\/a>&nbsp;lost her status if she married a man who did not have status; children from these marriages lost their status\r\n\tas well. At times, the loss of status severed peoples\u2019 ties to their ancestry and community. <\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, the issue of gender discrimination in the <em>Indian Act<\/em> grabbed national and international attention, prompting the federal government to make changes. In 1985, Bill C-31 allowed women who \"married out\" \u2014 and those\r\n\twho lost their Indian Status by other means \u2014 to apply for the restoration of their status and rights. More than 117,000 people gained or regained Indian status as a result of Bill C-31. <\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Among other provisions, Bill C-31 also created two categories of&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian\">Indian<\/a>&nbsp;registration that have had consequences on the number of people entitled to Status Rights. The first,\r\n\tknown as section 6(1), applies when both parents are or were entitled to registration. (This section is further broken down into sub-sections that differ based on how status is passed down.) The second, known as section 6(2), applies when one parent\r\n\tis entitled to registration under 6(1). Status&nbsp;<em>cannot&nbsp;<\/em>be transferred if that one parent is registered under section 6(2). In short, after two generations of intermarriage with non-status partners, children would no longer be eligible\r\n\tfor status. This is known as the \u201cSecond-Generation Cut-Off\u201d rule. <\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>While Bill C-31 provided many women with the opportunity to have status re-instated, it did not rid the <em>Indian Act<\/em> of gender discrimination. Cases brought to court by Indigenous peoples influenced further amendments to the Act. For example, in\r\n\tresponse to the McIvor case, the federal government passed Bill C-3 in 2011. The amendment grants 6(2) status to grandchildren of women who regained status in 1985. However, it too did not completely rid the Act of discrimination. <\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Bill S-3, part of which came into effect on 22 December 2017, was brought about as the result of the Descheneaux case in 2015. Bill S-3 enables more people to pass down their status to their descendants and reinstate status to those who lost it before\r\n\t1985. The other part of the bill \u2014 related to restoring status to women and their offspring who lost status before 1951 (known as \u201c1951 Cut-off\u201d) \u2014 was brought into force on 15 August 2019. According to the government, \u201cAll known sex-based inequities\r\n\tin the&nbsp;<em>Indian Act&nbsp;<\/em>have now been addressed.\u201d<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Debate: Keep or Eradicate Status?<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Some&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">Indigenous peoples<\/a>&nbsp;believe that Indian Status and the&nbsp;<em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\">Indian Act<\/a>&nbsp;<\/em>have\r\n\ta legitimate place in federal&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/law\">law<\/a>&nbsp;and Indigenous communities. The&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/the-white-paper-1969\/\">1969 White Paper<\/a>\u2014 a\r\n\tfederal proposal to do away with&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">reserves<\/a>&nbsp;and Indian status \u2014 was met with heavy resistance by many First Nations. They claimed that Indian status not only\r\n\tacknowledged the history and relationship between the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/crown\">Crown<\/a>&nbsp;and Indigenous peoples in Canada, but also obligated the government to acknowledge that relationship and its commitments\r\n\tto them. In addition, some Status Indians feared eventual assimilation without the protection of status. As David Newhouse, the director of the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/charlie-wenjack\">Chanie Wenjack<\/a>&nbsp;School\r\n\tfor Indigenous Studies at&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/trent-university\">Trent University<\/a>, explains, \u201c[The&nbsp;<em>Indian Act<\/em>] provides the structure for local community governance and community life. Reforming\r\n\tthe Act in one fell swoop, or repealing it, would be enormously disruptive to First Nations.\u201d<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Other Indigenous peoples argue that, since Indian is a legal identity defined by the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">federal government<\/a>&nbsp;rather than by Indigenous nations themselves, Indian Status\r\n\tand the&nbsp;<em>Indian Act&nbsp;<\/em>should be abolished. As&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/assembly-of-first-nations\">Assembly of First Nations<\/a>&nbsp;chief&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/perry-bellegarde\">Perry Bellegarde<\/a>&nbsp;stated\r\n\tin 2018, \u201cWe all want to move beyond the&nbsp;<em>Indian Act<\/em>\u2019s control and reconstitute ourselves as Indigenous peoples and Nations with fundamental inherent rights.\u201d Critics also point to the fact that the Act has been used to disadvantage many people,\r\n\tparticularly women and their children. They argue that it upholds a paternalistic relationship between Indigenous peoples and the Canadian government, one in which Indians are \u201cwards\u201d of the state who require control and direction.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Furthermore, critics contend that the government has used the&nbsp;<em>Indian Act&nbsp;<\/em>(as well as other legislation) to assimilate Indigenous peoples to White, colonial Canadian&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/culture\">culture<\/a>.\r\n\tThese Indigenous peoples hope that ward status will change with the increasing move towards&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-self-government\/\">self-government<\/a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/truth-and-reconciliation-commission\">reconciliation<\/a>,\r\n\tcontributing to a change in government-Indigenous relations. Critics generally argue that cultural authenticity and status are not connected, and that legal definitions of Indian are nothing more than government impositions.<\/p>","twitter_summary":null,"translations":[{"id":"8a4b3756-4452-4a3c-afb8-af52408c89a7","article_id":"83f8c22b-c140-45f4-bb66-1e503b5ad16d","title":"Indian Status","summary":"<p>Indian Status is a legal identity defined by the <em><a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\">Indian Act<\/a><\/em>. It applies to some <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">Indigenous peoples<\/a>\tin Canada. People with status, known as Status Indians (or Registered Indians), fit the criteria for status as laid out in the Act. The terms of status \u2014 including who is considered Indian under the law \u2014 have changed over time. Outside legal contexts,\r\n\t<a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-term\">Indian<\/a> is a term that is now considered outdated and offensive.<\/p>","body":"<h3>What is Indian Status?<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Section 35(2) of the&nbsp;<em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/constitution-act-1982\/\">Constitution Act, 1982<\/a>&nbsp;<\/em>defines three groups of Aboriginal peoples \u2014 <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-term\">Indians<\/a>,\r\n\t<a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/inuit\">Inuit<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/metis\">M\u00e9tis<\/a>. Indians, in this case, refers to <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">First Nations<\/a>\tpeople. Legally speaking however, not all First Nations peoples are Indians \u2014 that is, not all have Indian Status. Indian is a legal identity that has been defined since 1876 by criteria set out in the&nbsp;<em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\">Indian Act<\/a><\/em>.\r\n\tThe people who fit these criteria are known as Status Indians. Outside legal contexts, <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-term\">Indian<\/a> is a term that is now considered outdated and offensive. <\/p>\r\n<p>Status Indians (sometimes also referred to as Registered Indians) appear on the Indian Register \u2014 the official record of Registered Indians in Canada, maintained by the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">federal government<\/a>. The register contains the names, birth dates, death dates, and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/marriage-and-divorce\">marriage<\/a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;\r\n\t<a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/divorce-in-canada\" style=\"background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">divorce<\/a>&nbsp;details, as well as records of persons transferring from one&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">band<\/a>&nbsp;to another, for all Registered Indians. People\r\n\t\twith status are issued identification cards (known as status cards) that contain information about their identity, band and registration number.\r\n\t\t<br>\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to the federal government, \u201cunder the&nbsp;<em>Indian Act<\/em>, Status Indians may be eligible for a range of benefits,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-rights\">rights<\/a>, programs and services offered\r\n\tby the federal and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/provincial-government\">provincial<\/a>&nbsp;or&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/territorial-government\">territorial<\/a>&nbsp;governments.\u201d\r\n\tFor example, all Status Indians are exempt from paying income&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/taxation\">tax<\/a>&nbsp;on any income they earn on a&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">reserve<\/a>,\r\n\tand the personal&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/property-law\">property<\/a>&nbsp;of a Status Indian cannot be seized if it is situated on a reserve. However, the provisions governing these exemptions are complex and do\r\n\tnot apply uniformly in every scenario. Additionally, having status does not necessarily guarantee certain rights, such as the ability to live on reserve. Non-Status people can also live on reserve in some cases, depending on community bylaws. <\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Indian Status and Band Membership<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Indian Status does not necessarily guarantee membership in a&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">band<\/a>. After amendments to the&nbsp;<em>Indian Act&nbsp;<\/em>in 1985, bands gained the ability to create their own membership\r\n\trules. (However, if they do not wish to do so, the federal government will continue to manage membership lists.) Bands now determined who could participate in band politics, and who could access band resources and property. <\/p>\r\n<p>However, bands did not control who gained or lost status; the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">federal government<\/a>&nbsp;retained this power. Therefore, while most members of bands are also Status Indians,\r\n\tit is possible to have status without belonging to a band, or vice versa.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Treaty Indians<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Treaty Indians are Status Indians who belong to a&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">First Nation<\/a>&nbsp;or band that signed any&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-treaties\">treaty<\/a>&nbsp;with\r\n\tthe&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/crown\/\">Crown<\/a>&nbsp;since 1701, thereby surrendering land for specified benefits. Some Treaty Indians live on a reserve not covered by a treaty, meaning that their community never\r\n\tsigned a treaty with the government to surrender their lands. These individuals live on what is typically known as unceded territories.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>The term also applies to First Nations who have&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-self-government\">self-government<\/a>&nbsp;agreements. Treaties may provide the descendants of signatories with annuities (annual\r\n\tpayments) and rights (such as the right to&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/hunting\">hunt<\/a>&nbsp;and fish) in addition to those given to all Status Indians.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Non-Status Indians<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Non-Status Indians are First Nations peoples who are not registered with the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">federal government<\/a>. In some cases, they do not qualify for status based on the requirements\r\n\tset out by the federal government in the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\"><em>Indian Act<\/em><\/a>. In other cases, Non-Status Indians have lost their status as a result of&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/marriage-and-divorce\">marriage<\/a>&nbsp;to\r\n\ta Non-Status person,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\">enfranchisement<\/a>&nbsp;or other legal restrictions. (<em>See also&nbsp;<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-suffrage\">Indigenous Suffrage in Canada<\/a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;\r\n\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-women-and-the-franchise\">Indigenous Women and the Franchise<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Not legally recognized under the&nbsp;<i>Indian Act<\/i>, Non-Status Indians do not enjoy the same&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-rights\">rights<\/a>&nbsp;and privileges as Status Indians; some even face criticism\r\n\tfrom Indigenous groups who consider them \u201cinauthentic\u201d Indians. Being legally defined as Indian does not wholly define one\u2019s ancestral or cultural identity. Non-Status Indians still retain Indigenous identity. They also often share many of the same&nbsp;\r\n\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/native-people-social-conditions\">socio<\/a>-<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people-economic-conditions\">economic<\/a>&nbsp;issues as Status Indians, including lack of access to&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people-health\">health care<\/a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;\r\n\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people-education\">education<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/poverty\">poverty<\/a>, displacement from&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-territory\">ancestral homelands<\/a>, and the loss of Indigenous\r\n\t\t\tculture and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people-languages\">language<\/a>. Ineligible for status, Non-Status Indians have had difficulties finding avenues of support for these issues. Organizations such as\r\n\t\t\tthe&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/congress-of-aboriginal-peoples\/\">Congress of Aboriginal Peoples<\/a>&nbsp;have sought to represent the concerns of Non-Status Indians (and other Indigenous peoples) in Canada.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>In April 2016, the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/supreme-court-of-canada\">Supreme Court of Canada<\/a>&nbsp;ruled that \u201cIndian,\u201d as defined by section 91 (24) of the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/constitution-act-1982\">Constitution<\/a>,\r\n\tincludes Non-Status Indians, as well as the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/metis\">M\u00e9tis<\/a>. However, this does not mean that Non-Status people are now Status Indians. The&nbsp;<em>Indian Act<\/em>, which continues to define\r\n\tIndian Status, was not changed by this ruling. This 2016 judgement means that Non-Status people fall under the legislative jurisdiction of the federal government.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>M\u00e9tis and Inuit Peoples<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Indian Status is held only by Indigenous peoples who are defined as such under the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\"><em>Indian Act<\/em><\/a>.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/inuit\">Inuit<\/a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;\r\n\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/metis\">M\u00e9tis<\/a>&nbsp;do not have status, just like Non-Status Indians. However, in separate judgments, the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/supreme-court-of-canada\">Supreme Court<\/a>&nbsp;ruled that M\u00e9tis and Inuit are the responsibility\r\n\t\tof the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">federal government<\/a>&nbsp;(as opposed to&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/provincial-government\">provincial<\/a>&nbsp;or&nbsp;\r\n\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/territorial-government\">territorial<\/a>&nbsp;governments). In a 1939 ruling, the Court gave responsibility for Inuit affairs to Ottawa, and in 2016, it did the same for the M\u00e9tis and Non-Status Indians. In doing so, the court has ruled that these peoples are included in the\r\n\t\t\tdefinition of <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-term\">Indian<\/a> in section 91 (24) of the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/constitution-act-1982\">Constitution<\/a>, which covers the federal\r\n\t\t\tgovernment\u2019s power over matters relating to \u201cIndians, and Lands reserved for the Indians.\u201d<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Demography<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>As of the 2016&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/statistics-canada\">Statistics Canada<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/demographic-data-collection\">census<\/a>, 1.7 million people identified\r\n\tthemselves as Aboriginal, representing 4.8 per cent of the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/population\">Canadian population<\/a>. Of those people, 58.4 per cent (977,235) were&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">First Nations<\/a>,\r\n\t35.1 per cent (587,545) were&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/metis\">M\u00e9tis<\/a>&nbsp;and 3.9 per cent (65,025) were&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/inuit\">Inuit<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Within the First Nations population, 83.9 percent (820,120) were Registered (Status) or Treaty Indians, and 2.83 per cent (232,380) identified as Non-Status. Among the Status and Treaty Indian population (744,855), 44.2 per cent lived on&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">reserve<\/a>,\r\n\twhile the rest lived off reserve. From 2006 to 2016, there was population growth both on reserve (with an increase of 12.8 per cent) and off reserve (49.1 per cent).<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Indian Act Amendments Affecting Status<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Since 1876, many Status Indians have lost their status because of discriminatory terms in the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\"><em>Indian Act<\/em><\/a>. Until 1951, the&nbsp;<em>Indian Act&nbsp;<\/em>forced many Status\r\n\tIndian men and women to \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\/\">enfranchise<\/a>\u201d \u2014 give up status rights for&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/citizenship\">citizenship<\/a>&nbsp;rights.\r\n\tGaining the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-suffrage\/\">franchise<\/a>, joining the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/armed-forces\">military<\/a>, obtaining a college degree or becoming\r\n\ta professional automatically resulted in the loss of Indian status. In addition, any Status Indian who resided outside of Canada for five years or longer resigned his or her status. (<em>See also&nbsp;<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-suffrage\">Indigenous Suffrage<\/a>.)\r\n\t<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Amendments to the Act in 1951 replaced the concept of \u201cIndian blood\u201d with one of status through registration. In other words, simply having First Nations heritage was not enough to qualify for status. However, the Act still privileged male lines of descent.\r\n\tBefore 1985, a Status Indian&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-women-and-the-franchise\/\">woman<\/a>&nbsp;lost her status if she married a man who did not have status; children from these marriages lost their status\r\n\tas well. At times, the loss of status severed peoples\u2019 ties to their ancestry and community. <\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, the issue of gender discrimination in the <em>Indian Act<\/em> grabbed national and international attention, prompting the federal government to make changes. In 1985, Bill C-31 allowed women who \"married out\" \u2014 and those\r\n\twho lost their Indian Status by other means \u2014 to apply for the restoration of their status and rights. More than 117,000 people gained or regained Indian status as a result of Bill C-31. <\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Among other provisions, Bill C-31 also created two categories of&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian\">Indian<\/a>&nbsp;registration that have had consequences on the number of people entitled to Status Rights. The first,\r\n\tknown as section 6(1), applies when both parents are or were entitled to registration. (This section is further broken down into sub-sections that differ based on how status is passed down.) The second, known as section 6(2), applies when one parent\r\n\tis entitled to registration under 6(1). Status&nbsp;<em>cannot&nbsp;<\/em>be transferred if that one parent is registered under section 6(2). In short, after two generations of intermarriage with non-status partners, children would no longer be eligible\r\n\tfor status. This is known as the \u201cSecond-Generation Cut-Off\u201d rule. <\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>While Bill C-31 provided many women with the opportunity to have status re-instated, it did not rid the <em>Indian Act<\/em> of gender discrimination. Cases brought to court by Indigenous peoples influenced further amendments to the Act. For example, in\r\n\tresponse to the McIvor case, the federal government passed Bill C-3 in 2011. The amendment grants 6(2) status to grandchildren of women who regained status in 1985. However, it too did not completely rid the Act of discrimination. <\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Bill S-3, part of which came into effect on 22 December 2017, was brought about as the result of the Descheneaux case in 2015. Bill S-3 enables more people to pass down their status to their descendants and reinstate status to those who lost it before\r\n\t1985. The other part of the bill \u2014 related to restoring status to women and their offspring who lost status before 1951 (known as \u201c1951 Cut-off\u201d) \u2014 was brought into force on 15 August 2019. According to the government, \u201cAll known sex-based inequities\r\n\tin the&nbsp;<em>Indian Act&nbsp;<\/em>have now been addressed.\u201d<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Debate: Keep or Eradicate Status?<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Some&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">Indigenous peoples<\/a>&nbsp;believe that Indian Status and the&nbsp;<em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\">Indian Act<\/a>&nbsp;<\/em>have\r\n\ta legitimate place in federal&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/law\">law<\/a>&nbsp;and Indigenous communities. The&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/the-white-paper-1969\/\">1969 White Paper<\/a>\u2014 a\r\n\tfederal proposal to do away with&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">reserves<\/a>&nbsp;and Indian status \u2014 was met with heavy resistance by many First Nations. They claimed that Indian status not only\r\n\tacknowledged the history and relationship between the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/crown\">Crown<\/a>&nbsp;and Indigenous peoples in Canada, but also obligated the government to acknowledge that relationship and its commitments\r\n\tto them. In addition, some Status Indians feared eventual assimilation without the protection of status. As David Newhouse, the director of the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/charlie-wenjack\">Chanie Wenjack<\/a>&nbsp;School\r\n\tfor Indigenous Studies at&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/trent-university\">Trent University<\/a>, explains, \u201c[The&nbsp;<em>Indian Act<\/em>] provides the structure for local community governance and community life. Reforming\r\n\tthe Act in one fell swoop, or repealing it, would be enormously disruptive to First Nations.\u201d<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Other Indigenous peoples argue that, since Indian is a legal identity defined by the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">federal government<\/a>&nbsp;rather than by Indigenous nations themselves, Indian Status\r\n\tand the&nbsp;<em>Indian Act&nbsp;<\/em>should be abolished. As&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/assembly-of-first-nations\">Assembly of First Nations<\/a>&nbsp;chief&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/perry-bellegarde\">Perry Bellegarde<\/a>&nbsp;stated\r\n\tin 2018, \u201cWe all want to move beyond the&nbsp;<em>Indian Act<\/em>\u2019s control and reconstitute ourselves as Indigenous peoples and Nations with fundamental inherent rights.\u201d Critics also point to the fact that the Act has been used to disadvantage many people,\r\n\tparticularly women and their children. They argue that it upholds a paternalistic relationship between Indigenous peoples and the Canadian government, one in which Indians are \u201cwards\u201d of the state who require control and direction.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Furthermore, critics contend that the government has used the&nbsp;<em>Indian Act&nbsp;<\/em>(as well as other legislation) to assimilate Indigenous peoples to White, colonial Canadian&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/culture\">culture<\/a>.\r\n\tThese Indigenous peoples hope that ward status will change with the increasing move towards&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-self-government\/\">self-government<\/a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/truth-and-reconciliation-commission\">reconciliation<\/a>,\r\n\tcontributing to a change in government-Indigenous relations. Critics generally argue that cultural authenticity and status are not connected, and that legal definitions of Indian are nothing more than government impositions.<\/p>","slug":"indian-status","alt_slug":"","twitter_summary":null,"locale":"en","automated":false,"hidden":0,"views":0,"created_at":"2020-05-11T15:34:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2020-05-11T15:43:36.000000Z"},{"id":"6f35362c-f8db-469c-aefc-78a6bc7a16a2","article_id":"83f8c22b-c140-45f4-bb66-1e503b5ad16d","title":"Statut d\u2019Indien","summary":"<p>Le statut d\u2019Indien est une identit\u00e9 l\u00e9gale d\u00e9finie par la <em><a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/indian-act\">Loi sur les Indiens<\/a><\/em>. Il s\u2019applique \u00e0 certains <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/aboriginal-people\">peuples autochtones<\/a> au Canada. Les personnes ayant le statut d\u2019Indien (ou Indien inscrit) remplissent les conditions \u00e9nonc\u00e9es dans la loi. Ces conditions, y compris qui est consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme Indien selon la loi, ont chang\u00e9 avec le temps.<\/p>","body":"<h3>Qu\u2019est-ce que le statut d\u2019Indien?<\/h3>\r\n<p>La section\u00a035(2) de la\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/loi-constitutionnelle-de-1982\"><em>Loi constitutionnelle de 1982<\/em><\/a>\u00a0d\u00e9finit trois groupes de peuples autochtones\u00a0: les Indiens, les Inuits et les M\u00e9tis. \u00ab\u00a0Indiens\u00a0\u00bb, dans ce cas-ci, d\u00e9signe les Premi\u00e8res Nations. Cependant, sur le plan l\u00e9gal, les membres des Premi\u00e8res Nations ne sont pas tous Indiens \u2013 c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire qu\u2019ils n\u2019ont pas tous le statut d\u2019Indiens. Indien est une identit\u00e9 l\u00e9gale qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9finie en 1876 selon les crit\u00e8res \u00e9nonc\u00e9s dans la\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/loi-sur-les-indiens\"><em>Loi sur les Indiens<\/em><\/a>. Ceux qui r\u00e9pondent \u00e0 tous les crit\u00e8res ont le statut d\u2019Indien. En dehors du contexte l\u00e9gal, le terme \u00ab\u00a0Indien\u00a0\u00bb est d\u00e9sormais consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme caduque et offensant.<\/p>\r\n<p>Les Indiens inscrits figurent sur le Registre des Indiens, le dossier officiel identifiant tous les Indiens inscrits au Canada, g\u00e9r\u00e9 par le\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/gouvernement-federal\">gouvernement f\u00e9d\u00e9ral<\/a>. Ce registre contient les noms, les dates de naissance, les dates de d\u00e9c\u00e8s, les d\u00e9tails concernant le\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/mariage-et-divorce\">mariage<\/a>\u00a0et le\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/divorce-in-canada\">divorce<\/a>, ainsi que les donn\u00e9es sur les transferts d\u2019une\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/bande-1\">bande<\/a>\u00a0\u00e0 une autre de tous les Indiens inscrits. Tous les Indiens inscrits re\u00e7oivent une carte d\u2019identit\u00e9 (connue sous le nom de \u00ab\u00a0carte de statut\u00a0\u00bb) qui comprend des renseignements sur l\u2019identit\u00e9, la bande d\u2019appartenance et le num\u00e9ro d\u2019inscription.<\/p>\r\n<p>Selon le gouvernement f\u00e9d\u00e9ral, \u00ab\u00a0sous la <em>Loi sur les Indiens<\/em>, les Indiens inscrits sont \u00e9ligibles \u00e0 une vari\u00e9t\u00e9 d\u2019avantages, de <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/droits-ancestraux\">droits<\/a>, de programmes et de services offerts par les gouvernements f\u00e9d\u00e9ral, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/gouvernement-provincial\">provinciaux<\/a> et <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/gouvernement-territorial\">territoriaux<\/a>.\u00a0\u00bb Par exemple, tous les Indiens inscrits sont exon\u00e9r\u00e9s de l\u2019<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/imposition\">imp\u00f4t<\/a> sur le revenu \u00e0 payer sur tout salaire qu\u2019ils gagnent sur une <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/reserves-2\">r\u00e9serve<\/a>, et leur <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/droit-des-biens\">propri\u00e9t\u00e9<\/a> priv\u00e9e ne peut pas \u00eatre saisie si elle se trouve sur le territoire d\u2019une r\u00e9serve. Toutefois, les dispositions r\u00e9gissant ces exemptions sont complexes et ne sont pas applicables uniform\u00e9ment dans tous les cas de figure. En outre, l\u2019enregistrement ne garantit pas n\u00e9cessairement certains droits, notamment la capacit\u00e9 de vivre sur une r\u00e9serve. Dans certains cas, des personnes non inscrites peuvent vivre sur une r\u00e9serve si les r\u00e8glements de la communaut\u00e9 le permettent.<\/p>\r\n<h3>Indiens inscrits et adh\u00e9sion \u00e0 une bande<\/h3>\r\n<p>L\u2019enregistrement ne garantit pas non plus l\u2019adh\u00e9sion \u00e0 une <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/band\">bande<\/a>. \u00c0 la suite de l\u2019amendement de la Loi sur les Indiens en 1985, les bandes ont l\u2019autorit\u00e9 d\u2019\u00e9tablir leurs propres r\u00e8glements d\u2019adh\u00e9sion. (Si elles ne le souhaitent pas, le gouvernement f\u00e9d\u00e9ral continue de g\u00e9rer les listes d\u2019adh\u00e9sion.) Les bandes peuvent d\u00e9sormais \u00e9tablir les crit\u00e8res permettant de d\u00e9terminer ceux qui peuvent participer \u00e0 la vie politique de la bande et ceux qui peuvent acc\u00e9der \u00e0 ses ressources et \u00e0 ses biens. Cependant, les bandes ne contr\u00f4lent toujours pas les modalit\u00e9s d\u2019acquisition ou de perte du statut d\u2019Indien inscrit, le <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/federal-government\">gouvernement f\u00e9d\u00e9ral<\/a> conserve ce pouvoir. M\u00eame si la plupart des membres de bandes sont \u00e9galement des Indiens inscrits, il est possible d\u2019\u00eatre titulaire de ce statut sans appartenir \u00e0 une bande et r\u00e9ciproquement.<\/p>\r\n<h3>Indiens vis\u00e9s par un trait\u00e9<\/h3>\r\n<p>Les Indiens vis\u00e9s par un trait\u00e9 sont des Indiens inscrits qui appartiennent \u00e0 une\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/premieres-nations\">Premi\u00e8re Nation<\/a>\u00a0ou \u00e0 une bande qui a sign\u00e9 un\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/traites-autochtones\">trait\u00e9<\/a> avec la\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/couronne-1\">Couronne<\/a>\u00a0depuis 1701, c\u00e9dant ainsi des terres en \u00e9change d\u2019avantages particuliers. Certains Indiens vis\u00e9s par un trait\u00e9 vivent sur une r\u00e9serve qui n\u2019est pas couverte par un trait\u00e9, c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire que leur communaut\u00e9 n\u2019a jamais sign\u00e9 un trait\u00e9 avec le gouvernement pour c\u00e9der (renoncer \u00e0) leurs terres. Ces personnes vivent sur ce qui est reconnu comme des territoires non c\u00e9d\u00e9s.<\/p>\r\n<p>Le terme s\u2019applique \u00e9galement aux Premi\u00e8res Nations qui ont des ententes d\u2019<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/lautonomie-gouvernementale-des-autochtones\">autonomie gouvernementale<\/a>. Les trait\u00e9s peuvent assurer aux descendants des signataires des pensions (paiements annuels) et des droits (comme celui de\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/chasse-1\">chasser<\/a>\u00a0et de p\u00eacher) en plus de ceux d\u00e9j\u00e0 octroy\u00e9s \u00e0 tous les Indiens inscrits.<\/p>\r\n<h3>Indiens non inscrits<\/h3>\r\n<p>On d\u00e9finit les Indiens non inscrits comme les personnes appartenant \u00e0 une Premi\u00e8re Nation qui ne sont pas inscrites aupr\u00e8s du\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/gouvernement-federal\">gouvernement f\u00e9d\u00e9ral<\/a>. Dans certains cas, elles ne se qualifient pas pour l\u2019enregistrement selon les crit\u00e8res \u00e9nonc\u00e9s dans la\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/loi-sur-les-indiens\"><em>Loi sur les Indiens<\/em><\/a>\u00a0du gouvernement f\u00e9d\u00e9ral. Dans d\u2019autres cas, les Indiens non inscrits ont perdu leur statut apr\u00e8s avoir\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/mariage-et-divorce\">\u00e9pous\u00e9<\/a>\u00a0une personne non inscrite, apr\u00e8s s\u2019\u00eatre\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/emancipation\">\u00e9mancip\u00e9s<\/a> ou pour d\u2019autres restrictions l\u00e9gales (<em>voir aussi\u00a0<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/droit-de-vote-des-peuples-autochtones\">Droit de vote des peuples autochtones<\/a>\u00a0et\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/les-femmes-autochtones-et-le-droit-de-vote\">Les femmes autochtones et le droit de vote<\/a>).<\/p>\r\n<p>N\u2019\u00e9tant pas reconnus selon la\u00a0<em>Loi sur les Indiens<\/em>, les Indiens non inscrits ne jouissent pas des m\u00eames\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/droits-ancestraux\">droits<\/a>\u00a0et privil\u00e8ges que les Indiens inscrits\u2009; certains font m\u00eame face \u00e0 des critiques de groupes autochtones remettant en cause leur authenticit\u00e9 d\u2019Indiens. Toutefois, le fait que la loi d\u00e9finisse ou non une personne comme un Indien ne d\u00e9termine pas compl\u00e8tement son ascendance et son identit\u00e9 culturelle. Les Indiens non inscrits sont tout de m\u00eame porteurs d\u2019une identit\u00e9 autochtone. Ils partagent souvent, avec les Indiens inscrits, les m\u00eames probl\u00e9matiques\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/conditions-sociales-des-autochtones\">socio<\/a>-<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/conditions-economiques-des-autochtones\">\u00e9conomiques<\/a>, notamment l\u2019acc\u00e8s aux soins de\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/sante-des-autochtones\">sant\u00e9<\/a>\u00a0et \u00e0 l\u2019<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/education-des-autochtones\">\u00e9ducation<\/a>, la\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/pauvrete\">pauvret\u00e9<\/a>, l\u2019arrachement \u00e0 leurs\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/indigenous-territory\">terres ancestrales<\/a>\u00a0et la perte de la culture et des\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/langues-autochtones-au-canada\">langues autochtones<\/a>. N\u2019\u00e9tant pas admissibles au statut d\u2019Indiens inscrits, les Indiens non inscrits \u00e9prouvent des difficult\u00e9s pour acc\u00e9der \u00e0 diff\u00e9rentes formes de soutien dans ces diff\u00e9rents domaines. Certaines organisations comme le\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/congres-des-peuples-autochtones\">Congr\u00e8s des Peuples autochtones<\/a> cherchent \u00e0 porter les pr\u00e9occupations des Indiens non inscrits (et d\u2019autres peuples autochtones) au Canada.<\/p>\r\n<p>Dans une d\u00e9cision d\u2019avril 2016, la\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/cour-supreme-du-canada\">Cour supr\u00eame du Canada<\/a>\u00a0reconna\u00eet que \u00ab\u00a0Indien\u00a0\u00bb, comme d\u00e9fini dans la section\u00a091(24) de la\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/loi-constitutionnelle-de-1982\">Constitution<\/a>, inclut les Indiens non inscrits et les\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/metis\">M\u00e9tis<\/a>. Cependant, les Indiens non inscrits ne deviennent pas des Indiens inscrits. Cette d\u00e9cision ne modifie pas la\u00a0<em>Loi sur les Indiens<\/em> qui continue de d\u00e9finir les Indiens inscrits. Ce jugement de 2016 signifie que les Indiens non inscrits rel\u00e8vent de la comp\u00e9tence l\u00e9gislative du gouvernement f\u00e9d\u00e9ral.<\/p>\r\n<h3>M\u00e9tis et Inuits<\/h3>\r\n<p>Le statut d\u2019Indiens n\u2019est accord\u00e9 qu\u2019aux peuples autochtones qui sont d\u00e9finis comme tels selon la\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/loi-sur-les-indiens\"><em>Loi sur les Indiens<\/em><\/a>. Les\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/inuit\">Inuits<\/a> et les\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/metis\">M\u00e9tis<\/a>\u00a0n\u2019ont pas ce statut, tout comme les Indiens non inscrits. Cependant, dans deux jugements distincts, la\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/cour-supreme-du-canada\">Cour supr\u00eame<\/a> reconna\u00eet que les M\u00e9tis et les Inuits sont sous la responsabilit\u00e9 du\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/gouvernement-federal\">gouvernement f\u00e9d\u00e9ral<\/a>\u00a0(plut\u00f4t que des gouvernements\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/gouvernement-provincial\">provinciaux<\/a> et\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/gouvernement-territorial\">territoriaux<\/a>). Dans une d\u00e9cision de 1939, la Cour stipule que les Affaires inuites rel\u00e8vent d\u2019Ottawa\u2009; en 2016, c\u2019est au tour des M\u00e9tis et des Indiens non inscrits. Avec cette d\u00e9cision, la Cour d\u00e9cide que ces peuples sont des Indiens en vertu de la section\u00a091(24) de la\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/loi-constitutionnelle-de-1982\">Constitution<\/a>\u00a0qui couvre le pouvoir du gouvernement f\u00e9d\u00e9ral sur la question des \u00ab\u00a0Indiens, et des terres r\u00e9serv\u00e9es aux Indiens\u00a0\u00bb.<\/p>\r\n<h3>D\u00e9mographie<\/h3>\r\n<p>Selon le r<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/donnees-demographiques-collecte-des\">ecensement<\/a>\u00a02016 de\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/statistique-canada\">Statistique Canada<\/a>, 1,7 million de personnes s\u2019identifient comme Autochtones, ce qui repr\u00e9sente 4,8\u00a0% de la\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/population\">population canadienne<\/a>. Parmi ces personnes, 58,4\u00a0% (977\u2009235) sont membres des\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/premieres-nations\">Premi\u00e8res Nations<\/a>, 35,1\u00a0% (587\u2009545) sont\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/metis\">M\u00e9tis<\/a>\u00a0et 3,9\u00a0% (65\u2009025) sont\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/inuit\">Inuits<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n<p>Au sein de la population des Premi\u00e8res Nations, 83,9\u00a0% (820\u2009120) sont des Indiens inscrits (qui ont le statut) ou vis\u00e9s par un trait\u00e9, et 2,83\u00a0% (232\u2009380) s\u2019identifient comme non inscrits. Au sein de la population des Indiens inscrits et vis\u00e9s par un trait\u00e9, 44,2\u00a0% (744\u2009855) vivent sur des\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/reserves-2\">r\u00e9serves<\/a>. Les autres vivent \u00e0 l\u2019ext\u00e9rieur des r\u00e9serves. De 2006 \u00e0 2016, on constate une croissance d\u00e9mographique tant sur les r\u00e9serves (avec une augmentation de 12,8\u00a0%) qu\u2019\u00e0 l\u2019ext\u00e9rieur (49,1\u00a0%).<\/p>\r\n<h3>Amendements de la Loi sur les Indiens qui affectent le statut<\/h3>\r\n<p>Depuis 1876, de nombreux Indiens inscrits ont perdu leur statut en raison de la terminologie discriminatoire utilis\u00e9e dans la\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/loi-sur-les-indiens\"><em>Loi sur les Indiens<\/em><\/a>. Jusqu\u2019en 1951, la\u00a0<em>Loi sur les Indiens<\/em>\u00a0force plusieurs Indiens et Indiennes inscrit(e)s \u00e0 \u00ab\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/emancipation\">s\u2019\u00e9manciper<\/a>\u00a0\u00bb, c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire \u00e0 renoncer aux droits que leur conf\u00e8re leur statut en \u00e9change de droits de\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/citoyennete\">citoyennet\u00e9<\/a>. L\u2019obtention du\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/droit-de-vote-des-peuples-autochtones\">droit de vote<\/a>, l\u2019enr\u00f4lement dans l\u2019<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/forces-armees\">arm\u00e9e<\/a>, l\u2019obtention d\u2019un dipl\u00f4me coll\u00e9gial ou le fait de devenir un professionnel entra\u00eene automatiquement la perte du statut d\u2019Indien inscrit. De plus, tout(e) Indien(ne) inscrit(e) qui r\u00e9side \u00e0 l\u2019ext\u00e9rieur du Canada durant cinq ans ou plus se voit r\u00e9voquer son statut. (<em>Voir aussi\u00a0<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/droit-de-vote-des-peuples-autochtones\">Droit de vote des peuples autochtones<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n<p>Des amendements \u00e0 la loi en 1951 remplacent le concept de \u00ab\u00a0sang indien\u00a0\u00bb par celui de statut par le biais de l\u2019enregistrement. Autrement dit, le fait d\u2019\u00eatre issu d\u2019une Premi\u00e8re Nation ne suffit plus pour obtenir le statut. Malgr\u00e9 tout, la loi privil\u00e9gie encore les lign\u00e9es de descendance masculine. Avant 1985, une\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/les-femmes-autochtones-et-le-droit-de-vote\">Indienne<\/a>\u00a0inscrite est priv\u00e9e de son statut lorsqu\u2019elle \u00e9pouse un homme qui n\u2019en dispose pas lui-m\u00eame, les enfants du couple en sont \u00e9galement exclus. Parfois, la perte de ce statut aboutit \u00e0 une rupture des liens entre les personnes ainsi exclues, leur communaut\u00e9 et leurs origines.<\/p>\r\n<p>Tout au long des ann\u00e9es\u00a01970 et 1980, la question de la discrimination de genre dans la <em>Loi sur les Indiens<\/em> attire l\u2019attention nationale et internationale, poussant le gouvernement f\u00e9d\u00e9ral \u00e0 la modifier \u00e0 nouveau. En 1985, le projet de loi\u00a0C-31 permet aux femmes ayant \u00e9pous\u00e9 un homme non autochtone et aux autres ayant perdu leur statut d\u2019Indien de demander la restauration de leur statut et de leurs droits. Plus de 117\u00a0000 personnes obtiennent ou retrouvent ainsi le statut d\u2019Indien inscrit.<\/p>\r\n<p>Le projet de loi C\u201131 cr\u00e9e, en outre, deux cat\u00e9gories d\u2019<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/indian\">Indiens<\/a> inscrits, avec des cons\u00e9quences sur le nombre de personnes pouvant se pr\u00e9valoir des droits li\u00e9s au statut. La premi\u00e8re cat\u00e9gorie, d\u00e9finie au paragraphe (6)1 de la Loi, concerne les personnes dont les deux parents ont ou avaient le droit d\u2019\u00eatre inscrits. (Cette cat\u00e9gorie est, elle\u2011m\u00eame, divis\u00e9e en plusieurs sous\u2011cat\u00e9gories qui diff\u00e8rent en vertu de la fa\u00e7on dont le statut est transmis h\u00e9r\u00e9ditairement.) La deuxi\u00e8me cat\u00e9gorie, d\u00e9finie au paragraphe\u00a06(2) de la Loi, s\u2019applique lorsqu\u2019un seul parent a droit \u00e0 l\u2019inscription en vertu du paragraphe\u00a06(1), le statut d\u2019Indien ne pouvant pas \u00eatre transmis si le parent en question est lui\u2011m\u00eame inscrit en vertu du paragraphe\u00a06(2). En d\u2019autres termes, apr\u00e8s deux g\u00e9n\u00e9rations de mariages mixtes avec des partenaires non inscrits, les enfants ne sont plus admissibles au statut d\u2019Indien. C\u2019est ce que l\u2019on appelle la r\u00e8gle \u00ab\u00a0d\u2019inadmissibilit\u00e9 de la deuxi\u00e8me g\u00e9n\u00e9ration\u00a0\u00bb.<\/p>\r\n<p>Bien que le projet de loi\u00a0C-31 offre \u00e0 de nombreuses femmes l\u2019opportunit\u00e9 de voir leur statut r\u00e9tabli, il n\u2019\u00e9limine pas la discrimination de genre de la <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/loi-sur-les-indiens\">Loi sur les Indiens<\/a><\/em>. Les affaires port\u00e9es devant les tribunaux par les <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/peuples-autochtones\">peuples autochtones<\/a> influencent la mise en \u0153uvre de nouveaux amendements \u00e0 la <em>Loi.<\/em> Par exemple, en r\u00e9ponse \u00e0 l\u2019<a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/mcivor-case\">affaire McIvor<\/a>, le <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/gouvernement-federal\">gouvernement f\u00e9d\u00e9ral<\/a> adopte le projet de loi\u00a0C-3 en 2011. Cet amendement accorde le <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/indian-status\">statut<\/a>\u00a06 (2) aux petits-enfants des femmes qui ont r\u00e9cup\u00e9r\u00e9 leur statut en 1985. Cependant, il ne supprime pas compl\u00e8tement la discrimination de la <em>Loi<\/em>.<\/p>\r\n<p>Le projet de loi\u00a0S-3, dont une partie entre en vigueur le 22 d\u00e9cembre 2017, est introduit \u00e0 la suite de l\u2019affaire Descheneaux en 2015. Le projet de loi\u00a0S-3 permet \u00e0 davantage de personnes de transmettre leur statut \u00e0 leurs descendants, et r\u00e9tablir le statut de ceux qui l\u2019ont perdu avant 1985. L\u2019autre partie du projet de loi, li\u00e9 au r\u00e9tablissement du statut des femmes, et de leurs descendants, qui ont perdu leur statut avant 1951 (connu sous le nom de \u00ab\u2009date limite de 1951\u2009\u00bb), entre en vigueur le 15 ao\u00fbt 2019. Selon le gouvernement f\u00e9d\u00e9ral, \u00ab\u2009toutes les iniquit\u00e9s connues fond\u00e9es sur le sexe relativement \u00e0 la <em>Loi sur les Indiens <\/em>ont maintenant \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9limin\u00e9es.\u2009\u00bb<\/p>\r\n<h3>D\u00e9bat\u00a0: conserver ou \u00e9liminer le statut?<\/h3>\r\n<p>Certains\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/peuples-autochtones\">peuples autochtones<\/a>\u00a0croient que le statut d\u2019Indien et la\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/loi-sur-les-indiens\"><em>Loi sur les Indiens<\/em><\/a> ont une place l\u00e9gitime dans la\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/droit-19\">l\u00e9gislation<\/a>\u00a0f\u00e9d\u00e9rale et dans les communaut\u00e9s autochtones. Le\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/livre-blanc-de-1969\">Livre blanc de 1969<\/a>, une proposition f\u00e9d\u00e9rale dont l\u2019objectif est de supprimer les\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/reserves-2\">r\u00e9serves<\/a>\u00a0et le statut d\u2019Indien inscrit, a rencontr\u00e9 une vive r\u00e9sistance de la part des Premi\u00e8res Nations. Ces derni\u00e8res font en effet valoir que le statut d\u2019Indien inscrit t\u00e9moigne non seulement de l\u2019histoire et des relations entre la\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/couronne-1\">Couronne<\/a>\u00a0et les Premi\u00e8res Nations au Canada, mais qu\u2019il oblige \u00e9galement le gouvernement \u00e0 reconna\u00eetre cette relation et \u00e0 respecter ses engagements vis-\u00e0-vis des Premi\u00e8res\u00a0Nations. En outre, certains Indiens inscrits et vis\u00e9s par un trait\u00e9 craignent une \u00e9ventuelle assimilation en l\u2019absence de la protection de ce statut. Comme l\u2019explique David Newhouse, directeur de l\u2019\u00e9cole Chanie Wenjack pour les \u00e9tudes autochtones de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 Trent, \u00ab\u00a0[La\u00a0<em>Loi sur les Indiens<\/em>] offre une structure pour la gouvernance locale et la vie communautaire. La r\u00e9forme de la Loi d\u2019un seul coup, ou son abolition, perturberait grandement les Premi\u00e8res Nations.\u00a0\u00bb<\/p>\r\n<p>D\u2019autres peuples autochtones soutiennent que, puisque \u00ab\u00a0Indien\u00a0\u00bb est une identit\u00e9 l\u00e9gale d\u00e9finie par le\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/gouvernement-federal\">gouvernement f\u00e9d\u00e9ral<\/a>\u00a0plut\u00f4t que par les nations autochtones, le statut d\u2019Indien et la\u00a0<em>Loi sur les Indiens<\/em>\u00a0doivent \u00eatre abolis. Comme le d\u00e9clare Perry Bellegarde, chef de l\u2019Assembl\u00e9e des Premi\u00e8res Nations en 2018, \u00ab\u00a0Nous voulons tous avancer au-del\u00e0 du contr\u00f4le qu\u2019exerce la\u00a0<em>Loi sur les Indiens<\/em> et nous reconstituer \u00e0 titre de peuples et de nations autochtones qui ont des droits fondamentaux inh\u00e9rents.\u00a0\u00bb Des critiques mettent de l\u2019avant le fait que la Loi a \u00e9t\u00e9 utilis\u00e9e pour brimer de nombreuses personnes, surtout les femmes et leurs enfants. Ils plaident que la Loi maintient une relation paternaliste entre les peuples autochtones et le gouvernement canadien en vertu de laquelle les Indiens sont per\u00e7us comme des \u00ab\u00a0pupilles\u00a0\u00bb de l\u2019\u00c9tat devant \u00eatre contr\u00f4l\u00e9s et guid\u00e9s.<\/p>\r\n<p>Qui plus est, des critiques pr\u00e9tendent que le gouvernement a utilis\u00e9 la\u00a0<em>Loi sur les Indiens<\/em>\u00a0ainsi que d\u2019autres lois comme des instruments d\u2019assimilation des peuples autochtones \u00e0 la\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/culture-7\">culture<\/a> canadienne blanche et coloniale. Ces peuples autochtones esp\u00e8rent que le statut de \u00ab\u00a0pupilles\u00a0\u00bb \u00e9voluera avec la tendance grandissante vers l\u2019<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/lautonomie-gouvernementale-des-autochtones\">autonomie gouvernementale<\/a> et la\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/commission-de-verite-et-reconciliation-du-canada\">r\u00e9conciliation<\/a>, contribuant ainsi \u00e0 changer les relations entre le gouvernement et les Autochtones. Des critiques soutiennent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement qu\u2019authenticit\u00e9 culturelle et statut ne sont pas reli\u00e9s, et que les d\u00e9finitions l\u00e9gislatives du terme \u00ab\u00a0Indien\u00a0\u00bb ne sont gu\u00e8re plus que des mesures impos\u00e9es par le gouvernement.<\/p>","slug":"indian-status","alt_slug":"","twitter_summary":null,"locale":"fr","automated":false,"hidden":0,"views":0,"created_at":"2020-05-11T15:34:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2020-05-11T15:43:36.000000Z"},{"id":"9d47f66a-d472-400d-82fe-9ed49db7259e","article_id":"83f8c22b-c140-45f4-bb66-1e503b5ad16d","title":"Indian Status [\u30a4\u30f3\u30c9\u306e\u5730\u4f4d]","summary":"<p>\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u30b9\u30c6\u30fc\u30bf\u30b9\u306f\u3001<em><a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\">\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u6cd5\u3067\u5b9a\u3081\u3089\u308c\u305f\u6cd5\u7684\u8eab\u5206\u8a3c\u660e\u66f8\u3067\u3059<\/a><\/em>\u3002<a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">\u30ab\u30ca\u30c0\u306e\u4e00\u90e8\u306e\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u306b\u9069\u7528\u3055\u308c\u307e\u3059<\/a>\u3002\u30b9\u30c6\u30fc\u30bf\u30b9\u30fb\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\uff08\u307e\u305f\u306f\u767b\u9332\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\uff09\u3068\u547c\u3070\u308c\u308b\u30b9\u30c6\u30fc\u30bf\u30b9\u306e\u3042\u308b\u4eba\u3005\u306f\u3001\u540c\u6cd5\u306b\u5b9a\u3081\u3089\u308c\u305f\u30b9\u30c6\u30fc\u30bf\u30b9\u306e\u57fa\u6e96\u3092\u6e80\u305f\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3067\u8ab0\u304c\u30a4\u30f3\u30c9\u4eba\u3068\u898b\u306a\u3055\u308c\u308b\u304b\u3092\u542b\u3081\u3001\u30b9\u30c6\u30fc\u30bf\u30b9\u306e\u6761\u4ef6\u306f\u6642\u3068\u3068\u3082\u306b\u5909\u5316\u3057\u3066\u304d\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u6cd5\u7684\u306a\u6587\u8108\u4ee5\u5916\u3067\u306f\u3001\u300c\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-term\">\u30a4\u30f3\u30c9\u8a9e<\/a>\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8a00\u8449\u306f\u6642\u4ee3\u9045\u308c\u3067\u4e0d\u5feb\u306a\u3082\u306e\u3068\u898b\u306a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/p>","body":"<h3>\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u30b9\u30c6\u30fc\u30bf\u30b9\u3068\u306f?<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p><em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/constitution-act-1982\/\">1982\u5e74\u306e\u61b2\u6cd5\u7b2c35\u6761 (2) \u3067\u306f\u3001<\/a><\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/inuit\"><a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/metis\"><a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-term\">\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u306b\u306f\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3<\/a>\u3001\u30a4\u30cc\u30a4\u30c3\u30c8\u3001\r\n\u30e1\u30c6\u30a3\u30b9\u306e3\u3064\u306e\u30b0\u30eb\u30fc\u30d7\u304c\u5b9a\u7fa9\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/a><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">\u3053\u306e\u5834\u5408\u3001\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u3068\u306f\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\u306e\u3053\u3068\u3092\u6307\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/a>\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u6cd5\u7684\u306b\u8a00\u3048\u3070\u3001\u3059\u3079\u3066\u306e\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u304c\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u3067\u3042\u308b\u308f\u3051\u3067\u306f\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002\u3064\u307e\u308a\u3001\u3059\u3079\u3066\u306e\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\u304c\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u306e\u5730\u4f4d\u3092\u6301\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u308f\u3051\u3067\u306f\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002<em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\">\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u306f\u30011876\u5e74\u4ee5\u6765\u3001\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u6cd5\u306b\u5b9a\u3081\u3089\u308c\u305f\u57fa\u6e96\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u5b9a\u3081\u3089\u308c\u3066\u304d\u305f\u6cd5\u7684\u30a2\u30a4\u30c7\u30f3\u30c6\u30a3\u30c6\u30a3\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/a><\/em>\r\n\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u57fa\u6e96\u3092\u6e80\u305f\u3059\u4eba\u3005\u3092\u30b9\u30c6\u30fc\u30bf\u30b9\u30fb\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u3068\u547c\u3073\u307e\u3059\u3002\u6cd5\u7684\u306a\u6587\u8108\u4ee5\u5916\u3067\u306f\u3001\u300c<a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-term\">\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3<\/a>\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8a00\u8449\u306f\u6642\u4ee3\u9045\u308c\u3067\u4e0d\u5feb\u306a\u3082\u306e\u3068\u898b\u306a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002 <\/p>\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">\u30b9\u30c6\u30fc\u30bf\u30b9\u30fb\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\uff08\u767b\u9332\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u3068\u547c\u3070\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3082\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\uff09\u306f\u3001\u9023\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u7ba1\u7406\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u30ab\u30ca\u30c0\u306e\u767b\u9332\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u306e\u516c\u5f0f\u8a18\u9332\u3067\u3042\u308b\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u767b\u9332\u7c3f\u306b\u8a18\u8f09\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/a>\u767b\u9332\u7c3f\u306b\u306f\u3001\u3059\u3079\u3066\u306e\u767b\u9332\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u306e\u540d\u524d\u3001\u751f\u5e74\u6708\u65e5\u3001\u6b7b\u4ea1\u65e5\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/marriage-and-divorce\">\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/divorce-in-canada\" style=\"background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">\u7d50\u5a5a\u30fb\u96e2\u5a5a\u306e\u8a73\u7d30<\/a><\/a>\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\u3042\u308b\u30d0\u30f3\u30c9\u304b\u3089\u5225\u306e\u30d0\u30f3\u30c9\u306b\u7570\u52d5\u3057\u305f\u4eba\u7269\u306e\u8a18\u9332\u304c\u542b\u307e\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059<\/a>\u3002\r\n\u30b9\u30c6\u30fc\u30bf\u30b9\u3092\u6301\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u4eba\u306b\u306f\u3001\u8eab\u5206\u8a3c\u660e\u66f8\u3001\u30d0\u30f3\u30c9\u3001\u767b\u9332\u756a\u53f7\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u60c5\u5831\u304c\u8a18\u8f09\u3055\u308c\u305f\u8eab\u5206\u8a3c\u660e\u66f8\uff08\u30b9\u30c6\u30fc\u30bf\u30b9\u30ab\u30fc\u30c9\u3068\u547c\u3070\u308c\u307e\u3059\uff09\u304c\u767a\u884c\u3055\u308c\u307e\u3059\u3002\r\n<br>\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u9023\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u306b\u3088\u308b\u3068\u3001\u300c<em>\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u6cd5\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304d<\/em>\u3001\u30b9\u30c6\u30fc\u30bf\u30b9\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u306f\u3001\u9023\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u3001\u5dde\u653f\u5e9c\u3001\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/provincial-government\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/territorial-government\">\u307e\u305f\u306f\u6e96\u5dde\u653f\u5e9c\u304c\u63d0\u4f9b\u3059\u308b\u3055\u307e\u3056\u307e\u306a\u7d66\u4ed8<\/a><\/a>\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-rights\">\u6a29\u5229<\/a>\u3001\u30d7\u30ed\u30b0\u30e9\u30e0\u3001\u304a\u3088\u3073\u30b5\u30fc\u30d3\u30b9\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u308b\u8cc7\u683c\u304c\u3042\u308b\u5834\u5408\u304c\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002\u300d\r\n\u305f\u3068\u3048\u3070\u3001\u3059\u3079\u3066\u306e\u30b9\u30c6\u30fc\u30bf\u30b9\u30fb\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u306f\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/taxation\">\r\n\u6e96\u5099\u91d1\u3067\u5f97\u305f\u53ce\u5165\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u6240\u5f97\u7a0e\u3092\u652f\u6255\u3046\u5fc5\u8981\u304c\u306a\u304f<\/a>\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/property-law\">\u30b9\u30c6\u30fc\u30bf\u30b9\u30fb\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u306e\u500b\u4eba\u8ca1\u7523\u304c\u4fdd\u8b77\u533a\u306b\u3042\u308b\u5834\u5408\u306f\u5dee\u3057\u62bc\u3055\u3048\u3089\u308c\u307e\u305b\u3093<\/a><\/a>\u3002\u305f\u3060\u3057\u3001\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u514d\u9664\u3092\u898f\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u898f\u5b9a\u306f\u8907\u96d1\u3067\u3001\r\n\u3059\u3079\u3066\u306e\u30b7\u30ca\u30ea\u30aa\u306b\u4e00\u5f8b\u306b\u9069\u7528\u3055\u308c\u308b\u308f\u3051\u3067\u306f\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002\u307e\u305f\u3001\u30b9\u30c6\u30fc\u30bf\u30b9\u3092\u6301\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3089\u3068\u3044\u3063\u3066\u3001\u4e88\u5099\u751f\u6d3b\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u306a\u3069\u3001\u7279\u5b9a\u306e\u6a29\u5229\u304c\u5fc5\u305a\u3057\u3082\u4fdd\u8a3c\u3055\u308c\u308b\u308f\u3051\u3067\u306f\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002\u307e\u305f\u3001\u5730\u57df\u793e\u4f1a\u306e\u6761\u4f8b\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u306f\u3001\u8cc7\u683c\u3092\u6301\u305f\u306a\u3044\u4eba\u3067\u3082\u4e88\u5099\u751f\u6d3b\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u5834\u5408\u304c\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002 <\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u30b9\u30c6\u30fc\u30bf\u30b9\u3068\u30d0\u30f3\u30c9\u30e1\u30f3\u30d0\u30fc\u30b7\u30c3\u30d7<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u30b9\u30c6\u30fc\u30bf\u30b9\u306f\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\u5fc5\u305a\u3057\u3082\u30d0\u30f3\u30c9\u306e\u30e1\u30f3\u30d0\u30fc\u30b7\u30c3\u30d7\u3092\u4fdd\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3067\u306f\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093<\/a>\u3002<em>1985\u5e74\u306b\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u6cd5\u304c\u6539\u6b63\u3055\u308c<\/em>\u3001\r\n\u30d0\u30f3\u30c9\u306f\u72ec\u81ea\u306e\u4f1a\u54e1\u898f\u5247\u3092\u4f5c\u6210\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u306a\u308a\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\uff08\u305f\u3060\u3057\u3001\u305d\u3046\u3057\u305f\u304f\u306a\u3044\u5834\u5408\u306f\u3001\u9023\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u304c\u5f15\u304d\u7d9a\u304d\u4f1a\u54e1\u540d\u7c3f\u3092\u7ba1\u7406\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002\uff09\u30d0\u30f3\u30c9\u306f\u4eca\u3001\u8ab0\u304c\u30d0\u30f3\u30c9\u30fb\u30dd\u30ea\u30c6\u30a3\u30af\u30b9\u306b\u53c2\u52a0\u3067\u304d\u308b\u304b\u3001\u305d\u3057\u3066\u8ab0\u304c\u30d0\u30f3\u30c9\u306e\u30ea\u30bd\u30fc\u30b9\u3084\u8ca1\u7523\u306b\u30a2\u30af\u30bb\u30b9\u3067\u304d\u308b\u304b\u3092\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002 <\/p>\r\n<p>\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u30d0\u30f3\u30c9\u306f\u8ab0\u304c\u5730\u4f4d\u3092\u5f97\u305f\u306e\u304b\u3001\u5931\u3046\u306e\u304b\u3092\u30b3\u30f3\u30c8\u30ed\u30fc\u30eb\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3067\u304d\u305a\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">\u9023\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u304c\u3053\u306e\u6a29\u529b\u3092\u63e1\u3063\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f<\/a>\u3002\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u3001\u30d0\u30f3\u30c9\u306e\u307b\u3068\u3093\u3069\u306e\u30e1\u30f3\u30d0\u30fc\u306f\u30b9\u30c6\u30fc\u30bf\u30b9\u30fb\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u3067\u3082\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\u304c\u3001\u30d0\u30f3\u30c9\u306b\u6240\u5c5e\u3057\u3066\u3044\u306a\u304f\u3066\u3082\u30b9\u30c6\u30fc\u30bf\u30b9\u3092\u6301\u3064\u3053\u3068\u3082\u3001\r\n\u305d\u306e\u9006\u3082\u53ef\u80fd\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u6761\u7d04\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\u6761\u7d04\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u3068\u306f\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-treaties\">\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/crown\/\">1701\u5e74\u4ee5\u964d\u306b\u56fd\u738b\u3068\u4f55\u3089\u304b\u306e\u6761\u7d04\u3092\u7de0\u7d50\u3057<\/a><\/a><\/a>\u3001\u305d\u308c\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u7279\u5b9a\u306e\u5229\u76ca\u3092\u5f97\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u571f\u5730\u3092\u660e\u3051\u6e21\u3057\u305f\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\u307e\u305f\u306f\u30d0\u30f3\u30c9\u306b\u6240\u5c5e\u3059\u308b\u30b9\u30c6\u30fc\u30bf\u30b9\u30fb\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u3067\u3059\u3002\u6761\u7d04\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u306e\u4e2d\u306b\u306f\u3001\u6761\u7d04\u306e\u5bfe\u8c61\u3068\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u4fdd\u8b77\u533a\u306b\u4f4f\u3080\u8005\u3082\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3064\u307e\u308a\u3001\u5f7c\u3089\u306e\u30b3\u30df\u30e5\u30cb\u30c6\u30a3\u306f\u3001\r\n\u81ea\u5206\u305f\u3061\u306e\u571f\u5730\u3092\u660e\u3051\u6e21\u3059\u305f\u3081\u306e\u653f\u5e9c\u3068\u6761\u7d04\u3092\u7d50\u3093\u3060\u3053\u3068\u304c\u306a\u3044\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3060\u3002\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u500b\u4eba\u306f\u3001\u4e00\u822c\u306b\u672a\u5272\u8b72\u5730\u57df\u3068\u3057\u3066\u77e5\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5730\u57df\u306b\u4f4f\u3093\u3067\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-self-government\">\u3053\u306e\u7528\u8a9e\u306f\u3001\u81ea\u6cbb\u5354\u5b9a\u3092\u7d50\u3093\u3067\u3044\u308b\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\u306b\u3082\u9069\u7528\u3055\u308c\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/a>\u6761\u7d04\u306f\u3001\u3059\u3079\u3066\u306e\u30b9\u30c6\u30fc\u30bf\u30b9\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u306b\u4e0e\u3048\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3082\u306e\u306b\u52a0\u3048\u3066\u3001\u7f72\u540d\u8005\u306e\u5b50\u5b6b\u306b\u5e74\u91d1\uff08\r\n\u5e74\u6255\u3044\uff09\u3068\u6a29\u5229\uff08<a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/hunting\">\u72e9\u731f\u3084\u91e3\u308a\u3092\u3059\u308b\u6a29\u5229\u306a\u3069<\/a>\uff09\u3092\u4e0e\u3048\u308b\u5834\u5408\u304c\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u975e\u30b9\u30c6\u30fc\u30bf\u30b9\u30fb\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">\u975e\u30b9\u30c6\u30fc\u30bf\u30b9\u30fb\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u3068\u306f\u3001\u9023\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u306b\u767b\u9332\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\"><em>\u5834\u5408\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u306f\u3001\r\n\u9023\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u304c\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u6cd5\u3067\u5b9a\u3081\u305f\u8981\u4ef6\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304f\u30b9\u30c6\u30fc\u30bf\u30b9\u306e\u5bfe\u8c61\u3068\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3053\u3068\u3082\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/em><\/a>\u307e\u305f\u3001\u30b9\u30c6\u30fc\u30bf\u30b9\u306e\u306a\u3044\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u304c\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/marriage-and-divorce\">\u30b9\u30c6\u30fc\u30bf\u30b9\u306e\u306a\u3044\u4eba\u7269\u3068\u306e\u7d50\u5a5a<\/a>\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\">\u6a29\u5229\u306e\u4ed8\u4e0e<\/a>\u3001\r\n\u305d\u306e\u4ed6\u306e\u6cd5\u7684\u898f\u5236\u306e\u7d50\u679c\u3001\u30b9\u30c6\u30fc\u30bf\u30b9\u3092\u5931\u3063\u305f\u30b1\u30fc\u30b9\u3082\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-women-and-the-franchise\">(<em>\u300c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-suffrage\">\u30ab\u30ca\u30c0\u306e\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\u53c2\u653f\u6a29\u300d\u304a\u3088\u3073\u300c\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u5973\u6027\u3068\u9078\u6319\u6a29<\/a>\u300d\u3082\u53c2\u7167<\/em>) \r\n<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><i>\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u6cd5\u3067\u306f\u6cd5\u7684\u306b\u8a8d\u3081\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u305f\u3081<\/i>\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-rights\">\u975e\u30b9\u30c6\u30fc\u30bf\u30b9\u30fb\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u306f\u30b9\u30c6\u30fc\u30bf\u30b9\u30fb\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u3068\u540c\u3058\u6a29\u5229\u3068\u7279\u6a29\u3092\u4eab\u53d7\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u305b\u3093<\/a>\u3002\u4e2d\u306b\u306f\u81ea\u5206\u3092\u300c\u672c\u7269\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u300d\r\n \u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u3068\u898b\u306a\u3059\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\u30b0\u30eb\u30fc\u30d7\u304b\u3089\u306e\u6279\u5224\u306b\u76f4\u9762\u3059\u308b\u4eba\u3082\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u6cd5\u7684\u306b\u30a4\u30f3\u30c9\u4eba\u3068\u5b9a\u7fa9\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3089\u3068\u3044\u3063\u3066\u3001\u305d\u306e\u4eba\u306e\u7956\u5148\u3084\u6587\u5316\u7684\u30a2\u30a4\u30c7\u30f3\u30c6\u30a3\u30c6\u30a3\u304c\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u5b9a\u7fa9\u3055\u308c\u308b\u308f\u3051\u3067\u306f\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002\u30b9\u30c6\u30fc\u30bf\u30b9\u306e\u306a\u3044\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u306f\u3001\u4f9d\u7136\u3068\u3057\u3066\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\u306e\u30a2\u30a4\u30c7\u30f3\u30c6\u30a3\u30c6\u30a3\u3092\u4fdd\u6301\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people-languages\">\u307e\u305f\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people-health\">\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people-education\">\u533b\u7642\u3084\u6559\u80b2\u3078\u306e\u30a2\u30af\u30bb\u30b9\u306e\u6b20\u5982<\/a><\/a>\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/poverty\">\u8ca7\u56f0<\/a>\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-territory\">\u5148\u7956\u4ee3\u3005\u306e\u6545\u90f7\u304b\u3089\u306e\u79fb\u4f4f\u3001\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\u306e\u6587\u5316\u3068\u8a00\u8a9e\u306e\u55aa\u5931\u306a\u3069\u3001\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/native-people-social-conditions\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people-economic-conditions\">\u30b9\u30c6\u30fc\u30bf\u30b9\u30fb\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u3068\u540c\u3058\u793e\u4f1a\u7d4c\u6e08\u7684\u554f\u984c\u306e\u591a\u304f\u3092\u5171\u6709\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3082\u591a\u3044<\/a><\/a><\/a>\u3002\r\n<\/a>\u30b9\u30c6\u30fc\u30bf\u30b9\u306e\u5bfe\u8c61\u3068\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u975e\u30b9\u30c6\u30fc\u30bf\u30b9\u30fb\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u306f\u3001\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u554f\u984c\u3078\u306e\u652f\u63f4\u624b\u6bb5\u3092\u898b\u3064\u3051\u308b\u306e\u306b\u82e6\u52b4\u3057\u3066\u304d\u305f\u3002\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/congress-of-aboriginal-peoples\/\">\u30a2\u30dc\u30ea\u30b8\u30cb\u6c11\u65cf\u4f1a\u8b70\u306a\u3069\u306e\u7d44\u7e54\u306f\u3001\u30ab\u30ca\u30c0\u5728\u4f4f\u306e\u975e\u30b9\u30c6\u30fc\u30bf\u30b9\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3<\/a>\uff08\u304a\u3088\u3073\u4ed6\u306e\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\uff09\u306e\u61f8\u5ff5\u3092\u4ee3\u5f01\u3057\u3088\u3046\u3068\u52aa\u3081\u3066\u304d\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/metis\">2016\u5e744\u6708\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/supreme-court-of-canada\">\u30ab\u30ca\u30c0\u6700\u9ad8\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306f<\/a>\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/constitution-act-1982\">\u61b2\u6cd5\u7b2c91\u6761<\/a> (24) \u3067\u5b9a\u7fa9\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u300c\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u300d\u306b\u306f\u3001\r\n\u30e1\u30c6\u30a3\u65cf\u3060\u3051\u3067\u306a\u304f\u975e\u30b9\u30c6\u30fc\u30bf\u30b9\u30fb\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u3082\u542b\u307e\u308c\u308b\u3068\u306e\u5224\u6c7a\u3092\u4e0b\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/a>\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u3060\u304b\u3089\u3068\u3044\u3063\u3066\u3001\u30b9\u30c6\u30fc\u30bf\u30b9\u306e\u306a\u3044\u4eba\u3005\u304c\u4eca\u3084\u30b9\u30c6\u30fc\u30bf\u30b9\u30fb\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u306b\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u308f\u3051\u3067\u306f\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002<em>\r\n\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u306e\u5730\u4f4d\u3092\u5b9a\u7fa9\u3057\u7d9a\u3051\u3066\u3044\u308b\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u6cd5\u306f<\/em>\u3001\u3053\u306e\u5224\u6c7a\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u5909\u66f4\u3055\u308c\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3067\u3057\u305f\u3002\u3053\u306e2016\u5e74\u306e\u5224\u6c7a\u306f\u3001\u975e\u30b9\u30c6\u30fc\u30bf\u30b9\u306e\u4eba\u3005\u306f\u9023\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u306e\u7acb\u6cd5\u7ba1\u8f44\u4e0b\u306b\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u610f\u5473\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u30e1\u30c6\u30a3\u30b9\u3068\u30a4\u30cc\u30a4\u30c3\u30c8\u306e\u4eba\u3005<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\"><em>\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306e\u5730\u4f4d\u306f\u3001\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u6cd5\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u305d\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u5b9a\u7fa9\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u306e\u307f\u304c\u4fdd\u6301\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/em><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/inuit\">\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/metis\">\u30a4\u30cc\u30a4\u30c3\u30c8\u3068\u30e1\u30c6\u30a3\u30b9\u306b\u306f<\/a><\/a>\u3001\u30b9\u30c6\u30fc\u30bf\u30b9\u306e\u306a\u3044\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u3068\u540c\u69d8\u306b\u30b9\u30c6\u30fc\u30bf\u30b9\u306f\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/provincial-government\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/territorial-government\">\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/supreme-court-of-canada\">\u6700\u9ad8\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306f\u5225\u3005\u306e\u5224\u6c7a\u3067<\/a>\u3001\u30e1\u30c6\u30a3\u30b9\u3068\u30a4\u30cc\u30a4\u30c3\u30c8\u306f\uff08\u5dde\u653f\u5e9c\u3084\u6e96\u5dde\u653f\u5e9c\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\uff09\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">\u9023\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u306e\u8cac\u4efb\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u88c1\u5b9a\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f<\/a>\u3002\r\n<\/a><\/a>1939\u5e74\u306e\u5224\u6c7a\u3067\u306f\u3001\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306f\u30a4\u30cc\u30a4\u30c3\u30c8\u554f\u984c\u306e\u8cac\u4efb\u3092\u30aa\u30bf\u30ef\u306b\u4e0e\u3048\u30012016\u5e74\u306b\u306f\u30e1\u30c6\u30a3\u30b9\u3068\u30ce\u30f3\u30b9\u30c6\u30fc\u30bf\u30b9\u30fb\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3082\u540c\u69d8\u306e\u5224\u6c7a\u3092\u4e0b\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u305d\u306e\u969b\u3001\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306f\u3001\u300c<a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-term\">\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u3068\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u5c02\u7528\u571f\u5730<\/a>\u300d<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/constitution-act-1982\">\r\n\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u4e8b\u9805\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u9023\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u306e\u6a29\u9650\u3092\u5bfe\u8c61\u3068\u3059\u308b\u61b2\u6cd5\u7b2c91\u6761<\/a> (24) \r\n \u6761\u306e\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u306e\u5b9a\u7fa9\u306b\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u6c11\u65cf\u3092\u542b\u3081\u308b\u3068\u306e\u5224\u6c7a\u3092\u4e0b\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u4eba\u53e3\u7d71\u8a08<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/statistics-canada\"><a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/demographic-data-collection\">2016\u5e74\u306e\u30ab\u30ca\u30c0\u7d71\u8a08\u5c40\u306e\u56fd\u52e2\u8abf\u67fb\u306e\u6642\u70b9\u3067<\/a>\u3001\u30ab\u30ca\u30c0\u306e\u4eba\u53e3\u306e<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/population\">4.8% \r\n \u3092\u5360\u3081\u308b170\u4e07\u4eba\u304c\u30a2\u30dc\u30ea\u30b8\u30cb\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u81ea\u8a8d\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/metis\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/inuit\">\u3053\u306e\u3046\u306158.4\u30d1\u30fc\u30bb\u30f3\u30c8 (977,235\u4eba) <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">\u304c\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11<\/a>\u3001\r\n 35.1\u30d1\u30fc\u30bb\u30f3\u30c8 (587,545\u4eba) \u304c\u30e1\u30c6\u30a3\u30b9\u30013.9\u30d1\u30fc\u30bb\u30f3\u30c8 (65,025\u4eba) \u304c\u30a4\u30cc\u30a4\u30c3\u30c8\u3067\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/a><\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u3067\u306f\u300183.9% (820,120\u4eba) \u304c\u767b\u9332\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3 (\u5730\u4f4d) \u307e\u305f\u306f\u6761\u7d04\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u30012.83\u30d1\u30fc\u30bb\u30f3\u30c8 (232,380\u4eba) \u304c\u975e\u30b9\u30c6\u30fc\u30bf\u30b9\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3 (232,380\u4eba) \u3067\u3057\u305f\u3002<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">\u30b9\u30c6\u30fc\u30bf\u30b9\u30fb\u30a2\u30f3\u30c9\u30fb\u30c6\u30a3\u30fc\u30c8\u30fb\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u306e\u4eba\u53e3\uff08744,855\u4eba\uff09\u306e\u3046\u3061\u300144.2\uff05\u304c\u4fdd\u8b77\u533a\u306b\u4f4f\u307f\u3001\u6b8b\u308a\u306f\u4fdd\u8b77\u533a\u5916\u306b\u4f4f\u3093\u3067\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/a> \r\n2006\u5e74\u304b\u30892016\u5e74\u306b\u304b\u3051\u3066\u3001\u4fdd\u8b77\u533a\uff0812.8\u30d1\u30fc\u30bb\u30f3\u30c8\u5897\u52a0\uff09\u3068\u4fdd\u8b77\u533a\u5916\uff0849.1\u30d1\u30fc\u30bb\u30f3\u30c8\uff09\u306e\u4e21\u65b9\u3067\u4eba\u53e3\u304c\u5897\u52a0\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u5730\u4f4d\u306b\u5f71\u97ff\u3059\u308b\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u6cd5\u306e\u6539\u6b63<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\"><em>1876\u5e74\u4ee5\u964d\u3001\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u6cd5\u306e\u5dee\u5225\u7684\u6761\u9805\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u591a\u304f\u306e\u30b9\u30c6\u30fc\u30bf\u30b9\u30fb\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u304c\u5730\u4f4d\u3092\u5931\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/em><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/citizenship\">1951\u5e74\u307e\u3067\u3001<em>\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u6cd5\u306b\u3088\u308a<\/em>\u3001\r\n\u591a\u304f\u306e\u30b9\u30c6\u30fc\u30bf\u30b9\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u306e\u7537\u5973\u306b\u300c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\/\">\u6a29\u5229\u306e\u4ed8\u4e0e<\/a>\u300d\u3001\u3064\u307e\u308a\u5e02\u6c11\u6a29\u306e\u305f\u3081\u306b\u30b9\u30c6\u30fc\u30bf\u30b9\u6a29\u3092\u653e\u68c4\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u7fa9\u52d9\u4ed8\u3051\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/a>\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-suffrage\/\">\u30d5\u30e9\u30f3\u30c1\u30e3\u30a4\u30ba\u3092\u53d6\u5f97\u3057\u305f\u308a<\/a>\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/armed-forces\">\u8ecd\u968a\u306b\u5165\u968a\u3057\u305f\u308a<\/a>\u3001\u5927\u5b66\u306e\u5b66\u4f4d\u3092\u53d6\u5f97\u3057\u305f\u308a\u3001\u5c02\u9580\u5bb6\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u308a\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3001\r\n\u81ea\u52d5\u7684\u306b\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u306e\u5730\u4f4d\u304c\u5931\u308f\u308c\u307e\u3059\u3002\u3055\u3089\u306b\u3001\u30ab\u30ca\u30c0\u56fd\u5916\u306b5\u5e74\u4ee5\u4e0a\u5c45\u4f4f\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u30b9\u30c6\u30fc\u30bf\u30b9\u30fb\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u306f\u3001\u305d\u306e\u5730\u4f4d\u3092\u8f9e\u3081\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002(<em>\u300c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-suffrage\">\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\u53c2\u653f\u6a29<\/a>\u300d\u3082\u53c2\u7167<\/em>)\r\n\t<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>1951\u5e74\u306e\u540c\u6cd5\u306e\u6539\u6b63\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u300c\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u306e\u8840\u300d\u306e\u6982\u5ff5\u304c\u767b\u9332\u306b\u3088\u308b\u5730\u4f4d\u306e\u6982\u5ff5\u306b\u7f6e\u304d\u63db\u3048\u3089\u308c\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u8a00\u3044\u63db\u3048\u308c\u3070\u3001\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\u306e\u907a\u7523\u3092\u6301\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3060\u3051\u3067\u306f\u3001\u30b9\u30c6\u30fc\u30bf\u30b9\u306e\u8cc7\u683c\u3092\u5f97\u308b\u306b\u306f\u4e0d\u5341\u5206\u3067\u3057\u305f\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u3053\u306e\u6cd5\u5f8b\u306f\u4f9d\u7136\u3068\u3057\u3066\u5b50\u5b6b\u306e\u7537\u6027\u306b\u512a\u9047\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\r\n1985\u5e74\u4ee5\u524d\u306f\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-women-and-the-franchise\/\">\u30b9\u30c6\u30fc\u30bf\u30b9\u30fb\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u306e\u5973\u6027\u306f<\/a>\u3001\u30b9\u30c6\u30fc\u30bf\u30b9\u306e\u306a\u3044\u7537\u6027\u3068\u7d50\u5a5a\u3059\u308b\u3068\u30b9\u30c6\u30fc\u30bf\u30b9\u3092\u5931\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u7d50\u5a5a\u3067\u751f\u307e\u308c\u305f\u5b50\u4f9b\u3082\u30b9\u30c6\u30fc\u30bf\u30b9\u3092\u5931\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\r\n\u6642\u3005\u3001\u5730\u4f4d\u306e\u55aa\u5931\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u4eba\u3005\u306e\u7956\u5148\u3084\u5730\u57df\u793e\u4f1a\u3068\u306e\u7d50\u3073\u3064\u304d\u304c\u65ad\u3061\u5207\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3082\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002 <\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>1970\u5e74\u4ee3\u304b\u30891980\u5e74\u4ee3\u306b\u304b\u3051\u3066\u3001<em>\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u6cd5\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u6027\u5dee\u5225\u306e\u554f\u984c\u304c\u56fd\u5185\u5916\u306e\u6ce8\u76ee\u3092\u96c6\u3081<\/em>\u3001\u9023\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u306f\u5909\u5316\u3092\u8d77\u3053\u3059\u3088\u3046\u306b\u306a\u308a\u307e\u3057\u305f\u30021985\u5e74\u3001C-31\u6cd5\u6848\u306f\u3001\u300c\u7d50\u5a5a\u3057\u305f\u300d\u5973\u6027\u3001\r\n\u304a\u3088\u3073\u4ed6\u306e\u624b\u6bb5\u3067\u30a4\u30f3\u30c9\u306e\u5730\u4f4d\u3092\u5931\u3063\u305f\u5973\u6027\u306b\u3001\u5730\u4f4d\u3068\u6a29\u5229\u306e\u56de\u5fa9\u3092\u7533\u8acb\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u8a31\u53ef\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002C-31\u6cd5\u6848\u306e\u7d50\u679c\u3001117,000\u4eba\u3092\u8d85\u3048\u308b\u4eba\u3005\u304c\u30a4\u30f3\u30c9\u306e\u5730\u4f4d\u3092\u7372\u5f97\u307e\u305f\u306f\u56de\u5fa9\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002 <\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>C-31\u6cd5\u6848\u306f\u3001\u4ed6\u306e\u6761\u9805\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u3082\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian\">\u8eab\u5206\u6a29\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u308b\u8cc7\u683c\u306e\u3042\u308b\u4eba\u3005\u306e\u6570\u306b\u5f71\u97ff\u3092\u53ca\u307c\u3057\u305f2\u3064\u306e\u30ab\u30c6\u30b4\u30ea\u30fc\u306e\u30a4\u30f3\u30c9\u4eba\u767b\u9332\u3082\u5b9a\u3081\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059<\/a>\u3002\u7b2c1\u6761\u306f\u3001\u7b2c6\u6761 (1) \r\n \u3068\u547c\u3070\u308c\u3001\u4e21\u89aa\u3068\u3082\u306b\u767b\u9332\u8cc7\u683c\u304c\u3042\u308b\u304b\u3001\u307e\u305f\u306f\u767b\u9332\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u308b\u8cc7\u683c\u304c\u3042\u308b\u5834\u5408\u306b\u9069\u7528\u3055\u308c\u307e\u3059\u3002(\u3053\u306e\u30bb\u30af\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u306f\u3055\u3089\u306b\u3001\u30b9\u30c6\u30fc\u30bf\u30b9\u306e\u53d7\u3051\u7d99\u304e\u65b9\u6cd5\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u7570\u306a\u308b\u30b5\u30d6\u30bb\u30af\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u306b\u5206\u304b\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059)\u3002\u7b2c 2 \u6761\u306f\u3001\u7b2c 6 \u6761 (2) \u3068\u547c\u3070\u308c\u3001\r\n\u7247\u65b9\u306e\u89aa\u304c 6 (1) \u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304f\u767b\u9332\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u308b\u8cc7\u683c\u3092\u6709\u3059\u308b\u5834\u5408\u306b\u9069\u7528\u3055\u308c\u307e\u3059\u3002\u7247\u65b9\u306e\u89aa\u304c\u7b2c6 (2) \u6761\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u3044\u3066\u767b\u9332\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001<em>\u5730\u4f4d\u3092\u8b72\u6e21\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3067\u304d\u307e\u305b\u3093<\/em>\u3002\u8981\u3059\u308b\u306b\u3001\u30b9\u30c6\u30fc\u30bf\u30b9\u306e\u306a\u3044\u30d1\u30fc\u30c8\u30ca\u30fc\u30682\u4e16\u4ee3\u306b\u308f\u305f\u3063\u3066\u7d50\u5a5a\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3001\r\n\u5b50\u4f9b\u306f\u3082\u306f\u3084\u30b9\u30c6\u30fc\u30bf\u30b9\u306e\u5bfe\u8c61\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u306a\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306f\u300c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e16\u4ee3\u30ab\u30c3\u30c8\u30aa\u30d5\u300d\u30eb\u30fc\u30eb\u3068\u3057\u3066\u77e5\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002 <\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>C-31\u6cd5\u6848\u306f\u591a\u304f\u306e\u5973\u6027\u306b\u5730\u4f4d\u56de\u5fa9\u306e\u6a5f\u4f1a\u3092\u4e0e\u3048\u307e\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3001\u30a4\u30f3\u30c9\u6cd5\u306b\u3088\u308b\u6027\u5dee\u5225\u3092\u306a\u304f\u3057\u305f\u308f\u3051\u3067\u306f\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002<\/em>\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u88c1\u5224\u306b\u304b\u3051\u3089\u308c\u305f\u8a34\u8a1f\u306f\u3001\u540c\u6cd5\u306e\u3055\u3089\u306a\u308b\u6539\u6b63\u306b\u5f71\u97ff\u3092\u4e0e\u3048\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u305f\u3068\u3048\u3070\u3001\r\n McIvor\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3078\u306e\u5bfe\u5fdc\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u9023\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u306f2011\u5e74\u306b\u6cd5\u6848C-3\u3092\u53ef\u6c7a\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u3053\u306e\u6539\u6b63\u6848\u306f\u30011985\u5e74\u306b\u5730\u4f4d\u3092\u56de\u5fa9\u3057\u305f\u5973\u6027\u306e\u5b6b\u306b6 (2) \u306e\u5730\u4f4d\u3092\u4ed8\u4e0e\u3059\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u3053\u308c\u3067\u3082\u5dee\u5225\u6cd5\u304c\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u64a4\u5ec3\u3055\u308c\u305f\u308f\u3051\u3067\u306f\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002 <\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u6cd5\u6848S-3\u306f\u3001\u305d\u306e\u4e00\u90e8\u304c2017\u5e7412\u670822\u65e5\u306b\u767a\u52b9\u3057\u305f\u304c\u30012015\u5e74\u306e\u30c7\u30b7\u30a7\u30ce\u30fc\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3092\u304d\u3063\u304b\u3051\u306b\u6210\u7acb\u3057\u305f\u3002S-3\u6cd5\u6848\u306f\u3001\u3088\u308a\u591a\u304f\u306e\u4eba\u3005\u304c\u81ea\u5206\u306e\u5730\u4f4d\u3092\u5b50\u5b6b\u306b\u53d7\u3051\u7d99\u304e\u30011985\u5e74\u4ee5\u524d\u306b\u305d\u306e\u5730\u4f4d\u3092\u5931\u3063\u305f\u4eba\u3005\u306b\u5730\u4f4d\u3092\u56de\u5fa9\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u53ef\u80fd\u306b\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002\r\n\u3053\u306e\u6cd5\u6848\u306e\u4ed6\u306e\u90e8\u5206\u306f\u30011951\u5e74\u4ee5\u524d\u306b\u5730\u4f4d\u3092\u5931\u3063\u305f\u5973\u6027\u3068\u305d\u306e\u5b50\u5b6b\u306e\u5730\u4f4d\u306e\u56de\u5fa9\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u3082\u306e\uff08\u300c1951\u5e74\u30ab\u30c3\u30c8\u30aa\u30d5\u300d\u3068\u547c\u3070\u308c\u308b\uff09\u3067\u30012019\u5e748\u670815\u65e5\u306b\u767a\u52b9\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<em>\u653f\u5e9c\u306b\u3088\u308b\u3068\u3001\u300c\r\n\u30a4\u30f3\u30c9\u6cd5\u3067\u8a8d\u3081\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u6027\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304f\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u306f\u3001\u3059\u3079\u3066\u89e3\u6d88\u3055\u308c\u305f\u300d\u3068\u306e\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/em><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u8b70\u8ad6\uff1a\u5730\u4f4d\u3092\u7dad\u6301\u3059\u308b\u304b\u3001\u6839\u7d76\u3059\u308b\u304b\uff1f<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u306e\u4e2d\u306b\u306f\u3001<em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\">\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/law\">\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u30b9\u30c6\u30fc\u30bf\u30b9\u3068\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u6cd5\u304c\u9023\u90a6\u6cd5\u3068\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\u30b3\u30df\u30e5\u30cb\u30c6\u30a3\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u6b63\u5f53\u306a\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3092\u5360\u3081\u308b\u3068\u4fe1\u3058\u3066\u3044\u308b\u4eba\u3082\u3044\u307e\u3059<\/a><\/a><\/em><\/a>\u3002<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/the-white-paper-1969\/\">1969\u5e74\u306e\u767d\u66f8<\/a>\uff08\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">\u4fdd\u8b77\u533a\u3068\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u306e\u5730\u4f4d\u3092\u5ec3\u6b62\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u9023\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u306e\u63d0\u6848<\/a>\uff09\u306f\u3001\u591a\u304f\u306e\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\u304b\u3089\u6fc0\u3057\u3044\u62b5\u6297\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u5f7c\u3089\u306f\u3001\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u306e\u5730\u4f4d\u306f\u3001\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/crown\">\u30ab\u30ca\u30c0\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u738b\u5ba4\u6c11\u65cf\u3068\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u3068\u306e\u6b74\u53f2\u3068\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u8a8d\u3081\u308b\u3060\u3051\u3067\u306a\u304f<\/a>\u3001\u653f\u5e9c\u306b\u3082\u305d\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u3068\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u30b3\u30df\u30c3\u30c8\u30e1\u30f3\u30c8\u3092\u8a8d\u3081\u308b\u7fa9\u52d9\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3068\u4e3b\u5f35\u3057\u305f\u3002\r\n\u3055\u3089\u306b\u3001\u30b9\u30c6\u30fc\u30bf\u30b9\u30fb\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u306e\u4e2d\u306b\u306f\u3001\u30b9\u30c6\u30fc\u30bf\u30b9\u306e\u4fdd\u8b77\u306a\u3057\u306b\u6700\u7d42\u7684\u306b\u540c\u5316\u3057\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3092\u6050\u308c\u308b\u8005\u3082\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/charlie-wenjack\">\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/trent-university\">\u30c8\u30ec\u30f3\u30c8\u5927\u5b66\u306e\u30c1\u30e3\u30cb\u30fc\u30fb\u30a6\u30a7\u30f3\u30b8\u30e3\u30c3\u30af\u30fb\u30b9\u30af\u30fc\u30eb\u30fb\u30d5\u30a9\u30fc\u30fb\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30b8\u30cb\u30a2\u30ba\u30fb\u30b9\u30bf\u30c7\u30a3\u30fc\u30ba\u306e\u30c7\u30a3\u30ec\u30af\u30bf\u30fc\u3067\u3042\u308b\u30c7\u30d3\u30c3\u30c9\u30fb\u30cb\u30e5\u30fc\u30cf\u30a6\u30b9\u6240\u9577\u306f<\/a><\/a>\u3001\u6b21\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u8aac\u660e\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u300c<em>\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u6cd5\u306f<\/em>\u3001\u5730\u57df\u793e\u4f1a\u306e\u30ac\u30d0\u30ca\u30f3\u30b9\u3068\u30b3\u30df\u30e5\u30cb\u30c6\u30a3\u751f\u6d3b\u306e\u4ed5\u7d44\u307f\u3092\u898f\u5b9a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\r\n\u540c\u6cd5\u3092\u4e00\u6319\u306b\u6539\u6b63\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u5ec3\u6b62\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3001\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\u306b\u3068\u3063\u3066\u5927\u304d\u306a\u6df7\u4e71\u3092\u62db\u304f\u3060\u308d\u3046\u3002\u300d<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>\u4ed6\u306e\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u306f\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u306f\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u81ea\u8eab\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u9023\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u5b9a\u3081\u3089\u308c\u305f\u6cd5\u7684\u30a2\u30a4\u30c7\u30f3\u30c6\u30a3\u30c6\u30a3\u306a\u306e\u3067<\/a>\u3001\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u30b9\u30c6\u30fc\u30bf\u30b9\u3068\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u6cd5\u306f\u5ec3\u6b62\u3059\u3079\u304d\u3060\u3068\u4e3b\u5f35\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\r\n<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/assembly-of-first-nations\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/perry-bellegarde\">\r\n\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u8b70\u4f1a\u8b70\u9577\u306e\u30da\u30ea\u30fc\u30fb\u30d9\u30eb\u30ac\u30eb\u30c9\u304c2018\u5e74\u306b\u8ff0\u3079\u305f\u3088\u3046\u306b<\/a><\/a>\u3001\u300c\u79c1\u305f\u3061\u306f\u7686\u3001<em>\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u6cd5\u306e\u652f\u914d\u3092\u8d85\u3048\u3066<\/em>\u3001\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u306a\u56fa\u6709\u306e\u6a29\u5229\u3092\u6301\u3064\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u304a\u3088\u3073\u56fd\u5bb6\u3068\u3057\u3066\u518d\u69cb\u7bc9\u3057\u305f\u3044\u3068\u8003\u3048\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u300d\u6279\u8a55\u5bb6\u306f\u307e\u305f\u3001\u3053\u306e\u6cd5\u5f8b\u304c\u591a\u304f\u306e\u4eba\u3005\u3001\u7279\u306b\u5973\u6027\u3068\u305d\u306e\u5b50\u4f9b\u305f\u3061\u306b\u4e0d\u5229\u76ca\u3092\u3082\u305f\u3089\u3059\u305f\u3081\u306b\u5229\u7528\u3055\u308c\u3066\u304d\u305f\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3082\u6307\u6458\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\r\n\u5f7c\u3089\u306f\u3001\u540c\u6cd5\u304c\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u3068\u30ab\u30ca\u30c0\u653f\u5e9c\u3068\u306e\u9593\u306e\u7236\u6a29\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u306a\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u7dad\u6301\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u4e3b\u5f35\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u3067\u306f\u3001\u30a4\u30f3\u30c9\u4eba\u306f\u56fd\u5bb6\u306e\u300c\u770b\u5b88\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u7d71\u5236\u3068\u6307\u5c0e\u3092\u5fc5\u8981\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/culture\">\u3055\u3089\u306b\u3001<em>\u653f\u5e9c\u304c\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u6cd5<\/em>\uff08\u304a\u3088\u3073\u305d\u306e\u4ed6\u306e\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff09\u3092\u5229\u7528\u3057\u3066\u3001\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u3092\u767d\u4eba\u306e\u690d\u6c11\u5730\u6642\u4ee3\u306e\u30ab\u30ca\u30c0\u6587\u5316\u306b\u540c\u5316\u3055\u305b\u305f\u3068\u4e3b\u5f35\u3059\u308b\u58f0\u3082\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/a>\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/truth-and-reconciliation-commission\">\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u306f\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-self-government\/\">\u81ea\u6cbb\u3068\u548c\u89e3\u3078\u306e\u52d5\u304d\u304c\u9ad8\u307e\u308b\u306b\u3064\u308c\u3066\u533a\u306e\u5730\u4f4d\u304c\u5909\u5316\u3057\u3001\u653f\u5e9c\u3068\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u306e\u5909\u5316\u306e\u4e00\u56e0\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u671b\u3093\u3067\u3044\u308b<\/a>\u3002<\/a> \r\n\u6279\u8a55\u5bb6\u306f\u4e00\u822c\u306b\u3001\u6587\u5316\u7684\u4fe1\u6191\u6027\u3068\u5730\u4f4d\u306f\u95a2\u9023\u304c\u306a\u304f\u3001\u30a4\u30f3\u30c9\u4eba\u306e\u6cd5\u7684\u5b9a\u7fa9\u306f\u653f\u5e9c\u306e\u5f37\u5236\u306b\u904e\u304e\u306a\u3044\u3068\u4e3b\u5f35\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>","slug":"","alt_slug":"","twitter_summary":null,"locale":"ja","automated":true,"hidden":0,"views":2,"created_at":"2024-10-19T07:47:04.000000Z","updated_at":"2024-10-19T07:47:04.000000Z"},{"id":"9dc2239d-87c6-44fd-a724-29b8eeaa97c9","article_id":"83f8c22b-c140-45f4-bb66-1e503b5ad16d","title":"Indian Status","summary":"<p>Hindistan Stat\u00fcs\u00fc, Hindistan Yasas\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan tan\u0131mlanan yasal bir kim <em><a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\">liktir<\/a><\/em>. Kanada&#39;daki baz\u0131 <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">Yerli halklar<\/a> i\u00e7in ge\u00e7erlidir. Stat\u00fc K\u0131z\u0131lderilileri (veya Kay\u0131tl\u0131 K\u0131z\u0131lderililer) olarak bilinen stat\u00fcye sahip ki\u015filer, Yasada belirtilen stat\u00fc kriterlerine uyar. Stat\u00fc \u015fartlar\u0131 - yasalara g\u00f6re kimin Hintli olarak kabul edildi\u011fi de dahil olmak \u00fczere - zamanla de\u011fi\u015fti. Yasal ba\u011flamlar\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-term\">Hint<\/a>, art\u0131k modas\u0131 ge\u00e7mi\u015f ve sald\u0131rgan olarak kabul edilen bir terimdir.<\/p>","body":"<h3>Hint Stat\u00fcs\u00fc Nedir?<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p><em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/constitution-act-1982\/\">1982 Anayasa Yasas\u0131&#39;n\u0131n 35 (2) B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc \u00fc\u00e7 Abor<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/metis\">ijin halk\u0131 grubunu tan\u0131mlar - <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-term\">K\u0131z\u0131lderililer<\/a>, \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/inuit\">Inuit ve M\u00e9tis<\/a>.<\/a> K\u0131z\u0131lderililer, bu durumda, <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">\u0130lk Milletler halk\u0131n\u0131<\/a> ifade eder. Ancak yasal olarak konu\u015fursak, t\u00fcm \u0130lk Milletler halklar\u0131 K\u0131z\u0131lderili de\u011fildir - yani, hepsinin Hint Stat\u00fcs\u00fc yoktur. Hint, 1876&#39;dan beri Hindistan Yasas\u0131nda belirtilen kriterlerle tan\u0131mlanan yasal bir kim <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\">liktir<\/a><\/em>. \r\nBu kriterlere uyan insanlar Stat\u00fc K\u0131z\u0131lderilileri olarak bilinir. Yasal ba\u011flamlar\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-term\">Hint<\/a>, art\u0131k modas\u0131 ge\u00e7mi\u015f ve sald\u0131rgan olarak kabul edilen bir terimdir. <\/p>\r\n<p>Stat\u00fc K\u0131z\u0131lderilileri (bazen Kay\u0131tl\u0131 K\u0131z\u0131lderililer olarak da an\u0131l\u0131r), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">Federal h\u00fck\u00fcmet taraf\u0131ndan tutulan Kanada&#39;daki Kay\u0131tl\u0131 K\u0131z\u0131lderililerin resmi kayd\u0131 olan Hindistan Sicilinde g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr<\/a>. Kay\u0131t, t\u00fcm Kay\u0131tl\u0131 K\u0131z\u0131lderililer i\u00e7in isimleri, do\u011fum tarihlerini, \u00f6l\u00fcm tarihlerini ve <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/marriage-and-divorce\">evlilik<\/a> ve \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/divorce-in-canada\" style=\"background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">bo\u015fanma<\/a> ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 ve bir <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">gruptan<\/a> di\u011ferine ge\u00e7i\u015f yapan ki\u015filerin kay\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7erir. Stat \r\n \u00fcs\u00fcne sahip ki\u015filere kimlikleri, gruplar\u0131 ve kay\u0131t numaralar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda bilgi i\u00e7eren kimlik kartlar\u0131 (durum kartlar\u0131 olarak bilinir) verilir. \r\n<br>\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Federal h\u00fck\u00fcmete g\u00f6re, \u201c<em>Hindistan Yas<\/em> as\u0131 uyar\u0131nca, Stat\u00fc K\u0131z\u0131lderilileri, federal ve eyalet veya <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/territorial-government\">b\u00f6lgesel h\u00fck\u00fcmetler \r\n taraf\u0131ndan sunulan bir dizi fayda, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-rights\">hak<\/a>, program <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/provincial-government\">ve<\/a> hizmetten yararlan<\/a> abilirler.\u201d \r\n\u00d6rne\u011fin, t\u00fcm Stat\u00fc K\u0131z\u0131lderilileri, bir <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">rezerv<\/a> den kazand\u0131klar\u0131 herhangi bir gelir i\u00e7in gelir <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/taxation\">ver<\/a> gisi \u00f6demekten muaft\u0131r, \r\n ve bir Stat\u00fc K\u0131z\u0131lderilisinin ki\u015fisel <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/property-law\">m\u00fcl<\/a> k\u00fcne bir rezerv \u00fczerinde bulunuyorsa el konulamaz. Bununla birlikte, bu muafiyetleri d\u00fczenleyen h\u00fck\u00fcmler karma\u015f\u0131kt\u0131r ve her senaryoda e\u015fit olarak uygulanmaz. \r\n Ek olarak, stat\u00fcye sahip olmak, yedekte ya\u015fama yetene\u011fi gibi belirli haklar\u0131 garanti etmez. Stat\u00fc d\u0131\u015f\u0131 ki\u015filer de baz\u0131 durumlarda yedek olarak ya\u015fayabilir, topluluk t\u00fcz\u00fcklerine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak. <\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Hint Stat\u00fcs\u00fc ve Grup \u00dcyeli\u011fi<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Hint Stat\u00fcs\u00fc mutlaka bir gruba \u00fcyeli\u011fi garanti <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">et<\/a> mez. 1985&#39;te <em>Hindistan Yasas\u0131nda yap\u0131lan de\u011fi\u015fikli<\/em> klerden sonra, gruplar kendi \u00fcyelik \r\n kurallar\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturma yetene\u011fini kazand\u0131lar. (Ancak, bunu yapmak istemezlerse, federal h\u00fck\u00fcmet \u00fcyelik listelerini y\u00f6netmeye devam edecektir.) Gruplar art\u0131k grup politikas\u0131na kimin kat\u0131labilece\u011fini ve grup kaynaklar\u0131na ve m\u00fclklerine kimin eri\u015febilece\u011fini belirledi. <\/p>\r\n<p>Bununla birlikte, gruplar kimin stat\u00fc kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 veya kaybetti\u011fini kontrol etmedi; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">federal h\u00fck\u00fcmet<\/a> bu g\u00fcc\u00fc elinde tuttu. Bu nedenle, gruplar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu \u00fcyesi ayn\u0131 zamanda Stat\u00fc K\u0131z\u0131lderilileri \r\n olsa da, bir gruba ait olmadan stat\u00fcye sahip olmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr, ya da tam tersi.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Antla\u015fma K\u0131z\u0131lderilileri<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Antla\u015fma K\u0131z\u0131lderilileri, 1701&#39;den beri <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/crown\/\">Kral<\/a> iyet ile herhangi bir <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">anla\u015fma imzalayan ve b\u00f6ylece belirli faydal <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-treaties\">ar<\/a> i\u00e7in topraklar\u0131 \r\n teslim eden bir \u0130lk<\/a> Ulusa veya gruba ait Stat\u00fc K\u0131z\u0131lderilileridir. Baz\u0131 Antla\u015fma K\u0131z\u0131lderilileri, bir anla\u015fma kapsam\u0131nda olmayan bir rezervde ya\u015farlar, yani topluluklar\u0131 topraklar\u0131n\u0131 teslim etmek i\u00e7in h\u00fck\u00fcmetle asla bir \r\n anla\u015fma imzalamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelir. Bu bireyler tipik olarak devredilmemi\u015f b\u00f6lgeler olarak bilinen yerlerde ya\u015farlar.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Terim ayn\u0131 zamanda <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-self-government\">\u00f6zy\u00f6netim<\/a> anla\u015fmalar\u0131 olan \u0130lk Milletler i\u00e7in de ge\u00e7erlidir.. Antla\u015fmalar, imzac\u0131lar\u0131n torunlar\u0131na, t\u00fcm Stat\u00fc K\u0131z\u0131lderililerine verilenlere ek olarak y\u0131ll\u0131k \r\n \u00f6demeler (y\u0131ll\u0131k \u00f6demeler<a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/hunting\">)<\/a> ve haklar (avlanma ve bal\u0131k tutma hakk\u0131 gibi) sa\u011flayabilir.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Stat\u00fc Olmayan K\u0131z\u0131lderililer<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Stat\u00fc Olmayan K\u0131z\u0131lderililer, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">federal h\u00fck\u00fcmet<\/a> e kay\u0131tl\u0131 olmayan \u0130lk Milletler halklar\u0131d\u0131r.. Baz\u0131 durumlarda, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\"><em>Hindistan Yasas\u0131nda federal h\u00fck\u00fcmet taraf\u0131ndan belirlenen gereklil \r\n iklere g\u00f6re stat\u00fc almaya hak kazanmazlar<\/em><\/a>. Di\u011fer durumlarda, Stat\u00fc Olmayan K\u0131z\u0131lderililer, Stat\u00fc Olmayan bir ki\u015fiyle <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/marriage-and-divorce\">evlilik, hak<\/a> hakk\u0131 veya \r\n di\u011fer yasal k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar sonucunda stat <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\">\u00fclerini kaybetmi\u015flerdir.<\/a> (<em>Ayr\u0131ca bkz<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-suffrage\">Kanada&#39;daki Yerli Oy Hakk\u0131<\/a> ve \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-women-and-the-franchise\">Yerli Kad\u0131nlar ve Franchise<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><i>Hint Yas<\/i> as\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda yasal olarak tan\u0131nmayan, Stat\u00fc D\u0131\u015f\u0131 K\u0131z\u0131lderililer, Stat\u00fc K\u0131z\u0131lderilileri ile ayn\u0131 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-rights\">hak<\/a> ve ayr\u0131cal\u0131klara sahip de\u011filler; hatta baz\u0131lar\u0131 kendilerini \u201cger\u00e7ek olmayan\u201d K\u0131z\u0131lderililer olarak g\u00f6ren Yerli gruplar\u0131n ele\u015ftir \r\n ileriyle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kal\u0131yor. Yasal olarak Hintli olarak tan\u0131mlanmak, ki\u015finin atalar\u0131n\u0131n veya k\u00fclt\u00fcrel kimli\u011fini tam olarak tan\u0131mlamaz. Stat\u00fc Olmayan K\u0131z\u0131lderililer hala Yerli kimli\u011fini koruyor. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people-education\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people-languages\">Ayr\u0131ca genellikle <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people-health\">sa\u011fl\u0131k<\/a> hizmetlerine ve e\u011fitime eri\u015fim eksikli\u011fi, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/poverty\">yoksulluk<\/a>, atalar\u0131n anavatanlar\u0131ndan yer \r\n inden edilme ve Yerli k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve \r\n dilin kayb\u0131 dahil olmak \u00fczere Stat\u00fc K\u0131z\u0131l <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-territory\">derilileri ile ayn\u0131 \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/native-people-social-conditions\">sosyo-<\/a><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people-economic-conditions\">ekonomik<\/a> sorunlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funu payla\u015f\u0131rlar.<\/a><\/a> Stat\u00fc i\u00e7in uygun olmayan, Stat\u00fc Olmayan K\u0131z\u0131lderililer, bu konular i\u00e7in destek yollar\u0131 bulmakta zorluk \u00e7ektiler. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/congress-of-aboriginal-peoples\/\">Aborijin Hal \r\n klar\u0131 Kongresi gibi kurulu\u015flar, Kanad<\/a> a&#39;daki Stat\u00fc Olmayan K\u0131z\u0131lderililerin (ve di\u011fer Yerli halklar\u0131n) endi\u015felerini temsil etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131lar.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Nisan 2016&#39;da <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/supreme-court-of-canada\">Kanada Y\u00fcksek Mahkemesi<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/constitution-act-1982\">Anayas<\/a> a&#39;n\u0131n 91 (24) maddesinde tan\u0131mland\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015fekliyle \u201cK\u0131z\u0131lderili\u201d nin Stat\u00fc Olmayan K\u0131z\u0131lderilileri ve <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/metis\">M\u00e9<\/a> tis&#39;i i\u00e7erdi\u011fine karar verdi. \r\n ancak, bu Stat\u00fc Olmayan ki\u015filerin art\u0131k Stat\u00fc K\u0131z\u0131lderilileri oldu\u011fu anlam\u0131na gelmez. H <em>int Stat<\/em> \u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc tan\u0131mlamaya devam eden \r\n Hint Yasas\u0131 bu kararla de\u011fi\u015ftirilmedi. Bu 2016 karar\u0131, Stat\u00fc Olmayan ki\u015filerin federal h\u00fck\u00fcmetin yasama yetkisi alt\u0131na girdi\u011fi anlam\u0131na gelir.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>M\u00e9tis ve Inuit Halklar\u0131<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Hint Stat\u00fcs\u00fc, yaln\u0131zca Hint Yasas\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda bu \u015fekilde tan\u0131mlanan Yerli halklar taraf\u0131ndan <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\"><em>tutulur<\/em><\/a>.. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/inuit\">\u0130nuit<\/a> ve \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/metis\">M\u00e9tis&#39;in<\/a> stat\u00fcs\u00fc yoktur, t\u0131pk\u0131 Stat\u00fc Olmayan K\u0131z\u0131lderililer gibi. Bununla birlikte, ayr\u0131 kararlarda, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/supreme-court-of-canada\">Y\u00fcksek Mahkeme<\/a>, M\u00e9tis ve Inuit&#39;in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">federal h\u00fck\u00fcmetin sorum \r\n lulu\u011fu oldu\u011funa karar verdi<\/a> (eyalet veya \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/territorial-government\">b\u00f6lge<\/a> h\u00fck\u00fcmet <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/provincial-government\">lerinin<\/a> aksine). Mahkeme 1939 tarihli bir kararda, Inuit i\u015flerinin sorumlulu\u011funu Ottawa&#39;ya verdi ve 2016&#39;da M\u00e9tis ve Stat\u00fc D\u0131\u015f\u0131 K\u0131z\u0131lderililer i\u00e7in de ayn\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 yapt\u0131. Bunu yaparken mahkeme, bu halklar\u0131n, federal \r\n h\u00fck\u00fcmetin \u201cK\u0131z\u0131lderililer ve <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-term\">K\u0131z<\/a> \u0131lderililere ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f Topraklar\u201d ile ilgili konularda yetkisini kapsayan <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/constitution-act-1982\">Anayas<\/a> a&#39;n\u0131n 91 (24) b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde K\u0131z\u0131lderili \r\n tan\u0131m\u0131na dahil edildi\u011fine karar verdi.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Demografi<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>2016 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/statistics-canada\">Statistics Canada n\u00fcfus say\u0131m\u0131<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/demographic-data-collection\">itibariyle<\/a>, 1,7 milyon ki\u015fi \r\n kendilerini <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/population\">Kanada n\u00fc<\/a> fusunun y\u00fczde 4.8&#39;ini temsil eden Aborijin olarak tan\u0131mlad\u0131. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/inuit\">Bu insanlardan y\u00fczde 58,4&#39;\u00fc (977.235) <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">\u0130lk Milletler<\/a>, y\u00fczde \r\n 35,1 (587.545) <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/metis\">M\u00e9tis<\/a> ve y\u00fczde 3.9&#39;u (65.025) Inuit idi.<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0130lk Milletler n\u00fcfusu i\u00e7inde y\u00fczde 83,9 (820.120) Kay\u0131tl\u0131 (Stat\u00fc) veya Antla\u015fmal\u0131 K\u0131z\u0131lderililerdi ve y\u00fczde 2.83&#39;\u00fc (232.380) Stat\u00fc Olmayan olarak tan\u0131mland\u0131. Stat\u00fc ve Antla\u015fma Hint n\u00fcfusu aras\u0131nda (744.855), y\u00fczde 44,2&#39;si yedekte ya\u015f \r\n arken, geri kalan\u0131 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">rezerv<\/a> d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ya\u015f\u0131yordu. 2006&#39;dan 2016&#39;ya kadar, hem rezervde (y\u00fczde 12,8 art\u0131\u015fla) hem de rezerv d\u0131\u015f\u0131 (y\u00fczde 49,1) n\u00fcfus art\u0131\u015f\u0131 oldu.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Stat\u00fcy\u00fc Etkileyen Hindistan Yasas\u0131 De\u011fi\u015fiklikleri<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>1876&#39;dan beri, bir\u00e7ok Stat\u00fc K\u0131z\u0131lderilisi, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\"><em>Hint Yasas\u0131&#39;ndaki ayr\u0131mc\u0131 \u015fartlar nedeniyle stat\u00fclerini kaybetti<\/em><\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\/\">1951 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar <em>Hint Yasas\u0131<\/em>, bir\u00e7ok Stat \r\n \u00fc Hintli erkek ve kad\u0131n\u0131 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/citizenship\">vatanda\u015fl\u0131k<\/a> haklar\u0131 i\u00e7in stat\u00fc haklar\u0131ndan vazge\u00e7meye zorlad\u0131.<\/a> \r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-suffrage\/\">Franchise<\/a> kazanmak, ordu <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/armed-forces\">ya<\/a> kat\u0131lmak, \u00fcniversite diplomas\u0131 almak veya profesyonel \r\n olmak otomatik olarak Hint stat\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn kayb\u0131na neden oldu. Ek olarak, Kanada d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda be\u015f y\u0131l veya daha uzun s\u00fcre ikamet eden herhangi bir Stat\u00fc K\u0131z\u0131lderili stat\u00fcs\u00fcnden istifa etti. (<em>Ayr\u0131ca bkz. Yer<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-suffrage\">li Oy Hakk\u0131<\/a>.) \r\n\t<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>1951&#39;de Kanunda yap\u0131lan de\u011fi\u015fiklikler, \u201cHint kan\u0131\u201d kavram\u0131n\u0131 kay\u0131t yoluyla stat\u00fc ile de\u011fi\u015ftirdi. Ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle, sadece \u0130lk Milletler miras\u0131na sahip olmak stat\u00fcye hak kazanmak i\u00e7in yeterli de\u011fildi. ancak, Yasa hala erkek soy hatlar\u0131n\u0131 ayr\u0131cal\u0131kl\u0131 k\u0131ld\u0131. \r\n1985&#39;ten \u00f6nce, Stat\u00fc Hintli bir <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-women-and-the-franchise\/\">kad\u0131n<\/a> stat\u00fcs\u00fc olmayan bir erkekle evlenirse stat\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc kaybetti; bu evliliklerden gelen \u00e7ocuklar \r\n da stat\u00fclerini kaybetti. Zaman zaman, stat\u00fc kayb\u0131, insanlar\u0131n atalar\u0131 ve topluluklar\u0131yla olan ba\u011flar\u0131n\u0131 kopard\u0131. <\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>1970&#39;ler ve 1980&#39;ler boyunca, <em>Hindistan Yasas\u0131&#39;ndaki cinsiyet ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/em> konusu ulusal ve uluslararas\u0131 ilgi g\u00f6rd\u00fc ve federal h\u00fck\u00fcmeti de\u011fi\u015fiklik yapmaya sevk etti. 1985&#39;te Bill C-31, \u201cevlenen\u201d kad\u0131nlar\u0131n - ve Hint Stat\u00fclerini \r\n ba\u015fka yollarla kaybedenlerin - stat\u00fclerinin ve haklar\u0131n\u0131n geri kazan\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in ba\u015fvurmalar\u0131na izin verdi. C-31&#39;in bir sonucu olarak 117.000&#39;den fazla ki\u015fi Hint stat\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc kazand\u0131 veya yeniden kazand\u0131. <\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Di\u011fer h\u00fck\u00fcmlerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, Bill C-31 ayr\u0131ca Stat\u00fc Haklar\u0131na hak kazanan ki\u015filerin say\u0131s\u0131 \u00fczerinde sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 olan iki <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian\">Hindistan<\/a> kayd\u0131 kategorisi olu\u015fturdu. Birincisi, \r\n b\u00f6l\u00fcm 6 (1) olarak bilinen, her iki ebeveynin de kay\u0131t hakk\u0131 oldu\u011funda veya kay\u0131t hakk\u0131 oldu\u011funda ge\u00e7erlidir. (Bu b\u00f6l\u00fcm ayr\u0131ca durumun nas\u0131l aktar\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak farkl\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6steren alt b\u00f6l\u00fcmlere ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.) \u0130kincisi, b\u00f6l\u00fcm 6 (2) olarak bilinen, ebeveynlerden birinin \r\n 6 (1) alt\u0131nda kay\u0131t hakk\u0131 oldu\u011funda ge\u00e7erlidir. <em>Bir ebeveyn b\u00f6l\u00fcm 6 (2) uyar\u0131nca kay\u0131tl\u0131ysa stat\u00fc devredilemez.<\/em> K\u0131sacas\u0131, stat\u00fc olmayan partnerlerle iki nesil evlilikten sonra, \u00e7ocuklar art\u0131k stat\u00fc almaya \r\n uygun olmayacakt\u0131. Bu, \u201c\u0130kinci Nesil Kesme\u201d kural\u0131 olarak bilinir. <\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Bill C-31, bir\u00e7ok kad\u0131na stat\u00fcn\u00fcn yeniden sa\u011flanmas\u0131 f\u0131rsat\u0131 sa\u011flarken, <em>Hindistan Yasas\u0131&#39;n\u0131 cinsiyet ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan kurtarmad\u0131<\/em>. Yerli halklar taraf\u0131ndan mahkemeye a\u00e7\u0131lan davalar, Yasada yap\u0131lan daha fazla de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi etkiledi. \u00d6rne\u011fin, McIvor \r\n davas\u0131na yan\u0131t olarak, federal h\u00fck\u00fcmet 2011&#39;de Bill C-3&#39;\u00fc kabul etti. De\u011fi\u015fiklik, 1985&#39;te stat\u00fcye kavu\u015fan kad\u0131nlar\u0131n torunlar\u0131na 6 (2) stat\u00fc veriyor. Ancak, o da ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131k yasas\u0131n\u0131 tamamen ortadan kald\u0131rmad\u0131. <\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Bir k\u0131sm\u0131 22 Aral\u0131k 2017&#39;de y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe giren yasa tasar\u0131s\u0131 S-3, 2015 y\u0131l\u0131nda Descheneaux davas\u0131 sonucunda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Bill S-3, daha fazla insan\u0131n stat\u00fclerini torunlar\u0131na aktarmas\u0131na ve 1985&#39;ten \u00f6nce stat\u00fclerini kaybedenlere geri getirmesine olanak tan\u0131r. \r\n Tasar\u0131n\u0131n di\u011fer k\u0131sm\u0131 - 1951&#39;den \u00f6nce stat\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc kaybeden kad\u0131nlar\u0131n ve \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131n stat\u00fclerini geri kazanmakla ilgili (\u201c1951 Kesintisi\u201d olarak bilinir) - 15 A\u011fustos 2019&#39;da y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girdi. H\u00fck\u00fcmete g\u00f6re, \u201c<em>Hindistan Yasas\u0131&#39;ndaki bilinen t\u00fcm cinsiyete \r\n dayal\u0131 e\u015fitsizlikler art\u0131k<\/em> ele al\u0131nd\u0131.\u201d<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Tart\u0131\u015fma: Durumu Korumak veya Ortadan Kald\u0131r?<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/law\">Baz\u0131 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">Yerli halklar<\/a>, Hint Stat\u00fcs\u00fc ve H <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\">int Yasas\u0131&#39;n\u0131n<\/a><\/em> federal yasalarda ve Yerli topluluklarda me\u015fru \r\n bir yere sahip oldu\u011funa inanmaktad\u0131r..<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">Rezervleri ve Hindistan <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/the-white-paper-1969\/\">stat\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc ortadan \r\n kald\u0131rmak i\u00e7in federal bir \u00f6neri olan 1969 Beyaz<\/a> Kitab\u0131, bir\u00e7ok \u0130lk Millet taraf\u0131ndan a\u011f\u0131r bir direni\u015fle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131.<\/a> Hint stat\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn yaln\u0131zca Kraliyet ile Kanada&#39;daki Yerli halklar aras\u0131ndaki tarihi ve ili\u015fkiyi \r\n kabul etmekle kalmay\u0131p, ayn\u0131 zamanda h\u00fck\u00fcmeti bu ili\u015fkiyi ve onlara olan <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/crown\">ta<\/a> ahh\u00fctlerini kabul etmeye mecbur etti\u011fini iddia \r\n ettiler. Ek olarak, baz\u0131 Stat\u00fc K\u0131z\u0131lderilileri, stat\u00fc korumas\u0131 olmadan nihai asimilasyondan korkuyorlard\u0131. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/trent-university\">Trent \u00dcniversitesi<\/a> &#39;ndeki <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/charlie-wenjack\">Chanie Wenjack<\/a> Yerli \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar Okulu m\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fc David Newhou \r\n se&#39;un a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, \u201c[<em>Hint Yas<\/em> as\u0131] yerel topluluk y\u00f6netimi ve toplum ya\u015fam\u0131 i\u00e7in bir yap\u0131 sa\u011flar. Yasay\u0131 tek \r\n seferde yeniden d\u00fczenlemek veya y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckten kald\u0131rmak, \u0130lk Milletler i\u00e7in son derece y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 olacakt\u0131r.\u201d<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Di\u011fer Yerli halklar, Hint, Yerli uluslar\u0131n kendilerinden ziyade <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">federal h\u00fck\u00fcmet<\/a> taraf\u0131ndan tan\u0131mlanan yasal bir kimlik oldu\u011fundan, Hint Stat\u00fcs\u00fc \r\n ve Hint Yasas <em>\u0131&#39;n\u0131n kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131<\/em> gerekti\u011fini savunuyorlar. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/assembly-of-first-nations\">Birinci Milletler Meclisi<\/a> ba\u015fkan\u0131 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/perry-bellegarde\">Perry Bellegarde&#39;nin<\/a> 2018 \r\n &#39;de belirtti\u011fi gibi, \u201cHepimiz <em>Hindistan Yas<\/em> as\u0131&#39;n\u0131n kontrol\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00f6tesine ge\u00e7mek ve kendimizi yerli halklar ve temel haklara sahip Milletler olarak yeniden olu\u015fturmak istiyoruz.\u201d Ele\u015ftirmenler ayr\u0131ca Yasan\u0131n bir\u00e7ok insan\u0131, \r\n \u00f6zellikle kad\u0131nlar\u0131 ve \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131 dezavantajl\u0131 hale getirmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na da i\u015faret ediyor. Yerli halklar ile Kanada h\u00fck\u00fcmeti aras\u0131nda, K\u0131z\u0131lderililerin devletin kontrol ve y\u00f6nlendirme gerektiren \u201cko\u011fu\u015flar\u0131\u201d oldu\u011fu bir ili\u015fkiyi s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc savunuyorlar.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/culture\">Ayr\u0131ca ele\u015ftirmenler, h\u00fck\u00fcmetin Yerli halklar\u0131 Beyaz, s\u00f6m\u00fcrge Kanada k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcne asimile etmek i\u00e7in <em>Hint Yas<\/em> as\u0131&#39;n\u0131 (ve di\u011fer mevzuat\u0131) kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 iddia ediyor.<\/a> \r\nBu Yerli halklar, ko\u011fu\u015f stat\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00f6zy\u00f6netim ve uzla\u015fmaya y\u00f6nelik artan hareketle de\u011fi\u015fece\u011fini ve <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-self-government\/\">H\u00fck\u00fc<\/a> met- <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/truth-and-reconciliation-commission\">Yer<\/a> li ili\u015fkilerinde bir de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fe \r\n katk\u0131da bulunaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 umuyorlar. Ele\u015ftirmenler genellikle k\u00fclt\u00fcrel \u00f6zg\u00fcnl\u00fck ve stat\u00fcn\u00fcn ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve Hindistan&#39;\u0131n yasal tan\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcmet dayatmalar\u0131ndan ba\u015fka bir \u015fey olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 savunuyorlar.<\/p>","slug":"hintrstratrusu","alt_slug":"","twitter_summary":null,"locale":"tr","automated":true,"hidden":0,"views":1,"created_at":"2024-12-19T01:24:27.000000Z","updated_at":"2024-12-19T01:24:27.000000Z"},{"id":"9db1a1f0-bed2-4821-82a9-ab9bed652100","article_id":"83f8c22b-c140-45f4-bb66-1e503b5ad16d","title":"Indian Status [\u0406\u043d\u0434\u0456\u0439\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441]","summary":"<p>\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441 \u0406\u043d\u0434\u0456\u0457 - \u0446\u0435 \u044e\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0430 \u0456\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u0432\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0430 <em><a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\">\u0406\u043d\u0434\u0456\u0439\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c<\/a><\/em>. \u0426\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0454\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0434\u0435\u044f\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043e <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">\u0440\u0456\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0456\u0432<\/a> \u041a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0434\u0438. \u041b\u044e\u0434\u0438 \u0437\u0456 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u043e\u043c, \u0432\u0456\u0434\u043e\u043c\u0456 \u044f\u043a \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u043d\u0456 \u0456\u043d\u0434\u0456\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0456 (\u0430\u0431\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0435\u0454\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0456 \u0456\u043d\u0434\u0456\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0456), \u0432\u0456\u0434\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0456\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442\u044c \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0456\u044f\u043c \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u0443, \u0432\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0443 \u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0456. \u0423\u043c\u043e\u0432\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u0443 - \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0447\u0438 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0445\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0432\u0430\u0436\u0430\u0454\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0456\u043d\u0434\u0456\u0439\u0446\u0435\u043c \u0437\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c - \u0437 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u043e\u043c \u0437\u043c\u0456\u043d\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044f. \u041f\u043e\u0437\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-term\">\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0456\u043d\u0434\u0456\u0439<\/a> \u0441\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0439 - \u0446\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0456\u043d, \u044f\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0437 \u0432\u0432\u0430\u0436\u0430\u0454\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0456\u043b\u0438\u043c \u0456 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043c.<\/p>","body":"<h3>\u0429\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0435 \u0456\u043d\u0434\u0456\u0439\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441?<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/metis\">\u0420\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0456\u043b 35 (2) \u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u043e \u041a\u043e\u043d <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/constitution-act-1982\/\">\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0446\u0456\u044e 1982 \u0440\u043e\u043a\u0443<\/a><\/em> \u0432\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0454 \u0442\u0440\u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u0438 \u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0456\u0432 - <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-term\">\u0456\u043d\u0434\u0456\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0456\u0432, \r\n \u0456\u043d\u0443\u0457<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/inuit\">\u0442\u0456\u0432 \u0442\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0456\u0441\u0456\u0432<\/a>.<\/a> \u0406\u043d\u0434\u0456\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0456, \u0432 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0432\u0438\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043a\u0443, \u0432\u0456\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0441\u044f\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0434\u043e \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439 <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u041d\u0430\u0446\u0456\u0439<\/a>. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a \u044e\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0443\u0447\u0438, \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0456 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438 \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u041d\u0430\u0446\u0456\u0439 \u0454 \u0456\u043d\u0434\u0456\u0430\u043d\u0446\u044f\u043c\u0438 - \u0442\u043e\u0431\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0456 \u043c\u0430\u044e\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441 \u0456\u043d\u0434\u0456\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0456\u0432. \u0406\u043d\u0434\u0456\u0439\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0430 - \u0446\u0435 \u044e\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0430 \u0456\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u044f\u043a\u0430 \u0431\u0443\u043b\u0430 \u0432\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0437 1876 \u0440\u043e\u043a\u0443 \u0437\u0430 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0456\u044f\u043c\u0438, \u0432\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0432 <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\">\u0406\u043d\u0434\u0456\u0439\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0456<\/a><\/em>. \r\n\u041b\u044e\u0434\u0438, \u044f\u043a\u0456 \u0432\u0456\u0434\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0456\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442\u044c \u0446\u0438\u043c \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0456\u044f\u043c, \u0432\u0456\u0434\u043e\u043c\u0456 \u044f\u043a \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u043d\u0456 \u0456\u043d\u0434\u0456\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0456. \u041f\u043e\u0437\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-term\">\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0456\u043d\u0434\u0456\u0439<\/a> \u0441\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0439 - \u0446\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0456\u043d, \u044f\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0437 \u0432\u0432\u0430\u0436\u0430\u0454\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0456\u043b\u0438\u043c \u0456 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043c. <\/p>\r\n<p>\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u043d\u0456 \u0456\u043d\u0434\u0456\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0456 (\u0456\u043d\u043e\u0434\u0456 \u0457\u0445 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0436 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u044c \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0435\u0454\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0456\u043d\u0434\u0456\u0430\u043d\u0446\u044f\u043c\u0438) \u0437&#39;\u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0406\u043d\u0434\u0456\u0439\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0440\u0435\u0454\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0456 - \u043e\u0444\u0456\u0446\u0456\u0439\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0456 \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0435\u0454\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0456\u043d\u0434\u0456\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0456\u0432 \u0443 \u041a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0434\u0456, \u044f\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0443\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u043c<\/a>. \u0420\u0435\u0454\u0441\u0442\u0440 \u043c\u0456\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0456\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430, \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f, \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0456 \u0442\u0430 \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0456 <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/marriage-and-divorce\">\u0448\u043b\u044e\u0431<\/a> \u0443 \u0442\u0430 \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/divorce-in-canada\" style=\"background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">\u0440\u043e\u0437\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f<\/a>, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0436 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0438 \u043e\u0441\u0456\u0431, \u044f\u043a\u0456 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0437 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0456\u0454\u0457 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u0438 \u0432 \u0456\u043d\u0448\u0443<\/a>, \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0432\u0441\u0456\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0435\u0454\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0456\u043d\u0434\u0456\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0456\u0432. \u041b\u044e\u0434\u044f\u043c \r\n \u0437\u0456 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u043e\u043c \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0456\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0456\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0456\u0439\u043d\u0456 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043a\u0438 (\u0432\u0456\u0434\u043e\u043c\u0456 \u044f\u043a \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u043d\u0456 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043a\u0438), \u044f\u043a\u0456 \u043c\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0456\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0456\u044e \u043f\u0440\u043e \u0457\u0445 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0443, \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u0443 \u0442\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0454\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0456\u0439\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440. \r\n<br>\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0417\u0430 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0444\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0440\u044f\u0434\u0443, \u00ab\u0432\u0456\u0434\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0456\u0434\u043d\u043e \u0434\u043e <em>\u0406\u043d\u0434\u0456\u0439<\/em> \u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0443 \u0456\u043d\u0434\u0456\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0456 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u0443 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0443\u0442\u044c \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0446\u0456\u043b\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u044f\u0434 \u043f\u0456\u043b\u044c\u0433, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-rights\">\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432<\/a>, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c \u0442\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0433, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432 \r\n \u0430\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0444\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0442\u0430 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/provincial-government\">\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0456\u043d\u0446\u0456\u0439\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0447\u0438<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/territorial-government\">\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0456\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438<\/a> \u0443\u0440\u044f\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0438\u00bb. \r\n\u041d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434, \u0432\u0441\u0456 \u0456\u043d\u0434\u0456\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0456 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u0443 \u0437\u0432\u0456\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0456 \u0432\u0456\u0434 \u0441\u043f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0438 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/taxation\">\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0442<\/a> \u043a\u0443 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0443\u0442\u043e\u043a \u0437 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u044c-\u044f\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0443, \u044f\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u044c \u0443 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0435\u0440<\/a> \u0432\u0456, \r\n \u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/property-law\">\u043c\u0430\u0439<\/a> \u043d\u043e \u0456\u043d\u0434\u0456\u0430\u043d\u0446\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u0443 \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435 \u0431\u0443\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u0438\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043e, \u044f\u043a\u0449\u043e \u0432\u043e\u043d\u043e \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0456. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f, \u0449\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043b\u044e\u044e\u0442\u044c \u0446\u0456 \u0432\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u043a\u0438, \u0454 \u0441\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0456 \u0437\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432 \r\n \u0443\u044e\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0441\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0456\u0457. \u041a\u0440\u0456\u043c \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u043d\u0430\u044f\u0432\u043d\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u0443 \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0432&#39;\u044f\u0437\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e \u0433\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0443\u0454 \u043f\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0456 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430, \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0456 \u044f\u043a \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0436\u0438\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0456. \u041b\u044e\u0434\u0438, \u044f\u043a\u0456 \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u044e\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u0443, \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0436 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0443\u0442\u044c \u0436\u0438\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0456 \u0432 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u0438\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043a\u0430\u0445, \u0437\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0432\u0456\u0434 \u043f\u0456\u0434\u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0456\u0432 \u0433\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0434\u0438. <\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441 \u0406\u043d\u0434\u0456\u0457 \u0442\u0430 \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0432 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u0456<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0406\u043d\u0434\u0456\u0439\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441 \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0432&#39;\u044f\u0437\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e \u0433\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0443\u0454 \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0432 \u0433\u0440\u0443 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\u043f\u0456<\/a>. \u041f\u0456\u0441\u043b\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u043a \u0434\u043e <em>\u0406\u043d\u0434\u0456\u0439\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e<\/em> \u043d\u0443 \u0432 1985 \u0440\u043e\u0446\u0456 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043d\u0456 \r\n \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. (\u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a, \u044f\u043a\u0449\u043e \u0432\u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0446\u044c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0445\u043e\u0447\u0443\u0442\u044c, \u0444\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0443\u0440\u044f\u0434 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0436\u0443\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0435 \u043a\u0435\u0440\u0443\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0456\u0432.) \u0422\u0435\u043f\u0435\u0440 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u0438 \u0432\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0438, \u0445\u0442\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435 \u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0443 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0456\u0442\u0438\u0446\u0456 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u0438, \u0430 \u0445\u0442\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f \u0434\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0456\u0432 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u0438 \u0442\u0430 \u043c\u0430\u0439\u043d\u0430. <\/p>\r\n<p>\u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438, \u0445\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0432 \u0447\u0438 \u0432\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0443\u0440\u044f\u0434 \u0437\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0456<\/a> \u0433 \u0446\u044e \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0443. \u0422\u043e\u043c\u0443, \u0445\u043e\u0447\u0430 \u0431\u0456\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0456\u0432 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0436 \u0454 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0456\u043d\u0434\u0456\u0430\u043d\u0446\u044f\u043c\u0438, \r\n \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441 \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456 \u0434\u043e \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u0438, \u0430\u0431\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0432\u043f\u0430\u043a\u0438.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u0414\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0456\u0440\u043d\u0456 \u0456\u043d\u0434\u0456\u0439\u0446\u0456<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0406\u043d\u0434\u0456\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0456 \u0414\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0443 - \u0446\u0435 \u0456\u043d\u0434\u0456\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0456 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u0443, \u044f\u043a\u0456 \u043d\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0434\u043e <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0448\u043e\u0457 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0456\u0457<\/a> \u0447\u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u0438, \u044f\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0456\u0434\u043f\u0438\u0441 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-treaties\">\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u044c-\u044f\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0456\u0440<\/a> \u0437 \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/crown\/\">\u041a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043e\u044e<\/a> \u0437 1701 \u0440\u043e\u043a\u0443, \u0442\u0438\u043c \u0441\u0430\u043c\u0438\u043c \u0437\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0447\u0438 \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u044e \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0456\u043b\u044c\u0433. \u0414\u0435\u044f\u043a\u0456 \u0456\u043d\u0434\u0456\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0456 \u0414\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0443 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u0443\u0442\u044c \u0443 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0456\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0443, \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0445\u043e\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c, \u0430 \u0446\u0435 \u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0454, \u0449\u043e \u0457\u0445\u043d\u044f \u0433\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0430 \r\n \u0434\u0430 \u043d\u0456\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0456\u0434\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0456\u0440 \u0437 \u0443\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e \u0437\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0443 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0457\u0445 \u0437\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043b\u044c. \u0426\u0456 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0438\u043d\u0438 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u0443\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0435\u0432\u0456\u0434\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0456\u044f\u0445.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0422\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0456\u043d \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0436 \u0437\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0443\u0454\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0434\u043e \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u041d\u0430\u0446\u0456\u0439, \u044f\u043a\u0456 \u043c\u0430\u044e\u0442\u044c \u0443\u0433\u043e\u0434\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-self-government\">\u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0432\u0440\u044f\u0434\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f<\/a>. \u0414\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0443\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0434\u043a\u0430\u043c \u043f\u0456\u0434\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0456\u0432 \u0430\u043d\u0443\u0457\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0438 (\u0449\u043e\u0440\u0456\u0447\u043d\u0456 \r\n \u0432\u0438\u043f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0438) \u0442\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430 (\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0456 \u044f\u043a \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e \u043d\u0430 <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/hunting\">\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f<\/a> \u0442\u0430 \u0440\u0438\u0431\u0443) \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043a \u0434\u043e \u0442\u0438\u0445, \u0449\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0432\u0441\u0456\u043c \u0456\u043d\u0434\u0456\u0430\u043d\u0446\u044f\u043c \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u0443.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u0406\u043d\u0434\u0456\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0456 \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u0443<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0406\u043d\u0434\u0456\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0456 \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u0443 - \u0446\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438 \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u041d\u0430\u0446\u0456\u0439, \u044f\u043a\u0456 \u043d\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0435\u0454\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0456 \u0443 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0443\u0440\u044f\u0434\u0456<\/a>. \u0423 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u0438\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u043d\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0456 \u0432\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0433, \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432 \r\n \u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0444\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0443\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u043c \u0432 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\"><em>\u0406\u043d\u0434\u0456\u0439\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0456<\/em><\/a>. \u0412 \u0456\u043d\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u0438\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u0456\u043d\u0434\u0456\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0456 \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u0443 \u0432\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u0456\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441 \u0432\u043d\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0456\u0434\u043e\u043a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/marriage-and-divorce\">\u0448\u043b\u044e\u0431\u0443 \u0437 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u044e, \u044f\u043a\u0430<\/a> \u043d\u0435 \r\n \u043c\u0430\u0454 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u0443, \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0430\u0431\u043e \u0456\u043d\u0448\u0438\u0445 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\">\u044e\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u043c\u0435\u0436\u0435\u043d\u044c.<\/a> (<em>\u0414\u0438\u0432. \u0422\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0436 \u0432\u0438\u0431<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-suffrage\">\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0456\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0456\u0432 \u0443 \u041a\u0430\u043d\u0430<\/a> \u0434\u0456 \u0442\u0430 \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-women-and-the-franchise\">\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0456\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0436\u0456\u043d\u043e\u043a \u0442\u0430 \u0444\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0448\u0438\u0437\u0430<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u041d\u0435 \u0432\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0456 \u044e\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0432\u0456\u0434\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0456\u0434\u043d\u043e \u0434\u043e <i>\u0406\u043d\u0434\u0456\u0439\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0443<\/i>, \u0456\u043d\u0434\u0456\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0456 \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u0443 \u043d\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0443\u044e\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0442\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0436 \u043f\u0440\u0430 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-rights\">\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438<\/a> \u0442\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0456\u043b\u0435\u044f\u043c\u0438, \u044f\u043a \u0456\u043d\u0434\u0456\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0456 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u0443; \u0434\u0435\u044f\u043a\u0456 \u043d\u0430\u0432\u0456\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430\u044e\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \r\n \u0437 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043e\u044e \u0437 \u0431\u043e\u043a\u0443 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0456\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f, \u044f\u043a\u0456 \u0432\u0432\u0430\u0436\u0430\u044e\u0442\u044c \u0457\u0445 \u00ab\u043d\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0436\u043d\u0456\u043c\u0438\u00bb \u0456\u043d\u0434\u0456\u0430\u043d\u0446\u044f\u043c\u0438. \u0411\u0443\u0442\u0438 \u044e\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0432\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043c \u044f\u043a \u0456\u043d\u0434\u0456\u0439\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044e \u0432\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0454 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0443 \u0447\u0438 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0443 \u0456\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438. \u0406\u043d\u0434\u0456\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0456 \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u0443 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0449\u0435 \u0437\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0433\u0430\u044e\u0442\u044c \u0456\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0456\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0456\u0432. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people-languages\">\u0412\u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0436 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0456\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u044c \u0431\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0442\u043e \u0442\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0445 \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/native-people-social-conditions\">\u0441\u043e\u0446\u0456\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e- <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people-economic-conditions\">\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0456<\/a> \u0447\u043d\u0438\u0445<\/a> \u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u044c, \u0449\u043e \u0439 \u0456\u043d\u0434\u0456\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0456 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u0443, \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0447\u0438 \u0432\u0456\u0434\u0441\u0443\u0442\u043d\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0443 \u0434\u043e <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people-health\">\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0437\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432&#39;\u044f<\/a> \u0442\u0430 \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people-education\">\u043e\u0441\u0432\u0456\u0442\u0438<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/poverty\">\u0431\u0456\u0434<\/a> \u043d\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0456\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0437 \u0431\u0430\u0442\u044c\u043a\u0456\u0432\u0449\u0438\u043d\u0438 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-territory\">\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043a\u0456\u0432 \u0442\u0430 \u0432\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0438<\/a> \u0442\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0432\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0456\u043d \r\n \u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0456\u0432.<\/a> \u041d\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u044e\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441, \u0456\u043d\u0434\u0456\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0456, \u044f\u043a\u0456 \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u044e\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u0443, \u043c\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0449\u0456 \u0437 \u043f\u043e\u0448\u0443\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0448\u043b\u044f\u0445\u0456\u0432 \u043f\u0456\u0434\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043c\u043a\u0438 \u0446\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u044c. \u0422\u0430\u043a\u0456 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0456\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0456\u0457, \u044f\u043a \r\n \u041a\u043e\u043d <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/congress-of-aboriginal-peoples\/\">\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441 \u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0456\u0432<\/a>, \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0433\u043d\u0443\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043f\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0454\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0456\u043d\u0434\u0456\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0456\u0432 \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u0443 (\u0442\u0430 \u0456\u043d\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0456\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0456\u0432) \u0443 \u041a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0434\u0456.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0423 \u043a\u0432\u0456\u0442\u043d\u0456 2016 \u0440\u043e\u043a\u0443 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/supreme-court-of-canada\">\u0412\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0443\u0434 \u041a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0434\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0432<\/a>, \u0449\u043e \u00ab\u0456\u043d\u0434\u0456\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0456\u00bb, \u044f\u043a \u0432\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0440\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0456\u043b\u043e\u043c 91 (24) <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/constitution-act-1982\">\u041a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0446\u0456\u0457<\/a>, \r\n \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0442\u044c \u0456\u043d\u0434\u0456\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0456\u0432, \u044f\u043a\u0456 \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u044e\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u0443, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0436 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0456\u0441\u0456\u0432<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/metis\">.<\/a> \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a \u0446\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0454, \u0449\u043e \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0438 \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u0443 \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0437 \u0454 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0456\u043d\u0434\u0456\u0430\u043d\u0446\u044f\u043c\u0438. <em>\u0406\u043d\u0434\u0456\u0439\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e<\/em> \u043d, \u044f\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0436\u0443\u0454 \u0432\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441 \r\n \u0406\u043d\u0434\u0456\u0457, \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u0443\u0432 \u0437\u043c\u0456\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0438\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u044e. \u0426\u0435 \u0440\u0456\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f 2016 \u0440\u043e\u043a\u0443 \u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0454, \u0449\u043e \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0438, \u044f\u043a\u0456 \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u044e\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u0443, \u043f\u0456\u0434\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0456\u0434 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0447\u0443 \u044e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0446\u0456\u044e \u0444\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0440\u044f\u0434\u0443.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u041c\u0435\u0442\u0438 \u0442\u0430 \u0456\u043d\u0443\u0457\u0442\u0438<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441 \u0406\u043d\u0434\u0456\u0457 \u043c\u0430\u044e\u0442\u044c \u043b\u0438\u0448\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0456\u043d\u043d\u0456 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438, \u044f\u043a\u0456 \u0432\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0456 \u044f\u043a \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0456 \u0432\u0456\u0434\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0456\u0434\u043d\u043e \u0434\u043e <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\"><em>\u0406\u043d\u0434\u0456\u0439\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0443<\/em><\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/inuit\">\u0406\u043d\u0443\u0457\u0442\u0438<\/a> \u0442\u0430 \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/metis\">\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0456\u0441\u0438<\/a> \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u044e\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u0443, \u044f\u043a \u0456\u043d\u0434\u0456\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0456 \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u0443. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a \u0432 \u043e\u043a\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0456\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f\u0445 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/supreme-court-of-canada\">\u0412\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0443\u0434 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0432<\/a>, \u0449\u043e \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0456\u0441\u0438 \u0442\u0430 \u0456\u043d\u0443\u0457\u0442\u0438 \u0454 \u0432\u0456\u0434\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0456\u0434\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044e <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440 \r\n \u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0440\u044f\u0434\u0443 (\u043d\u0430 \u0432\u0456\u0434\u043c\u0456\u043d\u0443<\/a> \u0432\u0456\u0434 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/provincial-government\">\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0456\u043d<\/a> \u0446\u0456\u0439\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0447\u0438 \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/territorial-government\">\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0456\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0443\u0440\u044f\u0434\u0456\u0432<\/a>). \u0423 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0456 1939 \u0440\u043e\u043a\u0443 \u0421\u0443\u0434 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0432 \u0432\u0456\u0434\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0456\u0434\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0437\u0430 \u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438 \u0456\u043d\u0443\u0457\u0442\u0456\u0432 \u041e\u0442\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0456, \u0430 \u0432 2016 \u0440\u043e\u0446\u0456 \u0432\u0456\u043d \u0437\u0440\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0432 \u0442\u0435 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0456\u0441\u0456\u0432 \u0442\u0430 \u0456\u043d\u0434\u0456\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0456\u0432 \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u0443. \u041f\u0440\u0438 \u0446\u044c\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0441\u0443\u0434 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0432, \u0449\u043e \u0446\u0456 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438 \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0456 \u0434\u043e \r\n \u0432\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-term\">\u0456\u043d<\/a> \u0434\u0456\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0456\u0432 \u0443 \u0440\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0456\u043b\u0456 91 (24) <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/constitution-act-1982\">\u041a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0446\u0456\u0457<\/a>, \u044f\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u0445\u043e\u043f\u043b\u044e\u0454 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0443 \u0444\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \r\n \u0443\u0440\u044f\u0434\u0443 \u043d\u0430\u0434 \u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f\u043c\u0438, \u0449\u043e \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0441\u0443\u044e\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u00ab\u0456\u043d\u0434\u0456\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0456\u0432 \u0442\u0430 \u0437\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043b\u044c, \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0456\u043d\u0434\u0456\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0456\u0432\u00bb.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u0414\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u044f<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0417\u0430 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0443 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/statistics-canada\">\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u041a\u0430\u043d\u0430 <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/demographic-data-collection\">\u0434\u0438<\/a><\/a> 2016 \u0440\u043e\u043a\u0443, 1,7 \u043c\u0456\u043b\u044c\u0439\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439 \r\n \u0432\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u0435 \u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0449\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c 4,8% <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/population\">\u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f \u041a\u0430\u043d\u0430<\/a> \u0434\u0438. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/inuit\">\u0417 \u0446\u0438\u0445 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439 58,4 \u0432\u0456\u0434\u0441\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430 (977 235) \u0431\u0443\u043b\u0438 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0456\u044f\u043c\u0438, \r\n 35,1 \u0432\u0456\u0434\u0441\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430 (587<\/a> 545) \u0431\u0443\u043b\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0456\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0442\u0430 3,9 \u0432\u0456\u0434\u0441\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430 (65 025) <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/metis\">- \u0456\u043d\u0443<\/a> \u0457\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438.<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0421\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u041d\u0430\u0446\u0456\u0439 83,9 \u0432\u0456\u0434\u0441\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430 (820 120) \u0431\u0443\u043b\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0435\u0454\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438 (\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438) \u0430\u0431\u043e \u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0456\u0440\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0456\u043d\u0434\u0456\u0430\u043d\u0446\u044f\u043c\u0438, \u0430 2,83 \u0432\u0456\u0434\u0441\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430 (232 380) \u0431\u0443\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0456 \u044f\u043a \u043d\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u043d\u0456. \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u0456\u043d\u0434\u0456\u0439\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u0443 \u0442\u0430 \u0414\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0443 (744 855) 44,2% \u0436\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0432 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0435\u0440<\/a> \u0432\u0456, \r\n \u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0442\u0430 \u0436\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0437\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u043c. \u0417 2006 \u043f\u043e 2016 \u0440\u0456\u043a \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0433\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044f \u0437\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f \u044f\u043a \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0456 (\u0437\u0456 \u0437\u0431\u0456\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f\u043c \u043d\u0430 12,8%), \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0456 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u043c (49,1 \u0432\u0456\u0434\u0441\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430).<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u041f\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u0434\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0443 \u0406\u043d\u0434\u0456\u0457, \u0449\u043e \u0432\u043f\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0417 1876 \u0440\u043e\u043a\u0443 \u0431\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0442\u043e \u0456\u043d\u0434\u0456\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0456\u0432 \u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u0443 \u0432\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u0456\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0456\u043d\u0430\u0446\u0456\u0439\u043d\u0456 \u0443\u043c\u043e\u0432\u0438 \u0432 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\"><em>\u0406\u043d\u0434\u0456\u0439\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0456<\/em><\/a>. \u0414\u043e 1951 \u0440\u043e\u043a\u0443 <em>\u0406\u043d\u0434\u0456\u0439\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d<\/em> \u0437\u043c\u0443\u0441\u0438\u0432 \u0431\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0442\u044c\u043e\u0445 \r\n \u0456\u043d\u0434\u0456\u0439\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0447\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0456\u043a\u0456\u0432 \u0456 \u0436\u0456\u043d\u043e\u043a \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u0443 \u00ab\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0438 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\/\">\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u00bb<\/a> - \u0432\u0456\u0434\u043c\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0441\u044f \u0432\u0456\u0434 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/citizenship\">\u0433\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0434\u044f\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430<\/a>. \r\n\u041e\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-suffrage\/\">\u0444\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0448\u0438\u0437\u0438<\/a>, \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f \u0434\u043e <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/armed-forces\">\u0432\u0456\u0439\u0441\u044c<\/a> \u043a\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0445, \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0432\u0438\u0449\u043e\u0457 \u043e\u0441\u0432\u0456\u0442\u0438 \u0430\u0431\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432 \r\n \u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0456\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u043b\u043e \u0434\u043e \u0432\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u0443 \u0406\u043d\u0434\u0456\u0457. \u041a\u0440\u0456\u043c \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0431\u0443\u0434\u044c-\u044f\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0456\u043d\u0434\u0456\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0446\u044c \u0437\u0456 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u043e\u043c, \u044f\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0432 \u0437\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u041a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0434\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u044f\u0433\u043e\u043c \u043f&#39;\u044f\u0442\u0438 \u0440\u043e\u043a\u0456\u0432 \u0430\u0431\u043e \u0434\u043e\u0432\u0448\u0435, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432 \u0443 \u0432\u0456\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0443 \u0437\u0456 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u0443. (<em>\u0414\u0438\u0432. \u0422\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0436 \u0432\u0438\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-suffrage\">\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0456\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0456\u0432<\/a>.) \r\n\t<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u041f\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u0434\u043e \u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0443 1951 \u0440\u043e\u043a\u0443 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0456\u043d\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0442\u044f \u00ab\u0456\u043d\u0434\u0456\u0439\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0430 \u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u00bb \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0442\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u0443 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0440\u0435\u0454\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0456\u044e. \u0406\u043d\u0448\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0449\u0438\u043d\u0443 \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u041d\u0430\u0446\u0456\u0439 \u0431\u0443\u043b\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043d\u044c\u043e, \u0449\u043e\u0431 \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a \u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0449\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0456\u043b\u0435\u0439\u043e\u0432\u0443\u0432\u0430\u0432 \u0447\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0456\u0447\u0456 \u043b\u0456\u043d\u0456\u0457 \u043f\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f. \r\n\u0414\u043e 1985 \u0440\u043e\u043a\u0443 \u0456\u043d\u0434\u0456\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0430 \u0437\u0456 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-women-and-the-franchise\/\">\u0441\u043e\u043c<\/a> \u0432\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0456\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441, \u044f\u043a\u0449\u043e \u0432\u0438\u0439\u0448\u043b\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0456\u0436 \u0437\u0430 \u0447\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0456\u043a\u0430, \u044f\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u0443; \u0434\u0456\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u0456\u0434 \u0446\u0438\u0445 \u0448\u043b\u044e\u0431\u0456\u0432 \r\n \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0436 \u0432\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u0456\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441. \u0427\u0430\u0441\u043e\u043c \u0432\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u0443 \u0440\u043e\u0437\u0456\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0437\u0432&#39;\u044f\u0437\u043a\u0438 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439 \u0437\u0456 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0457\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f\u043c \u0442\u0430 \u0433\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0434\u043e\u044e. <\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u044f\u0433\u043e\u043c 1970-\u0445 \u0442\u0430 1980-\u0445 \u0440\u043e\u043a\u0456\u0432 \u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0457 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0456\u043d\u0430\u0446\u0456\u0457 \u0432 <em>\u0406\u043d\u0434\u0456\u0439\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0456 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440<\/em> \u043d\u0443\u043b\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0456\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443 \u0442\u0430 \u043c\u0456\u0436\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0443 \u0443\u0432\u0430\u0433\u0443, \u0441\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0443\u043a\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438 \u0444\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0443\u0440\u044f\u0434 \u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0438 \u0437\u043c\u0456\u043d\u0438. \u0423 1985 \u0440\u043e\u0446\u0456 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442 C-31 \u0434\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0432 \u0436\u0456\u043d\u043a\u0430\u043c, \u044f\u043a\u0456 \u00ab\u0432\u0438\u0439\u0448\u043b\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0456\u0436\u00bb - \u0456 \u0442\u0438\u043c, \r\n \u0445\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u0441\u0432\u0456\u0439 \u0456\u043d\u0434\u0456\u0439\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441 \u0456\u043d\u0448\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043c\u0438 - \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u044f\u0432\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u043e \u0432\u0456\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u0443 \u0442\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432. \u0411\u0456\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435 117 000 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0430\u0431\u043e \u0432\u0456\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441 \u0406\u043d\u0434\u0456\u0457 \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0456 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443 C-31. <\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0421\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u0456\u043d\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442 C-31 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0436 \u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0432 \u0434\u0432\u0456 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0456\u0457 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian\">\u0456\u043d\u0434\u0456\u0439<\/a> \u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0457 \u0440\u0435\u0454\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0456\u0457, \u044f\u043a\u0456 \u043c\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0456\u0434\u043a\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043a\u0456\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439, \u044f\u043a\u0456 \u043c\u0430\u044e\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441. \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439, \r\n \u0432\u0456\u0434\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0439 \u044f\u043a \u0440\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0456\u043b 6 (1), \u0437\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0443\u0454\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f, \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0438\u0434\u0432\u0430 \u0431\u0430\u0442\u044c\u043a\u0438 \u043c\u0430\u044e\u0442\u044c \u0430\u0431\u043e \u043c\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0454\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0456\u044e. (\u0426\u0435\u0439 \u0440\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0456\u043b \u0434\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e \u0440\u043e\u0437\u0431\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0454\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0456\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0456\u043b\u0438, \u044f\u043a\u0456 \u0432\u0456\u0434\u0440\u0456\u0437\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0437\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0432\u0456\u0434 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u044f\u043a \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0454\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441.) \u0414\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0439, \u0432\u0456\u0434\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0439 \u044f\u043a \u0440\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0456\u043b 6 (2), \u0437\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0443\u0454\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f, \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0437 \u0431\u0430\u0442\u044c\u043a\u0456\u0432 \r\n \u043c\u0430\u0454 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0454\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0456\u044e \u0432\u0456\u0434\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0456\u0434\u043d\u043e \u0434\u043e 6 (1). \u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443 <em>\u0441 \u043d\u0435<\/em> \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435 \u0431\u0443\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u044f\u043a\u0449\u043e \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0437 \u0431\u0430\u0442\u044c\u043a\u0456\u0432 \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0435\u0454\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u0456\u0434\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0456\u0434\u043d\u043e \u0434\u043e \u0440\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0456\u043b\u0443 6 (2). \u041a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0448\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0443\u0447\u0438, \u043f\u0456\u0441\u043b\u044f \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0456\u043d\u044c \u0448\u043b\u044e\u0431\u0443 \u0437 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u044f\u043a\u0456 \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u044e\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u0443, \u0434\u0456\u0442\u0438 \u0431\u0456\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0443\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430 \r\n \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441. \u0426\u0435 \u0432\u0456\u0434\u043e\u043c\u0435 \u044f\u043a \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u043e \u00ab\u0432\u0456\u0434\u0441\u0456\u043a\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0456\u043d\u043d\u044f\u00bb. <\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0425\u043e\u0447\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442 C-31 \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0432 \u0431\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0442\u044c\u043e\u043c \u0436\u0456\u043d\u043a\u0430\u043c \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0456\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441, \u0432\u0456\u043d \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0431\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0432 \u0406\u043d <em>\u0434\u0456\u0439\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d \u0432\u0456\u0434 \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0457 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0456\u043d\u0430\u0446\u0456\u0457<\/em>. \u0421\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0456 \u0434\u043e \u0441\u0443\u0434\u0443 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0456\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0432\u043f\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0443\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0456 \u0437\u043c\u0456\u043d\u0438 \u0434\u043e \u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0443. \u041d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434, \u0443 \r\n \u0432\u0456\u0434\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0456\u0434\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0443 \u041c\u0430\u043a\u0456\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0444\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0443\u0440\u044f\u0434 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0439\u043d\u044f\u0432 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442 \u0421-3 \u0443 2011 \u0440\u043e\u0446\u0456. \u041f\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0454 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441 6 (2) \u043e\u043d\u0443\u043a\u0430\u043c \u0436\u0456\u043d\u043e\u043a, \u044f\u043a\u0456 \u0432\u0456\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441 \u0443 1985 \u0440\u043e\u0446\u0456. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a \u0446\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0436 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044e \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0431\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u043e \u0410\u043a\u0442 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0456\u043d\u0430\u0446\u0456\u0457. <\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442 S-3, \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u044f\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0431\u0443\u043b\u0430 \u0447\u0438\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456 22 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u044f 2017 \u0440\u043e\u043a\u0443, \u0431\u0443\u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0439\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0456 \u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438 \u0414\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0432 2015 \u0440\u043e\u0446\u0456. \u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442 S-3 \u0434\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0454 \u0431\u0456\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0456\u0439 \u043a\u0456\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u0456\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0457\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0434\u043a\u0430\u043c \u0456 \u0432\u0456\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441 \u0442\u0438\u043c, \u0445\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u0439\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u043e 1985 \u0440\u043e\u043a\u0443. \r\n \u0406\u043d\u0448\u0430 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443, \u0449\u043e \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0454\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0432\u0456\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u0443 \u0436\u0456\u043d\u043a\u0430\u043c \u0442\u0430 \u0457\u0445\u043d\u0456\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0434\u043a\u0430\u043c, \u044f\u043a\u0456 \u0432\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441 \u0434\u043e 1951 \u0440\u043e\u043a\u0443 (\u0432\u0456\u0434\u043e\u043c\u0430 \u044f\u043a \u00ab1951 Cut-off\u00bb), \u0431\u0443\u043b\u0430 \u0432\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u0443 15 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u043f\u043d\u044f 2019 \u0440\u043e\u043a\u0443. \u0417\u0430 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0443\u0440\u044f\u0434\u0443, \u00ab\u0423\u0441\u0456 \u0432\u0456\u0434\u043e\u043c\u0456 \u043d\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0456 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0456 \r\n \u0432 \u0406\u043d <em>\u0434\u0456\u0439\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0456<\/em> \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0437 \u0432\u0438\u0440\u0456\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0456\u00bb.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u0414\u0435\u0431\u0430\u0442\u0438: \u0437\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0433\u0442\u0438 \u0447\u0438 \u0432\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0456\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441?<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0414\u0435\u044f\u043a\u0456 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0456 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">\u043d\u043d\u0456 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438<\/a> \u0432\u0432\u0430\u0436\u0430\u044e\u0442\u044c, \u0449\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441 \u0456\u043d\u0434\u0456\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0456\u0432 \u0442\u0430 <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\">\u0406\u043d\u0434\u0456\u0439\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e<\/a><\/em> \u043d \u043c\u0430\u044e\u0442\u044c \r\n \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0435 \u043c\u0456\u0441\u0446\u0435 \u0443 \u0444\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/law\">\u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0456<\/a> \u0442\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0456\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0433\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0445. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/the-white-paper-1969\/\">\u0411\u0456\u043b\u0430 \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433\u0430 1969<\/a> \u0440\u043e\u043a\u0443 - \r\n \u0444\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0456\u044f \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0441\u0443\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0438 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438<\/a> \u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441 \u0406\u043d\u0434\u0456\u0457 - \u0437\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0456\u043b\u0430 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u043f\u0456\u0440 \u0431\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0442\u044c\u043e\u0445 \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u041d\u0430\u0446\u0456\u0439. \u0412\u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0436\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438, \u0449\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441 \u0406\u043d\u0434\u0456\u0457 \u043d\u0435 \r\n \u0442\u0456\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0438 \u0432\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0454 \u0456\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0456\u044e \u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0441\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0438 \u043c\u0456\u0436 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/crown\">\u041a\u043e\u0440\u043e<\/a> \u043d\u043e\u044e \u0442\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0456\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u041a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0434\u0438, \u0430\u043b\u0435 \u0439 \u0437\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0432&#39;\u044f\u0437\u0443\u0454 \u0443\u0440\u044f\u0434 \u0432\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u0446\u0456 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0441\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0438 \u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0457 \u0437\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0432&#39;\u044f\u0437 \r\n \u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438. \u041a\u0440\u0456\u043c \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0434\u0435\u044f\u043a\u0456 \u0456\u043d\u0434\u0456\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0456 \u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u0431\u043e\u044e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0457 \u0430\u0441\u0438\u043c\u0456\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0456\u0457 \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0437\u0430\u0445\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0443 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u0443. \u042f\u043a \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0441\u043d\u044e\u0454 \u0414\u0435\u0432\u0456\u0434 \u041d\u044c\u044e\u0445\u0430\u0443\u0441, \u0434\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0428\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0456\u0434\u0436\u0435\u043d\u044c \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0456\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0445 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/charlie-wenjack\">\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0456\u0432 \u0427\u0430\u043d\u0456 \u0412\u0435\u043d<\/a> \u0434\u0436\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u0432 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/trent-university\">\u0423\u043d\u0456\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0456 \u0422\u0440\u0435\u043d<\/a> \u0442\u0430, \u00ab[<em>\u0406\u043d\u0434\u0456\u0439<\/em> \u0441\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d] \u0437\u0430\u0431\u0435\u0437\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0443\u0454 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0443 \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0456\u043d\u043d\u044f \u043c\u0456\u0441\u0446\u0435\u0432\u043e\u044e \u0433\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0434\u043e\u044e \u0442\u0430 \u0436\u0438\u0442\u0442\u044f \u0433\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0434\u0438. \r\n \u0420\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f \r\n \u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0443 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c \u043c\u0430\u0445\u043e\u043c \u0430\u0431\u043e \u0439\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0441\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0431\u0443\u043b\u043e \u0431 \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0439\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0443\u0439\u043d\u0456\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u041d\u0430\u0446\u0456\u0439\u00bb.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0406\u043d\u0448\u0456 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0456\u043d\u043d\u0456 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0436\u0443\u044e\u0442\u044c, \u0449\u043e, \u043e\u0441\u043a\u0456\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0438 \u0456\u043d\u0434\u0456\u0439\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0430 \u0454 \u044e\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u044e \u0456\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044e, \u0432\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043e\u044e <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0443\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u043c<\/a>, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0456\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0456\u044f\u043c\u0438, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441 \u0456\u043d\u0434\u0456 \r\n \u0430\u043d\u0446\u0456\u0432 \u0442\u0430 <em>\u0406\u043d\u0434\u0456\u0439\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e<\/em> \u043d \u0441\u043b\u0456\u0434 \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0441\u0443\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0438. \u042f\u043a \u0437\u0430\u044f\u0432\u0438\u0432 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/assembly-of-first-nations\">\u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0410\u0441\u0430\u043c\u0431\u043b\u0435\u0457 \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u041d\u0430\u0446\u0456\u0439<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/perry-bellegarde\">\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0456 \u0411\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0433\u0430\u0440<\/a> \u0434 \r\n \u0443 2018 \u0440\u043e\u0446\u0456, \u00ab\u041c\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0456 \u0445\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043c\u043e \u0432\u0438\u0439\u0442\u0438 \u0437\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0456 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044e <em>\u0406\u043d\u0434\u0456\u0439\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e<\/em> \u043d\u0443 \u0456 \u0432\u0456\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u0435 \u044f\u043a \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0456\u043d\u043d\u0456 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438 \u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0456\u0457 \u0437 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438\u00bb. \u041a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0436 \u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442, \u0449\u043e \u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d \u0432\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0443\u0432\u0430\u0432\u0441\u044f \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043d\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0433\u0456\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456 \u0431\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0442\u044c\u043e\u043c \u043b\u044e\u0434\u044f\u043c, \r\n \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0432\u043e \u0436\u0456\u043d\u043a\u0430\u043c \u0442\u0430 \u0457\u0445\u043d\u0456\u043c \u0434\u0456\u0442\u044f\u043c. \u0412\u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0436\u0443\u044e\u0442\u044c, \u0449\u043e \u0432\u0456\u043d \u043f\u0456\u0434\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0443\u0454 \u043f\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0456\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0456 \u0432\u0456\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u043d\u0438 \u043c\u0456\u0436 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0456\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0442\u0430 \u0443\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u043c \u041a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0434\u0438, \u0432 \u044f\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0456\u043d\u0434\u0456\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0456 \u0454 \u00ab\u043f\u0456\u0434\u043e\u043f\u0456\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438\u00bb \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0438, \u044f\u043a\u0456 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0443\u044e\u0442\u044c \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044e \u0442\u0430 \u043a\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0442\u0432\u0430.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/culture\">\u041a\u0440\u0456\u043c \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0436\u0443\u044e\u0442\u044c, \u0449\u043e \u0443\u0440\u044f\u0434 \u0432\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0443\u0432\u0430\u0432 <em>\u0406\u043d\u0434\u0456\u0439<\/em> \u0441\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d (\u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0436 \u0456\u043d\u0448\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e) \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0430\u0441\u0438\u043c\u0456\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0456\u0457 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0456\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0456\u0432 \u0434\u043e \u0431\u0456\u043b\u043e\u0457 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0456\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0457 \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0434\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0457 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0438.<\/a> \r\n\u0426\u0456 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0456\u043d\u043d\u0456 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0456\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f, \u0449\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441 \u043f\u0456\u0434\u043e\u043f\u0456\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u043c\u0456\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0437\u0456 \u0437\u0431\u0456\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f\u043c \u0440\u0443\u0445\u0443 \u0434\u043e <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-self-government\/\">\u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0432\u0440\u044f\u0434\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f<\/a> \u0442\u0430 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/truth-and-reconciliation-commission\">\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f<\/a>, \r\n \u0441\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u044e\u0447\u0438 \u0437\u043c\u0456\u043d\u0456 \u0432\u0456\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u043d \u043c\u0456\u0436 \u0443\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u043c \u0442\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0456\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438. \u041a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u044f\u043a \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u043e, \u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0436\u0443\u044e\u0442\u044c, \u0449\u043e \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0432&#39;\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0456 \u043c\u0456\u0436 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u044e, \u0456 \u0449\u043e \u044e\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0456 \u0432\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0456\u043d\u0434\u0456\u0439\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e - \u0446\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0449\u043e \u0456\u043d\u0448\u0435, \u044f\u043a \u0443\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0456 \u043d\u0430\u0432&#39;\u044f\u0437\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f.<\/p>","slug":"indiisukiiukstatuks","alt_slug":"","twitter_summary":null,"locale":"uk","automated":true,"hidden":0,"views":1,"created_at":"2024-12-10T20:28:36.000000Z","updated_at":"2024-12-10T20:28:36.000000Z"},{"id":"9de9a638-13fb-4e8b-b2fb-247b68a833a6","article_id":"83f8c22b-c140-45f4-bb66-1e503b5ad16d","title":"Indian Status [\u5370\u5ea6\u5730\u4f4d]","summary":"<p>\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u8eab\u4efd\u662f<em><a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\">\u300a\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u6cd5<\/a><\/em>\u300b\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u5408\u6cd5\u8eab\u4efd\u3002\u5b83\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b<a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">\u571f\u8457\u4eba\u6c11<\/a>\u3002\u5177\u6709\u8eab\u4efd\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u5373\u8eab\u4efd\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\uff08\u6216\u6ce8\u518c\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\uff09\uff0c\u7b26\u5408\u8be5\u6cd5\u6848\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\u6807\u51c6\u3002\u968f\u7740\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u63a8\u79fb\uff0c\u8eab\u4efd\u6761\u6b3e\u2014\u2014\u5305\u62ec\u6839\u636e\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8c01\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u5370\u5ea6\u4eba\u2014\u2014\u5df2\u7ecf\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u5728\u6cd5\u5f8b\u80cc\u666f\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-term\">\u5370\u5ea6<\/a>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u672f\u8bed\u73b0\u5728\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5df2\u7ecf\u8fc7\u65f6\u4e14\u4ee4\u4eba\u53cd\u611f\u3002<\/p>","body":"<h3>\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u5370\u5ea6\u8eab\u4efd\uff1f<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p><em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/constitution-act-1982\/\">1982\u5e74\u300a\u5baa\u6cd5\u6cd5\u300b<\/a><\/em>\u7b2c35\uff082\uff09\u6761\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e86\u4e09\u7c7b\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u2014\u2014 <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-term\">\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba<\/a>\u3001\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/inuit\">\u56e0\u7ebd\u7279<\/a>\u4eba\u548c<a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/metis\">\u6885\u8482\u65af<\/a>\u4eba\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u6307\u7684\u662f<a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">\u539f\u4f4f<\/a>\u6c11\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u4ece\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e0a\u8bb2\uff0c\u5e76\u975e\u6240\u6709\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u90fd\u662f\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u2014\u2014\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u5e76\u975e\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u90fd\u6709\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u8eab\u4efd\u3002\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5408\u6cd5\u8eab\u4efd\uff0c\u81ea 1876 \u5e74\u4ee5\u6765\u4e00\u76f4<em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\">\u6839\u636e\u300a\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u6cd5<\/a><\/em>\u300b\u4e2d\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u8fdb\u884c\u5b9a\u4e49\u3002\r\n\u7b26\u5408\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6807\u51c6\u7684\u4eba\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u8eab\u4efd\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u3002\u5728\u6cd5\u5f8b\u80cc\u666f\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c<a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-term\">\u5370\u5ea6<\/a>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u672f\u8bed\u73b0\u5728\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5df2\u7ecf\u8fc7\u65f6\u4e14\u4ee4\u4eba\u53cd\u611f\u3002 <\/p>\r\n<p>\u8eab\u4efd\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\uff08\u6709\u65f6\u4e5f\u79f0\u4e3a\u6ce8\u518c\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\uff09\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u767b\u8bb0\u518c\u4e0a\uff0c\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u767b\u8bb0\u518c\u662f\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u6ce8\u518c\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u7684\u5b98\u65b9\u8bb0\u5f55\uff0c\u7531<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">\u8054\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c<\/a>\u4fdd\u5b58\u3002\u767b\u8bb0\u518c\u5305\u542b\u6240\u6709\u6ce8\u518c\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u7684\u59d3\u540d\u3001\u51fa\u751f\u65e5\u671f\u3001\u6b7b\u4ea1\u65e5\u671f\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/marriage-and-divorce\">\u7ed3\r\n\u5a5a<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/divorce-in-canada\" style=\"background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">\u548c\u79bb<\/a>\u5a5a\u7ec6\u8282\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4ece\u4e00\u4e2a\u7fa4\u4f53\u8f6c\u5230\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\u7fa4<\/a>\u4f53\u7684\u4eba\u5458\u8bb0\u5f55\u3002\u5411\r\n\u5177\u6709\u8eab\u4efd\u7684\u4eba\u53d1\u653e\u8eab\u4efd\u8bc1\uff08\u79f0\u4e3a\u8eab\u4efd\u5361\uff09\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u542b\u6709\u5173\u5176\u8eab\u4efd\u3001\u90e8\u843d\u548c\u6ce8\u518c\u53f7\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\r\n<br>\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u6839\u636e\u8054\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\u201c\u6839\u636e<em>\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u6cd5<\/em>\uff0c\u6709\u8eab\u4efd\u7684\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u8d44\u683c\u83b7\u5f97\u8054\u90a6\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/provincial-government\">\u7701<\/a>\u6216<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/territorial-government\">\u5730\u533a<\/a>\u653f\u5e9c\u63d0\u4f9b\r\n\u7684\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u798f\u5229\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-rights\">\u6743\u5229<\/a>\u3001\u8ba1\u5212\u548c\u670d\u52a1\u3002\u201d\r\n\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u8eab\u4efd\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u5728<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">\u4fdd\u7559<\/a>\u5730\u8d5a\u53d6\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u6536\u5165\u5747\u514d\u7f34\u6240\u5f97<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/taxation\">\u7a0e<\/a>\uff0c\r\n\u800c\u8eab\u4efd\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/property-law\">\u8d22\u4ea7<\/a>\u5982\u679c\u4f4d\u4e8e\u4fdd\u62a4\u533a\u5185\uff0c\u5219\u4e0d\u80fd\u6ca1\u6536\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u7ba1\u7406\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8c41\u514d\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\u5f88\u590d\u6742\uff0c\r\n\u5e76\u4e0d\u7edf\u4e00\u5730\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u6240\u6709\u60c5\u51b5\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u62e5\u6709\u8eab\u4efd\u5e76\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u80fd\u4fdd\u969c\u67d0\u4e9b\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u4fdd\u7559\u5730\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u65e0\u8eab\u4efd\u7684\u4eba\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u4fdd\u7559\u5730\u4e0a\uff0c\u5177\u4f53\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u793e\u533a\u7ae0\u7a0b\u3002 <\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u5370\u5ea6\u8eab\u4efd\u548c\u4e50\u961f\u6210\u5458\u8d44\u683c<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\u5370\u5ea6\u8eab\u4efd\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u80fd\u4fdd\u8bc1<a 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href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">\u8054\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c<\/a>\u4fdd\u7559\u4e86\u8fd9\u79cd\u6743\u529b\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4e50\u961f\u7684\u5927\u591a\u6570\u6210\u5458\u4e5f\u662fStatus Indians\uff0c\r\n\u4f46\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u5c5e\u4e8e\u67d0\u4e2a\u4e50\u961f\u5c31\u62e5\u6709\u8eab\u4efd\uff0c\u53cd\u4e4b\u4ea6\u7136\u3002<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u6761\u7ea6\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\u6761\u7ea6\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u662f\u8eab\u4efd\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c5e\u4e8e\u81ea1701\u5e74\u4ee5\u6765\u4e0e<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/crown\/\">\u738b\u5ba4<\/a>\u7b7e\u7f72\u4efb\u4f55<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-treaties\">\u6761\u7ea6<\/a>\u7684\u539f\u4f4f<a 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href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-self-government\">\u81ea\u6cbb<\/a>\u534f\u8bae\u7684\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u3002\u9664\u4e86\u7ed9\u4e88\u6240\u6709\u5730\u4f4d\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u7684\u5e74\u91d1\uff08\u5e74\u5ea6\r\n\u4ed8\u6b3e\uff09\u548c\u6743\u5229\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u72e9\u730e\u548c\u6355\u9c7c\u6743\uff09\u5916\uff0c\u6761\u7ea6\u8fd8\u53ef\u80fd\u5411\u7b7e\u7f72\u4eba\u7684\u540e\u4ee3\u63d0\u4f9b\u5e74\u91d1\uff08\u5e74\u5ea6\u4ed8\u6b3e\uff09\u548c\u6743\u5229\uff08\u4f8b\u5982<a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/hunting\">\u72e9\u730e\u548c\u6355<\/a>\u9c7c\u6743\uff09\u3002<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u975e\u8eab\u4efd\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\u65e0\u8eab\u4efd\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u662f\u672a\u5728<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">\u8054\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c<\/a>\u767b\u8bb0\u7684\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u3002\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u8054\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u5728<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\"><em>\u300a\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u6cd5\u300b<\/em><\/a>\u4e2d\r\n\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u6ca1\u6709\u8d44\u683c\u83b7\u5f97\u8eab\u4efd\u3002\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u65e0\u8eab\u4efd\u7684\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u7531\u4e8e\u4e0e\u975e\u8eab\u4efd\u4eba<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/marriage-and-divorce\">\u7ed3\u5a5a<\/a>\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\">\u516c\u6c11\u6743\u7684\u83b7\u5f97\r\n\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u6cd5\u5f8b\u9650\u5236\u800c\u5931\u53bb\u4e86\u8eab\u4efd\u3002<\/a>\uff08<em>\u53e6\u89c1<\/em>\u300a<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-suffrage\">\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u7684\u571f\u8457\u9009\u4e3e\u6743\u300b<\/a>\u548c\u300a\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-women-and-the-franchise\">\u571f\u8457\u5987\u5973\u4e0e\u7279\u8bb8\u6743\u300b<\/a>\u3002\uff09<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u300a\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba<i>\u6cd5\u300b<\/i>\u6ca1\u6709\u6cd5\u5f8b\u627f\u8ba4\uff0c\u975e\u8eab\u4efd\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u4e0d\u4eab\u6709\u4e0e\u8eab\u4efd\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u76f8\u540c\u7684<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-rights\">\u6743\u5229<\/a>\u548c\u7279\u6743\uff1b\u6709\u4e9b\u4eba\u751a\u81f3\u53d7\u5230\u571f\u8457\u7fa4\u4f53\u7684\u6279\r\n\u8bc4\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u662f \u201c\u865a\u5047\u7684\u201d 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href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people-education\">\u6559\u80b2<\/a>\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/poverty\">\u8d2b\u56f0<\/a>\u3001\u79bb\u5f00<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-territory\">\u7956\u4f20\u5bb6\u56ed<\/a>\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e27\u5931\u571f\u8457\r\n\u6587\u5316\u548c\u8bed\u8a00\u3002<\/a>\u7531\u4e8e\u6ca1\u6709\u8d44\u683c\u83b7\u5f97\u8eab\u4efd\uff0c\u65e0\u8eab\u4efd\u7684\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u5f88\u96be\u627e\u5230\u89e3\u51b3\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u9014\u5f84\u3002<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/congress-of-aboriginal-peoples\/\">\u571f\u8457\u4eba\u6c11\r\n\u5927\u4f1a<\/a>\u7b49\u7ec4\u7ec7\u8bd5\u56fe\u4ee3\u8868\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u975e\u8eab\u4efd\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\uff08\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u571f\u8457\u4eba\u6c11\uff09\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>2016\u5e744\u6708\uff0c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/supreme-court-of-canada\">\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662<\/a>\u88c1\u5b9a\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u300a<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/constitution-act-1982\">\u5baa\u6cd5\u300b<\/a>\u7b2c91\uff0824\uff09\u6761\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u201c\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u201d \r\n \u5305\u62ec\u975e\u8eab\u4efd\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u548c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/metis\">\u6885\u8482<\/a>\u4eba\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u5e76\u4e0d\u610f\u5473\u7740\u65e0\u8eab\u4efd\u8005\u73b0\u5728\u662f\u8eab\u4efd\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u3002\u8be5\u88c1\u51b3\u5e76\u672a\u6539\u53d8\u7ee7\u7eed\u754c\u5b9a\r\n\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u8eab\u4efd\u7684\u300a\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba<em>\u6cd5\u300b<\/em>\u30022016\u5e74\u7684\u8fd9\u9879\u5224\u51b3\u610f\u5473\u7740\u975e\u8eab\u4efd\u8005\u5c5e\u4e8e\u8054\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u7acb\u6cd5\u7ba1\u8f96\u3002<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u6885\u8482\u65af\u4eba\u548c\u56e0\u7ebd\u7279\u4eba<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u300a\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\"><em>\u6cd5\u300b\u4e2d\u88ab\u754c\u5b9a\u4e3a\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u8eab\u4efd\u7684\u571f\u8457\u4eba\u6c11\u624d\u62e5\u6709\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba<\/em><\/a>\u8eab\u4efd\u3002<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/inuit\">\u56e0\u7ebd\u7279\u4eba\u548c\r\n<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/metis\">\u6885\u8482\u65af<\/a>\u4eba\u6ca1\u6709\u8eab\u4efd\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u65e0\u8eab\u4efd\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u4e00\u6837\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/supreme-court-of-canada\">\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662<\/a>\u5728\u5355\u72ec\u7684\u5224\u51b3\u4e2d\u88c1\u5b9a\uff0c\u6885\u8482\u65af\u4eba\u548c\u56e0\u52aa\u4f0a\u7279\u4eba\u662f<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">\u8054\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u7684<\/a>\u8d23\u4efb\r\n\uff08\u800c\u4e0d\u662f<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/provincial-government\">\u7701<\/a>\u6216\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/territorial-government\">\u5730\u533a<\/a>\u653f\u5e9c\uff09\u3002\u57281939\u5e74\u7684\u4e00\u9879\u88c1\u51b3\u4e2d\uff0c\u6cd5\u9662\u5c06\u56e0\u7ebd\u7279\u4eba\u4e8b\u52a1\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\u4ea4\u7ed9\u4e86\u6e25\u592a\u534e\uff0c2016\u5e74\uff0c\u5b83\u5bf9\u6885\u8482\u65af\u4eba\u548c\u975e\u8eab\u4efd\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u505a\u4e86\u540c\u6837\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u6837\u505a\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u6cd5\u9662\u88c1\u5b9a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6c11\u65cf\u5305\u542b\u5728<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/constitution-act-1982\">\u300a\u5baa\u6cd5\u300b<\/a>\u7b2c91\uff0824\uff09\u6761\u5bf9<a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-term\">\u5370<\/a>\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u7684\r\n\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e2d\uff0c\u8be5\u6761\u6db5\u76d6\u4e86\u8054\u90a6\r\n\u653f\u5e9c\u5bf9\u4e0e 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1\uff05\uff08587,545\u4eba\uff09\u662f<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/metis\">\u6885\u8482\u65af\u4eba\uff0c3.9\uff05\uff0865,025\u4eba\uff09\u662f\u56e0\u7ebd\u7279<\/a>\u4eba\u3002<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u5728\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u4eba\u53e3\u4e2d\uff0c83.9\uff05\uff08820,120\u4eba\uff09\u662f\u767b\u8bb0\uff08\u8eab\u4efd\uff09\u6216\u6761\u7ea6\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\uff0c2.83\uff05\uff08232,380\u4eba\uff09\u88ab\u786e\u5b9a\u4e3a\u65e0\u8eab\u4efd\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u3002\u5728\u5730\u4f4d\u548c\u6761\u7ea6\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u53e3\uff08744,855\u4eba\uff09\u4e2d\uff0c\u670944.2\uff05\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u4fdd\u7559\u5730\u4e0a\uff0c\r\n\u5176\u4f59\u7684\u4eba\u751f\u6d3b\u5728<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">\u4fdd\u7559<\/a>\u5730\u4ee5\u5916\u3002\u4ece2006\u5e74\u52302016\u5e74\uff0c\u50a8\u5907\u91d1\uff08\u589e\u957f12.8\uff05\uff09\u548c\u975e\u50a8\u5907\u91d1\uff0849.1\uff05\uff09\u7684\u4eba\u53e3\u90fd\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u589e\u957f\u3002<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u5f71\u54cd\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u300a\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u6cd5\u300b\u4fee\u6b63\u6848<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\u81ea1876\u5e74\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u300a\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\"><em>\u6cd5\u300b\u4e2d\u7684\u6b67\u89c6\u6027\u6761\u6b3e\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u6709\u8eab\u4efd\u7684\u5370<\/em><\/a>\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u5931\u53bb\u4e86\u8eab\u4efd\u3002\u57281951\u5e74\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u300a<em>\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u6cd5\u300b<\/em>\u8feb\u4f7f\u8bb8\u591a\u5177\u6709\u8eab\u4efd\u7684\r\n\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u7537\u6027\u548c\u5973\u6027 \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\/\">\u8d4b\u4e88\u9009\u4e3e<\/a>\u6743\u201d\uff0c\u5373\u4e3a\u4e86<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/citizenship\">\u516c\u6c11\u6743\u800c\u653e\u5f03\u8eab\u4efd<\/a>\u6743\u3002\r\n\u83b7\u5f97<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-suffrage\/\">\u7279\u8bb8\u6743<\/a>\u3001\u53c2<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/armed-forces\">\u519b<\/a>\u3001\u83b7\u5f97\u5927\u5b66\u5b66\u4f4d\u6216\r\n\u6210\u4e3a\u4e13\u4e1a\u4eba\u58eb\u81ea\u52a8\u5bfc\u81f4\u5931\u53bb\u5370\u5ea6\u8eab\u4efd\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u5728\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u5883\u5916\u5c45\u4f4f\u4e94\u5e74\u6216\u66f4\u957f\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u8eab\u4efd\u5747\u4f1a\u653e\u5f03\u5176\u8eab\u4efd\u3002\uff08<em>\u53e6\u89c1<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-suffrage\">\u571f\u8457\u9009\u4e3e\u6743<\/a>\u3002\uff09\r\n\t<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>1951\u5e74\u5bf9\u8be5\u6cd5\u7684\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\u5c06 \u201c\u5370\u5ea6\u8840\u7edf\u201d \u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u6539\u4e3a\u901a\u8fc7\u767b\u8bb0\u83b7\u5f97\u8eab\u4efd\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u4ec5\u4ec5\u62e5\u6709\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u9057\u4ea7\u4e0d\u8db3\u4ee5\u83b7\u5f97\u5730\u4f4d\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u8be5\u6cd5\u6848\u4ecd\u7136\u5bf9\u7537\u6027\u8840\u7edf\u7ed9\u4e88\u7279\u6743\u3002\r\n1985\u5e74\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u4e00\u540d\u5370\u5ea6\u8eab\u4efd<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-women-and-the-franchise\/\">\u5987\u5973<\/a>\u5982\u679c\u4e0e\u6ca1\u6709\u8eab\u4efd\u7684\u7537\u5b50\u7ed3\u5a5a\uff0c\u5c31\u4f1a\u5931\u53bb\u8eab\u4efd\uff1b\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5a5a\u59fb\u4e2d\u7684\u5b69\u5b50\r\n\u4e5f\u5931\u53bb\u4e86\u8eab\u4efd\u3002\u6709\u65f6\uff0c\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u4e27\u5931\u4f1a\u5207\u65ad\u4eba\u4eec\u4e0e\u5176\u7956\u5148\u548c\u793e\u533a\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\u3002 <\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u5728\u6574\u4e2a1970\u5e74\u4ee3\u548c1980\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u300a<em>\u5370\u5ea6\u6cd5<\/em>\u300b\u4e2d\u7684\u6027\u522b\u6b67\u89c6\u95ee\u9898\u5f15\u8d77\u4e86\u56fd\u5185\u548c\u56fd\u9645\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\uff0c\u4fc3\u4f7f\u8054\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u505a\u51fa\u6539\u53d8\u30021985\u5e74\uff0cC-31\u6cd5\u6848\u5141\u8bb8 \u201c\u7ed3\u5a5a\u201d \u7684\u5973\u6027\u2014\u2014\u4ee5\u53ca\r\n\u90a3\u4e9b\u56e0\u5176\u4ed6\u65b9\u5f0f\u5931\u53bb\u5370\u5ea6\u8eab\u4efd\u7684\u5987\u5973\u2014\u2014\u7533\u8bf7\u6062\u590d\u5176\u5730\u4f4d\u548c\u6743\u5229\u3002\u7531\u4e8eC-31\u6cd5\u6848\uff0c\u8d85\u8fc711.7\u4e07\u4eba\u83b7\u5f97\u6216\u6062\u590d\u4e86\u5370\u5ea6\u8eab\u4efd\u3002 <\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u9664\u5176\u4ed6\u89c4\u5b9a\u5916\uff0cC-31\u53f7\u6cd5\u6848\u8fd8\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e86\u4e24\u7c7b<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian\">\u5370\u5ea6<\/a>\u4eba\u767b\u8bb0\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u5bf9\u6709\u6743\u4eab\u6709\u5730\u4f4d\u6743\u7684\u4eba\u6570\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u6761\r\n\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u7b2c6\uff081\uff09\u6761\uff0c\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u7236\u6bcd\u53cc\u65b9\u90fd\u6709\u6743\u6216\u66fe\u7ecf\u6709\u6743\u767b\u8bb0\u3002\uff08\u672c\u8282\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u7ec6\u5206\u4e3a\u591a\u4e2a\u5c0f\u8282\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5b50\u90e8\u5206\u56e0\u8eab\u4efd\u7684\u4f20\u9012\u65b9\u5f0f\u800c\u5f02\u3002\uff09\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6761\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u7b2c6\uff082\uff09\u6761\uff0c\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u7236\u6bcd\u4e00\u65b9\r\n\u6709\u6743\u6839\u636e6\uff081\uff09\u8fdb\u884c\u767b\u8bb0\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u4f4d\u5bb6\u957f\u662f\u6839\u636e\u7b2c 6 (2) 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href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/truth-and-reconciliation-commission\">\u89e3<\/a>\uff0c\u9009\u6c11\u8eab\u4efd\u5c06\u53d1\u751f\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\r\n\u4ece\u800c\u4fc3\u8fdb\u653f\u5e9c\u4e0e\u571f\u8457\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u6279\u8bc4\u8005\u666e\u904d\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u6587\u5316\u771f\u5b9e\u6027\u548c\u5730\u4f4d\u65e0\u5173\uff0c\u5bf9\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5b9a\u4e49\u53ea\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u5f3a\u52a0\u800c\u5df2\u3002<\/p>","slug":"","alt_slug":"","twitter_summary":null,"locale":"zh","automated":true,"hidden":0,"views":1,"created_at":"2025-01-07T16:46:56.000000Z","updated_at":"2025-01-07T16:46:56.000000Z"}],"widgets":[{"id":"1037","user_id":"4293","status":"published","schedule_from":null,"schedule_until":null,"created_at":"2018-03-21T16:01:01.000000Z","updated_at":"2018-03-21T16:01:01.000000Z","title":"Indigenous Perspectives Education Guide","body":"<p>\r\n\t<a href=\"http:\/\/fb.historicacanada.ca\/education\/english\/indigenous-perspectives\/\" target=\"_blank\"><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/widgets_images\/IPG%20EN%202.jpg\"><\/a>\r\n<\/p>","pivot":{"article_id":"83f8c22b-c140-45f4-bb66-1e503b5ad16d","widget_id":"1037","position":1},"translations":[{"id":"6bb7fac8-818d-45b5-834b-cd9c70f4806e","widget_id":"1037","title":"Indigenous Perspectives Education Guide","body":"<p>\r\n\t<a href=\"http:\/\/fb.historicacanada.ca\/education\/english\/indigenous-perspectives\/\" target=\"_blank\"><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/widgets_images\/IPG%20EN%202.jpg\"><\/a>\r\n<\/p>","locale":"en"},{"id":"cc01ca9b-9a5c-42ea-a444-593a93d2f14a","widget_id":"1037","title":"Guide p\u00e9dagogique perspectives autochtones","body":"<p>\r\n\t<a href=\"http:\/\/fb.historicacanada.ca\/education\/francais\/perspectives-autochtones\/\" target=\"_blank\"><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/widgets_images\/IPG%20FR%202.jpg\"><\/a>\r\n<\/p>","locale":"fr"}]},{"id":"875","user_id":"3c92085a-ea4b-4cba-b2ae-07943d12bfe0","status":"published","schedule_from":null,"schedule_until":null,"created_at":"2016-11-02T19:36:56.000000Z","updated_at":"2024-07-02T18:48:55.000000Z","title":"Indigenous Peoples Collection","body":"<p>\r\n\t<a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/collection\/aboriginal-peoples\/\"> <img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/widgets_collections\/Indigenous%20Peoples%20Collection%20EN.jpg\" <=\"\" a=\"\"><\/a>\r\n<\/p>","pivot":{"article_id":"83f8c22b-c140-45f4-bb66-1e503b5ad16d","widget_id":"875","position":2},"translations":[{"id":"dda66719-fc40-4b15-9e66-dc6019df2694","widget_id":"875","title":"Indigenous Peoples Collection","body":"<p>\r\n\t<a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/collection\/aboriginal-peoples\/\"> <img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/widgets_collections\/Indigenous%20Peoples%20Collection%20EN.jpg\" <=\"\" a=\"\"><\/a>\r\n<\/p>","locale":"en"},{"id":"bc384258-2d8f-4a21-aed1-9c575735f5c0","widget_id":"875","title":"Collection des peuples autochtones","body":"<p>\r\n\t<a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/collection\/les-peuples-autochtones\"> <img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/widgets_collections\/Indigenous%20Peoples%20Collection%20FR.jpg\" <=\"\" a=\"\"><\/a>\r\n<\/p>","locale":"fr"}]}],"links":[{"id":"282a0904-6104-4f59-92f4-e2d69f921e75","article_id":"83f8c22b-c140-45f4-bb66-1e503b5ad16d","body":"<p><b><a href=\"http:\/\/www.cbc.ca\/news\/aboriginal\/indian-status-5-more-things-you-need-to-know-1.3109451\">CBC<\/a><\/b><a href=\"http:\/\/www.cbc.ca\/news\/aboriginal\/indian-status-5-more-things-you-need-to-know-1.3109451\"> Indian Status: 5 More Things You Need To Know<\/a><br><\/p>","locale":"en"},{"id":"2df3dec6-5061-431b-bb78-7d96402f81da","article_id":"83f8c22b-c140-45f4-bb66-1e503b5ad16d","body":"<p><a href=\"http:\/\/indigenousfoundations.arts.ubc.ca\/home\/government-policy\/the-indian-act\/bill-c-31.html\"><b>Indigenous Foundations: Bill C-31 <\/b>Learn more about Bill C-31<\/a><br><\/p>","locale":"en"},{"id":"4a4250e6-dda6-4cf2-a67a-eeea85f519fc","article_id":"83f8c22b-c140-45f4-bb66-1e503b5ad16d","body":"<p><a href=\"http:\/\/indigenousfoundations.arts.ubc.ca\/home\/identity\/terminology.html\"><b>Indigenous Foundations: Terminology<\/b> Explore various terms used to describe Indigenous peoples<\/a><br><\/p>","locale":"en"},{"id":"4d43d6ce-298b-458f-b490-d45f83a535d1","article_id":"83f8c22b-c140-45f4-bb66-1e503b5ad16d","body":"<p><b><a href=\"http:\/\/www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca\/fra\/1100100013785\/1304467449155\">Peuples et collectivit\u00e9s autochtones<\/a><\/b><a href=\"http:\/\/www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca\/fra\/1100100013785\/1304467449155\"> Ressources en ligne approfondies sur les communaut\u00e9s autochtones du Canada, y compris les Premi\u00e8res nations, les M\u00e9tis et les Inuits. Du minist\u00e8re des Affaires autochtones et D\u00e9veloppement du Nord Canada.<\/a><br><\/p>","locale":"fr"},{"id":"602beab7-fca6-4470-84e5-e82449c857d2","article_id":"83f8c22b-c140-45f4-bb66-1e503b5ad16d","body":"<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.cbc.ca\/news\/aboriginal\/indian-status-5-things-you-need-to-know-1.2744870\"><b>CBC<\/b> Indian Status: 5 Things You Need To Know<\/a><br><\/p>","locale":"en"},{"id":"6bd70584-cf81-4bbd-83e9-6e36a52fe3c1","article_id":"83f8c22b-c140-45f4-bb66-1e503b5ad16d","body":"<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.theglobeandmail.com\/news\/national\/metis-ruling\/article29628869\/\"><b>Globe and Mail <\/b>Supreme Court Ruling on Definition of \u201cIndian,\u201d 2016<\/a><br><\/p>","locale":"en"},{"id":"c9fd0097-df31-4bde-a9aa-c69221d76fdf","article_id":"83f8c22b-c140-45f4-bb66-1e503b5ad16d","body":"<p><a href=\"http:\/\/indigenousfoundations.arts.ubc.ca\/home\/government-policy\/the-indian-act\/indian-status.html\"><b>Indigenous Foundations: Indian Status<\/b> Read more about Indian Status<\/a><br><\/p>","locale":"en"},{"id":"dc379db8-b2f9-48ca-a6a7-b08edc0c0c92","article_id":"83f8c22b-c140-45f4-bb66-1e503b5ad16d","body":"<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ainc-inac.gc.ca\/br\/is\/index-eng.asp\"><b>Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada<\/b> Learn more about Indian Status<\/a><br><\/p>","locale":"en"},{"id":"e9f12921-d87f-450e-abdc-a09285b7fdc3","article_id":"83f8c22b-c140-45f4-bb66-1e503b5ad16d","body":"<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ainc-inac.gc.ca\/br\/is\/index-fra.asp\"><b>Affaires autochtones et du Nord Canada<\/b> En savoir plus sur le statut d\u2019Indien<\/a><br><\/p>","locale":"fr"},{"id":"f702f593-5f18-44af-8e1c-2b99a44e1fe2","article_id":"83f8c22b-c140-45f4-bb66-1e503b5ad16d","body":"<p><b><a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/OT6AHp\">Langues autochtones<\/a><\/b><a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/OT6AHp\"> Les donn\u00e9es du recensement pour les langues autochtones parl\u00e9es le plus souvent \u00e0 la maison. Voir les donn\u00e9es pour le Canada et pour les provinces (voir l'option \"G\u00e9ographie\"). De Statistique Canada.<\/a><br><\/p>","locale":"fr"}],"recommended_readings_en":[{"id":"3c9c2977-d5fa-4ee1-bb9f-d3a45814c193","article_id":"83f8c22b-c140-45f4-bb66-1e503b5ad16d","body":"<p>Bonita Lawrence, <i>\u201cReal\u201d Indians and Others: Mixed-Blood Urban Native Peoples and Indigenous Nationhood <\/i>(2004).<br><\/p>","locale":"en"},{"id":"957816a4-96b6-4a6d-895f-4cd87f46bb13","article_id":"83f8c22b-c140-45f4-bb66-1e503b5ad16d","body":"<p>J. Frideres, R. Gadacz, <i>Aboriginal Peoples in Canada<\/i> (7th ed, 2005).<br><\/p>","locale":"en"},{"id":"e6740dfa-bf38-49d8-8ccc-4943fa06c0db","article_id":"83f8c22b-c140-45f4-bb66-1e503b5ad16d","body":"<p>K. Burnett and G. Read, <i>Aboriginal History: A Reader<\/i>, 2nd ed. (2016)<br><\/p>","locale":"en"}],"recommended_readings_fr":[],"tags":[{"id":"7423948e-2c2c-4d2c-9f79-895282a5806b","created_at":"2019-05-17T13:14:50.000000Z","updated_at":"2019-05-17T13:14:50.000000Z","title":"federal government","slug":"federal-government","pivot":{"taggable_id":"83f8c22b-c140-45f4-bb66-1e503b5ad16d","tag_id":"7423948e-2c2c-4d2c-9f79-895282a5806b","taggable_type":"App\\Models\\Article"},"translations":[{"id":"e7bdc4bd-c322-4e71-90f6-e3343b2d21fb","tag_id":"7423948e-2c2c-4d2c-9f79-895282a5806b","title":"federal government","slug":"federal-government","locale":"en"},{"id":"8478cf49-d324-4de3-96c4-03626b25dd63","tag_id":"7423948e-2c2c-4d2c-9f79-895282a5806b","title":"gouvernement f\u00e9d\u00e9ral","slug":"gouvernement-federal","locale":"fr"}]},{"id":"785ebf37-56fc-443c-a32b-0a1e61d80523","created_at":"2019-06-23T22:13:56.000000Z","updated_at":"2019-06-23T22:13:56.000000Z","title":"Indigenous Peoples in Canada","slug":"indigenous-peoples-in-canada","pivot":{"taggable_id":"83f8c22b-c140-45f4-bb66-1e503b5ad16d","tag_id":"785ebf37-56fc-443c-a32b-0a1e61d80523","taggable_type":"App\\Models\\Article"},"translations":[{"id":"cd86811e-4526-4956-b8ec-9b8e29c24651","tag_id":"785ebf37-56fc-443c-a32b-0a1e61d80523","title":"Indigenous Peoples in Canada","slug":"indigenous-peoples-in-canada","locale":"en"},{"id":"7769bdeb-cad2-4ad2-908b-88eb12904f81","tag_id":"785ebf37-56fc-443c-a32b-0a1e61d80523","title":"Peuples autochtones au Canada","slug":"peuples-autochtones-au-canada","locale":"fr"}]}],"sponsors":[],"translation":{"id":"8a4b3756-4452-4a3c-afb8-af52408c89a7","article_id":"83f8c22b-c140-45f4-bb66-1e503b5ad16d","title":"Indian Status","summary":"<p>Indian Status is a legal identity defined by the <em><a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\">Indian Act<\/a><\/em>. It applies to some <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">Indigenous peoples<\/a>\tin Canada. People with status, known as Status Indians (or Registered Indians), fit the criteria for status as laid out in the Act. The terms of status \u2014 including who is considered Indian under the law \u2014 have changed over time. Outside legal contexts,\r\n\t<a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-term\">Indian<\/a> is a term that is now considered outdated and offensive.<\/p>","body":"<h3>What is Indian Status?<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Section 35(2) of the&nbsp;<em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/constitution-act-1982\/\">Constitution Act, 1982<\/a>&nbsp;<\/em>defines three groups of Aboriginal peoples \u2014 <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-term\">Indians<\/a>,\r\n\t<a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/inuit\">Inuit<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/metis\">M\u00e9tis<\/a>. Indians, in this case, refers to <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">First Nations<\/a>\tpeople. Legally speaking however, not all First Nations peoples are Indians \u2014 that is, not all have Indian Status. Indian is a legal identity that has been defined since 1876 by criteria set out in the&nbsp;<em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\">Indian Act<\/a><\/em>.\r\n\tThe people who fit these criteria are known as Status Indians. Outside legal contexts, <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-term\">Indian<\/a> is a term that is now considered outdated and offensive. <\/p>\r\n<p>Status Indians (sometimes also referred to as Registered Indians) appear on the Indian Register \u2014 the official record of Registered Indians in Canada, maintained by the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">federal government<\/a>. The register contains the names, birth dates, death dates, and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/marriage-and-divorce\">marriage<\/a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;\r\n\t<a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/divorce-in-canada\" style=\"background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">divorce<\/a>&nbsp;details, as well as records of persons transferring from one&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">band<\/a>&nbsp;to another, for all Registered Indians. People\r\n\t\twith status are issued identification cards (known as status cards) that contain information about their identity, band and registration number.\r\n\t\t<br>\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>According to the federal government, \u201cunder the&nbsp;<em>Indian Act<\/em>, Status Indians may be eligible for a range of benefits,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-rights\">rights<\/a>, programs and services offered\r\n\tby the federal and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/provincial-government\">provincial<\/a>&nbsp;or&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/territorial-government\">territorial<\/a>&nbsp;governments.\u201d\r\n\tFor example, all Status Indians are exempt from paying income&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/taxation\">tax<\/a>&nbsp;on any income they earn on a&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">reserve<\/a>,\r\n\tand the personal&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/property-law\">property<\/a>&nbsp;of a Status Indian cannot be seized if it is situated on a reserve. However, the provisions governing these exemptions are complex and do\r\n\tnot apply uniformly in every scenario. Additionally, having status does not necessarily guarantee certain rights, such as the ability to live on reserve. Non-Status people can also live on reserve in some cases, depending on community bylaws. <\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Indian Status and Band Membership<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Indian Status does not necessarily guarantee membership in a&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">band<\/a>. After amendments to the&nbsp;<em>Indian Act&nbsp;<\/em>in 1985, bands gained the ability to create their own membership\r\n\trules. (However, if they do not wish to do so, the federal government will continue to manage membership lists.) Bands now determined who could participate in band politics, and who could access band resources and property. <\/p>\r\n<p>However, bands did not control who gained or lost status; the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">federal government<\/a>&nbsp;retained this power. Therefore, while most members of bands are also Status Indians,\r\n\tit is possible to have status without belonging to a band, or vice versa.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Treaty Indians<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Treaty Indians are Status Indians who belong to a&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">First Nation<\/a>&nbsp;or band that signed any&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-treaties\">treaty<\/a>&nbsp;with\r\n\tthe&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/crown\/\">Crown<\/a>&nbsp;since 1701, thereby surrendering land for specified benefits. Some Treaty Indians live on a reserve not covered by a treaty, meaning that their community never\r\n\tsigned a treaty with the government to surrender their lands. These individuals live on what is typically known as unceded territories.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>The term also applies to First Nations who have&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-self-government\">self-government<\/a>&nbsp;agreements. Treaties may provide the descendants of signatories with annuities (annual\r\n\tpayments) and rights (such as the right to&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/hunting\">hunt<\/a>&nbsp;and fish) in addition to those given to all Status Indians.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Non-Status Indians<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Non-Status Indians are First Nations peoples who are not registered with the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">federal government<\/a>. In some cases, they do not qualify for status based on the requirements\r\n\tset out by the federal government in the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\"><em>Indian Act<\/em><\/a>. In other cases, Non-Status Indians have lost their status as a result of&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/marriage-and-divorce\">marriage<\/a>&nbsp;to\r\n\ta Non-Status person,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\">enfranchisement<\/a>&nbsp;or other legal restrictions. (<em>See also&nbsp;<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-suffrage\">Indigenous Suffrage in Canada<\/a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;\r\n\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-women-and-the-franchise\">Indigenous Women and the Franchise<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Not legally recognized under the&nbsp;<i>Indian Act<\/i>, Non-Status Indians do not enjoy the same&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-rights\">rights<\/a>&nbsp;and privileges as Status Indians; some even face criticism\r\n\tfrom Indigenous groups who consider them \u201cinauthentic\u201d Indians. Being legally defined as Indian does not wholly define one\u2019s ancestral or cultural identity. Non-Status Indians still retain Indigenous identity. They also often share many of the same&nbsp;\r\n\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/native-people-social-conditions\">socio<\/a>-<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people-economic-conditions\">economic<\/a>&nbsp;issues as Status Indians, including lack of access to&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people-health\">health care<\/a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;\r\n\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people-education\">education<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/poverty\">poverty<\/a>, displacement from&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-territory\">ancestral homelands<\/a>, and the loss of Indigenous\r\n\t\t\tculture and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people-languages\">language<\/a>. Ineligible for status, Non-Status Indians have had difficulties finding avenues of support for these issues. Organizations such as\r\n\t\t\tthe&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/congress-of-aboriginal-peoples\/\">Congress of Aboriginal Peoples<\/a>&nbsp;have sought to represent the concerns of Non-Status Indians (and other Indigenous peoples) in Canada.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>In April 2016, the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/supreme-court-of-canada\">Supreme Court of Canada<\/a>&nbsp;ruled that \u201cIndian,\u201d as defined by section 91 (24) of the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/constitution-act-1982\">Constitution<\/a>,\r\n\tincludes Non-Status Indians, as well as the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/metis\">M\u00e9tis<\/a>. However, this does not mean that Non-Status people are now Status Indians. The&nbsp;<em>Indian Act<\/em>, which continues to define\r\n\tIndian Status, was not changed by this ruling. This 2016 judgement means that Non-Status people fall under the legislative jurisdiction of the federal government.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>M\u00e9tis and Inuit Peoples<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Indian Status is held only by Indigenous peoples who are defined as such under the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\"><em>Indian Act<\/em><\/a>.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/inuit\">Inuit<\/a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;\r\n\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/metis\">M\u00e9tis<\/a>&nbsp;do not have status, just like Non-Status Indians. However, in separate judgments, the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/supreme-court-of-canada\">Supreme Court<\/a>&nbsp;ruled that M\u00e9tis and Inuit are the responsibility\r\n\t\tof the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">federal government<\/a>&nbsp;(as opposed to&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/provincial-government\">provincial<\/a>&nbsp;or&nbsp;\r\n\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/territorial-government\">territorial<\/a>&nbsp;governments). In a 1939 ruling, the Court gave responsibility for Inuit affairs to Ottawa, and in 2016, it did the same for the M\u00e9tis and Non-Status Indians. In doing so, the court has ruled that these peoples are included in the\r\n\t\t\tdefinition of <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-term\">Indian<\/a> in section 91 (24) of the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/constitution-act-1982\">Constitution<\/a>, which covers the federal\r\n\t\t\tgovernment\u2019s power over matters relating to \u201cIndians, and Lands reserved for the Indians.\u201d<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Demography<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>As of the 2016&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/statistics-canada\">Statistics Canada<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/demographic-data-collection\">census<\/a>, 1.7 million people identified\r\n\tthemselves as Aboriginal, representing 4.8 per cent of the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/population\">Canadian population<\/a>. Of those people, 58.4 per cent (977,235) were&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">First Nations<\/a>,\r\n\t35.1 per cent (587,545) were&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/metis\">M\u00e9tis<\/a>&nbsp;and 3.9 per cent (65,025) were&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/inuit\">Inuit<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Within the First Nations population, 83.9 percent (820,120) were Registered (Status) or Treaty Indians, and 2.83 per cent (232,380) identified as Non-Status. Among the Status and Treaty Indian population (744,855), 44.2 per cent lived on&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">reserve<\/a>,\r\n\twhile the rest lived off reserve. From 2006 to 2016, there was population growth both on reserve (with an increase of 12.8 per cent) and off reserve (49.1 per cent).<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Indian Act Amendments Affecting Status<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Since 1876, many Status Indians have lost their status because of discriminatory terms in the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\"><em>Indian Act<\/em><\/a>. Until 1951, the&nbsp;<em>Indian Act&nbsp;<\/em>forced many Status\r\n\tIndian men and women to \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\/\">enfranchise<\/a>\u201d \u2014 give up status rights for&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/citizenship\">citizenship<\/a>&nbsp;rights.\r\n\tGaining the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-suffrage\/\">franchise<\/a>, joining the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/armed-forces\">military<\/a>, obtaining a college degree or becoming\r\n\ta professional automatically resulted in the loss of Indian status. In addition, any Status Indian who resided outside of Canada for five years or longer resigned his or her status. (<em>See also&nbsp;<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-suffrage\">Indigenous Suffrage<\/a>.)\r\n\t<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Amendments to the Act in 1951 replaced the concept of \u201cIndian blood\u201d with one of status through registration. In other words, simply having First Nations heritage was not enough to qualify for status. However, the Act still privileged male lines of descent.\r\n\tBefore 1985, a Status Indian&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-women-and-the-franchise\/\">woman<\/a>&nbsp;lost her status if she married a man who did not have status; children from these marriages lost their status\r\n\tas well. At times, the loss of status severed peoples\u2019 ties to their ancestry and community. <\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, the issue of gender discrimination in the <em>Indian Act<\/em> grabbed national and international attention, prompting the federal government to make changes. In 1985, Bill C-31 allowed women who \"married out\" \u2014 and those\r\n\twho lost their Indian Status by other means \u2014 to apply for the restoration of their status and rights. More than 117,000 people gained or regained Indian status as a result of Bill C-31. <\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Among other provisions, Bill C-31 also created two categories of&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian\">Indian<\/a>&nbsp;registration that have had consequences on the number of people entitled to Status Rights. The first,\r\n\tknown as section 6(1), applies when both parents are or were entitled to registration. (This section is further broken down into sub-sections that differ based on how status is passed down.) The second, known as section 6(2), applies when one parent\r\n\tis entitled to registration under 6(1). Status&nbsp;<em>cannot&nbsp;<\/em>be transferred if that one parent is registered under section 6(2). In short, after two generations of intermarriage with non-status partners, children would no longer be eligible\r\n\tfor status. This is known as the \u201cSecond-Generation Cut-Off\u201d rule. <\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>While Bill C-31 provided many women with the opportunity to have status re-instated, it did not rid the <em>Indian Act<\/em> of gender discrimination. Cases brought to court by Indigenous peoples influenced further amendments to the Act. For example, in\r\n\tresponse to the McIvor case, the federal government passed Bill C-3 in 2011. The amendment grants 6(2) status to grandchildren of women who regained status in 1985. However, it too did not completely rid the Act of discrimination. <\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Bill S-3, part of which came into effect on 22 December 2017, was brought about as the result of the Descheneaux case in 2015. Bill S-3 enables more people to pass down their status to their descendants and reinstate status to those who lost it before\r\n\t1985. The other part of the bill \u2014 related to restoring status to women and their offspring who lost status before 1951 (known as \u201c1951 Cut-off\u201d) \u2014 was brought into force on 15 August 2019. According to the government, \u201cAll known sex-based inequities\r\n\tin the&nbsp;<em>Indian Act&nbsp;<\/em>have now been addressed.\u201d<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Debate: Keep or Eradicate Status?<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Some&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">Indigenous peoples<\/a>&nbsp;believe that Indian Status and the&nbsp;<em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\">Indian Act<\/a>&nbsp;<\/em>have\r\n\ta legitimate place in federal&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/law\">law<\/a>&nbsp;and Indigenous communities. The&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/the-white-paper-1969\/\">1969 White Paper<\/a>\u2014 a\r\n\tfederal proposal to do away with&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">reserves<\/a>&nbsp;and Indian status \u2014 was met with heavy resistance by many First Nations. They claimed that Indian status not only\r\n\tacknowledged the history and relationship between the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/crown\">Crown<\/a>&nbsp;and Indigenous peoples in Canada, but also obligated the government to acknowledge that relationship and its commitments\r\n\tto them. In addition, some Status Indians feared eventual assimilation without the protection of status. As David Newhouse, the director of the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/charlie-wenjack\">Chanie Wenjack<\/a>&nbsp;School\r\n\tfor Indigenous Studies at&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/trent-university\">Trent University<\/a>, explains, \u201c[The&nbsp;<em>Indian Act<\/em>] provides the structure for local community governance and community life. Reforming\r\n\tthe Act in one fell swoop, or repealing it, would be enormously disruptive to First Nations.\u201d<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Other Indigenous peoples argue that, since Indian is a legal identity defined by the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">federal government<\/a>&nbsp;rather than by Indigenous nations themselves, Indian Status\r\n\tand the&nbsp;<em>Indian Act&nbsp;<\/em>should be abolished. As&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/assembly-of-first-nations\">Assembly of First Nations<\/a>&nbsp;chief&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/perry-bellegarde\">Perry Bellegarde<\/a>&nbsp;stated\r\n\tin 2018, \u201cWe all want to move beyond the&nbsp;<em>Indian Act<\/em>\u2019s control and reconstitute ourselves as Indigenous peoples and Nations with fundamental inherent rights.\u201d Critics also point to the fact that the Act has been used to disadvantage many people,\r\n\tparticularly women and their children. They argue that it upholds a paternalistic relationship between Indigenous peoples and the Canadian government, one in which Indians are \u201cwards\u201d of the state who require control and direction.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Furthermore, critics contend that the government has used the&nbsp;<em>Indian Act&nbsp;<\/em>(as well as other legislation) to assimilate Indigenous peoples to White, colonial Canadian&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/culture\">culture<\/a>.\r\n\tThese Indigenous peoples hope that ward status will change with the increasing move towards&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-self-government\/\">self-government<\/a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/truth-and-reconciliation-commission\">reconciliation<\/a>,\r\n\tcontributing to a change in government-Indigenous relations. Critics generally argue that cultural authenticity and status are not connected, and that legal definitions of Indian are nothing more than government impositions.<\/p>","slug":"indian-status","alt_slug":"","twitter_summary":null,"locale":"en","automated":false,"hidden":0,"views":0,"created_at":"2020-05-11T15:34:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2020-05-11T15:43:36.000000Z"},"media":[{"id":"381cfabb-a18b-4afd-8ae6-9812d53e8800","disk":"s3","directory":"media\/article_files","filename":"Indian Status A FR MUS (breakout from Indian)_modifie\u0301","extension":"docx","mime_type":"application\/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document","aggregate_type":"document","size":46894,"variant_name":null,"original_media_id":null,"created_at":"2020-07-10T20:59:54.000000Z","updated_at":"2020-07-10T20:59:54.000000Z","title":null,"alt":null,"caption":null,"creator":null,"source":null,"conversion_urls":{"original":"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/article_files\/Indian Status A 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Henderson","revisor":"Zach Parrott","major_update":null,"trigger_warning":0,"views":0,"shares":0,"type":"article","itunes_songs":"","indigo":"","itunes_title_en":"","itunes_title_fr":"","indigo_title_en":"","indigo_title_fr":"","status":"published","schedule_from":null,"schedule_until":null,"created_at":"2006-02-08T00:00:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2018-10-23T14:02:37.000000Z","deleted_at":null,"title":"Indian Act","slug":"indian-act","alt_slug":"","summary":"<p>The <em>Indian Act<\/em> is the primary law the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">federal government<\/a> uses to administer <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">Indian status<\/a>,\r\n\tlocal <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">First Nations<\/a> governments and the management of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">reserve<\/a> land. It also outlines governmental\r\n\tobligations to First Nations peoples. The <em>Indian Act<\/em> pertains to people with Indian Status; it does not directly reference non-status First Nations people, the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/metis\">M\u00e9tis<\/a> or\r\n\t<a\r\n\thref=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/inuit\">Inuit<\/a>. First introduced in 1876, the Act subsumed a number of colonial laws that aimed to eliminate First Nations culture in favour of assimilation into Euro-Canadian society. A new version of the Act was passed in 1951, and since then, has been\r\n\t\tamended several times, most significantly in 1985, with changes mainly focusing on the removal of discriminatory sections. It is an evolving, paradoxical document that has enabled trauma, human rights violations and social and cultural disruption for\r\n\t\tgenerations of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">Indigenous peoples<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>This is the full-length entry about the <em>Indian Act<\/em>. For a plain language summary, please see <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act-plain-language-summary\" target=\"_blank\">Indian Act (Plain Language Summary)<\/a>.<\/p>","body":"<div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/cbcd31d1-03f6-4fba-a45d-96ee89c4617d.jpg\" title=\"Indian Act\" alt=\"Indian Act\"><\/div>\r\n\r\n<h3>Historical Context: Before the Indian Act, 1763\u20131876<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/royal-proclamation-of-1763\/\">Royal Proclamation of 1763<\/a> laid down the basis for how colonial administration would interact with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">First Nations<\/a>\tpeoples in the centuries that followed. The Proclamation guaranteed certain <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-rights\">rights<\/a> and protections for First Nations peoples, and established the process by which the government\r\n\tcould acquire their lands. Further policies were passed in the first half of the 19th century that aimed to assimilate First Nations peoples into the growing settler population.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>The 1850 <em>Act for the better protection of the Lands and Property of the Indians in Lower Canada <\/em>was one of the first pieces of legislation that included a set of requirements for a person to be considered a legal <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/indian\/\">Indian<\/a>\t\u2014 a precursor to the concept of \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">status<\/a>.\u201d These requirements were based on blood, and essentially said that people \u201cshall be considered as Indians\u201d if they were of \u201cIndian\r\n\tblood\u201d and were members of a \u201cBody or Tribe of Indians.\u201d All descendants of such people were considered to be Indian. So too were non-Indians who \u201cintermarried with such Indians,\u201d people whose parents (one or both) would have been considered Indians,\r\n\tand \u201call persons adopted in infancy by any such Indians.\u201d<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Acts commonly known as the <em>Gradual Civilization Act <\/em>of 1857 and the <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/gradual-civilization-act\/\">Gradual Enfranchisement Act<\/a> <\/em>of 1869 were primarily aimed at removing any\r\n\tspecial distinction or rights of First Nations peoples in order to assimilate them into the larger settler population. This was initially meant to be accomplished by the <em>Gradual Civilization Act <\/em>through voluntary\r\n\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\/\">enfranchisement<\/a> (i.e., a First Nations person would give up their status in exchange for land and the right to vote), but only one person voluntarily enfranchised. As a\r\n\tresult, the government then began unilaterally enfranchising First Nations people.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>A number of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">Indigenous<\/a> groups made <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-treaties\/\">treaties<\/a>\u2014 in particular the first five <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/numbered-treaties\">Numbered Treaties<\/a>\t\u2014 with Canadian governments before the 1876 passing of the <em>Indian Act<\/em>. Those groups may consider their legal identity as First Nations people to flow through those treaties, rather than through the <em>Indian Act<\/em>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>The Indian Act Comes to Power, 1876<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>In 1867, the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/constitution-act-1867\/\"><em>Constitution Act<\/em><\/a> assigned legislative jurisdiction to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/parliament\">Parliament<\/a> over\"Indians,\r\n\tand Lands reserved for the Indians.\" Nearly 10 years later, in 1876, the <em>Gradual Civilization Act <\/em>and the <em>Gradual Enfranchisement Act <\/em>became part of the <em>Indian Act<\/em>. Through the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-affairs-and-northern-development-canada\">Department of Indian Affairs<\/a>\tand its <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-agents-in-canada\">Indian agents<\/a>, the <em>Indian Act <\/em>gave the government sweeping powers with regards to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">First Nations<\/a>\tidentity, political structures, governance, cultural practices and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-education\">education<\/a>. These powers restricted Indigenous freedoms and allowed officials to determine <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-rights\">Indigenous rights<\/a>\tand benefits based on \u201cgood moral character.\u201d<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>The <em>Indian Act<\/em> attempted to generalize a vast and varied population of people and assimilate them into non-Indigenous society. It forbade First Nations peoples and communities from expressing their identities through governance and culture. The\r\n\tAct replaced traditional structures of governance with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">band<\/a> council elections. Hereditary <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/chief\">chiefs<\/a> \u2014 leaders who\r\n\tacquire power through descent rather than election \u2014 are not recognized by the <em>Indian Act<\/em>. Until 1951, women were also excluded from band council politics. (<em>See also<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/women-and-the-indian-act\">Women and the Indian Act<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Act also made it illegal for First Nations peoples to practice <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/religion-of-aboriginal-people\">religious<\/a> ceremonies and various cultural gatherings. In 1884, the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/potlatch\/\">potlatch<\/a>\twas banned, and in 1895, \u201cany <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-term\">Indian<\/a> festival, dance or other ceremony,\u201d which would include <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/powwows-editorial\">powwows<\/a>\tand the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sun-dance\">sun dance<\/a>, were also banned. Another amendment in 1914 outlawed dancing off-<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">reserve<\/a>,\r\n\tand in 1925, dancing is outlawed entirely.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>In 1927, the Act made it illegal for First Nations peoples and communities to solicit funds for the pursuit of a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/land-claims\/\">land claim<\/a>. Subsequent amendments required First Nations children\r\n\tto attend industrial or <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/residential-schools\/\">residential schools<\/a>(1894 and 1920). The dark legacy of residential schools in Canada has affected Indigenous communities across the country and\r\n\tintergenerationally.\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>At the turn of the 20th century, the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/pass-system-in-canada\">pass system<\/a> (which restricted the movement of First Nations peoples off reserves) was imposed without any legal authorization. These\r\n\trestrictive policies have had lasting impacts on generations of Indigenous people, as restrictions on mobility caused damage to Indigenous economies, cultures and societies.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>The <em>Indian Act<\/em> also defined who was considered an Indian under the law. It stated that an Indian was \u201cany male person of Indian blood reputed to belong to a particular <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">band<\/a>.\u201d\r\n\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">Indian status<\/a> also applied to \u201cany child of such person\u201d and to \u201cany woman who is or was lawfully married to such person.\u201d A person lost status if they graduated university,\r\n\tmarried a non-status person (if they were a woman) or, from 1876 to 1880, became a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/christianity\">Christian<\/a> minister, doctor or lawyer. This was known as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\">enfranchisement<\/a>.\r\n\tSection 112 of the <em>Indian Act<\/em> \u2013 known as the \u201ccompulsory enfranchisement\u201d section \u2014 wasn\u2019t removed until 1961. The administration of status was a tool of assimilation and cultural destruction.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>A Revised Indian Act in 1951<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>The period immediately following the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/second-world-war-wwii\/\">Second World War<\/a> involved much societal introspection in Canada, and led to a reconsideration of some of the more restrictive and\r\n\toppressive measures imposed by the <em>Indian Act<\/em>. A series of proposed reforms were rejected or opposed by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">First Nations<\/a> peoples because they were not involved in the\r\n\tprocess. As a result, the government of Canada broke with tradition and through the Joint Committee process, consulted with First Nations communities for the very first time ever about changes to the <em>Indian Act<\/em>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>A new and revised <em>Indian Act <\/em>was given royal assent on 20 June 1951. The resulting overhaul removed some of the most offensive political, cultural and religious restrictions. For example, bans on ceremonies like the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/potlatch\">potlatch<\/a>\tand\r\n\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sun-dance\">sun dance<\/a> were removed. Communities were also able to bring about <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/land-claims\/\">land claims<\/a> against the government.\r\n\tFor First Nations women, the 1951 Act meant they were now able to vote in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">band<\/a> council elections. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/elsie-knott\">Elsie Marie Knott<\/a>\twas the first elected female First Nations <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/chief\">chief<\/a> in Canada. (<em>See also <\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-women-and-the-franchise\">Indigenous Women and the Franchise<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>However, the revisions did not rid the Act of discrimination. For example, the <em>Indian Act <\/em>prohibited <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">status<\/a> people from possessing intoxicants or being intoxicated.\r\n\tThe 1951 revisions also gave the provinces jurisdiction over Indigenous <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/child-welfare\">child welfare<\/a> (Section 88) where none existed federally. This eventually allowed for the \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sixties-scoop\">Sixties Scoop<\/a>\u201d\r\n\tto occur, a process by which provincial child welfare agencies chose to remove children from their homes rather than provide community resources and supports. The Sixties Scoop has had considerable and long-lasting effects on Indigenous communities.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Moreover, the new Act did not overturn the discriminatory nature of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian\">Indian Status<\/a>. The Act replaced the concept of \u201cIndian blood\u201d with one of status through registration. In other\r\n\twords, simply having First Nations heritage was not enough to qualify for status. Yet, male lines of descent were still privileged; women with status lost their rights if they married a non-status person. (<em>See also<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/women-and-the-indian-act\">Women and the Indian Act<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>The provisions regarding a woman\u2019s status were particularly extreme. A woman\u2019s status rights flowed entirely through her husband. A non-status woman who married a man with status would gain status herself. A status woman who married a status man had her\r\n\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">band<\/a> membership tied to his so she was no longer a member of her own band, and she lost her status entirely if she was widowed or abandoned by her husband.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>The 1951 <em>Indian Act<\/em> also introduced the \u201cDouble Mother\u201d rule, which revoked a child\u2019s status on its 21st birthday if both their mother and grandmother had not qualified for status. The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/royal-commission-on-aboriginal-peoples\">Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples<\/a>\tin 1996 noted that the revisions contained in the 1951 overhaul did little but return the <em>Indian Act <\/em>to its 1876 state, while the additional restrictions on the transfer of status did harm to First Nations women and their children.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Demanding Change to the Indian Act, 1960s and 1970s<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>The 1951 <em>Indian Act<\/em> did not alter the process of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\">enfranchisement<\/a> for <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">Indigenous peoples<\/a>,\r\n\tnor did it allow for the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/franchise\">right to vote<\/a>. However, in early 1958, Prime Minister <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/john-diefenbaker\">John Diefenbaker<\/a>\u2019s\r\n\tgovernment began drafting the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/canadian-bill-of-rights\/\">Canadian Bill of Rights<\/a>. With the Bill of Rights\u2019 emphasis on equal rights for all Canadians, Indigenous peoples could hardly be denied\r\n\tthe right to vote. On 31 March 1960, portions of Section 14(2) of the <em>Canada Elections Act <\/em>were repealed in order to grant the federal vote to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">Status Indians<\/a>.\r\n\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">First Nations<\/a> people could now vote without losing their status. The following year, the compulsory enfranchisement clause in the <em>Indian Act<\/em> was removed. (<em>See also<\/em>\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-suffrage\">Indigenous Suffrage in Canada<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>In 1969, the government of Prime Minister <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/pierre-elliott-trudeau\/\">Pierre Elliott Trudeau<\/a> released its <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/the-white-paper-1969\/\">White Paper<\/a>,\r\n\twhich declared its intention to entirely eliminate Indian status and the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-affairs-and-northern-development-canada\">Department of Indian Affairs<\/a>. The White Paper was met with outrage\r\n\tfrom First Nations peoples and was immediately countered by the \u201cRed Paper,\u201d created and presented by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/harold-cardinal\/\">Harold Cardinal<\/a>, then-president of the Indian Association of Alberta.\r\n\tDue to the fierce and continued opposition by Indigenous groups and their supporters, the Canadian government quickly withdrew the White Paper.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Many Indigenous women during this time were fighting to change discriminatory sections of the <em>Indian Act<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mary-two-axe-earley\">Mary Two-Axe Earley<\/a> was one of the earliest activists.\r\n\tIn addition to other work, she mobilized a series of speaking and writing campaigns to raise the profile of abuses by women who had been denied status, treaty and property rights under the Act. Yvonne <a name=\"_Hlk39573469\">B\u00e9dard <\/a>and\r\n\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/jeannette-vivian-lavell\">Jeannette Corbiere Lavell<\/a>, both of whom lost their status because of a marriage, brought cases to court against the Canadian government. In 1973, their cases merged\r\n\tat the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/supreme-court-of-canada\/\">Supreme Court of Canada<\/a>. In that year, the court was widely criticized for ruling that the part of the Act that connected a woman\u2019s status to her husband\u2019s\r\n\tdid not discriminate against women, even though status men kept their status if they \u201cmarried out.\u201d (<em>See also <\/em>\r\n\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/bedard-case\">B\u00e9dard Case<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/lavell-case\">Lavell Case<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>In 1981, the United Nations Human Rights Commission ruled that Canada had violated Article 27 of the <em>International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights <\/em>in the case of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sandra-lovelace-nicholas\">Sandra Lovelace Nicholas<\/a>\u2014\r\n\ta\r\n\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/maliseet\">Wolastoqiyik<\/a> woman who had lost her status through marriage. The government had prevented Sandra from returning to her home community because, according to the <em>Indian Act<\/em>,\r\n\tshe had married out and was no longer considered to be a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">band<\/a> member.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Bill C-31: 1985 Amendments to the Indian Act<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>In 1985, responding to growing national and international concern over the lack of equality in the <em>Indian Act<\/em>, the government passed <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/bill-c-31\">Bill C-31<\/a>. The bill fully removed all\r\n\tremaining <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\">enfranchisement<\/a> clauses. Additionally, those who had lost <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">status<\/a> through marriage\r\n\twere reinstated as Status Indians and as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">band<\/a> members. Their children gained status, but would not gain band membership for two years. This interval was meant to give bands time to\r\n\tcreate their own membership codes, which could exclude the children, but not their mothers. If such a code was not passed prior to June 1987, the children gained band membership as well. With more control over membership lists, bands could have non-status\r\n\tmembers. However, since funding through the federal government is based on status members, there is little incentive for bands to have many non-status members.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Since the amendments to the <em>Indian Act <\/em>in 1985 were put in place, the number of registered Indians has more than doubled, from approximately 360,000 in 1985 to more than 778,000 in 2007. The increase is a result of more births over deaths as\r\n\twell as through \"reinstated\" Indian status.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>However, while the amendment addressed <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/prejudice-and-discrimination\">discrimination<\/a> against women, it also created some problems. Bill C-31 created two categories of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian\">Indian<\/a>\tregistration. The first, known as section 6(1), applies when both parents are or were entitled to registration. (This section is further broken down into sub-sections that differ based on how status is passed down.) The second, known as section 6(2),\r\n\tapplies when one parent is entitled to registration under 6(1). Status <em>cannot <\/em>be transferred if that one parent is registered under section 6(2). In short, after two generations of intermarriage with non-status partners, children would no longer\r\n\tbe eligible for status. This is known as the \u201cSecond-Generation Cut-Off\u201d rule. In this way, Bill C-31 has had consequences on the number of people entitled to status rights.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<iframe width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/__Y_hHFvUR8\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen=\"\"><\/iframe>\r\n<br>\r\n\r\n<h3>Governance and the Indian Act, 1960s to 2000s<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>The <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\/\">Indian Act<\/a>, <\/em>1876, dismantled traditional systems of governance and imposed external controls \u2014 in the form of local <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-agents-in-canada\">Indian agents<\/a>\tand the federal bureaucracy of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-affairs-and-northern-development-canada\">Department of Indian Affairs<\/a> on individuals and communities. Not until the late 1960s and early 1970s\r\n\tdid increasingly effective political organizations and intensifying activism set Canada on a path toward acknowledging and enabling forms of Indigenous <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-self-government\">self-government<\/a>.\r\n\tThis trend gained momentum in the late 20th and the early 21st centuries, and Indigenous peoples saw their rights to self-government affirmed in the<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/constitution-act-1982\/\">\u200b<em>Constitution Act, 1982<\/em><\/a>,\r\n\tand in international documents.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>In 1984, the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/james-bay-and-northern-quebec-agreement\">James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement<\/a>, as well as the Penner Report, resulted in the <em>Cree-Naskapi (of Quebec) Act<\/em>, the first\r\n\tpiece of Indigenous self-government legislation in Canada, which replaced the <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\">Indian Act<\/a> <\/em>and established Indigenous communities in the region as corporate entities. Self-governing\r\n\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">First Nations<\/a> are not subject to the <em>Indian Act<\/em>, though the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">federal government<\/a> continues\r\n\tto administer certain First Nations affairs.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Since then, there have been proposals to increase <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">band<\/a> powers over governance in the Act. In 1996, the federal government proposed Bill C-79 to amend areas of the Act including band\r\n\tgovernance and the regulation of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">reserves<\/a>. The majority of First Nations were opposed to Bill C-79. Among other reasons, they argued that the government failed to adequately\r\n\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/duty-to-consult\">consult<\/a> with First Nations about proposed changes. They feared the bill would threaten <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-treaties\">treaty<\/a>\trights and the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-rights\">right<\/a> to self-government. Furthermore, the bill was criticized for ignoring the recommendations of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/royal-commission-on-aboriginal-peoples\">Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples<\/a>.\r\n\tBill C-79 failed to become law.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>In 2002, Bill C-7, also known as the <em>First Nations Governance Act,<\/em> sought to give band councils more power in terms of law-making, leadership selection and the like. Though the federal government consulted with various First Nations about the\r\n\tbill, it ultimately failed. In 2006, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/senate\">Senator<\/a> Gerry St. Germain introduced Bill S-216 \u201cto promote the recognition and implementation of the right to self-government for First Nations\r\n\tin Canada.\u201d The bill would have allowed for First Nations wishing to self-govern to develop a proposal and constitution. While Bill S-216 achieved Second Reading, it too ultimately failed. (<em>See also<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/parliamentary-procedure\">Parliamentary Procedure<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>However, some First Nations have made successful sectoral arrangements. These allow for greater governance powers not provided under the <em>Indian Act<\/em>. Some examples include: <em>First Nations Land Management Act<\/em> (1999), <em>First Nations Fiscal Management Act<\/em>\t(2005), <em>First Nations Oil and Gas and Moneys Management Act<\/em> (2005), <em>First Nations Commercial and Industrial Development Act<\/em> (2006), and <em>First Nation Property Ownership Act<\/em> (2009).<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Amendments to the Indian Act in 2011 and 2017<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Despite various amendments, the <em>Indian Act<\/em> still discriminated against women and their descendants, with regards to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">status<\/a> rights. In 2011, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/parliament\">Parliament<\/a>\tpassed the\r\n\t<em>Gender Equity in Indian Registration Act<\/em>, also known as Bill C-3. This was <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">federal government<\/a>\u2019s response to the <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mcivor-case\">McIvor case<\/a>,\r\n\twhich was about gender discrimination in section 6 of the 1985 <em>Indian Act<\/em>. Bill C-3 grants 6(2) status to grandchildren of women who regained status in 1985. However, the descendants of women, specifically in terms of great-grandchildren, did\r\n\tnot have the same entitlements as descendants of men in similar circumstances. Therefore, Bill C-3 still denied status rights to some individuals because of gender discrimination.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Bill S-3 was created in response to another court case about discrimination in the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\"><em>Indian Act<\/em><\/a>, the 2015 Descheneaux case. The issue in this case was about the way status\r\n\tis passed to cousins and siblings. One part of Bill S-3 came into effect on 22 December 2017. Among other provisions, the amendment enables more people to pass down their status to their descendants and reinstate status to those who lost it before 1985.\r\n\tFor example, it provides ways to register people with unknown paternity and who were unmarried minors between 1951\u201385 and affected by registration rules in place at the time. The other part of the bill \u2014 related to restoring status to women and their\r\n\toffspring who lost status before 1951 (known as the \u201c1951 Cut-off\u201d) \u2014 was brought into force on 15 August 2019. According to the government, \u201cAll known sex-based inequities in the <em>Indian Act <\/em>have now been addressed.\u201d<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Proposed Reforms<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>In 2010, the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">federal government<\/a> announced its intent to work with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">Indigenous peoples<\/a> to\r\n\tget rid parts of the <em>Indian Act <\/em>that give the authority to create <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/residential-schools\">residential schools<\/a> and take children away from their homes.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Bill S-2, the <em>Family Homes on Reserves and Matrimonial Interests or Rights Act<\/em>, addresses a legislative gap in the <em>Indian Act. <\/em>It aims to ensure that people living on <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">reserve<\/a>\thave similar rights to marital property as other Canadians. According to the Canadian government, Bill S-2 is a stand-alone piece of legislation, not a part of <em>Indian Act <\/em>reform.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Debate: To Keep or Eradicate the Indian Act?<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>While some Indigenous and non-Indigenous peoples call for the abolition of the Act, others fear that its removal would erode certain protections, such as those on Indian Status. As scholar David Newhouse explains, \u201c[The <em>Indian Act<\/em>] provides the\r\n\tstructure for local community governance and community life. Reforming the Act in one fell swoop, or repealing it, would be enormously disruptive to First Nations.\u201d<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>However, critics of the Act continue to work toward its dismantlement. These Indigenous peoples hope that the powers of the Act will fade or disappear with the increasing move towards <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-self-government\/\">self-government<\/a>\tand\r\n\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/truth-and-reconciliation-commission\">reconciliation<\/a>, contributing to a change in government-Indigenous relations. As <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/assembly-of-first-nations\">Assembly of First Nations<\/a>\tchief\r\n\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/perry-bellegarde\">Perry Bellegarde<\/a> stated in 2018, \u201cWe all want to move beyond the <em>Indian Act<\/em>\u2019s control and reconstitute ourselves as Indigenous peoples and Nations with fundamental\r\n\tinherent rights.\u201d<\/p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>\r\n\t<iframe sandbox=\"allow-same-origin allow-scripts allow-top-navigation allow-popups\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"100%\" height=\"185\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https:\/\/embed.radiopublic.com\/e?if=the-secret-life-of-canada-Ww0QnZ&amp;ge=s1!7163a1347ab72236394fe46a4fe7d4048bc69b37\"><\/iframe>\r\n\t<br>\r\n\r\n\t<p>What is the Indian Act and why Canada still have it on the books? The Secret Life team looks at the roots of this complicated policy, which after 143 years is still embedded in Canadian identity, from the policy that led to the Act to how it still impacts\r\n\t\tIndigenous identities today.<br>\r\n\t <strong>Note<\/strong>: <em>The Secret Life of Canada<\/em> is hosted and written by Falen Johnson and Leah Simone Bowen and is a CBC original podcast independent of <em>The Canadian Encyclopedia<\/em>.<\/p>\r\n<\/blockquote>\r\n<br>\r\n\r\n<h3>Legacy and Significance<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Though it has been amended several times over the years, the contemporary version of the <em>Indian Act <\/em>still outlines the terms of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">Indian Status<\/a>, various rules around\r\n\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">reserves<\/a>, financial guardianship of minors and the mentally incompetent, management of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">band<\/a> resources,\r\n\telections, and other aspects of life on a reserve.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>The <em>Indian Act<\/em> has had ongoing and long-lasting impacts on Indigenous cultures, economies, politics, and communities. It has also caused inter-generational trauma, particularly with regards to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/residential-schools\">residential schools<\/a>,\r\n\tas the oppression and restrictive provisions of the Act have negatively impacted generations of Indigenous peoples.<\/p>","twitter_summary":null,"pivot":{"model_id":"83f8c22b-c140-45f4-bb66-1e503b5ad16d","relatable_id":"83668","relatable_type":"App\\Models\\Article","position":1},"translations":[{"id":"9da96396-efa6-428b-a367-06983dd23ee9","article_id":"83668","title":"\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a","summary":"<p><em>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a<\/em> \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0647 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/a> \u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a<\/a> \u0648\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \r\n<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629<\/a>. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \r\n \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649. <a\r\n\thref=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/inuit\">\u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 <em>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635<\/em> \u0630\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a\u061b \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0648 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/metis\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0633<\/a> \u0623\u0648 \r\n \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0648\u064a\u062a.<\/a> \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1876\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u062f\u064a. \u0648\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1951\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062a\u0645 \r\n \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0647\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1985\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629. \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \r\n \u0644\u0623\u062c\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062d\u0648\u0644 <em>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a<\/em>. \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635 \u0628\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0631\u062c\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act-plain-language-summary\" target=\"_blank\">\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a (\u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629)<\/a>.<\/p>","body":"<div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/cbcd31d1-03f6-4fba-a45d-96ee89c4617d.jpg\" title=\"\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a\" alt=\"\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a\"><\/div>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a: \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a\u060c 1763-1876<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0648\u0636\u0639 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/royal-proclamation-of-1763\/\">\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1763<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649<\/a> \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0644\u062a \u0630\u0644\u0643. \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-rights\">\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642<\/a> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \r\n \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0647\u0627. \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0643\u0627\u0646 <em>\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 1850 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0644\u0649<\/em> \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0643\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/indian\/\">\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a\u064b\u0627<\/a> \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627 - \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u00ab<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0629<\/a>\u00bb. \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u00ab\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0646\u0648\u062f\u064b\u0627\u00bb \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u00ab\r\n\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a\u00bb \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u00ab\u062c\u0633\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u0648\u062f\u00bb. \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u062d\u0641\u0627\u062f \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u0648\u062f. \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u00ab\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0648\u062c\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u0648\u062f\u00bb\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0622\u0628\u0627\u0624\u0647\u0645 (\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0627) \u0633\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0648\u062f\u064b\u0627\u060c \r\n \u0648 \u00ab\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u0648\u062f\u00bb.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 <em>\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1857 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646<\/em> <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/gradual-civilization-act\/\">\u0645\u0646\u062d \u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645<\/a><\/em> 1869 \u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u064a \u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \r\n \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0639\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 <em>\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629<\/em> \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\/\">\u0645\u0646\u062d<\/a> \u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0639\u064a (\u0623\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u064a\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0646 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0647 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u062a)\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0645\u0646\u062d \u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u062a \u0637\u0648\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629. \r\n\u0648\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u062d \u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u062a \u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0645 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-treaties\/\">\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0627\u062a<\/a> - \u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/numbered-treaties\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0642\u0645\u0629<\/a> - \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0631 <em>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a<\/em> \u0639\u0627\u0645 1876. \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 <em>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a<\/em>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629\u060c 1876<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1867\u060c <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/constitution-act-1867\/\"><em>\u0645\u0646\u062d \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631<\/em><\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/parliament\">\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646<\/a> \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u0648\u062f \r\n \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0647\u0646\u0648\u062f\u00bb. \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 10 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1876\u060c \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d <em>\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629<\/em> <em>\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0632<\/em> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a \u062c\u0632\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 <em>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a<\/em>. \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-affairs-and-northern-development-canada\">\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-agents-in-canada\">\u0648\u0648\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u0648\u062f<\/a>\u060c \u0623\u0639\u0637\u0649 <em>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a<\/em> \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0627\u0633\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649<\/a> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-education\">\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645<\/a>. \u0642\u064a\u062f\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-rights\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u0645\u062d\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642<\/a> \u0648\u0645\u0632\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629\u00bb.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 <em>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a<\/em> \u062a\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0639\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a. \u0645\u0646\u0639\u062a \u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629. \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0644 \r\n \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\u0628\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a<\/a> \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/chief\">\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u0633\u0627\u0621<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0646 - \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \r\n \u064a\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628 - \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0647\u0645 <em>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a<\/em>. \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1951\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642\u0629. (<em>\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/women-and-the-indian-act\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/religion-of-aboriginal-people\">\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/a> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1884\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u062d\u0638\u0631 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/potlatch\/\">\u0645\u0647\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u062a\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0634<\/a>\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1895\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u0638\u0631 \u00ab\u0623\u064a \u0645\u0647\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0646 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-term\">\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a<\/a> \u0623\u0648 \u0631\u0642\u0635 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u064a \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u00bb\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/powwows-editorial\">powwows<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sun-dance\">\u0648\u0631\u0642\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633<\/a>. \u062d\u0638\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1914 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0635 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0637\u064a<\/a>\u060c \r\n \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1925\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u062d\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0635 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1927\u060c \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/land-claims\/\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636<\/a>. \u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \r\n \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0642 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/residential-schools\/\">\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/a> (1894 \u0648 1920). \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0644\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \r\n \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u064a\u0627\u0644. \r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u0641\u0631\u0636 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/pass-system-in-canada\">\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631<\/a> (\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u064a\u062f \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a) \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \r\n \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062c\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0636\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u062f <em>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a<\/em> \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646. \u0648\u0630\u0643\u0631\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u00ab\u0623\u064a \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a \u064a\u0634\u062a\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\u0641\u0631\u0642\u0629<\/a> \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629\u00bb. \r\n\u064a\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0642 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a<\/a> \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u00ab\u0623\u064a \u0637\u0641\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u00bb \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u00ab\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u00bb. \u064a\u0641\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u062e\u0631\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \r\n \u062a\u0632\u0648\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0645 (\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629) \u0623\u0648\u060c \u0645\u0646 1876 \u0625\u0644\u0649 1880\u060c \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/christianity\">\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u064b\u0627<\/a>. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\">\u0645\u0646\u062d \u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u062a<\/a>. \r\n\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 112 \u0645\u0646 <em>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a<\/em> - \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u00ab\u0645\u0646\u062d \u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u00bb - \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1961. \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0642\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1951<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0642\u0628\u062a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/second-world-war-wwii\/\">\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/a> \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0646\u062f\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062f\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \r\n \u0648\u0642\u0645\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0636\u0647\u0627 <em>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a<\/em>. \u062a\u0645 \u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649<\/a> \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a \r\n \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062e\u0631\u0642\u062a \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0643\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a <em>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a<\/em>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u062d\u0635\u0644 <em>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a<\/em> \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0642\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a 20 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 1951. \u0623\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0647\u062c\u0648\u0645\u064b\u0627. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u062a\u0645\u062a \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0636 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/potlatch\">\u0631\u0642\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u062a\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0634<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sun-dance\">\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0635 \r\n \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633\u064a<\/a>. \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0641\u0639 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/land-claims\/\">\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a<\/a> \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629. \r\n\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 1951 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u062a \u0641\u064a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a<\/a> \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642. \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/elsie-knott\">\u0625\u0644\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0646\u0648\u062a<\/a> \u0623\u0648\u0644 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/chief\">\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0646\u062f\u0627<\/a>. (<em>\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-women-and-the-franchise\">\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0632<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u064a\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u062d\u0638\u0631 <em>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0643\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0645\u0645. \r\n\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0639\u0637\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1951 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/child-welfare\">\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 (\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 88) \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0633\u0645\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0641 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sixties-scoop\">\u0628\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u00ab\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/a>\u00bb\r\n\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u064a. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0640 Sixties Scoop \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0628\u0637\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian\">\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a<\/a>. \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a\u00bb \u0628\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644. \r\n\u0648\u0628\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0647\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629\u061b \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0642\u062f \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0648\u062c\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a. (<em>\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/women-and-the-indian-act\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0635. \u062a\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0632\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0632\u0648\u062c \u0631\u062c\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u0633\u062a\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0632\u0648\u062c\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0639\u0636\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\u0628\u0641\u0631\u0642\u062a\u0647<\/a> \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0636\u0648\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0642\u062f\u062a \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0631\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062e\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0632\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0623\u062f\u062e\u0644 <em>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645<\/em> 1951 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u062f\u0648\u062c\u0629\u00bb\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0644\u063a\u062a \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u064a\u062f \u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639. \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u062a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/royal-commission-on-aboriginal-peoples\">\u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a<\/a> \u0639\u0627\u0645 1996 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u064a\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1951 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0626\u064b\u0627 \u0633\u0648\u0649 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 <em>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a<\/em> \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1876\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0623\u0636\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u063a\u064a\u0631 <em>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645<\/em> 1951 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\">\u0645\u0646\u062d \u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u062a<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">\u0644\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/a>\u060c \r\n \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/franchise\">\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642<\/a> \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u062a. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1958\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \r\n \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0621 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/john-diefenbaker\">\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0631<\/a> \u0641\u064a \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/canadian-bill-of-rights\/\">\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u062f\u064a<\/a>. \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0634\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \r\n \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u062a. \u0641\u064a 31 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 1960\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 14 (2) \u0645\u0646 <em>\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/em> \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">\u0644\u0647\u0646\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639<\/a>. \r\n\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0641\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0645. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0645\u062a \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u0637 \u0645\u0646\u062d \u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a <em>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a<\/em>. (<em>\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-suffrage\">\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0646\u062f\u0627<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1969\u060c \u0623\u0635\u062f\u0631\u062a \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0621 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/pierre-elliott-trudeau\/\">\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0648\u062a \u062a\u0631\u0648\u062f\u0648<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/the-white-paper-1969\/\">\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a\u0636<\/a>\u060c \r\n \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0646\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-affairs-and-northern-development-canada\">\u0648\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/a>. \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a\u0636 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0636\u0628 \r\n \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0640 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631\u00bb\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0647 \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0647 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/harold-cardinal\/\">\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0644\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0644<\/a>\u060c \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u0627 \u0622\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0643. \r\n\u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0624\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0633\u062d\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a\u0636 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u064a\u0646\u0627\u0636\u0644\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 <em>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mary-two-axe-earley\">\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u062a\u0648 \u0623\u0643\u0633 \u0625\u064a\u0631\u0644\u064a<\/a> \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0627\u0621. \r\n\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u062d\u0634\u062f\u062a \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062a\u064a \u062d\u064f\u0631\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646. \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0625\u064a\u0641\u0648\u0646 <a name=\"_Hlk39573469\">\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f \r\n<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/jeannette-vivian-lavell\">\u0648\u062c\u0627\u0646\u064a\u062a \u0643\u0648\u0631\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0644<\/a>\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0627\u062c\u060c \u0628\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1973\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u062f\u0645\u062c \u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627\u0647\u0645 \r\n \u0641\u064a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/supreme-court-of-canada\/\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0627<\/a>. \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062d\u0643\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0632\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627 \r\n \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0638\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u00ab\u062a\u0632\u0648\u062c\u0648\u0627\u00bb. (<em>\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627<\/em> \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/bedard-case\">\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0648\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/lavell-case\">\u0644\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0644<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1981\u060c \u0642\u0636\u062a \u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0643\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 27 \u0645\u0646 <em>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/em> \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sandra-lovelace-nicholas\">\u0633\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u0648\u0641\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0646\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0633<\/a> - \r\n \u0627\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/maliseet\">\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0643 \u0641\u0642\u062f\u062a \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627<\/a> \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0627\u062c. \u0645\u0646\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 <em>\u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a<\/em>\u060c \r\n \u062a\u0632\u0648\u062c\u062a \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0636\u0648\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642\u0629<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 C-31: \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a 1985 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1985\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0641\u064a <em>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a<\/em>\u060c \u0623\u0642\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/bill-c-31\">\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 C-31<\/a>. \u0623\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0628\u0646\u0648\u062f <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\">\u0645\u0646\u062d \u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u062a \r\n \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0629.<\/a> \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \r\n \u062a\u0645\u062a \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0627 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0645<\/a> \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0647\u0646\u0648\u062f \u0633\u062a\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0633 \u0648\u0643\u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642\u0629<\/a>. \u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u0635\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0636\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0642\u062a\u064b\u0627 \r\n \u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0636\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0623\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 1987\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0636\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627. \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0636\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \r\n \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0632 \u0636\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0625\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 <em>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a<\/em> \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1985\u060c \u0632\u0627\u062f \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u0641\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 360,000 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1985 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 778,000 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2007. \u0648\u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a \r\n \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u00bb.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u064a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/prejudice-and-discrimination\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632<\/a> \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644. \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 C-31 \u0641\u0626\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian\">\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a<\/a>. \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 6 (1)\u060c \u064a\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u062d\u0642 \u0644\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644. (\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629.) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 6 (2)\u060c \r\n \u064a\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0642 \u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 6 (1). <em>\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646<\/em> \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062c\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 6 (2). \u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062c\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0637 \u0645\u0639 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0630\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0646 \r\n \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0624\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639. \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u00bb. \u0648\u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 C-31 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u0642 \u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<iframe width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/__Y_hHFvUR8\" title=\"\u0645\u0634\u063a\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648 \u064a\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0648\u0628\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen=\"\">\r\n<\/iframe><br>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0642\u0627\u0645 <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\/\">\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645<\/a><\/em> 1876 \u0628\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0643 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0636\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 - \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0643\u0644 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-agents-in-canada\">\u0648\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u0646\u0648\u062f<\/a> \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-affairs-and-northern-development-canada\">\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/a> \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a. \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641 \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0643\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-self-government\">\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a<\/a> \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u0645\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a\r\n. \r\n\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0632\u062e\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0623\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0624\u0643\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/constitution-act-1982\/\"><em>\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1982<\/em><\/a> \r\n \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1984\u060c \u0623\u0633\u0641\u0631 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/james-bay-and-northern-quebec-agreement\">\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u062c\u064a\u0645\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u064a \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0643\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0643<\/a>\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0631\u060c \u0639\u0646 <em>\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 Cree-Naskapi (\u0645\u0646 \u0643\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0643)<\/em>\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \r\n \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0646\u062f\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062d\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0644 <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\">\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a<\/a><\/em> \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0643\u0643\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062e\u0636\u0639 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \r\n \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a <em>\u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a<\/em>\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/a> \r\n \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642\u0629<\/a> \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646. \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1996\u060c \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 C-79 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \r\n \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/a>. \u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u062a \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 C-79. \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u062c\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u0634\u0644\u062a \u0641\u064a \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/duty-to-consult\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0648\u0631<\/a> \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d\u0629. \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0634\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0647\u062f\u062f \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-treaties\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0627\u062a<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-rights\">\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642<\/a> \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/royal-commission-on-aboriginal-peoples\">\u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/a>. \r\n\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 C-79 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2002\u060c \u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 C-7\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 <em>\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c<\/em> \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u062d \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0630\u0644\u0643. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \r\n \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0634\u0644\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2006\u060c \u0642\u062f\u0645 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/senate\">\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631<\/a> \u062c\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0633\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062c\u064a\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 S-216 \u00ab\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \r\n \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u0647\u00bb. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u063a\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062d \u0648\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631. \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 S-216 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629. (<em>\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/parliamentary-procedure\">\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u062c\u062d\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a <em>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a<\/em>. \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629: <em>\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649<\/em> <em>(1999)\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645<\/em> <em>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 (2005)\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 (2005)\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646<\/em> <em>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 (2006)\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646<\/em> <em>\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649<\/em> (2009).<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a 2011 \u0648 2017<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 <em>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a<\/em> \u064a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062d\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639<\/a>. \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2011\u060c \u0623\u0642\u0631 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/parliament\">\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646<\/a> <em>\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \r\n \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a<\/em>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 C-3. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0631\u062f <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/a> \u0639\u0644\u0649 <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mcivor-case\">\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 McIvor<\/a>\u060c \r\n \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 6 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 <em>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a<\/em> \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1985. \u064a\u0645\u0646\u062d \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 C-3 \u0648\u0636\u0639 6 (2) \u0644\u0623\u062d\u0641\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0647\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1985. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0641\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u062d\u0641\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0641\u0627\u062f\u060c \r\n \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062d\u0641\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644\u0629. \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 C-3 \u064a\u062d\u0631\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 S-3 \u0631\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0641\u064a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\"><em>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a<\/em><\/a>\u060c \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 Descheneaux \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2015. \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \r\n \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0642\u0627\u0621. \u062f\u062e\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 S-3 \u062d\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0641\u064a 22 \u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 2017. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0651\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062d\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0647 \u0642\u0628\u0644 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\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0646\u062d\u0648 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-self-government\/\">\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a \r\n<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/truth-and-reconciliation-commission\">\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629<\/a>\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0644 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/assembly-of-first-nations\">\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \r\n<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/perry-bellegarde\">\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0644\u064a\u063a\u0627\u0631\u062f<\/a> \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2018\u060c \u00ab\u0646\u0631\u064a\u062f \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 <em>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a<\/em> \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0646\u0627 \u0643\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0628\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \r\n \u0645\u062a\u0623\u0635\u0644\u0629\u00bb.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<iframe sandbox=\"allow-same-origin allow-scripts allow-top-navigation allow-popups\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"100%\" height=\"185\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https:\/\/embed.radiopublic.com\/e?if=the-secret-life-of-canada-Ww0QnZ&amp;ge=s1!7163a1347ab72236394fe46a4fe7d4048bc69b37\">\r\n<\/iframe><br>\r\n\r\n\t<p>\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0643\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0638 \u0628\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628\u061f \u064a\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642 Secret Life \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u062f 143 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0632\u0623 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u062f\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \r\n \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645. <br>\r\n<strong>\u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0638\u0629<\/strong>: \u062a\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0644\u0645 <em>The Secret Life of Canada<\/em> \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0643\u0627\u0633\u062a \u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646 CBC \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644 <em>\u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/em>.<\/p>\r\n<\/blockquote>\r\n<br>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 <em>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a<\/em> \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a<\/a>\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/a>\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0642\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642\u0629<\/a>\u060c \r\n \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0643\u0627\u0646 <em>\u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a<\/em> \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u064a\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/residential-schools\">\u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \r\n \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062c\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>","slug":"karnonarhndy","alt_slug":"","twitter_summary":null,"locale":"ar","automated":true,"hidden":0,"views":6,"created_at":"2024-12-06T18:07:38.000000Z","updated_at":"2024-12-06T18:07:38.000000Z"},{"id":"9db32e12-b51c-4988-af41-8f312b277dba","article_id":"83668","title":"Indian Act","summary":"<p>Der <em>Indian Act<\/em> ist das prim\u00e4re Gesetz, das die <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">Bundesregierung<\/a> zur Verwaltung des <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">Indianerstatus<\/a>, der \r\n lokalen Regierungen der <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">First Nations<\/a> und der Verwaltung von <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">Reservaten<\/a> verwendet. Es beschreibt auch die \r\n Verpflichtungen der Regierung gegen\u00fcber den V\u00f6lkern der First Nations. <a\r\n\thref=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/inuit\">Das <em>Indian Act<\/em> bezieht sich auf Menschen mit indischem Status; es bezieht sich nicht direkt auf Angeh\u00f6rige der First Nations, die <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/metis\">M\u00e9tis<\/a> oder Inuit, die keinen Status haben. \r\n<\/a> Das 1876 erstmals eingef\u00fchrte Gesetz fasste eine Reihe kolonialer Gesetze zusammen, die darauf abzielten, die Kultur der Ureinwohner zugunsten der Assimilation in die eurokanadische Gesellschaft abzuschaffen. Eine neue Version des Gesetzes wurde 1951 verabschiedet und seitdem mehrfach \r\n ge\u00e4ndert, vor allem 1985, wobei sich die \u00c4nderungen haupts\u00e4chlich auf die Beseitigung diskriminierender Abschnitte konzentrierten. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">Es ist ein sich weiterentwickelndes, paradoxes Dokument, das \r\n Generationen indigener V\u00f6lker zu Traumata, Menschenrechtsverletzungen und sozialen und kulturellen St\u00f6rungen verholfen hat.<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Dies ist der vollst\u00e4ndige Eintrag \u00fcber den Indian Act.<\/em> Eine Zusammenfassung in einfacher Sprache finden Sie unter <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act-plain-language-summary\" target=\"_blank\">Indian Act (Zusammenfassung in einfacher Sprache)<\/a>.<\/p>","body":"<div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/cbcd31d1-03f6-4fba-a45d-96ee89c4617d.jpg\" title=\"Indisches Gesetz\" alt=\"Indisches Gesetz\"><\/div>\r\n\r\n<h3>Historischer Kontext: Vor dem Indian Act, 1763\u20141876<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Die <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/royal-proclamation-of-1763\/\">k\u00f6nigliche Proklamation von 1763<\/a> legte die Grundlage daf\u00fcr fest, wie die Kolonialverwaltung in den darauffolgenden Jahrhunderten mit den V\u00f6lkern der <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">First Nations<\/a> interagieren sollte. Die Proklamation garantierte den V\u00f6lkern der First Nations bestimmte <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-rights\">Rechte<\/a> und Schutzma\u00dfnahmen und legte den Prozess fest, nach dem die Regierung ihr Land erwerben \r\n konnte. In der ersten H\u00e4lfte des 19. Jahrhunderts wurden weitere Richtlinien verabschiedet, die darauf abzielten, die V\u00f6lker der First Nations in die wachsende Siedlerbev\u00f6lkerung zu integrieren.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">Das <em>Gesetz von 1850 zum besseren Schutz des Landes und des Eigentums der Indianer in Niederkanada<\/em> war eines der ersten Gesetze, das eine Reihe von Anforderungen enthielt, nach denen eine Person als legaler <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/indian\/\">Indianer<\/a> gelten muss \u2014 ein Vorl\u00e4ufer des Konzepts des \u201eStatus\u201c.<\/a> Diese Anforderungen basierten auf Blut und besagten im Wesentlichen, dass Menschen \u201eals Indianer betrachtet werden\u201c, wenn sie \u201eindianischen \r\n Blutes\u201c waren und Mitglieder einer \u201eK\u00f6rperschaft oder eines Stammes von Indianern\u201c waren. Alle Nachfahren dieser Menschen galten als Inder. Das Gleiche galt f\u00fcr Nichtindianer, die \u201emit solchen Indianern verheiratet waren\u201c, Menschen, deren Eltern (einer oder beide) als Inder betrachtet worden w\u00e4ren, \r\n und \u201ealle Personen, die im S\u00e4uglingsalter von solchen Indianern adoptiert wurden\u201c.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Die allgemein als <em>Graduale Civilization Act<\/em> von 1857 und <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/gradual-civilization-act\/\">Graduale Enfranchisement Act<\/a><\/em> von 1869 bekannten Gesetze zielten in erster Linie darauf ab, den Ureinwohnern jegliche \r\n besondere Unterscheidung oder Rechte aufzuheben, um sie in die gr\u00f6\u00dfere Siedlerbev\u00f6lkerung einzugliedern. Dies sollte urspr\u00fcnglich durch den <em>Gradual Civilization Act<\/em> durch freiwillige Wahlrechte \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\/\">erreicht werden (<\/a>d. h. eine Person der First Nations w\u00fcrde ihren Status im Austausch f\u00fcr Land und Wahlrecht aufgeben), aber nur eine Person erhielt freiwillig das Wahlrecht. \r\nDaraufhin begann die Regierung, den Ureinwohnern einseitig Wahlrechte zu gew\u00e4hren.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-treaties\/\"><em>Vor der Verabschiedung des <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">Indian Act 1876 schlossen eine Reihe indigener<\/a> Gruppen <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/numbered-treaties\">Vertr\u00e4ge \u2014 insbesondere die ersten f\u00fcnf Numbered<\/a> Treaties \u2014 mit den kanadischen Regierungen.<\/em><\/a> Diese Gruppen k\u00f6nnten davon ausgehen, dass ihre rechtliche Identit\u00e4t als Angeh\u00f6rige der First Nations eher durch diese Vertr\u00e4ge als durch den <em>Indian Act<\/em> geregelt wird.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Der Indian Act kommt an die Macht, 1876<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>1867 \u00fcbertrug das <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/constitution-act-1867\/\"><em>Verfassungsgesetz<\/em><\/a> dem <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/parliament\">Parlament<\/a> die Gesetzgebungsbefugnis \u00fcber \u201eIndianer \r\n und den Indianern vorbehaltene Gebiete\u201c. <em>Fast 10 Jahre sp\u00e4ter, 1876, wurden der Gradual <em>Civilization Act und der Gradual<\/em> <em>Enfranchisement Act Teil des Indian Act<\/em>.<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-education\">\u00dcber das <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-affairs-and-northern-development-canada\">Department of Indian Affairs<\/a> und dessen <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-agents-in-canada\">Vertreter in Indien<\/a> erteilte der <em>Indian Act<\/em> der Regierung weitreichende Befugnisse in Bezug auf die Identit\u00e4t der <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">First Nations<\/a>, politische Strukturen, Regierungsf\u00fchrung, kulturelle Praktiken und Bildung.<\/a> Diese Befugnisse schr\u00e4nkten die Freiheiten der Ureinwohner ein und erm\u00f6glichten es den Beamten, die <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-rights\">Rechte und Leistungen der Indigenen<\/a> auf der Grundlage eines \u201eguten moralischen Charakters\u201c festzulegen.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Mit dem <em>Indian Act<\/em> wurde versucht, eine gro\u00dfe und vielf\u00e4ltige Bev\u00f6lkerungsgruppe zu verallgemeinern und sie in die nichtindigene Gesellschaft zu integrieren. Es verbot den V\u00f6lkern und Gemeinschaften der First Nations, ihre Identit\u00e4t durch Regierungsf\u00fchrung und Kultur zum Ausdruck zu bringen. Das \r\n Gesetz ersetzte traditionelle Regierungsstrukturen durch <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">Bandratswahlen<\/a>. Erbliche <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/chief\">H\u00e4uptlinge<\/a> \u2014 F\u00fchrer, die Macht eher durch Abstammung als durch Wahl \r\n erlangen \u2014 werden vom <em>Indian Act<\/em> nicht anerkannt. Bis 1951 waren Frauen auch von der Bandratspolitik ausgeschlossen. (<em>Siehe auch<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/women-and-the-indian-act\">Women and the Indian Act<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Das Gesetz verbot es den Ureinwohnern auch, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/religion-of-aboriginal-people\">religi\u00f6se<\/a> Zeremonien und verschiedene kulturelle Zusammenk\u00fcnfte abzuhalten. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sun-dance\">1884 wurde der <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/potlatch\/\">Potlatch<\/a> verboten, und 1895 wurden auch \u201ealle <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-term\">indischen<\/a> Feste, T\u00e4nze oder andere Zeremonien\u201c verboten, zu denen auch <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/powwows-editorial\">Powwows<\/a> und der Sonnentanz geh\u00f6rten.<\/a> Eine weitere \u00c4nderung aus dem Jahr 1914 verbot das Tanzen au\u00dferhalb der <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">Reserven<\/a>, \r\n und 1925 wurde das Tanzen vollst\u00e4ndig verboten.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/land-claims\/\">Im Jahr 1927 verbot das Gesetz den V\u00f6lkern und Gemeinden der First Nations, Gelder f\u00fcr die Geltendmachung eines Landanspruchs zu beantragen.<\/a> Sp\u00e4tere \u00c4nderungen sahen vor, \r\n dass Kinder der Ureinwohner Industrieschulen oder <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/residential-schools\/\">Internatsschulen<\/a> besuchen mussten (1894 und 1920). Das dunkle Erbe der \r\n Internatsschulen in Kanada hat indigene Gemeinschaften im ganzen Land und generationen\u00fcbergreifend betroffen. \r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts wurde das <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/pass-system-in-canada\">Passsystem (das<\/a> die Ausreise von Ureinwohnern aus Reservaten einschr\u00e4nkte) ohne jegliche gesetzliche Genehmigung eingef\u00fchrt. Diese \r\n restriktiven Ma\u00dfnahmen hatten nachhaltige Auswirkungen auf Generationen indigener V\u00f6lker, da Mobilit\u00e4tseinschr\u00e4nkungen den Volkswirtschaften, Kulturen und Gesellschaften der indigenen V\u00f6lker schadeten.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Im <em>Indian Act<\/em> wurde auch festgelegt, wer nach dem Gesetz als Inder gilt. Darin hei\u00dft es, dass ein Inder \u201ejede m\u00e4nnliche Person indischen Blutes ist, von der behauptet wird, dass sie einer bestimmten <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">Bande<\/a> angeh\u00f6rt\u201c. \r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">Der indische Status<\/a> galt auch f\u00fcr \u201ejedes Kind einer solchen Person\u201c und f\u00fcr \u201ejede Frau, die mit einer solchen Person rechtm\u00e4\u00dfig verheiratet ist oder war\u201c. Eine Person verlor ihren Status, wenn sie die Universit\u00e4t abschloss, eine Person ohne Status \r\n heiratete (falls sie eine Frau war) oder, von 1876 bis 1880, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/christianity\">christlicher<\/a> Pfarrer, Arzt oder Anwalt wurde. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\">Dies wurde als Wahlrecht bezeichnet.<\/a> \r\nAbschnitt 112 des <em>Indian Act<\/em> \u2014 bekannt als Abschnitt \u201eZwangsvollstreckung\u201c \u2014 wurde erst 1961 aufgehoben. Die Verwaltung des Status war ein Instrument der Assimilation und kulturellen Zerst\u00f6rung.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Ein \u00fcberarbeitetes indisches Gesetz aus dem Jahr 1951<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p><em>In der Zeit unmittelbar nach dem <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/second-world-war-wwii\/\">Zweiten Weltkrieg gab<\/a> es in Kanada viele gesellschaftliche \u00dcberlegungen, was dazu f\u00fchrte, dass einige der restriktiveren und \r\n repressiveren Ma\u00dfnahmen des Indian Act \u00fcberdacht wurden.<\/em> Eine Reihe von Reformvorschl\u00e4gen wurde von den V\u00f6lkern der <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">First Nations<\/a> abgelehnt oder abgelehnt, weil sie nicht an dem Prozess beteiligt waren. \r\n Infolgedessen brach die kanadische Regierung mit der Tradition und konsultierte im Rahmen des Prozesses des Joint Committee zum allerersten Mal die Gemeinden der First Nations zu \u00c4nderungen des <em>Indian Act<\/em>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ein neues und \u00fcberarbeitetes <em>Indian Act<\/em> erhielt am 20. Juni 1951 die k\u00f6nigliche Zustimmung. Durch die daraus resultierende \u00dcberarbeitung wurden einige der anst\u00f6\u00dfigsten politischen, kulturellen und religi\u00f6sen Beschr\u00e4nkungen aufgehoben. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sun-dance\">So wurden beispielsweise Verbote f\u00fcr Zeremonien wie <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/potlatch\">Potlatch<\/a> und \r\n Sonnentanz aufgehoben.<\/a> Gemeinden waren auch in der Lage, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/land-claims\/\">Landanspr\u00fcche gegen<\/a> die Regierung geltend zu machen. \r\nF\u00fcr die Frauen der First Nations bedeutete das Gesetz von 1951, dass sie nun an <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">Bandratswahlen<\/a> teilnehmen konnten. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/elsie-knott\">Elsie Marie Knott<\/a> war die erste gew\u00e4hlte weibliche <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/chief\">Chefin der First Nations in Kanada<\/a>. (<em>Siehe auch<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-women-and-the-franchise\">Indigene Frauen und das Wahlrecht<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Die \u00c4nderungen haben das Gesetz jedoch nicht von der Diskriminierung befreit. Zum Beispiel verbot das <em>indische Gesetz<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">Statuspersonen<\/a>, Rauschmittel zu besitzen oder sich zu berauschen. \r\nDie \u00c4nderungen von 1951 \u00fcbertrugen den Provinzen auch die Zust\u00e4ndigkeit f\u00fcr das <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/child-welfare\">Wohlergehen indigener Kinder<\/a> (Abschnitt 88), wo es auf Bundesebene keine gab. Dies erm\u00f6glichte schlie\u00dflich den \u201e<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sixties-scoop\">Sixties Scoop<\/a>\u201c\r\n, einen Prozess, bei dem die Kinderschutzbeh\u00f6rden der Provinzen beschlossen, Kinder aus ihren H\u00e4usern zu entfernen, anstatt die Gemeinschaft mit Ressourcen und Unterst\u00fctzung zu versorgen. Der Sixties Scoop hatte erhebliche und lang anhaltende Auswirkungen auf indigene Gemeinschaften.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian\">Dar\u00fcber hinaus wurde durch das neue Gesetz der diskriminierende Charakter des Indianerstatus nicht aufgehoben.<\/a> Das Gesetz ersetzte den Begriff \u201eindisches Blut\u201c durch den Begriff \u201eStatus durch Registrierung\u201c. \r\nMit anderen Worten: Die blo\u00dfe Herkunft der Ureinwohner reichte nicht aus, um sich f\u00fcr den Status zu qualifizieren. Dennoch waren m\u00e4nnliche Abstammungslinien immer noch privilegiert; Frauen mit Status verloren ihre Rechte, wenn sie eine Person heirateten, die keinen Status hatte. (<em>Siehe auch<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/women-and-the-indian-act\">Women and the Indian Act<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Die Bestimmungen \u00fcber den Status einer Frau waren besonders extrem. Die Statusrechte einer Frau fielen ausschlie\u00dflich auf ihren Ehemann an. Eine Frau ohne Status, die einen Mann mit Status heiratete, w\u00fcrde selbst Status erlangen. Bei einer Statusfrau, die einen Statusmann heiratete, war ihre \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">Bandmitgliedschaft<\/a> an seine gebunden, sodass sie kein Mitglied ihrer eigenen Band mehr war, und sie verlor ihren Status vollst\u00e4ndig, wenn sie verwitwet oder von ihrem Ehemann verlassen wurde.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Mit dem <em>Indian Act<\/em> von 1951 wurde auch die \u201eDoppelmutter\u201c -Regel eingef\u00fchrt, nach der einem Kind an seinem 21. Geburtstag der Status entzogen wurde, wenn sich sowohl die Mutter als auch die Gro\u00dfmutter nicht f\u00fcr den Status qualifiziert hatten. Die <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/royal-commission-on-aboriginal-peoples\">Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples<\/a> stellte 1996 fest, dass die in der \u00dcberarbeitung von 1951 enthaltenen \u00c4nderungen nur dazu beitrugen, den <em>Indian Act<\/em> in seinen Stand von 1876 zur\u00fcckzuversetzen, w\u00e4hrend die zus\u00e4tzlichen Beschr\u00e4nkungen der Status\u00fcbertragung den Frauen der First Nations und ihren Kindern schadeten.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Forderung nach einer \u00c4nderung des Indian Act, 1960er und 1970er Jahre<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Das <em>Indian Act<\/em> von 1951 \u00e4nderte nichts am Verfahren zur <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\">Gew\u00e4hrung des Wahlrechts<\/a> f\u00fcr <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">indigene V\u00f6lker<\/a> und gew\u00e4hrte \r\n auch kein <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/franchise\">Wahlrecht<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/canadian-bill-of-rights\/\">Anfang 1958 begann die \r\n Regierung von Premierminister <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/john-diefenbaker\">John Diefenbaker<\/a> jedoch mit der Ausarbeitung der kanadischen Bill of Rights.<\/a> Da in der Bill of Rights die Gleichberechtigung aller Kanadier betont wurde, konnte den indigenen V\u00f6lkern kaum das Wahlrecht verweigert werden. \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">Am 31. M\u00e4rz 1960 wurden Teile von Abschnitt 14 Absatz 2 des <em>Canada Elections Act<\/em> aufgehoben, um den Status-Indianern das Wahlrecht auf Bundesebene zu gew\u00e4hren.<\/a> \r\nAngeh\u00f6rige <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">der First Nations<\/a> konnten nun w\u00e4hlen, ohne ihren Status zu verlieren. Im darauffolgenden Jahr wurde die obligatorische Wahlrechtsklausel im <em>Indian Act gestrichen<\/em>. (<em>Siehe auch<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-suffrage\">Wahlrecht f\u00fcr indigene V\u00f6lker in Kanada<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>1969 ver\u00f6ffentlichte die Regierung von Premierminister <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/pierre-elliott-trudeau\/\">Pierre Elliott Trudeau<\/a> ihr <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/the-white-paper-1969\/\">Wei\u00dfbuch<\/a>, in dem sie ihre Absicht erkl\u00e4rte, den indischen Status und \r\n das <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-affairs-and-northern-development-canada\">Department of<\/a> Indian Affairs vollst\u00e4ndig abzuschaffen. Das Wei\u00dfbuch stie\u00df bei den Ureinwohnern auf Emp\u00f6rung \r\n und wurde sofort durch das \u201eRote Buch\u201c konterkariert, das von <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/harold-cardinal\/\">Harold Cardinal<\/a>, dem damaligen Pr\u00e4sidenten der Indian Association of Alberta, ausgearbeitet und vorgestellt wurde. \r\nAufgrund des heftigen und anhaltenden Widerstands indigener Gruppen und ihrer Unterst\u00fctzer zog die kanadische Regierung das Wei\u00dfbuch schnell zur\u00fcck.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>In dieser Zeit k\u00e4mpften viele indigene Frauen daf\u00fcr, diskriminierende Teile des Indian Act zu \u00e4ndern.<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mary-two-axe-earley\">Mary Two-Axe Earley<\/a> war eine der fr\u00fchesten Aktivistinnen. \r\nNeben ihrer Arbeit organisierte sie eine Reihe von Sprech- und Schreibkampagnen, um die Missbr\u00e4uche von Frauen, denen nach dem Gesetz Status, Vertrag und Eigentumsrechte verweigert wurden, st\u00e4rker ins Blickfeld zu r\u00fccken. Yvonne <a name=\"_Hlk39573469\">B\u00e9dard<\/a> und \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/jeannette-vivian-lavell\">Jeannette Corbiere Lavell<\/a>, die beide aufgrund einer Heirat ihren Status verloren hatten, reichten Klagen gegen die kanadische Regierung ein. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/supreme-court-of-canada\/\">Im Jahr 1973 wurden ihre F\u00e4lle vor dem Obersten Gerichtshof von Kanada zusammengefasst. \r\n<\/a> In diesem Jahr wurde das Gericht heftig kritisiert, weil es entschied, dass der Teil des Gesetzes, der den Status einer Frau mit dem ihres Ehemanns verband, Frauen \r\n nicht diskriminierte, obwohl Statusm\u00e4nner ihren Status behielten, wenn sie \u201eausheirateten\u201c. (<em>Siehe auch \r\n<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/bedard-case\">B\u00e9dard Case<\/a> und <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/lavell-case\">Lavell<\/a> Case.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>1981 entschied die Menschenrechtskommission der Vereinten Nationen, dass Kanada im Fall von <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sandra-lovelace-nicholas\">Sandra Lovelace Nicholas<\/a> \u2014 einer \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/maliseet\">Wolastoqiyik-Frau<\/a>, die ihren Status durch Heirat verloren hatte \u2014 \r\n gegen Artikel 27 des <em>Internationalen Pakts \u00fcber b\u00fcrgerliche und politische Rechte<\/em> versto\u00dfen hatte. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">Die Regierung hatte Sandra daran gehindert, in ihre Heimatgemeinde zur\u00fcckzukehren, weil \r\n sie gem\u00e4\u00df dem <em>Indian Act<\/em> geheiratet hatte und nicht mehr als Bandmitglied galt.<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Gesetzentwurf C-31: \u00c4nderungen des Indian Act von 1985<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>1985 verabschiedete die Regierung als Reaktion auf die wachsende nationale und internationale Besorgnis \u00fcber die mangelnde Gleichstellung im <em>Indian Act<\/em> den <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/bill-c-31\">Gesetzentwurf C-31<\/a>. Mit dem Gesetzentwurf wurden alle \r\n verbleibenden <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\">Wahlrechtsklauseln vollst\u00e4ndig gestrichen.<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">Dar\u00fcber hinaus \r\n wurden diejenigen, die durch Heirat ihren <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">Status<\/a> verloren hatten, wieder als Status-Indianer und als Bandmitglieder aufgenommen.<\/a> Ihre Kinder erlangten Status, erhielten aber zwei Jahre lang keine Bandmitgliedschaft. Diese Pause sollte den Bands Zeit geben, ihre eigenen Mitgliedschaftscodes zu \r\n erstellen, die die Kinder ausschlie\u00dfen konnten, nicht aber ihre M\u00fctter. Wenn ein solcher Kodex nicht vor Juni 1987 verabschiedet wurde, wurden auch die Kinder Mitglied der Band. Mit mehr Kontrolle \u00fcber die Mitgliederlisten k\u00f6nnten Bands \r\n Mitglieder haben, die keinen Status haben. Da die Finanzierung durch die Bundesregierung jedoch auf Statusmitgliedern basiert, besteht f\u00fcr Bands kaum ein Anreiz, viele Mitglieder ohne Status zu haben.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Seit der Verabschiedung der \u00c4nderungen des <em>Indian Act<\/em> im Jahr 1985 hat sich die Zahl der registrierten Inder mehr als verdoppelt, von etwa 360.000 im Jahr 1985 auf \u00fcber 778.000 im Jahr 2007. Dieser Anstieg ist auf mehr Geburten als Todesf\u00e4lle \r\n sowie auf die \u201eWiedereinf\u00fchrung\u201c des Indianerstatus zur\u00fcckzuf\u00fchren.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Der \u00c4nderungsantrag befasste sich zwar mit der <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/prejudice-and-discrimination\">Diskriminierung<\/a> von Frauen, warf aber auch einige Probleme auf. Mit dem Gesetzentwurf C-31 wurden zwei Kategorien der <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian\">indischen Registrierung eingef\u00fchrt<\/a>. Die erste, bekannt als Abschnitt 6 (1), gilt, wenn beide Elternteile Anspruch auf eine Registrierung haben oder hatten. (Dieser Abschnitt ist weiter in Unterabschnitte unterteilt, die sich je nachdem, wie der Status weitergegeben wird, unterscheiden.) Der zweite Abschnitt, bekannt als Abschnitt 6 Absatz 2, \r\n gilt, wenn ein Elternteil Anspruch auf eine Registrierung gem\u00e4\u00df Absatz 6 Absatz 1 hat. Der Status <em>kann nicht<\/em> \u00fcbertragen werden, wenn dieser eine Elternteil gem\u00e4\u00df Abschnitt 6 Absatz 2 registriert ist. Kurz gesagt, nach zwei Generationen von Mischehen mit Partnern, die keinen Status haben, k\u00e4men Kinder nicht mehr \r\n f\u00fcr den Status in Frage. Dies wird als \u201eCut-Off\u201c -Regel der zweiten Generation bezeichnet. Auf diese Weise hatte der Gesetzentwurf C-31 Auswirkungen auf die Zahl der Personen, die Anspruch auf Statusrechte haben.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<iframe width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/__Y_hHFvUR8\" title=\"YouTube-Videoplayer\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen=\"\">\r\n<\/iframe><br>\r\n\r\n<h3>Regierungsf\u00fchrung und Indian Act, 1960er bis 2000er Jahre<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Mit dem <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\/\">Indian Act<\/a><\/em> von 1876 wurden traditionelle Regierungssysteme abgeschafft und Einzelpersonen und Gemeinschaften externe Kontrollen \u2014 in Form von lokalen <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-agents-in-canada\">indischen Agenten<\/a> und der f\u00f6deralen B\u00fcrokratie des <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-affairs-and-northern-development-canada\">Department of Indian Affairs<\/a> \u2014 auferlegt. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-self-government\">Erst in den sp\u00e4ten 1960er und fr\u00fchen 1970er Jahren \r\n brachten immer effektivere politische Organisationen und der zunehmende Aktivismus Kanada auf den Weg, Formen der indigenen Selbstverwaltung anzuerkennen und zu erm\u00f6glichen.<\/a> \r\nDieser Trend gewann im sp\u00e4ten 20. und fr\u00fchen 21. Jahrhundert an Dynamik, und die Rechte indigener V\u00f6lker auf Selbstverwaltung wurden im <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/constitution-act-1982\/\"><em>Verfassungsgesetz von 1982<\/em><\/a> und in internationalen Dokumenten best\u00e4tigt. \r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>1984 f\u00fchrten das <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/james-bay-and-northern-quebec-agreement\">Abkommen von James Bay und Northern Quebec<\/a> sowie der Penner-Bericht zum <em>Cree-Naskapi (of Quebec) Act<\/em>, dem ersten \r\n Gesetz zur indigenen Selbstverwaltung in Kanada, das den <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\">Indian Act<\/a><\/em> ersetzte und indigene Gemeinschaften in der Region als Unternehmenseinheiten etablierte. Selbstverwaltete \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">First Nations<\/a> unterliegen nicht dem <em>Indian Act<\/em>, obwohl die <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">Bundesregierung<\/a> weiterhin \r\n bestimmte Angelegenheiten der First Nations verwaltet.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Seitdem gibt es in dem Gesetz Vorschl\u00e4ge, die Befugnisse der <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">Bande<\/a> in Bezug auf die Regierungsf\u00fchrung auszuweiten. 1996 schlug die Bundesregierung den Gesetzentwurf C-79 vor, um Bereiche des Gesetzes zu \u00e4ndern, darunter die \r\n Bandverwaltung und die Regulierung von <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">Reserven<\/a>. Die Mehrheit der First Nations war gegen den Gesetzentwurf C-79. Unter anderem argumentierten sie, die Regierung habe es vers\u00e4umt, die First Nations angemessen \u00fcber die vorgeschlagenen \u00c4nderungen zu \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/duty-to-consult\">konsultieren<\/a>. Sie bef\u00fcrchteten, dass das Gesetz die <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-treaties\">Vertragsrechte<\/a> und das <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-rights\">Recht<\/a> auf Selbstverwaltung gef\u00e4hrden w\u00fcrde. Dar\u00fcber hinaus wurde der Gesetzentwurf daf\u00fcr kritisiert, dass er die Empfehlungen der <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/royal-commission-on-aboriginal-peoples\">Royal Commission on Aboriginal<\/a> Peoples ignorierte. \r\nDer Gesetzentwurf C-79 konnte nicht in Kraft treten.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Im Jahr 2002 zielte der Gesetzentwurf C-7, auch bekannt als <em>First Nations Governance Act,<\/em> darauf ab, den Bandr\u00e4ten mehr Befugnisse in Bezug auf Gesetzgebung, F\u00fchrungsauswahl und dergleichen zu geben. Obwohl die Bundesregierung verschiedene First Nations zu dem \r\n Gesetzentwurf konsultierte, scheiterte er letztlich. 2006 stellte <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/senate\">Senator<\/a> Gerry St. Germain den Gesetzentwurf S-216 vor, \u201eum die Anerkennung und Umsetzung des Rechts der First Nations \r\n auf Selbstverwaltung in Kanada zu f\u00f6rdern\u201c. Der Gesetzentwurf h\u00e4tte den First Nations, die sich selbst regieren wollten, die M\u00f6glichkeit gegeben, einen Vorschlag und eine Verfassung auszuarbeiten. Der Gesetzentwurf S-216 erreichte zwar die zweite Lesung, doch auch er scheiterte letztlich. (<em>Siehe auch<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/parliamentary-procedure\">Parlamentarisches Verfahren<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Einige First Nations haben jedoch erfolgreiche sektorale Vereinbarungen getroffen. Diese erm\u00f6glichen gr\u00f6\u00dfere Regierungsbefugnisse, die im <em>Indian Act<\/em> nicht vorgesehen sind. Einige Beispiele hierf\u00fcr sind der <em>First Nations Land Management Act<\/em> (1999), der <em>First Nations Fiscal Management Act<\/em> (2005), der <em>First Nations Oil and Gas and Moneys Management Act<\/em> (2005), der <em>First Nations Commercial and Industrial Development Act<\/em> (2006) und der <em>First Nation Property Ownership Act<\/em> (2009).<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u00c4nderungen des Indian Act in den Jahren 2011 und 2017<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Trotz verschiedener \u00c4nderungen diskriminierte das <em>Indian Act<\/em> immer noch Frauen und ihre Nachkommen in Bezug auf <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">Statusrechte<\/a>. Im Jahr 2011 verabschiedete das <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/parliament\">Parlament<\/a> den \r\n <em>Gender Equity in Indian Registration Act<\/em>, auch bekannt als Bill C-3. <em>Dies war die Reaktion der <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">Bundesregierung<\/a> auf den <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mcivor-case\">Fall McIvor<\/a>, in \r\n dem es in Abschnitt 6 des Indian Act von 1985 um geschlechtsspezifische Diskriminierung ging.<\/em> Der Gesetzentwurf C-3 gew\u00e4hrt Enkelkindern von Frauen, die 1985 den Status wiedererlangt hatten, den Status 6 (2). Nachfahren von Frauen, insbesondere Urenkelkinder, hatten jedoch \r\n nicht dieselben Anspr\u00fcche wie Nachkommen von M\u00e4nnern in \u00e4hnlichen Verh\u00e4ltnissen. Daher verweigerte der Gesetzentwurf C-3 einigen Personen aufgrund der geschlechtsspezifischen Diskriminierung immer noch Statusrechte.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Der Gesetzentwurf S-3 wurde als Reaktion auf ein anderes Gerichtsverfahren zur Diskriminierung im <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\"><em>Indian Act<\/em><\/a>, den Fall Descheneaux von 2015, ausgearbeitet. In diesem Fall ging es um die Art und Weise, wie der Status an Cousins und \r\n Geschwister weitergegeben wird. Ein Teil der Gesetzesvorlage S-3 trat am 22. Dezember 2017 in Kraft. Neben anderen Bestimmungen erm\u00f6glicht die Novelle mehr Menschen, ihren Status an ihre Nachkommen weiterzugeben und denjenigen, die ihn vor 1985 verloren haben, den Status wieder einzuf\u00fchren. \r\nSo erm\u00f6glicht sie beispielsweise die Registrierung von Personen mit unbekannter Vaterschaft, die zwischen 1951 und 1985 unverheiratete Minderj\u00e4hrige waren und von den zu diesem Zeitpunkt geltenden Registrierungsregeln betroffen waren. Der andere Teil des Gesetzes \u2014 der sich auf die Wiederherstellung des Status von Frauen und ihren \r\n Nachkommen bezieht, die vor 1951 ihren Status verloren haben (bekannt als \u201eGrenzwert von 1951\u201c) \u2014 wurde am 15. August 2019 in Kraft gesetzt. Nach Angaben der Regierung \u201ewurden alle bekannten geschlechtsspezifischen Ungleichheiten im <em>Indian Act<\/em> nun behoben\u201c.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Vorgeschlagene Reformen<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/residential-schools\">2010 k\u00fcndigte die <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">Bundesregierung<\/a> ihre Absicht an, mit <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">indigenen V\u00f6lkern<\/a> zusammenzuarbeiten, \r\n um Teile des <em>Indian Act<\/em> abzuschaffen, die die Einrichtung von Internaten und die Vertreibung von Kindern aus ihren H\u00e4usern vorsehen.<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Der Gesetzentwurf S-2, der <em>Family Homes on Reserves and Marrimonial Interests or Rights Act<\/em>, behebt eine Gesetzesl\u00fccke im indischen Gesetz.<\/em> Es soll sicherstellen, dass Menschen, die in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">Reservaten<\/a> leben, \u00e4hnliche Rechte an ehelichem Eigentum haben wie andere Kanadier. <em>Nach Angaben der kanadischen Regierung ist Bill S-2 ein eigenst\u00e4ndiges Gesetz und kein Teil der Reform des Indian Act.<\/em><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Debatte: Beibehaltung oder Abschaffung des Indian Act?<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>W\u00e4hrend einige indigene und nichtindigene V\u00f6lker die Abschaffung des Gesetzes fordern, bef\u00fcrchten andere, dass durch seine Abschaffung bestimmte Schutzma\u00dfnahmen, wie etwa jene, die den Indianerstatus gew\u00e4hren, ausgeh\u00f6hlt w\u00fcrden. Der Wissenschaftler David Newhouse erkl\u00e4rt: \u201e[Der <em>Indian Act<\/em>] bietet die \r\n Struktur f\u00fcr die lokale Gemeindeverwaltung und das Gemeinschaftsleben. Das Gesetz auf einen Schlag zu reformieren oder aufzuheben, w\u00fcrde die First Nations enorm st\u00f6ren.\u201c<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Kritiker des Gesetzes arbeiten jedoch weiterhin an seiner Abschaffung. Diese indigenen V\u00f6lker hoffen, dass die Befugnisse des Gesetzes angesichts der zunehmenden Bem\u00fchungen um <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-self-government\/\">Selbstverwaltung und \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/truth-and-reconciliation-commission\">Vers\u00f6hnung<\/a> schwinden oder verschwinden werden, was zu einer Ver\u00e4nderung der Beziehungen zwischen Regierung<\/a> und indigenen V\u00f6lkern beitragen wird. Der Chef <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/assembly-of-first-nations\">der Versammlung der First Nations<\/a>, \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/perry-bellegarde\">Perry Bellegarde<\/a>, erkl\u00e4rte 2018: \u201eWir alle wollen uns der Kontrolle des <em>Indian Act<\/em> entziehen und uns wieder als indigene V\u00f6lker und Nationen mit grundlegenden inh\u00e4renten Rechten konstituieren.\u201c \r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<iframe sandbox=\"allow-same-origin allow-scripts allow-top-navigation allow-popups\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"100%\" height=\"185\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https:\/\/embed.radiopublic.com\/e?if=the-secret-life-of-canada-Ww0QnZ&amp;ge=s1!7163a1347ab72236394fe46a4fe7d4048bc69b37\">\r\n<\/iframe><br>\r\n\r\n\t<p>Was ist der Indian Act und warum steht er in Kanada immer noch in den B\u00fcchern? Das Secret Life-Team untersucht die Wurzeln dieser komplizierten Politik, die nach 143 Jahren immer noch in der kanadischen Identit\u00e4t verankert ist, von der Politik, die zu dem Gesetz gef\u00fchrt hat, bis hin zu den Auswirkungen, die sie heute noch auf \r\n indigene Identit\u00e4ten hat. <br>\r\n<strong>Hinweis<\/strong><em>: <em>The Secret Life of Canada<\/em> wird von Falen Johnson und Leah Simone Bowen moderiert und geschrieben. Es handelt sich um einen CBC-Original-Podcast, der unabh\u00e4ngig von The Canadian Encyclopedia ist.<\/em><\/p>\r\n<\/blockquote>\r\n<br>\r\n\r\n<h3>Verm\u00e4chtnis und Bedeutung<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Obwohl es im Laufe der Jahre mehrfach ge\u00e4ndert wurde, sind in der aktuellen Version des <em>Indian Act<\/em> immer noch die Bedingungen des <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">Indianerstatus<\/a>, verschiedene Regeln in Bezug auf \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">Reservate<\/a>, finanzielle Vormundschaft f\u00fcr Minderj\u00e4hrige und geistig Inkompetente, Verwaltung der <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">Bandressourcen<\/a>, \r\n Wahlen und andere Aspekte des Lebens in einem Reservat festgelegt.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Das <em>Indian Act<\/em> hatte anhaltende und lang anhaltende Auswirkungen auf die Kulturen, die Wirtschaft, die Politik und die Gemeinschaften der Ureinwohner. Es hat auch zu generationen\u00fcbergreifenden Traumata gef\u00fchrt, insbesondere in Bezug auf <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/residential-schools\">Internate<\/a>, \r\n da sich die Unterdr\u00fcckung und die restriktiven Bestimmungen des Gesetzes negativ auf Generationen indigener V\u00f6lker ausgewirkt haben.<\/p>","slug":"indeischderdeakt","alt_slug":"","twitter_summary":null,"locale":"de","automated":true,"hidden":0,"views":7,"created_at":"2024-12-11T14:56:16.000000Z","updated_at":"2024-12-11T14:56:16.000000Z"},{"id":"9df5e7d0-f246-4cb3-b64c-177644e7102c","article_id":"83668","title":"Indian Act [\u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2]","summary":"<p>\u039f <em>\u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2<\/em> \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03af \u03b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03c5\u03b2\u03ad\u03c1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7<\/a> \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">\u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ce<\/a> \u03c4\u03bf\u03c2, \r\n \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c0 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03c5\u03b2\u03b5\u03c1\u03bd\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03a0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u0395\u03b8\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd<\/a> \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">\u03b5\u03c6\u03b5\u03b4\u03c1<\/a> \u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b7\u03c2. \u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03c5\u03b2\u03b5\u03c1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \r\n \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c7\u03c1\u03b5\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bb\u03b1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03a0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u0395\u03b8\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd. <a\r\n\thref=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/inuit\">\u039f <em>\u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2<\/em> \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03ac\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ce\u03c2 \u00b7 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03c3\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ce\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03a0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u0395\u03b8\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd, \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/metis\">M\u00e9tis<\/a> \u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 Inuit. \r\n<\/a> \u039f \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03ae\u03c7\u03b8\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf 1876, \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b5\u03bb\u03ac\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03b8\u03bc\u03cc \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03be\u03ac\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c8\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03a0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u0395\u03b8\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03ad\u03c1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03c9\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd\u03af\u03b1. \u039c\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03ad\u03b1 \u03ad\u03ba\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c8\u03b7\u03c6\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf 1951 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5 \r\n \u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ad\u03c2, \u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf 1985, \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03b3\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c1\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03bc\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2. \u0395\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf, \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03bf\u03be\u03bf \u03ad\u03b3\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03c8\u03b5 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1, \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u03b9\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03af\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03c9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03ae \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \r\n \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ad\u03c2 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03c7\u03b8\u03bf\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03bb\u03b1\u03ce\u03bd<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03c0\u03bb\u03ae\u03c1\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03ce\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd <em>\u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u039d\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf.<\/em> \u0393\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03bb\u03b7\u03c8\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bb\u03ce\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1\u03c2, \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03be\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act-plain-language-summary\" target=\"_blank\">\u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03be\u03b7 (\u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03bb\u03b7\u03c8\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bb\u03ce\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1\u03c2)<\/a>.<\/p>","body":"<div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/cbcd31d1-03f6-4fba-a45d-96ee89c4617d.jpg\" title=\"\u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2\" alt=\"\u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2\"><\/div>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u0399\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03af\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf: \u03a0\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03be\u03b7, 1763\u20141876<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0397 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/royal-proclamation-of-1763\/\">\u0392\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u0394\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae\u03c1\u03c5\u03be\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 1763 \u03ad\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7<\/a> \u03b2\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03ce\u03c2 \u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae \u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03af\u03ba\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b4\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bb\u03b1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">\u03a0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u0395\u03b8\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd<\/a> \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03b8\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd. \u0397 \u0394\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae\u03c1\u03c5\u03be\u03b7 \u03b5\u03b3\u03b3\u03c5\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-rights\">\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4<\/a> \u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bb\u03b1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03a0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u0395\u03b8\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b9\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03b7 \u03ba\u03c5\u03b2\u03ad\u03c1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \r\n \u03b8\u03b1 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03b4\u03ac\u03c6\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2. \u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c8\u03b7\u03c6\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 19\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c7\u03b5\u03c5\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bb\u03b1\u03ce\u03bd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03a0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u0395\u03b8\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b1\u03c5\u03be\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03b8\u03c5\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03b5\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03ba\u03c9\u03bd.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u039f <em>\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 1850 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03b4\u03b1\u03c6\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u039a\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9 \u039a\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b4\u03ac<\/em> \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b5\u03bb\u03ac\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ac\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/indian\/\">\u0399\u03bd\u03b4<\/a> \u03cc - \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ad\u03bd\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u00ab<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">\u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ce\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/a>\u00bb. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03af\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03b1\u03bd \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03ac\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9 \u00ab\u03b8\u03b1 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03bf\u03af\u00bb \u03b5\u03ac\u03bd \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u00ab\u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \r\n \u03b1\u03af\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2\u00bb \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b7 \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u00ab\u03a3\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ae \u03a6\u03c5\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd\u00bb. \u038c\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03ce\u03c0\u03c9\u03bd \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03bf\u03af. \u03a4\u03bf \u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b7 \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03bf\u03af \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u00ab\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03ad\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2\u00bb, \u03ac\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 (\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf) \u03b8\u03b1 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03bf\u03af \r\n \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u00ab\u03cc\u03bb\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03ac\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c5\u03b9\u03bf\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b2\u03c1\u03b5\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b7\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03af\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03ad\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2\u00bb.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u039f\u03b9 \u03a0\u03c1\u03ac\u03be\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03ce\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c9\u03c2 \u039d\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 <em>\u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03a3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03cc \u03a0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9<\/em> \u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 1857 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/gradual-civilization-act\/\">\u039d\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03a3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae<\/a><\/em> \u0391\u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03cc\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u0394\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03c9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 1869 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ac\u03c1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03b4\u03ae\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5 \r\n \u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ae \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03c9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bb\u03b1\u03ce\u03bd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03a0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u0395\u03b8\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03b8\u03c5\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03b5\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03ba\u03c9\u03bd. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\/\">\u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b5\u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf <em>\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd<\/em> \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9 \u03b5\u03b8\u03b5\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4 \r\n \u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c7\u03ce\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03c9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd (\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03b1\u03b4\u03ae, \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ac\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03a0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u0395\u03b8\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ce\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03af\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c8\u03ae\u03c6\u03bf\u03c5), \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ac\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf \u03b5\u03ba\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf\u03b8\u03b5\u03bb\u03ce\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1.<\/a> \u03a9\u03c2 \r\n \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1, \u03b7 \u03ba\u03c5\u03b2\u03ad\u03c1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03ce\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03ce\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03a0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u0395\u03b8\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u039f\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03c7\u03b8\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2<\/a> \u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-treaties\/\">\u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ae\u03c8\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2<\/a> - \u03b9\u03b4\u03af\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/numbered-treaties\">\u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03b8\u03bc\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2<\/a> - \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03c5\u03b2\u03b5\u03c1\u03bd\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c8\u03ae\u03c6\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 <em>\u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5<\/em> \u03c4\u03bf 1876. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03ac\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03a0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u0395\u03b8\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5\u03cd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c7\u03b9 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 <em>\u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u039d\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5<\/em>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u039f \u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03be\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1, 1876<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\u03a4\u03bf 1867, \u03bf \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af \u03a3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/constitution-act-1867\/\"><em>\u03ac\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ad\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b5<\/em><\/a> \u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/parliament\">\u039a\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf<\/a> \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u00ab\u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \r\n \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03b4\u03ac\u03c6\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2\u00bb. <em>\u03a3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03cc\u03bd 10 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c1\u03b3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1, \u03c4\u03bf 1876, \u03bf \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd <em>\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03cc \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3<\/em> \u03bc\u03cc \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf <em>\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ad\u03b3\u03b9\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd<\/em> \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5.<\/em> \u039c\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-affairs-and-northern-development-canada\">\u03a5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03a5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd<\/a> \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-agents-in-canada\">\u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03ce\u03bd<\/a> \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03cc\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5, \u03bf <em>\u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2<\/em> \u03ad\u03b4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03c5\u03b2\u03ad\u03c1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03b1\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b5\u03be\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd \u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">\u03a0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u0395\u03b8\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd<\/a>, \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2, \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03c5\u03b2\u03ad\u03c1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7, \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-education\">\u03b5\u03ba\u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7<\/a>. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u03be\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03c7\u03b8\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03c8\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-rights\">\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03bf\u03c6\u03ad\u03bb\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b9\u03b8\u03b1\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd<\/a> \u03ce\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b2\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u00ab\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cc \u03b7\u03b8\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b1\u00bb<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u039f <em>\u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2<\/em> \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c0\u03ac\u03b8\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03af\u03bb\u03bf \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03b8\u03c5\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03ce\u03c0\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03c7\u03b8\u03bf\u03bd\u03b7 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd\u03af\u03b1. \u0391\u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03cc\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bb\u03b1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03a0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u0395\u03b8\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c6\u03c1\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03c5\u03b2\u03ad\u03c1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd. \u039f \r\n \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03c5\u03b2\u03ad\u03c1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b5\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03ad\u03c2 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03af<\/a> \u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2. \u039f\u03b9 \u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/chief\">\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03af \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7<\/a> \u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03af - \u03b7\u03b3\u03ad\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \r\n \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03b5\u03be\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c7\u03b9 \u03b5\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03ce\u03bd - \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd <em>\u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u039d\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf<\/em>. \u039c\u03ad\u03c7\u03c1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf 1951, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03af\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2. (<em>\u0394\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u0393\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03af\u03ba<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/women-and-the-indian-act\">\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u039d\u03cc\u03bc<\/a> \u03bf.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u039f \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bb\u03b1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03a0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u0395\u03b8\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/religion-of-aboriginal-people\">\u03b8\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2<\/a> \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2. \u03a4\u03bf 1884, \u03c4\u03bf <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/potlatch\/\">potlatch<\/a> \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf 1895 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u00ab\u03ba\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-term\">\u03b9\u03bd<\/a> \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c6\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb, \u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03cc\u03c2 \u03ae \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c4\u03ae\u00bb, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bb\u03ac\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/powwows-editorial\">powwows \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sun-dance\">\u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ae\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5<\/a>. \u039c\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf 1914 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03cc\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03cc \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c6 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">\u03b5\u03b4\u03c1<\/a> \u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \r\n \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf 1925, \u03bf \u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03cd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ce\u03c2.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u03a4\u03bf 1927, \u03bf \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bb\u03b1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03a0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u0395\u03b8\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b6\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03ba\u03b5\u03c6\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b4\u03af\u03c9\u03be\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b1\u03be <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/land-claims\/\">\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b7\u03c2<\/a>. \u039f\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ac \r\n \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03a0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u0395\u03b8\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03ae <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/residential-schools\/\">\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03b1<\/a> (1894 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 1920). \u0397 \u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd\u03ae \u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ac \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u039a\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b4\u03ac \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03c7\u03b8\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03cc\u03bb\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c7\u03ce\u03c1\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \r\n \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03ce\u03bd. \r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u03a3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 20\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b1, \u03c4\u03bf <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/pass-system-in-canada\">\u03c3\u03cd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 (\u03c4\u03bf \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf<\/a> \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c1\u03b9\u03b6\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03ba\u03af\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bb\u03b1\u03ce\u03bd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03a0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u0395\u03b8\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03ad\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1) \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b2\u03bb\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bc\u03af\u03b1 \u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b9 \r\n \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c0\u03c4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03c7\u03b8\u03bf\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03b8\u03c5\u03c3\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ce\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03af \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03ac\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03b6\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03c7\u03b8\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03b5\u03c2, \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd\u03af\u03b5\u03c2.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u039f <em>\u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2<\/em> \u03cc\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c3\u03cd\u03bc\u03c6\u03c9\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf. \u0391\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u00ab\u03ba\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5 \u03ac\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03b1\u03af\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c6\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ae\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03bc\u03c0 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1<\/a>\u00bb. \r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">\u03a4\u03bf \u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ce\u03c2<\/a> \u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03cc\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u00ab\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03b4\u03ae\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03af \u03c4\u03ad\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u00bb \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u00ab\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03ae\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03af\u03ba\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ae \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b9\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03ad\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf \u03ac\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u00bb. \u0388\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ac\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf \u03ad\u03c7\u03b1\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03ac\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03af\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf, \r\n \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ac\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ce\u03c2 (\u03b5\u03ac\u03bd \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03af\u03ba\u03b1) \u03ae, \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf 1876 \u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf 1880, \u03ad\u03b3\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/christianity\">\u03a7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b9\u03b5\u03c1<\/a> \u03ad\u03b1\u03c2, \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c2 \u03ae \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b7\u03b3\u03cc\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc \u03c9\u03c2 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\">enfranchisement<\/a>. \r\n\u03a4\u03bf \u03c4\u03bc\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1 112 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 <em>\u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5<\/em> - \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc \u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bc\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1 \u00ab\u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c7\u03c1\u03b5\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2\u00bb - \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c1\u03b3\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c7\u03c1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf 1961. \u0397 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ce\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03bf \u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03ae\u03c2.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u039c\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03be\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf 1951<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p><em>\u0397 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/second-world-war-wwii\/\">\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u0394\u03b5\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03a0\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf \u03a0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03bc\u03bf \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9<\/a> \u03b5\u03bb\u03ac\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03ae \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03bd\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03ba\u03cc\u03c0\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u039a\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b4\u03ac, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b4\u03ae\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03be\u03ad\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \r\n \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c0\u03b9\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b2\u03bb\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf.<\/em> \u039c\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03ac \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03c5\u03b8\u03bc\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03c1\u03af\u03c6\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03ae \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03c4\u03ac\u03c7 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bb\u03b1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03a0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u0395\u03b8\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd<\/a> \u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03ae \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \r\n \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1. \u03a9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1, \u03b7 \u03ba\u03c5\u03b2\u03ad\u03c1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u039a\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b4\u03ac \u03ad\u03c3\u03c0\u03b1\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u039c\u03b9\u03ba\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u0395\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03ae\u03c2, \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b2\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03b5\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03a0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u0395\u03b8\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03b3\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd <em>\u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u039d\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf<\/em>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0388\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bd\u03ad\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 <em>\u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2<\/em> \u03ad\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03b5 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 20 \u0399\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 1951. \u0397 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03ce\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ad\u03ba\u03c5\u03c8\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c1\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2, \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b8\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2. \u0393\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1, \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c1\u03b3\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/potlatch\">potlatch<\/a> \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sun-dance\">\u03ae\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03cc\u03c2<\/a>. \u039f\u03b9 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c0\u03cc\u03c1\u03b5\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c3\u03ba <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/land-claims\/\">\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b7\u03c2<\/a> \u03b5\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03c5\u03b2\u03ad\u03c1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2. \r\n\u0393\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03af\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03a0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u0395\u03b8\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd, \u03bf \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 1951 \u03c3\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03bb\u03ad\u03bf\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c8\u03b7\u03c6\u03af\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb<\/a> \u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/elsie-knott\">\u0397 Elsie Marie Knott \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b7<\/a> \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b5\u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03af\u03ba\u03b1 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/chief\">\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03a0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u0395\u03b8\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u039a\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b4\u03ac<\/a>. (<em>\u0394\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u0391\u03c5\u03c4<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-women-and-the-franchise\">\u03cc\u03c7\u03b8\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03af\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf Franchise<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u03a9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03ad\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2. \u0393\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1, \u03bf <em>\u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03cc\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5<\/em> \u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ac\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">\u03bc\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ce\u03c2<\/a> \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03ae \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03c5\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9. \r\n\u039f\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 1951 \u03ad\u03b4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03c7\u03b8\u03bf\u03bd <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/child-welfare\">\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd<\/a> (\u0395\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 88) \u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bc\u03af\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03ae\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5 \u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03b5\u03c0\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03c8\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \r\n \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03b5\u03af \u03c4\u03bf \u00ab<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sixties-scoop\">Scoop \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03be\u03ae\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1<\/a>\u00bb, \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03c3\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03cd\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ac \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c0\u03af\u03c4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c0\u03cc\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03be\u03b7. \u03a4\u03bf Sixties Scoop \u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b5 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c0\u03c4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03c7\u03b8\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0395\u03c0\u03b9\u03c0\u03bb\u03ad\u03bf\u03bd, \u03bf \u03bd\u03ad\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03c8\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c6\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian\">\u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ce\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/a>. \u039f \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ad\u03bd\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u00ab\u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03b1\u03af\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2\u00bb \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ad\u03bd\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ce\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9 \u03b5\u03b3\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03ae\u03c2. \u039c\u03b5 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1 \r\n \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b9\u03b1, \u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03ae \u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ac \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03a0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u0395\u03b8\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03cb\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ce\u03c2. \u03a9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03ac\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03c7\u03b5\u03c2: \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03af\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ce\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b1\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03ac\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03cd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ac\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ce\u03c2. (<em>\u0394\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u0393\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03af\u03ba<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/women-and-the-indian-act\">\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u039d\u03cc\u03bc<\/a> \u03bf.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u039f\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03be\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ce\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03af\u03ba\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03af\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03af\u03b5\u03c2. \u03a4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ce\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03af\u03ba\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c1\u03ad\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b5\u03be \u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03ae\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b6\u03cd\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2. \u039c\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03af\u03ba\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ce\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd \u03ac\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ce\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03ba\u03ad\u03c1\u03b4\u03b9\u03b6\u03b5 \u03b7 \u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ce\u03c2. \u039c\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03af\u03ba\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ce\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd \u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ce\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7<\/a> \u03bc\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2, \u03bf\u03c0\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03bb\u03ad\u03bf\u03bd \u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b1\u03c3\u03b5 \u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ce\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03ac\u03bd \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c7\u03ae\u03c1\u03b1 \u03ae \u03b5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c6\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c3\u03cd\u03b6\u03c5\u03b3\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u039f <em>\u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2<\/em> \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 1951 \u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03ae\u03b3\u03b1\u03b3\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u00ab\u03b4\u03b9\u03c0\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2\u00bb, \u03bf \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ce\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 21\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03b8\u03bb\u03b9\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03ac\u03bd \u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03b7 \u03bc\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1 \u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1\u03b3\u03b9\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ce\u03c2. \u0397 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/royal-commission-on-aboriginal-peoples\">\u0392\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u0395\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03ae \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u0391\u03b2\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b3\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u039b\u03b1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2<\/a> \u03c4\u03bf 1996 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03ce\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 1951 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03ad\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03af\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03c8\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd <em>\u0399\u03bd<\/em> \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u039d\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 1876, \u03b5\u03bd\u03ce \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03af \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ce\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ad\u03b2\u03bb\u03b1\u03c8\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03af\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03a0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u0395\u03b8\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u0391\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03b3\u03ae \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u039d\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf, 1960 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 1970<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\u039f <em>\u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2<\/em> \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 1951 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03be\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\">\u03c8\u03ae\u03c6\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">\u03cc\u03c7\u03b8\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03b8\u03c5\u03c3<\/a> \u03bc\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2, \r\n \u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03c8\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/franchise\">\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03af\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1<\/a> \u03c8\u03ae\u03c6\u03bf\u03c5. \u03a9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf, \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 1958, \u03b7 \r\n \u03ba\u03c5\u03b2\u03ad\u03c1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03c9\u03b8\u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/john-diefenbaker\">John Diefenbaker<\/a> \u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/canadian-bill-of-rights\/\">\u039a\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u0394\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae\u03c1\u03c5\u03be\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u0394\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03c9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd.<\/a> \u039c\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ad\u03bc\u03c6\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 Bill of Rights \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03af\u03c3\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03cc\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u039a\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03c7\u03b8\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03b8\u03c5\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03af \u03b4\u03cd\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03b1 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \r\n \u03c4\u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03af\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c8\u03ae\u03c6\u03bf\u03c5. \u03a3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 31 \u039c\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 1960, \u03c4\u03bc\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bc\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 14 (2) \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 <em>\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af \u03b5\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03ce\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u039a\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b4\u03ac<\/em> \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c1\u03b3\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03b7\u03b3\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03b7 \u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae \u03c8\u03ae\u03c6\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">\u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 Status<\/a>. \r\n\u039f\u03b9 \u03ac\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03a0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u0395\u03b8\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd<\/a> \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03ce\u03c1\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c8\u03b7\u03c6\u03af\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c7\u03ac\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ce\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2. \u03a4\u03bf \u03b5\u03c0\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u03ad\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2, \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c1\u03b3\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03b7 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c7\u03c1\u03b5\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c1\u03ae\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd <em>\u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf<\/em>. (<em>\u0394\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03af\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c8\u03ae\u03c6<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-suffrage\">\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b9\u03b8\u03b1\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u039a\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b4\u03ac<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u03a4\u03bf 1969, \u03b7 \u03ba\u03c5\u03b2\u03ad\u03c1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03c9\u03b8\u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/pierre-elliott-trudeau\/\">Pierre Elliott Trudeau<\/a> \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03af\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/the-white-paper-1969\/\">\u039b\u03b5\u03c5\u03ba\u03ae \u0392\u03af\u03b2\u03bb\u03bf, \u03b7<\/a> \r\n \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03b4\u03ae\u03bb\u03c9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c8\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ce\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ce\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-affairs-and-northern-development-canada\">\u03a5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03af\u03bf \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03a5\u03c0\u03bf<\/a> \u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd. \u0397 \u039b\u03b5\u03c5\u03ba\u03ae \u0392\u03af\u03b2\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c9\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03bf\u03c1\u03b3\u03ae \r\n \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bb\u03b1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03a0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u0395\u03b8\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c9\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u00ab\u039a\u03cc\u03ba\u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf \u0392\u03b9\u03b2\u03bb\u03af\u03bf\u00bb, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/harold-cardinal\/\">\u03a7\u03ac\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03bd\u03c4 \u039a\u03b1\u03c1\u03b4\u03b9\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf, \u03c4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc<\/a> \u03b5\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u0388\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0391\u03bb\u03bc\u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03c4\u03b1. \r\n\u039b\u03cc\u03b3\u03c9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c7\u03b9\u03b6\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b9\u03b8\u03b1\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd \u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2, \u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03c5\u03b2\u03ad\u03c1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03ad\u03c3\u03c5\u03c1\u03b5 \u03b3\u03c1\u03ae\u03b3\u03bf\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u039b\u03b5\u03c5\u03ba\u03ae \u0392\u03af\u03b2\u03bb\u03bf.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u03a0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03c7\u03b8\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03af\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03bd\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac\u03be\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03bc\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 <em>\u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mary-two-axe-earley\">\u0397 Mary Two-Axe Earley<\/a> \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03b2\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2. \r\n\u0395\u03ba\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b5\u03c2, \u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03ac \u03b5\u03ba\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd \u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c5\u03be\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03af\u03bb \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03b3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03af\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ce\u03c2, \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b2\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5. \u0397 Yvonne <a name=\"_Hlk39573469\">B\u00e9dard \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \r\n<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/jeannette-vivian-lavell\">Jeannette Corbiere Lavell<\/a>, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b1\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ce\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03c9 \u03b3\u03ac\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5, \u03ad\u03c6\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bd\u03ce\u03c0\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03c5\u03b2\u03ad\u03c1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2. \u03a4\u03bf 1973, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03c7\u03c9\u03bd \r\n \u03b5\u03cd\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/supreme-court-of-canada\/\">\u0391\u03bd\u03ce\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf \u0394\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u039a\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b4\u03ac<\/a>. \u0395\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ac, \u03c4\u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03ae \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c6\u03ac\u03c3\u03b9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b4\u03ad\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ce\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03af\u03ba\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b6\u03cd\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \r\n \u03ad\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b2\u03ac\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd, \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03ac\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ce\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03ac\u03bd \u00ab\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u00bb. (<em>\u0392\u03bb\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \r\n<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/bedard-case\">\u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 B\u00e9dard \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/lavell-case\">Lavell<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u03a4\u03bf 1981, \u03b7 \u0395\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03ae \u0391\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03af\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u0394\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03c9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u0397\u03bd\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u0395\u03b8\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd \u03ad\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bf \u039a\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b4\u03ac\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u03b9\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u0386\u03c1\u03b8\u03c1\u03bf 27 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0394\u03b9 <em>\u03b5\u03b8\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03a3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c6\u03ce\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b1 \u0391\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03a0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u0394\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd<\/em> \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sandra-lovelace-nicholas\">\u03a3\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1 \u039b\u03ac\u03b2\u03b5\u03bb\u03b1\u03c2 \u039d<\/a> \u03af\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03b1\u03c2 - \r\n \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03af\u03ba\u03b1\u03c2 \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/maliseet\">Wolastoqiyik<\/a> \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b5 \u03c7\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ce\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9 \u03b3\u03ac\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5. \u0397 \u03ba\u03c5\u03b2\u03ad\u03c1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b5 \u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03a3\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c8\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2, \u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03ae, \u03c3\u03cd\u03bc\u03c6\u03c9\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd <em>\u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \r\n \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf<\/em>, \u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c0\u03bb\u03ad\u03bf\u03bd \u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c0 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u039d\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf C-31: \u03a4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 1985 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\u03a4\u03bf 1985, \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c5\u03be\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b5\u03b8\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03b8\u03bd\u03ae \u03b1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03c5\u03c7\u03af\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ad\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c8\u03b7 \u03b9\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd <em>\u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf, \u03b7<\/em> \u03ba\u03c5\u03b2\u03ad\u03c1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c8\u03ae\u03c6\u03b9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/bill-c-31\">\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf C-31<\/a>. \u03a4\u03bf \u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c1\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03bb\u03ae\u03c1\u03c9\u03c2 \u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf \r\n \u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03b5\u03c2 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\">\u03c1\u03ae\u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2.<\/a> \u0395\u03c0\u03b9\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b8\u03ad\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2, \u03cc\u03c3\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd \u03c7\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03ac <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2<\/a> \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03ac\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd \r\n \u03ae\u03bb\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd \u03c9\u03c2 \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03bf\u03af \u039a\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c0\u03ac <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2<\/a>. \u03a4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03ad\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ce\u03c2, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b8\u03b1 \u03ba\u03ad\u03c1\u03b4\u03b9\u03b6\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03b6\u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \r\n \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03c9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ac, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03cc\u03c7\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2. \u0395\u03ac\u03bd \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03ad\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03ce\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u0399\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 1987, \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ac \u03ba\u03ad\u03c1\u03b4\u03b9\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1. \u039c\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03c7\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bb\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03ce\u03bd, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03bc\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \r\n \u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b7 \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ce\u03c2. \u03a9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf, \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03b4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03c5\u03b2\u03ad\u03c1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ce\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2, \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bb\u03af\u03b3\u03b1 \u03ba\u03af\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b7 \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ce\u03c2.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0391\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03ad\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03cd \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 <em>\u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5<\/em> \u03c4\u03bf 1985, \u03bf \u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03b8\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03b3\u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03ce\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b4\u03b9\u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5, \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 360.000 \u03c4\u03bf 1985 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc 778.000 \u03c4\u03bf 2007. \u0397 \u03b1\u03cd\u03be\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03bd\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \r\n \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ce\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u00ab\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2\u00bb \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ce\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u03a9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf, \u03b5\u03bd\u03ce \u03b7 \u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/prejudice-and-discrimination\">\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2<\/a> \u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b2\u03ac\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd, \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03c1\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b2\u03bb\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1. \u039f \u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf C-31 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03c1\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian\">\u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2<\/a> \u03b5\u03b3\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03ae\u03c2. \u03a4\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03bf, \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc \u03c9\u03c2 \u03ac\u03c1\u03b8\u03c1\u03bf 6 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c2 1, \u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ae \u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03af\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b5\u03b3\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03ae\u03c2. (\u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b7 \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2.) \u03a4\u03bf \u03b4\u03b5\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf, \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc \u03c9\u03c2 \u03ac\u03c1\u03b8\u03c1\u03bf 6 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c2 2, \r\n \u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03ad\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03b3\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03ae \u03c3\u03cd\u03bc\u03c6\u03c9\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf 6 (1). \u03a4\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ce\u03c2 <em>\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af<\/em> \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03b9\u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03b5\u03ac\u03bd \u03bf \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03ad\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03b3\u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c3\u03cd\u03bc\u03c6\u03c9\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03ac\u03c1\u03b8\u03c1\u03bf 6 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c2 2. \u0395\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03b1, \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b3\u03ac\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c6\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ce\u03c2, \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ac \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b8\u03b1 \r\n \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bb\u03ad\u03bf\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bb\u03ad\u03be\u03b9\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ce\u03c2. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u00abCut-Off \u03b4\u03b5\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ac\u03c2\u00bb. \u039c\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf, \u03c4\u03bf \u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf C-31 \u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03b8\u03bc\u03cc \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ce\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<iframe width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/__Y_hHFvUR8\" title=\"\u0391\u03bd\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03ae \u03b2\u03af\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03bf YouTube\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen=\"\">\r\n<\/iframe><br>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u0394\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03c5\u03b2\u03ad\u03c1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf \u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2, 1960 \u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 2000<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\u039f <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\/\">\u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2<\/a>, 1876,<\/em> \u03b4\u03b9\u03ad\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03c5\u03b2\u03ad\u03c1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03ad\u03b2\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5 \u03b5\u03be\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 - \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-agents-in-canada\">\u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03cc\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd<\/a> \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-affairs-and-northern-development-canada\">\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03a5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd<\/a> \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ac\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-self-government\">\u039c\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03ba\u03b1\u03b5\u03c4\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 1960 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03ba\u03b1\u03b5\u03c4\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 1970\r\n, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03cc\u03bb\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bf\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf \u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03b2\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03ad\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u039a\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b4\u03ac \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b4\u03c1\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03ce\u03bd \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03c7\u03b8\u03bf\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03af\u03ba\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2.<\/a> \r\n\u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b7 \u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03ad\u03c1\u03b4\u03b9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 20\u03bf\u03cd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 21\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03c7\u03b8\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bb\u03b1\u03bf\u03af \u03b5\u03af\u03b4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03af\u03ba\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/constitution-act-1982\/\"><em>\u03a3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u039d\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 1982<\/em><\/a> \r\n \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03b8\u03bd\u03ae \u03ad\u03b3\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b1.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u03a4\u03bf 1984, \u03b7 \u03a3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c6\u03c9\u03bd\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/james-bay-and-northern-quebec-agreement\">James Bay \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0392\u03cc\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5 \u039a\u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03ad\u03ba<\/a>, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ce\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03ad\u03ba\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 Penner, \u03bf\u03b4\u03ae\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf <em>Cree-Naskapi (\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u039a\u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03ad\u03ba), \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03bf \r\n \u03ba\u03bf\u03bc\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af<\/em> \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03af\u03ba\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b9\u03b8\u03b1\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u039a\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b4\u03ac, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\">\u0399\u03bd<\/a><\/em> \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u039d\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b9\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03c7\u03b8\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03c9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2. \u03a4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03a0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03b1 \u0388\u03b8\u03bd\u03b7<\/a> \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd <em>\u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u039d\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf<\/em>, \u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03c5\u03b2\u03ad\u03c1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7<\/a> \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c7\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \r\n \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03a0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u0395\u03b8\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0388\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5, \u03c5\u03c0\u03ae\u03c1\u03be\u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03cd\u03be\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03be\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b6\u03ce\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2<\/a> \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03c5\u03b2\u03ad\u03c1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf. \u03a4\u03bf 1996, \u03b7 \u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03c5\u03b2\u03ad\u03c1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf C-79 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5, \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \r\n \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03c5\u03b2\u03ad\u03c1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b6\u03ce\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c1\u03cd\u03b8\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf<\/a> \u03b8\u03b5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd. \u0397 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf\u03c8\u03b7\u03c6\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03a0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u0395\u03b8\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03c4\u03ac\u03c7\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf C-79. \u039c\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03c9\u03bd, \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03be\u03b1\u03bd \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03ba\u03c5\u03b2\u03ad\u03c1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03ad\u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03ce\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03a0\u03c1\u03ce \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/duty-to-consult\">\u03c4\u03b1<\/a> \u0388\u03b8\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03b3\u03ad\u03c2. \u03a6\u03bf\u03b2\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf \u03b8\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-treaties\">\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd<\/a> \u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-rights\">\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03af\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1<\/a> \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03af\u03ba\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7. \u0395\u03c0\u03b9\u03c0\u03bb\u03ad\u03bf\u03bd, \u03c4\u03bf \u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03ae \u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03cc\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/royal-commission-on-aboriginal-peoples\">\u0392\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u0395\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u0391\u03b2\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b3\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u039b\u03b1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2<\/a>. \r\n\u03a4\u03bf \u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf C-79 \u03b1\u03c0\u03ad\u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b3\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u03a4\u03bf 2002, \u03c4\u03bf \u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf C-7, \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c9\u03c2 \u039d\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf \u0394\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba <em>\u03c5\u03b2\u03ad\u03c1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03a0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u0395\u03b8\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd, \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c0\u03ac<\/em> \u03b8\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03b5\u03be\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03cc\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd \u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1, \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03ae \u03b7\u03b3\u03b5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1. \u0391\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03c5\u03b2\u03ad\u03c1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b2\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03b5\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b1 \u03a0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03b1 \u0388\u03b8\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \r\n \u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf, \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b1\u03c0\u03ad\u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03b5. \u03a4\u03bf 2006, \u03bf <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/senate\">\u03b3\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2<\/a> Gerry St Germain \u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03ae\u03b3\u03b1\u03b3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf S-216 \u00ab\u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c9\u03b8\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b3\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03af\u03ba\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03a0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03b1 \u0388\u03b8\u03bd\u03b7 \r\n \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u039a\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b4\u03ac\u00bb. \u03a4\u03bf \u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf \u03b8\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03c0\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03a0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03b1 \u0388\u03b8\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03c5\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03b7\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c0\u03c4\u03cd\u03be\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1. \u0395\u03bd\u03ce \u03c4\u03bf \u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf S-216 \u03c0\u03ad\u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b5\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7, \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b1\u03c0\u03ad\u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03b5. (<em>\u0392\u03bb\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/parliamentary-procedure\">\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u03a9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf, \u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ad\u03b8\u03bd\u03b7 \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b2\u03b5\u03af \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03b1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c1\u03c5\u03b8\u03bc\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ac \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03be\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03c5\u03b2\u03ad\u03c1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b2\u03bb\u03ad\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd <em>\u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf<\/em>. \u039c\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd: \u03bf \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 <em>\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03b8\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd (1999), \u03bf \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2<\/em> \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 <em>\u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03b8\u03bd<\/em> \u03ce\u03bd (2005), \u03bf \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 <em>\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03bb\u03b1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03b1\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03b8\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd (2005), \u03bf \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2<\/em> <em>\u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03be\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce<\/em> \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03b8\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd (2006) \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf <em>\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ad\u03b8\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2<\/em> (2009).<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u03a4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf 2011 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf 2017<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\u03a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2, \u03bf <em>\u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8<\/em> \u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b2\u03ac\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b3\u03cc\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2, \u03cc\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd \u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">\u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ce\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/a>. \u03a4\u03bf 2011, \u03c4\u03bf <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/parliament\">\u039a\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf \u03c8\u03ae\u03c6\u03b9<\/a> \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af \r\n <em>\u03b9\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c6\u03cd\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c7<\/em> \u03ce\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7, \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf C-3. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03c5\u03b2\u03ad\u03c1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2<\/a> \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mcivor-case\">McIvor<\/a>, \u03b7 \r\n \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03c9 \u03c6\u03cd\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c4\u03bc\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1 6 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 <em>\u03b9\u03bd\u03b4<\/em> \u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 1985. \u03a4\u03bf \u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf C-3 \u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03b7\u03b3\u03b5\u03af \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ce\u03c2 6 (2) \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b5\u03b3\u03b3\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ad\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ce\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf 1985. \u03a9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd, \u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03cc\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd \u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03c3\u03ad\u03b3\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1, \r\n \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1 \u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b3\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2. \u03a9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03ba \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5, \u03bf \u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf C-3 \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c1\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ce\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ac\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1 \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03c9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03c9 \u03c6\u03cd\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u03a4\u03bf \u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf S-3 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\"><em>\u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf<\/em><\/a>, \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 Descheneaux \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 2015. \u03a4\u03bf \u03b6\u03ae\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \r\n \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03be\u03b1\u03b4\u03ad\u03bb\u03c6\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03b4\u03ad\u03bb\u03c6\u03b9\u03b1. \u0388\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 S-3 \u03c4\u03ad\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03cd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 22 \u0394\u03b5\u03ba\u03b5\u03bc\u03b2\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 2017. \u039c\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03be\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd, \u03b7 \u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03ce\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03b9\u03b2\u03ac\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ce\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b3\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ce\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf \u03ad\u03c7\u03b1\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf 1985. \r\n\u0393\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1, \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03b3\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5 \u03ac\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03ac\u03b3\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ae\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd 1951-85 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03b3\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03af\u03c3\u03c7\u03c5\u03b1\u03bd \u03b5\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03ae. \u03a4\u03bf \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 - \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ce\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \r\n \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b3\u03cc\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b1\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ce\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf 1951 (\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc \u03c9\u03c2 \u00abcut-off 1951\u00bb) - \u03c4\u03ad\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03cd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 15 \u0391\u03c5\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 2019. \u03a3\u03cd\u03bc\u03c6\u03c9\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03c5\u03b2\u03ad\u03c1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7, \u00ab\u038c\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c6\u03cd\u03bb\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd <em>\u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c0\u03bb\u03ad\u03bf\u03bd<\/em> \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c9\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u00bb.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u03a0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03c5\u03b8\u03bc\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\u03a4\u03bf 2010, \u03b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03c5\u03b2\u03ad\u03c1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7<\/a> \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03af\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03bc\u03b5 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03c7\u03b8\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2<\/a> \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03b8\u03c5\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \r\n \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03b3\u03b5\u03af \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bc\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 <em>\u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5<\/em> \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03be\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/residential-schools\">\u03c3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd<\/a> \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03cd\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ac \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c0\u03af\u03c4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>\u03a4\u03bf \u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf S-2, \u03bf \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 <em>\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c3\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03b5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b6\u03c5\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ae \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1, \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c9\u03c0<\/em> \u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u03cc \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf.<\/em> \u03a3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03ac\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03b5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc<\/a> \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b6\u03c5\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u039a\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2. \u03a3\u03cd\u03bc\u03c6\u03c9\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03c5\u03b2\u03ad\u03c1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7, \u03c4\u03bf \u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf S-2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf \u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf, \u03cc\u03c7\u03b9 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03cd\u03b8\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 <em>\u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5<\/em>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u03a3\u03c5\u03b6\u03ae\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7: \u039d\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03ae \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c6\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03bf \u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2;<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0395\u03bd\u03ce \u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03c7\u03b8\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03c7\u03b8\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bb\u03b1\u03bf\u03af \u03b6\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c1\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5, \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c6\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c1\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b2\u03c1\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b5\u03c2, \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf \u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ce\u03c2. \u038c\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03be\u03b7\u03b3\u03b5\u03af \u03bf \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 David Newhouse, \u00ab[\u039f <em>\u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2<\/em>] \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \r\n \u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03c5\u03b2\u03ad\u03c1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2. \u0397 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03cc\u03c1\u03c6\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03a0\u03c1\u03ac\u03be\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03bc\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03af\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ae \u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c1\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c7\u03bb\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03a0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03b1 \u0388\u03b8\u03bd\u03b7\u00bb.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u03a9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c7\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03af \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03c7\u03b8\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bb\u03b1\u03bf\u03af \u03b5\u03bb\u03c0\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u03be\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u039d\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u03af\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03ae \u03b8\u03b1 \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c5\u03be\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b7 \u03ba\u03af\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-self-government\/\">\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03af\u03ba\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/truth-and-reconciliation-commission\">\u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7<\/a>, \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03b3\u03ae \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u039a\u03c5\u03b2\u03ad\u03c1\u03bd<\/a> \u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2-\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03c7\u03b8\u03bf\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd. \u038c\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03ae\u03bb\u03c9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03bf \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/assembly-of-first-nations\">\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03a3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03a0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u0395\u03b8\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd<\/a>, \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/perry-bellegarde\">Perry Bellegarde<\/a> \u03c4\u03bf 2018, \u00ab\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b8\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03c7\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 <em>\u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03a0\u03c1\u03ac\u03be\u03b7\u03c2<\/em> \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03c4\u03b7\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03c7\u03b8\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bb\u03b1\u03bf\u03af \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03b8\u03bd\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b8\u03b5\u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ce\u03b4\u03b7 \r\n \u03b5\u03b3\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03ae \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u00bb.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<iframe sandbox=\"allow-same-origin allow-scripts allow-top-navigation allow-popups\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"100%\" height=\"185\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https:\/\/embed.radiopublic.com\/e?if=the-secret-life-of-canada-Ww0QnZ&amp;ge=s1!7163a1347ab72236394fe46a4fe7d4048bc69b37\">\r\n<\/iframe><br>\r\n\r\n\t<p>\u03a4\u03b9 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf \u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03af \u03bf \u039a\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b4\u03ac\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b2\u03b9\u03b2\u03bb\u03af\u03b1? \u0397 \u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1 Secret Life \u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u03ba\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2, \u03b7 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc 143 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bd\u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c4\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1, \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf\u03b4\u03ae\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u039d\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf \u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \r\n \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03c7\u03b8\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03ae\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1. <br>\r\n<strong>\u03a3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7<\/strong><em>: <em>\u0397 \u03bc\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u039a\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b4\u03ac \u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03be\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9<\/em> \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 Falen Johnson \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 Leah Simone Bowen \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03cc\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03bf podcast CBC \u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03be\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u039a\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u0395\u03b3\u03ba\u03c5\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1.<\/em><\/p>\r\n<\/blockquote>\r\n<br>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u039a\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0391\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd, \u03b7 \u03c3\u03cd\u03b3\u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b7 \u03ad\u03ba\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 <em>\u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5<\/em> \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">\u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4<\/a> \u03ce\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2, \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03b5 \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac<\/a>, \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03b7\u03b4\u03b5\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b7\u03bb\u03af\u03ba\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd, \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03cc\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03c0\u03ac <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2<\/a>, \r\n \u03b5\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03ad\u03c2, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03b5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u039f <em>\u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2<\/em> \u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c0\u03c4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03c7\u03b8\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2, \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03b5\u03c2, \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2. \u03a0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03ac\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03ce\u03bd, \u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03af\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03cc\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd \u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03c4\u03b1 \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/residential-schools\">\u03c3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03b1, \r\n \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ce\u03c2 \u03b7<\/a> \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c0\u03af\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03be\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03c7\u03b8\u03bf\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03b8\u03c5\u03c3\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd.<\/p>","slug":"indikielpraksi","alt_slug":"","twitter_summary":null,"locale":"el","automated":true,"hidden":0,"views":2,"created_at":"2025-01-13T19:00:17.000000Z","updated_at":"2025-01-13T19:00:17.000000Z"},{"id":"bb765814-6a8d-4621-a304-627dd5ca0a06","article_id":"83668","title":"Indian Act","summary":"<p>The <em>Indian Act<\/em> is the primary law the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">federal government<\/a> uses to administer <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">Indian status<\/a>,\r\n\tlocal <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">First Nations<\/a> governments and the management of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">reserve<\/a> land. It also outlines governmental\r\n\tobligations to First Nations peoples. The <em>Indian Act<\/em> pertains to people with Indian Status; it does not directly reference non-status First Nations people, the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/metis\">M\u00e9tis<\/a> or\r\n\t<a\r\n\thref=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/inuit\">Inuit<\/a>. First introduced in 1876, the Act subsumed a number of colonial laws that aimed to eliminate First Nations culture in favour of assimilation into Euro-Canadian society. A new version of the Act was passed in 1951, and since then, has been\r\n\t\tamended several times, most significantly in 1985, with changes mainly focusing on the removal of discriminatory sections. It is an evolving, paradoxical document that has enabled trauma, human rights violations and social and cultural disruption for\r\n\t\tgenerations of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">Indigenous peoples<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>This is the full-length entry about the <em>Indian Act<\/em>. For a plain language summary, please see <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act-plain-language-summary\" target=\"_blank\">Indian Act (Plain Language Summary)<\/a>.<\/p>","body":"<div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/cbcd31d1-03f6-4fba-a45d-96ee89c4617d.jpg\" title=\"Indian Act\" alt=\"Indian Act\"><\/div>\r\n\r\n<h3>Historical Context: Before the Indian Act, 1763\u20131876<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/royal-proclamation-of-1763\/\">Royal Proclamation of 1763<\/a> laid down the basis for how colonial administration would interact with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">First Nations<\/a>\tpeoples in the centuries that followed. The Proclamation guaranteed certain <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-rights\">rights<\/a> and protections for First Nations peoples, and established the process by which the government\r\n\tcould acquire their lands. Further policies were passed in the first half of the 19th century that aimed to assimilate First Nations peoples into the growing settler population.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>The 1850 <em>Act for the better protection of the Lands and Property of the Indians in Lower Canada <\/em>was one of the first pieces of legislation that included a set of requirements for a person to be considered a legal <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/indian\/\">Indian<\/a>\t\u2014 a precursor to the concept of \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">status<\/a>.\u201d These requirements were based on blood, and essentially said that people \u201cshall be considered as Indians\u201d if they were of \u201cIndian\r\n\tblood\u201d and were members of a \u201cBody or Tribe of Indians.\u201d All descendants of such people were considered to be Indian. So too were non-Indians who \u201cintermarried with such Indians,\u201d people whose parents (one or both) would have been considered Indians,\r\n\tand \u201call persons adopted in infancy by any such Indians.\u201d<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Acts commonly known as the <em>Gradual Civilization Act <\/em>of 1857 and the <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/gradual-civilization-act\/\">Gradual Enfranchisement Act<\/a> <\/em>of 1869 were primarily aimed at removing any\r\n\tspecial distinction or rights of First Nations peoples in order to assimilate them into the larger settler population. This was initially meant to be accomplished by the <em>Gradual Civilization Act <\/em>through voluntary\r\n\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\/\">enfranchisement<\/a> (i.e., a First Nations person would give up their status in exchange for land and the right to vote), but only one person voluntarily enfranchised. As a\r\n\tresult, the government then began unilaterally enfranchising First Nations people.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>A number of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">Indigenous<\/a> groups made <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-treaties\/\">treaties<\/a>\u2014 in particular the first five <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/numbered-treaties\">Numbered Treaties<\/a>\t\u2014 with Canadian governments before the 1876 passing of the <em>Indian Act<\/em>. Those groups may consider their legal identity as First Nations people to flow through those treaties, rather than through the <em>Indian Act<\/em>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>The Indian Act Comes to Power, 1876<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>In 1867, the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/constitution-act-1867\/\"><em>Constitution Act<\/em><\/a> assigned legislative jurisdiction to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/parliament\">Parliament<\/a> over\"Indians,\r\n\tand Lands reserved for the Indians.\" Nearly 10 years later, in 1876, the <em>Gradual Civilization Act <\/em>and the <em>Gradual Enfranchisement Act <\/em>became part of the <em>Indian Act<\/em>. Through the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-affairs-and-northern-development-canada\">Department of Indian Affairs<\/a>\tand its <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-agents-in-canada\">Indian agents<\/a>, the <em>Indian Act <\/em>gave the government sweeping powers with regards to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">First Nations<\/a>\tidentity, political structures, governance, cultural practices and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-education\">education<\/a>. These powers restricted Indigenous freedoms and allowed officials to determine <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-rights\">Indigenous rights<\/a>\tand benefits based on \u201cgood moral character.\u201d<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>The <em>Indian Act<\/em> attempted to generalize a vast and varied population of people and assimilate them into non-Indigenous society. It forbade First Nations peoples and communities from expressing their identities through governance and culture. The\r\n\tAct replaced traditional structures of governance with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">band<\/a> council elections. Hereditary <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/chief\">chiefs<\/a> \u2014 leaders who\r\n\tacquire power through descent rather than election \u2014 are not recognized by the <em>Indian Act<\/em>. Until 1951, women were also excluded from band council politics. (<em>See also<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/women-and-the-indian-act\">Women and the Indian Act<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Act also made it illegal for First Nations peoples to practice <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/religion-of-aboriginal-people\">religious<\/a> ceremonies and various cultural gatherings. In 1884, the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/potlatch\/\">potlatch<\/a>\twas banned, and in 1895, \u201cany <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-term\">Indian<\/a> festival, dance or other ceremony,\u201d which would include <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/powwows-editorial\">powwows<\/a>\tand the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sun-dance\">sun dance<\/a>, were also banned. Another amendment in 1914 outlawed dancing off-<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">reserve<\/a>,\r\n\tand in 1925, dancing is outlawed entirely.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>In 1927, the Act made it illegal for First Nations peoples and communities to solicit funds for the pursuit of a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/land-claims\/\">land claim<\/a>. Subsequent amendments required First Nations children\r\n\tto attend industrial or <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/residential-schools\/\">residential schools<\/a>(1894 and 1920). The dark legacy of residential schools in Canada has affected Indigenous communities across the country and\r\n\tintergenerationally.\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>At the turn of the 20th century, the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/pass-system-in-canada\">pass system<\/a> (which restricted the movement of First Nations peoples off reserves) was imposed without any legal authorization. These\r\n\trestrictive policies have had lasting impacts on generations of Indigenous people, as restrictions on mobility caused damage to Indigenous economies, cultures and societies.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>The <em>Indian Act<\/em> also defined who was considered an Indian under the law. It stated that an Indian was \u201cany male person of Indian blood reputed to belong to a particular <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">band<\/a>.\u201d\r\n\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">Indian status<\/a> also applied to \u201cany child of such person\u201d and to \u201cany woman who is or was lawfully married to such person.\u201d A person lost status if they graduated university,\r\n\tmarried a non-status person (if they were a woman) or, from 1876 to 1880, became a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/christianity\">Christian<\/a> minister, doctor or lawyer. This was known as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\">enfranchisement<\/a>.\r\n\tSection 112 of the <em>Indian Act<\/em> \u2013 known as the \u201ccompulsory enfranchisement\u201d section \u2014 wasn\u2019t removed until 1961. The administration of status was a tool of assimilation and cultural destruction.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>A Revised Indian Act in 1951<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>The period immediately following the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/second-world-war-wwii\/\">Second World War<\/a> involved much societal introspection in Canada, and led to a reconsideration of some of the more restrictive and\r\n\toppressive measures imposed by the <em>Indian Act<\/em>. A series of proposed reforms were rejected or opposed by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">First Nations<\/a> peoples because they were not involved in the\r\n\tprocess. As a result, the government of Canada broke with tradition and through the Joint Committee process, consulted with First Nations communities for the very first time ever about changes to the <em>Indian Act<\/em>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>A new and revised <em>Indian Act <\/em>was given royal assent on 20 June 1951. The resulting overhaul removed some of the most offensive political, cultural and religious restrictions. For example, bans on ceremonies like the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/potlatch\">potlatch<\/a>\tand\r\n\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sun-dance\">sun dance<\/a> were removed. Communities were also able to bring about <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/land-claims\/\">land claims<\/a> against the government.\r\n\tFor First Nations women, the 1951 Act meant they were now able to vote in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">band<\/a> council elections. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/elsie-knott\">Elsie Marie Knott<\/a>\twas the first elected female First Nations <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/chief\">chief<\/a> in Canada. (<em>See also <\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-women-and-the-franchise\">Indigenous Women and the Franchise<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>However, the revisions did not rid the Act of discrimination. For example, the <em>Indian Act <\/em>prohibited <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">status<\/a> people from possessing intoxicants or being intoxicated.\r\n\tThe 1951 revisions also gave the provinces jurisdiction over Indigenous <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/child-welfare\">child welfare<\/a> (Section 88) where none existed federally. This eventually allowed for the \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sixties-scoop\">Sixties Scoop<\/a>\u201d\r\n\tto occur, a process by which provincial child welfare agencies chose to remove children from their homes rather than provide community resources and supports. The Sixties Scoop has had considerable and long-lasting effects on Indigenous communities.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Moreover, the new Act did not overturn the discriminatory nature of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian\">Indian Status<\/a>. The Act replaced the concept of \u201cIndian blood\u201d with one of status through registration. In other\r\n\twords, simply having First Nations heritage was not enough to qualify for status. Yet, male lines of descent were still privileged; women with status lost their rights if they married a non-status person. (<em>See also<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/women-and-the-indian-act\">Women and the Indian Act<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>The provisions regarding a woman\u2019s status were particularly extreme. A woman\u2019s status rights flowed entirely through her husband. A non-status woman who married a man with status would gain status herself. A status woman who married a status man had her\r\n\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">band<\/a> membership tied to his so she was no longer a member of her own band, and she lost her status entirely if she was widowed or abandoned by her husband.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>The 1951 <em>Indian Act<\/em> also introduced the \u201cDouble Mother\u201d rule, which revoked a child\u2019s status on its 21st birthday if both their mother and grandmother had not qualified for status. The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/royal-commission-on-aboriginal-peoples\">Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples<\/a>\tin 1996 noted that the revisions contained in the 1951 overhaul did little but return the <em>Indian Act <\/em>to its 1876 state, while the additional restrictions on the transfer of status did harm to First Nations women and their children.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Demanding Change to the Indian Act, 1960s and 1970s<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>The 1951 <em>Indian Act<\/em> did not alter the process of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\">enfranchisement<\/a> for <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">Indigenous peoples<\/a>,\r\n\tnor did it allow for the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/franchise\">right to vote<\/a>. However, in early 1958, Prime Minister <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/john-diefenbaker\">John Diefenbaker<\/a>\u2019s\r\n\tgovernment began drafting the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/canadian-bill-of-rights\/\">Canadian Bill of Rights<\/a>. With the Bill of Rights\u2019 emphasis on equal rights for all Canadians, Indigenous peoples could hardly be denied\r\n\tthe right to vote. On 31 March 1960, portions of Section 14(2) of the <em>Canada Elections Act <\/em>were repealed in order to grant the federal vote to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">Status Indians<\/a>.\r\n\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">First Nations<\/a> people could now vote without losing their status. The following year, the compulsory enfranchisement clause in the <em>Indian Act<\/em> was removed. (<em>See also<\/em>\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-suffrage\">Indigenous Suffrage in Canada<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>In 1969, the government of Prime Minister <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/pierre-elliott-trudeau\/\">Pierre Elliott Trudeau<\/a> released its <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/the-white-paper-1969\/\">White Paper<\/a>,\r\n\twhich declared its intention to entirely eliminate Indian status and the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-affairs-and-northern-development-canada\">Department of Indian Affairs<\/a>. The White Paper was met with outrage\r\n\tfrom First Nations peoples and was immediately countered by the \u201cRed Paper,\u201d created and presented by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/harold-cardinal\/\">Harold Cardinal<\/a>, then-president of the Indian Association of Alberta.\r\n\tDue to the fierce and continued opposition by Indigenous groups and their supporters, the Canadian government quickly withdrew the White Paper.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Many Indigenous women during this time were fighting to change discriminatory sections of the <em>Indian Act<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mary-two-axe-earley\">Mary Two-Axe Earley<\/a> was one of the earliest activists.\r\n\tIn addition to other work, she mobilized a series of speaking and writing campaigns to raise the profile of abuses by women who had been denied status, treaty and property rights under the Act. Yvonne <a name=\"_Hlk39573469\">B\u00e9dard <\/a>and\r\n\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/jeannette-vivian-lavell\">Jeannette Corbiere Lavell<\/a>, both of whom lost their status because of a marriage, brought cases to court against the Canadian government. In 1973, their cases merged\r\n\tat the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/supreme-court-of-canada\/\">Supreme Court of Canada<\/a>. In that year, the court was widely criticized for ruling that the part of the Act that connected a woman\u2019s status to her husband\u2019s\r\n\tdid not discriminate against women, even though status men kept their status if they \u201cmarried out.\u201d (<em>See also <\/em>\r\n\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/bedard-case\">B\u00e9dard Case<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/lavell-case\">Lavell Case<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>In 1981, the United Nations Human Rights Commission ruled that Canada had violated Article 27 of the <em>International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights <\/em>in the case of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sandra-lovelace-nicholas\">Sandra Lovelace Nicholas<\/a>\u2014\r\n\ta\r\n\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/maliseet\">Wolastoqiyik<\/a> woman who had lost her status through marriage. The government had prevented Sandra from returning to her home community because, according to the <em>Indian Act<\/em>,\r\n\tshe had married out and was no longer considered to be a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">band<\/a> member.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Bill C-31: 1985 Amendments to the Indian Act<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>In 1985, responding to growing national and international concern over the lack of equality in the <em>Indian Act<\/em>, the government passed <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/bill-c-31\">Bill C-31<\/a>. The bill fully removed all\r\n\tremaining <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\">enfranchisement<\/a> clauses. Additionally, those who had lost <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">status<\/a> through marriage\r\n\twere reinstated as Status Indians and as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">band<\/a> members. Their children gained status, but would not gain band membership for two years. This interval was meant to give bands time to\r\n\tcreate their own membership codes, which could exclude the children, but not their mothers. If such a code was not passed prior to June 1987, the children gained band membership as well. With more control over membership lists, bands could have non-status\r\n\tmembers. However, since funding through the federal government is based on status members, there is little incentive for bands to have many non-status members.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Since the amendments to the <em>Indian Act <\/em>in 1985 were put in place, the number of registered Indians has more than doubled, from approximately 360,000 in 1985 to more than 778,000 in 2007. The increase is a result of more births over deaths as\r\n\twell as through \"reinstated\" Indian status.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>However, while the amendment addressed <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/prejudice-and-discrimination\">discrimination<\/a> against women, it also created some problems. Bill C-31 created two categories of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian\">Indian<\/a>\tregistration. The first, known as section 6(1), applies when both parents are or were entitled to registration. (This section is further broken down into sub-sections that differ based on how status is passed down.) The second, known as section 6(2),\r\n\tapplies when one parent is entitled to registration under 6(1). Status <em>cannot <\/em>be transferred if that one parent is registered under section 6(2). In short, after two generations of intermarriage with non-status partners, children would no longer\r\n\tbe eligible for status. This is known as the \u201cSecond-Generation Cut-Off\u201d rule. In this way, Bill C-31 has had consequences on the number of people entitled to status rights.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<iframe width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/__Y_hHFvUR8\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen=\"\"><\/iframe>\r\n<br>\r\n\r\n<h3>Governance and the Indian Act, 1960s to 2000s<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>The <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\/\">Indian Act<\/a>, <\/em>1876, dismantled traditional systems of governance and imposed external controls \u2014 in the form of local <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-agents-in-canada\">Indian agents<\/a>\tand the federal bureaucracy of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-affairs-and-northern-development-canada\">Department of Indian Affairs<\/a> on individuals and communities. Not until the late 1960s and early 1970s\r\n\tdid increasingly effective political organizations and intensifying activism set Canada on a path toward acknowledging and enabling forms of Indigenous <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-self-government\">self-government<\/a>.\r\n\tThis trend gained momentum in the late 20th and the early 21st centuries, and Indigenous peoples saw their rights to self-government affirmed in the<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/constitution-act-1982\/\">\u200b<em>Constitution Act, 1982<\/em><\/a>,\r\n\tand in international documents.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>In 1984, the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/james-bay-and-northern-quebec-agreement\">James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement<\/a>, as well as the Penner Report, resulted in the <em>Cree-Naskapi (of Quebec) Act<\/em>, the first\r\n\tpiece of Indigenous self-government legislation in Canada, which replaced the <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\">Indian Act<\/a> <\/em>and established Indigenous communities in the region as corporate entities. Self-governing\r\n\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">First Nations<\/a> are not subject to the <em>Indian Act<\/em>, though the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">federal government<\/a> continues\r\n\tto administer certain First Nations affairs.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Since then, there have been proposals to increase <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">band<\/a> powers over governance in the Act. In 1996, the federal government proposed Bill C-79 to amend areas of the Act including band\r\n\tgovernance and the regulation of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">reserves<\/a>. The majority of First Nations were opposed to Bill C-79. Among other reasons, they argued that the government failed to adequately\r\n\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/duty-to-consult\">consult<\/a> with First Nations about proposed changes. They feared the bill would threaten <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-treaties\">treaty<\/a>\trights and the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-rights\">right<\/a> to self-government. Furthermore, the bill was criticized for ignoring the recommendations of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/royal-commission-on-aboriginal-peoples\">Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples<\/a>.\r\n\tBill C-79 failed to become law.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>In 2002, Bill C-7, also known as the <em>First Nations Governance Act,<\/em> sought to give band councils more power in terms of law-making, leadership selection and the like. Though the federal government consulted with various First Nations about the\r\n\tbill, it ultimately failed. In 2006, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/senate\">Senator<\/a> Gerry St. Germain introduced Bill S-216 \u201cto promote the recognition and implementation of the right to self-government for First Nations\r\n\tin Canada.\u201d The bill would have allowed for First Nations wishing to self-govern to develop a proposal and constitution. While Bill S-216 achieved Second Reading, it too ultimately failed. (<em>See also<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/parliamentary-procedure\">Parliamentary Procedure<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>However, some First Nations have made successful sectoral arrangements. These allow for greater governance powers not provided under the <em>Indian Act<\/em>. Some examples include: <em>First Nations Land Management Act<\/em> (1999), <em>First Nations Fiscal Management Act<\/em>\t(2005), <em>First Nations Oil and Gas and Moneys Management Act<\/em> (2005), <em>First Nations Commercial and Industrial Development Act<\/em> (2006), and <em>First Nation Property Ownership Act<\/em> (2009).<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Amendments to the Indian Act in 2011 and 2017<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Despite various amendments, the <em>Indian Act<\/em> still discriminated against women and their descendants, with regards to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">status<\/a> rights. In 2011, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/parliament\">Parliament<\/a>\tpassed the\r\n\t<em>Gender Equity in Indian Registration Act<\/em>, also known as Bill C-3. This was <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">federal government<\/a>\u2019s response to the <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mcivor-case\">McIvor case<\/a>,\r\n\twhich was about gender discrimination in section 6 of the 1985 <em>Indian Act<\/em>. Bill C-3 grants 6(2) status to grandchildren of women who regained status in 1985. However, the descendants of women, specifically in terms of great-grandchildren, did\r\n\tnot have the same entitlements as descendants of men in similar circumstances. Therefore, Bill C-3 still denied status rights to some individuals because of gender discrimination.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Bill S-3 was created in response to another court case about discrimination in the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\"><em>Indian Act<\/em><\/a>, the 2015 Descheneaux case. The issue in this case was about the way status\r\n\tis passed to cousins and siblings. One part of Bill S-3 came into effect on 22 December 2017. Among other provisions, the amendment enables more people to pass down their status to their descendants and reinstate status to those who lost it before 1985.\r\n\tFor example, it provides ways to register people with unknown paternity and who were unmarried minors between 1951\u201385 and affected by registration rules in place at the time. The other part of the bill \u2014 related to restoring status to women and their\r\n\toffspring who lost status before 1951 (known as the \u201c1951 Cut-off\u201d) \u2014 was brought into force on 15 August 2019. According to the government, \u201cAll known sex-based inequities in the <em>Indian Act <\/em>have now been addressed.\u201d<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Proposed Reforms<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>In 2010, the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">federal government<\/a> announced its intent to work with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">Indigenous peoples<\/a> to\r\n\tget rid parts of the <em>Indian Act <\/em>that give the authority to create <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/residential-schools\">residential schools<\/a> and take children away from their homes.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Bill S-2, the <em>Family Homes on Reserves and Matrimonial Interests or Rights Act<\/em>, addresses a legislative gap in the <em>Indian Act. <\/em>It aims to ensure that people living on <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">reserve<\/a>\thave similar rights to marital property as other Canadians. According to the Canadian government, Bill S-2 is a stand-alone piece of legislation, not a part of <em>Indian Act <\/em>reform.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Debate: To Keep or Eradicate the Indian Act?<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>While some Indigenous and non-Indigenous peoples call for the abolition of the Act, others fear that its removal would erode certain protections, such as those on Indian Status. As scholar David Newhouse explains, \u201c[The <em>Indian Act<\/em>] provides the\r\n\tstructure for local community governance and community life. Reforming the Act in one fell swoop, or repealing it, would be enormously disruptive to First Nations.\u201d<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>However, critics of the Act continue to work toward its dismantlement. These Indigenous peoples hope that the powers of the Act will fade or disappear with the increasing move towards <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-self-government\/\">self-government<\/a>\tand\r\n\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/truth-and-reconciliation-commission\">reconciliation<\/a>, contributing to a change in government-Indigenous relations. As <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/assembly-of-first-nations\">Assembly of First Nations<\/a>\tchief\r\n\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/perry-bellegarde\">Perry Bellegarde<\/a> stated in 2018, \u201cWe all want to move beyond the <em>Indian Act<\/em>\u2019s control and reconstitute ourselves as Indigenous peoples and Nations with fundamental\r\n\tinherent rights.\u201d<\/p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>\r\n\t<iframe sandbox=\"allow-same-origin allow-scripts allow-top-navigation allow-popups\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"100%\" height=\"185\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https:\/\/embed.radiopublic.com\/e?if=the-secret-life-of-canada-Ww0QnZ&amp;ge=s1!7163a1347ab72236394fe46a4fe7d4048bc69b37\"><\/iframe>\r\n\t<br>\r\n\r\n\t<p>What is the Indian Act and why Canada still have it on the books? The Secret Life team looks at the roots of this complicated policy, which after 143 years is still embedded in Canadian identity, from the policy that led to the Act to how it still impacts\r\n\t\tIndigenous identities today.<br>\r\n\t <strong>Note<\/strong>: <em>The Secret Life of Canada<\/em> is hosted and written by Falen Johnson and Leah Simone Bowen and is a CBC original podcast independent of <em>The Canadian Encyclopedia<\/em>.<\/p>\r\n<\/blockquote>\r\n<br>\r\n\r\n<h3>Legacy and Significance<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Though it has been amended several times over the years, the contemporary version of the <em>Indian Act <\/em>still outlines the terms of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">Indian Status<\/a>, various rules around\r\n\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">reserves<\/a>, financial guardianship of minors and the mentally incompetent, management of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">band<\/a> resources,\r\n\telections, and other aspects of life on a reserve.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>The <em>Indian Act<\/em> has had ongoing and long-lasting impacts on Indigenous cultures, economies, politics, and communities. It has also caused inter-generational trauma, particularly with regards to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/residential-schools\">residential schools<\/a>,\r\n\tas the oppression and restrictive provisions of the Act have negatively impacted generations of Indigenous peoples.<\/p>","slug":"indian-act","alt_slug":"","twitter_summary":null,"locale":"en","automated":false,"hidden":0,"views":0,"created_at":"2006-02-08T00:00:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2024-10-06T03:53:57.000000Z"},{"id":"9db32dee-d877-4e1b-ade6-7a9a28c26bdf","article_id":"83668","title":"Ley india","summary":"<p>La <em>Ley de los Indios<\/em> es la ley principal que el <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">gobierno federal<\/a> utiliza para administrar el <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">estatus de los indios<\/a>, los gobiernos \r\n locales de <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">las Primeras Naciones<\/a> y la administraci\u00f3n de las tierras de <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">reserva<\/a>. Tambi\u00e9n describe las \r\n obligaciones gubernamentales para con los pueblos de las Primeras Naciones. <a\r\n\thref=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/inuit\">La <em>Ley sobre la India<\/em> se refiere a las personas que tienen el estatuto de ind\u00edgenas; no hace referencia directa a las personas de las Primeras Naciones que no gozan de ese estatuto, ni a los mestizos ni a los <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/metis\">inuit.<\/a> \r\n<\/a> Introducida por primera vez en 1876, la ley incorpor\u00f3 una serie de leyes coloniales que ten\u00edan por objeto eliminar la cultura de las Primeras Naciones en favor de la asimilaci\u00f3n en la sociedad eurocanadiense. En 1951 se aprob\u00f3 una nueva versi\u00f3n de la ley y, desde entonces, se ha \r\n modificado varias veces, sobre todo en 1985, con cambios que se centran principalmente en la eliminaci\u00f3n de los art\u00edculos discriminatorios. Se trata de un documento parad\u00f3jico y en evoluci\u00f3n que ha provocado traumas, violaciones de los derechos humanos y trastornos sociales y culturales para \r\n generaciones de <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">pueblos ind\u00edgenas<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Esta es la entrada completa sobre la Ley Ind\u00edgena.<\/em> Para obtener un resumen en lenguaje sencillo, consulte la <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act-plain-language-summary\" target=\"_blank\">Ley india (resumen en lenguaje sencillo).<\/a><\/p>","body":"<div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/cbcd31d1-03f6-4fba-a45d-96ee89c4617d.jpg\" title=\"Ley india\" alt=\"Ley india\"><\/div>\r\n\r\n<h3>Contexto hist\u00f3rico: antes de la Ley de la India, 1763-1876<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>La <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/royal-proclamation-of-1763\/\">Proclamaci\u00f3n Real de 1763<\/a> sent\u00f3 las bases de c\u00f3mo la administraci\u00f3n colonial interactuar\u00eda con los pueblos de <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">las Primeras Naciones<\/a> en los siglos siguientes. La Proclamaci\u00f3n garantiz\u00f3 ciertos <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-rights\">derechos<\/a> y protecciones para los pueblos de las Primeras Naciones y estableci\u00f3 el proceso mediante el cual el gobierno \r\n pod\u00eda adquirir sus tierras. En la primera mitad del siglo XIX se aprobaron otras pol\u00edticas con el objetivo de asimilar a los pueblos de las Primeras Naciones a la creciente poblaci\u00f3n de colonos.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>La <em>Ley de 1850 para mejorar la protecci\u00f3n de las tierras y propiedades de los indios del Bajo Canad\u00e1<\/em> fue una de las primeras leyes que incluy\u00f3 una serie de requisitos para que una persona fuera considerada <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/indian\/\">ind\u00edgena legal, lo que constituy\u00f3<\/a> un precursor del concepto de \u00ab<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">estatus<\/a>\u00bb. Estos requisitos se basaban en la sangre y, en esencia, dec\u00edan que las personas \u00abser\u00edan consideradas indias\u00bb si eran de \u00ab\r\nsangre india\u00bb y pertenec\u00edan a un \u00abgrupo o tribu de indios\u00bb. Se consideraba que todos los descendientes de esas personas eran indios. Tambi\u00e9n lo eran los no indios que \u00abse casaban con esos indios\u00bb, las personas cuyos padres (uno o ambos) hubieran sido considerados indios \r\n y \u00abtodas las personas adoptadas en la infancia por cualquiera de esos indios\u00bb.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Las leyes com\u00fanmente conocidas como Ley de <em>Civilizaci\u00f3n Gradual de 1857 y Ley<\/em> de <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/gradual-civilization-act\/\">emancipaci\u00f3n gradual de 1869 ten\u00edan como objetivo principal eliminar cualquier distinci\u00f3n o derecho<\/a><\/em> \r\n especial de los pueblos de las Primeras Naciones a fin de asimilarlos a la mayor poblaci\u00f3n de colonos. Inicialmente, esto se pretend\u00eda lograr mediante la <em>Ley de Civilizaci\u00f3n Gradual<\/em> mediante la concesi\u00f3n voluntaria del \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\/\">derecho al voto<\/a> (es decir, una persona de las Primeras Naciones renunciar\u00eda a su estatus a cambio de tierras y el derecho al voto), pero solo una persona obtuvo el derecho al voto voluntariamente. Como \r\n resultado, el gobierno comenz\u00f3 entonces a conceder unilateralmente el derecho al voto a las personas de las Primeras Naciones.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Varios grupos <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">ind\u00edgenas<\/a> firmaron <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-treaties\/\">tratados (en particular los cinco primeros tratados<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/numbered-treaties\">numerados<\/a>) con los gobiernos canadienses antes de la aprobaci\u00f3n de la Ley de los Indios en 1876.<\/em> Es posible que esos grupos consideren que su identidad legal como personas de las Primeras Naciones se basa en esos tratados, y no en la <em>Ley de la India<\/em>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>La Ley de la India llega al poder, 1876<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>En 1867, la <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/constitution-act-1867\/\"><em>Ley Constitucional<\/em><\/a> asign\u00f3 la jurisdicci\u00f3n legislativa al <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/parliament\">Parlamento<\/a> sobre \u00ablos indios \r\n y las tierras reservadas para los indios\u00bb. <em>Casi 10 a\u00f1os despu\u00e9s, en 1876, la Ley de <em>Civilizaci\u00f3n Gradual y la Ley<\/em> de <em>Emancipaci\u00f3n Gradual pasaron a formar parte de la Ley<\/em> de la India.<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-education\">A trav\u00e9s del <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-affairs-and-northern-development-canada\">Departamento de Asuntos Ind\u00edgenas<\/a> y sus <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-agents-in-canada\">agentes ind\u00edgenas<\/a>, la <em>Ley sobre la India<\/em> otorg\u00f3 al gobierno amplios poderes en lo que respecta a la identidad, las estructuras pol\u00edticas, la gobernanza, las pr\u00e1cticas culturales y la educaci\u00f3n de las <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">Primeras Naciones<\/a>.<\/a> Estos poderes restring\u00edan las libertades de los ind\u00edgenas y permit\u00edan a los funcionarios determinar <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-rights\">los derechos y beneficios de los ind\u00edgenas<\/a> bas\u00e1ndose en el \u00abbuen car\u00e1cter moral\u00bb.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>La <em>ley ind\u00edgena<\/em> intent\u00f3 generalizar una poblaci\u00f3n vasta y variada de personas y asimilarlas a la sociedad no ind\u00edgena. Prohibi\u00f3 a los pueblos y comunidades de las Primeras Naciones expresar su identidad a trav\u00e9s de la gobernanza y la cultura. La \r\n ley sustituy\u00f3 las estructuras tradicionales de gobierno por elecciones a los consejos de <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">bandas<\/a>. La <em>Ley de la India<\/em> no reconoce a los <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/chief\">jefes<\/a> hereditarios (l\u00edderes que \r\n adquieren el poder por descendencia y no por elecciones). Hasta 1951, las mujeres tambi\u00e9n estaban excluidas de la pol\u00edtica de los consejos de bandas. (<em>V\u00e9ase tambi\u00e9n<\/em> la <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/women-and-the-indian-act\">Ley sobre la mujer y los indios<\/a>).<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>La ley tambi\u00e9n declar\u00f3 ilegal que los pueblos de las Primeras Naciones <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/religion-of-aboriginal-people\">celebraran ceremonias religiosas<\/a> y diversas reuniones culturales. En 1884, se prohibi\u00f3 el <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/potlatch\/\">potlatch<\/a> y, en 1895, tambi\u00e9n se prohibi\u00f3 \u00abcualquier festival, baile u otra ceremonia de la <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-term\">India<\/a>\u00bb, que incluyera los <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/powwows-editorial\">powwows<\/a> y la <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sun-dance\">danza del sol<\/a>. Otra enmienda, en 1914, prohibi\u00f3 bailar fuera de las <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">reservas<\/a> \r\n y, en 1925, se prohibi\u00f3 totalmente el baile.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/land-claims\/\">En 1927, la ley declar\u00f3 ilegal que los pueblos y comunidades de las Primeras Naciones solicitaran fondos para presentar una reclamaci\u00f3n de tierras.<\/a> Las enmiendas posteriores obligaron \r\n a los ni\u00f1os de las Primeras Naciones a asistir a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/residential-schools\/\">escuelas industriales o residenciales<\/a> (1894 y 1920). El oscuro legado de los internados en Canad\u00e1 ha afectado a las comunidades ind\u00edgenas de todo el pa\u00eds y de forma \r\n intergeneracional. \r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>A principios del siglo XX, el <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/pass-system-in-canada\">sistema de pases<\/a> (que restring\u00eda el movimiento de los pueblos de las Primeras Naciones fuera de las reservas) se impuso sin ninguna autorizaci\u00f3n legal. Estas pol\u00edticas \r\n restrictivas han tenido un impacto duradero en generaciones de pueblos ind\u00edgenas, ya que las restricciones a la movilidad han causado da\u00f1os a las econom\u00edas, culturas y sociedades ind\u00edgenas.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>La <em>Ley de la India<\/em> tambi\u00e9n defini\u00f3 qui\u00e9n era considerado indio en virtud de la ley. Dec\u00eda que un indio era \u00abcualquier persona masculina de sangre india que tuviera fama de pertenecer a una <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">banda<\/a> en particular\u00bb. \r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">La condici\u00f3n de indio<\/a> tambi\u00e9n se aplicaba a \u00abcualquier hijo de esa persona\u00bb y a \u00abcualquier mujer que est\u00e9 o haya estado legalmente casada con esa persona\u00bb. Una persona perd\u00eda su condici\u00f3n si se graduaba de la universidad, \r\n se casaba con una persona que no lo ten\u00eda (si era una mujer) o, de 1876 a 1880, se convert\u00eda en ministro, m\u00e9dico o abogado <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/christianity\">cristiano<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\">Esto se conoc\u00eda como la concesi\u00f3n del derecho al voto.<\/a> \r\nLa secci\u00f3n 112 de la <em>Ley de la India<\/em>, conocida como la secci\u00f3n de \u00abconcesi\u00f3n obligatoria del derecho al voto\u00bb, no se elimin\u00f3 hasta 1961. La administraci\u00f3n del estatus era una herramienta de asimilaci\u00f3n y destrucci\u00f3n cultural.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Una ley india revisada en 1951<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p><em>El per\u00edodo inmediatamente posterior a la <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/second-world-war-wwii\/\">Segunda Guerra Mundial<\/a> supuso una gran introspecci\u00f3n social en Canad\u00e1 y llev\u00f3 a que se reconsideraran algunas de las medidas m\u00e1s restrictivas y \r\n opresivas impuestas por la Ley sobre la India.<\/em> Los pueblos de las <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">Primeras Naciones<\/a> rechazaron o se opusieron a una serie de reformas propuestas por no participar en el proceso. \r\n Como resultado, el gobierno de Canad\u00e1 rompi\u00f3 con la tradici\u00f3n y, mediante el proceso del Comit\u00e9 Conjunto, consult\u00f3 con las comunidades de las Primeras Naciones por primera vez en la historia acerca de los cambios en la <em>Ley Ind\u00edgena<\/em>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>El 20 de junio de 1951, el rey sancion\u00f3 una <em>ley india<\/em> nueva y revisada. La reforma resultante elimin\u00f3 algunas de las restricciones pol\u00edticas, culturales y religiosas m\u00e1s ofensivas. Por ejemplo, se eliminaron las prohibiciones de ceremonias como el <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/potlatch\">potlatch<\/a> y la <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sun-dance\">danza \r\n del sol<\/a>. Las comunidades tambi\u00e9n pudieron presentar <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/land-claims\/\">reclamaciones de tierras<\/a> contra el gobierno. \r\nPara las mujeres de las Primeras Naciones, la Ley de 1951 significaba que ahora pod\u00edan votar en las elecciones a los consejos de <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">banda<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/elsie-knott\">Elsie Marie Knott<\/a> fue la primera mujer elegida <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/chief\">jefa de las Primeras Naciones en Canad\u00e1<\/a>. (<em>V\u00e9ase tambi\u00e9n<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-women-and-the-franchise\">Las mujeres ind\u00edgenas y la franquicia<\/a>).<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Sin embargo, las revisiones no eliminaron la discriminaci\u00f3n de la Ley. Por ejemplo, la <em>Ley de la India<\/em> prohib\u00eda a las personas con <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">estatus<\/a> legal poseer sustancias intoxicantes o estar intoxicadas. \r\nLas revisiones de 1951 tambi\u00e9n otorgaron a las provincias la jurisdicci\u00f3n sobre el <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/child-welfare\">bienestar de los ni\u00f1os<\/a> ind\u00edgenas (art\u00edculo 88), cuando no exist\u00eda ninguna a nivel federal. Con el tiempo, esto dio lugar \r\n a la \u00ab<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sixties-scoop\">primicia de los a\u00f1os sesenta<\/a>\u00bb, un proceso mediante el cual las agencias provinciales de bienestar infantil optaron por sacar a los ni\u00f1os de sus hogares en lugar de proporcionarles recursos y apoyos a la comunidad. La primicia de los a\u00f1os sesenta ha tenido efectos considerables y duraderos en las comunidades ind\u00edgenas.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian\">Adem\u00e1s, la nueva ley no anul\u00f3 la naturaleza discriminatoria de la condici\u00f3n de indio.<\/a> La ley sustituy\u00f3 el concepto de \u00absangre ind\u00edgena\u00bb por el de la condici\u00f3n jur\u00eddica mediante el registro. En otras \r\n palabras, el simple hecho de tener el patrimonio de las Primeras Naciones no bastaba para obtener el estatuto. Sin embargo, las l\u00edneas de descendencia masculina segu\u00edan siendo privilegiadas; las mujeres con estatus perd\u00edan sus derechos si se casaban con una persona que no lo ten\u00eda. (<em>V\u00e9ase tambi\u00e9n<\/em> la <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/women-and-the-indian-act\">Ley sobre la mujer y los indios<\/a>).<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Las disposiciones relativas a la condici\u00f3n de la mujer eran particularmente extremas. Los derechos de la mujer en cuanto a la condici\u00f3n jur\u00eddica y social fluyen enteramente a trav\u00e9s de su marido. Una mujer sin estatus que se case con un hombre con estatus ganar\u00eda ella misma ese estatus. Una mujer con estatus social que se casa con un hombre con estatus social tiene su pertenencia a la \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">banda<\/a> vinculada a la suya, por lo que deja de ser miembro de su propia banda, y pierde su estatus por completo si enviuda o es abandonada por su esposo.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>La <em>Ley de la India<\/em> de 1951 tambi\u00e9n introdujo la regla de la \u00abmadre doble\u00bb, que revocaba la condici\u00f3n jur\u00eddica de un ni\u00f1o cuando cumpl\u00eda 21 a\u00f1os si tanto su madre como su abuela no reun\u00edan los requisitos para obtenerla. En 1996, la <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/royal-commission-on-aboriginal-peoples\">Comisi\u00f3n Real sobre los Pueblos Abor\u00edgenes<\/a> observ\u00f3 que las revisiones contenidas en la reforma de 1951 no hab\u00edan hecho m\u00e1s que devolver la <em>Ley de la India<\/em> a su estado de 1876, mientras que las restricciones adicionales a la transferencia de la condici\u00f3n perjudicaban a las mujeres de las Primeras Naciones y a sus hijos.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Exigiendo un cambio en la Ley de la India, a\u00f1os sesenta y setenta<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>La <em>Ley de la India<\/em> de 1951 no alter\u00f3 el proceso <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\">de concesi\u00f3n del derecho al voto<\/a> para <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">los pueblos ind\u00edgenas<\/a> \r\n ni permiti\u00f3 el <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/franchise\">derecho<\/a> al voto. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/canadian-bill-of-rights\/\">Sin embargo, a principios de 1958, el \r\n gobierno del primer ministro <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/john-diefenbaker\">John Diefenbaker<\/a> comenz\u00f3 a redactar la Declaraci\u00f3n de Derechos de Canad\u00e1.<\/a> Con el \u00e9nfasis de la Declaraci\u00f3n de Derechos en la igualdad de derechos para todos los canadienses, dif\u00edcilmente se podr\u00eda negar \r\n a los pueblos ind\u00edgenas el derecho al voto. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">El 31 de marzo de 1960, se derogaron partes del art\u00edculo 14 (2) de la <em>Ley electoral de Canad\u00e1<\/em> para conceder el voto federal a los indios con estatus.<\/a> \r\nLos pueblos de <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">las Primeras Naciones<\/a> ahora pod\u00edan votar sin perder su estatus. Al a\u00f1o siguiente, se elimin\u00f3 la cl\u00e1usula de concesi\u00f3n obligatoria del derecho al voto en la <em>Ley de la India<\/em>. (<em>V\u00e9ase tambi\u00e9n el<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-suffrage\">sufragio ind\u00edgena<\/a> en Canad\u00e1).<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>En 1969, el gobierno del primer ministro <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/pierre-elliott-trudeau\/\">Pierre Elliott Trudeau<\/a> public\u00f3 su <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/the-white-paper-1969\/\">Libro Blanco<\/a>, en el \r\n que declaraba su intenci\u00f3n de eliminar por completo la condici\u00f3n de ind\u00edgena y el <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-affairs-and-northern-development-canada\">Departamento<\/a> de Asuntos Ind\u00edgenas. El Libro Blanco fue recibido con indignaci\u00f3n por parte de los pueblos \r\n de las Primeras Naciones y fue inmediatamente refutado con el \u00abLibro Rojo\u00bb, creado y presentado por <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/harold-cardinal\/\">Harold Cardinal<\/a>, entonces presidente de la Asociaci\u00f3n Ind\u00edgena de Alberta. \r\nDebido a la feroz y continua oposici\u00f3n de los grupos ind\u00edgenas y sus seguidores, el gobierno canadiense retir\u00f3 r\u00e1pidamente el Libro Blanco.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Durante este tiempo, muchas mujeres ind\u00edgenas lucharon para cambiar las secciones discriminatorias de la <em>Ley Ind\u00edgena<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mary-two-axe-earley\">Mary Two-Axe Earley<\/a> fue una de las primeras activistas. \r\nAdem\u00e1s de otras actividades, moviliz\u00f3 una serie de campa\u00f1as de oratoria y escritura para dar a conocer los abusos cometidos por mujeres a las que la ley les hab\u00eda negado su condici\u00f3n jur\u00eddica, los tratados y los derechos de propiedad. Yvonne <a name=\"_Hlk39573469\">B\u00e9dard<\/a> y \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/jeannette-vivian-lavell\">Jeannette Corbiere Lavell<\/a>, que perdieron su estatus a causa de un matrimonio, presentaron demandas ante los tribunales contra el gobierno canadiense. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/supreme-court-of-canada\/\">En 1973, sus casos se fusionaron en la Corte Suprema de Canad\u00e1. \r\n<\/a> Ese a\u00f1o, el tribunal fue objeto de numerosas cr\u00edticas por dictaminar que la parte de la ley que relacionaba la situaci\u00f3n de la mujer con la de su marido \r\n no discriminaba a la mujer, aun cuando los hombres con estatus social manten\u00edan esa condici\u00f3n si \u00abse casaban\u00bb. (<em>V\u00e9anse tambi\u00e9n<\/em> los <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/bedard-case\">casos \r\n B\u00e9dard<\/a> y <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/lavell-case\">Lavell<\/a>).<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>En 1981, la Comisi\u00f3n de Derechos Humanos de las Naciones Unidas dictamin\u00f3 que Canad\u00e1 hab\u00eda violado el art\u00edculo 27 del <em>Pacto Internacional de Derechos Civiles y Pol\u00edticos en<\/em> el caso de <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sandra-lovelace-nicholas\">Sandra Lovelace Nicholas<\/a>, \r\n una mujer \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/maliseet\">wolastoqiyik<\/a> que hab\u00eda perdido su estatus a causa del matrimonio. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">El gobierno hab\u00eda impedido que Sandra regresara a su comunidad natal porque, seg\u00fan la <em>ley ind\u00edgena<\/em>, se \r\n hab\u00eda casado y ya no se la consideraba miembro de la banda.<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Proyecto de ley C-31: Enmiendas de 1985 a la Ley de la India<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>En 1985, en respuesta a la creciente preocupaci\u00f3n nacional e internacional por la falta de igualdad en la <em>Ley sobre la India<\/em>, el gobierno aprob\u00f3 el proyecto de <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/bill-c-31\">ley C-31<\/a>. El proyecto de ley eliminaba por completo todas las cl\u00e1usulas de <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\">emancipaci\u00f3n \r\n<\/a> restantes. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">Adem\u00e1s, aquellos que hab\u00edan perdido <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">su estatus<\/a> por matrimonio \r\n fueron reintegrados como Status Indians y como miembros de la banda.<\/a> Sus hijos obtuvieron estatus, pero no ser\u00edan miembros de la banda durante dos a\u00f1os. Este intervalo estaba destinado a dar a las bandas tiempo para \r\n crear sus propios c\u00f3digos de membres\u00eda, lo que podr\u00eda excluir a los ni\u00f1os, pero no a sus madres. Si dicho c\u00f3digo no se aprobaba antes de junio de 1987, los ni\u00f1os tambi\u00e9n pasaban a ser miembros de la banda. Con un mayor control sobre las listas de miembros, las bandas podr\u00edan tener \r\n miembros sin estatus. Sin embargo, dado que la financiaci\u00f3n a trav\u00e9s del gobierno federal se basa en los miembros con estatus, hay pocos incentivos para que las bandas tengan muchos miembros sin estatus.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Desde que se introdujeron las enmiendas a la <em>Ley de la India<\/em> en 1985, el n\u00famero de indios inscritos se ha m\u00e1s que duplicado, pasando de aproximadamente 360.000 en 1985 a m\u00e1s de 778.000 en 2007. El aumento es el resultado de un mayor n\u00famero de nacimientos que de defunciones, \r\n as\u00ed como de la \u00abrestituci\u00f3n\u00bb de la condici\u00f3n de indio.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Sin embargo, si bien la enmienda abord\u00f3 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/prejudice-and-discrimination\">la discriminaci\u00f3n<\/a> contra las mujeres, tambi\u00e9n cre\u00f3 algunos problemas. El proyecto de ley C-31 cre\u00f3 dos categor\u00edas de registro de <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian\">indios<\/a>. La primera, conocida como secci\u00f3n 6 (1), se aplica cuando ambos padres est\u00e1n o ten\u00edan derecho a registrarse. (Esta secci\u00f3n se divide adem\u00e1s en subsecciones que var\u00edan seg\u00fan la forma en que se transmita el estatus). La segunda, conocida como secci\u00f3n 6 (2), \r\n se aplica cuando uno de los padres tiene derecho a registrarse con arreglo al p\u00e1rrafo 6 (1). El estatus <em>no se puede<\/em> transferir si uno de los padres est\u00e1 registrado en virtud de la secci\u00f3n 6 (2). En resumen, despu\u00e9s de dos generaciones de matrimonios mixtos con parejas no reconocidas, los hijos \r\n dejar\u00edan de tener derecho a la condici\u00f3n jur\u00eddica. Esto se conoce como la regla de \u00abl\u00edmite para la segunda generaci\u00f3n\u00bb. De esta manera, el proyecto de ley C-31 ha tenido consecuencias en el n\u00famero de personas que tienen derecho a gozar de un estatus social.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<iframe width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/__Y_hHFvUR8\" title=\"Reproductor de v\u00eddeo de YouTube\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen=\"\">\r\n<\/iframe><br>\r\n\r\n<h3>La gobernanza y la Ley de la India, d\u00e9cada de 1960 a 2000<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>La <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\/\">Ley de la India<\/a><\/em> de 1876 desmantel\u00f3 los sistemas tradicionales de gobierno e impuso controles externos, en forma de <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-agents-in-canada\">agentes ind\u00edgenas<\/a> locales y la burocracia federal del <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-affairs-and-northern-development-canada\">Departamento de Asuntos Ind\u00edgenas<\/a> a las personas y las comunidades. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-self-government\">Hasta finales de la d\u00e9cada de 1960 y principios de la de 1970\r\n, las organizaciones pol\u00edticas cada vez m\u00e1s eficaces y la intensificaci\u00f3n del activismo no pusieron a Canad\u00e1 en el camino del reconocimiento y la habilitaci\u00f3n de las formas de autogobierno ind\u00edgena.<\/a> \r\nEsta tendencia cobr\u00f3 impulso a finales del siglo XX y principios del XXI, y los pueblos ind\u00edgenas vieron c\u00f3mo sus derechos al autogobierno se reafirmaban en la <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/constitution-act-1982\/\"><em>Ley Constitucional de 1982<\/em><\/a> \r\n y en documentos internacionales.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>En 1984, el <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/james-bay-and-northern-quebec-agreement\">Acuerdo de James Bay y el norte de Quebec<\/a>, as\u00ed como el Informe Penner, dieron como resultado la <em>Ley Cree-Naskapi (de Quebec)<\/em>, la primera \r\n ley de autogobierno ind\u00edgena en Canad\u00e1, que sustituy\u00f3 a la <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\">Ley ind\u00edgena<\/a><\/em> y estableci\u00f3 a las comunidades ind\u00edgenas de la regi\u00f3n como entidades corporativas. Las \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">Primeras Naciones<\/a> aut\u00f3nomas no est\u00e1n sujetas a la <em>Ley sobre los Indios<\/em>, aunque el <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">gobierno federal<\/a> sigue \r\n administrando ciertos asuntos de las Primeras Naciones.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Desde entonces, en la ley se han presentado propuestas para aumentar los poderes de las <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">bandas<\/a> sobre la gobernanza. En 1996, el gobierno federal propuso el proyecto de ley C-79 para modificar aspectos de la ley, como la \r\n gobernanza de las bandas y la regulaci\u00f3n de las <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">reservas<\/a>. La mayor\u00eda de las Primeras Naciones se opusieron al proyecto de ley C-79. Entre otras razones, argumentaron que el gobierno no \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/duty-to-consult\">consult\u00f3<\/a> adecuadamente con las Primeras Naciones sobre los cambios propuestos. Tem\u00edan que el proyecto de ley amenazara los derechos <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-treaties\">consagrados en los tratados<\/a> y el <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-rights\">derecho<\/a> al autogobierno. Adem\u00e1s, el proyecto de ley fue criticado por ignorar las recomendaciones de la <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/royal-commission-on-aboriginal-peoples\">Comisi\u00f3n Real sobre los Pueblos Abor\u00edgenes<\/a>. \r\nEl proyecto de ley C-79 no se convirti\u00f3 en ley.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>En 2002, el proyecto de ley C-7, tambi\u00e9n conocido como <em>Ley de Gobernanza de las Primeras Naciones,<\/em> buscaba dar a los consejos de bandas m\u00e1s poder en t\u00e9rminos de elaboraci\u00f3n de leyes, selecci\u00f3n de l\u00edderes y similares. Si bien el gobierno federal consult\u00f3 con varias Primeras Naciones sobre el \r\n proyecto de ley, finalmente fracas\u00f3. En 2006, el <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/senate\">senador<\/a> Gerry St. Germain present\u00f3 el proyecto de ley S-216 \u00abpara promover el reconocimiento y la implementaci\u00f3n del derecho al autogobierno para las Primeras Naciones \r\n de Canad\u00e1\u00bb. El proyecto de ley habr\u00eda permitido a las Primeras Naciones que deseaban autogobernarse elaborar una propuesta y una constituci\u00f3n. Si bien el proyecto de ley S-216 fue aprobado en segunda lectura, tambi\u00e9n fracas\u00f3 en \u00faltima instancia. (<em>V\u00e9ase tambi\u00e9n<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/parliamentary-procedure\">Procedimiento parlamentario<\/a>).<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Sin embargo, algunas Primeras Naciones han hecho arreglos sectoriales exitosos. Estos permiten mayores poderes de gobierno que no est\u00e1n previstos en la <em>Ley de la India<\/em>. Algunos ejemplos son: la <em>Ley de gesti\u00f3n de tierras de las Primeras Naciones<\/em> (1999), la <em>Ley de gesti\u00f3n fiscal de las Primeras Naciones<\/em> (2005), la Ley de <em>gesti\u00f3n del petr\u00f3leo, el gas y el dinero de las Primeras Naciones (2005), la Ley<\/em> <em>de desarrollo comercial e industrial de las Primeras Naciones (2006) y la Ley<\/em> de <em>propiedad inmobiliaria de las Primeras<\/em> Naciones (2009).<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Enmiendas a la Ley de la India en 2011 y 2017<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>A pesar de las diversas enmiendas, la <em>Ley de la India<\/em> sigue discriminando a las mujeres y sus descendientes en lo que respecta a los derechos de <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">estatus<\/a>. En 2011, el <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/parliament\">Parlamento<\/a> aprob\u00f3 la <em>Ley de Equidad de \r\n G\u00e9nero en el Registro Ind\u00edgena<\/em>, tambi\u00e9n conocida como proyecto de ley C-3. <em>Esta fue la respuesta del <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">gobierno federal<\/a> al <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mcivor-case\">caso McIvor<\/a>, \r\n que trataba sobre la discriminaci\u00f3n de g\u00e9nero en el art\u00edculo 6 de la Ley de la India de 1985.<\/em> El proyecto de ley C-3 otorga la categor\u00eda 6 (2) a los nietos de mujeres que recuperaron esa condici\u00f3n en 1985. Sin embargo, los descendientes de mujeres, espec\u00edficamente en lo que respecta a los bisnietos, \r\n no ten\u00edan los mismos derechos que los descendientes de hombres en circunstancias similares. Por lo tanto, el proyecto de ley C-3 segu\u00eda negando el derecho a la condici\u00f3n jur\u00eddica de algunas personas debido a la discriminaci\u00f3n por motivos de g\u00e9nero.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>El proyecto de ley S-3 se cre\u00f3 en respuesta a otro caso judicial sobre discriminaci\u00f3n en la <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\"><em>Ley de la India<\/em><\/a>, el caso Descheneaux de 2015. La cuesti\u00f3n en este caso ten\u00eda que ver con la forma en que \r\n se transfiere el estatus a los primos y hermanos. Una parte del proyecto de ley S-3 entr\u00f3 en vigor el 22 de diciembre de 2017. Entre otras disposiciones, la enmienda permite a m\u00e1s personas transmitir su estatus a sus descendientes y restablecer el estatus a quienes lo perdieron antes de 1985. \r\nPor ejemplo, ofrece formas de inscribir a personas cuya paternidad se desconoce y que eran menores de edad solteras entre 1951 y 1985 y que se ven afectadas por las normas de registro vigentes en ese momento. La otra parte del proyecto de ley, relacionada con la restituci\u00f3n de la condici\u00f3n jur\u00eddica a las mujeres y sus \r\n hijos que la hab\u00edan perdido antes de 1951 (lo que se conoce como el \u00abl\u00edmite de 1951\u00bb), entr\u00f3 en vigor el 15 de agosto de 2019. Seg\u00fan el gobierno, \u00abya se han abordado todas las desigualdades conocidas por motivos de sexo contenidas en la <em>Ley de la India<\/em>\u00bb.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Reformas propuestas<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>En 2010, el <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">gobierno federal<\/a> anunci\u00f3 su intenci\u00f3n de trabajar con <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">los pueblos ind\u00edgenas<\/a> para \r\n eliminar las partes de la <em>Ley Ind\u00edgena<\/em> que otorgan la autoridad para crear <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/residential-schools\">escuelas residenciales<\/a> y sacar a los ni\u00f1os de sus hogares.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>El proyecto de ley S-2, la <em>Ley sobre hogares familiares en reservas e intereses o derechos matrimoniales<\/em>, aborda una laguna legislativa en la <em>Ley sobre la India<\/em>. Su objetivo es garantizar que las personas que viven en <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">reservas<\/a> tengan derechos similares a los de otros canadienses sobre la propiedad conyugal. Seg\u00fan el gobierno canadiense, el proyecto de ley S-2 es una ley independiente, no forma parte de la reforma de la Ley de la <em>India<\/em>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Debate: \u00bfMantener o erradicar la Ley Ind\u00edgena?<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Si bien algunos pueblos ind\u00edgenas y no ind\u00edgenas abogan por la abolici\u00f3n de la ley, otros temen que su eliminaci\u00f3n erosione ciertas protecciones, como las relativas al estatuto de los indios. Como explica el acad\u00e9mico David Newhouse: \u00ab[La <em>Ley de la India<\/em>] proporciona la \r\n estructura para la gobernanza de las comunidades locales y la vida comunitaria. Reformar la ley de una sola vez, o derogarla, ser\u00eda enormemente perjudicial para las Primeras Naciones\u00bb.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Sin embargo, los cr\u00edticos de la ley siguen trabajando para desmantelarla. Estos pueblos ind\u00edgenas esperan que los poderes de la ley se desvanezcan o desaparezcan con el avance cada vez mayor hacia el <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-self-government\/\">autogobierno<\/a> y la \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/truth-and-reconciliation-commission\">reconciliaci\u00f3n<\/a>, lo que contribuir\u00e1 a un cambio en las relaciones entre el Gobierno y los ind\u00edgenas. Como declar\u00f3 el jefe <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/assembly-of-first-nations\">de la Asamblea de las Primeras Naciones<\/a>, \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/perry-bellegarde\">Perry Bellegarde<\/a>, en 2018: \u00abTodos queremos superar el control de la <em>Ley Ind\u00edgena<\/em> y reconstituirnos como pueblos y naciones ind\u00edgenas con derechos fundamentales inherentes\u00bb. \r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<iframe sandbox=\"allow-same-origin allow-scripts allow-top-navigation allow-popups\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"100%\" height=\"185\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https:\/\/embed.radiopublic.com\/e?if=the-secret-life-of-canada-Ww0QnZ&amp;ge=s1!7163a1347ab72236394fe46a4fe7d4048bc69b37\">\r\n<\/iframe><br>\r\n\r\n\t<p>\u00bfQu\u00e9 es la Ley Ind\u00edgena y por qu\u00e9 Canad\u00e1 todav\u00eda la tiene en vigor? El equipo de Secret Life analiza las ra\u00edces de esta complicada pol\u00edtica, que despu\u00e9s de 143 a\u00f1os sigue arraigada en la identidad canadiense, desde la pol\u00edtica que dio lugar a la ley hasta el modo en que todav\u00eda afecta a las identidades \r\n ind\u00edgenas en la actualidad. <br>\r\n<strong>Nota<\/strong><em>: Falen Johnson y Leah Simone Bowen presentan y escriben The <em>Secret Life of Canada<\/em> y es un podcast original de CBC independiente de The Canadian Encyclopedia.<\/em><\/p>\r\n<\/blockquote>\r\n<br>\r\n\r\n<h3>Legado e importancia<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Aunque se ha modificado varias veces a lo largo de los a\u00f1os, la versi\u00f3n contempor\u00e1nea de la <em>Ley sobre los indios<\/em> sigue describiendo los t\u00e9rminos del <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">estatuto de indio<\/a>, varias normas sobre las \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">reservas<\/a>, la tutela financiera de los menores y las personas con discapacidad mental, la gesti\u00f3n de los recursos de las <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">bandas<\/a>, \r\n las elecciones y otros aspectos de la vida en una reserva.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>La <em>Ley de la India<\/em> ha tenido un impacto continuo y duradero en las culturas, las econom\u00edas, la pol\u00edtica y las comunidades ind\u00edgenas. Tambi\u00e9n ha causado traumas intergeneracionales, particularmente en lo que respecta a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/residential-schools\">las escuelas residenciales<\/a>, \r\n ya que la opresi\u00f3n y las disposiciones restrictivas de la ley han tenido un impacto negativo en generaciones de pueblos ind\u00edgenas.<\/p>","slug":"actoesindio","alt_slug":"","twitter_summary":null,"locale":"es","automated":true,"hidden":0,"views":4,"created_at":"2024-12-11T14:55:53.000000Z","updated_at":"2024-12-11T14:55:53.000000Z"},{"id":"9dbfa7b2-9478-4fcb-912b-4510905b20eb","article_id":"83668","title":"\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u062f","summary":"<p>\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 <em>\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0647<\/em> \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">\u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0641\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc<\/a> \u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0647 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">\u0648\u0636\u0639\u06cc\u062a \u0647\u0646\u062f\u060c<\/a> \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0647\u0627\u06cc \r\n \u0645\u062d\u0644\u06cc <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">\u0645\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0648\u0644<\/a> \u0648 \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u0630\u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc<\/a> \u06a9\u0646\u062f. \u0647\u0645\u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0647 \r\n \u062f\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u06cc \u0646\u0633\u0628\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0644\u062a \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f. <a\r\n\thref=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/inuit\">\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u062f <em>\u0645\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0637 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0641\u0631\u0627<\/em> \u062f\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f\u061b \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0648\u0644\u060c \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u0626\u06cc\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0647 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/metis\">\u0646\u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/a> \r\n<\/a> \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644 1876 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u06cc \u0634\u062f\u060c \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0632 \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0647\u0646\u06af \u0645\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0647 \u0646\u0641\u0639 \u062c\u0630\u0628 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0647 \u06cc\u0648\u0631\u0648 \u06a9\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u062f. \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0647 \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644 1951 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u06cc\u0628 \u0634\u062f \u0648 \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646 \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u06a9\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0686\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0635 \r\n \u0644\u0627\u062d \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644 1985\u060c \u0628\u0627 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0645\u062f\u062a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0631 \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0628\u062e\u0634\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0628\u0639\u06cc\u0636 \u0622\u0645\u06cc\u0632 \u0645\u062a\u0645\u0631\u06a9\u0632 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0633\u0646\u062f \u062a\u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0648 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u062a\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u060c \u0646\u0642\u0636 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0648 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u06cc \u0648 \u0641\u0631\u0647\u0646\u06af\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \r\n \u0646\u0633\u0644 \u0647\u0627\u06cc <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">\u0628\u0648\u0645\u06cc \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u062f\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f <em>\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a<\/em>. \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0647 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u062f\u0647\u060c \u0644\u0637\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0647 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u062f <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act-plain-language-summary\" target=\"_blank\">(\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0647 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u062f\u0647) \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f<\/a>.<\/p>","body":"<div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/cbcd31d1-03f6-4fba-a45d-96ee89c4617d.jpg\" title=\"\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u062f\" alt=\"\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u062f\"><\/div>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u06cc: \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0632 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u060c 1763\u20141876<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/royal-proclamation-of-1763\/\">\u0645\u06cc\u0647 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0646\u062a\u06cc \u06f1\u06f7\u06f6\u06f3<\/a> \u0645\u0628\u0646\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0686\u06af\u0648\u0646\u06af\u06cc \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u062f <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0644<\/a> \u0627\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0631 \u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0639\u06cc\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0631\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u06cc\u0647 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-rights\">\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642<\/a> \u0648 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0627\u0635\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0644\u062a \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0636\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0631\u062f \u0648 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u06cc\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0631\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a \u0628\u0627 \u0622\u0646 \u0633\u0631\u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \r\n \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0633\u062a \u0622\u0648\u0631\u062f. \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u062a \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u06cc\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u06cc\u0628 \u0634\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0622\u0646 \u062c\u0630\u0628 \u0645\u0631\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0647 \u062c\u0645\u0639\u06cc\u062a \u0631\u0648 \u0628\u0647 \u0631\u0634\u062f \u0633\u0627\u06a9\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u06f1\u06f8\u06f5\u06f0 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638\u062a \u0628\u0647\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0631\u0627\u0636\u06cc \u0648 \u0627\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0631\u062e\u067e\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u0646\u200c\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0646 \u0642\u0637\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u06cc \u0628\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0632 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(\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u06cc\u0627 \u0647\u0631 \u062f\u0648) \u0647\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0645\u062d\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u062f\u0646\u062f\u060c \r\n \u0648 \u00ab\u0647\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0648\u062f\u06a9\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u0633\u0631\u062e\u067e\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0641\u0631\u0632\u0646\u062f\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u062f\u0646\u062f\u00bb \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0627\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 <em>\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u06cc\u062c\u06cc \u0633\u0627\u0644 1857 \u0648 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646<\/em> \u062d\u0642 \u062d\u0642 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u06cc <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/gradual-civilization-act\/\">\u062c\u06cc<\/a><\/em> \u06f1\u06f8\u06f6\u06f9 \u0634\u0646\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f\u060c \u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0632 \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0647\u0631\u06af\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0632 \u06cc\u0627 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \r\n \u0648\u06cc\u0698\u0647 \u0645\u0631\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u062c\u0630\u0628 \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u062c\u0645\u0639\u06cc\u062a \u0628\u0632\u0631\u06af\u062a\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u06a9\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u062f. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\/\">\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0627 <em>\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u06cc\u062c\u06cc<\/em> \u0627\u0632 \u0637\u0631\u06cc\u0642 \u062d\u0642 \u062d\u0642 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0648 \r\n \u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0634\u0648\u062f (\u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0645\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0632\u0627\u06cc \u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u0648 \u062d\u0642 \u0631\u0623\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u06cc\u062a \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f)\u060c \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0646\u0641\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0648\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u062d\u0642 \u062d\u0642 \u0631\u0623\u06cc \u06af\u0631\u0641\u062a.<\/a> \u062f\u0631 \r\n \u0646\u062a\u06cc\u062c\u0647\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0633\u067e\u0633 \u0628\u0647 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0647 \u062d\u0642 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0631\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0631\u0627 \u0622\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u06a9\u0631\u062f.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0648<\/a> \u0645\u06cc \u067e\u06cc <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-treaties\/\">\u0645\u0627\u0646<\/a> \u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc - \u0628\u0647 \u0648\u06cc\u0698\u0647 \u067e\u0646\u062c \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0647 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/numbered-treaties\">\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0648\u0644 -<\/a> \u0628\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0632 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u06cc\u0628 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644 1876 \u0627\u0645 <em>\u0636\u0627 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646\u062f<\/em>. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0645\u06a9\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0647\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0628\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u062c\u0627\u06cc \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0632 \u0637\u0631\u06cc\u0642 \u0622\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0627\u062a <em>\u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f<\/em>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a \u0645\u06cc \u0631\u0633\u062f\u060c 1876<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644 1867\u060c <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/constitution-act-1867\/\"><em>\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633\u06cc \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u06cc\u062a \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646<\/em><\/a> \u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631 \u00ab\u0647\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0647\u0627 \r\n \u0648 \u0633\u0631 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/parliament\">\u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646<\/a> \u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u0631\u062e\u067e\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0648\u0638 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u00bb \u0628\u0647 \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u0631\u062f. <em>\u0646\u0632\u062f\u06cc\u06a9 \u0628\u0647 \u06f1\u06f0 \u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u060c \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644 \u06f1\u06f8\u06f7\u06f6\u060c <em>\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u06cc<\/em> \u062c\u06cc \u0648 <em>\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0642 \u062d\u0642 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u06cc\u062c\u06cc \u0628\u062e\u0634\u06cc<\/em> \u0627\u0632 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u062f \u0634\u062f.<\/em> \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0632 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-affairs-and-northern-development-canada\">\u0637\u0631\u06cc\u0642 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0647\u0646\u062f<\/a> \u0648 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-agents-in-canada\">\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u06cc<\/a> \u0622\u0646\u060c \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a <em>\u06af\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0647<\/em> \u0627\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u0647\u0648\u06cc\u062a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">\u0645\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0648\u0644<\/a>\u060c \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u060c \u062d\u06a9\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u060c \u0634\u06cc\u0648\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0641\u0631\u0647\u0646\u06af\u06cc \u0648 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-education\">\u0622\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0634 \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a \u062f\u0627\u062f<\/a>. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0622\u0632\u0627\u062f\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0648\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0647 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-rights\">\u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0628\u0648<\/a> \u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u00ab\u0634\u062e\u0635\u06cc\u062a \u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u0628\u00bb \u062a\u0639\u06cc\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u062f <em>\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0634 \u06a9\u0631\u062f \u062a\u0627<\/em> \u062c\u0645\u0639\u06cc\u062a\u06cc \u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0639 \u0648 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0631\u062f\u0645 \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u06cc\u0645 \u062f\u0647\u062f \u0648 \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0647 \u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u0645\u06cc \u062c\u0630\u0628 \u06a9\u0646\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u062f\u0645 \u0648 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u0647\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u0637\u0631\u06cc\u0642 \u062d\u06a9\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0648 \u0641\u0631\u0647\u0646\u06af \u0645\u0646\u0639 \u06a9\u0631\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \r\n \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u0646\u062a\u06cc \u062d\u06a9\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u06cc <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\u0628\u0627\u0646\u062f<\/a> \u062c\u0627\u06cc\u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0631\u062f. \u0631\u0647\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/chief\">\u0627\u0631<\/a> \u062b\u06cc - \u0631\u0647\u0628\u0631 \r\n \u0627\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u0637\u0631\u06cc\u0642 \u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u062c\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0633\u062a \u0645\u06cc \u0622\u0648\u0631\u0646\u062f - \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 <em>\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u06cc\u062a \u0634\u0646\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0647 \u0646\u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f<\/em>. \u062a\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u0644 \u06f1\u06f9\u06f5\u06f1\u060c \u0632\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u062a \u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u06cc \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0646\u062f. (<em>\u0647\u0645\u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/women-and-the-indian-act\">\u0632\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0648 \u0647\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0645\u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0645 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/religion-of-aboriginal-people\">\u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628\u06cc \u0648 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0647\u0646\u06af\u06cc \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0631\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0646<\/a> \u0645\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0648\u0644 \u063a\u06cc\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u0631\u062f. \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644 \u06f1\u06f8\u06f8\u06f4\u060c <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/potlatch\/\">\u067e\u0627\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0686<\/a> \u0645\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0634\u062f \u0648 \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644 \u06f1\u06f8\u06f9\u06f5 \u00ab\u0647\u0631 \u062c\u0634\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0647 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-term\">\u0647\u0646<\/a> \u062f\u06cc\u060c \u0631\u0642\u0635 \u06cc\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631\u06cc\u00bb \u06a9\u0647 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u067e\u0648\u0627\u0648\u0648 \u0648 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/powwows-editorial\">\u0631\u0642\u0635 \u062e\u0648\u0631<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sun-dance\">\u0634\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0648\u062f \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0645\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0639<\/a> \u0634\u062f. \u0627\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u06cc\u0647 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644 \u06f1\u06f9\u06f1\u06f4 \u0631\u0642\u0635 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0632 \u0631\u0632\u0631\u0648 \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">\u06a9\u0631\u062f<\/a> \r\n \u0648 \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644 \u06f1\u06f9\u06f2\u06f5 \u0631\u0642\u0635 \u0628\u0647 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u063a\u06cc\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u06cc \u0634\u062f.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644 1927\u060c \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0631\u062f\u0645 \u0648 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0648\u0644 \u063a\u06cc\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u06cc \u062f\u0631\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a \u0628\u0648\u062f\u062c\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u062f\u0639\u0627\u06cc <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/land-claims\/\">\u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u063a\u06cc\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u0631\u062f<\/a>. \u0627\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0639\u062f\u06cc \u06a9\u0648\u062f\u06a9\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0644 \r\n \u0632\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u062a\u062d\u0635\u06cc\u0644 \u062f\u0631 \u0645 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/residential-schools\/\">\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0635\u0646\u0639\u062a\u06cc<\/a> \u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a\u06cc \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0631\u062f (1894 \u0648 1920). \u0645\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u062b \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0645\u0633\u06a9\u0648\u0646\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u0628\u0631 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0648\u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0631 \u06a9\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0648 \r\n \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u0644\u06cc \u062a\u0623\u062b\u06cc\u0631 \u06af\u0630\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0628\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645\u060c <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/pass-system-in-canada\">\u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u06af\u0630<\/a> \u0631\u06af\u0627\u0647 (\u06a9\u0647 \u062c\u0627\u0628\u062c\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0645\u0631\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u0630\u062e\u0627\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0631\u062f) \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u06cc\u0686 \u06af\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u062c\u0648\u0632 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0634\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u062a \r\n \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u062a \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0631 \u0646\u0633\u0644 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0631\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0648\u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0632\u06cc\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u06cc\u062a \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u062d\u0631\u06a9 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062b \u0622\u0633\u06cc\u0628 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0631\u0647\u0646\u06af \u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0648\u0645\u06cc \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u062f \u0647\u0645\u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646<\/em> \u062a\u0639\u0631\u06cc\u0641 \u06a9\u0631\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0686\u0647 \u06a9\u0633\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0645\u062d\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f. \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06af\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0634 \u0622\u0645\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u00ab\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0631\u062f\u06cc \u0628\u0627 \u062e\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647<\/a> \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0633\u062a.\u00bb \r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">\u0648\u0636\u0639\u06cc\u062a \u0647\u0646\u062f \u0647\u0645\u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646<\/a> \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u00ab\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0632\u0646\u062f \u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u00bb \u0648 \u00ab\u0647\u0631 \u0632\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u06cc \u0628\u0627 \u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0632\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062c \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u06cc\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f\u00bb \u0627\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f. \u0641\u0631\u062f\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u063a\u200c\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0635\u06cc\u0644 \u0634\u0648\u062f\r\n\u060c \u0628\u0627 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0641\u0631\u062f \u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0632\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062c \u06a9\u0646\u062f (\u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0632\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u062f) \u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u06f1\u06f8\u06f7\u06f6 \u062a\u0627 \u06f1\u06f8\u06f8\u06f0 \u0648\u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u06cc\u062d\u06cc\u060c \u062f\u06a9\u062a\u0631 \u06cc\u0627 \u0648\u06a9\u06cc\u0644 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/christianity\">\u0634\u0648\u062f<\/a>\u060c \u0648\u0636\u0639\u06cc\u062a \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0633\u062a \u062f\u0627\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0642 \u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0632 \u0634\u0646\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0647 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\">\u0645\u06cc \u0634\u062f.<\/a> \r\n\u0628\u062e\u0634 \u06f1\u06f1\u06f2 <em>\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u062f<\/em> - \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u062e\u0634 \u00ab\u062d\u0642 \u062d\u0642 \u0627\u062c\u0628\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u00bb \u0634\u0646\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f - \u062a\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u0644 \u06f1\u06f9\u06f6\u06f1 \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0646\u0634\u062f. \u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u06cc\u062a \u0627\u0628\u0632\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062c\u0630\u0628 \u0648 \u062a\u062e\u0631\u06cc\u0628 \u0641\u0631\u0647\u0646\u06af\u06cc \u0628\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0647\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644 1951<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p><em>\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0647 \u067e\u0633 \u0627\u0632 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/second-world-war-wwii\/\">\u062c\u0646\u06af \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u062f\u0648\u0645 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u0648\u0646<\/a> \u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u06cc \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u062f \u0648 \u0645\u0646\u062c\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0645\u062c\u062f\u062f \u0628\u0631\u062e\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u0633\u0631\u06a9\u0648\u0628\u06af\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0639 \r\n \u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u062f \u0634\u062f.<\/em> \u06cc\u06a9 \u0633\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u067e\u06cc\u0634\u0646\u0647\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0645\u0631\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0646 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">\u0645\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0647<\/a> \u062f\u0644\u06cc\u0644 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0646\u062f \u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0646\u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0631\u062f \u06cc\u0627 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644 \r\n \u0641\u062a \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646\u062f. \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u062a\u06cc\u062c\u0647\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a \u06a9\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u0646\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0634\u062f \u0648 \u0627\u0632 \u0637\u0631\u06cc\u0642 \u0631\u0648\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0645\u06cc\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u06a9\u060c \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0627 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0634 <em>\u0648\u0631\u062a \u06a9\u0631\u062f<\/em>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u0648 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0634\u062f\u0647 <em>\u0647\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631<\/em> 20 \u0698\u0648\u0626\u0646 1951 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u062a \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0646\u062a\u06cc \u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a \u06a9\u0631\u062f. \u0628\u0627\u0632\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0646\u0627\u0634\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u06cc\u0646 \u0622\u0645\u06cc\u0632 \u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u06cc\u062a \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u060c \u0641\u0631\u0647\u0646\u06af\u06cc \u0648 \u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u06a9\u0631\u062f. \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0639\u06cc\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0645\u06cc \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u067e\u0627\u062a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/potlatch\">\u0644\u0627\u0686<\/a> \u0648 \u0631\u0642\u0635 \u062e\u0648\u0631\u0634\u06cc\u062f \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sun-dance\">\u0628\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647<\/a> \u0634\u062f. \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0647\u0645\u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0627\u062f\u0639 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/land-claims\/\">\u0627\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0647<\/a> \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0637\u0631\u062d \u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f. \r\n\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0632\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 1951 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u0628\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u06a9\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u06cc <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647<\/a> \u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/elsie-knott\">\u0627\u0644\u0633\u06cc \u0645\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0646\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0646<\/a> \u0632\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0628 \u0631\u0626\u06cc\u0633 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0648\u0644 \u06a9\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062f <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/chief\">\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u062f<\/a>. (<em>\u0647\u0645\u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u0632\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u0645\u06cc<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-women-and-the-franchise\">\u0648 \u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0647<\/a> \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u062a\u0628\u0639\u06cc\u0636 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635 \u0646\u06a9\u0631\u062f. \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c <em>\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0648\u0636\u0639\u06cc\u062a \u0631\u0627<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">\u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f<\/a> \u0645\u0633\u0645\u0648\u0645 \u06cc\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u062a \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0631\u062f. \r\n\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0627\u0644 1951 \u0647\u0645\u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u06cc\u062a \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u06cc\u062a \u0628\u0631 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/child-welfare\">\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u062f\u06a9\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u062f (\u0628\u062e\u0634<\/a> \u06f8\u06f8) \u06a9\u0647 \u0647\u06cc\u0686\u06a9\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0632 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0646\u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062b \u0634\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u00ab\u0627\u0633\u06a9\u0648 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sixties-scoop\">\u067e \u062f\u0647\u0647 \u0634\u0635\u062a<\/a>\u00bb \u0631\u062e \r\n \u062f\u0647\u062f\u060c \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0637\u06cc \u0622\u0646 \u0622\u0698\u0627\u0646\u0633 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0631\u0641\u0627\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u062f\u06a9\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u062a\u0635\u0645\u06cc\u0645 \u06af\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0648\u062f\u06a9\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u062c\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0623\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0648 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0647. \u0627\u0633\u06a9\u0648\u067e \u062f\u0647\u0647 \u0634\u0635\u062a \u062a\u0623\u062b\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647\u06cc \u0648 \u0637\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0645\u062f\u062a \u0628\u0631 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0648\u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0647 \u0628\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u0645\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u062a \u062a\u0628\u0639\u06cc\u0636\u0622\u0645\u06cc\u0632 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian\">\u0648\u0636\u0639\u06cc\u062a \u0647\u0646\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u0644\u063a\u0648 \u0646\u06a9\u0631\u062f<\/a>. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0632 \u0637\u0631\u06cc\u0642 \u062b\u0628\u062a \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u00ab\u062e\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u00bb \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u06cc\u062a \u062c\u0627\u06cc\u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0631\u062f. \u0628\u0647 \r\n \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0645\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0648\u0627\u062c\u062f \u0634\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0637 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u0627\u0641\u06cc \u0646\u0628\u0648\u062f. \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u060c \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0647\u0646\u0648\u0632 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0646\u062f\u061b \u0632\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0631 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u062f\u06cc \u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0632\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062c \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646\u062f \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0633\u062a \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0646\u062f. (<em>\u0647\u0645\u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/women-and-the-indian-act\">\u0632\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0648 \u0647\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0637 \u0628\u0647 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u06cc\u062a \u0632\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u0648\u06cc\u0698\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0648\u062f. \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u06cc\u062a \u06cc\u06a9 \u0632\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0632 \u0637\u0631\u06cc\u0642 \u0634\u0648\u0647\u0631\u0634 \u062c\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u062f. \u06cc\u06a9 \u0632\u0646 \u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u062f\u06cc \u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0632\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062c \u06a9\u0646\u062f\u060c \u062e\u0648\u062f \u062c\u0627\u06cc\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0633\u062a \u0645\u06cc \u0622\u0648\u0631\u062f. \u0632\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0632\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062c \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0639\u0636\u0648\u06cc\u062a \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647<\/a> \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u0628\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u0639\u0636\u0648 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u062f\u0634 \u0646\u0628\u0648\u062f \u0648 \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0628\u06cc\u0648\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u06cc\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0634\u0648\u0647\u0631\u0634 \u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0634\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0636\u0639\u06cc\u062a \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0633\u062a \u062f\u0627\u062f.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u06f1\u06f9\u06f5\u06f1 <em>\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0647\u0645\u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646<\/em> \u00ab\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u06af\u0627\u0646\u0647\u00bb \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u06cc \u06a9\u0631\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0648 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0628\u0632\u0631\u06af\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u062f \u0634\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0637 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u06cc\u062a \u06a9\u0648\u062f\u06a9 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u06f2\u06f1 \u0633\u0627\u0644\u06af\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0644\u063a\u0648 \u06a9\u0631\u062f. \u06a9\u0645\u06cc <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/royal-commission-on-aboriginal-peoples\">\u0633\u06cc\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0646\u062a\u06cc \u0645\u0631\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644 \u06f1\u06f9\u06f9\u06f6 \u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0631\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u0635<\/a> \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u062f\u0631\u062c \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u06f1\u06f9\u06f5\u06f1 \u0628\u0647 \u062c\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0632\u06af\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0646 <em>\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u062f<\/em> \u0628\u0647 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a \u06f1\u06f8\u06f7\u06f6 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0646\u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u060c \u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u06cc\u062a \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u06cc\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u0632\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0648 \u0641\u0631\u0632\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u0622\u0633\u06cc\u0628 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u060c \u062f\u0647\u0647 1960 \u0648 1970<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/franchise\">\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u06f1\u06f9\u06f5\u06f1 <em>\u0647\u0646\u062f<\/em> \u0631\u0648\u0646\u062f \u062d\u0642 \u062d\u0642 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0628\u0647 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">\u0645\u0631\u062f\u0645 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\">\u0628\u0648\u0645\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0646<\/a> \u062f\u0627\u062f \u0648 \u0647\u0645\u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0647<\/a> \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0646 \r\n \u0628\u0647 \u062d\u0642 \u0631\u0623\u06cc \u0646\u062f\u0627\u062f.<\/a> \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u060c \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0648\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0633\u0627\u0644 \u06f1\u06f9\u06f5\u06f8\u060c \r\n \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0646\u062e\u0633\u062a \u0648\u0632\u06cc\u0631 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/john-diefenbaker\">\u062c\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u06cc\u0641\u0646\u0628\u06cc\u06a9\u0631 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639<\/a> \u0628\u0647 \u062a\u0647\u06cc\u0647 \u067e\u06cc\u0634 \u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0633 \u0644\u0627\u06cc\u062d\u0647 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/canadian-bill-of-rights\/\">\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u06a9\u0631\u062f<\/a>. \u0628\u0627 \u062a\u0623\u06a9\u06cc\u062f \u0644\u0627\u06cc\u062d\u0647 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0628\u0631 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0647\u0645\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0648\u0645\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u0633\u062e\u062a\u06cc \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0632 \u062d\u0642 \u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062d \r\n \u0631\u0648\u0645 \u06a9\u0631\u062f. \u062f\u0631 31 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 1960\u060c \u0628\u062e\u0634\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0628\u062e\u0634 14 (2) <em>\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0639\u0637<\/em> \u0627\u06cc \u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0641\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0647 \u0633\u0631\u062e\u067e\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">\u0648\u0636\u0639\u06cc\u062a \u0644\u063a\u0648 \u0634\u062f<\/a>. \r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">\u0645\u0631\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0648\u0644<\/a> \u0627\u06a9\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0633\u062a \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u06cc\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f. \u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0646\u062f \u062d\u0642 \u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u062c\u0628\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u062f\u0631 <em>\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u062f \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0634\u062f<\/em>. (\u0647\u0645\u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0647 <em>\u062d\u0642 \u0631<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-suffrage\">\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0648\u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644 \u06f1\u06f9\u06f6\u06f9 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0646\u062e\u0633\u062a \u0648\u0632\u06cc\u0631 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/pierre-elliott-trudeau\/\">\u067e\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u06cc\u0648\u062a \u062a\u0631\u0648\u062f\u0648 \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/the-white-paper-1969\/\">\u0633\u0641\u06cc\u062f \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631 \u06a9\u0631\u062f \r\n \u06a9\u0647<\/a> \u0642\u0635\u062f \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u06cc\u062a \u0647\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0645\u0648\u0631 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-affairs-and-northern-development-canada\">\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u0631\u062f<\/a>. \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0633\u0641\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0627 \u062e\u0634\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0648\u0644 \r\n \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0634\u062f \u0648 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u00ab\u06a9\u0627\u063a\u0630 \u0642\u0631\u0645\u0632\u00bb \u06a9\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/harold-cardinal\/\">\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0644\u062f \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u062f\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0631\u0626\u06cc\u0633 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u062f \u0622\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u0627<\/a> \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0648 \u0627\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0647 \u06a9\u0631\u062f. \r\n\u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0644\u06cc\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a \u0634\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u0648 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0648\u0645\u06cc \u0648 \u062d\u0627\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a \u06a9\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u062a \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0633\u0641\u06cc\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u06a9\u0646\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u0634\u06cc\u062f.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0632\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0628\u062e\u0634\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0628\u0639\u06cc\u0636 \u0622\u0645\u06cc\u0632 <em>\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646\u062f<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mary-two-axe-earley\">\u0645\u0631\u06cc \u062f\u0648-\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0631\u0644\u06cc<\/a> \u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0646 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u062f. \r\n\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0647 \u0628\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u06a9\u0645\u067e\u06cc\u0646 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u062e\u0646\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0648 \u0646\u0648\u0634\u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u062e\u0635\u0627\u062a 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\u067e\u0631\u0648\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a \u06a9\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0646\u062f. \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644 \u06f1\u06f9\u06f7\u06f3 \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0646\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0622\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627 \r\n \u062f\u0631 \u062f\u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0646 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/supreme-court-of-canada\/\">\u0639\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u0627\u062f\u063a\u0627\u0645 \u0634\u062f\u0646\u062f<\/a>. \u062f\u0631 \u0622\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u0644\u060c \u062f\u0627\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0644\u06cc\u0644 \u062d\u06a9\u0645 \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u062e\u0634\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u06a9\u0647 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u06cc\u062a \u0632\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u0648\u0647\u0631\u0634 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0647 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u06af\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u06af\u0631\u0641\u062a\u060c \u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0647 \u0632\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0628\u0639\u06cc\u0636 \u0646\u0645\u06cc \r\n \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u060c \u062d\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u06cc\u062a \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u00ab\u0627\u0632\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062c \u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f\u00bb \u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646\u062f. (<em>\u0647\u0645\u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0628 \r\n<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/bedard-case\">\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0648 \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0627<\/a> \u062c\u0639\u0647 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/lavell-case\">\u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.)<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644 \u06f1\u06f9\u06f8\u06f1 \u06a9\u0645\u06cc\u0633\u06cc\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f \u062d\u06a9\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06f2\u06f7 \u0645\u06cc\u062b\u0627\u0642 \u0628\u06cc\u0646\u200c <em>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0644\u06cc \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0645\u062f\u0646\u06cc \u0648 \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06cc<\/em> \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0646\u062f\u0647 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sandra-lovelace-nicholas\">\u0633\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0633 \u0646\u06cc\u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0633 \u2014 \u0632\u0646\u06cc \u0648\u0644<\/a> \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0642\u06cc \r\n \u06cc\u06a9 \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0637\u0631\u06cc\u0642 \u0627\u0632\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0632 \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/maliseet\">\u062f\u0633\u062a \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0646\u0642\u0636<\/a> \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0627\u0633\u062a. \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0632\u06af\u0634\u062a \u0633\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0647 \u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0627\u0634 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u062f \u0632\u06cc\u0631\u0627 \u0637\u0628\u0642 <em>\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u062f<\/em>\u060c \r\n \u0627\u0648 \u0628\u0627 \u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0632\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062c \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u062f \u0648 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u0639\u0636\u0648 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0646 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\u0645\u06cc\u200c<\/a> \u0634\u062f.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u0644\u0627\u06cc\u062d\u0647 C-31: \u0627\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a 1985 \u062f\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u062f<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644 \u06f1\u06f9\u06f8\u06f5\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a \u062f\u0631 \u067e\u0627\u0633\u062e \u0628\u0647 \u0646\u06af\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0641\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u0644\u06cc \u0648 \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0644\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0631\u06cc \u062f\u0631 <em>\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u060c<\/em> \u0644\u0627\u06cc\u062d\u0647 \u0633\u06cc \u06f3\u06f1 \u0631\u0627 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/bill-c-31\">\u062a\u0635\u0648\u06cc\u0628 \u06a9\u0631\u062f<\/a>. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0644\u0627\u06cc\u062d\u0647 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0642\u06cc \r\n \u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u062d\u0642 \u062d\u0642 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\">\u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u06a9\u0631\u062f.<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0647 \u0628\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u060c \u06a9\u0633\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0637\u0631\u06cc\u0642 \u0627\u0632\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062c <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u06cc\u062a \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0627<\/a> \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0633\u062a \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \r\n \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0631\u062e\u067e\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u06cc\u062a \u0648 \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u0636\u0627\u06cc \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0632\u06af\u0634\u062a\u0646\u062f.<\/a> \u0641\u0631\u0632\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u06cc\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u06a9\u0633\u0628 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u062f\u062a \u062f\u0648 \u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0636\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u062f\u0631 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u06a9\u0633\u0628 \u0646\u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0647 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allowfullscreen=\"\">\r\n<\/iframe><br>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u062d\u06a9\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0648 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u060c 1960 \u062a\u0627 2000<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u062f <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\/\">\u060c<\/a> \u06f1\u06f8\u06f7\u06f6\u060c<\/em> \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u0646\u062a\u06cc \u062d\u06a9\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0686\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u06a9\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u06cc \u0631\u0627 - \u062f\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0623\u0645 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-agents-in-canada\">\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u06cc \u0647\u0646\u062f<\/a> \u0648 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0648\u06a9\u0631\u0627\u0633\u06cc \u0641\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0632 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-affairs-and-northern-development-canada\">\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0647\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f<\/a> \u0648 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u06cc\u0644 \u06a9\u0631\u062f. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-self-government\">\u062a\u0627 \u0627\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u062f\u0647\u0647 \u06f1\u06f9\u06f6\u06f0 \u0648 \u0627\u0648\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u062f\u0647\u0647 \u06f1\u06f9\u06f7\u06f0 \r\n \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06cc \u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631\u062a\u0631 \u0648 \u062a\u0634\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u062a\u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u06cc\u0631 \u067e\u0630\u06cc\u0631\u0634 \u0648 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0644\u06cc \u062a\u0623\u06cc\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644 \u06f1\u06f9\u06f8\u06f4 \u062a\u0648 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/james-bay-and-northern-quebec-agreement\">\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u062c\u06cc\u0645\u0632 \u0628\u06cc \u0648 \u06a9\u0628\u06a9 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0648<\/a> \u0647\u0645\u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u06af\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0634 \u067e\u0646\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u062c\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 <em>\u06a9\u0631\u06cc-\u0646\u0627\u0633\u06a9\u0627\u067e\u06cc (\u06a9\u0628\u06a9) \u0634\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0646 \u0642\u0637 \r\n \u0639\u0647 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646<\/em> \u062e\u0648\u062f\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0628\u0648\u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0627\u060c \u06a9\u0647 \u062c\u0627\u06cc\u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\">\u0647\u0646\u062f<\/a><\/em> \u0634\u062f \u0648 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0648\u0645\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u0631\u06a9\u062a\u06cc \u062a\u0623\u0633\u06cc\u0633 \u06a9\u0631\u062f. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">\u0645\u0644\u0644 \r\n \u0627\u0648\u0644<\/a> \u062e\u0648\u062f\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u0645\u0648\u0644 <em>\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u062f \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0627\u06af\u0631\u0686\u0647<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">\u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0641\u062f\u0631\u0627<\/a> \u0644 \u0647\u0645\u0686\u0646\u0627\u0646 \r\n \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u06cc \u0627\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u062f.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646 \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u067e\u06cc\u0634\u0646\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0631 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\u062d<\/a> \u06a9\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0637\u0631\u062d \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644 \u06f1\u06f9\u06f9\u06f6 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0641\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0627\u06cc\u062d\u0647 \u0633\u06cc-\u06f7\u06f9 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0628\u062e\u0634\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u06a9 \r\n \u0645\u06cc\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645 \u0630\u062e <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">\u0627\u06cc\u0631<\/a> \u067e\u06cc\u0634\u0646\u0647\u0627\u062f \u06a9\u0631\u062f. \u0627\u06a9\u062b\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u0645\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u06cc\u062d\u0647 \u0633\u06cc \u06f7\u06f9 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0646\u062f. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/duty-to-consult\">\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0644\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631\u060c \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0646\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0641\u06cc \u0628\u0627 \r\n \u0645\u0644\u0644 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\u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f\u060c<\/em> \u062f\u0631 \u0635\u062f\u062f \u0622\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628 \u0631\u0647\u0628\u0631\u06cc \u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0628\u062f\u0647\u062f. \u0627\u06af\u0631\u0686\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0641\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0627 \u06a9\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0644\u0627\u06cc\u062d\u0647 \u0645\u0634\u0648\u0631\u062a \r\n \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u0634\u06a9\u0633\u062a \u062e\u0648\u0631\u062f. \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644 \u06f2\u06f0\u06f0\u06f6 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/senate\">\u0633\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631<\/a> \u06af\u0631\u06cc \u0633\u0646\u062a \u0698\u0631\u0645\u0646 \u0644\u0627\u06cc\u062d\u0647 \u0627\u0633-\u06f2\u06f1\u06f6 \u0631\u0627 \u00ab\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u0648\u06cc\u062c \u0628\u0647 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u06cc\u062a \u0634\u0646\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0646 \u0648 \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062d\u0642 \u062e\u0648\u062f\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0644 \r\n \u0644 \u0627\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0627\u00bb \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u06cc \u06a9\u0631\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0644\u0627\u06cc\u062d\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0648\u0644 \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0628\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u062f\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f 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(\u0647\u0645\u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0647 <em>\u0631\u0648\u06cc\u0647 \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0644<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/parliamentary-procedure\">\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0647<\/a> \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0628\u0631\u062e\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0644\u0644 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u06cc\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062e\u0634\u06cc \u0645\u0648\u0641\u0642\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a \u062d\u06a9\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u062a\u062d\u062a <em>\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0646\u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a<\/em>. \u0628\u0631\u062e\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0632: <em>\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0648\u0644<\/em> (1999)\u060c <em>\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0645\u0644<\/em> \u0644 <em>\u0627\u0648\u0644 (2005)\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u0646\u0641\u062a \u0648 \u06af\u0627\u0632 \u0648 \u067e\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0648\u0644 (2005)\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646<\/em> <em>\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0647 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0648 \u0635\u0646\u0639\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0644 (2006) \u0648 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646<\/em> \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u062a <em>\u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u062a \u0645\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0648\u0644<\/em> (2009).<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644 2011 \u0648 2017<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641<em>\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u062f<\/em> \u0647\u0645\u0686\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0647 \u0632\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0648 \u0646\u0648\u0627\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0646 \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">\u0648\u0636\u0639\u06cc\u062a \u062a\u0628\u0639\u06cc\u0636 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0631\u062f<\/a>. \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644 \u06f2\u06f0\u06f1\u06f1\u060c <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/parliament\">\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646<\/a> \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0631\u06cc \r\n <em>\u062c\u0646\u0633\u06cc\u062a\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u062b\u0628\u062a \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0646\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u06cc\u0628 \u06a9\u0631\u062f \u06a9\u0647<\/em> \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0627\u06cc\u062d\u0647 \u0633\u06cc-\u06f3 \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0634\u0646\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u067e\u0627\u0633\u062e <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">\u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0641\u062f\u0631\u0627<\/a> \u0644 \u0628\u0647 \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0646\u062f\u0647 <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mcivor-case\">\u0645\u06a9\u200c\u0633\u06cc\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 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\u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0627 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">\u0645\u0631\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0648<\/a> \u0645\u06cc \u0647\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u0631\u062f.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>\u0644\u0627\u06cc\u062d\u0647 S-2\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 <em>\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0630\u062e\u0627\u06cc\u0631 \u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u06cc\u0627 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0632\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062c\u060c \u0634\u06a9\u0627\u0641<\/em> \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/em> \u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u0637\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u06a9\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">\u0630\u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0647 \u0632\u0646\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f<\/a> \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u062a \u0632\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0648\u06cc\u06cc \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0633\u0627\u06cc\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f. \u0637\u0628\u0642 \u06af\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a \u06a9\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0627\u06cc\u062d\u0647 S-2 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0646\u0647 \u0628\u062e\u0634\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a <em>\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u062f<\/em>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u0628\u062d\u062b: \u062d\u0641\u0638 \u06cc\u0627 \u0631\u06cc\u0634\u0647 \u06a9\u0646 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u061f<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0631\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0648\u0645\u06cc \u0648 \u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u0645\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u063a\u0648 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0631\u062e\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u0633\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0622\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062b \u0627\u0632 \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638\u062a \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0627\u0635\u06cc \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638\u062a \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0637 \u0628\u0647 \u0647\u0646\u062f \u0634\u0648\u062f. \u0647\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u062f\u06cc\u0648\u06cc\u062f \u0646\u06cc\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0648\u0633 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u06cc\u062d \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u062f\u060c \u00ab[<em>\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u062f<\/em>] \r\n \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u06a9\u0645\u06cc\u062a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u06cc \u0648 \u0632\u0646\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f. \u0627\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9 \u062d\u0631\u06a9\u062a\u060c \u06cc\u0627 \u0644\u063a\u0648 \u0622\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u062a \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0634\u062f.\u00bb<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0645\u0686\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0634 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0686\u06cc\u062f\u0646 \u0622\u0646 \u0627\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u0645\u06cc \u0627\u0645\u06cc\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627 \u062d\u0631\u06a9\u062a \u0641\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0633\u0645\u062a \u062e\u0648\u062f\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0648 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-self-government\/\">\u0622\u0634\u062a\u06cc \u0645\u062d\u0648 \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/truth-and-reconciliation-commission\">\u0634\u0648\u062f<\/a> \u0648 \u0628\u0647 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a<\/a> \u0648 \u0628\u0648\u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0645\u06a9 \u06a9\u0646\u062f. \u0647\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0631 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/assembly-of-first-nations\">\u06a9\u0647 \u067e\u0631\u06cc \u0628\u0644\u06af\u0627\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0631\u0626\u06cc\u0633 \r\n \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0644<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/perry-bellegarde\">\u0644<\/a> \u0627\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644 2018 \u0627\u0638\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u060c \u00ab\u0647\u0645\u0647 \u0645\u0627 \u0645\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u0645 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u06a9\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0644 <em>\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u062f<\/em> \u062d\u0631\u06a9\u062a \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u0648 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u0645\u06cc \u0648 \u0645\u0644\u0644 \u0628\u0627 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0632\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \r\n \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645.\u00bb<\/p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<iframe sandbox=\"allow-same-origin allow-scripts allow-top-navigation allow-popups\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"100%\" height=\"185\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https:\/\/embed.radiopublic.com\/e?if=the-secret-life-of-canada-Ww0QnZ&amp;ge=s1!7163a1347ab72236394fe46a4fe7d4048bc69b37\">\r\n<\/iframe><br>\r\n\r\n\t<p>\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u062f \u0686\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u0686\u0631\u0627 \u06a9\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u0647\u0646\u0648\u0632 \u0622\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f\u061f \u062a\u06cc\u0645 Secret Life \u0628\u0647 \u0631\u06cc\u0634\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u062a \u067e\u06cc\u0686\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0647 \u067e\u0633 \u0627\u0632 \u06f1\u06f4\u06f3 \u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0646\u0648\u0632 \u062f\u0631 \u0647\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u06a9\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0628\u06cc\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u062a\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u062c\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0634\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u06a9\u0647 \u0686\u06af\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0632\u0647 \u0628\u0631 \u0647\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u0647\u0627\u06cc \r\n \u0628\u0648\u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0623\u062b\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u06cc \u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f. <br>\r\n<strong>\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647<\/strong><em>: <em>\u0632\u0646\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u0645\u062e\u0641\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0627<\/em> \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0648 \u0644\u06cc\u0627 \u0633\u06cc\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u0626\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0648 \u0646\u0648\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u06cc\u06a9 \u067e\u0627\u062f\u06a9\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc CBC \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/em><\/p>\r\n<\/blockquote>\r\n<br>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u0645\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0648 \u0627\u0647\u0645\u06cc\u062a<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0627\u06af\u0631\u0686\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0686\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631 <em>\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u062f<\/em> \u0647\u0646\u0648\u0632 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0637 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">\u0648\u0636\u0639\u06cc\u062a \u0647\u0646\u062f<\/a>\u060c \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0630\u062e \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">\u0627\u06cc\u0631<\/a>\u060c \u0633\u0631\u067e\u0631\u0633\u062a\u06cc \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0633\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u06cc \u0648 \u0627\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0646\u0627\u06a9\u0641\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u0630\u0647\u0646\u06cc\u060c \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0628 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\u0627\u0646\u062f<\/a>\u060c \r\n \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u0633\u0627\u06cc\u0631 \u062c\u0646\u0628\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0632\u0646\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0630\u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u062f <em>\u062a\u0623\u062b<\/em> \u06cc\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0648 \u0637\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0645\u062f\u062a \u0628\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0647\u0646\u06af \u0647\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u062a \u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0648\u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0647\u0645\u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062b \u0622\u0633\u06cc\u0628 \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u0644\u06cc\u060c \u0628\u0647 \u0648\u06cc\u0698\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0645 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/residential-schools\">\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a\u06cc \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0632\u06cc\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0641\u0627<\/a> \u062f \r\n \u0638\u0644\u0645 \u0648 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0631 \u0646\u0633\u0644 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0648\u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0623\u062b\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u06cc \u06af\u0630\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>","slug":"hndyfakt","alt_slug":"","twitter_summary":null,"locale":"fa","automated":true,"hidden":0,"views":5,"created_at":"2024-12-17T19:46:18.000000Z","updated_at":"2024-12-17T19:46:18.000000Z"},{"id":"adfc26e3-9709-4c26-8ef3-9b189425f089","article_id":"83668","title":"Loi sur les Indiens","summary":"<p>La <em>Loi sur les Indiens<\/em> est la principale loi qui permet au <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/federal-government\">gouvernement f\u00e9d\u00e9ral<\/a> d\u2019administrer le <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/indian-status\">statut d\u2019Indien<\/a>,\r\n\tles gouvernements locaux des <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/first-nations\">Premi\u00e8res Nations<\/a> et la gestion des terres de <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">r\u00e9serve<\/a>.\r\n\tCette loi d\u00e9finit \u00e9galement les obligations du gouvernement envers les membres des Premi\u00e8res Nations. La <em>Loi sur les Indiens<\/em> ne concerne que les personnes d\u00e9tenant le statut d\u2019Indien, et non pas les <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/metis\">M\u00e9tis<\/a> ou\r\n\tles <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/inuit\">Inuits<\/a>. Elle est introduite en 1876 sous la forme d\u2019une synth\u00e8se de plusieurs ordonnances coloniales ant\u00e9rieures visant \u00e0 \u00e9radiquer la culture des Premi\u00e8res Nations et \u00e0 promouvoir\r\n\tl\u2019assimilation de leurs membres dans la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 eurocanadienne. Une nouvelle version de la Loi a \u00e9t\u00e9 adopt\u00e9e en 1951 et, depuis, celle-ci a \u00e9t\u00e9 modifi\u00e9e plusieurs fois, notamment de mani\u00e8re importante en 1985. Les modifications visaient principalement\r\n\t\u00e0 \u00e9liminer les articles particuli\u00e8rement discriminatoires. Il s\u2019agit d\u2019un document \u00e9volutif, rempli de contradictions, qui a engendr\u00e9 plusieurs g\u00e9n\u00e9rations de traumatismes, de violations des droits de la personne et de perturbations sociales et culturelles\r\n\tchez les <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/aboriginal-people\">peuples autochtones<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ce texte est l\u2019article complet sur la <em>Loi sur les Indiens<\/em>. Si vous souhaitez en lire un r\u00e9sum\u00e9 en langage simple, veuillez consulter\u00a0: <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/indian-act-plain-language-summary\"><em>Loi sur les Indiens<\/em> (r\u00e9sum\u00e9 en langage simple).<\/a><\/p>","body":"<div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/cbcd31d1-03f6-4fba-a45d-96ee89c4617d.jpg\" title=\"Loi sur les Indiens\" alt=\"Loi sur les Indiens\">\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<h3>Contexte historique\u00a0: avant la <em>Loi sur les Indiens<\/em>, 1763-1876<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>La <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/royal-proclamation-of-1763\/\">Proclamation royale de 1763<\/a> d\u00e9finit les bases de l\u2019interaction entre l\u2019administration coloniale et les membres des <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/first-nations\">Premi\u00e8res Nations<\/a> pour\r\n\tles si\u00e8cles \u00e0 venir. Ce texte garantit certains <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/aboriginal-rights\">droits<\/a> et une certaine protection aux membres des Premi\u00e8res Nations, et met en place le processus par lequel le\r\n\tgouvernement va pouvoir acqu\u00e9rir leurs terres. Des politiques suppl\u00e9mentaires sont appliqu\u00e9es dans la premi\u00e8re moiti\u00e9 du 19<sup>e <\/sup>si\u00e8cle. Elles visent \u00e0 assimiler les membres des Premi\u00e8res Nations dans la population grandissante des colons.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>L\u2019<em>Acte pour mieux prot\u00e9ger les terres et les propri\u00e9t\u00e9s des sauvages dans le Bas-Canada<\/em> de 1850 est l\u2019un des premiers textes de loi qui incluent une s\u00e9rie de crit\u00e8res \u00e0 respecter pour qu\u2019un individu puisse \u00eatre consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/indian\/\">Indien<\/a> au\r\n\tsens juridique du terme; il s\u2019agit d\u2019une d\u00e9finition qui pr\u00e9c\u00e8de le concept de \u00ab\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/indian-status\">statut<\/a>\u00a0\u00bb. Ces crit\u00e8res sont bas\u00e9s sur les liens de sang et d\u00e9terminent essentiellement\r\n\tqu\u2019une personne est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme \u00ab\u00a0indienne\u00a0\u00bb si elle est \u00ab\u00a0de sang indien\u00a0\u00bb et qu\u2019elle est membre d\u2019une \u00ab\u00a0tribu ou peuplade d\u2019Indiens\u00a0\u00bb. Tous les descendants de ces personnes sont \u00e9galement consid\u00e9r\u00e9s comme Indiens\r\n\tau m\u00eame titre que les non-Indiens \u00ab\u00a0ayant mari\u00e9 des Indiens\u00a0\u00bb, les personnes dont au moins un des parents aurait pu \u00eatre consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme Indien et les \u00ab\u00a0personnes adopt\u00e9es en bas \u00e2ge par un Indien\u00a0\u00bb.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>L\u2019<em>Acte pour encourager la civilisation graduelle <\/em>de 1857 et l\u2019<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/gradual-civilization-act\/\"><em>Acte pourvoyant \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9mancipation graduelle<\/em><\/a> de 1869 sont presque exclusivement\r\n\tax\u00e9s sur l\u2019\u00e9limination des droits et des distinctions accord\u00e9s aux membres des Premi\u00e8res Nations et sur leur assimilation \u00e0 la vaste population des colons. Initialement, les administrateurs esp\u00e8rent accomplir l\u2019objectif de l\u2019<em>Acte pour encourager la civilisation graduelle <\/em>gr\u00e2ce\r\n\t\u00e0 l\u2019<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/enfranchisement\/\">\u00e9mancipation<\/a> volontaire (quand un membre des Premi\u00e8res Nations renonce \u00e0 son statut d\u2019Indien en \u00e9change de terres et du droit de vote), mais une seule personne\r\n\ts\u2019\u00e9mancipera volontairement. Par cons\u00e9quent, le gouvernement commence \u00e0 \u00e9manciper unilat\u00e9ralement les membres des Premi\u00e8res Nations.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Un certain nombre de groupes <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/aboriginal-people\">autochtones<\/a> signent des <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/traites-autochtones\">trait\u00e9s<\/a>, en particulier\r\n\tles cinq premiers <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/numbered-treaties\">trait\u00e9s num\u00e9rot\u00e9s<\/a>, avec les gouvernements canadiens avant l\u2019adoption, en 1876, de la <em>Loi sur les Indiens<\/em>. Ces groupes consid\u00e8rent parfois\r\n\tque leur statut juridique en tant que Premi\u00e8res Nations d\u00e9coule de ces trait\u00e9s plut\u00f4t que de la <em>Loi sur les Indiens<\/em>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Adoption de la <em>Loi sur les Indiens<\/em> de 1876<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>La <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/constitution-act-1867\/\"><em>Loi constitutionnelle<\/em><\/a> de 1867 attribue au <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/parliament\">Parlement<\/a> la comp\u00e9tence\r\n\tl\u00e9gislative sur les \u00ab\u00a0Indiens et les terres r\u00e9serv\u00e9es pour les Indiens\u00a0\u00bb. Pr\u00e8s de dix ans plus tard, en 1876, l\u2019<em>Acte pour encourager la civilisation graduelle<\/em> et l\u2019<em>Acte pourvoyant \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9mancipation graduelle <\/em>sont\r\n\tincorpor\u00e9s \u00e0 la <em>Loi sur les Indiens<\/em>. Par l\u2019entremise du <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/aboriginal-affairs-and-northern-development-canada\">minist\u00e8re des Affaires indiennes<\/a> et de ses <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/indian-agents-in-canada\">agents des Indiens<\/a>,\r\n\tla <em>Loi sur les Indiens<\/em> octroie au gouvernement de vastes pouvoirs concernant l\u2019identit\u00e9, les structures politiques, la gouvernance, les pratiques culturelles et l\u2019<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/aboriginal-education\">\u00e9ducation<\/a> des \r\n\t<a\r\n\thref=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/first-nations\">Premi\u00e8res Nations<\/a>. Ces pouvoirs restreignent les libert\u00e9s des Autochtones et permettent aux agents du gouvernement d\u2019accorder des <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/aboriginal-rights\">droits<\/a> et des avantages\r\n\t\ten fonction de crit\u00e8res moraux arbitraires.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>La <em>Loi sur les Indiens<\/em> vise \u00e0 homog\u00e9n\u00e9iser une grande population \u00e0 l\u2019origine vari\u00e9e et \u00e0 assimiler ses membres dans la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 non autochtone. Elle interdit aux membres et aux communaut\u00e9s des Premi\u00e8res Nations d\u2019exprimer leur identit\u00e9\r\n\tpar des activit\u00e9s li\u00e9es \u00e0 leur culture ou \u00e0 la gouvernance. De plus, la Loi remplace les structures traditionnelles de gouvernance par l\u2019\u00e9lection de conseils de <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/band\">bande<\/a>. Les \r\n\t<a\r\n\thref=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/chief\">chefs<\/a> h\u00e9r\u00e9ditaires (qui acc\u00e8dent au pouvoir du fait de leur descendance plut\u00f4t que par voie d\u2019\u00e9lection) ne sont pas reconnus par la <em>Loi sur les Indiens<\/em>. Jusqu\u2019en 1951, les femmes seront \u00e9galement tenues \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9cart de la dimension\r\n\t\tpolitique des conseils de bande. (<em>Voir aussi <\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/women-and-the-indian-act\">Les femmes et la <em>Loi sur les Indiens<\/em><\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>La Loi interdit \u00e9galement aux membres des Premi\u00e8res Nations de pratiquer leurs c\u00e9r\u00e9monies <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/religion-of-aboriginal-people\">religieuses<\/a> et de tenir des rassemblements culturels. En 1884,\r\n\ton rend le <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/potlatch-1\">potlatch<\/a> ill\u00e9gal, puis, l\u2019ann\u00e9e suivante, la m\u00eame r\u00e8gle s\u2019applique \u00e0 \u00ab\u00a0toute f\u00eate, danse ou autre c\u00e9r\u00e9monie <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/indian-term\">indienne<\/a>\u00a0\u00bb,\r\n\tce qui englobe des activit\u00e9s comme les <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/powwows-editorial\">pow-wow<\/a> et la <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/sun-dance\">danse du soleil<\/a>. Une modification\r\n\tadopt\u00e9e en 1914 interdit les danses en dehors des <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">r\u00e9serves<\/a> et, en 1925, les danses sont finalement interdites partout.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>En 1927, une modification de la <em>Loi sur les Indiens<\/em> rend ill\u00e9gal, pour les membres et communaut\u00e9s des Premi\u00e8res Nations, le fait de solliciter des fonds en vue de la poursuite d\u2019une <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/land-claims\/\">revendication territoriale<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Des modifications ult\u00e9rieures forceront les enfants des Premi\u00e8res Nations \u00e0 fr\u00e9quenter des \u00e9coles industrielles ou des <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/pensionnats\">pensionnats indiens<\/a> (1894 et 1920). Les pensionnats\r\n\tauront de lourdes cons\u00e9quences sur les communaut\u00e9s autochtones d\u2019un bout \u00e0 l\u2019autre du pays, et ce, pendant plusieurs g\u00e9n\u00e9rations.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Au tournant du 20<sup>e<\/sup> si\u00e8cle, on impose le <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/pass-system-in-canada\">syst\u00e8me de laissez-passer<\/a> (qui limite les mouvements des membres des membres des Premi\u00e8res Nations hors des r\u00e9serves)\r\n\tsans aucune autorisation l\u00e9gale. Ces politiques auront des effets persistants sur des g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d\u2019Autochtones\u00a0: en effet, de tels obstacles \u00e0 la mobilit\u00e9 endommagent les \u00e9conomies, cultures et soci\u00e9t\u00e9s autochtones.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>La <em>Loi sur les Indiens<\/em> d\u00e9finit \u00e9galement qui peut \u00eatre consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme Indien au sens de la loi. On y stipule qu\u2019un Indien est \u00ab\u00a0tout homme de sang indien r\u00e9put\u00e9 appartenir \u00e0 une <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/band\">bande<\/a> particuli\u00e8re\u00a0\u00bb.\r\n\tLe <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/indian-status\">statut d\u2019Indien<\/a> s\u2019applique \u00e9galement \u00e0 \u00ab\u00a0tout enfant de cette personne\u00a0\u00bb et \u00e0 \u00ab\u00a0toute femme qui est ou \u00e9tait l\u00e9galement mari\u00e9e \u00e0 cette personne\u00a0\u00bb.\r\n\tTout membre d\u2019une Premi\u00e8re Nation perd son statut d\u2019Indien lorsqu\u2019il re\u00e7oit un dipl\u00f4me universitaire et, de 1876 \u00e0 1880, qu\u2019il devient ministre d\u2019un culte <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/christianity\">chr\u00e9tien<\/a> ou\r\n\tqu\u2019il obtient un titre professionnel de m\u00e9decin ou d\u2019avocat. Toute femme autochtone le perd aussi si elle \u00e9pouse un non-Indien. La perte de statut est appel\u00e9e l\u2019<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/enfranchisement\">\u00e9mancipation<\/a>.\r\n\tEn 1961, le gouvernement \u00e9liminera enfin l\u2019article 112 de la Loi portant sur l\u2019\u00ab\u00a0\u00e9mancipation obligatoire\u00a0\u00bb. Jusque-l\u00e0, l\u2019administration du statut d\u2019Indien servait d\u2019outil d\u2019assimilation et de destruction culturelle.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Version r\u00e9vis\u00e9e de la <em>Loi sur les Indiens<\/em> en 1951<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>La p\u00e9riode qui suit imm\u00e9diatement la <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/second-world-war-wwii\/\">Deuxi\u00e8me Guerre mondiale<\/a> s\u2019accompagne d\u2019une profonde introspection soci\u00e9tale au Canada, qui se conclut par la remise\r\n\ten question des mesures les plus restrictives et oppressives impos\u00e9es par la <em>Loi sur les Indiens<\/em>. Plusieurs projets de r\u00e9forme sont rejet\u00e9s ou contest\u00e9s par les peuples des <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/first-nations\">Premi\u00e8res Nations<\/a> parce\r\n\tqu\u2019ils n\u2019ont pas \u00e9t\u00e9 invit\u00e9s \u00e0 participer \u00e0 leur processus d\u2019\u00e9laboration. Le gouvernement du Canada rompt alors avec la tradition\u00a0: avec la mise en place d\u2019un comit\u00e9 mixte, il va pour la toute premi\u00e8re fois consulter les communaut\u00e9s des Premi\u00e8res\r\n\tNations quant aux modifications \u00e0 apporter \u00e0 la <em>Loi sur les Indiens<\/em>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Une version ainsi r\u00e9vis\u00e9e de la <em>Loi sur les Indiens<\/em> re\u00e7oit la sanction royale le 20 juin 1951. Cette nouvelle version est d\u00e9barrass\u00e9e des restrictions les plus flagrantes dans les domaines politique, culturel et religieux. On r\u00e9voque\r\n\tentre autres choses les interdictions concernant les c\u00e9r\u00e9monies comme le <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/potlatch\">potlatch<\/a> et la <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/sun-dance\">danse du soleil<\/a>.\r\n\tEn outre, les communaut\u00e9s sont d\u00e9sormais en mesure de pr\u00e9senter des <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/land-claims\/\">revendications territoriales<\/a> \u00e0 l\u2019encontre du gouvernement. Quant aux femmes des Premi\u00e8res Nations,\r\n\telles peuvent d\u00e9sormais, gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 la Loi de 1951, voter aux \u00e9lections de conseils de <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/band\">bande<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/elsie-knott\">Elsie Marie Knott<\/a> devient\r\n\tainsi la premi\u00e8re <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/chief\">chef<\/a> des Premi\u00e8res Nations \u00e9lue au Canada. (<em>Voir aussi <\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/indigenous-women-and-the-franchise\">Les femmes autochtones et le droit de vote<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Toutefois, les r\u00e9visions ne rendent pas la <em>Loi sur les Indiens<\/em> compl\u00e8tement exempte de discrimination. Par exemple, la Loi pr\u00e9voit l\u2019interdiction, pour les personnes d\u00e9tenant le <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/indian-status\">statut d\u2019Indien<\/a>,\r\n\tde poss\u00e9der des substances intoxicantes ou d\u2019\u00eatre en \u00e9tat d\u2019intoxication. Les r\u00e9visions de 1951 octroient \u00e9galement aux provinces la comp\u00e9tence de <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/child-welfare\">protection des enfants<\/a> autochtones\r\n\t(article 88) alors qu\u2019il n\u2019en existait aucune au niveau f\u00e9d\u00e9ral. Cela entra\u00eenera la <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/sixties-scoop\">\u00ab\u00a0rafle des ann\u00e9es soixante\u00a0\u00bb<\/a>, pendant laquelle les agences provinciales\r\n\tcharg\u00e9es de la protection de l\u2019enfance choisissent de retirer les enfants de leur foyer plut\u00f4t que de fournir aux familles des ressources et un soutien communautaire. Ces s\u00e9parations auront des effets consid\u00e9rables et persistants sur les communaut\u00e9s\r\n\tautochtones.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>En d\u00e9pit des r\u00e9visions apport\u00e9es, le <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/indian\">statut d\u2019Indien<\/a> demeure toujours discriminatoire. La Loi remplace le concept de \u00ab\u00a0sang indien\u00a0\u00bb par celui de statut d\u2019Indien\r\n\tacquis par voie d\u2019inscription. En d\u2019autres termes, \u00eatre de descendance autochtone ne suffit plus pour acqu\u00e9rir le statut d\u2019Indien. Les lign\u00e9es masculines sont toujours favoris\u00e9es; les femmes ayant le statut d\u2019Indiennes perdent leurs droits lorsqu\u2019elles\r\n\t\u00e9pousent un homme non inscrit. (<em>Voir aussi <\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/women-and-the-indian-act\">Les femmes et la <em>Loi sur les Indiens<\/em><\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Les dispositions concernant le statut des femmes sont en effet particuli\u00e8rement extr\u00eames. Leurs droits en la mati\u00e8re d\u00e9coulent enti\u00e8rement du statut de leur mari. Une non-Indienne qui \u00e9pouse un Indien inscrit devient elle-m\u00eame Indienne. Une Indienne inscrite\r\n\tqui \u00e9pouse un Indien inscrit devient membre de la <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/band\">bande<\/a> de son mari et perd du m\u00eame coup toute appartenance \u00e0 sa bande d\u2019origine. De plus, elle perd compl\u00e8tement son statut\r\n\td\u2019Indienne si son mari meurt avant elle ou l\u2019abandonne.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>La <em>Loi sur les Indiens <\/em>de 1951 introduit la r\u00e8gle de la \u00ab\u00a0m\u00e8re grand-m\u00e8re\u00a0\u00bb, qui r\u00e9voque, le jour de ses 21 ans, le statut d\u2019Indien de tout enfant dont la m\u00e8re et la grand-m\u00e8re n\u2019ont pas \u00e9t\u00e9 reconnues comme Indiennes. Le rapport\r\n\tpr\u00e9sent\u00e9 en 1996 par la <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/royal-commission-on-aboriginal-peoples\">Commission royale d\u2019enqu\u00eate sur les peuples autochtones<\/a> signale qu\u2019un grand nombre des r\u00e9visions contenues dans la\r\n\tr\u00e9forme de 1951 ont en r\u00e9alit\u00e9 pour effet de r\u00e9tablir les dispositions de 1876, tandis que les restrictions suppl\u00e9mentaires concernant le transfert du statut d\u2019Indien nuisent aux femmes des Premi\u00e8res Nations et \u00e0 leurs enfants.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Changements r\u00e9clam\u00e9s \u00e0 la <em>Loi sur les Indiens<\/em>, ann\u00e9es 1960 et 1970<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>La <em>Loi sur les Indiens<\/em> de 1951 n\u2019a aucun effet sur le processus d\u2019<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/enfranchisement\">\u00e9mancipation<\/a> des <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/aboriginal-people\">peuples autochtones<\/a>,\r\n\tpas plus qu\u2019elle ne leur accorde le <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/franchise\">droit de vote<\/a>. Toutefois, au d\u00e9but de 1958, le gouvernement de <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/john-diefenbaker\">John Diefenbaker<\/a> s\u2019attelle\r\n\t\u00e0 la r\u00e9daction de la <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/canadian-bill-of-rights\/\"><em>D\u00e9claration canadienne des droits<\/em><\/a>. Cette d\u00e9claration proclamant l\u2019\u00e9galit\u00e9 des droits pour tous les Canadiens, il devient difficile\r\n\tde refuser aux peuples autochtones le droit de vote. Le 31 mars 1960, certaines parties du paragraphe 14(2) de la <em>Loi \u00e9lectorale du Canada<\/em> sont abrog\u00e9es en vue d\u2019accorder le droit de vote aux \u00e9lections f\u00e9d\u00e9rales aux \r\n\t<a\r\n\thref=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/indian-status\">Indiens inscrits<\/a>. Les membres des <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/first-nations\">Premi\u00e8res Nations<\/a> peuvent d\u00e9sormais voter sans perdre leur statut d\u2019Indien. L\u2019ann\u00e9e suivante, la disposition pr\u00e9voyant l\u2019\u00e9mancipation\r\n\t\tobligatoire dans la <em>Loi sur les Indiens<\/em> est supprim\u00e9e. (<em>Voir aussi<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/indigenous-suffrage\">Droit de vote des peuples autochtones<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>En 1969, le premier ministre <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/pierre-elliott-trudeau\/\">Pierre Elliott Trudeau<\/a> publie son <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/the-white-paper-1969\/\">Livre blanc<\/a>,\r\n\tdans lequel il d\u00e9clare son intention d\u2019\u00e9liminer compl\u00e8tement le concept de statut d\u2019Indien et le <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/aboriginal-affairs-and-northern-development-canada\">minist\u00e8re des Affaires indiennes<\/a>.\r\n\tLes peuples des Premi\u00e8res Nations, indign\u00e9s par le document, r\u00e9torquent avec leur \u00ab\u00a0Livre rouge\u00a0\u00bb, r\u00e9dig\u00e9 et pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 par <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/harold-cardinal\/\">Harold Cardinal<\/a>, alors pr\u00e9sident\r\n\tde l\u2019Indian Association of Alberta. Le gouvernement canadien abandonne rapidement le Livre blanc devant l\u2019opposition vigoureuse et continue qu\u2019il suscite chez les groupes autochtones et leurs partisans.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u00c0 cette \u00e9poque, les voix de nombreuses femmes autochtones s\u2019\u00e9l\u00e8vent pour faire modifier les articles les plus discriminatoires de la <em>Loi sur les Indiens<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/mary-two-axe-earley\">Mary Two-Axe Earley<\/a> est\r\n\tau nombre des premi\u00e8res militantes. Elle met notamment sur pied une s\u00e9rie de conf\u00e9rences et d\u2019initiatives \u00e9crites pour sensibiliser le public au sort des femmes autochtones \u00e0 qui l\u2019on refuse le statut d\u2019Indiennes ainsi que certains droits de propri\u00e9t\u00e9\r\n\tet issus de trait\u00e9s en vertu de la Loi. Yvonne B\u00e9dard et <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/jeannette-vivian-lavell\">Jeannette Corbiere Lavell<\/a>, qui se sont toutes deux vu retirer leur statut \u00e0 la suite d\u2019une union\r\n\tmatrimoniale, portent leur affaire devant les tribunaux contre le gouvernement canadien. En 1973, on combine les deux affaires \u00e0 la <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/supreme-court-of-canada\/\">Cour supr\u00eame du Canada<\/a>.\r\n\tCette ann\u00e9e-l\u00e0, on critique vivement la d\u00e9cision de la cour, selon laquelle la disposition de la Loi qui lie le statut d\u2019une femme \u00e0 son mari n\u2019est pas discriminatoire envers les femmes, m\u00eame si les hommes indiens conservent quant \u00e0 eux leur statut lorsqu\u2019ils\r\n\t\u00e9pousent des non-Indiennes. (<em>Voir aussi <\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/bedard-case\">Affaire B\u00e9dard<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/lavell-case\">Affaire Lavell<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>En 1981, la Commission des droits de l\u2019homme des Nations Unies juge que le Canada a viol\u00e9 l\u2019article 27 du <em>Pacte international relatif aux droits civils et politiques<\/em> dans l\u2019affaire <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/sandra-lovelace-nicholas\">Sandra Lovelace<\/a>\tNicholas concernant une femme <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/maliseet\">wolastoqiyik<\/a> ayant perdu son statut d\u2019Indienne en se mariant. Le gouvernement s\u2019oppose au retour de Sandra Lovelace Nicholas dans sa\r\n\tcommunaut\u00e9 d\u2019origine, pr\u00e9textant qu\u2019aux termes de la <em>Loi sur les Indiens<\/em>, comme elle a \u00e9pous\u00e9 un homme n\u2019appartenant pas \u00e0 sa communaut\u00e9, elle ne peut plus \u00eatre consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme \u00e9tant membre de sa <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/band\">bande<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Projet de loi C-31\u00a0: modifications de 1985 \u00e0 la <em>Loi sur les Indiens<\/em><\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>En 1985, en r\u00e9ponse aux pr\u00e9occupations grandissantes que suscite le manque d\u2019\u00e9galit\u00e9 dans la <em>Loi sur les Indiens<\/em>, autant \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9chelle nationale qu\u2019internationale, le gouvernement fait adopter le <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/bill-c-31\">projet de loi C-31<\/a>.\r\n\tCelui-ci supprime enti\u00e8rement ce qui reste des dispositions concernant l\u2019<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/enfranchisement\">\u00e9mancipation<\/a>. En outre, les personnes qui ont perdu leur <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/indian-status\">statut<\/a> d\u2019Indien\r\n\t\u00e0 la suite d\u2019un mariage sont de nouveau reconnues comme Indiennes et membres de leur <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/band\">bande<\/a> d\u2019origine. Leurs enfants obtiennent \u00e9galement le statut d\u2019Indiens, mais il faut\r\n\tattendre deux ans avant qu\u2019ils n\u2019obtiennent \u00e9galement le statut de membres de la bande. Ce d\u00e9lai est instaur\u00e9 pour permettre aux bandes d\u2019adopter leur propre r\u00e9glementation en mati\u00e8re d\u2019appartenance, avec la possibilit\u00e9 d\u2019exclure les enfants, mais pas\r\n\tles m\u00e8res. Si aucune r\u00e9glementation interne n\u2019est adopt\u00e9e avant juin 1987, les enfants deviennent aussi membres de la bande. Avec un contr\u00f4le accru de leur liste de membres, les bandes peuvent d\u00e9sormais accepter dans leurs rangs des membres non\r\n\tinscrits. Toutefois, les subventions accord\u00e9es par le gouvernement f\u00e9d\u00e9ral \u00e9tant calcul\u00e9es en fonction du nombre de membres inscrits, il est plus ou moins avantageux pour les bandes de compter de nombreux membres non inscrits.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Depuis les modifications de la <em>Loi sur les Indiens<\/em> de 1985, le nombre d\u2019Indiens inscrits a plus que doubl\u00e9, passant d\u2019environ 360 000 en 1985 \u00e0 plus de 778 000 en 2007. Cette augmentation d\u00e9coule d\u2019un plus grand nombre de\r\n\tnaissances que de d\u00e9c\u00e8s, ainsi que du \u00ab\u00a0r\u00e9tablissement\u00a0\u00bb du statut d\u2019Indien.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Toutefois, si les modifications contrent la <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/prejudice-and-discrimination\">discrimination<\/a> \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9gard des femmes, elles cr\u00e9ent \u00e9galement certains probl\u00e8mes. Le projet de loi C-31\r\n\tcr\u00e9e deux cat\u00e9gories d\u2019inscription au statut d\u2019<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/indian\">Indien<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re, au paragraphe 6(1), s\u2019applique lorsque les deux parents ont ou avaient droit \u00e0 l\u2019inscription. (Ce paragraphe\r\n\test ensuite subdivis\u00e9 en alin\u00e9as qui diff\u00e8rent selon le mode de transmission du statut.) La deuxi\u00e8me cat\u00e9gorie, au paragraphe 6(2), s\u2019applique lorsqu\u2019un des parents a droit \u00e0 l\u2019inscription en vertu du paragraphe 6(1). Le statut d\u2019Indien <em>ne peut pas <\/em>\u00eatre\r\n\ttransf\u00e9r\u00e9 si ce parent est inscrit en vertu du paragraphe 6(2). En bref, apr\u00e8s deux g\u00e9n\u00e9rations de mariages mixtes avec des partenaires sans statut, les enfants n\u2019auront plus droit au statut. Il s\u2019agit de la r\u00e8gle de l\u2019\u00ab\u00a0exclusion apr\u00e8s la\r\n\tseconde g\u00e9n\u00e9ration\u00a0\u00bb. Le projet de loi C-31 parvient ainsi \u00e0 contr\u00f4ler le nombre de personnes ayant droit au statut.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<iframe width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/DJg3IlPkIKc\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen=\"\"><\/iframe>\r\n<br>\r\n\r\n<h3>Gouvernance et <em>Loi sur les Indiens<\/em>, ann\u00e9es 1960 aux ann\u00e9es 2000<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>La <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/indian-act\/\"><em>Loi sur les Indiens<\/em><\/a> de 1876 a pour effet de d\u00e9manteler les syst\u00e8mes traditionnels de gouvernance et d\u2019imposer des contr\u00f4les externes aux individus et aux\r\n\tcommunaut\u00e9s autochtones, sous la forme d\u2019<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/indian-agents-in-canada\">agents des Indiens<\/a> locaux et de la bureaucratie f\u00e9d\u00e9rale du <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/aboriginal-affairs-and-northern-development-canada\">minist\u00e8re des Affaires indiennes<\/a>.\r\n\tIl faudra attendre la fin des ann\u00e9es 1960 et le d\u00e9but des ann\u00e9es 1970 pour voir le Canada s\u2019engager sur la route de l\u2019acceptation et de l\u2019autorisation de diff\u00e9rentes formes d\u2019<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/aboriginal-self-government\">autonomie gouvernementale<\/a> autochtone,\r\n\tet ce, sous l\u2019impulsion d\u2019organisations politiques efficaces et d\u2019un activisme croissant. Cette tendance gagne du terrain au tournant du 21<sup>e<\/sup> si\u00e8cle, les peuples autochtones voyant leur droit \u00e0 l\u2019autonomie gouvernementale sanctionn\u00e9 dans\r\n\tla <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/constitution-act-1982\/\"><em>Loi constitutionnelle<\/em><\/a> de 1982 ainsi que dans divers documents \u00e0 port\u00e9e internationale.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>En 1984, la <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/james-bay-and-northern-quebec-agreement\">Convention de la baie James et du Nord qu\u00e9b\u00e9cois<\/a> ainsi que le rapport Penner donnent naissance \u00e0 la <em>Loi sur les Cris et les Naskapis du Qu\u00e9bec<\/em>,\r\n\tle premier texte de loi sur l\u2019autonomie gouvernementale autochtone au Canada, qui vient remplacer la <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/indian-act\"><em>Loi sur les Indiens<\/em><\/a> et d\u00e9finit les communaut\u00e9s autochtones\r\n\tde la r\u00e9gion comme des personnes morales. Les <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/first-nations\">Premi\u00e8res Nations<\/a> autonomes ne sont pas soumises \u00e0 la <em>Loi sur les Indiens<\/em> bien que le <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/federal-government\">gouvernement f\u00e9d\u00e9ral<\/a> continue\r\n\t\u00e0 administrer certaines de leurs affaires.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Au fil du temps, on formule diff\u00e9rentes propositions pour accro\u00eetre, dans les dispositions de la Loi, les pouvoirs des <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/band\">bandes<\/a> en mati\u00e8re de gouvernance. En 1996, le gouvernement\r\n\tf\u00e9d\u00e9ral met de l\u2019avant le projet de loi C-79 pour modifier certains aspects de la Loi, y compris la gouvernance des bandes et la r\u00e9glementation des <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">r\u00e9serves<\/a>.\r\n\tLes Premi\u00e8res Nations s\u2019opposent en grande majorit\u00e9 \u00e0 ce projet de loi. Entre autres, on soutient que le gouvernement n\u2019a pas tenu de <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/duty-to-consult\">consultations<\/a> appropri\u00e9es\r\n\tavec les Premi\u00e8res Nations concernant les changements propos\u00e9s. On craint que le projet de loi ne menace les droits issus de <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/aboriginal-treaties\">trait\u00e9s<\/a> ainsi que le <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/aboriginal-rights\">droit<\/a> \u00e0\r\n\tl\u2019autonomie gouvernementale. En outre, on critique le projet de loi C-79 pour avoir ignor\u00e9 les recommandations de la <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/royal-commission-on-aboriginal-peoples\">Commission royale d\u2019enqu\u00eate sur les peuples autochtones<\/a>.\r\n\tIl restera lettre morte.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>En 2002, le projet de loi C-7, \u00e9galement connu sous le nom de <em>Loi sur la gouvernance des Premi\u00e8res Nations<\/em>, vise \u00e0 \u00e9largir les pouvoirs des conseils de bande en ce qui concerne notamment l\u2019\u00e9laboration de lois et la s\u00e9lection des dirigeants.\r\n\tMalgr\u00e9 les diverses consultations tenues par le gouvernement f\u00e9d\u00e9ral avec les Premi\u00e8res Nations au sujet du projet de loi, celui-ci se solde par un \u00e9chec. En 2006, le <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/senate\">s\u00e9nateur<\/a> Gerry\r\n\tSt. Germain pr\u00e9sente en chambre le projet de loi S-216 \u00ab\u00a0pour promouvoir la reconnaissance et la mise en \u0153uvre du droit \u00e0 l\u2019autonomie gouvernementale des Premi\u00e8res Nations au Canada\u00a0\u00bb. Le projet de loi, qui aurait permis aux Premi\u00e8res\r\n\tNations souhaitant se doter d\u2019un gouvernement autonome d\u2019\u00e9laborer une proposition et une constitution, \u00e9choue lui aussi apr\u00e8s une seconde lecture. (<em>Voir aussi<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/parliamentary-procedure\">Proc\u00e9dure parlementaire<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Certaines Premi\u00e8res Nations parviennent toutefois \u00e0 conclure des accords sectoriels fructueux qui leur permettent d\u2019obtenir des pouvoirs de gouvernance plus importants qui ne sont pas pr\u00e9vus par la <em>Loi sur les Indiens<\/em>. Quelques exemples\u00a0:\r\n\tla <em>Loi sur la gestion des terres des Premi\u00e8res Nations<\/em> (1999), la <em>Loi sur la gestion financi\u00e8re des Premi\u00e8res Nations<\/em> (2005), la <em>Loi sur la gestion du p\u00e9trole et du gaz et des fonds des Premi\u00e8res Nations<\/em> (2005),\r\n\tla <em>Loi sur le d\u00e9veloppement commercial et industriel des Premi\u00e8res Nations<\/em> (2006), et la <em>Loi sur le droit de propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des Premi\u00e8res Nations<\/em> (2009).<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Modifications apport\u00e9es \u00e0 la <em>Loi sur les Indiens<\/em>, 2011 et 2017<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Malgr\u00e9 une s\u00e9rie de modifications, la <em>Loi sur les Indiens<\/em> reste discriminatoire \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9gard des femmes et de leurs descendants en ce qui concerne le droit au <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/indian-status\">statut<\/a> d\u2019Indien.\r\n\tEn 2011, le <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/parliament\">Parlement<\/a> adopte la <em>Loi sur l\u2019\u00e9quit\u00e9 entre les sexes relativement \u00e0 l\u2019inscription au registre des Indiens<\/em> (projet de loi C-3). Il\r\n\ts\u2019agit de la r\u00e9ponse du <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/federal-government\">gouvernement f\u00e9d\u00e9ral<\/a> \u00e0 l\u2019<a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/mcivor-case\">affaire McIvor<\/a>, qui porte sur la discrimination\r\n\tsexuelle dans l\u2019article 6 de la <em>Loi sur les Indiens<\/em> de 1985. Le projet de loi C-3 accorde le statut d\u2019Indien, en vertu du paragraphe 6(2), aux petits-enfants de femmes s\u2019\u00e9tant r\u00e9appropri\u00e9 leur statut en 1985. Toutefois,\r\n\tles descendants de femmes, particuli\u00e8rement les arri\u00e8re-petits-enfants, n\u2019ont pas les m\u00eames droits que les descendants d\u2019hommes dans des circonstances similaires. Ainsi, m\u00eame avec le projet de loi C-3, certaines personnes n\u2019ont toujours pas acc\u00e8s\r\n\tau statut d\u2019Indien en raison de discrimination entre les sexes.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Le projet de loi S-3 est cr\u00e9\u00e9 en r\u00e9ponse \u00e0 une autre affaire judiciaire concernant des aspects discriminatoires de la <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/indian-act\"><em>Loi sur les Indiens<\/em><\/a>, soit l\u2019affaire Descheneaux\r\n\tde 2015. On conteste cette fois-ci la mani\u00e8re dont le statut d\u2019Indien est transf\u00e9r\u00e9 aux cousins et aux fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs des personnes. Une partie du projet de loi S-3 entre en vigueur le 22 d\u00e9cembre 2017. Entre autres dispositions, la modification\r\n\tpermet \u00e0 un plus grand nombre de personnes de transmettre leur statut \u00e0 leurs descendants et de r\u00e9tablir le statut de ceux l\u2019ayant perdu avant 1985. Par exemple, le projet de loi S-3 permet d\u2019inscrire des personnes dont le p\u00e8re est inconnu et qui\r\n\t\u00e9taient mineures et non mari\u00e9es entre 1951 et 1985, et vis\u00e9es par les r\u00e8gles d\u2019inscription en vigueur \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9poque. L\u2019autre partie du projet de loi, concernant le r\u00e9tablissement du statut d\u2019Indien pour les femmes et leur prog\u00e9niture ayant perdu leur statut\r\n\tavant 1951 (l\u2019\u00ab\u00a0exclusion de 1951\u00a0\u00bb), entre en vigueur le 15 ao\u00fbt 2019. Selon le gouvernement, \u00ab\u00a0toutes les in\u00e9galit\u00e9s bas\u00e9es sur le sexe pr\u00e9sentes dans la <em>Loi sur les Indiens<\/em> ont \u00e0 pr\u00e9sent \u00e9t\u00e9 corrig\u00e9es.\u00a0\u00bb<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>R\u00e9formes propos\u00e9es<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>En 2010, le <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/federal-government\">gouvernement f\u00e9d\u00e9ral<\/a> annonce son intention de travailler avec les <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/aboriginal-people\">peuples autochtones<\/a> pour\r\n\tsupprimer les parties de la <em>Loi sur les Indiens<\/em> qui donnent le pouvoir d\u2019ouvrir des <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/residential-schools\">pensionnats<\/a> et d\u2019emmener de force les enfants loin de\r\n\tleur foyer.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Le projet de loi S-2, la <em>Loi sur les foyers familiaux situ\u00e9s dans les r\u00e9serves et les droits ou int\u00e9r\u00eats matrimoniaux<\/em>, comble un vide l\u00e9gislatif dans la <em>Loi sur les Indiens<\/em>. Il vise \u00e0 garantir que les personnes vivant\r\n\tdans les <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">r\u00e9serves<\/a> ont les m\u00eames droits que les autres Canadiens en mati\u00e8re de biens matrimoniaux. Selon le gouvernement canadien, le projet de loi S-2\r\n\test un texte de loi autonome, qui ne fait pas partie de la r\u00e9forme de la <em>Loi sur les Indiens<\/em>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>D\u00e9bat\u00a0: conserver ou \u00e9radiquer la <em>Loi sur les Indiens<\/em>?<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Si certains peuples autochtones et non autochtones demandent l\u2019abolition de la Loi, d\u2019autres craignent que son retrait n\u2019\u00e9rode certaines protections, comme celles relatives au statut d\u2019Indien. Comme l\u2019explique le chercheur David Newhouse, \u00ab\u00a0[la <em>Loi sur les Indiens<\/em>]\r\n\tfournit la structure de la gouvernance et de la vie communautaire locales. R\u00e9former la loi d\u2019un seul coup, ou l\u2019abroger, pourrait avoir un effet d\u00e9vastateur sur les Premi\u00e8res Nations\u00a0\u00bb.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>De l\u2019autre c\u00f4t\u00e9, les d\u00e9tracteurs de la Loi membres de peuples autochtones travaillent sans rel\u00e2che \u00e0 son d\u00e9mant\u00e8lement. Ces personnes esp\u00e8rent que les pouvoirs de la Loi s\u2019estomperont ou dispara\u00eetront avec le mouvement croissant vers l\u2019<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/lautonomie-gouvernementale-des-autochtones\">autonomie gouvernementale<\/a> et\r\n\tla <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/truth-and-reconciliation-commission\">r\u00e9conciliation<\/a>, donnant ainsi lieu \u00e0 un changement dans les relations entre le gouvernement et les Autochtones. Comme l\u2019a \u00e9nonc\u00e9 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/perry-bellegarde\">Perry Bellegarde<\/a>,\r\n\tchef de l\u2019<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/assembly-of-first-nations\">Assembl\u00e9e des Premi\u00e8res Nations<\/a>, en 2018\u00a0: \u00ab\u00a0Nous voulons tous nous soustraire au contr\u00f4le de la <em>Loi sur les Indiens<\/em> et nous\r\n\treconstituer en tant que peuples et nations autochtones dot\u00e9s de droits fondamentaux inh\u00e9rents.\u00a0\u00bb<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>H\u00e9ritage et importance<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Malgr\u00e9 de nombreuses modifications au fil des ans, la version contemporaine de la <em>Loi sur les Indiens<\/em> \u00e9nonce toujours les modalit\u00e9s du <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/indian-status\">statut d\u2019Indien<\/a>,\r\n\tdiverses r\u00e8gles concernant les <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">r\u00e9serves<\/a>, la tutelle financi\u00e8re des mineurs et des personnes frapp\u00e9es d\u2019incapacit\u00e9 mentale, la gestion des ressources des \r\n\t<a\r\n\thref=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/band\">bandes<\/a>, les \u00e9lections et d\u2019autres aspects de la vie dans les r\u00e9serves.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>La <em>Loi sur les Indiens<\/em> a eu des cons\u00e9quences continues et persistantes sur les cultures, les \u00e9conomies, les politiques et les communaut\u00e9s autochtones au pays. Elle a \u00e9galement caus\u00e9 des traumatismes interg\u00e9n\u00e9rationnels, surtout avec\r\n\tles <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/residential-schools\">pensionnats<\/a>. En effet, l\u2019oppression et les dispositions restrictives de la Loi ont eu des cons\u00e9quences d\u00e9vastatrices sur des g\u00e9n\u00e9rations de peuples autochtones.<\/p>","slug":"loi-sur-les-indiens","alt_slug":"","twitter_summary":null,"locale":"fr","automated":false,"hidden":0,"views":0,"created_at":"2006-02-08T00:00:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2018-10-23T14:02:37.000000Z"},{"id":"9df7ea5e-5665-4a06-81ab-32e93f259ce0","article_id":"83668","title":"\u0aad\u0abe\u0ab0\u0aa4\u0ac0\u0aaf \u0a85\u0aa7\u0abf\u0aa8\u0abf\u0aaf\u0aae","summary":"<p><em>\u0aad\u0abe\u0ab0\u0aa4\u0ac0\u0aaf \u0a85\u0aa7\u0abf\u0aa8\u0abf\u0aaf\u0aae \u0a8f<\/em> \u0aaa\u0acd\u0ab0\u0abe\u0aa5\u0aae\u0abf\u0a95 \u0a95\u0abe\u0aaf\u0aa6\u0acb \u0a9b\u0ac7 \u0a9c\u0ac7\u0aa8\u0acb \u0a89\u0aaa\u0aaf\u0acb\u0a97 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">\u0aab\u0ac7\u0aa1\u0ab0\u0ab2 \u0ab8\u0ab0\u0a95\u0abe\u0ab0<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">\u0aad\u0abe\u0ab0\u0aa4\u0ac0\u0aaf<\/a> \u0aa6\u0ab0\u0a9c\u0acd\u0a9c\u0acb, \r\n \u0ab8\u0acd\u0aa5\u0abe\u0aa8\u0abf\u0a95 \u0aab\u0ab0\u0acd <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">\u0ab8\u0acd\u0a9f \u0aa8\u0ac7\u0ab6\u0aa8\u0acd\u0ab8 \u0ab8\u0ab0\u0a95\u0abe\u0ab0<\/a> \u0acb \u0a85\u0aa8\u0ac7 \u0a85\u0aa8\u0abe <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">\u0aae\u0aa4<\/a> \u0a9c\u0aae\u0ac0\u0aa8\u0aa8\u0abe \u0ab8\u0a82\u0a9a\u0abe\u0ab2\u0aa8 \u0aae\u0abe\u0a9f\u0ac7 \u0a95\u0ab0\u0ac7 \u0a9b\u0ac7. \u0aa4\u0ac7 \u0aaa\u0acd\u0ab0\u0aa5\u0aae \u0ab0\u0abe\u0ab7\u0acd\u0a9f\u0acd\u0ab0\u0acb\u0aa8\u0abe \u0ab2\u0acb\u0a95\u0acb \u0aaa\u0acd\u0ab0\u0aa4\u0acd\u0aaf\u0ac7\u0aa8\u0ac0 \r\n \u0ab8\u0ab0\u0a95\u0abe\u0ab0\u0ac0 \u0a9c\u0ab5\u0abe\u0aac\u0aa6\u0abe\u0ab0\u0ac0\u0a93\u0aa8\u0ac0 \u0ab0\u0ac2\u0aaa\u0ab0\u0ac7\u0a96\u0abe \u0aaa\u0aa3 \u0a86\u0aaa\u0ac7 \u0a9b\u0ac7. <em>\u0aad\u0abe\u0ab0\u0aa4\u0ac0\u0aaf \u0a85\u0aa7\u0abf\u0aa8\u0abf\u0aaf\u0aae \u0aad\u0abe\u0ab0\u0aa4\u0ac0\u0aaf \u0aa6\u0ab0<\/em> <a\r\n\thref=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/inuit\">\u0a9c\u0acd\u0a9c\u0acb \u0aa7\u0ab0\u0abe\u0ab5\u0aa4\u0abe \u0ab2\u0acb\u0a95\u0acb \u0ab8\u0abe\u0aa5\u0ac7 \u0ab8\u0a82\u0aac\u0a82\u0aa7\u0abf\u0aa4 \u0a9b\u0ac7; \u0aa4\u0ac7 \u0aac\u0abf\u0aa8-\u0aa6\u0ab0\u0a9c\u0acd\u0a9c\u0acb \u0aa7\u0ab0\u0abe\u0ab5\u0aa4\u0abe \u0aab\u0ab0\u0acd\u0ab8\u0acd\u0a9f \u0aa8\u0ac7\u0ab6\u0aa8\u0acd\u0ab8 \u0ab2\u0acb\u0a95\u0acb, \u0aae\u0ac7 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/metis\">\u0a9f\u0abf\u0ab8 \u0a85\u0aa5\u0ab5\u0abe \u0a87\u0aa8\u0ac1\u0a87\u0a9f\u0aa8\u0acb \u0ab8\u0ac0\u0aa7\u0acb \u0ab8\u0a82\u0aa6\u0ab0\u0acd\u0aad \u0a86\u0aaa\u0aa4\u0acb<\/a> \u0aa8\u0aa5\u0ac0. \r\n<\/a> \u0aaa\u0acd\u0ab0\u0aa5\u0aae 1876 \u0aae\u0abe\u0a82 \u0ab0\u0a9c\u0ac2 \u0a95\u0ab0\u0ab5\u0abe\u0aae\u0abe\u0a82 \u0a86\u0ab5\u0acd\u0aaf\u0ac1\u0a82, \u0a86 \u0a85\u0aa7\u0abf\u0aa8\u0abf\u0aaf\u0aae \u0ab8\u0a82\u0a96\u0acd\u0aaf\u0abe\u0aac\u0a82\u0aa7 \u0ab5\u0ab8\u0abe\u0ab9\u0aa4 \u0a95\u0abe\u0aaf\u0aa6\u0abe\u0a93 subsumsment \u0a9c\u0ac7\u0aa8\u0acb \u0ab9\u0ac7\u0aa4\u0ac1 \u0aaf\u0ac1\u0ab0\u0acb-\u0a95\u0ac7\u0aa8\u0ac7\u0aa1\u0abf\u0aaf\u0aa8 \u0ab8\u0aae\u0abe\u0a9c\u0aae\u0abe\u0a82 \u0a8f\u0ab8\u0abf\u0aae\u0abf\u0ab2\u0ac7\u0ab6\u0aa8\u0aa8\u0ac0 \u0aa4\u0ab0\u0aab\u0ac7\u0aa3\u0aae\u0abe\u0a82 \u0aab\u0ab0\u0acd\u0ab8\u0acd\u0a9f \u0aa8\u0ac7\u0ab6\u0aa8\u0acd\u0ab8 \u0ab8\u0a82\u0ab8\u0acd\u0a95\u0ac3\u0aa4\u0abf\u0aa8\u0ac7 \u0aa6\u0ac2\u0ab0 \u0a95\u0ab0\u0ab5\u0abe\u0aa8\u0acb \u0ab9\u0aa4\u0acb. \u0a95\u0abe\u0aaf\u0aa6\u0abe\u0aa8\u0ac1\u0a82 \u0aa8\u0ab5\u0ac1\u0a82 \u0ab8\u0a82\u0ab8\u0acd\u0a95\u0ab0\u0aa3 1951 \u0aae\u0abe\u0a82 \u0aaa\u0ab8\u0abe\u0ab0 \u0a95\u0ab0\u0ab5\u0abe\u0aae\u0abe\u0a82 \u0a86\u0ab5\u0acd\u0aaf\u0ac1\u0a82 \u0ab9\u0aa4\u0ac1\u0a82, \u0a85\u0aa8\u0ac7 \u0aa4\u0acd\u0aaf\u0abe\u0ab0\u0aa5\u0ac0, \u0a98\u0aa3\u0ac0 \u0ab5\u0a96\u0aa4 \r\n \u0ab8\u0ac1\u0aa7\u0abe\u0ab0\u0acb \u0a95\u0ab0\u0ab5\u0abe\u0aae\u0abe\u0a82 \u0a86\u0ab5\u0acd\u0aaf\u0acb \u0a9b\u0ac7, 1985 \u0aae\u0abe\u0a82 \u0ab8\u0acc\u0aa5\u0ac0 \u0aa8\u0acb\u0a82\u0aa7\u0aaa\u0abe\u0aa4\u0acd\u0ab0 \u0ab0\u0ac0\u0aa4\u0ac7, \u0aab\u0ac7\u0ab0\u0aab\u0abe\u0ab0\u0acb \u0aae\u0ac1\u0a96\u0acd\u0aaf\u0aa4\u0acd\u0ab5\u0ac7 \u0aad\u0ac7\u0aa6\u0aad\u0abe\u0ab5\u0aaa\u0ac2\u0ab0\u0acd\u0aa3 \u0ab5\u0abf\u0aad\u0abe\u0a97\u0acb\u0aa8\u0ac7 \u0aa6\u0ac2\u0ab0 \u0a95\u0ab0\u0ab5\u0abe \u0aaa\u0ab0 \u0aa7\u0acd\u0aaf\u0abe\u0aa8 \u0a95\u0ac7\u0aa8\u0acd\u0aa6\u0acd\u0ab0\u0abf\u0aa4 \u0a95\u0ab0\u0ac7 \u0a9b\u0ac7. \u0aa4\u0ac7 \u0a8f\u0a95 \u0ab5\u0abf\u0a95\u0ab8\u0aa4\u0abe, \u0ab5\u0abf\u0ab0\u0acb\u0aa7\u0abe\u0aad\u0abe\u0ab8\u0ac0 \u0aa6\u0ab8\u0acd\u0aa4\u0abe\u0ab5\u0ac7\u0a9c \u0a9b\u0ac7 \u0a9c\u0ac7\u0aa3\u0ac7 \u0ab8\u0acd\u0ab5 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">\u0aa6\u0ac7\u0ab6\u0ac0 \u0ab2\u0acb\u0a95\u0acb\u0aa8\u0ac0 \u0aaa\u0ac7\u0aa2\u0ac0\u0a93 \u0aae\u0abe\u0a9f\u0ac7 \u0a86\u0a98\u0abe\u0aa4, \u0aae\u0abe\u0aa8\u0ab5 \u0a85\u0aa7\u0abf\u0a95\u0abe\u0ab0\u0acb\u0aa8\u0ac1\u0a82 \u0a89\u0ab2\u0acd\u0ab2\u0a82\u0a98\u0aa8 \u0a85\u0aa8\u0ac7 \u0ab8\u0abe\u0aae\u0abe\u0a9c\u0abf\u0a95 \u0a85\u0aa8\u0ac7 \u0ab8\u0abe\u0a82\u0ab8\u0acd\u0a95\u0ac3\u0aa4\u0abf\u0a95 \u0ab5\u0abf\u0a95\u0acd\u0ab7\u0ac7 \r\n \u0aaa\u0aa8\u0ac7 \u0ab8\u0a95\u0acd\u0ab7\u0aae \u0aac\u0aa8\u0abe\u0ab5\u0acd\u0aaf\u0ac1\u0a82 \u0a9b\u0ac7.<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0a86 <em>\u0aad\u0abe\u0ab0\u0aa4\u0ac0\u0aaf \u0a85\u0aa7\u0abf<\/em> \u0aa8\u0abf\u0aaf\u0aae \u0ab5\u0abf\u0ab6\u0ac7\u0aa8\u0ac0 \u0ab8\u0a82\u0aaa\u0ac2\u0ab0\u0acd\u0aa3 \u0ab2\u0a82\u0aac\u0abe\u0a88\u0aa8\u0ac0 \u0a8f\u0aa8\u0acd\u0a9f\u0acd\u0ab0\u0ac0 \u0a9b\u0ac7. \u0ab8\u0abe\u0aa6\u0abe \u0aad\u0abe\u0ab7\u0abe\u0aa8\u0abe \u0ab8\u0abe\u0ab0\u0abe\u0a82\u0ab6 \u0aae\u0abe\u0a9f\u0ac7, \u0a95\u0ac3\u0aaa\u0abe \u0a95\u0ab0\u0ac0\u0aa8\u0ac7 <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act-plain-language-summary\" target=\"_blank\">\u0aad\u0abe\u0ab0\u0aa4\u0ac0\u0aaf \u0a85\u0aa7\u0abf\u0aa8\u0abf\u0aaf\u0aae (\u0ab8\u0abe\u0aa6\u0abe \u0aad\u0abe\u0ab7\u0abe\u0aa8\u0acb \u0ab8\u0abe\u0ab0\u0abe\u0a82\u0ab6) \u0a9c\u0ac1\u0a93<\/a>.<\/p>","body":"<div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/cbcd31d1-03f6-4fba-a45d-96ee89c4617d.jpg\" title=\"\u0aad\u0abe\u0ab0\u0aa4\u0ac0\u0aaf \u0a85\u0aa7\u0abf\u0aa8\u0abf\u0aaf\u0aae\" alt=\"\u0aad\u0abe\u0ab0\u0aa4\u0ac0\u0aaf \u0a85\u0aa7\u0abf\u0aa8\u0abf\u0aaf\u0aae\"><\/div>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u0a90\u0aa4\u0abf\u0ab9\u0abe\u0ab8\u0abf\u0a95 \u0ab8\u0a82\u0aa6\u0ab0\u0acd\u0aad: \u0aad\u0abe\u0ab0\u0aa4\u0ac0\u0aaf \u0a85\u0aa7\u0abf\u0aa8\u0abf\u0aaf\u0aae \u0aaa\u0ab9\u0ac7\u0ab2\u0abe\u0a82, 1763\u20141876<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/royal-proclamation-of-1763\/\">1763 \u0aa8\u0abe \u0ab0\u0acb\u0aaf\u0ab2 \u0aaa\u0acd\u0ab0\u0acb\u0a95\u0acd\u0ab2\u0ac7\u0aae\u0ac7<\/a> \u0ab6\u0aa8\u0aae\u0abe\u0a82 \u0aaa\u0a9b\u0ac0\u0aa8\u0ac0 \u0ab8\u0aa6\u0ac0\u0a93\u0aae\u0abe\u0a82 \u0ab5\u0ab8\u0abe\u0ab9\u0aa4 \u0ab5\u0ab9\u0ac0\u0ab5\u0a9f \u0aab\u0ab0\u0acd <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">\u0ab8\u0acd\u0a9f<\/a> \u0aa8\u0ac7\u0ab6\u0aa8\u0acd\u0ab8\u0aa8\u0abe \u0ab2\u0acb\u0a95\u0acb \u0ab8\u0abe\u0aa5\u0ac7 \u0a95\u0ac7\u0ab5\u0ac0 \u0ab0\u0ac0\u0aa4\u0ac7 \u0a95\u0acd\u0ab0\u0abf\u0aaf\u0abe\u0aaa\u0acd\u0ab0\u0aa4\u0abf\u0a95\u0acd\u0ab0\u0abf\u0aaf\u0abe \u0a95\u0ab0\u0ab6\u0ac7 \u0aa4\u0ac7\u0aa8\u0acb 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href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">\u0aa6\u0ac7\u0ab6\u0ac0<\/a> \u0a9c\u0ac2\u0aa5\u0acb\u0a8f \u0ab8\u0a82\u0aa7\u0abf <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/numbered-treaties\">\u0a93 - \u0a96\u0abe\u0ab8<\/a> \u0a95\u0ab0\u0ac0\u0aa8\u0ac7 \u0aaa\u0acd\u0ab0\u0aa5\u0aae \u0aaa\u0abe\u0a82\u0a9a \u0ab8\u0a82\u0a96\u0acd\u0aaf\u0abe\u0aac\u0a82\u0aa7 \u0ab8\u0a82\u0aa7\u0abf\u0a93 - \u0a95\u0ac7\u0aa8\u0ac7\u0aa1\u0abf\u0aaf\u0aa8 \u0ab8\u0ab0\u0a95\u0abe\u0ab0\u0acb \u0ab8\u0abe\u0aa5\u0ac7 \u0a95\u0ab0\u0ac0 \u0ab9\u0aa4\u0ac0<\/em>. \u0aa4\u0ac7 \u0a9c\u0ac2\u0aa5\u0acb <em>\u0aad\u0abe\u0ab0\u0aa4\u0ac0\u0aaf \u0a85\u0aa7\u0abf\u0aa8\u0abf\u0aaf\u0aae \u0aa6\u0acd\u0ab5\u0abe\u0ab0\u0abe \u0aac\u0aa6\u0ab2\u0ac7, \u0aa4\u0ac7 \u0ab8\u0a82\u0aa7\u0abf\u0a93 \u0aa6\u0acd\u0ab5\u0abe\u0ab0\u0abe \u0ab5\u0ab9\u0ac7\u0ab5\u0abe \u0aae\u0abe\u0a9f\u0ac7 \u0aaa\u0acd\u0ab0\u0aa5\u0aae 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(<em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/women-and-the-indian-act\">\u0aae\u0ab9\u0abf\u0ab2\u0abe \u0a85\u0aa8\u0ac7 \u0aad\u0abe\u0ab0\u0aa4\u0ac0\u0aaf \u0a85\u0aa7\u0abf\u0aa8\u0abf\u0aaf\u0aae<\/a> \u0aaa\u0aa3 \u0a9c\u0ac1\u0a93<\/em>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0a86 \u0a95\u0abe\u0aaf\u0aa6\u0abe\u0a8f \u0aab\u0ab0\u0acd\u0ab8\u0acd\u0a9f \u0aa8\u0ac7\u0ab6\u0aa8\u0acd\u0ab8\u0aa8\u0abe \u0ab2\u0acb\u0a95\u0acb \u0aae\u0abe\u0a9f\u0ac7 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/religion-of-aboriginal-people\">\u0aa7\u0abe\u0ab0\u0acd\u0aae\u0abf\u0a95<\/a> \u0ab8\u0aae\u0abe\u0ab0\u0a82\u0aad\u0acb \u0a85\u0aa8\u0ac7 \u0ab5\u0abf\u0ab5\u0abf\u0aa7 \u0ab8\u0abe\u0a82\u0ab8\u0acd\u0a95\u0ac3\u0aa4\u0abf\u0a95 \u0aae\u0ac7\u0ab3\u0abe\u0ab5\u0aa1\u0abe \u0a95\u0ab0\u0ab5\u0abe \u0aae\u0abe\u0a9f\u0ac7 \u0a97\u0ac7\u0ab0\u0a95\u0abe\u0aaf\u0aa6\u0ac7\u0ab8\u0ab0 \u0aaa\u0aa3 \u0aac\u0aa8\u0abe\u0ab5\u0acd\u0aaf\u0ac1\u0a82 \u0ab9\u0aa4\u0ac1\u0a82. 1884 \u0aae\u0abe\u0a82, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/potlatch\/\">\u0aaa\u0acb\u0a9f\u0ab2\u0ac7\u0a9a \u0aaa\u0ab0 \u0aaa\u0acd\u0ab0\u0aa4\u0abf\u0aac\u0a82\u0aa7 \u0aae\u0ac2\u0a95<\/a> \u0ab5\u0abe\u0aae\u0abe\u0a82 \u0a86\u0ab5\u0acd\u0aaf\u0acb \u0ab9\u0aa4\u0acb, \u0a85\u0aa8\u0ac7 1895 \u0aae\u0abe\u0a82, \u201c\u0a95\u0acb\u0a88 \u0aaa\u0aa3 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-term\">\u0aad\u0abe\u0ab0\u0aa4\u0ac0\u0aaf<\/a> \u0aa4\u0ab9\u0ac7\u0ab5\u0abe\u0ab0, \u0aa8\u0ac3\u0aa4\u0acd\u0aaf \u0a85\u0aa5\u0ab5\u0abe \u0a85\u0aa8\u0acd\u0aaf \u0ab8\u0aae\u0abe\u0ab0\u0a82\u0aad,\u201d \u0a9c\u0ac7\u0aae\u0abe\u0a82 \u0aaa\u0abe\u0ab5\u0ab5\u0acb\u0a9d \u0a85\u0aa8\u0ac7 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sun-dance\">\u0ab8\u0ac2\u0ab0\u0acd\u0aaf \u0aa8\u0ac3<\/a> \u0aa4\u0acd\u0aaf <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/powwows-editorial\">\u0aa8\u0acb \u0ab8\u0aae\u0abe\u0ab5\u0ac7\u0ab6<\/a> \u0aa5\u0ab6\u0ac7, \u0aaa\u0ab0 \u0aaa\u0aa3 \u0aaa\u0acd\u0ab0\u0aa4\u0abf\u0aac\u0a82\u0aa7 \u0aae\u0ac2\u0a95\u0ab5\u0abe\u0aae\u0abe\u0a82 \u0a86\u0ab5\u0acd\u0aaf\u0acb \u0ab9\u0aa4\u0acb. 1914 \u0aae\u0abe\u0a82 \u0a85\u0aa8\u0acd\u0aaf \u0ab8\u0ac1\u0aa7\u0abe\u0ab0\u0acb \u0aa8\u0ac3\u0aa4\u0acd\u0aaf \u0aac\u0a82\u0aa7- <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">\u0ab0\u0abf\u0a9d\u0ab0\u0acd\u0ab5<\/a> \u0a97\u0ac7\u0ab0\u0a95\u0abe\u0aaf\u0aa6\u0ac7\u0ab8\u0ab0, \r\n \u0a85\u0aa8\u0ac7 1925 \u0aae\u0abe\u0a82, \u0aa8\u0ac3\u0aa4\u0acd\u0aaf \u0ab8\u0a82\u0aaa\u0ac2\u0ab0\u0acd\u0aa3\u0aaa\u0aa3\u0ac7 \u0a97\u0ac7\u0ab0\u0a95\u0abe\u0aaf\u0aa6\u0ac7\u0ab8\u0ab0 \u0a9b\u0ac7.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>1 9 27 \u0aae\u0abe\u0a82, \u0a86 \u0a95\u0abe\u0aaf\u0aa6\u0abe\u0a8f \u0aab\u0ab0\u0acd\u0ab8\u0acd\u0a9f \u0aa8\u0ac7\u0ab6\u0aa8\u0acd\u0ab8 \u0ab2\u0acb\u0a95\u0acb \u0a85\u0aa8\u0ac7 \u0ab8\u0aae\u0ac1\u0aa6\u0abe\u0aaf\u0acb \u0aae\u0abe\u0a9f\u0ac7 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/land-claims\/\">\u0a9c\u0aae\u0ac0\u0aa8\u0aa8\u0abe \u0aa6\u0abe\u0ab5\u0abe\u0aa8\u0ac0 \u0ab6\u0acb\u0aa7 \u0aae\u0abe\u0a9f\u0ac7 \u0aad\u0a82\u0aa1\u0acb\u0ab3 \u0aae\u0abe\u0a82\u0a97\u0ab5\u0abe\u0aa8\u0ac1\u0a82 \u0a97\u0ac7\u0ab0\u0a95\u0abe\u0aaf\u0aa6\u0ac7\u0ab8\u0ab0 \u0aac\u0aa8\u0abe\u0ab5\u0acd\u0aaf\u0ac1\u0a82 \u0ab9\u0aa4\u0ac1\u0a82<\/a>. \u0aa4\u0acd\u0aaf\u0abe\u0ab0\u0aac\u0abe\u0aa6 \u0ab8\u0ac1\u0aa7\u0abe\u0ab0\u0abe\u0a93\u0aae\u0abe\u0a82 \u0aab\u0ab0\u0acd\u0ab8\u0acd\u0a9f \u0aa8\u0ac7\u0ab6\u0aa8\u0acd\u0ab8\u0aa8\u0abe \u0aac\u0abe\u0ab3 \r\n \u0a95\u0acb\u0aa8\u0ac7 \u0a94\u0aa6\u0acd\u0aaf\u0acb\u0a97\u0abf\u0a95 \u0a85\u0aa5\u0ab5\u0abe \u0ab0\u0ab9\u0ac7\u0aa3\u0abe <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/residential-schools\/\">\u0a82\u0a95 \u0ab6\u0abe\u0ab3\u0abe\u0a93\u0aae\u0abe\u0a82<\/a> (1894 \u0a85\u0aa8\u0ac7 1920) \u0ab9\u0abe\u0a9c\u0ab0\u0ac0 \u0a86\u0aaa\u0ab5\u0abe\u0aa8\u0ac0 \u0a9c\u0ab0\u0ac2\u0ab0 \u0ab9\u0aa4\u0ac0. \u0a95\u0ac7\u0aa8\u0ac7\u0aa1\u0abe\u0aae\u0abe\u0a82 \u0ab0\u0ab9\u0ac7\u0aa3\u0abe\u0a82\u0a95 \u0ab6\u0abe\u0ab3\u0abe\u0a93\u0aa8\u0abe \u0a98\u0ac7\u0ab0\u0abe \u0ab5\u0abe\u0ab0\u0ab8\u0abe\u0a8f \u0aa6\u0ac7\u0ab6\u0aad\u0ab0\u0aae\u0abe\u0a82 \u0a85\u0aa8\u0ac7 \u0a86\u0a82\u0aa4\u0ab0\u0a9c\u0aa8\u0ab0\u0ac7\u0ab6\u0aa8\u0ab2\u0ac0 \u0ab8\u0acd\u0ab5\u0aa6\u0ac7\u0ab6\u0ac0 \u0ab8\u0aae\u0ac1\u0aa6\u0abe\u0aaf\u0acb\u0aa8\u0ac7 \r\n \u0a85\u0ab8\u0ab0 \u0a95\u0ab0\u0ac0 \u0a9b\u0ac7. \r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>20 \u0aae\u0ac0 \u0ab8\u0aa6\u0ac0\u0aa8\u0abe \u0ab5\u0ab3\u0abe\u0a82\u0a95 \u0aaa\u0ab0, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/pass-system-in-canada\">\u0aaa\u0abe\u0ab8 \u0ab8\u0abf\u0ab8\u0acd\u0a9f\u0aae<\/a> (\u0a9c\u0ac7 \u0a85\u0aa8\u0abe\u0aae\u0aa4 \u0aac\u0a82\u0aa7 \u0aab\u0ab0\u0acd\u0ab8\u0acd\u0a9f \u0aa8\u0ac7\u0ab6\u0aa8\u0acd\u0ab8 \u0ab2\u0acb\u0a95\u0acb\u0aa8\u0ac0 \u0a9a\u0ab3\u0ab5\u0ab3\u0aa8\u0ac7 \u0aaa\u0acd\u0ab0\u0aa4\u0abf\u0aac\u0a82\u0aa7\u0abf\u0aa4 \u0a95\u0ab0\u0ac7 \u0a9b\u0ac7) \u0a95\u0acb\u0a88\u0aaa\u0aa3 \u0a95\u0abe\u0aa8\u0ac2\u0aa8\u0ac0 \u0a85\u0aa7\u0abf\u0a95\u0ac3\u0aa4\u0aa4\u0abe \u0ab5\u0abf\u0aa8\u0abe \u0ab2\u0abe\u0aa6\u0ab5\u0abe\u0aae\u0abe\u0a82 \u0a86\u0ab5\u0ac0 \u0ab9\u0aa4\u0ac0. \u0a86 \u0aaa\u0acd\u0ab0\u0aa4\u0abf\u0aac\u0a82\u0aa7 \r\n \u0abf\u0aa4 \u0aa8\u0ac0\u0aa4\u0abf\u0a93\u0aa5\u0ac0 \u0ab8\u0acd\u0ab5\u0aa6\u0ac7\u0ab6\u0ac0 \u0ab2\u0acb\u0a95\u0acb\u0aa8\u0ac0 \u0aaa\u0ac7\u0aa2\u0ac0\u0a93 \u0aaa\u0ab0 \u0a95\u0abe\u0aaf\u0aae\u0ac0 \u0a85\u0ab8\u0ab0 \u0aaa\u0aa1\u0ac0 \u0a9b\u0ac7, \u0a95\u0abe\u0ab0\u0aa3 \u0a95\u0ac7 \u0a97\u0aa4\u0abf\u0ab6\u0ac0\u0ab2\u0aa4\u0abe \u0aaa\u0ab0\u0aa8\u0abe \u0aaa\u0acd\u0ab0\u0aa4\u0abf\u0aac\u0a82\u0aa7\u0acb\u0aa5\u0ac0 \u0ab8\u0acd\u0ab5\u0aa6\u0ac7\u0ab6\u0ac0 \u0a85\u0ab0\u0acd\u0aa5\u0ab5\u0acd\u0aaf\u0ab5\u0ab8\u0acd\u0aa5\u0abe\u0a93, \u0ab8\u0a82\u0ab8\u0acd\u0a95\u0ac3\u0aa4\u0abf\u0a93 \u0a85\u0aa8\u0ac7 \u0ab8\u0aae\u0abe\u0a9c\u0acb\u0aa8\u0ac7 \u0aa8\u0ac1\u0a95\u0ab8\u0abe\u0aa8 \u0aa5\u0aaf\u0ac1\u0a82 \u0ab9\u0aa4\u0ac1\u0a82.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>\u0aad\u0abe\u0ab0\u0aa4\u0ac0\u0aaf \u0a85\u0aa7\u0abf\u0aa8\u0abf\u0aaf\u0aae \u0a8f<\/em> \u0aaa\u0aa3 \u0ab5\u0acd\u0aaf\u0abe\u0a96\u0acd\u0aaf\u0abe\u0aaf\u0abf\u0aa4 \u0a95\u0ab0\u0ac0 \u0ab9\u0aa4\u0ac0 \u0a95\u0ac7 \u0a95\u0abe\u0aaf\u0aa6\u0abe \u0ab9\u0ac7\u0aa0\u0ab3 \u0a95\u0acb\u0aa3 \u0aad\u0abe\u0ab0\u0aa4\u0ac0\u0aaf \u0aae\u0abe\u0aa8\u0ab5\u0abe\u0aae\u0abe\u0a82 \u0a86\u0ab5\u0ac7 \u0a9b\u0ac7. \u0aa4\u0ac7\u0aae\u0abe\u0a82 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1876 \u0aa5\u0ac0 1880 \u0ab8\u0ac1\u0aa7\u0ac0, \u0a96 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/christianity\">\u0acd\u0ab0<\/a> \u0abf\u0ab8\u0acd\u0aa4\u0ac0 \u0aaa\u0acd\u0ab0\u0aa7\u0abe\u0aa8, \u0aa1\u0ac9\u0a95\u0acd\u0a9f\u0ab0 \u0a85\u0aa5\u0ab5\u0abe \u0ab5\u0a95\u0ac0\u0ab2 \u0aac\u0aa8\u0acd\u0aaf\u0abe. \u0a86 \u0a85\u0aa7\u0abf\u0a95\u0ac3\u0aa4\u0aa4\u0abe \u0aa4\u0ab0\u0ac0\u0a95\u0ac7 \u0a93\u0ab3\u0a96\u0abe <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\">\u0aa4\u0ac1\u0a82 \u0ab9\u0aa4\u0ac1\u0a82.<\/a> \r\n<em>\u0aad\u0abe\u0ab0\u0aa4\u0ac0\u0aaf \u0a85\u0aa7\u0abf\u0aa8\u0abf\u0aaf\u0aae\u0aa8\u0ac0 \u0a95\u0ab2\u0aae 112 - \u201c\u0aab\u0ab0\u0a9c\u0abf\u0aaf\u0abe\u0aa4 \u0a85\u0aa7\u0abf<\/em> \u0aa8\u0abf\u0aaf\u0aae\u201d \u0ab5\u0abf\u0aad\u0abe\u0a97 \u0aa4\u0ab0\u0ac0\u0a95\u0ac7 \u0a93\u0ab3\u0a96\u0abe\u0aaf \u0a9b\u0ac7 - 1961 \u0ab8\u0ac1\u0aa7\u0ac0 \u0aa6\u0ac2\u0ab0 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\u0ab8\u0abe\u0aae\u0abe\u0a9c\u0abf\u0a95 \u0a86\u0aa4\u0acd\u0aae\u0aa8\u0abf\u0ab0\u0ac0\u0a95\u0acd\u0ab7\u0aa3 \u0ab6\u0abe\u0aae\u0ac7\u0ab2 \u0ab9\u0aa4\u0ac1\u0a82, \u0a85\u0aa8\u0ac7 \u0aa4\u0ac7\u0aa8\u0abe \u0a95\u0abe\u0ab0\u0aa3\u0ac7 \u0aad\u0abe\u0ab0\u0aa4\u0ac0\u0aaf \u0a85\u0aa7\u0abf\u0aa8\u0abf\u0aaf\u0aae \u0aa6\u0acd\u0ab5\u0abe\u0ab0\u0abe \u0ab2\u0abe\u0aa6\u0ab5\u0abe\u0aae\u0abe\u0a82 \u0a86\u0ab5\u0ac7\u0ab2\u0abe \u0a95\u0ac7\u0a9f\u0ab2\u0abe\u0a95 \u0ab5\u0aa7\u0ac1 \u0aaa\u0acd\u0ab0\u0aa4\u0abf\u0aac\u0a82\u0aa7\u0abf\u0aa4 \u0a85\u0aa8\u0ac7 \u0aa6\u0aae\u0aa8\u0a95\u0abe\u0ab0\u0ac0 \u0aaa\u0a97\u0ab2\u0abe\u0a82\u0aa8\u0ac0 \u0aaa\u0ac1\u0aa8\u0ab0\u0acd\u0ab5\u0abf\u0a9a\u0abe\u0ab0 \r\n \u0aa3\u0abe \u0aa5\u0a88.<\/em> \u0aaa\u0acd\u0ab0\u0ab8\u0acd\u0aa4\u0abe\u0ab5\u0abf\u0aa4 \u0ab8\u0ac1\u0aa7\u0abe\u0ab0\u0abe\u0a93\u0aa8\u0ac0 \u0ab6\u0acd\u0ab0\u0ac7\u0aa3\u0ac0\u0aac\u0aa6\u0acd\u0aa7 \u0aab\u0ab0\u0acd\u0ab8\u0acd\u0a9f \u0aa8\u0ac7\u0ab6\u0aa8\u0acd\u0ab8 \u0ab2\u0acb\u0a95\u0acb \u0aa6\u0acd\u0ab5\u0abe\u0ab0\u0abe \u0aa8 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">\u0a95\u0abe\u0ab0\u0ac0 \u0a95\u0abe\u0aa2\u0ab5\u0abe\u0aae\u0abe\u0a82<\/a> \u0a86\u0ab5\u0ac0 \u0ab9\u0aa4\u0ac0 \u0a85\u0aa5\u0ab5\u0abe \u0ab5\u0abf\u0ab0\u0acb\u0aa7 \u0a95\u0ab0\u0ab5\u0abe\u0aae\u0abe\u0a82 \u0a86\u0ab5\u0acd\u0aaf\u0acb \u0ab9\u0aa4\u0acb \u0a95\u0abe\u0ab0\u0aa3 \u0a95\u0ac7 \u0aa4\u0ac7\u0a93 \u0aaa\u0acd\u0ab0\u0a95\u0acd\u0ab0\u0abf\u0aaf\u0abe\u0aae\u0abe\u0a82 \u0ab8\u0abe\u0aae\u0ac7\u0ab2 \u0aa8 \u0ab9\u0aa4\u0abe. \r\n \u0aaa\u0ab0\u0abf\u0aa3\u0abe\u0aae\u0ac7, \u0a95\u0ac7\u0aa8\u0ac7\u0aa1\u0abe \u0ab8\u0ab0\u0a95\u0abe\u0ab0\u0ac7 \u0aaa\u0ab0\u0a82\u0aaa\u0ab0\u0abe \u0ab8\u0abe\u0aa5\u0ac7 \u0aa4\u0acb\u0aa1\u0ac0 \u0aa8\u0abe\u0a96\u0ac0 \u0a85\u0aa8\u0ac7 \u0ab8\u0a82\u0aaf\u0ac1\u0a95\u0acd\u0aa4 \u0ab8\u0aae\u0abf\u0aa4\u0abf\u0aa8\u0ac0 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\u0aaa\u0ab0\u0abf\u0aa3\u0abe\u0aae\u0ac0 \u0a93\u0ab5\u0ab0\u0ab9\u0acb\u0ab2\u0aae\u0abe\u0a82 \u0a95\u0ac7\u0a9f\u0ab2\u0abe\u0a95 \u0ab8\u0acc\u0aa5\u0ac0 \u0a85\u0aaa\u0aae\u0abe\u0aa8\u0a9c\u0aa8\u0a95 \u0ab0\u0abe\u0a9c\u0a95\u0ac0\u0aaf, \u0ab8\u0abe\u0a82\u0ab8\u0acd\u0a95\u0ac3\u0aa4\u0abf\u0a95 \u0a85\u0aa8\u0ac7 \u0aa7\u0abe\u0ab0\u0acd\u0aae\u0abf\u0a95 \u0aaa\u0acd\u0ab0\u0aa4\u0abf\u0aac\u0a82\u0aa7\u0acb\u0aa8\u0ac7 \u0aa6\u0ac2\u0ab0 \u0a95\u0ab0\u0acd\u0aaf\u0abe. \u0a89\u0aa6\u0abe\u0ab9\u0ab0\u0aa3 \u0aa4\u0ab0\u0ac0\u0a95\u0ac7, \u0aaa\u0acb\u0a9f\u0ab2\u0ac7 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/potlatch\">\u0a9a \u0a85\u0aa8\u0ac7 \r\n \u0ab8\u0ac2\u0ab0\u0acd\u0aaf \u0aa8\u0ac3\u0aa4\u0acd\u0aaf \u0a9c\u0ac7\u0ab5\u0abe \u0ab8\u0aae\u0abe\u0ab0\u0a82\u0aad\u0acb \u0aaa\u0ab0\u0aa8\u0abe<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sun-dance\">\u0aaa\u0acd\u0ab0\u0aa4\u0abf\u0aac\u0a82\u0aa7\u0acb \u0aa6\u0ac2\u0ab0 \u0a95\u0ab0\u0ab5\u0abe\u0aae\u0abe\u0a82 \u0a86\u0ab5\u0acd\u0aaf\u0abe<\/a> \u0ab9\u0aa4\u0abe. \u0ab8\u0aae\u0ac1\u0aa6\u0abe\u0aaf\u0acb \u0aaa\u0aa3 \u0ab8\u0ab0\u0a95\u0abe\u0ab0 \u0ab8\u0abe\u0aae\u0ac7 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/land-claims\/\">\u0a9c\u0aae\u0ac0\u0aa8\u0aa8\u0abe \u0aa6\u0abe\u0ab5\u0abe \u0ab2\u0abe\u0ab5\u0ab5\u0abe<\/a> \u0aae\u0abe\u0a9f\u0ac7 \u0ab8\u0a95\u0acd\u0ab7\u0aae \u0ab9\u0aa4\u0abe. \r\n\u0aab\u0ab0\u0acd\u0ab8\u0acd\u0a9f \u0aa8\u0ac7\u0ab6\u0aa8\u0acd\u0ab8 \u0aae\u0ab9\u0abf\u0ab2\u0abe\u0a93 \u0aae\u0abe\u0a9f\u0ac7, 1951 \u0a8f\u0a95\u0acd\u0a9f\u0aa8\u0acb \u0a85\u0ab0\u0acd\u0aa5 \u0a8f \u0a95\u0ac7 \u0aa4\u0ac7\u0a93 \u0ab9\u0ab5\u0ac7 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\u0aac\u0ac7\u0aa8\u0acd\u0aa1<\/a> \u0a95\u0abe\u0a89\u0aa8\u0acd\u0ab8\u0abf\u0ab2 \u0a9a\u0ac2\u0a82\u0a9f\u0aa3\u0ac0\u0aae\u0abe\u0a82 \u0aae\u0aa4 \u0a86\u0aaa\u0ab5\u0abe \u0ab8\u0a95\u0acd\u0ab7\u0aae \u0ab9\u0aa4\u0abe. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/elsie-knott\">\u0a8f\u0ab2\u0acd\u0ab8\u0ac0 \u0aae\u0ac7\u0ab0\u0ac0 \u0aa8\u0acb\u0a9f \u0a95\u0ac7\u0aa8\u0ac7\u0aa1\u0abe<\/a> \u0aae\u0abe\u0a82 \u0aaa\u0acd\u0ab0\u0aa5\u0aae \u0a9a\u0ac2\u0a82\u0a9f\u0abe\u0aaf\u0ac7\u0ab2\u0ac0 \u0aae\u0ab9\u0abf\u0ab2\u0abe \u0aab\u0ab0\u0acd\u0ab8\u0acd\u0a9f \u0aa8\u0ac7\u0ab6\u0aa8\u0acd\u0ab8 \u0a9a\u0ac0 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/chief\">\u0aab \u0ab9\u0aa4\u0ac0<\/a>. (\u0ab8\u0acd\u0ab5 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-women-and-the-franchise\">\u0aa6\u0ac7\u0ab6\u0ac0 \u0aae\u0ab9\u0abf\u0ab2\u0abe \u0a85\u0aa8\u0ac7 \u0aab\u0acd\u0ab0\u0ac7\u0aa8\u0acd\u0a9a\u0abe\u0a87\u0a9d<\/a> <em>\u0aaa\u0aa3 \u0a9c\u0ac1\u0a93<\/em>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0a9c\u0acb \u0a95\u0ac7, \u0ab8\u0ac1\u0aa7\u0abe\u0ab0\u0abe\u0a93\u0a8f \u0aad\u0ac7\u0aa6\u0aad\u0abe\u0ab5\u0aa8\u0abe \u0a85\u0aa7\u0abf\u0aa8\u0abf\u0aaf\u0aae\u0aa8\u0ac7 \u0a9b\u0ac1\u0a9f\u0a95\u0abe\u0ab0\u0acb \u0a86\u0aaa\u0acd\u0aaf\u0acb \u0aa8\u0aa5\u0ac0. \u0a89\u0aa6\u0abe\u0ab9\u0ab0\u0aa3 \u0aa4\u0ab0\u0ac0\u0a95\u0ac7, <em>\u0aad\u0abe\u0ab0\u0aa4\u0ac0\u0aaf \u0a85\u0aa7\u0abf\u0aa8\u0abf\u0aaf\u0aae \u0aa6\u0ab0\u0a9c\u0acd\u0a9c\u0abe<\/em> \u0aa8\u0abe \u0ab2\u0acb\u0a95\u0acb\u0aa8\u0ac7 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">\u0aa8\u0ab6\u0acb<\/a> \u0ab0\u0abe\u0a96\u0ab5\u0abe 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href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sixties-scoop\">\u0ab8\u0abf\u0a95\u0acd\u0a9f\u0ac0\u0a9d \u0ab8\u0acd\u0a95\u0ac2\u0aaa\u201d \r\n \u0aa5\u0ab5\u0abe\u0aa8\u0ac0 \u0aae\u0a82\u0a9c\u0ac2\u0ab0\u0ac0 \u0aae\u0ab3\u0ac0 \u0ab9\u0aa4\u0ac0<\/a>, \u0a8f\u0a95 \u0aaa\u0acd\u0ab0\u0a95\u0acd\u0ab0\u0abf\u0aaf\u0abe \u0a9c\u0ac7\u0aa8\u0abe \u0aa6\u0acd\u0ab5\u0abe\u0ab0\u0abe \u0aaa\u0acd\u0ab0\u0abe\u0a82\u0aa4\u0ac0\u0aaf \u0aac\u0abe\u0ab3 \u0a95\u0ab2\u0acd\u0aaf\u0abe\u0aa3 \u0a8f\u0a9c\u0aa8\u0acd\u0ab8\u0ac0\u0a93\u0a8f \u0ab8\u0aae\u0ac1\u0aa6\u0abe\u0aaf \u0ab8\u0a82\u0ab8\u0abe\u0aa7\u0aa8\u0acb \u0a85\u0aa8\u0ac7 \u0a9f\u0ac7\u0a95\u0acb \u0aaa\u0ac2\u0ab0\u0abe \u0aaa\u0abe\u0aa1\u0ab5\u0abe\u0aa8\u0ac7 \u0aac\u0aa6\u0ab2\u0ac7 \u0aac\u0abe\u0ab3\u0a95\u0acb\u0aa8\u0ac7 \u0aa4\u0ac7\u0aae\u0aa8\u0abe \u0a98\u0ab0\u0acb\u0aae\u0abe\u0a82\u0aa5\u0ac0 \u0aa6\u0ac2\u0ab0 \u0a95\u0ab0\u0ab5\u0abe\u0aa8\u0ac1\u0a82 \u0aaa\u0ab8\u0a82\u0aa6 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\u0aa4\u0ac7\u0aae\u0aa8\u0abe \u0aae\u0abe\u0aa4\u0abe \u0a85\u0aa8\u0ac7 \u0aa6\u0abe\u0aa6\u0ac0 \u0aac\u0a82\u0aa8\u0ac7\u0aa8\u0ac7 \u0aa6\u0ab0\u0a9c\u0acd\u0a9c\u0acb \u0aae\u0abe\u0a9f\u0ac7 \u0ab2\u0abe\u0aaf\u0a95 \u0aa8 \u0ab9\u0acb\u0aa4 \u0aa4\u0acb \u0aa4\u0ac7\u0aa8\u0abe \u0ae8\u0ae7\u0aae\u0abe \u0a9c\u0aa8\u0acd\u0aae\u0aa6\u0abf\u0ab5\u0ab8\u0ac7 \u0aac\u0abe\u0ab3\u0a95\u0aa8\u0acb \u0aa6\u0ab0\u0a9c\u0acd\u0a9c\u0acb \u0ab0\u0aa6 \u0a95\u0ab0\u0acd\u0aaf\u0acb \u0ab9\u0aa4\u0acb. 1996 \u0aae\u0abe\u0a82 \u0a8f\u0aac\u0acb\u0ab0\u0abf\u0a9c\u0abf <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/royal-commission-on-aboriginal-peoples\">\u0aa8\u0ab2 \u0aaa\u0ac0\u0aaa\u0ab2\u0acd\u0ab8 \u0aaa\u0ab0 \u0ab0\u0acb\u0aaf\u0ab2 \u0a95\u0aae\u0abf<\/a> \u0ab6\u0aa8\u0ac7 \u0aa8\u0acb\u0a82\u0aa7\u0acd\u0aaf\u0ac1\u0a82 \u0ab9\u0aa4\u0ac1\u0a82 \u0a95\u0ac7 1951 \u0aa8\u0abe \u0a93\u0ab5\u0ab0\u0ab9\u0acb\u0ab2\u0aae\u0abe\u0a82 \u0ab8\u0aae\u0abe\u0aaf\u0ac7\u0ab2 \u0ab8\u0ac1\u0aa7\u0abe\u0ab0\u0abe\u0a93\u0a8f \u0aa5\u0acb\u0aa1\u0ac1\u0a82 \u0a95\u0ab0\u0acd\u0aaf\u0ac1\u0a82 \u0aaa\u0ab0\u0a82\u0aa4\u0ac1 <em>\u0aad\u0abe\u0ab0\u0aa4\u0ac0\u0aaf \u0a85\u0aa7\u0abf<\/em> \u0aa8\u0abf\u0aaf\u0aae\u0aa8\u0ac7 \u0aa4\u0ac7\u0aa8\u0abe 1876 \u0ab0\u0abe\u0a9c\u0acd\u0aaf\u0aae\u0abe\u0a82 \u0aaa\u0ab0\u0aa4 \u0a86\u0aaa\u0acd\u0aaf\u0acb \u0ab9\u0aa4\u0acb, \u0a9c\u0acd\u0aaf\u0abe\u0ab0\u0ac7 \u0aa6\u0ab0\u0a9c\u0acd\u0a9c\u0abe\u0aa8\u0abe \u0ab8\u0acd\u0aa5\u0abe\u0aa8\u0abe\u0a82\u0aa4\u0ab0\u0aa3 \u0aaa\u0ab0\u0aa8\u0abe \u0ab5\u0aa7\u0abe\u0ab0\u0abe\u0aa8\u0abe \u0aaa\u0acd\u0ab0\u0aa4\u0abf\u0aac\u0a82\u0aa7\u0acb\u0a8f \u0aab\u0ab0\u0acd\u0ab8\u0acd\u0a9f \u0aa8\u0ac7\u0ab6\u0aa8\u0acd\u0ab8 \u0aae\u0ab9\u0abf\u0ab2\u0abe\u0a93 \u0a85\u0aa8\u0ac7 \u0aa4\u0ac7\u0aae\u0aa8\u0abe \u0aac\u0abe\u0ab3\u0a95\u0acb\u0aa8\u0ac7 \u0aa8\u0ac1\u0a95\u0ab8\u0abe\u0aa8 \u0aaa\u0ab9\u0acb\u0a82\u0a9a\u0abe\u0aa1\u0acd\u0aaf\u0ac1\u0a82 \u0ab9\u0aa4\u0ac1\u0a82.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u0aad\u0abe\u0ab0\u0aa4\u0ac0\u0aaf \u0a85\u0aa7\u0abf\u0aa8\u0abf\u0aaf\u0aae, 1960 \u0a85\u0aa8\u0ac7 1970 \u0aae\u0abe\u0a82 \u0aab\u0ac7\u0ab0\u0aab\u0abe\u0ab0\u0aa8\u0ac0 \u0aae\u0abe\u0a97\u0aa3\u0ac0<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/franchise\">1951 \u0aa8\u0abe <em>\u0aad\u0abe\u0ab0\u0aa4\u0ac0\u0aaf \u0a95\u0abe\u0aaf\u0aa6\u0abe\u0a8f<\/em> \u0ab8\u0acd\u0ab5 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">\u0aa6\u0ac7\u0ab6\u0ac0 \u0ab2\u0acb\u0a95\u0acb \u0aae\u0abe\u0a9f\u0ac7 \u0a85\u0aa7\u0abf\u0a95\u0abe\u0ab0 \u0a86\u0aaa\u0ab5\u0abe\u0aa8\u0ac0 \u0aaa\u0acd\u0ab0\u0a95\u0acd\u0ab0\u0abf\u0aaf\u0abe\u0aae\u0abe\u0a82 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\">\u0aab\u0ac7\u0ab0\u0aab\u0abe\u0ab0 \u0a95\u0ab0\u0acd\u0aaf\u0acb<\/a> \u0aa8 \u0ab9\u0aa4\u0acb, \u0a85\u0aa8\u0ac7<\/a> \u0aa8 \u0aa4\u0acb \r\n \u0aa4\u0ac7\u0aa3\u0ac7 \u0aae\u0aa4\u0aa6\u0abe\u0aa8\u0aa8\u0abe \u0a85\u0aa7\u0abf\u0a95\u0abe\u0ab0\u0aa8\u0ac0 \u0aae\u0a82\u0a9c\u0ac2\u0ab0\u0ac0 \u0a86\u0aaa\u0ac0 \u0ab9\u0aa4\u0ac0.<\/a> \u0a9c\u0acb \u0a95\u0ac7, 1958 \u0aa8\u0ac0 \u0ab6\u0ab0\u0ac2\u0a86\u0aa4\u0aae\u0abe\u0a82, \u0ab5\u0aa1\u0abe\u0aaa\u0acd\u0ab0\u0aa7\u0abe\u0aa8 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/john-diefenbaker\">\u0a9c\u0acd\u0ab9\u0acb\u0aa8 \u0aa1\u0abf\u0aab\u0ac7\u0aa8\u0aac\u0ac7\u0a95\u0ab0\u0aa8\u0ac0 \r\n \u0ab8\u0ab0\u0a95\u0abe\u0ab0\u0ac7 \u0a95\u0ac7\u0aa8\u0ac7\u0aa1\u0abf\u0aaf\u0aa8 \u0aac\u0abf\u0ab2 \u0a93\u0aab<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/canadian-bill-of-rights\/\">\u0ab0\u0abe\u0a87\u0a9f\u0acd\u0ab8\u0aa8\u0acb \u0aae\u0ac1\u0ab8\u0aa6\u0acd\u0aa6\u0acb \u0aa4\u0ac8\u0aaf\u0abe\u0ab0 \u0a95\u0ab0\u0ab5\u0abe\u0aa8\u0ac1\u0a82 \u0ab6\u0ab0\u0ac2 \u0a95\u0ab0\u0acd\u0aaf\u0ac1\u0a82<\/a>. \u0aac\u0abf\u0ab2 \u0a93\u0aab \u0ab0\u0abe\u0a87\u0a9f\u0acd\u0ab8 &#39;\u0aac\u0aa7\u0abe \u0a95\u0ac7\u0aa8\u0ac7\u0aa1\u0abf\u0aaf\u0aa8 \u0ab2\u0acb\u0a95\u0acb \u0aae\u0abe\u0a9f\u0ac7 \u0ab8\u0aae\u0abe\u0aa8 \u0a85\u0aa7\u0abf\u0a95\u0abe\u0ab0\u0acb \u0aaa\u0ab0 \u0aad\u0abe\u0ab0 \u0aae\u0ac2\u0a95\u0ac7 \u0a9b\u0ac7 \u0ab8\u0abe\u0aa5\u0ac7, \u0ab8\u0acd\u0ab5\u0aa6\u0ac7\u0ab6\u0ac0 \u0ab2\u0acb\u0a95\u0acb\u0aa8\u0ac7 \u0aad\u0abe\u0a97\u0acd\u0aaf\u0ac7 \u0a9c \u0aae\u0aa4 \u0a86\u0aaa\u0ab5\u0abe\u0aa8\u0acb \u0a85\u0aa7\u0abf\u0a95\u0abe\u0ab0 \u0aa8\u0a95\u0abe\u0ab0 \r\n \u0ab5\u0abe\u0aae\u0abe\u0a82 \u0a86\u0ab5\u0ac0 \u0ab6\u0a95\u0ac7 \u0a9b\u0ac7. 31 \u0aae\u0abe\u0ab0\u0acd\u0a9a 1960\u0aa8\u0abe \u0ab0\u0acb\u0a9c, \u0ab8\u0acd\u0a9f\u0ac7\u0a9f\u0ab8 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">\u0a87\u0aa8\u0acd\u0aa1\u0abf\u0aaf\u0aa8\u0acd\u0ab8\u0aa8\u0ac7 \u0aab\u0ac7\u0aa1\u0ab0\u0ab2 \u0ab5\u0acb\u0a9f \u0a86\u0aaa\u0ab5\u0abe \u0aae\u0abe\u0a9f\u0ac7 <em>\u0a95\u0ac7\u0aa8\u0ac7\u0aa1\u0abe \u0a9a\u0ac2\u0a82\u0a9f\u0aa3\u0ac0 \u0a85\u0aa7\u0abf<\/em> \u0aa8\u0abf\u0aaf\u0aae\u0aa8\u0ac0 \u0a95\u0ab2\u0aae 14 (2) \u0aa8\u0abe \u0aad\u0abe\u0a97\u0acb \u0ab0\u0aa6 \u0a95\u0ab0\u0ab5\u0abe\u0aae\u0abe\u0a82 \u0a86\u0ab5\u0acd\u0aaf\u0abe<\/a> \u0ab9\u0aa4\u0abe. \r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">\u0aab\u0ab0\u0acd\u0ab8\u0acd\u0a9f \u0aa8\u0ac7\u0ab6<\/a> \u0aa8\u0acd\u0ab8\u0aa8\u0abe \u0ab2\u0acb\u0a95\u0acb \u0ab9\u0ab5\u0ac7 \u0aaa\u0acb\u0aa4\u0abe\u0aa8\u0acb \u0aa6\u0ab0\u0a9c\u0acd\u0a9c\u0acb \u0a97\u0ac1\u0aae\u0abe\u0ab5\u0acd\u0aaf\u0abe \u0ab5\u0abf\u0aa8\u0abe \u0aae\u0aa4\u0aa6\u0abe\u0aa8 \u0a95\u0ab0\u0ac0 \u0ab6\u0a95\u0ac7 \u0a9b\u0ac7. \u0aaa\u0a9b\u0ac0\u0aa8\u0abe \u0ab5\u0ab0\u0acd\u0ab7\u0ac7, <em>\u0aad\u0abe\u0ab0\u0aa4\u0ac0\u0aaf \u0a85\u0aa7\u0abf\u0aa8\u0abf\u0aaf\u0aae\u0aae\u0abe\u0a82 \u0aab\u0ab0\u0a9c\u0abf\u0aaf\u0abe\u0aa4 \u0a8f\u0aa8\u0acd\u0aab\u0acd\u0ab0\u0ac7\u0aa8\u0acd\u0a9a\u0abe\u0a87\u0a9d\u0aae\u0ac7\u0aa8\u0acd\u0a9f \u0a95\u0ab2\u0aae \u0aa6\u0ac2\u0ab0 \u0a95\u0ab0\u0ab5\u0abe\u0aae\u0abe\u0a82 \u0a86\u0ab5\u0ac0 \u0ab9\u0aa4\u0ac0<\/em>. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-suffrage\">\u0a95\u0ac7\u0aa8\u0ac7\u0aa1\u0abe\u0aae\u0abe\u0a82 \u0ab8\u0acd\u0ab5\u0aa6\u0ac7\u0ab6\u0ac0 \u0aae\u0aa4\u0aa6\u0abe\u0aa8<\/a> <em>\u0aaa\u0aa3 \u0a9c\u0ac1\u0a93<\/em>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/the-white-paper-1969\/\">\u0ae7\u0aef\u0aec\u0aef\u0aae\u0abe\u0a82 \u0ab5\u0aa1\u0abe \u0aaa\u0acd\u0ab0\u0aa7\u0abe\u0aa8 \u0aaa <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/pierre-elliott-trudeau\/\">\u0abf\u0aaf\u0ab0 \u0a87\u0ab2\u0abf\u0aaf\u0a9f \u0a9f\u0acd\u0ab0\u0ac1\u0aa1\u0acb\u0aa8\u0ac0 \u0ab8\u0ab0\u0a95\u0abe\u0ab0\u0ac7 \u0aaa\u0acb\u0aa4\u0abe\u0aa8\u0ac1\u0a82 \u0ab5\u0acd\u0ab9\u0abe\u0a87\u0a9f \u0aaa\u0ac7<\/a> \u0aaa\u0ab0 \u0aac\u0ab9\u0abe\u0ab0 \u0aaa\u0abe\u0aa1\u0acd\u0aaf\u0ac1\u0a82 \u0ab9\u0aa4\u0ac1\u0a82, \r\n \u0a9c\u0ac7\u0aae\u0abe\u0a82 \u0aad\u0abe\u0ab0\u0aa4\u0ac0\u0aaf \u0aa6\u0ab0\u0a9c\u0acd\u0a9c\u0acb \u0a85\u0aa8\u0ac7 \u0aad\u0abe\u0ab0\u0aa4\u0ac0\u0aaf \u0aac\u0abe\u0aac\u0aa4\u0acb\u0aa8\u0abe <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-affairs-and-northern-development-canada\">\u0ab5\u0abf<\/a> \u0aad\u0abe\u0a97\u0aa8\u0ac7 \u0ab8\u0a82\u0aaa\u0ac2\u0ab0\u0acd\u0aa3\u0aaa\u0aa3\u0ac7 \u0a96\u0aa4\u0aae \u0a95\u0ab0\u0ab5\u0abe\u0aa8\u0acb \u0aaa\u0acb\u0aa4\u0abe\u0aa8\u0acb \u0a87\u0ab0\u0abe\u0aa6\u0acb \u0a9c\u0abe\u0ab9\u0ac7\u0ab0 \u0a95\u0ab0\u0acd\u0aaf\u0acb \u0ab9\u0aa4\u0acb.<\/a> \u0ab5\u0acd\u0ab9\u0abe\u0a87\u0a9f \u0aaa\u0ac7\u0aaa\u0ab0\u0aa8\u0ac7 \u0aab\u0ab0\u0acd\u0ab8\u0acd\u0a9f \u0aa8\u0ac7\u0ab6\u0aa8\u0acd\u0ab8\u0aa8\u0abe \u0ab2\u0acb\u0a95\u0acb \r\n \u0aa8\u0abe \u0a86\u0a95\u0acd\u0ab0\u0acb\u0ab6 \u0ab8\u0abe\u0aa5\u0ac7 \u0aae\u0ab3\u0acd\u0aaf\u0acb \u0ab9\u0aa4\u0acb \u0a85\u0aa8\u0ac7 \u0a86\u0ab2\u0acd\u0aac\u0ab0\u0acd\u0a9f\u0abe\u0aa8\u0abe \u0aad\u0abe\u0ab0\u0aa4\u0ac0\u0aaf \u0a8f\u0ab8\u0acb\u0ab8\u0abf\u0a8f\u0ab6\u0aa8\u0aa8\u0abe \u0aa4\u0aa4\u0acd\u0a95\u0abe\u0ab2\u0ac0\u0aa8 \u0aaa\u0acd\u0ab0\u0aae\u0ac1\u0a96 \u0ab9\u0ac7\u0ab0\u0acb <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/harold-cardinal\/\">\u0ab2\u0acd\u0aa1 \u0a95\u0abe\u0ab0\u0acd\u0aa1\u0abf\u0aa8\u0ab2 \u0aa6\u0acd\u0ab5\u0abe\u0ab0\u0abe \u0aac\u0aa8\u0abe\u0ab5\u0ab5\u0abe\u0aae\u0abe\u0a82 \u0a85\u0aa8\u0ac7 \u0ab0\u0a9c\u0ac2 \u0a95\u0ab0\u0ab5\u0abe\u0aae\u0abe\u0a82 \u0a86\u0ab5\u0ac7\u0ab2\u0abe \u201c\u0ab0\u0ac7\u0aa1 \u0aaa\u0ac7\u0aaa\u0ab0<\/a>\u201d \u0aa6\u0acd\u0ab5\u0abe\u0ab0\u0abe \u0aa4\u0ab0\u0aa4 \u0a9c \u0ab5\u0abf\u0ab0\u0acb\u0aa7 \u0a95\u0ab0\u0ab5\u0abe\u0aae\u0abe\u0a82 \u0a86\u0ab5\u0acd\u0aaf\u0acb \u0ab9\u0aa4\u0acb. \r\n\u0ab8\u0acd\u0ab5\u0aa6\u0ac7\u0ab6\u0ac0 \u0a9c\u0ac2\u0aa5\u0acb \u0a85\u0aa8\u0ac7 \u0aa4\u0ac7\u0aae\u0aa8\u0abe \u0ab8\u0aae\u0ab0\u0acd\u0aa5\u0a95\u0acb \u0aa6\u0acd\u0ab5\u0abe\u0ab0\u0abe \u0a89\u0a97\u0acd\u0ab0 \u0a85\u0aa8\u0ac7 \u0ab8\u0aa4\u0aa4 \u0ab5\u0abf\u0ab0\u0acb\u0aa7\u0aa8\u0ac7 \u0a95\u0abe\u0ab0\u0aa3\u0ac7, \u0a95\u0ac7\u0aa8\u0ac7\u0aa1\u0abf\u0aaf\u0aa8 \u0ab8\u0ab0\u0a95\u0abe\u0ab0\u0ac7 \u0a9d\u0aa1\u0aaa\u0aa5\u0ac0 \u0ab5\u0acd\u0ab9\u0abe\u0a87\u0a9f \u0aaa\u0ac7\u0aaa\u0ab0 \u0aaa\u0abe\u0a9b\u0acb \u0a96\u0ac7\u0a82\u0a9a\u0ac0 \u0ab2\u0ac0\u0aa7\u0acb.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0a86 \u0ab8\u0aae\u0aaf \u0aa6\u0ab0\u0aae\u0abf\u0aaf\u0abe\u0aa8 \u0a98\u0aa3\u0ac0 \u0ab8\u0acd\u0ab5\u0aa6\u0ac7\u0ab6\u0ac0 \u0aae\u0ab9\u0abf\u0ab2\u0abe\u0a93 <em>\u0aad\u0abe\u0ab0\u0aa4\u0ac0\u0aaf \u0a95\u0abe\u0aaf\u0aa6\u0abe\u0aa8\u0abe \u0aad\u0ac7\u0aa6\u0aad\u0abe\u0ab5\u0aaa\u0ac2\u0ab0\u0acd\u0aa3 \u0a95\u0ab2\u0aae\u0acb\u0aa8\u0ac7 \u0aac\u0aa6\u0ab2\u0ab5\u0abe \u0aae\u0abe\u0a9f\u0ac7 \u0ab2\u0aa1\u0ac0 \u0ab0\u0ab9\u0ac0 \u0ab9\u0aa4\u0ac0<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mary-two-axe-earley\">\u0aae\u0ac7\u0ab0\u0ac0 \u0a9f\u0ac1-\u0a8f\u0a95\u0acd\u0ab8\u0ac7\u0ab8 \u0a85\u0ab0\u0acd\u0ab2\u0ac0 \u0aaa\u0acd\u0ab0\u0abe\u0ab0\u0a82\u0aad\u0abf\u0a95 \u0a95\u0abe\u0ab0\u0acd\u0aaf<\/a> \u0a95\u0ab0\u0acd\u0aa4\u0abe\u0a93\u0aae\u0abe\u0a82\u0aa8\u0ac0 \u0a8f\u0a95 \u0ab9\u0aa4\u0ac0. \r\n\u0a85\u0aa8\u0acd\u0aaf \u0a95\u0abe\u0aae \u0a89\u0aaa\u0ab0\u0abe\u0a82\u0aa4, \u0aa4\u0ac7\u0aa3\u0ac0\u0a8f \u0aae\u0ab9\u0abf\u0ab2\u0abe\u0a93 \u0aa6\u0acd\u0ab5\u0abe\u0ab0\u0abe \u0a85\u0aaa\u0ab6\u0aac\u0acd\u0aa6\u0acb\u0aa8\u0ac0 \u0ab0\u0ac2\u0aaa\u0ab0\u0ac7\u0a96\u0abe \u0ab5\u0aa7\u0abe\u0ab0\u0ab5\u0abe \u0aae\u0abe\u0a9f\u0ac7 \u0aac\u0acb\u0ab2\u0ab5\u0abe \u0a85\u0aa8\u0ac7 \u0ab2\u0ac7\u0a96\u0aa8 \u0a9d\u0ac1\u0a82\u0aac\u0ac7\u0ab6\u0acb\u0aa8\u0ac0 \u0ab6\u0acd\u0ab0\u0ac7\u0aa3\u0ac0\u0aac\u0aa6\u0acd\u0aa7 \u0a86\u0a82\u0aa6\u0acb\u0ab2\u0aa8 \u0a95\u0ab0\u0acd\u0aaf\u0ac1\u0a82 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\u0a95\u0ab0\u0ab5\u0abe\u0aae\u0abe\u0a82 \u0a86\u0ab5\u0ac0 \u0a9b\u0ac7.<\/a> \u0ab5\u0aa7\u0ac1\u0aae\u0abe\u0a82, \u0a9c\u0ac7\u0aae\u0aa3\u0ac7 \u0ab2\u0a97\u0acd\u0aa8 \u0aa6\u0acd\u0ab5\u0abe\u0ab0\u0abe \u0aa6\u0ab0 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">\u0a9c\u0acd\u0a9c\u0acb \u0a97\u0ac1\u0aae\u0abe\u0ab5\u0acd\u0aaf\u0acb<\/a> \u0ab9\u0aa4\u0acb \u0aa4\u0ac7\u0aae\u0aa8\u0ac7 \u0ab8\u0acd\u0a9f\u0ac7\u0a9f \r\n \u0ab8 \u0a87\u0aa8\u0acd\u0aa1\u0abf\u0aaf\u0aa8\u0acd\u0ab8 \u0aa4\u0ab0\u0ac0\u0a95\u0ac7 \u0a85\u0aa8\u0ac7 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\u0aac\u0ac7\u0aa8\u0acd\u0aa1<\/a> \u0aae\u0ac7\u0aae\u0acd\u0aac\u0ab0 \u0aa4\u0ab0\u0ac0\u0a95\u0ac7 \u0aaa\u0ac1\u0aa8\u0a83\u0ab8\u0acd\u0aa5\u0abe\u0aaa\u0abf\u0aa4 \u0a95\u0ab0\u0ab5\u0abe\u0aae\u0abe\u0a82 \u0a86\u0ab5\u0acd\u0aaf\u0abe \u0ab9\u0aa4\u0abe. \u0aa4\u0ac7\u0aae\u0aa8\u0abe \u0aac\u0abe\u0ab3\u0a95\u0acb\u0a8f 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\u0a86\u0aa7\u0abe\u0ab0\u0abf\u0aa4 \u0ab9\u0acb\u0ab5\u0abe\u0aa5\u0ac0, \u0aac\u0ac7\u0aa8\u0acd\u0aa1\u0acd\u0ab8 \u0aae\u0abe\u0a9f\u0ac7 \u0a98\u0aa3\u0abe \u0aac\u0abf\u0aa8-\u0aa6\u0ab0\u0a9c\u0acd\u0a9c\u0abe\u0aa8\u0abe \u0ab8\u0aad\u0acd\u0aaf\u0acb \u0ab9\u0acb\u0ab5\u0abe \u0aae\u0abe\u0a9f\u0ac7 \u0aa5\u0acb\u0aa1\u0ac1\u0a82 \u0aaa\u0acd\u0ab0\u0acb\u0aa4\u0acd\u0ab8\u0abe\u0ab9\u0aa8 \u0a9b\u0ac7.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>1985\u0aae\u0abe\u0a82 <em>\u0aad\u0abe\u0ab0\u0aa4\u0ac0\u0aaf \u0a85\u0aa7\u0abf<\/em> \u0aa8\u0abf\u0aaf\u0aae\u0aae\u0abe\u0a82 \u0ab8\u0ac1\u0aa7\u0abe\u0ab0\u0abe \u0ab2\u0abe\u0a97\u0ac1 \u0aa5\u0aaf\u0abe \u0aa4\u0acd\u0aaf\u0abe\u0ab0\u0aa5\u0ac0 \u0ab0\u0a9c\u0abf\u0ab8\u0acd\u0a9f\u0ab0\u0acd\u0aa1 \u0aad\u0abe\u0ab0\u0aa4\u0ac0\u0aaf\u0acb\u0aa8\u0ac0 \u0ab8\u0a82\u0a96\u0acd\u0aaf\u0abe \u0aac\u0aae\u0aa3\u0ac0 \u0a95\u0ab0\u0aa4\u0abe\u0a82 \u0ab5\u0aa7\u0ac1 \u0aa5\u0a88 \u0a97\u0a88 \u0a9b\u0ac7, 1985\u0aae\u0abe\u0a82 \u0a85\u0a82\u0aa6\u0abe\u0a9c\u0ac7 360,000 \u0aa5\u0ac0 2007 \u0aae\u0abe\u0a82 778,000 \u0aa5\u0ac0 \u0ab5\u0aa7\u0ac1 \u0aa5\u0a88 \u0a97\u0a88 \u0a9b\u0ac7. \u0a86 \u0ab5\u0aa7\u0abe\u0ab0\u0acb \u0aae\u0ac3\u0aa4\u0acd\u0aaf\u0ac1 \u0a89\u0aaa\u0ab0 \u0ab5\u0aa7\u0ac1 \u0a9c\u0aa8\u0acd\u0aae\u0acb\u0aa8\u0ac1\u0a82 \u0aaa\u0ab0\u0abf\u0aa3\u0abe\u0aae \u0a9b\u0ac7 \r\n \u0aa4\u0ac7\u0aae\u0a9c \u201c\u0aaa\u0ac1\u0aa8\u0a83\u0ab8\u0acd\u0aa5\u0abe\u0aaa\u0abf\u0aa4\u201d \u0aad\u0abe\u0ab0\u0aa4\u0ac0\u0aaf \u0aa6\u0ab0\u0a9c\u0acd\u0a9c\u0acb \u0aa6\u0acd\u0ab5\u0abe\u0ab0\u0abe.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0a9c\u0acb \u0a95\u0ac7 \u0a86 \u0ab8\u0ac1\u0aa7\u0abe\u0ab0\u0abe\u0aae\u0abe\u0a82 \u0aae\u0ab9\u0abf\u0ab2\u0abe\u0a93 \u0aaa\u0acd\u0ab0\u0aa4\u0acd\u0aaf\u0ac7\u0aa8\u0abe <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/prejudice-and-discrimination\">\u0aad\u0ac7\u0aa6\u0aad\u0abe\u0ab5<\/a> \u0aa8\u0ac7 \u0ab8\u0a82\u0aac\u0acb\u0aa7\u0abf\u0aa4 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\u0a85\u0aa8\u0ac7 \u0aad\u0abe\u0ab0\u0aa4\u0ac0\u0aaf \u0a85\u0aa7\u0abf\u0aa8\u0abf\u0aaf\u0aae, 1960 \u0aa5\u0ac0 2000<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p><em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\/\">\u0aad\u0abe\u0ab0\u0aa4\u0ac0\u0aaf \u0a85\u0aa7\u0abf<\/a> \u0aa8\u0abf\u0aaf\u0aae, 1876,<\/em> \u0ab6\u0abe\u0ab8\u0aa8\u0aa8\u0ac0 \u0aaa\u0ab0\u0a82\u0aaa\u0ab0\u0abe\u0a97\u0aa4 \u0aaa\u0acd\u0ab0\u0aa3\u0abe\u0ab2\u0ac0\u0a93\u0aa8\u0ac7 \u0aa4\u0acb\u0aa1\u0ac0 \u0aa8\u0abe\u0a96\u0ac0 \u0a85\u0aa8\u0ac7 \u0aac\u0abe\u0ab9\u0acd\u0aaf \u0aa8\u0abf\u0aaf\u0a82\u0aa4\u0acd\u0ab0\u0aa3\u0acb \u0ab2\u0abe\u0aa6\u0acd\u0aaf\u0abe - \u0ab8\u0acd\u0aa5\u0abe\u0aa8\u0abf\u0a95 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-agents-in-canada\">\u0aad\u0abe\u0ab0\u0aa4\u0ac0\u0aaf \u0a8f\u0a9c\u0aa8\u0acd\u0a9f<\/a> \u0acb\u0aa8\u0abe \u0ab0\u0ac2\u0aaa\u0aae\u0abe\u0a82 \u0a85\u0aa8\u0ac7 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-affairs-and-northern-development-canada\">\u0aad\u0abe\u0ab0\u0aa4\u0ac0\u0aaf \u0aac\u0abe\u0aac\u0aa4\u0acb\u0aa8\u0abe \u0ab5\u0abf\u0aad\u0abe\u0a97\u0aa8\u0abe \u0ab8\u0a82\u0a98\u0ac0\u0aaf \u0a85\u0aae\u0ab2\u0aa6\u0abe\u0ab0\u0ab6\u0abe\u0ab9\u0ac0\u0aa8\u0abe<\/a> \u0ab5\u0acd\u0aaf\u0a95\u0acd\u0aa4\u0abf\u0a93 \u0a85\u0aa8\u0ac7 \u0ab8\u0aae\u0ac1\u0aa6\u0abe\u0aaf\u0acb \u0aaa\u0ab0. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-self-government\">1960 \u0aa8\u0abe \u0aa6\u0abe\u0aaf\u0a95\u0abe\u0aa8\u0abe \u0a85\u0a82\u0aa4\u0aae\u0abe\u0a82 \u0a85\u0aa8\u0ac7 1970 \u0aa8\u0abe \u0aa6\u0abe\u0aaf\u0a95\u0abe\u0aa8\u0abe \u0aaa\u0acd\u0ab0\u0abe\u0ab0\u0a82\u0aad\u0aae\u0abe\u0a82 \u0ab5\u0aa7\u0ac1\u0aa8\u0ac7 \u0ab5\u0aa7\u0ac1 \u0a85\u0ab8\u0ab0\u0a95\u0abe\u0ab0\u0a95 \u0ab0\u0abe\u0a9c\u0a95\u0ac0\u0aaf \u0ab8\u0a82\u0a97\u0aa0\u0aa8\u0acb \u0a85\u0aa8\u0ac7 \u0aa4\u0ac0\u0ab5\u0acd\u0ab0 \u0ab8\u0a95\u0acd\u0ab0\u0abf\u0aaf\u0aa4\u0abe \r\n \u0a8f \u0a95\u0ac7\u0aa8\u0ac7\u0aa1\u0abe\u0aa8\u0ac7 \u0ab8\u0acd\u0ab5\u0aa6\u0ac7\u0ab6\u0ac0 \u0ab8\u0acd\u0ab5\u0ab0\u0abe\u0a9c\u0acd\u0aaf\u0aa8\u0abe \u0ab8\u0acd\u0ab5\u0ab0\u0ac2\u0aaa\u0acb\u0aa8\u0ac7 \u0ab8\u0acd\u0ab5\u0ac0\u0a95\u0abe\u0ab0\u0ab5\u0abe \u0a85\u0aa8\u0ac7 \u0ab8\u0a95\u0acd\u0ab7\u0aae \u0a95\u0ab0\u0ab5\u0abe \u0aa4\u0ab0\u0aab\u0aa8\u0abe \u0aae\u0abe\u0ab0\u0acd\u0a97 \u0aaa\u0ab0 \u0ab8\u0ac7\u0a9f \u0a95\u0ab0\u0acd\u0aaf\u0ac1\u0a82 \u0aa8\u0ab9\u0ac0\u0a82.<\/a> \r\n\u0a86 \u0ab5\u0ab2\u0aa3\u0aa8\u0ac7 20 \u0aae\u0ac0 \u0ab8\u0aa6\u0ac0\u0aa8\u0abe \u0a85\u0a82\u0aa4\u0aae\u0abe\u0a82 \u0a85\u0aa8\u0ac7 21 \u0aae\u0ac0 \u0ab8\u0aa6\u0ac0\u0aa8\u0abe \u0aaa\u0acd\u0ab0\u0abe\u0ab0\u0a82\u0aad\u0aae\u0abe\u0a82 \u0ab5\u0ac7\u0a97 \u0aae\u0ab3\u0acd\u0aaf\u0acb, \u0a85\u0aa8\u0ac7 \u0ab8\u0acd\u0ab5\u0aa6\u0ac7\u0ab6\u0ac0 \u0ab2\u0acb\u0a95\u0acb\u0a8f \u0ab8\u0a82 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/constitution-act-1982\/\"><em>\u0ab5\u0abf\u0aa7\u0abe\u0aa8 \u0a85\u0aa7\u0abf\u0aa8\u0abf\u0aaf\u0aae, 1982<\/em><\/a> \u0aae\u0abe\u0a82 \r\n \u0a85\u0aa8\u0ac7 \u0a86\u0a82\u0aa4\u0ab0\u0ab0\u0abe\u0ab7\u0acd\u0a9f\u0acd\u0ab0\u0ac0\u0aaf \u0aa6\u0ab8\u0acd\u0aa4\u0abe\u0ab5\u0ac7\u0a9c\u0acb\u0aae\u0abe\u0a82 \u0ab8\u0acd\u0ab5\u0ab0\u0abe\u0a9c\u0acd\u0aaf\u0aa8\u0abe \u0aa4\u0ac7\u0aae\u0aa8\u0abe \u0a85\u0aa7\u0abf\u0a95\u0abe\u0ab0\u0acb\u0aa8\u0ac7 \u0aaa\u0ac1\u0ab7\u0acd\u0a9f\u0abf \u0a95\u0ab0\u0ac7\u0ab2\u0abe \u0a9c\u0acb\u0aaf\u0abe.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>1984 \u0aae\u0abe\u0a82, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/james-bay-and-northern-quebec-agreement\">\u0a9c\u0ac7\u0aae\u0acd\u0ab8 \u0a96\u0abe\u0aa1\u0ac0 \u0a85\u0aa8\u0ac7 \u0a89\u0aa4\u0acd\u0aa4\u0ab0\u0ac0 \u0a95\u0acd\u0ab5\u0abf\u0aac\u0ac7\u0a95 \u0a95\u0ab0\u0abe<\/a> \u0ab0, \u0aa4\u0ac7\u0aae\u0a9c \u0aaa\u0ac7\u0aa8\u0ab0 \u0ab0\u0abf\u0aaa\u0acb\u0ab0\u0acd\u0a9f, <em>\u0a95\u0acd\u0ab0\u0ac0-\u0aa8\u0abe\u0ab8\u0acd\u0a95\u0abe\u0aaa\u0ac0 (\u0a95\u0acd\u0ab5\u0abf\u0aac\u0ac7\u0a95\u0aa8\u0abe) \u0a8f\u0a95\u0acd\u0a9f\u0aae\u0abe\u0a82 \u0aaa\u0ab0\u0abf\u0aa3\u0aae\u0acd\u0aaf\u0ac1\u0a82, \u0a95\u0ac7\u0aa8\u0ac7\u0aa1\u0abe\u0aae\u0abe\u0a82 \u0ab8\u0acd\u0ab5\u0aa6\u0ac7\u0ab6\u0ac0 \u0ab8\u0acd\u0ab5\u0ab0\u0abe\u0a9c\u0acd\u0aaf\u0aa8\u0abe \u0a95\u0abe\u0aaf<\/em> \u0aa6\u0abe\u0aa8\u0acb \u0aaa\u0acd\u0ab0\u0aa5\u0aae \r\n \u0aad\u0abe\u0a97, \u0a9c\u0ac7\u0aa3\u0ac7 <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\">\u0aad\u0abe\u0ab0\u0aa4\u0ac0\u0aaf \u0a85\u0aa7\u0abf<\/a><\/em> \u0aa8\u0abf\u0aaf\u0aae\u0aa8\u0ac7 \u0aac\u0aa6\u0ab2\u0ac0\u0aa8\u0ac7 \u0a85\u0aa8\u0ac7 \u0a95\u0acb\u0ab0\u0acd\u0aaa\u0acb\u0ab0\u0ac7\u0a9f \u0ab8\u0a82\u0ab8\u0acd\u0aa5\u0abe\u0a93 \u0aa4\u0ab0\u0ac0\u0a95\u0ac7 \u0aaa\u0acd\u0ab0\u0aa6\u0ac7\u0ab6\u0aae\u0abe\u0a82 \u0ab8\u0acd\u0ab5\u0aa6\u0ac7\u0ab6\u0ac0 \u0ab8\u0aae\u0ac1\u0aa6\u0abe\u0aaf\u0acb\u0aa8\u0ac0 \u0ab8\u0acd\u0aa5\u0abe\u0aaa\u0aa8\u0abe \u0a95\u0ab0\u0ac0. \u0ab8\u0acd\u0ab5\u0ab6\u0abe\u0ab8\u0abf\u0aa4 \u0aab \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">\u0ab0\u0acd\u0ab8\u0acd\u0a9f \u0aa8\u0ac7<\/a> \u0ab6\u0aa8\u0acd\u0ab8 <em>\u0aad\u0abe\u0ab0\u0aa4\u0ac0\u0aaf \u0a85\u0aa7\u0abf<\/em> \u0aa8\u0abf\u0aaf\u0aae\u0aa8\u0ac7 \u0a86\u0aa7\u0ac0\u0aa8 \u0aa8\u0aa5\u0ac0, \u0a9c\u0acb\u0a95\u0ac7 \u0aab\u0ac7\u0aa1\u0ab0\u0ab2 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">\u0ab8\u0ab0\u0a95\u0abe\u0ab0 \u0a85\u0aae\u0ac1\u0a95 \u0aab\u0ab0\u0acd<\/a> \u0ab8\u0acd\u0a9f \u0aa8\u0ac7\u0ab6\u0aa8\u0acd\u0ab8 \r\n \u0aac\u0abe\u0aac\u0aa4\u0acb\u0aa8\u0acb \u0ab5\u0ab9\u0ac0\u0ab5\u0a9f \u0a9a\u0abe\u0ab2\u0ac1 \u0ab0\u0abe\u0a96\u0ac7 \u0a9b\u0ac7.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0aa4\u0acd\u0aaf\u0abe\u0ab0\u0aa5\u0ac0 \u0a95\u0abe\u0aaf\u0aa6\u0abe\u0aae\u0abe\u0a82 \u0aaa\u0acd\u0ab0\u0ab6\u0abe\u0ab8\u0aa8 \u0a89\u0aaa\u0ab0 \u0aac\u0ac7\u0aa8\u0acd\u0aa1\u0aa8\u0ac0 \u0ab8\u0aa4\u0acd <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\u0aa4\u0abe<\/a> \u0ab5\u0aa7\u0abe\u0ab0\u0ab5\u0abe\u0aa8\u0ac0 \u0aa6\u0ab0\u0a96\u0abe\u0ab8\u0acd\u0aa4\u0acb \u0ab8\u0abe\u0aae\u0ac7 \u0a86\u0ab5\u0ac0 \u0a9b\u0ac7. 1996 \u0aae\u0abe\u0a82, \u0aab\u0ac7\u0aa1\u0ab0\u0ab2 \u0ab8\u0ab0\u0a95\u0abe\u0ab0\u0ac7 \u0aac\u0ac7\u0aa8\u0acd\u0aa1 \u0a97\u0ab5\u0ab0\u0acd\u0aa8\u0aa8\u0acd\u0ab8 \u0a85\u0aa8\u0ac7 \u0a85\u0aa8\u0abe\u0aae\u0aa4\u0aa8\u0abe \u0aa8\u0abf\u0aaf\u0aae\u0aa8 \u0ab8\u0ab9\u0abf\u0aa4\u0aa8\u0abe \u0a8f\u0a95\u0acd\u0a9f\u0aa8\u0abe \u0ab5\u0abf\u0ab8\u0acd\u0aa4\u0abe\u0ab0\u0acb\u0aae\u0abe\u0a82 \u0ab8\u0ac1\u0aa7\u0abe\u0ab0\u0acb \u0a95\u0ab0\u0ab5\u0abe \u0aae\u0abe\u0a9f\u0ac7 \u0aac\u0abf\u0ab2 \r\n \u0ab8\u0ac0 -79 \u0aa8\u0ac0 \u0aa6\u0ab0\u0a96\u0abe\u0ab8\u0acd\u0aa4 \u0a95\u0ab0\u0ac0 \u0ab9\u0aa4\u0ac0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">.<\/a> \u0aab\u0ab0\u0acd\u0ab8\u0acd\u0a9f \u0aa8\u0ac7\u0ab6\u0aa8\u0acd\u0ab8\u0aa8\u0ac0 \u0aac\u0ab9\u0ac1\u0aae\u0aa4\u0ac0 \u0aac\u0abf\u0ab2 \u0ab8\u0ac0 -79\u0aa8\u0acb \u0ab5\u0abf\u0ab0\u0acb\u0aa7 \u0a95\u0ab0\u0acd\u0aaf\u0acb \u0ab9\u0aa4\u0acb. \u0a85\u0aa8\u0acd\u0aaf \u0a95\u0abe\u0ab0\u0aa3\u0acb \u0aaa\u0ac8\u0a95\u0ac0, \u0aa4\u0ac7\u0a93\u0a8f \u0aa6\u0ab2\u0ac0\u0ab2 \u0a95\u0ab0\u0ac0 \u0ab9\u0aa4\u0ac0 \u0a95\u0ac7 \u0ab8\u0ab0\u0a95\u0abe\u0ab0 \u0aaa\u0acd\u0ab0\u0ab8\u0acd\u0aa4\u0abe\u0ab5\u0abf\u0aa4 \u0aab\u0ac7\u0ab0\u0aab\u0abe\u0ab0\u0acb \u0ab5\u0abf\u0ab6\u0ac7 \u0aab\u0ab0\u0acd\u0ab8\u0acd\u0a9f \u0aa8\u0ac7 \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/duty-to-consult\">\u0ab6\u0aa8\u0acd\u0ab8<\/a> \u0ab8\u0abe\u0aa5\u0ac7 \u0aaa\u0ac2\u0ab0\u0aa4\u0abe \u0aaa\u0acd\u0ab0\u0aae\u0abe\u0aa3\u0aae\u0abe\u0a82 \u0ab8\u0ab2\u0abe\u0ab9 \u0ab2\u0ac7\u0ab5\u0abe\u0aae\u0abe\u0a82 \u0aa8\u0abf\u0ab7\u0acd\u0aab\u0ab3 \u0ab0\u0ab9\u0ac0 \u0ab9\u0aa4\u0ac0. \u0aa4\u0ac7\u0aae\u0aa8\u0ac7 \u0aa1\u0ab0 \u0ab9\u0aa4\u0acb \u0a95\u0ac7 \u0aac\u0abf\u0ab2 \u0ab8\u0a82\u0aa7\u0abf\u0aa8\u0abe \u0a85\u0aa7\u0abf\u0a95\u0abe\u0ab0 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-treaties\">\u0acb<\/a> \u0a85\u0aa8\u0ac7 \u0ab8\u0acd\u0ab5\u0ab0\u0abe\u0a9c\u0acd\u0aaf\u0aa8\u0abe <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-rights\">\u0a85\u0aa7\u0abf\u0a95\u0abe\u0ab0<\/a> \u0aa8\u0ac7 \u0aa7\u0aae\u0a95\u0ac0 \u0a86\u0aaa\u0ab6\u0ac7. \u0ab5\u0ab3\u0ac0, \u0a86 \u0aac\u0abf\u0ab2\u0aa8\u0ac0 \u0a86\u0aac\u0acb\u0ab0\u0abf\u0a9c\u0abf\u0aa8\u0ab2 \u0aaa\u0ac0\u0aaa\u0ab2\u0acd\u0ab8 \u0aaa\u0ab0 \u0ab0\u0acb\u0aaf\u0ab2 \u0a95\u0aae\u0abf\u0ab6\u0aa8\u0aa8\u0ac0 \u0aad\u0ab2\u0abe\u0aae\u0aa3 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/royal-commission-on-aboriginal-peoples\">\u0acb\u0aa8\u0ac7 \u0a85\u0ab5\u0a97\u0aa3\u0ab5\u0abe \u0aac\u0aa6\u0ab2 \u0a9f\u0ac0\u0a95\u0abe \u0a95\u0ab0\u0ab5\u0abe\u0aae\u0abe\u0a82 \u0a86\u0ab5\u0ac0 \u0ab9\u0aa4\u0ac0.<\/a> \r\n\u0aac\u0abf\u0ab2 \u0ab8\u0ac0 -79 \u0a95\u0abe\u0aaf\u0aa6\u0acb \u0aac\u0aa8\u0ab5\u0abe\u0aae\u0abe\u0a82 \u0aa8\u0abf\u0ab7\u0acd\u0aab\u0ab3 \u0a97\u0aaf\u0acb.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>2002\u0aae\u0abe\u0a82, \u0aac\u0abf\u0ab2 \u0ab8\u0ac0 -7, \u0a9c\u0ac7\u0aa8\u0ac7 \u0aab\u0ab0\u0acd <em>\u0ab8\u0acd\u0a9f \u0aa8\u0ac7\u0ab6\u0aa8\u0acd\u0ab8 \u0a97\u0ab5\u0ab0\u0acd\u0aa8\u0aa8\u0acd\u0ab8 \u0a8f\u0a95\u0acd\u0a9f \u0aa4\u0ab0\u0ac0\u0a95\u0ac7 \u0aaa\u0aa3 \u0a93\u0ab3\u0a96\u0ab5\u0abe\u0aae\u0abe\u0a82 \u0a86\u0ab5\u0ac7 \u0a9b\u0ac7, \u0a95\u0abe\u0aaf<\/em> \u0aa6\u0acb \u0aa8\u0abf\u0ab0\u0acd\u0aae\u0abe\u0aa3, \u0aa8\u0ac7\u0aa4\u0ac3\u0aa4\u0acd\u0ab5 \u0aaa\u0ab8\u0a82\u0aa6\u0a97\u0ac0 \u0a85\u0aa8\u0ac7 \u0aa4\u0ac7\u0aa8\u0abe \u0a9c\u0ac7\u0ab5\u0abe \u0ab8\u0a82\u0aa6\u0ab0\u0acd\u0aad\u0aae\u0abe\u0a82 \u0aac\u0ac7\u0aa8\u0acd\u0aa1 \u0a95\u0abe\u0a89\u0aa8\u0acd\u0ab8\u0abf\u0ab2\u0acb\u0aa8\u0ac7 \u0ab5\u0aa7\u0ac1 \u0ab8\u0aa4\u0acd\u0aa4\u0abe \u0a86\u0aaa\u0ab5\u0abe\u0aa8\u0ac0 \u0aae\u0abe\u0a82\u0a97 \u0a95\u0ab0\u0ac0 \u0ab9\u0aa4\u0ac0. \u0a9c\u0acb\u0a95\u0ac7 \u0aab\u0ac7\u0aa1\u0ab0\u0ab2 \u0ab8\u0ab0\u0a95\u0abe\u0ab0\u0ac7 \r\n \u0aac\u0abf\u0ab2 \u0ab5\u0abf\u0ab6\u0ac7 \u0ab5\u0abf\u0ab5\u0abf\u0aa7 \u0aab\u0ab0\u0acd\u0ab8\u0acd\u0a9f \u0aa8\u0ac7\u0ab6\u0aa8\u0acd\u0ab8 \u0ab8\u0abe\u0aa5\u0ac7 \u0aaa\u0ab0\u0abe\u0aae\u0ab0\u0acd\u0ab6 \u0a95\u0ab0\u0acd\u0aaf\u0acb \u0ab9\u0aa4\u0acb, \u0aaa\u0ab0\u0a82\u0aa4\u0ac1 \u0aa4\u0ac7 \u0a86\u0a96\u0ab0\u0ac7 \u0aa8\u0abf\u0ab7\u0acd\u0aab\u0ab3 \u0a97\u0aaf\u0acb. 2006 \u0aae\u0abe\u0a82, \u0ab8\u0ac7\u0aa8\u0ac7\u0a9f\u0ab0 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/senate\">\u0a97\u0ac7<\/a> \u0ab0\u0ac0 \u0ab8\u0ac7\u0aa8\u0acd\u0a9f \u0a9c\u0ab0\u0acd\u0aae\u0ac7\u0aa8\u0ac7 \u0aac\u0abf\u0ab2 \u0a8f\u0ab8-216 \u0ab0\u0a9c\u0ac2 \u0a95\u0ab0\u0acd\u0aaf\u0ac1\u0a82 \u0ab9\u0aa4\u0ac1\u0a82 \u201c\u0a95\u0ac7\u0aa8\u0ac7\u0aa1\u0abe\u0aae\u0abe\u0a82 \u0aab\u0ab0\u0acd\u0ab8\u0acd\u0a9f \u0aa8\u0ac7\u0ab6\u0aa8\u0acd\u0ab8 \u0aae\u0abe\u0a9f\u0ac7 \u0ab8\u0acd\u0ab5\u0ab0\u0abe\u0a9c\u0acd\u0aaf\u0aa8\u0abe \u0a85\u0aa7\u0abf\u0a95\u0abe\u0ab0\u0aa8\u0ac0 \u0aae\u0abe\u0aa8\u0acd\u0aaf\u0aa4\u0abe \u0a85\u0aa8\u0ac7 \u0a85\u0aae\u0ab2\u0ac0\u0a95\u0ab0\u0aa3\u0aa8\u0ac7 \u0aaa\u0acd\u0ab0\u0acb\u0aa4\u0acd\u0ab8\u0abe\u0ab9\u0aa8 \u0a86\u0aaa\u0ab5\u0abe \u0aae\u0abe\u0a9f\u0ac7\r\n.\u201d \u0a86 \u0aac\u0abf\u0ab2 \u0ab8\u0acd\u0ab5-\u0ab6\u0abe\u0ab8\u0aa8 \u0a95\u0ab0\u0ab5\u0abe \u0a87\u0a9a\u0acd\u0a9b\u0aa4\u0abe 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(\u0ab8\u0a82 <em>\u0ab8 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/parliamentary-procedure\">\u0aa6\u0ac0\u0aaf \u0aaa\u0acd\u0ab0\u0a95\u0acd\u0ab0\u0abf\u0aaf\u0abe<\/a> \u0aaa\u0aa3 \u0a9c\u0ac1\u0a93<\/em>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0a9c\u0acb \u0a95\u0ac7, \u0a95\u0ac7\u0a9f\u0ab2\u0abe\u0a95 \u0aab\u0ab0\u0acd\u0ab8\u0acd\u0a9f \u0aa8\u0ac7\u0ab6\u0aa8\u0acd\u0ab8\u0ac7 \u0ab8\u0aab\u0ab3 \u0a95\u0acd\u0ab7\u0ac7\u0aa4\u0acd\u0ab0\u0ac0\u0aaf \u0ab5\u0acd\u0aaf\u0ab5\u0ab8\u0acd\u0aa5\u0abe \u0a95\u0ab0\u0ac0 \u0a9b\u0ac7. \u0a86 <em>\u0aad\u0abe\u0ab0\u0aa4\u0ac0\u0aaf \u0a85\u0aa7\u0abf\u0aa8\u0abf\u0aaf\u0aae \u0ab9\u0ac7\u0aa0\u0ab3 \u0a86\u0aaa\u0ab5\u0abe\u0aae\u0abe\u0a82 \u0a86\u0ab5\u0aa4\u0ac0 \u0aa8\u0aa5\u0ac0 \u0aa4\u0ac7\u0ab5\u0ac0 \u0ab5\u0aa7\u0ac1 \u0ab6\u0abe\u0ab8\u0aa8 \u0ab8\u0aa4\u0acd\u0aa4\u0abe\u0a93 \u0aae\u0abe\u0a9f\u0ac7 \u0aaa\u0ab0\u0ab5\u0abe\u0aa8\u0a97\u0ac0 \u0a86\u0aaa\u0ac7 \u0a9b\u0ac7<\/em>. \u0a95\u0ac7\u0a9f\u0ab2\u0abe\u0a95 \u0a89\u0aa6\u0abe\u0ab9\u0ab0\u0aa3\u0acb\u0aae\u0abe\u0a82 \u0ab6\u0abe\u0aae\u0ac7\u0ab2 \u0a9b\u0ac7: \u0aab\u0ab0\u0acd <em>\u0ab8\u0acd\u0a9f \u0aa8\u0ac7\u0ab6\u0aa8\u0acd\u0ab8 \u0ab2\u0ac7\u0aa8\u0acd\u0aa1 \u0aae\u0ac7\u0aa8\u0ac7\u0a9c\u0aae\u0ac7\u0aa8\u0acd\u0a9f \u0a8f\u0a95\u0acd<\/em> \u0a9f (1999), \u0aab\u0ab0\u0acd <em>\u0ab8\u0acd\u0a9f \u0aa8\u0ac7\u0ab6\u0aa8\u0acd\u0ab8 \u0aab\u0abf\u0ab8\u0acd\u0a95\u0ab2 \u0aae\u0ac7\u0aa8\u0ac7\u0a9c\u0aae\u0ac7\u0aa8\u0acd\u0a9f \u0a8f\u0a95\u0acd<\/em> \u0a9f (2005), \u0aab\u0ab0\u0acd <em>\u0ab8\u0acd\u0a9f \u0aa8\u0ac7\u0ab6\u0aa8\u0acd\u0ab8 \u0a93\u0a87\u0ab2 \u0a8f\u0aa8\u0acd\u0aa1 \u0a97\u0ac7\u0ab8 \u0a8f\u0aa8\u0acd\u0aa1 \u0aae\u0acb\u0aa8\u0ac0\u0a9d \u0aae\u0ac7\u0aa8\u0ac7\u0a9c\u0aae\u0ac7\u0aa8\u0acd\u0a9f \u0a8f\u0a95\u0acd<\/em> \u0a9f (2005), \u0aab\u0ab0\u0acd <em>\u0ab8\u0acd\u0a9f \u0aa8\u0ac7\u0ab6\u0aa8\u0acd\u0ab8 \u0a95\u0acb\u0aae\u0ab0\u0acd\u0ab6\u0abf\u0aaf\u0ab2 \u0a8f\u0aa8\u0acd\u0aa1 \u0a87\u0aa8\u0acd\u0aa1\u0ab8\u0acd\u0a9f\u0acd\u0ab0\u0ac0\u0aaf\u0ab2 \u0aa1\u0ac7\u0ab5\u0ab2\u0aaa\u0aae\u0ac7\u0aa8\u0acd\u0a9f \u0a8f\u0a95\u0acd<\/em> \u0a9f (2006), \u0a85\u0aa8\u0ac7 \u0aab\u0ab0\u0acd <em>\u0ab8\u0acd\u0a9f \u0aa8\u0ac7\u0ab6\u0aa8 \u0aaa\u0acd\u0ab0\u0acb\u0aaa\u0ab0\u0acd\u0a9f\u0ac0 \u0a93\u0aa8\u0ab0\u0ab6\u0abf\u0aaa \u0a8f\u0a95\u0acd<\/em> \u0a9f (2009).<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>2011 \u0a85\u0aa8\u0ac7 2017 \u0aae\u0abe\u0a82 \u0aad\u0abe\u0ab0\u0aa4\u0ac0\u0aaf \u0a95\u0abe\u0aaf\u0aa6\u0abe\u0aae\u0abe\u0a82 \u0ab8\u0ac1\u0aa7\u0abe\u0ab0\u0abe<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0ab5\u0abf\u0ab5\u0abf\u0aa7 \u0ab8\u0ac1\u0aa7\u0abe\u0ab0\u0abe \u0a9b\u0aa4\u0abe\u0a82, <em>\u0aad\u0abe\u0ab0\u0aa4\u0ac0\u0aaf \u0a95\u0abe\u0aaf\u0aa6\u0abe\u0aae\u0abe\u0a82 \u0aa6\u0ab0\u0a9c\u0acd\u0a9c\u0abe\u0aa8\u0abe<\/em> \u0a85\u0aa7\u0abf\u0a95\u0abe\u0ab0\u0acb\u0aa8\u0abe \u0ab8\u0a82\u0aa6\u0ab0\u0acd\u0aad\u0aae\u0abe\u0a82 \u0ab9\u0a9c\u0ac1 \u0aaa\u0aa3 \u0aae\u0ab9\u0abf\u0ab2\u0abe\u0a93 \u0a85\u0aa8\u0ac7 \u0aa4\u0ac7\u0aae\u0aa8\u0abe \u0ab5\u0a82\u0ab6\u0a9c\u0acb \u0ab8\u0abe\u0aa5\u0ac7 \u0aad\u0ac7\u0aa6\u0aad\u0abe\u0ab5 \u0a95\u0ab0\u0ab5\u0abe\u0aae\u0abe\u0a82 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">\u0a86\u0ab5\u0acd\u0aaf\u0acb \u0ab9\u0aa4\u0acb<\/a>. 2011\u0aae\u0abe\u0a82 \u0ab8\u0a82\u0ab8\u0aa6\u0ac7 \u0a9c\u0ac7\u0aa8\u0acd\u0aa1 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/parliament\">\u0ab0<\/a> <em>\u0a87\u0a95\u0acd\u0ab5\u0abf\u0a9f\u0ac0 \u0a87\u0aa8 \r\n \u0a87\u0aa8\u0acd\u0aa1\u0abf\u0aaf\u0aa8 \u0ab0\u0a9c\u0abf\u0ab8\u0acd\u0a9f\u0acd\u0ab0\u0ac7\u0ab6\u0aa8 \u0a8f\u0a95\u0acd\u0a9f \u0aaa\u0ab8\u0abe\u0ab0 \u0a95\u0ab0\u0acd\u0aaf\u0acb \u0ab9\u0aa4\u0acb<\/em>, \u0a9c\u0ac7\u0aa8\u0ac7 \u0aac\u0abf\u0ab2 \u0ab8\u0ac0-\u0ae9 \u0aa4\u0ab0\u0ac0\u0a95\u0ac7 \u0aaa\u0aa3 \u0a93\u0ab3\u0a96\u0ab5\u0abe\u0aae\u0abe\u0a82 \u0a86\u0ab5\u0ac7 \u0a9b\u0ac7. \u0a86 \u0aae\u0ac7\u0a95 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">\u0a86\u0a88\u0ab5\u0ab0 \u0a95\u0ac7\u0ab8 \u0aaa\u0acd\u0ab0\u0aa4\u0acd\u0aaf\u0ac7 \u0aab\u0ac7\u0aa1\u0ab0 <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mcivor-case\">\u0ab2<\/a> \u0ab8\u0ab0\u0a95\u0abe\u0ab0<\/a> \u0aa8\u0acb \u0aaa\u0acd\u0ab0\u0aa4\u0abf\u0aad\u0abe\u0ab5 \u0ab9\u0aa4\u0acb, \r\n \u0a9c\u0ac7 1985 <em>\u0aad\u0abe\u0ab0\u0aa4\u0ac0\u0aaf<\/em> \u0a85\u0aa7\u0abf\u0aa8\u0abf\u0aaf\u0aae\u0aa8\u0ac0 \u0a95\u0ab2\u0aae 6 \u0aae\u0abe\u0a82 \u0ab2\u0abf\u0a82\u0a97 \u0aad\u0ac7\u0aa6\u0aad\u0abe\u0ab5 \u0ab5\u0abf\u0ab6\u0ac7 \u0ab9\u0aa4\u0acb. \u0aac\u0abf\u0ab2 \u0ab8\u0ac0-\u0ae9 \u0ae7\u0aef\u0aee\u0aeb\u0aae\u0abe\u0a82 \u0aa6\u0ab0\u0a9c\u0acd\u0a9c\u0acb \u0aaa\u0abe\u0a9b\u0acb \u0aae\u0ac7\u0ab3\u0ab5\u0aa8\u0abe\u0ab0 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\u0ab5\u0acd\u0aaf\u0a95\u0acd\u0aa4\u0abf\u0a93\u0aa8\u0ac7 \u0aa6\u0ab0\u0a9c\u0acd\u0a9c\u0abe\u0aa8\u0abe \u0a85\u0aa7\u0abf\u0a95\u0abe\u0ab0\u0acb\u0aa8\u0acb \u0aa8\u0abe\u0aae\u0a82\u0a9c\u0ac2\u0ab0 \u0a95\u0ab0\u0acd\u0aaf\u0acb \u0ab9\u0aa4\u0acb.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0aac\u0abf\u0ab2 S-3 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\"><em>\u0aad\u0abe\u0ab0\u0aa4\u0ac0\u0aaf \u0a85\u0aa7\u0abf\u0aa8\u0abf\u0aaf\u0aae\u0aae\u0abe\u0a82 \u0aad\u0ac7\u0aa6\u0aad\u0abe\u0ab5 \u0ab5\u0abf\u0ab6\u0ac7\u0aa8\u0abe \u0a85\u0aa8\u0acd\u0aaf \u0a95\u0acb\u0ab0\u0acd\u0a9f \u0a95\u0ac7\u0ab8, 2015 \u0aa1\u0ac7\u0ab8\u0acd\u0a9a\u0ac7\u0aa8\u0acb\u0a95\u0acd\u0ab8 \u0a95\u0ac7\u0ab8\u0aa8\u0abe<\/em><\/a> \u0a9c\u0ab5\u0abe\u0aac\u0aae\u0abe\u0a82 \u0aac\u0aa8\u0abe\u0ab5\u0ab5\u0abe\u0aae\u0abe\u0a82 \u0a86\u0ab5\u0acd\u0aaf\u0ac1\u0a82 \u0ab9\u0aa4\u0ac1\u0a82. \u0a86 \u0a95\u0ac7\u0ab8\u0aae\u0abe\u0a82 \u0aae\u0ac1\u0aa6\u0acd\u0aa6\u0acb \u0aaa\u0abf\u0aa4\u0ab0\u0abe\u0a88 \u0aad\u0abe\u0a88\u0a93 \u0a85\u0aa8\u0ac7 \u0aad\u0abe\u0a88-\u0aac\u0ab9\u0ac7 \r\n \u0aa8\u0acb\u0aa8\u0ac7 \u0a9c\u0ac7 \u0ab0\u0ac0\u0aa4\u0ac7 \u0ab8\u0acd\u0aa5\u0abf\u0aa4\u0abf \u0aaa\u0ab8\u0abe\u0ab0 \u0aa5\u0abe\u0aaf \u0a9b\u0ac7 \u0aa4\u0ac7 \u0ab5\u0abf\u0ab6\u0ac7 \u0ab9\u0aa4\u0acb. \u0aac\u0abf\u0ab2 \u0a8f\u0ab8-3\u0aa8\u0acb \u0a8f\u0a95 \u0aad\u0abe\u0a97 22 \u0aa1\u0abf\u0ab8\u0ac7\u0aae\u0acd\u0aac\u0ab0 2017 \u0aa8\u0abe \u0ab0\u0acb\u0a9c \u0a85\u0aae\u0ab2\u0aae\u0abe\u0a82 \u0a86\u0ab5\u0acd\u0aaf\u0acb \u0ab9\u0aa4\u0acb. \u0a85\u0aa8\u0acd\u0aaf \u0a9c\u0acb\u0a97\u0ab5\u0abe\u0a88\u0a93 \u0aaa\u0ac8\u0a95\u0ac0, \u0ab8\u0ac1\u0aa7\u0abe\u0ab0\u0acb \u0ab5\u0aa7\u0ac1 \u0ab2\u0acb\u0a95\u0acb\u0aa8\u0ac7 \u0aa4\u0ac7\u0aae\u0aa8\u0abe \u0ab5\u0a82\u0ab6\u0a9c\u0acb\u0aa8\u0ac7 \u0aa4\u0ac7\u0aae\u0aa8\u0ac0 \u0ab8\u0acd\u0aa5\u0abf\u0aa4\u0abf \u0aa8\u0ac0\u0a9a\u0ac7 \u0aaa\u0ab8\u0abe\u0ab0 \u0a95\u0ab0\u0ab5\u0abe 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\u0aac\u0acb\u0ab5\u0ac7\u0aa8 \u0aa6\u0acd\u0ab5\u0abe\u0ab0\u0abe \u0ab9\u0acb\u0ab8\u0acd\u0a9f \u0a85\u0aa8\u0ac7 \u0ab2\u0a96\u0abe\u0aaf\u0ac7\u0ab2 \u0a9b\u0ac7 \u0a85\u0aa8\u0ac7 \u0aa4\u0ac7 \u0a95\u0ac7\u0aa8\u0ac7\u0aa1\u0abf\u0aaf\u0aa8 \u0a8f\u0aa8\u0acd\u0ab8\u0abe\u0aaf\u0a95\u0acd\u0ab2\u0acb\u0aaa\u0ac0\u0aa1\u0ac0\u0aaf\u0abe\u0aa5\u0ac0 \u0ab8\u0acd\u0ab5\u0aa4\u0a82\u0aa4\u0acd\u0ab0 \u0ab8\u0ac0\u0aac\u0ac0\u0ab8\u0ac0 \u0aae\u0ac2\u0ab3 \u0aaa\u0acb\u0aa1\u0a95\u0abe\u0ab8\u0acd\u0a9f \u0a9b\u0ac7.<\/em><\/p>\r\n<\/blockquote>\r\n<br>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u0ab5\u0abe\u0ab0\u0ab8\u0acb \u0a85\u0aa8\u0ac7 \u0aae\u0ab9\u0aa4\u0acd\u0ab5<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0ab5\u0ab0\u0acd\u0ab7\u0acb\u0aa5\u0ac0 \u0aa4\u0ac7\u0aae\u0abe\u0a82 \u0a85\u0aa8\u0ac7\u0a95 \u0ab5\u0a96\u0aa4 \u0ab8\u0ac1\u0aa7\u0abe\u0ab0\u0acb \u0a95\u0ab0\u0ab5\u0abe\u0aae\u0abe\u0a82 \u0a86\u0ab5\u0acd\u0aaf\u0acb \u0ab9\u0acb\u0ab5\u0abe \u0a9b\u0aa4\u0abe\u0a82, \u0aad\u0abe\u0ab0\u0aa4\u0ac0\u0aaf <em>\u0a95\u0abe\u0aaf\u0aa6\u0abe\u0aa8\u0ac1\u0a82 \u0ab8\u0aae\u0a95\u0abe\u0ab2\u0ac0\u0aa8 \u0ab8\u0a82\u0ab8\u0acd\u0a95\u0ab0\u0aa3 \u0ab9\u0a9c\u0ac1 \u0aaa\u0aa3 \u0aad\u0abe\u0ab0\u0aa4\u0ac0\u0aaf<\/em> \u0aa6\u0ab0 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">\u0a9c\u0acd<\/a> \u0a9c\u0abe\u0aa8\u0ac0 \u0ab6\u0ab0\u0aa4\u0acb, \u0a85\u0aa8\u0abe \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">\u0aae\u0aa4<\/a> \u0a86\u0ab8\u0aaa\u0abe\u0ab8\u0aa8\u0abe \u0ab5\u0abf\u0ab5\u0abf\u0aa7 \u0aa8\u0abf\u0aaf\u0aae\u0acb, \u0ab8\u0a97\u0ac0\u0ab0\u0acb\u0aa8\u0ac0 \u0aa8\u0abe\u0aa3\u0abe\u0a95\u0ac0\u0aaf \u0ab5\u0abe\u0ab2\u0ac0\u0aaa\u0aa3\u0ac1\u0a82 \u0a85\u0aa8\u0ac7 \u0aae\u0abe\u0aa8\u0ab8\u0abf\u0a95 \u0ab0\u0ac0\u0aa4\u0ac7 \u0a85\u0ab8\u0aae\u0ab0\u0acd\u0aa5, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\u0aac\u0ac7\u0aa8\u0acd\u0aa1<\/a> \u0ab8\u0a82\u0ab8\u0abe\u0aa7\u0aa8\u0acb\u0aa8\u0ac1\u0a82 \u0ab8\u0a82\u0a9a\u0abe\u0ab2\u0aa8, \r\n \u0a9a\u0ac2\u0a82\u0a9f\u0aa3\u0ac0, \u0a85\u0aa8\u0ac7 \u0a85\u0aa8\u0abe\u0aae\u0aa4 \u0aaa\u0ab0 \u0a9c\u0ac0\u0ab5\u0aa8\u0aa8\u0abe \u0a85\u0aa8\u0acd\u0aaf \u0aaa\u0abe\u0ab8\u0abe\u0a93\u0aa8\u0ac0 \u0ab0\u0ac2\u0aaa\u0ab0\u0ac7\u0a96\u0abe \u0a86\u0aaa\u0ac7 \u0a9b\u0ac7.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>\u0aad\u0abe\u0ab0\u0aa4\u0ac0\u0aaf \u0a85\u0aa7\u0abf\u0aa8\u0abf\u0aaf\u0aae\u0aa8\u0ac0 \u0ab8\u0acd\u0ab5<\/em> \u0aa6\u0ac7\u0ab6\u0ac0 \u0ab8\u0a82\u0ab8\u0acd\u0a95\u0ac3\u0aa4\u0abf\u0a93, \u0a85\u0ab0\u0acd\u0aa5\u0ab5\u0acd\u0aaf\u0ab5\u0ab8\u0acd\u0aa5\u0abe\u0a93, \u0ab0\u0abe\u0a9c\u0a95\u0abe\u0ab0\u0aa3 \u0a85\u0aa8\u0ac7 \u0ab8\u0aae\u0ac1\u0aa6\u0abe\u0aaf\u0acb \u0aaa\u0ab0 \u0a9a\u0abe\u0ab2\u0ac1 \u0a85\u0aa8\u0ac7 \u0ab2\u0abe\u0a82\u0aac\u0abe \u0ab8\u0aae\u0aaf\u0aa5\u0ac0 \u0a9a\u0abe\u0ab2\u0aa4\u0ac0 \u0a85\u0ab8\u0ab0\u0acb \u0aaa\u0aa1\u0ac0 \u0a9b\u0ac7. \u0aa4\u0ac7\u0aa8\u0abe\u0aa5\u0ac0 \u0a86\u0a82\u0aa4\u0ab0-\u0a9c\u0aa8\u0ab0\u0ac7\u0ab6\u0aa8\u0ab2 \u0a87\u0a9c\u0abe \u0aaa\u0aa3 \u0aa5\u0a88 \u0a9b\u0ac7, \u0a96\u0abe\u0ab8 \u0a95\u0ab0\u0ac0\u0aa8\u0ac7 \u0ab0\u0ab9\u0ac7\u0aa3\u0abe <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/residential-schools\">\u0a82\u0a95 \u0ab6\u0abe\u0ab3\u0abe<\/a> \u0a93\u0aa8\u0abe \u0ab8\u0a82\u0aa6\u0ab0\u0acd\u0aad\u0aae\u0abe\u0a82, \r\n \u0a95\u0abe\u0ab0\u0aa3 \u0a95\u0ac7 \u0a95\u0abe\u0aaf\u0aa6\u0abe\u0aa8\u0abe \u0aa6\u0aae\u0aa8 \u0a85\u0aa8\u0ac7 \u0aaa\u0acd\u0ab0\u0aa4\u0abf\u0aac\u0a82\u0aa7\u0abf\u0aa4 \u0a9c\u0acb\u0a97\u0ab5\u0abe\u0a88\u0a93\u0a8f \u0ab8\u0acd\u0ab5\u0aa6\u0ac7\u0ab6\u0ac0 \u0ab2\u0acb\u0a95\u0acb\u0aa8\u0ac0 \u0aaa\u0ac7\u0aa2\u0ac0\u0a93\u0aa8\u0ac7 \u0aa8\u0a95\u0abe\u0ab0\u0abe\u0aa4\u0acd\u0aae\u0a95 \u0a85\u0ab8\u0ab0 \u0a95\u0ab0\u0ac0 \u0a9b\u0ac7.<\/p>","slug":"","alt_slug":"","twitter_summary":null,"locale":"gu","automated":true,"hidden":0,"views":1,"created_at":"2025-01-14T18:59:05.000000Z","updated_at":"2025-01-14T18:59:05.000000Z"},{"id":"9daca8aa-972f-4e9d-8b34-136f967d80f1","article_id":"83668","title":"\u05d4\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05d4\u05d4\u05d5\u05d3\u05d9","summary":"<p>\u05d4\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 <em>\u05d4\u05d4\u05d5\u05d3\u05d9 \u05d4\u05d5\u05d0 \u05d4\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7<\/em> \u05d4\u05e2\u05d9\u05e7\u05e8\u05d9 \u05d1\u05d5 \u05de\u05e9\u05ea\u05de\u05e9\u05ea <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">\u05d4\u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05dc\u05d4 \u05d4\u05e4\u05d3\u05e8\u05dc\u05d9\u05ea \u05dc<\/a> \u05e0\u05d9\u05d4\u05d5\u05dc <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">\u05de\u05e2\u05de\u05d3 \u05d4\u05d5\u05d3\u05d9<\/a>, \u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05dc\u05d5\u05ea <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">\u05d4\u05d0\u05d5\u05de\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05e8\u05d0\u05e9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea \r\n<\/a> \u05d4\u05de\u05e7\u05d5\u05de\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d5\u05e0\u05d9\u05d4\u05d5\u05dc \u05d0\u05d3\u05de\u05d5\u05ea <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">\u05de\u05d9\u05dc\u05d5<\/a> \u05d0\u05d9\u05dd. \u05d4\u05d5\u05d0 \u05d2\u05dd \u05de\u05ea\u05d0\u05e8 \u05d7\u05d5 \r\n \u05d1\u05d5\u05ea \u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05dc\u05ea\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05dc\u05e2\u05de\u05d9 \u05d4\u05d0\u05d5\u05de\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05e8\u05d0\u05e9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea. <em>\u05d4\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05d4\u05d4\u05d5\u05d3\u05d9 \u05de\u05ea\u05d9<\/em> <a\r\n\thref=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/inuit\">\u05d9\u05d7\u05e1 \u05dc\u05d0\u05e0\u05e9\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05e2\u05dc\u05d9 \u05de\u05e2\u05de\u05d3 \u05d4\u05d5\u05d3\u05d9; \u05d4\u05d5\u05d0 \u05d0\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5 \u05de\u05ea\u05d9\u05d9\u05d7\u05e1 \u05d9\u05e9\u05d9\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05dc\u05d0\u05e0\u05e9\u05d9 \u05d4\u05d0\u05d5\u05de\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05e8\u05d0\u05e9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea \u05e9\u05d0\u05d9\u05e0\u05dd \u05d1\u05e2\u05dc\u05d9 \u05de\u05e2\u05de\u05d3, \u05d4\u05de\u05d8\u05d9\u05dd \u05d0\u05d5 \u05d4\u05d0\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5\u05d0\u05d9 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/metis\">\u05d8\u05d9\u05dd.<\/a> \r\n<\/a> \u05d4\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7, \u05e9\u05d4\u05d5\u05e6\u05d2 \u05dc\u05e8\u05d0\u05e9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d4 \u05d1\u05e9\u05e0\u05ea 1876, \u05db\u05dc\u05dc \u05de\u05e1\u05e4\u05e8 \u05d7\u05d5\u05e7\u05d9\u05dd \u05e7\u05d5\u05dc\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9\u05d0\u05dc\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05e9\u05de\u05d8\u05e8\u05ea\u05dd \u05dc\u05d7\u05e1\u05dc \u05d0\u05ea \u05ea\u05e8\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05d0\u05d5\u05de\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05e8\u05d0\u05e9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea \u05dc\u05d8\u05d5\u05d1\u05ea \u05d4\u05d8\u05de\u05e2\u05d4 \u05d1\u05d7\u05d1\u05e8\u05d4 \u05d4\u05d0\u05d9\u05e8\u05d5-\u05e7\u05e0\u05d3\u05d9\u05ea. \u05d2\u05e8\u05e1\u05d4 \u05d7\u05d3\u05e9\u05d4 \u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05d4\u05ea\u05e7\u05d1\u05dc\u05d4 \u05d1\u05e9\u05e0\u05ea 1951, \u05d5\u05de\u05d0\u05d6 \u05ea\u05d5\u05e7\u05e0\u05d4 \u05de\u05e1\u05e4\u05e8 \u05e4\u05e2\u05de\u05d9\u05dd, \r\n \u05d1\u05e2\u05d9\u05e7\u05e8 \u05d1\u05e9\u05e0\u05ea 1985, \u05db\u05d0\u05e9\u05e8 \u05d4\u05e9\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05d4\u05ea\u05de\u05e7\u05d3\u05d5 \u05d1\u05e2\u05d9\u05e7\u05e8 \u05d1\u05d4\u05e1\u05e8\u05ea \u05e1\u05e2\u05d9\u05e4\u05d9\u05dd \u05de\u05e4\u05dc\u05d9\u05dd. \u05d6\u05d4\u05d5 \u05de\u05e1\u05de\u05da \u05de\u05ea\u05e4\u05ea\u05d7 \u05d5\u05e4\u05e8\u05d3\u05d5\u05e7\u05e1\u05dc\u05d9 \u05e9\u05d0\u05d9\u05e4\u05e9\u05e8 \u05d8\u05e8\u05d0\u05d5\u05de\u05d4, \u05d4\u05e4\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05d6\u05db\u05d5\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d0\u05d3\u05dd \u05d5\u05e9\u05d9\u05d1\u05d5\u05e9 \u05d7\u05d1\u05e8\u05ea\u05d9 \u05d5\u05ea\u05e8\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea\u05d9 \u05dc\u05d3 \r\n \u05d5\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05e9\u05dc <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">\u05e2\u05de\u05d9\u05dd \u05d9\u05dc\u05d9\u05d3\u05d9\u05dd<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u05d6\u05d4\u05d5 \u05d4\u05e2\u05e8\u05da \u05d1\u05d0\u05d5\u05e8\u05da \u05de\u05dc\u05d0 \u05e2\u05dc <em>\u05d4\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05d4\u05d4\u05d5\u05d3\u05d9<\/em>. \u05dc\u05e1\u05d9\u05db\u05d5\u05dd \u05d1\u05e9\u05e4\u05d4 \u05e4\u05e9\u05d5\u05d8\u05d4, \u05e2\u05d9\u05d9\u05df \u05d1\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act-plain-language-summary\" target=\"_blank\">\u05d4\u05d4\u05d5\u05d3\u05d9 (\u05e1\u05d9\u05db\u05d5\u05dd \u05e9\u05e4\u05d4 \u05e4\u05e9\u05d5\u05d8\u05d4)<\/a>.<\/p>","body":"<div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/cbcd31d1-03f6-4fba-a45d-96ee89c4617d.jpg\" title=\"\u05d4\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05d4\u05d4\u05d5\u05d3\u05d9\" alt=\"\u05d4\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05d4\u05d4\u05d5\u05d3\u05d9\"><\/div>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u05d4\u05e7\u05e9\u05e8 \u05d4\u05d9\u05e1\u05d8\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9: \u05dc\u05e4\u05e0\u05d9 \u05d4\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05d4\u05d4\u05d5\u05d3\u05d9, 1763\u20141876<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\u05d4 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/royal-proclamation-of-1763\/\">\u05d4\u05db\u05e8\u05d6\u05d4 \u05d4\u05de\u05dc\u05db\u05d5\u05ea\u05d9\u05ea \u05de\u05e9\u05e0\u05ea 1763 \u05d4\u05e0\u05d9<\/a> \u05d7\u05d4 \u05d0\u05ea \u05d4\u05d1\u05e1\u05d9\u05e1 \u05dc\u05d0\u05d5\u05e4\u05df \u05e9\u05d1\u05d5 \u05d4\u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05e7\u05d5\u05dc\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9\u05d0\u05dc\u05d9 \u05d9\u05ea\u05e7\u05e9\u05e8 \u05e2\u05dd \u05e2 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">\u05de\u05d9 \u05d4\u05d0\u05d5\u05de\u05d5\u05ea<\/a> \u05d4\u05e8\u05d0\u05e9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea \u05d1\u05de\u05d0\u05d5\u05ea \u05e9\u05dc\u05d0\u05d7\u05e8 \u05de\u05db\u05df. \u05d4\u05d4\u05db\u05e8\u05d6\u05d4 \u05d4\u05d1\u05d8\u05d9\u05d7\u05d4 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-rights\">\u05d6\u05db\u05d5\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d5\u05d4\u05d2<\/a> \u05e0\u05d5\u05ea \u05de\u05e1\u05d5\u05d9\u05de\u05d5\u05ea \u05dc\u05e2\u05de\u05d9 \u05d4\u05d0\u05d5\u05de\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05e8\u05d0\u05e9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea, \u05d5\u05e7\u05d1\u05e2\u05d4 \u05d0\u05ea \u05d4\u05ea\u05d4\u05dc\u05d9\u05da \u05e9\u05d1\u05d0\u05de\u05e6\u05e2\u05d5\u05ea\u05d5 \r\n \u05ea\u05d5\u05db\u05dc \u05d4\u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05dc\u05d4 \u05dc\u05e8\u05db\u05d5\u05e9 \u05d0\u05ea \u05d0\u05d3\u05de\u05d5\u05ea\u05d9\u05d4\u05dd. \u05de\u05d3\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05e0\u05d5\u05e1\u05e4\u05ea \u05d4\u05ea\u05e7\u05d1\u05dc\u05d4 \u05d1\u05de\u05d7\u05e6\u05d9\u05ea \u05d4\u05e8\u05d0\u05e9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d4 \u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05de\u05d0\u05d4 \u05d4 -19 \u05e9\u05de\u05d8\u05e8\u05ea\u05d4 \u05dc\u05d4\u05d8\u05de\u05d9\u05e2 \u05d0\u05ea \u05e2\u05de\u05d9 \u05d4\u05d0\u05d5\u05de\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05e8\u05d0\u05e9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea \u05d1\u05d0\u05d5\u05db\u05dc\u05d5\u05e1\u05d9\u05d9\u05ea \u05d4\u05de\u05ea\u05e0\u05d7\u05dc\u05d9\u05dd \u05d4\u05d4\u05d5\u05dc\u05db\u05ea \u05d5\u05d2\u05d3\u05dc\u05d4.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 1850 \u05dc\u05d4\u05d2\u05e0\u05d4 \u05d8\u05d5\u05d1\u05d4 \u05d9\u05d5\u05ea\u05e8 \u05e2\u05dc \u05d0\u05d3\u05de\u05d5\u05ea \u05d5\u05e8\u05db\u05d5\u05e9\u05dd \u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05d0\u05d9\u05e0\u05d3\u05d9\u05d0\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05e7\u05e0\u05d3\u05d4 \u05d4\u05ea\u05d7<\/em> \u05ea\u05d5\u05e0\u05d4 \u05d4\u05d9\u05d4 \u05d0\u05d7\u05d3 \u05d4\u05d7\u05e7\u05d9\u05e7\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05e8\u05d0\u05e9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea \u05e9\u05db\u05dc\u05dc\u05d5 \u05de\u05e2\u05e8\u05db\u05ea \u05d3\u05e8\u05d9\u05e9\u05d5\u05ea \u05e9\u05d0\u05d3\u05dd \u05d9\u05d9\u05d7\u05e9\u05d1 \u05dc\u05d4\u05d5 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/indian\/\">\u05d3\u05d9<\/a> \u05d7\u05d5\u05e7\u05d9 - \u05de\u05d1\u05e9\u05e8 \u05dc\u05de\u05d5\u05e9\u05d2 &quot;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">\u05de\u05e2\u05de\u05d3<\/a>&quot;. \u05d3\u05e8\u05d9\u05e9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d0\u05dc\u05d4 \u05d4\u05ea\u05d1\u05e1\u05e1\u05d5 \u05e2\u05dc \u05d3\u05dd, \u05d5\u05d1\u05e2\u05e6\u05dd \u05d0\u05de\u05e8\u05d5 \u05e9\u05d0\u05e0\u05e9\u05d9\u05dd &quot;\u05d9\u05d9\u05d7\u05e9\u05d1\u05d5 \u05db\u05d0\u05d9\u05e0\u05d3\u05d9\u05d0\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd&quot; \u05d0\u05dd \u05d4\u05dd \u05d4\u05d9\u05d5 \u05de&quot; \r\n \u05d3\u05dd \u05d4\u05d5\u05d3\u05d9 &quot;\u05d5\u05d4\u05d9\u05d5 \u05d7\u05d1\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1&quot;\u05d2\u05d5\u05e3 \u05d0\u05d5 \u05e9\u05d1\u05d8 \u05d0\u05d9\u05e0\u05d3\u05d9\u05d0\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd&quot;. \u05db\u05dc \u05e6\u05d0\u05e6\u05d0\u05d9\u05d4\u05dd \u05e9\u05dc \u05d0\u05e0\u05e9\u05d9\u05dd \u05db\u05d0\u05dc\u05d4 \u05e0\u05d7\u05e9\u05d1\u05d5 \u05d4\u05d5\u05d3\u05d9\u05dd. \u05db\u05da \u05d2\u05dd \u05dc\u05d0 \u05d4\u05d5\u05d3\u05d9\u05dd \u05e9&quot;\u05d4\u05ea\u05d7\u05ea\u05e0\u05d5 \u05e2\u05dd \u05d0\u05d9\u05e0\u05d3\u05d9\u05d0\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd \u05db\u05d0\u05dc\u05d4&quot;, \u05d0\u05e0\u05e9\u05d9\u05dd \u05e9\u05d4\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9\u05d4\u05dd (\u05d0\u05d7\u05d3 \u05d0\u05d5 \u05e9\u05e0\u05d9\u05d4\u05dd) \u05d4\u05d9\u05d5 \u05e0\u05d7\u05e9\u05d1\u05d9\u05dd \u05dc\u05d4\u05d5\u05d3\u05d9\u05dd, \r\n \u05d5&quot;\u05db\u05dc \u05d4\u05d0\u05e0\u05e9\u05d9\u05dd \u05e9\u05d0\u05d5\u05de\u05e6\u05d5 \u05d1\u05d9\u05e0\u05e7\u05d5\u05ea\u05dd \u05e2\u05dc \u05d9\u05d3\u05d9 \u05d0\u05d9\u05e0\u05d3\u05d9\u05d0\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd \u05db\u05d0\u05dc\u05d4&quot;.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u05d4\u05de\u05e2\u05e9\u05d9\u05dd \u05d4\u05d9\u05d3\u05d5\u05e2\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05d3\u05e8\u05da \u05db\u05dc\u05dc \u05d1\u05e9\u05dd \u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05d4\u05e6 <em>\u05d9\u05d5\u05d5\u05d9\u05dc\u05d9\u05d6\u05e6\u05d9\u05d4 \u05d4\u05d4\u05d3\u05e8\u05d2<\/em> \u05ea\u05d9\u05ea \u05de\u05e9\u05e0\u05ea 1857 \u05d5 <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/gradual-civilization-act\/\">\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05d4\u05d6\u05db\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05d4\u05d3\u05e8\u05d2\u05ea\u05d9\u05ea<\/a><\/em> \u05de\u05e9\u05e0\u05ea 1869 \u05e0\u05d5\u05e2\u05d3\u05d5 \u05d1\u05e2\u05d9\u05e7\u05e8 \u05dc\u05d4\u05e1\u05d9\u05e8 \u05db\u05dc \u05d4\u05d1\u05d7\u05e0\u05d4 \u05d0\u05d5 \u05d6\u05db\u05d5\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \r\n \u05de\u05d9\u05d5\u05d7\u05d3\u05d5\u05ea \u05e9\u05dc \u05e2\u05de\u05d9 \u05d4\u05d0\u05d5\u05de\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05e8\u05d0\u05e9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea \u05e2\u05dc \u05de\u05e0\u05ea \u05dc\u05d4\u05d8\u05de\u05d9\u05e2 \u05d0\u05d5\u05ea\u05dd \u05d1\u05d0\u05d5\u05db\u05dc\u05d5\u05e1\u05d9\u05d9\u05ea \u05d4\u05de\u05ea\u05e0\u05d7\u05dc\u05d9\u05dd \u05d4\u05d2\u05d3\u05d5\u05dc\u05d4 \u05d9\u05d5\u05ea\u05e8. \u05d6\u05d4 \u05e0\u05d5\u05e2\u05d3 \u05d1\u05ea\u05d7\u05d9\u05dc\u05d4 \u05dc\u05d4\u05ea\u05d1\u05e6\u05e2 \u05e2\u05dc \u05d9\u05d3\u05d9 <em>\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05d4\u05e6\u05d9\u05d5\u05d5\u05d9\u05dc\u05d9\u05d6\u05e6\u05d9\u05d4 \u05d4\u05d4\u05d3\u05e8\u05d2\u05ea\u05d9\u05ea<\/em> \u05d1\u05d0\u05de\u05e6\u05e2\u05d5\u05ea \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\/\">\u05d6\u05db\u05d5\u05ea \u05de\u05e8\u05e6\u05d5\u05df<\/a> (\u05db\u05dc\u05d5\u05de\u05e8, \u05d0\u05d3\u05dd \u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05d0\u05d5\u05de\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05e8\u05d0\u05e9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea \u05d9\u05d5\u05d5\u05ea\u05e8 \u05e2\u05dc \u05de\u05e2\u05de\u05d3\u05d5 \u05d1\u05ea\u05de\u05d5\u05e8\u05d4 \u05dc\u05e7\u05e8\u05e7\u05e2 \u05d5\u05d6\u05db\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05d4\u05e6\u05d1\u05e2\u05d4), \u05d0\u05da \u05e8\u05e7 \u05d0\u05d3\u05dd \u05d0\u05d7\u05d3 \u05e7\u05d9\u05d1\u05dc \u05d6\u05db\u05d5\u05ea \u05de\u05e8\u05e6\u05d5\u05df. \r\n\u05db\u05ea\u05d5\u05e6\u05d0\u05d4 \u05de\u05db\u05da \u05d4\u05d7\u05dc\u05d4 \u05d4\u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05dc\u05d4 \u05dc\u05d4\u05e2\u05e0\u05d9\u05e7 \u05d6\u05db\u05d5\u05ea \u05d7\u05d3 \u05e6\u05d3\u05d3\u05d9\u05ea \u05dc\u05d0\u05e0\u05e9\u05d9 \u05d4\u05d0\u05d5\u05de\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05e8\u05d0\u05e9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u05de\u05e1\u05e4\u05e8 \u05e7\u05d1\u05d5\u05e6\u05d5\u05ea <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">\u05d9\u05dc\u05d9\u05d3\u05d9\u05dd<\/a> \u05db\u05e8\u05ea\u05d5 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-treaties\/\">\u05d4\u05e1\u05db\u05de\u05d9\u05dd<\/a> - \u05d5\u05d1\u05de\u05d9\u05d5\u05d7\u05d3 \u05d7\u05de\u05e9\u05ea \u05d4\u05d0\u05de\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05de <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/numbered-treaties\">\u05de\u05d5\u05e1\u05e4<\/a> \u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05e8\u05d0\u05e9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea - \u05e2\u05dd \u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05dc\u05d5\u05ea \u05e7\u05e0\u05d3\u05d4 \u05dc\u05e4\u05e0\u05d9 \u05d4\u05e2\u05d1\u05e8\u05ea <em>\u05d4\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05d4\u05d4\u05d5\u05d3\u05d9<\/em> \u05d1\u05e9\u05e0\u05ea 1876. \u05e7\u05d1\u05d5\u05e6\u05d5\u05ea \u05d0\u05dc\u05d4 \u05e2\u05e9\u05d5\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05dc\u05e9\u05e7\u05d5\u05dc \u05d0\u05ea \u05d6\u05d4\u05d5\u05ea\u05df \u05d4\u05de\u05e9\u05e4\u05d8\u05d9\u05ea \u05db\u05d0\u05e0\u05e9\u05d9 \u05d4\u05d0\u05d5\u05de\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05e8\u05d0\u05e9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea \u05dc\u05d6\u05e8\u05d5\u05dd \u05d1\u05d0\u05de\u05e6\u05e2\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05e1\u05db\u05de\u05d9\u05dd \u05d0\u05dc\u05d4, \u05d5\u05dc\u05d0 \u05d3\u05e8\u05da <em>\u05d4\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05d4\u05d4\u05d5\u05d3\u05d9<\/em>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u05d4\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05d4\u05d4\u05d5\u05d3\u05d9 \u05e2\u05d5\u05dc\u05d4 \u05dc\u05e9\u05dc\u05d8\u05d5\u05df, 1876<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\u05d1\u05e9\u05e0\u05ea 1867, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/constitution-act-1867\/\"><em>\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05d4\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7\u05d4 \u05d4\u05e7\u05e6\u05d4 \u05d0\u05ea \u05e1<\/em><\/a> \u05de\u05db\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05d7\u05e7\u05d9\u05e7\u05d4 \u05dc\u05e4\u05e8\u05dc\u05de <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/parliament\">\u05e0\u05d8<\/a> \u05e2\u05dc &quot;\u05d0\u05d9\u05e0\u05d3\u05d9\u05d0\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd \r\n \u05d5\u05d0\u05d3\u05de\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05e9\u05de\u05d5\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05dc\u05d0\u05d9\u05e0\u05d3\u05d9\u05d0\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd&quot;. <em>\u05db\u05de\u05e2\u05d8 10 \u05e9\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd \u05dc\u05d0\u05d7\u05e8 \u05de\u05db\u05df, \u05d1\u05e9\u05e0\u05ea 1876, \u05d4\u05e4\u05db\u05d5 \u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05d4\u05e6 <em>\u05d9\u05d5\u05d5\u05d9\u05dc\u05d9\u05d6\u05e6\u05d9\u05d4<\/em> \u05d4 <em>\u05d4\u05d3\u05e8\u05d2\u05ea\u05d9\u05ea \u05d5\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05d4\u05d6\u05db\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05d4\u05d3\u05e8\u05d2\u05ea\u05d9\u05ea \u05dc\u05d7\u05dc\u05e7<\/em> \u05de\u05d4\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05d4\u05d4\u05d5\u05d3\u05d9.<\/em> \u05d1\u05d0\u05de\u05e6\u05e2\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05de\u05d7 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-affairs-and-northern-development-canada\">\u05dc\u05e7\u05d4 \u05dc\u05e2\u05e0\u05d9\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9 \u05d4\u05d5\u05d3\u05d5<\/a> \u05d5 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-agents-in-canada\">\u05e1\u05d5\u05db\u05e0\u05d9\u05d4 \u05d4\u05d4\u05d5\u05d3\u05d9\u05dd, \u05d4\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05d4\u05d4\u05d5<\/a> <em>\u05d3\u05d9<\/em> \u05e0\u05ea\u05df \u05dc\u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05dc\u05d4 \u05e1\u05de\u05db\u05d5\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d2\u05d5\u05e8\u05e4\u05d5\u05ea \u05d1\u05db\u05dc \u05d4\u05e0\u05d5\u05d2\u05e2 \u05dc\u05d6\u05d4\u05d5\u05ea <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">\u05d4\u05d0\u05d5\u05de\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05e8\u05d0\u05e9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea<\/a>, \u05de\u05d1\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd \u05e4\u05d5\u05dc\u05d9\u05d8\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd, \u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05dc, \u05e4\u05e8\u05e7\u05d8\u05d9\u05e7\u05d5\u05ea \u05ea\u05e8\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d5\u05d7 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-education\">\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5\u05da<\/a>. \u05e1\u05de\u05db\u05d5\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d0\u05dc\u05d4 \u05d4\u05d2\u05d1\u05d9\u05dc\u05d5 \u05d0\u05ea \u05d7\u05d9\u05e8\u05d5\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05d9\u05dc\u05d9\u05d3\u05d9\u05dd \u05d5\u05d0\u05e4\u05e9\u05e8\u05d5 \u05dc\u05e4\u05e7\u05d9 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-rights\">\u05d3\u05d9\u05dd \u05dc\u05e7\u05d1\u05d5\u05e2 \u05d6\u05db\u05d5\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea<\/a> \u05d5\u05d4\u05d8\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea \u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05d9\u05dc\u05d9\u05d3\u05d9\u05dd \u05e2\u05dc \u05e1\u05de\u05da &quot;\u05d0\u05d5\u05e4\u05d9 \u05de\u05d5\u05e1\u05e8\u05d9 \u05d8\u05d5\u05d1&quot;.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>\u05d4\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05d4\u05d4\u05d5\u05d3\u05d9 \u05e0\u05d9\u05e1\u05d4<\/em> \u05dc\u05d4\u05db\u05dc\u05d9\u05dc \u05d0\u05d5\u05db\u05dc\u05d5\u05e1\u05d9\u05d9\u05d4 \u05e2\u05e6\u05d5\u05de\u05d4 \u05d5\u05de\u05d2\u05d5\u05d5\u05e0\u05ea \u05e9\u05dc \u05d0\u05e0\u05e9\u05d9\u05dd \u05d5\u05dc\u05d4\u05d8\u05de\u05d9\u05e2 \u05d0\u05d5\u05ea\u05dd \u05d1\u05d7\u05d1\u05e8\u05d4 \u05d4\u05dc\u05d0 \u05d9\u05dc\u05d9\u05d3\u05d9\u05ea. \u05d4\u05d9\u05d0 \u05d0\u05e1\u05e8\u05d4 \u05e2\u05dc \u05e2\u05de\u05d9\u05dd \u05d5\u05e7\u05d4\u05d9\u05dc\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05d0\u05d5\u05de\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05e8\u05d0\u05e9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea \u05dc\u05d1\u05d8\u05d0 \u05d0\u05ea \u05d6\u05d4\u05d5\u05ea\u05dd \u05d1\u05d0\u05de\u05e6\u05e2\u05d5\u05ea \u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05dc \u05d5\u05ea\u05e8\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea. \r\n\u05d4\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05d4\u05d7\u05dc\u05d9\u05e3 \u05de\u05d1\u05e0\u05d9 \u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05dc \u05de\u05e1\u05d5\u05e8\u05ea\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05d1\u05d7\u05d9\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05dc\u05de\u05d5\u05e2\u05e6 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\u05ea \u05d4\u05dc\u05d4\u05e7\u05d4<\/a>. \u05de\u05e0\u05d4\u05d9\u05d2\u05d9\u05dd <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/chief\">\u05ea\u05d5\u05e8<\/a> \u05e9 \r\n \u05ea\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd - \u05de\u05e0\u05d4\u05d9\u05d2\u05d9\u05dd \u05d4\u05e8\u05d5\u05db\u05e9\u05d9\u05dd \u05db\u05d5\u05d7 \u05d3\u05e8\u05da \u05de\u05d5\u05e6\u05d0 \u05d5\u05dc\u05d0 \u05d1\u05d7\u05d9\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea - \u05d0\u05d9\u05e0\u05dd \u05de\u05d5\u05db\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd \u05e2\u05dc \u05d9\u05d3\u05d9 <em>\u05d4\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05d4\u05d4\u05d5\u05d3\u05d9<\/em>. \u05e2\u05d3 1951, \u05e0\u05e9\u05d9\u05dd \u05d4\u05d5\u05d3\u05e8\u05d5 \u05d2\u05dd \u05de\u05e4\u05d5\u05dc\u05d9\u05d8\u05d9\u05e7\u05d4 \u05e9\u05dc \u05de\u05d5\u05e2\u05e6\u05ea \u05d4\u05dc\u05d4\u05e7\u05d5\u05ea. (<em>\u05e8\u05d0\u05d4 \u05d2\u05dd<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/women-and-the-indian-act\">\u05e0\u05e9\u05d9\u05dd \u05d5\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05d4\u05d4\u05d5\u05d3\u05d9<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u05d4\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05d2\u05dd \u05d4\u05e4\u05da \u05d0\u05ea \u05d6\u05d4 \u05dc\u05d1\u05dc\u05ea\u05d9 \u05d7\u05d5\u05e7\u05d9 \u05e2\u05d1\u05d5\u05e8 \u05e2\u05de\u05d9 \u05d4\u05d0\u05d5\u05de\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05e8\u05d0\u05e9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea \u05dc\u05e2\u05e1\u05d5\u05e7 \u05d1\u05d8\u05e7\u05e1\u05d9\u05dd <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/religion-of-aboriginal-people\">\u05d3\u05ea\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd<\/a> \u05d5\u05de\u05e4\u05d2\u05e9\u05d9\u05dd \u05ea\u05e8\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05e9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd. \u05d1\u05e9\u05e0\u05ea 1884 \u05e0\u05d0\u05e1\u05e8 \u05e2\u05dc <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/potlatch\/\">\u05d4\u05e4\u05d8\u05dc\u05d8<\/a> \u05e9, \u05d5\u05d1\u05e9\u05e0\u05ea 1895 \u05e0\u05d0\u05e1\u05e8 \u05d2\u05dd &quot;\u05db\u05dc \u05e4\u05e1\u05d8\u05d9\u05d1\u05dc <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-term\">\u05d4\u05d5\u05d3\u05d9<\/a>, \u05e8\u05d9\u05e7\u05d5\u05d3 \u05d0\u05d5 \u05d8\u05e7\u05e1 \u05d0\u05d7\u05e8&quot;, \u05e9\u05d9 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/powwows-editorial\">\u05db\u05dc\u05d5\u05dc \u05e4\u05d5<\/a> \u05d5\u05d0\u05d5 \u05d5\u05e8\u05d9 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sun-dance\">\u05e7\u05d5\u05d3 \u05d4\u05e9\u05de\u05e9<\/a>. \u05ea\u05d9\u05e7\u05d5\u05df \u05e0\u05d5\u05e1\u05e3 \u05d1\u05e9\u05e0\u05ea 1914 \u05d4\u05d5\u05e6\u05d9\u05d0 \u05de\u05d7\u05d5\u05e5 \u05dc\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05e8\u05d9\u05e7\u05d5\u05d3\u05d9\u05dd \u05de\u05d7\u05d5\u05e5 \u05dc\u05de\u05d9\u05dc\u05d5\u05d0\u05d9\u05dd<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">,<\/a> \r\n \u05d5\u05d1\u05e9\u05e0\u05ea 1925, \u05d4\u05e8\u05d9\u05e7\u05d5\u05d3 \u05d4\u05d5\u05e6\u05d0 \u05de\u05d7\u05d5\u05e5 \u05dc\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05dc\u05d7\u05dc\u05d5\u05d8\u05d9\u05df.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u05d1\u05e9\u05e0\u05ea 1927, \u05d4\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05d4\u05e4\u05da \u05d0\u05ea \u05d6\u05d4 \u05dc\u05d1\u05dc\u05ea\u05d9 \u05d7\u05d5\u05e7\u05d9 \u05e2\u05d1\u05d5\u05e8 \u05e2\u05de\u05d9\u05dd \u05d5\u05e7\u05d4\u05d9\u05dc\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05d0\u05d5\u05de\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05e8\u05d0\u05e9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea \u05dc\u05d1\u05e7\u05e9 \u05db\u05e1\u05e4\u05d9\u05dd \u05dc\u05de\u05e8\u05d3\u05e3 \u05d0\u05d7\u05e8 \u05ea\u05d1\u05d9\u05e2\u05ea \u05e7\u05e8 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/land-claims\/\">\u05e7\u05e2<\/a>. \u05d4\u05ea\u05d9\u05e7\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd \u05d4\u05d1\u05d0\u05d9\u05dd \u05d3\u05e8\u05e9\u05d5 \u05de\u05d9\u05dc\u05d3\u05d9 \u05d4\u05d0\u05d5 \r\n \u05de\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05e8\u05d0\u05e9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea \u05dc\u05dc\u05de\u05d5\u05d3 \u05d1 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/residential-schools\/\">\u05d1\u05ea\u05d9 \u05e1\u05e4\u05e8 \u05ea\u05e2\u05e9\u05d9\u05d9\u05ea\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05d0\u05d5 \u05dc\u05de\u05d2\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd<\/a> (1894 \u05d5 -1920). \u05d4\u05de\u05d5\u05e8\u05e9\u05ea \u05d4\u05d0\u05e4\u05dc\u05d4 \u05e9\u05dc \u05d1\u05ea\u05d9 \u05e1\u05e4\u05e8 \u05dc\u05de\u05d2\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05e7\u05e0\u05d3\u05d4 \u05d4\u05e9\u05e4\u05d9\u05e2\u05d4 \u05e2\u05dc \u05e7\u05d4\u05d9\u05dc\u05d5\u05ea \u05d9\u05dc\u05d9\u05d3\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05e8\u05d7\u05d1\u05d9 \u05d4\u05d0\u05e8\u05e5 \u05d5\u05d1\u05d9 \r\n \u05df-\u05d3\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea. \r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u05d1\u05ea\u05d7\u05d9\u05dc\u05ea \u05d4\u05de\u05d0\u05d4 \u05d4 -20 \u05d4\u05d5\u05d8\u05dc\u05d4 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/pass-system-in-canada\">\u05de\u05e2\u05e8\u05db\u05ea \u05d4\u05de\u05e2\u05d1\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd (\u05e9<\/a> \u05d4\u05d2\u05d1\u05d9\u05dc\u05d4 \u05d0\u05ea \u05ea\u05e0\u05d5\u05e2\u05ea \u05e2\u05de\u05d9 \u05d4\u05d0\u05d5\u05de\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05e8\u05d0\u05e9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea \u05de\u05d7\u05d5\u05e5 \u05dc\u05de\u05d9\u05dc\u05d5\u05d0\u05d9\u05dd) \u05dc\u05dc\u05d0 \u05db\u05dc \u05d0\u05d9\u05e9\u05d5\u05e8 \u05d7\u05d5\u05e7\u05d9. \u05dc\u05de\u05d3\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \r\n \u05de\u05d2\u05d1\u05d9\u05dc\u05d4 \u05d6\u05d5 \u05d4\u05d9\u05d5 \u05d4\u05e9\u05e4\u05e2\u05d5\u05ea \u05de\u05ea\u05de\u05e9\u05db\u05d5\u05ea \u05e2\u05dc \u05d3\u05d5\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05e9\u05dc \u05d9\u05dc\u05d9\u05d3\u05d9\u05dd, \u05e9\u05db\u05df \u05d4\u05d2\u05d1\u05dc\u05d5\u05ea \u05e2\u05dc \u05d4\u05e0\u05d9\u05d9\u05d3\u05d5\u05ea \u05d2\u05e8\u05de\u05d5 \u05e0\u05d6\u05e7 \u05dc\u05db\u05dc\u05db\u05dc\u05d5\u05ea, \u05ea\u05e8\u05d1\u05d5\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d5\u05d7\u05d1\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05d9\u05dc\u05d9\u05d3\u05d9\u05dd.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>\u05d4\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05d4\u05d4\u05d5\u05d3\u05d9<\/em> \u05d4\u05d2\u05d3\u05d9\u05e8 \u05d2\u05dd \u05de\u05d9 \u05e0\u05d7\u05e9\u05d1 \u05dc\u05d4\u05d5\u05d3\u05d9 \u05e2\u05dc \u05e4\u05d9 \u05d4\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7. \u05d4\u05d5\u05d0 \u05e7\u05d1\u05e2 \u05db\u05d9 \u05d4\u05d5\u05d3\u05d9 \u05d4\u05d5\u05d0 &quot;\u05db\u05dc \u05d0\u05d3\u05dd \u05d6\u05db\u05e8 \u05d1\u05e2\u05dc \u05d3\u05dd \u05d4\u05d5\u05d3\u05d9 \u05e9\u05e0\u05d7\u05e9\u05d1 \u05db\u05e9\u05d9\u05d9\u05da \u05dc\u05dc\u05d4 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\u05e7\u05d4<\/a> \u05de\u05e1\u05d5\u05d9\u05de\u05ea&quot;. \r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">\u05d4\u05de\u05e2\u05de\u05d3 \u05d4\u05d4\u05d5\u05d3\u05d9<\/a> \u05d7\u05dc \u05d2\u05dd \u05e2\u05dc &quot;\u05db\u05dc \u05d9\u05dc\u05d3 \u05e9\u05dc \u05d0\u05d3\u05dd \u05db\u05d6\u05d4&quot; \u05d5\u05e2\u05dc &quot;\u05db\u05dc \u05d0\u05d9\u05e9\u05d4 \u05e9\u05d4\u05d9\u05d0 \u05d0\u05d5 \u05d4\u05d9\u05d9\u05ea\u05d4 \u05e0\u05e9\u05d5\u05d0\u05d4 \u05db\u05d3\u05d9\u05df \u05dc\u05d0\u05d3\u05dd \u05db\u05d6\u05d4&quot;. \u05d0\u05d3\u05dd \u05d0\u05d9\u05d1\u05d3 \u05de\u05e2\u05de\u05d3 \u05d0\u05dd \u05e1\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05d0\u05ea \u05dc\u05d9\u05de\u05d5\u05d3\u05d9\u05d5 \u05d1\u05d0\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9\u05d1\u05e8\u05e1\u05d9\u05d8\u05d4, \r\n \u05d4\u05ea\u05d7\u05ea\u05df \u05e2\u05dd \u05d0\u05d3\u05dd \u05e9\u05d0\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5 \u05e1\u05d8\u05d8\u05d5\u05e1 (\u05d0\u05dd \u05d4\u05d9\u05d4 \u05d0\u05d9\u05e9\u05d4) \u05d0\u05d5, \u05de\u05e9\u05e0\u05ea 1876 \u05e2\u05d3 1880, \u05d4\u05e4\u05da \u05dc\u05e9\u05e8 \u05e0\u05d5 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/christianity\">\u05e6\u05e8\u05d9<\/a>, \u05e8\u05d5\u05e4\u05d0 \u05d0\u05d5 \u05e2\u05d5\u05e8\u05da \u05d3\u05d9\u05df. \u05d6\u05d4 \u05d4\u05d9\u05d4 \u05d9\u05d3\u05d5\u05e2 \u05d1\u05e9\u05dd \u05d6 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\">\u05db\u05d5\u05ea.<\/a> \r\n\u05e1\u05e2\u05d9\u05e3 112 \u05dc\u05d7\u05d5 <em>\u05e7 \u05d4\u05d4\u05d5\u05d3\u05d9<\/em> - \u05d4\u05de\u05db\u05d5\u05e0\u05d4 \u05e1\u05e2\u05d9\u05e3 &quot;\u05d6\u05db\u05d5\u05ea \u05d7\u05d5\u05d1\u05d4&quot; - \u05dc\u05d0 \u05d4\u05d5\u05e1\u05e8 \u05e2\u05d3 1961. \u05e0\u05d9\u05d4\u05d5\u05dc \u05d4\u05de\u05e2\u05de\u05d3 \u05d4\u05d9\u05d4 \u05db\u05dc\u05d9 \u05dc\u05d4\u05d8\u05de\u05e2\u05d4 \u05d5\u05d4\u05e8\u05e1 \u05ea\u05e8\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea\u05d9.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05d4\u05d5\u05d3\u05d9 \u05de\u05ea\u05d5\u05e7\u05df \u05d1\u05e9\u05e0\u05ea 1951<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p><em>\u05d4\u05ea\u05e7\u05d5\u05e4\u05d4 \u05e9\u05dc\u05d0\u05d7\u05e8 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/second-world-war-wwii\/\">\u05de\u05dc\u05d7\u05de\u05ea \u05d4\u05e2\u05d5\u05dc\u05dd \u05d4\u05e9\u05e0\u05d9\u05d9\u05d4 \u05db\u05dc\u05dc\u05d4 \u05d4\u05ea<\/a> \u05d1\u05d5\u05e0\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea \u05e4\u05e0\u05d9\u05de\u05d9\u05ea \u05d7\u05d1\u05e8\u05ea\u05d9\u05ea \u05e8\u05d1\u05d4 \u05d1\u05e7\u05e0\u05d3\u05d4, \u05d5\u05d4\u05d5\u05d1\u05d9\u05dc\u05d4 \u05dc\u05d1\u05d7\u05d9\u05e0\u05d4 \u05de\u05d7\u05d5\u05d3\u05e9\u05ea \u05e9\u05dc \u05db\u05de\u05d4 \u05de\u05d4\u05d0\u05de\u05e6\u05e2\u05d9\u05dd \u05d4\u05de\u05d2\u05d1\u05d9\u05dc\u05d9\u05dd \u05d5\u05d4\u05de\u05d3\u05db\u05d0\u05d9\u05dd \u05d9\u05d5\u05ea\u05e8 \u05e9\u05d4\u05d5\u05d8 \r\n \u05dc\u05d5 \u05e2\u05dc \u05d9\u05d3\u05d9 \u05d4\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05d4\u05d4\u05d5\u05d3\u05d9.<\/em> \u05e9\u05d5\u05e8\u05d4 \u05e9\u05dc \u05e8\u05e4\u05d5\u05e8\u05de\u05d5\u05ea \u05de\u05d5\u05e6\u05e2\u05d5\u05ea \u05e0\u05d3\u05d7\u05d5 \u05d0\u05d5 \u05d4\u05ea\u05e0\u05d2\u05d3 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">\u05d5<\/a> \u05e2\u05dc \u05d9\u05d3\u05d9 \u05e2\u05de\u05d9 \u05d4\u05d0\u05d5\u05de\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05e8\u05d0\u05e9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea \u05de\u05db\u05d9\u05d5\u05d5\u05df \u05e9\u05d4\u05dd \u05dc\u05d0 \u05d4\u05d9\u05d5 \u05de\u05e2\u05d5\u05e8\u05d1\u05d9\u05dd \r\n \u05d1\u05ea\u05d4\u05dc\u05d9\u05da. \u05db\u05ea\u05d5\u05e6\u05d0\u05d4 \u05de\u05db\u05da, \u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05dc\u05ea \u05e7\u05e0\u05d3\u05d4 \u05e9\u05d1\u05e8\u05d4 \u05d0\u05ea \u05d4\u05de\u05e1\u05d5\u05e8\u05ea \u05d5\u05d1\u05d0\u05de\u05e6\u05e2\u05d5\u05ea \u05ea\u05d4\u05dc\u05d9\u05da \u05d4\u05d5\u05d5\u05e2\u05d3\u05d4 \u05d4\u05de\u05e9\u05d5\u05ea\u05e4\u05ea \u05d4\u05ea\u05d9\u05d9\u05e2\u05e6\u05d4 \u05e2\u05dd \u05e7\u05d4\u05d9\u05dc\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05d0\u05d5\u05de\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05e8\u05d0\u05e9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea \u05d1\u05e4\u05e2\u05dd \u05d4\u05e8\u05d0\u05e9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d4 \u05d0\u05d9 \u05e4\u05e2\u05dd \u05d1\u05e0\u05d5\u05d2\u05e2 \u05dc\u05e9\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 <em>\u05d4\u05d4\u05d5\u05d3\u05d9<\/em>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05d4\u05d5\u05d3\u05d9 \u05d7\u05d3\u05e9 \u05d5\u05de\u05ea\u05d5\u05e7\u05df \u05e7\u05d9\u05d1\u05dc<\/em> \u05d4\u05e1\u05db\u05de\u05d4 \u05de\u05dc\u05db\u05d5\u05ea\u05d9\u05ea \u05d1- 20 \u05d1\u05d9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9 1951. \u05d4\u05e9\u05d9\u05e4\u05d5\u05e5 \u05e9\u05d4\u05ea\u05e7\u05d1\u05dc \u05d4\u05e1\u05d9\u05e8 \u05db\u05de\u05d4 \u05de\u05d4\u05de\u05d2\u05d1\u05dc\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05e4\u05d5\u05dc\u05d9\u05d8\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea, \u05d4\u05ea\u05e8\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d5\u05d4\u05d3\u05ea\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05e4\u05d5\u05d2\u05e2\u05e0\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d1\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea\u05e8. \u05dc\u05d3\u05d5\u05d2\u05de\u05d4, \u05d0\u05d9\u05e1\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd \u05e2\u05dc \u05d8\u05e7\u05e1\u05d9\u05dd \u05db\u05de\u05d5 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/potlatch\">\u05e4\u05d5\u05d8\u05dc\u05d8\u05e9 \u05d5\u05e8\u05d9\u05e7\u05d5\u05d3 \r\n<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sun-dance\">\u05d4\u05e9\u05de\u05e9 \u05d4\u05d5\u05e1\u05e8\u05d5<\/a>. \u05e7\u05d4\u05d9\u05dc\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05e6\u05dc\u05d9\u05d7\u05d5 \u05d2\u05dd \u05dc\u05d4\u05e2\u05dc\u05d5\u05ea \u05ea <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/land-claims\/\">\u05d1\u05d9\u05e2\u05d5\u05ea \u05e7\u05e8<\/a> \u05e7\u05e2\u05d5\u05ea \u05e0\u05d2\u05d3 \u05d4\u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05dc\u05d4. \r\n\u05e2\u05d1\u05d5\u05e8 \u05e0\u05e9\u05d9\u05dd \u05d4\u05d0\u05d5\u05de\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05e8\u05d0\u05e9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea, \u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 1951 \u05e4\u05d9\u05e8\u05d5\u05e9\u05d5 \u05e9\u05d4\u05df \u05d9\u05db\u05d5\u05dc\u05d5\u05ea \u05dc\u05d4\u05e6\u05d1\u05d9\u05e2 \u05db\u05e2\u05ea \u05d1\u05d1\u05d7\u05d9\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05dc\u05de\u05d5\u05e2\u05e6 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\u05ea \u05d4\u05dc\u05d4\u05e7\u05d4<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/elsie-knott\">\u05d0\u05dc\u05d6\u05d9 \u05de\u05d0\u05e8\u05d9 \u05e0\u05d5\u05d8 \u05d4\u05d9\u05d9\u05ea\u05d4 \u05d4\u05e0\u05d1\u05d7<\/a> \u05e8\u05ea \u05d4\u05e8\u05d0\u05e9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d4 \u05e9\u05e0\u05d1\u05d7\u05e8\u05d4 \u05dc\u05de\u05e4\u05e7\u05d3\u05ea \u05d4\u05d0\u05d5\u05de\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05e8\u05d0\u05e9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/chief\">\u05d1\u05e7\u05e0\u05d3\u05d4<\/a>. (<em>\u05e8\u05d0\u05d4 \u05d2\u05dd<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-women-and-the-franchise\">\u05e0\u05e9\u05d9\u05dd \u05d9\u05dc\u05d9\u05d3\u05d5\u05ea \u05d5\u05d4\u05d6\u05db\u05d9\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u05e2\u05dd \u05d6\u05d0\u05ea, \u05d4\u05ea\u05d9\u05e7\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd \u05dc\u05d0 \u05e4\u05d8\u05e8\u05d5 \u05d0\u05ea \u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05d4\u05d0\u05e4\u05dc\u05d9\u05d4. \u05dc\u05d3\u05d5\u05d2\u05de\u05d4, <em>\u05d4\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05d4\u05d4\u05d5\u05d3\u05d9 \u05d0\u05e1\u05e8 \u05e2\u05dc<\/em> \u05d0\u05e0\u05e9\u05d9 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">\u05de\u05e2\u05de\u05d3 \u05dc\u05d4\u05d7<\/a> \u05d6\u05d9\u05e7 \u05d1\u05d7\u05d5\u05de\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd \u05de\u05e9\u05db\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd \u05d0\u05d5 \u05dc\u05d4\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05e9\u05d9\u05db\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd. \r\n\u05d4\u05ea\u05d9\u05e7\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd \u05de\u05e9\u05e0\u05ea 1951 \u05d4\u05e2\u05e0\u05d9\u05e7\u05d5 \u05d2\u05dd \u05dc\u05de\u05d7\u05d5\u05d6\u05d5\u05ea \u05e1\u05de\u05db\u05d5\u05ea \u05e9\u05d9\u05e4\u05d5\u05d8 \u05e2\u05dc \u05e8\u05d5\u05d5\u05d7\u05ea <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/child-welfare\">\u05d9\u05dc\u05d3\u05d9\u05dd<\/a> \u05d9\u05dc\u05d9\u05d3\u05d9\u05dd (\u05e1\u05e2\u05d9\u05e3 88) \u05e9\u05dd \u05d0\u05e3 \u05d0\u05d7\u05d3 \u05dc\u05d0 \u05d4\u05d9\u05d4 \u05e7\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05e4\u05d3\u05e8\u05dc\u05d9. \u05d6\u05d4 \u05d0\u05d9\u05e4\u05e9\u05e8 \u05d1\u05e1\u05d5\u05e4\u05d5 \u05e9\u05dc \u05d3\u05d1\u05e8 \u05dc\u05d4\u05ea\u05e8\u05d7\u05e9 &quot;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sixties-scoop\">\u05e1\u05e7\u05d5\u05e4 \u05e9\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05e9\u05d9<\/a> \u05e9\u05d9\u05dd&quot;\r\n, \u05ea\u05d4\u05dc\u05d9\u05da \u05e9\u05d1\u05d0\u05de\u05e6\u05e2\u05d5\u05ea\u05d5 \u05d1\u05d7\u05e8\u05d5 \u05e1\u05d5\u05db\u05e0\u05d5\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05e8\u05d5\u05d5\u05d7\u05ea \u05d9\u05dc\u05d3\u05d9\u05dd \u05de\u05d7\u05d5\u05d6\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05dc\u05d4\u05d5\u05e6\u05d9\u05d0 \u05d9\u05dc\u05d3\u05d9\u05dd \u05de\u05d1\u05ea\u05d9\u05d4\u05dd \u05d1\u05de\u05e7\u05d5\u05dd \u05dc\u05e1\u05e4\u05e7 \u05de\u05e9\u05d0\u05d1\u05d9\u05dd \u05d5\u05ea\u05de\u05d9\u05db\u05d4 \u05e7\u05d4\u05d9\u05dc\u05ea\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd. \u05dc\u05e1\u05e7\u05d5\u05e4 \u05e9\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05e9\u05d9\u05e9\u05d9\u05dd \u05d4\u05d9\u05d5 \u05d4\u05e9\u05e4\u05e2\u05d5\u05ea \u05e0\u05d9\u05db\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05d5\u05d0\u05e8\u05d5\u05db\u05d5\u05ea \u05d8\u05d5\u05d5\u05d7 \u05e2\u05dc \u05e7\u05d4\u05d9\u05dc\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05d9\u05dc\u05d9\u05d3\u05d9\u05dd.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u05d9\u05ea\u05e8 \u05e2\u05dc \u05db\u05df, \u05d4\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05d4\u05d7\u05d3\u05e9 \u05dc\u05d0 \u05d1\u05d9\u05d8\u05dc \u05d0\u05ea \u05d4\u05d0\u05d5\u05e4\u05d9 \u05d4\u05de\u05e4\u05dc\u05d4 \u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05de\u05e2 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian\">\u05de\u05d3 \u05d4\u05d4\u05d5\u05d3\u05d9<\/a>. \u05d4\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05d4\u05d7\u05dc\u05d9\u05e3 \u05d0\u05ea \u05d4\u05de\u05d5\u05e9\u05d2 &quot;\u05d3\u05dd \u05d4\u05d5\u05d3\u05d9&quot; \u05d1\u05d0\u05d7\u05d3 \u05e9\u05dc \u05de\u05e2\u05de\u05d3 \u05d1\u05d0\u05de\u05e6\u05e2\u05d5\u05ea \u05e8\u05d9\u05e9\u05d5\u05dd. \r\n\u05d1\u05de\u05d9\u05dc\u05d9\u05dd \u05d0\u05d7\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea, \u05e4\u05e9\u05d5\u05d8 \u05d4\u05de\u05d5\u05e8\u05e9\u05ea \u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05d0\u05d5\u05de\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05e8\u05d0\u05e9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea \u05dc\u05d0 \u05d4\u05e1\u05e4\u05d9\u05e7\u05d4 \u05db\u05d3\u05d9 \u05dc\u05d4\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d6\u05db\u05d0\u05d9 \u05dc\u05de\u05e2\u05de\u05d3. \u05e2\u05dd \u05d6\u05d0\u05ea, \u05e7\u05d5\u05d5\u05d9 \u05d4\u05de\u05d5\u05e6\u05d0 \u05d4\u05d2\u05d1\u05e8\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05e2\u05d3\u05d9\u05d9\u05df \u05d4\u05d9\u05d5 \u05de\u05d9\u05d5\u05d7\u05e1\u05d9\u05dd; \u05e0\u05e9\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05e2\u05dc\u05d5\u05ea \u05de\u05e2\u05de\u05d3 \u05d0\u05d9\u05d1\u05d3\u05d5 \u05d0\u05ea \u05d6\u05db\u05d5\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea\u05d9\u05d4\u05df \u05d0\u05dd \u05d4\u05ea\u05d7\u05ea\u05e0\u05d5 \u05e2\u05dd \u05d0\u05d3\u05dd \u05e9\u05d0\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5 \u05de\u05e2\u05de\u05d3. (<em>\u05e8\u05d0\u05d4 \u05d2\u05dd<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/women-and-the-indian-act\">\u05e0\u05e9\u05d9\u05dd \u05d5\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05d4\u05d4\u05d5\u05d3\u05d9<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u05d4\u05d4\u05d5\u05e8\u05d0\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05e0\u05d5\u05d2\u05e2\u05d5\u05ea \u05dc\u05de\u05e2\u05de\u05d3\u05d4 \u05e9\u05dc \u05d0\u05d9\u05e9\u05d4 \u05d4\u05d9\u05d5 \u05e7\u05d9\u05e6\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d1\u05de\u05d9\u05d5\u05d7\u05d3. \u05d6\u05db\u05d5\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05de\u05e2\u05de\u05d3 \u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05d0\u05d9\u05e9\u05d4 \u05d6\u05e8\u05de\u05d5 \u05dc\u05d7\u05dc\u05d5\u05d8\u05d9\u05df \u05d3\u05e8\u05da \u05d1\u05e2\u05dc\u05d4. \u05d0\u05d9\u05e9\u05d4 \u05dc\u05dc\u05d0 \u05de\u05e2\u05de\u05d3 \u05e9\u05d4\u05ea\u05d7\u05ea\u05e0\u05d4 \u05e2\u05dd \u05d2\u05d1\u05e8 \u05d1\u05e2\u05dc \u05de\u05e2\u05de\u05d3 \u05ea\u05e7\u05d1\u05dc \u05de\u05e2\u05de\u05d3 \u05d1\u05e2\u05e6\u05de\u05d4. \u05d0\u05e9\u05ea \u05e1\u05d8\u05d8\u05d5\u05e1 \u05e9\u05d4\u05ea\u05d7\u05ea\u05e0\u05d4 \u05e2\u05dd \u05d2\u05d1\u05e8 \u05e1\u05d8\u05d8\u05d5\u05e1 \u05d4\u05d9\u05d9\u05ea\u05d4 \u05e7\u05e9\u05d5\u05e8\u05d4 \u05dc\u05d7\u05d1\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4 \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\u05dc\u05d4\u05e7\u05d4<\/a> \u05e9\u05dc\u05d4 \u05db\u05da \u05e9\u05d4\u05d9\u05d0 \u05db\u05d1\u05e8 \u05dc\u05d0 \u05d4\u05d9\u05d9\u05ea\u05d4 \u05d7\u05d1\u05e8\u05d4 \u05d1\u05dc\u05d4\u05e7\u05d4 \u05e9\u05dc\u05d4, \u05d5\u05d4\u05d9\u05d0 \u05d0\u05d9\u05d1\u05d3\u05d4 \u05d0\u05ea \u05de\u05e2\u05de\u05d3\u05d4 \u05dc\u05d7\u05dc\u05d5\u05d8\u05d9\u05df \u05d0\u05dd \u05d4\u05ea\u05d0\u05dc\u05de\u05e0\u05d4 \u05d0\u05d5 \u05e0\u05e0\u05d8\u05e9\u05d4 \u05e2\u05dc \u05d9\u05d3\u05d9 \u05d1\u05e2\u05dc\u05d4.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>\u05d4\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05d4\u05d4\u05d5\u05d3\u05d9 \u05de\u05e9\u05e0\u05ea<\/em> 1951 \u05d4\u05e6\u05d9\u05d2 \u05d2\u05dd \u05d0\u05ea \u05db\u05dc\u05dc &quot;\u05d4\u05d0\u05dd \u05d4\u05db\u05e4\u05d5\u05dc\u05d4&quot;, \u05e9\u05d1\u05d9\u05d8\u05dc \u05d0\u05ea \u05de\u05e2\u05de\u05d3\u05d5 \u05e9\u05dc \u05d9\u05dc\u05d3 \u05d1\u05d9\u05d5\u05dd \u05d4\u05d5\u05dc\u05d3\u05ea\u05d5 \u05d4 -21 \u05d0\u05dd \u05d2\u05dd \u05d0\u05de\u05dd \u05d5\u05d2\u05dd \u05e1\u05d1\u05ea\u05dd \u05dc\u05d0 \u05d4\u05d9\u05d5 \u05db\u05e9\u05d9\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd \u05dc\u05de\u05e2\u05de\u05d3. \u05d4\u05d5 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/royal-commission-on-aboriginal-peoples\">\u05d5\u05e2\u05d3\u05d4 \u05d4\u05de\u05dc\u05db\u05d5\u05ea\u05d9\u05ea \u05dc\u05e2\u05de\u05d9\u05dd \u05d0\u05d1<\/a> \u05d5\u05e8\u05d9\u05d2&#39;\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05e9\u05e0\u05ea 1996 \u05e6\u05d9\u05d9\u05e0\u05d4 \u05db\u05d9 \u05d4\u05ea\u05d9\u05e7\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd \u05d4\u05db\u05dc\u05d5\u05dc\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05e9\u05d9\u05e4\u05d5\u05e5 1951 \u05e2\u05e9\u05d5 \u05de\u05e2\u05d8 \u05d0\u05da \u05d4\u05d7\u05d6\u05d9\u05e8\u05d5 \u05d0\u05ea <em>\u05d4\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05d4\u05d4\u05d5\u05d3\u05d9<\/em> \u05dc\u05de\u05e6\u05d1\u05d5 \u05de\u05e9\u05e0\u05ea 1876, \u05d1\u05e2\u05d5\u05d3 \u05e9\u05d4\u05d4\u05d2\u05d1\u05dc\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05e0\u05d5\u05e1\u05e4\u05d5\u05ea \u05e2\u05dc \u05d4\u05e2\u05d1\u05e8\u05ea \u05d4\u05de\u05e2\u05de\u05d3 \u05e4\u05d2\u05e2\u05d5 \u05d1\u05e0\u05e9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05d0\u05d5\u05de\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05e8\u05d0\u05e9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea \u05d5\u05d9\u05dc\u05d3\u05d9\u05d4\u05df.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u05d3\u05e8\u05d9\u05e9\u05d4 \u05dc\u05e9\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5\u05d9 \u05d1\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05d4\u05d4\u05d5\u05d3\u05d9, \u05e9\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05e9\u05d9\u05e9\u05d9\u05dd \u05d5\u05d4\u05e9\u05d1\u05e2\u05d9\u05dd<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p><em>\u05d4\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05d4\u05d4\u05d5\u05d3\u05d9 \u05de\u05e9\u05e0\u05ea<\/em> 1951 \u05dc\u05d0 \u05e9\u05d9\u05e0\u05d4 \u05d0\u05ea \u05ea\u05d4\u05dc\u05d9\u05da \u05d4\u05d6 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\">\u05db\u05d5\u05ea \u05dc\u05e2\u05de\u05d9\u05dd \u05d4\u05d9\u05dc\u05d9<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">\u05d3\u05d9\u05dd, \r\n \u05d5\u05d2\u05dd<\/a> \u05dc\u05d0 \u05d0\u05d9\u05e4\u05e9\u05e8 \u05d0\u05ea \u05d6 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/franchise\">\u05db\u05d5\u05ea<\/a> \u05d4\u05d4\u05e6\u05d1\u05e2\u05d4. \u05e2\u05dd \u05d6\u05d0\u05ea, \u05d1\u05ea\u05d7\u05d9\u05dc\u05ea 1958 \u05d4\u05d7\u05dc\u05d4 \r\n \u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05dc\u05ea\u05d5 \u05e9\u05dc \u05e8\u05d0\u05e9 \u05d4\u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05dc\u05d4 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/john-diefenbaker\">\u05d2&#39;\u05d5\u05df \u05d3\u05d9\u05e4\u05e0\u05d1\u05d9\u05d9\u05e7\u05e8 \u05dc\u05e0\u05e1<\/a> \u05d7 \u05d0\u05ea \u05de\u05d2\u05d9\u05dc\u05ea \u05d4\u05d6\u05db\u05d5\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05e7 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/canadian-bill-of-rights\/\">\u05e0\u05d3\u05d9\u05ea<\/a>. \u05e2\u05dd \u05d4\u05d3\u05d2\u05e9 \u05e9\u05dc \u05de\u05d2\u05d9\u05dc\u05ea \u05d4\u05d6\u05db\u05d5\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05e2\u05dc \u05e9\u05d5\u05d5\u05d9\u05d5\u05df \u05d6\u05db\u05d5\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05dc\u05db\u05dc \u05d4\u05e7\u05e0\u05d3\u05d9\u05dd, \u05db\u05de\u05e2\u05d8 \u05d5\u05dc\u05d0 \u05e0\u05d9\u05ea\u05df \u05d4\u05d9\u05d4 \u05dc\u05e9\u05dc\u05d5\u05dc \u05de\u05d4\u05e2\u05de\u05d9\u05dd \u05d4\u05d9\u05dc\u05d9\u05d3\u05d9\u05dd \r\n \u05d0\u05ea \u05d6\u05db\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05d4\u05e6\u05d1\u05e2\u05d4. \u05d1- 31 \u05d1\u05de\u05e8\u05e5 1960 \u05d1\u05d5\u05d8\u05dc\u05d5 \u05d7\u05dc\u05e7\u05d9\u05dd \u05de\u05e1\u05e2\u05d9\u05e3 14 (2) \u05dc\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05d4\u05d1\u05d7\u05d9 <em>\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05d1\u05e7\u05e0\u05d3\u05d4<\/em> \u05e2\u05dc \u05de\u05e0\u05ea \u05dc\u05d4\u05e2\u05e0\u05d9\u05e7 \u05d0\u05ea \u05d4\u05d4\u05e6\u05d1\u05e2\u05d4 \u05d4\u05e4\u05d3\u05e8\u05dc\u05d9\u05ea \u05dc\u05d0\u05d9\u05e0 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">\u05d3\u05d9\u05d0\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05e1\u05d8\u05d8\u05d5\u05e1<\/a>. \r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">\u05d0\u05e0\u05e9\u05d9 \u05d4\u05d0\u05d5\u05de\u05d5\u05ea<\/a> \u05d4\u05e8\u05d0\u05e9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea \u05d9\u05db\u05dc\u05d5 \u05db\u05e2\u05ea \u05dc\u05d4\u05e6\u05d1\u05d9\u05e2 \u05de\u05d1\u05dc\u05d9 \u05dc\u05d0\u05d1\u05d3 \u05d0\u05ea \u05de\u05e2\u05de\u05d3\u05dd. \u05d1\u05e9\u05e0\u05d4 \u05e9\u05dc\u05d0\u05d7\u05e8 \u05de\u05db\u05df \u05d4\u05d5\u05e1\u05e8 \u05e1\u05e2\u05d9\u05e3 \u05d4\u05d6\u05d9\u05db\u05d9\u05d5\u05df \u05d4\u05d7\u05d5\u05d1\u05d4 \u05d1\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 <em>\u05d4\u05d4\u05d5\u05d3\u05d9.<\/em> (<em>\u05e8\u05d0\u05d4 \u05d2\u05dd \u05d6\u05db\u05d5\u05ea<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-suffrage\">\u05d1\u05d7\u05d9\u05e8\u05d4 \u05d9\u05dc\u05d9\u05d3\u05d9\u05ea \u05d1\u05e7\u05e0\u05d3\u05d4<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u05d1\u05e9\u05e0\u05ea 1969 \u05e4\u05e8\u05e1\u05de\u05d4 \u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05dc\u05ea \u05e8\u05d0\u05e9 \u05d4\u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05dc\u05d4 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/pierre-elliott-trudeau\/\">\u05e4\u05d9\u05d9\u05e8 \u05d0\u05dc\u05d9\u05d5\u05d8 \u05d8\u05e8\u05d5\u05d3\u05d5 \u05d0\u05ea \u05d4\u05e1\u05e4\u05e8 \u05d4<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/the-white-paper-1969\/\">\u05dc\u05d1\u05df \u05e9\u05dc\u05d4, \r\n \u05e9\u05d4\u05db\u05e8\u05d9<\/a> \u05d6 \u05e2\u05dc \u05db\u05d5\u05d5\u05e0\u05ea\u05d4 \u05dc\u05d7\u05e1\u05dc \u05dc\u05d7\u05dc\u05d5\u05d8\u05d9\u05df \u05d0\u05ea \u05d4\u05de\u05e2\u05de\u05d3 \u05d4\u05d4\u05d5\u05d3\u05d9 \u05d5\u05d0\u05ea \u05d4\u05de\u05d7 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-affairs-and-northern-development-canada\">\u05dc\u05e7\u05d4 \u05dc\u05e2\u05e0\u05d9\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9 \u05d4\u05d5\u05d3\u05d5<\/a>. \u05d4\u05e1\u05e4\u05e8 \u05d4\u05dc\u05d1\u05df \u05d6\u05db\u05d4 \u05dc\u05d6\u05e2\u05dd \u05de\u05e6\u05d3 \u05e2\u05de\u05d9 \u05d4\u05d0\u05d5\u05de\u05d5\u05ea \r\n \u05d4\u05e8\u05d0\u05e9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea \u05d5\u05e0\u05ea\u05e0\u05d2\u05d3 \u05de\u05d9\u05d3 \u05e2\u05dc \u05d9\u05d3\u05d9 &quot;\u05d4\u05e0\u05d9\u05d9\u05e8 \u05d4\u05d0\u05d3\u05d5\u05de\u05d4&quot;, \u05e9\u05e0\u05d5\u05e6\u05e8 \u05d5\u05d4\u05d5\u05e6\u05d2 \u05e2\u05dc \u05d9\u05d3\u05d9 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/harold-cardinal\/\">\u05d4\u05e8\u05d5\u05dc\u05d3 \u05e7\u05e8\u05d3\u05d9\u05e0\u05dc<\/a>, \u05e0\u05e9\u05d9\u05d0 \u05d4\u05d0\u05d2\u05d5\u05d3\u05d4 \u05d4\u05d4\u05d5\u05d3\u05d9\u05ea \u05e9\u05dc \u05d0\u05dc\u05d1\u05e8\u05d8\u05d4 \u05d3\u05d0\u05d6. \r\n\u05d1\u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05d4\u05ea\u05e0\u05d2\u05d3\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05e2\u05d6\u05d4 \u05d5\u05d4\u05de\u05ea\u05de\u05e9\u05db\u05ea \u05e9\u05dc \u05e7\u05d1\u05d5\u05e6\u05d5\u05ea \u05d9\u05dc\u05d9\u05d3\u05d9\u05dd \u05d5\u05ea\u05d5\u05de\u05db\u05d9\u05d4\u05df, \u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05dc\u05ea \u05e7\u05e0\u05d3\u05d4 \u05de\u05e9\u05db\u05d4 \u05d1\u05de\u05d4\u05d9\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05d0\u05ea \u05d4\u05e1\u05e4\u05e8 \u05d4\u05dc\u05d1\u05df.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u05e0\u05e9\u05d9\u05dd \u05d9\u05dc\u05d9\u05d3\u05d5\u05ea \u05e8\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea \u05d1\u05ea\u05e7\u05d5\u05e4\u05d4 \u05d6\u05d5 \u05e0\u05dc\u05d7\u05de\u05d5 \u05dc\u05e9\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5\u05d9 \u05e1\u05e2\u05d9\u05e4\u05d9\u05dd \u05de\u05e4\u05dc\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05d7\u05d5 <em>\u05e7 \u05d4\u05d4\u05d5\u05d3\u05d9<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mary-two-axe-earley\">\u05de\u05e8\u05d9 \u05d3\u05d5-\u05d2\u05e8\u05d6\u05df \u05d0\u05e8\u05dc\u05d9 \u05d4\u05d9\u05d9\u05ea\u05d4<\/a> \u05d0\u05d7\u05ea \u05d4\u05e4\u05e2\u05d9\u05dc\u05d9\u05dd \u05d4\u05de\u05d5\u05e7\u05d3\u05de\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea\u05e8. \r\n\u05d1\u05e0\u05d5\u05e1\u05e3 \u05dc\u05e2\u05d1\u05d5\u05d3\u05d5\u05ea \u05d0\u05d7\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea, \u05d4\u05d9\u05d0 \u05d2\u05d9\u05d9\u05e1\u05d4 \u05e9\u05d5\u05e8\u05d4 \u05e9\u05dc \u05e7\u05de\u05e4\u05d9\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd \u05dc\u05d3\u05d9\u05d1\u05d5\u05e8 \u05d5\u05db\u05ea\u05d9\u05d1\u05d4 \u05dc\u05d4\u05e2\u05dc\u05d0\u05ea \u05e4\u05e8\u05d5\u05e4\u05d9\u05dc \u05d4\u05d4\u05ea\u05e2\u05dc\u05dc\u05d5\u05ea \u05de\u05e6\u05d3 \u05e0\u05e9\u05d9\u05dd \u05e9\u05e0\u05e9\u05dc\u05dc\u05d5 \u05de\u05d4\u05df \u05de\u05e2\u05de\u05d3, \u05d0\u05de\u05e0\u05d4 \u05d5\u05d6\u05db\u05d5\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05e7\u05e0\u05d9\u05d9\u05df \u05e2\u05dc \u05e4\u05d9 \u05d4\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7. \u05d0\u05d9\u05d1\u05d5\u05df \u05d1\u05d3 <a name=\"_Hlk39573469\">\u05d0\u05e8\u05d3 \u05d5 \r\n \u05d2&#39;\u05e0\u05d8<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/jeannette-vivian-lavell\">\u05e7\u05d5\u05e8\u05d1\u05d9\u05d9\u05e8 \u05dc\u05d0\u05d1\u05dc, \u05e9\u05ea\u05d9\u05d4\u05df \u05d0\u05d9\u05d1\u05d3\u05d5 \u05d0\u05ea \u05de\u05e2\u05de\u05d3\u05dd<\/a> \u05d1\u05d2\u05dc\u05dc \u05e0\u05d9\u05e9\u05d5\u05d0\u05d9\u05df, \u05d4\u05d1\u05d9\u05d0\u05d5 \u05ea\u05d9\u05e7\u05d9\u05dd \u05dc\u05d1\u05d9\u05ea \u05d4\u05de\u05e9\u05e4\u05d8 \u05e0\u05d2\u05d3 \u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05dc\u05ea \u05e7\u05e0\u05d3\u05d4. \u05d1\u05e9\u05e0\u05ea 1973 \u05d4\u05ea\u05de\u05d6\u05d2\u05d5 \u05d4\u05ea\u05d9\u05e7\u05d9\u05dd \r\n \u05e9\u05dc\u05d4\u05dd \u05d1\u05d1\u05d9\u05ea <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/supreme-court-of-canada\/\">\u05d4\u05de\u05e9\u05e4\u05d8 \u05d4\u05e2\u05dc\u05d9\u05d5\u05df \u05e9\u05dc \u05e7\u05e0\u05d3\u05d4<\/a>. \u05d1\u05d0\u05d5\u05ea\u05d4 \u05e9\u05e0\u05d4 \u05d6\u05db\u05d4 \u05d1\u05d9\u05ea \u05d4\u05de\u05e9\u05e4\u05d8 \u05dc\u05d1\u05d9\u05e7\u05d5\u05e8\u05ea \u05e0\u05e8\u05d7\u05d1\u05ea \u05e2\u05dc \u05db\u05da \u05e9\u05e4\u05e1\u05e7 \u05db\u05d9 \u05d4\u05d7\u05dc\u05e7 \u05d1\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05e9\u05e7\u05e9\u05e8 \u05d1\u05d9\u05df \u05de\u05e2\u05de\u05d3 \u05d4\u05d0\u05d9\u05e9\u05d4 \u05dc\u05de\u05e2\u05de\u05d3 \u05e9\u05dc \u05d1\u05e2\u05dc\u05d4 \u05d0\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5 \r\n \u05de\u05e4\u05dc\u05d4 \u05e0\u05e9\u05d9\u05dd, \u05dc\u05de\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05e9\u05d2\u05d1\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05de\u05e2\u05de\u05d3 \u05e9\u05de\u05e8\u05d5 \u05e2\u05dc \u05de\u05e2\u05de\u05d3\u05dd \u05d0\u05dd \u05d4\u05dd &quot;\u05d4\u05ea\u05d7\u05ea\u05e0\u05d5&quot;. (<em>\u05e8\u05d0\u05d4 \u05d2\u05dd \u05de\u05e7\u05e8\u05d4 \r\n<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/bedard-case\">\u05d1\u05d3\u05d0\u05e8\u05d3 \u05d5\u05ea\u05d9\u05e7 \u05dc\u05d0<\/a> \u05d1\u05dc<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/lavell-case\">.)<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u05d1\u05e9\u05e0\u05ea 1981 \u05e7\u05d1\u05e2\u05d4 \u05d5\u05e2\u05d3\u05ea \u05d6\u05db\u05d5\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05d0\u05d3\u05dd \u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05d0\u05d5&quot;\u05dd \u05db\u05d9 \u05e7\u05e0\u05d3\u05d4 \u05d4\u05e4\u05e8\u05d4 \u05d0\u05ea \u05e1\u05e2\u05d9\u05e3 27 \u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05d0\u05de\u05e0\u05d4 \u05d4\u05d1\u05d9\u05e0 <em>\u05dc\u05d0\u05d5\u05de\u05d9\u05ea \u05dc\u05d6\u05db\u05d5\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d0\u05d6\u05e8\u05d7\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d5\u05e4\u05d5\u05dc\u05d9<\/em> \u05d8\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d1\u05de\u05e7\u05e8\u05d4 \u05e9\u05dc <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sandra-lovelace-nicholas\">\u05e1\u05e0\u05d3\u05e8\u05d4 \u05dc\u05d0\u05d1\u05dc\u05d0\u05e1 \u05e0\u05d9\u05e7\u05d5\u05dc\u05e1<\/a> - \r\n \u05d0\u05d9\u05e9\u05d4 \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/maliseet\">\u05d5\u05d5\u05dc\u05e1\u05d8\u05d5\u05e7\u05d9\u05d9\u05e7 \u05e9\u05d0\u05d9\u05d1\u05d3\u05d4 \u05d0\u05ea \u05de\u05e2\u05de\u05d3\u05d4 \u05d1\u05d0\u05de\u05e6\u05e2\u05d5\u05ea<\/a> \u05e0\u05d9\u05e9\u05d5\u05d0\u05d9\u05df. \u05d4\u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05dc\u05d4 \u05de\u05e0\u05e2\u05d4 \u05de\u05e1\u05e0\u05d3\u05e8\u05d4 \u05dc\u05d7\u05d6\u05d5\u05e8 \u05dc\u05e7\u05d4\u05d9\u05dc\u05ea \u05d4\u05d1\u05d9\u05ea \u05e9\u05dc\u05d4 \u05de\u05db\u05d9\u05d5\u05d5\u05df \u05e9\u05e2\u05dc \u05e4\u05d9 <em>\u05d4\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05d4\u05d4\u05d5\u05d3\u05d9<\/em> \r\n \u05d4\u05d9\u05d0 \u05d4\u05ea\u05d7\u05ea\u05e0\u05d4 \u05d5\u05db\u05d1\u05e8 \u05dc\u05d0 \u05e0\u05d7\u05e9\u05d1\u05d4 \u05dc\u05d7\u05d1\u05e8\u05d4 \u05d1 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\u05dc\u05d4\u05e7\u05d4<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u05d4\u05e6\u05e2\u05ea \u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 C-31: \u05ea\u05d9\u05e7\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd \u05de\u05e9\u05e0\u05ea 1985 \u05dc\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05d4\u05d4\u05d5\u05d3\u05d9<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\u05d1\u05e9\u05e0\u05ea 1985, \u05d1\u05ea\u05d2\u05d5\u05d1\u05d4 \u05dc\u05d3\u05d0\u05d2\u05d4 \u05d4\u05dc\u05d0\u05d5\u05de\u05d9\u05ea \u05d5\u05d4\u05d1\u05d9\u05e0\u05dc\u05d0\u05d5\u05de\u05d9\u05ea \u05d4\u05d2\u05d5\u05d1\u05e8\u05ea \u05de\u05d7\u05d5\u05e1\u05e8 \u05d4\u05e9\u05d5\u05d5\u05d9\u05d5\u05df \u05d1\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 <em>\u05d4\u05d4\u05d5\u05d3\u05d9, \u05d4\u05e2<\/em> \u05d1\u05d9\u05e8\u05d4 \u05d4\u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05dc\u05d4 \u05d0\u05ea \u05d4\u05e6\u05e2\u05ea <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/bill-c-31\">\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 C-31<\/a>. \u05d4\u05e6\u05e2\u05ea \u05d4\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05d4\u05e1\u05d9\u05e8\u05d4 \u05d1\u05de\u05dc\u05d5\u05d0\u05d4 \u05d0\u05ea \u05db\u05dc \u05e1 \r\n \u05e2\u05d9\u05e4\u05d9 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\">\u05d4\u05d6\u05db\u05d5\u05ea \u05e9\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea\u05e8\u05d5.<\/a> \u05d1\u05e0\u05d5\u05e1\u05e3, \u05d0\u05dc\u05d4 \u05e9\u05d0\u05d9\u05d1\u05d3\u05d5 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">\u05de\u05e2\u05de\u05d3<\/a> \u05d1\u05d0\u05de\u05e6\u05e2\u05d5\u05ea \u05e0\u05d9\u05e9\u05d5\u05d0\u05d9\u05df \u05d4\u05d5\u05d7\u05d6 \r\n \u05e8\u05d5 \u05db\u05d0\u05d9\u05e0\u05d3\u05d9\u05d0\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd \u05e1\u05d8\u05d8\u05d5\u05e1 \u05d5\u05db\u05d7\u05d1\u05e8\u05d9 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\u05dc\u05d4\u05e7\u05d4<\/a>. \u05d9\u05dc\u05d3\u05d9\u05d4\u05dd \u05e7\u05d9\u05d1\u05dc\u05d5 \u05de\u05e2\u05de\u05d3, \u05d0\u05da \u05dc\u05d0 \u05d6\u05db\u05d5 \u05dc\u05d7\u05d1\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05d1\u05dc\u05d4\u05e7\u05d4 \u05d1\u05de\u05e9\u05da \u05e9\u05e0\u05ea\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd. \u05de\u05e8\u05d5\u05d5\u05d7 \u05d6\u05d4 \u05e0\u05d5\u05e2\u05d3 \u05dc\u05ea\u05ea \u05dc\u05dc\u05d4\u05e7\u05d5\u05ea \u05d6\u05de\u05df \r\n \u05dc\u05d9\u05e6\u05d5\u05e8 \u05e7\u05d5\u05d3\u05d9 \u05d7\u05d1\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05de\u05e9\u05dc\u05d4\u05df, \u05e9\u05d9\u05db\u05d5\u05dc\u05d9\u05dd \u05dc\u05d4\u05d5\u05e6\u05d9\u05d0 \u05d0\u05ea \u05d4\u05d9\u05dc\u05d3\u05d9\u05dd, \u05d0\u05da \u05dc\u05d0 \u05d0\u05ea \u05d0\u05de\u05d4\u05d5\u05ea\u05d9\u05d4\u05dd. \u05d0\u05dd \u05e7\u05d5\u05d3 \u05db\u05d6\u05d4 \u05dc\u05d0 \u05e2\u05d1\u05e8 \u05dc\u05e4\u05e0\u05d9 \u05d9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9 1987, \u05d4\u05d9\u05dc\u05d3\u05d9\u05dd \u05d6\u05db\u05d5 \u05d2\u05dd \u05dc\u05d7\u05d1\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05d1\u05dc\u05d4\u05e7\u05d4. \u05e2\u05dd \u05e9\u05dc\u05d9\u05d8\u05d4 \u05e8\u05d1\u05d4 \u05d9\u05d5\u05ea\u05e8 \u05d1\u05e8\u05e9\u05d9\u05de\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05d7\u05d1\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea, \u05dc\u05dc\u05d4\u05e7\u05d5\u05ea \u05d9\u05db\u05d5\u05dc\u05d9\u05dd \u05dc\u05d4\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d7\u05d1\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd \u05e9\u05d0\u05d9\u05e0\u05dd \u05e1\u05d8\u05d8\u05d5\u05e1\r\n. \u05e2\u05dd \u05d6\u05d0\u05ea, \u05de\u05db\u05d9\u05d5\u05d5\u05df \u05e9\u05d4\u05de\u05d9\u05de\u05d5\u05df \u05d1\u05d0\u05de\u05e6\u05e2\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05dc\u05d4 \u05d4\u05e4\u05d3\u05e8\u05dc\u05d9\u05ea \u05de\u05d1\u05d5\u05e1\u05e1 \u05e2\u05dc \u05d7\u05d1\u05e8\u05d9 \u05e1\u05d8\u05d8\u05d5\u05e1, \u05d9\u05e9 \u05ea\u05de\u05e8\u05d9\u05e5 \u05de\u05d5\u05e2\u05d8 \u05dc\u05dc\u05d4\u05e7\u05d5\u05ea \u05dc\u05d4\u05d7\u05d6\u05d9\u05e7 \u05d7\u05d1\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd \u05e8\u05d1\u05d9\u05dd \u05e9\u05d0\u05d9\u05e0\u05dd \u05e1\u05d8\u05d8\u05d5\u05e1.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u05de\u05d0\u05d6 \u05d4\u05d5\u05db\u05e0\u05e1\u05d5 \u05d4\u05ea\u05d9\u05e7 <em>\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd \u05dc\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05d4\u05d4\u05d5\u05d3\u05d9<\/em> \u05d1\u05e9\u05e0\u05ea 1985, \u05de\u05e1\u05e4\u05e8 \u05d4\u05d4\u05d5\u05d3\u05d9\u05dd \u05d4\u05e8\u05e9\u05d5\u05de\u05d9\u05dd \u05d4\u05d5\u05db\u05e4\u05dc \u05d9\u05d5\u05ea\u05e8 \u05de\u05db\u05e4\u05d9\u05dc \u05d0\u05ea \u05e2\u05e6\u05de\u05d5, \u05de\u05db -360,000 \u05d1\u05e9\u05e0\u05ea 1985 \u05dc\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea\u05e8 \u05de -778,000 \u05d1\u05e9\u05e0\u05ea 2007. \u05d4\u05e2\u05dc\u05d9\u05d9\u05d4 \u05d4\u05d9\u05d0 \u05ea\u05d5\u05e6\u05d0\u05d4 \u05e9\u05dc \u05d9\u05d5\u05ea\u05e8 \u05dc\u05d9\u05d3\u05d5\u05ea \u05e2\u05dc \u05e4\u05e0\u05d9 \u05de\u05e7\u05e8\u05d9 \u05de\u05d5\u05d5\u05ea \r\n \u05d5\u05db\u05df \u05d1\u05d0\u05de\u05e6\u05e2\u05d5\u05ea \u05de\u05e2\u05de\u05d3 \u05d4\u05d5\u05d3\u05d9 &quot;\u05e9\u05d4\u05d5\u05d7\u05d6\u05e8&quot;.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u05e2\u05dd \u05d6\u05d0\u05ea, \u05d1\u05e2\u05d5\u05d3 \u05e9\u05d4\u05ea\u05d9\u05e7\u05d5\u05df \u05d4\u05ea\u05d9\u05d9 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/prejudice-and-discrimination\">\u05d7\u05e1 \u05dc\u05d0\u05e4\u05dc\u05d9\u05d4<\/a> \u05e0\u05d2\u05d3 \u05e0\u05e9\u05d9\u05dd, \u05d4\u05d5\u05d0 \u05d2\u05dd \u05d9\u05e6\u05e8 \u05db\u05de\u05d4 \u05d1\u05e2\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea. \u05d1\u05d9\u05dc C-31 \u05d9\u05e6\u05e8 \u05e9\u05ea\u05d9 \u05e7\u05d8\u05d2\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05e9\u05dc \u05e8\u05d9\u05e9\u05d5\u05dd <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian\">\u05d4\u05d5\u05d3\u05d9<\/a>. \u05d4\u05e8\u05d0\u05e9\u05d5\u05df, \u05d4\u05de\u05db\u05d5\u05e0\u05d4 \u05e1\u05e2\u05d9\u05e3 6 (1), \u05d7\u05dc \u05db\u05d0\u05e9\u05e8 \u05e9\u05e0\u05d9 \u05d4\u05d4\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd \u05d6\u05db\u05d0\u05d9\u05dd \u05d0\u05d5 \u05d4\u05d9\u05d5 \u05d6\u05db\u05d0\u05d9\u05dd \u05dc\u05e8\u05d9\u05e9\u05d5\u05dd. (\u05e1\u05e2\u05d9\u05e3 \u05d6\u05d4 \u05de\u05d7\u05d5\u05dc\u05e7 \u05e2\u05d5\u05d3 \u05d9\u05d5\u05ea\u05e8 \u05dc\u05e1\u05e2\u05d9\u05e4\u05d9 \u05de\u05e9\u05e0\u05d4 \u05d4\u05e9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05d4\u05ea\u05d0\u05dd \u05dc\u05d0\u05d5\u05e4\u05df \u05d4\u05e2\u05d1\u05e8\u05ea \u05d4\u05e1\u05d8\u05d8\u05d5\u05e1.) \u05d4\u05e9\u05e0\u05d9, \u05d4\u05de\u05db\u05d5\u05e0\u05d4 \u05e1\u05e2\u05d9\u05e3 6 (2), \r\n \u05d7\u05dc \u05db\u05d0\u05e9\u05e8 \u05d4\u05d5\u05e8\u05d4 \u05d0\u05d7\u05d3 \u05d6\u05db\u05d0\u05d9 \u05dc\u05e8\u05d9\u05e9\u05d5\u05dd \u05dc\u05e4\u05d9 6 (1). <em>\u05dc\u05d0 \u05e0\u05d9\u05ea\u05df<\/em> \u05dc\u05d4\u05e2\u05d1\u05d9\u05e8 \u05de\u05e2\u05de\u05d3 \u05d0\u05dd \u05d4\u05d5\u05e8\u05d4 \u05d0\u05d7\u05d3 \u05e8\u05e9\u05d5\u05dd \u05dc\u05e4\u05d9 \u05e1\u05e2\u05d9\u05e3 6 (2). \u05d1\u05e7\u05d9\u05e6\u05d5\u05e8, \u05dc\u05d0\u05d7\u05e8 \u05e9\u05e0\u05d9 \u05d3\u05d5\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05e9\u05dc \u05e0\u05d9\u05e9\u05d5\u05d0\u05d9 \u05ea\u05e2\u05e8\u05d5\u05d1\u05ea \u05e2\u05dd \u05d1\u05e0\u05d9 \u05d6\u05d5\u05d2 \u05e9\u05d0\u05d9\u05e0\u05dd \u05e1\u05d8\u05d8\u05d5\u05e1, \u05d9\u05dc\u05d3\u05d9\u05dd \u05db\u05d1\u05e8 \u05dc\u05d0 \u05d9\u05d4\u05d9\u05d5 \u05d6\u05db\u05d0 \r\n \u05d9\u05dd \u05dc\u05de\u05e2\u05de\u05d3. \u05d6\u05d4 \u05de\u05db\u05d5\u05e0\u05d4 \u05db\u05dc\u05dc &quot;\u05d4\u05d3\u05d5\u05e8 \u05d4\u05e9\u05e0\u05d9 \u05e9\u05dc \u05d7\u05d9\u05ea\u05d5\u05da&quot;. \u05d1\u05d0\u05d5\u05e4\u05df \u05d6\u05d4, \u05dc\u05d4\u05e6\u05e2\u05ea \u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 C-31 \u05d4\u05d9\u05d5 \u05d4\u05e9\u05dc\u05db\u05d5\u05ea \u05e2\u05dc \u05de\u05e1\u05e4\u05e8 \u05d4\u05d0\u05e0\u05e9\u05d9\u05dd \u05d4\u05d6\u05db\u05d0\u05d9\u05dd \u05dc\u05d6\u05db\u05d5\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05de\u05e2\u05de\u05d3.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<iframe width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/__Y_hHFvUR8\" title=\"\u05e0\u05d2\u05df \u05d5\u05d9\u05d3\u05d9\u05d0\u05d5 \u05d1\u05d9\u05d5\u05d8\u05d9\u05d5\u05d1\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen=\"\">\r\n<\/iframe><br>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05dc \u05d5\u05d4\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05d4\u05d4\u05d5\u05d3\u05d9, \u05e9\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05e9\u05d9\u05e9\u05d9\u05dd \u05e2\u05d3 \u05e9\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05d0\u05dc\u05e4\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p><em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\/\">\u05d4\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05d4\u05d4\u05d5\u05d3\u05d9<\/a>, 1876,<\/em> \u05e4\u05d9\u05e8\u05e7 \u05de\u05e2\u05e8\u05db\u05d5\u05ea \u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05dc \u05de\u05e1\u05d5\u05e8\u05ea\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d5\u05d4\u05d8\u05d9\u05dc \u05d1\u05e7\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05d7\u05d9\u05e6\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea - \u05d1\u05e6\u05d5\u05e8\u05d4 \u05e9\u05dc <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-agents-in-canada\">\u05e1\u05d5\u05db\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd \u05d4\u05d5<\/a> \u05d3\u05d9\u05dd \u05de\u05e7\u05d5\u05de\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05d5\u05d4\u05d1\u05d9\u05d5\u05e8\u05d5\u05e7\u05e8\u05d8\u05d9\u05d4 \u05d4\u05e4\u05d3\u05e8\u05dc\u05d9\u05ea \u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05de\u05d7 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-affairs-and-northern-development-canada\">\u05dc\u05e7\u05d4 \u05dc\u05e2\u05e0\u05d9\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9 \u05d4\u05d5\u05d3\u05d5<\/a> \u05e2\u05dc \u05d9\u05d7\u05d9\u05d3\u05d9\u05dd \u05d5\u05e7\u05d4\u05d9\u05dc\u05d5\u05ea. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-self-government\">\u05e8\u05e7 \u05d1\u05e1\u05d5\u05e3 \u05e9\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05e9\u05d9\u05e9\u05d9\u05dd \u05d5\u05ea\u05d7\u05d9\u05dc\u05ea \u05e9\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05e9\u05d1\u05e2\u05d9\u05dd \r\n \u05d0\u05e8\u05d2\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd \u05e4\u05d5\u05dc\u05d9\u05d8\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05d9\u05e2\u05d9\u05dc\u05d9\u05dd \u05d9\u05d5\u05ea\u05e8 \u05d5\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea\u05e8 \u05d5\u05d4\u05d0\u05e7\u05d8\u05d9\u05d1\u05d9\u05d6\u05dd \u05d4\u05d2\u05d5\u05d1\u05e8 \u05d4\u05e6\u05d9\u05d1\u05d5 \u05d0\u05ea \u05e7\u05e0\u05d3\u05d4 \u05d1\u05d3\u05e8\u05da \u05dc\u05d4\u05db\u05e8\u05d4 \u05d5\u05dc\u05d0\u05e4\u05e9\u05e8 \u05e6\u05d5\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05e9\u05dc \u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05dc \u05e2\u05e6\u05de\u05d9 \u05d9\u05dc\u05d9\u05d3\u05d9.<\/a> \r\n\u05de\u05d2\u05de\u05d4 \u05d6\u05d5 \u05e6\u05d1\u05e8\u05d4 \u05ea\u05d0\u05d5\u05e6\u05d4 \u05d1\u05e1\u05d5\u05e3 \u05d4\u05de\u05d0\u05d4 \u05d4 -20 \u05d5\u05ea\u05d7\u05d9\u05dc\u05ea \u05d4\u05de\u05d0\u05d4 \u05d4 -21, \u05d5\u05e2\u05de\u05d9\u05dd \u05d9\u05dc\u05d9\u05d3\u05d9\u05dd \u05e8\u05d0\u05d5 \u05d0\u05ea \u05d6\u05db\u05d5\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea\u05d9\u05d4\u05dd \u05dc\u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05dc \u05e2\u05e6\u05de\u05d9 \u05de\u05d0\u05d5\u05e9\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/constitution-act-1982\/\"><em>\u05d1\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05d4\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7\u05d4, 1982<\/em><\/a>, \r\n \u05d5\u05d1\u05de\u05e1\u05de\u05db\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05d9\u05e0\u05dc\u05d0\u05d5\u05de\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u05d1\u05e9\u05e0\u05ea 1984, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/james-bay-and-northern-quebec-agreement\">\u05d4\u05e1\u05db\u05dd \u05d2&#39;\u05d9\u05d9\u05de\u05e1 \u05d1\u05d9\u05d9 \u05d5\u05e6\u05e4\u05d5\u05df \u05e7\u05d5\u05d5\u05d9\u05d1\u05e7<\/a>, \u05db\u05de\u05d5 \u05d2\u05dd \u05d3\u05d5&quot;\u05d7 \u05e4\u05e0\u05e8, \u05d4\u05d1\u05d9\u05d0\u05d5 \u05dc\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 <em>\u05e7\u05e8\u05d9-\u05e0\u05d0\u05e1\u05e7\u05d0\u05e4\u05d9 (\u05de\u05e7\u05d5\u05d5\u05d9\u05d1\u05e7), \u05d4\u05d7\u05dc\u05e7 \u05d4\u05e8\u05d0\u05e9\u05d5\u05df \r\n \u05e9\u05dc<\/em> \u05d7\u05e7\u05d9\u05e7\u05ea \u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05dc \u05e2\u05e6\u05de\u05d9 \u05d9\u05dc\u05d9\u05d3\u05d9 \u05d1\u05e7\u05e0\u05d3\u05d4, \u05e9\u05d4\u05d7\u05dc\u05d9\u05e3 \u05d0\u05ea <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\">\u05d4\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05d4\u05d4\u05d5\u05d3\u05d9<\/a><\/em> \u05d5\u05d4\u05e7\u05d9\u05dd \u05e7\u05d4\u05d9\u05dc\u05d5\u05ea \u05d9\u05dc\u05d9\u05d3\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d1\u05d0\u05d6\u05d5\u05e8 \u05db\u05d2\u05d5\u05e4\u05d9\u05dd \u05ea\u05d0\u05d2\u05d9\u05d3\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd. \u05d4\u05d0\u05d5\u05de\u05d5\u05ea \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">\u05d4\u05e8\u05d0\u05e9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea \u05e9\u05d1\u05e9\u05dc\u05d8\u05d5\u05df<\/a> \u05e2\u05e6\u05de\u05d9 \u05d0\u05d9\u05e0\u05df \u05db\u05e4\u05d5\u05e4\u05d5\u05ea \u05dc\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 <em>\u05d4\u05d4\u05d5\u05d3\u05d9<\/em>, \u05d0\u05dd \u05db\u05d9 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">\u05d4\u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05dc\u05d4 \u05d4\u05e4\u05d3\u05e8\u05dc\u05d9\u05ea<\/a> \u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05d9\u05db\u05d4 \r\n \u05dc\u05e0\u05d4\u05dc \u05e2\u05e0\u05d9\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd \u05de\u05e1\u05d5\u05d9\u05de\u05d9\u05dd \u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05d0\u05d5\u05de\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05e8\u05d0\u05e9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u05de\u05d0\u05d6, \u05d4\u05d9\u05d5 \u05d4\u05e6\u05e2\u05d5\u05ea \u05dc\u05d4\u05d2\u05d3\u05dc\u05ea \u05e1\u05de\u05db\u05d5\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\u05d4\u05dc\u05d4\u05e7\u05d4<\/a> \u05e2\u05dc \u05d4\u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05dc \u05d1\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7. \u05d1\u05e9\u05e0\u05ea 1996 \u05d4\u05e6\u05d9\u05e2\u05d4 \u05d4\u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05dc\u05d4 \u05d4\u05e4\u05d3\u05e8\u05dc\u05d9\u05ea \u05d0\u05ea \u05d4\u05e6\u05e2\u05ea \u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 C-79 \u05dc\u05ea\u05d9\u05e7\u05d5\u05df \u05ea\u05d7\u05d5\u05de\u05d9 \u05d4\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05db\u05d5\u05dc\u05dc \u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05dc \u05dc\u05d4 \r\n \u05e7\u05d5\u05ea \u05d5\u05d4\u05e1\u05d3\u05e8\u05ea \u05e2\u05ea\u05d5\u05d3\u05d5\u05ea<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">.<\/a> \u05e8\u05d5\u05d1 \u05d4\u05d0\u05d5\u05de\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05e8\u05d0\u05e9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05ea\u05e0\u05d2\u05d3\u05d5 \u05dc\u05d4\u05e6\u05e2\u05ea \u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 C-79. \u05d1\u05d9\u05df \u05d4\u05d9\u05ea\u05e8, \u05d4\u05dd \u05d8\u05e2\u05e0\u05d5 \u05db\u05d9 \u05d4\u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05dc\u05d4 \u05dc\u05d0 \u05d4\u05e6\u05dc\u05d9\u05d7\u05d4 \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/duty-to-consult\">\u05dc\u05d4\u05ea\u05d9\u05d9\u05e2\u05e5 \u05db\u05e8\u05d0\u05d5\u05d9 \u05e2\u05dd \u05d4\u05d0\u05d5<\/a> \u05de\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05e8\u05d0\u05e9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea \u05d1\u05e0\u05d5\u05d2\u05e2 \u05dc\u05e9\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05d4\u05de\u05d5\u05e6\u05e2\u05d9\u05dd. \u05d4\u05dd \u05d7\u05e9\u05e9\u05d5 \u05e9\u05d4\u05e6\u05e2\u05ea \u05d4\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05ea\u05d0\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05e2\u05dc \u05d6\u05db\u05d5\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-treaties\">\u05d4\u05d0\u05de<\/a> \u05e0\u05d4 \u05d5\u05e2\u05dc \u05d4\u05d6 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-rights\">\u05db\u05d5\u05ea \u05dc<\/a> \u05e9\u05dc\u05d8\u05d5\u05df \u05e2\u05e6\u05de\u05d9. \u05d9\u05ea\u05e8 \u05e2\u05dc \u05db\u05df, \u05d4\u05e6\u05e2\u05ea \u05d4\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05d6\u05db\u05ea\u05d4 \u05dc\u05d1\u05d9\u05e7\u05d5\u05e8\u05ea <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/royal-commission-on-aboriginal-peoples\">\u05e2\u05dc \u05d4\u05ea\u05e2\u05dc\u05de\u05d5\u05ea \u05de\u05d4\u05de\u05dc\u05e6\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05d5\u05d5\u05e2\u05d3\u05d4 \u05d4\u05de\u05dc\u05db\u05d5\u05ea\u05d9\u05ea \u05dc\u05e2\u05de\u05d9\u05dd \u05d0\u05d1\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9\u05d2&#39;\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd.<\/a> \r\n\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 C-79 \u05dc\u05d0 \u05d4\u05e6\u05dc\u05d9\u05d7 \u05dc\u05d4\u05e4\u05d5\u05da \u05dc\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u05d1\u05e9\u05e0\u05ea 2002 \u05d1\u05d9\u05e7\u05e9 \u05d4\u05e6\u05e2\u05ea \u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 C-7, \u05d4\u05de\u05db\u05d5\u05e0\u05d4 \u05d2\u05dd \u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 <em>\u05d4\u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05dc \u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05d0\u05d5\u05de\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05e8\u05d0\u05e9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea,<\/em> \u05dc\u05ea\u05ea \u05dc\u05de\u05d5\u05e2\u05e6\u05d5\u05ea \u05dc\u05d4\u05e7\u05d5\u05ea \u05db\u05d5\u05d7 \u05e8\u05d1 \u05d9\u05d5\u05ea\u05e8 \u05de\u05d1\u05d7\u05d9\u05e0\u05ea \u05d7\u05e7\u05d9\u05e7\u05d4, \u05d1\u05d7\u05d9\u05e8\u05ea \u05de\u05e0\u05d4\u05d9\u05d2\u05d5\u05ea \u05d5\u05db\u05d3\u05d5\u05de\u05d4. \u05dc\u05de\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05e9\u05d4\u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05dc\u05d4 \u05d4\u05e4\u05d3\u05e8\u05dc\u05d9\u05ea \u05d4\u05ea\u05d9\u05d9\u05e2\u05e6\u05d4 \u05e2\u05dd \u05d4\u05d0\u05d5\u05de\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05e8\u05d0\u05e9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05e9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea \u05dc\u05d2\u05d1\u05d9 \u05d4\u05e6 \r\n \u05e2\u05ea \u05d4\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7, \u05d4\u05d9\u05d0 \u05d1\u05e1\u05d5\u05e4\u05d5 \u05e9\u05dc \u05d3\u05d1\u05e8 \u05e0\u05db\u05e9\u05dc\u05d4. \u05d1\u05e9\u05e0\u05ea 2006 \u05d4\u05e6\u05d9\u05d2 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/senate\">\u05d4\u05e1\u05e0\u05d0\u05d8\u05d5\u05e8<\/a> \u05d2\u05e8\u05d9 \u05e1\u05e0\u05d8 \u05d6&#39;\u05e8\u05de\u05df \u05d0\u05ea \u05d4\u05e6\u05e2\u05ea \u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 S-216 &quot;\u05db\u05d3\u05d9 \u05dc\u05e7\u05d3\u05dd \u05d0\u05ea \u05d4\u05d4\u05db\u05e8\u05d4 \u05d5\u05d4\u05d9\u05d9\u05e9\u05d5\u05dd \u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05d6\u05db\u05d5\u05ea \u05dc\u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05dc \u05e2\u05e6\u05de\u05d9 \u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05d0\u05d5\u05de\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05e8\u05d0\u05e9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea \u05d1\u05e7\u05e0\u05d3\u05d4&quot;. \r\n \u05d4\u05e6\u05e2\u05ea \u05d4\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05d4\u05d9\u05d9\u05ea\u05d4 \u05de\u05d0\u05e4\u05e9\u05e8\u05ea \u05dc\u05d0\u05d5\u05de\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05e8\u05d0\u05e9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05de\u05d1\u05e7\u05e9\u05d5\u05ea \u05dc\u05e9\u05dc\u05d5\u05d8 \u05d1\u05e2\u05e6\u05de\u05df \u05dc\u05e4\u05ea\u05d7 \u05d4\u05e6\u05e2\u05d4 \u05d5\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7\u05d4. \u05d1\u05e2\u05d5\u05d3 \u05e9\u05d1\u05d9\u05dc S-216 \u05d4\u05e9\u05d9\u05d2 \u05e7\u05e8\u05d9\u05d0\u05d4 \u05e9\u05e0\u05d9\u05d9\u05d4, \u05d2\u05dd \u05d4\u05d5\u05d0 \u05e0\u05db\u05e9\u05dc \u05d1\u05e1\u05d5\u05e4\u05d5 \u05e9\u05dc \u05d3\u05d1\u05e8. (<em>\u05e8\u05d0\u05d4 \u05d2\u05dd \u05e0\u05d5\u05d4\u05dc<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/parliamentary-procedure\">\u05e4\u05e8\u05dc\u05de\u05e0\u05d8<\/a> \u05e8\u05d9.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u05e2\u05dd \u05d6\u05d0\u05ea, \u05d7\u05dc\u05e7 \u05de\u05d4\u05d0\u05d5\u05de\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05e8\u05d0\u05e9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea \u05e2\u05e9\u05d5 \u05d4\u05e1\u05d3\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd \u05de\u05d2\u05d6\u05e8\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05de\u05d5\u05e6\u05dc\u05d7\u05d9\u05dd. \u05d0\u05dc\u05d4 \u05de\u05d0\u05e4\u05e9\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd \u05e1\u05de\u05db\u05d5\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05dc \u05d2\u05d3\u05d5\u05dc\u05d5\u05ea \u05d9\u05d5\u05ea\u05e8 \u05e9\u05d0\u05d9\u05e0\u05df \u05de\u05e1\u05d5\u05e4\u05e7\u05d5\u05ea \u05e2\u05dc \u05e4\u05d9 <em>\u05d4\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05d4\u05d4\u05d5\u05d3\u05d9<\/em>. \u05db\u05de\u05d4 \u05d3\u05d5\u05d2\u05de\u05d0\u05d5\u05ea \u05db\u05d5\u05dc\u05dc\u05d5\u05ea: \u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 <em>\u05e0\u05d9\u05d4\u05d5\u05dc \u05e7\u05e8\u05e7\u05e2\u05d5\u05ea \u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05d0\u05d5\u05de\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05e8\u05d0\u05e9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea<\/em> (1999), <em>\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05e0\u05d9\u05d4\u05d5\u05dc \u05e4\u05d9\u05e1\u05e7\u05dc\u05d9 \u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05d0\u05d5<\/em> \u05de\u05d5\u05ea <em>\u05d4\u05e8\u05d0\u05e9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea (2005), \u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05e0\u05d9\u05d4\u05d5\u05dc \u05e0\u05e4\u05d8 \u05d5\u05d2\u05d6 \u05d5\u05db\u05e1\u05e4\u05d9\u05dd \u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05d0\u05d5\u05de\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05e8\u05d0\u05e9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea (2005), \u05d7\u05d5\u05e7<\/em> <em>\u05d4\u05e4\u05d9\u05ea\u05d5\u05d7 \u05d4\u05de\u05e1\u05d7\u05e8\u05d9 \u05d5\u05d4\u05ea\u05e2\u05e9\u05d9\u05d9\u05ea\u05d9 \u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05d0\u05d5\u05de\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05e8\u05d0\u05e9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea (2006) \u05d5\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7<\/em> \u05d4\u05d1 <em>\u05e2\u05dc\u05d5\u05ea \u05e2\u05dc \u05e8\u05db\u05d5\u05e9 \u05d4\u05de\u05d3\u05d9\u05e0\u05d4 \u05d4\u05e8\u05d0\u05e9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d4<\/em> (2009).<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u05ea\u05d9\u05e7\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd \u05dc\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05d4\u05d4\u05d5\u05d3\u05d9 \u05d1\u05e9\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd 2011 \u05d5 -2017<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\u05dc\u05de\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05ea\u05d9\u05e7\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd \u05e9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd, <em>\u05d4\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05d4\u05d4\u05d5\u05d3\u05d9<\/em> \u05e2\u05d3\u05d9\u05d9\u05df \u05d4\u05e4\u05dc\u05d4 \u05e0\u05e9\u05d9\u05dd \u05d5\u05e6\u05d0\u05e6\u05d0\u05d9\u05d4\u05df, \u05d1\u05db\u05dc \u05d4\u05e0\u05d5\u05d2\u05e2 \u05dc\u05d6\u05db\u05d5\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">\u05de\u05e2\u05de\u05d3<\/a>. \u05d1\u05e9\u05e0\u05ea 2011 \u05d4\u05e2\u05d1\u05d9\u05e8 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/parliament\">\u05d4\u05e4\u05e8\u05dc\u05de<\/a> \u05e0\u05d8 \u05d0\u05ea \r\n <em>\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05d4\u05e9\u05d5\u05d5\u05d9\u05d5\u05df \u05d4\u05de\u05d2\u05d3\u05e8\u05d9 \u05d1\u05e8\u05d9\u05e9\u05d5\u05dd \u05d4\u05d4\u05d5\u05d3\u05d9<\/em>, \u05d4\u05de\u05db\u05d5\u05e0\u05d4 \u05d2\u05dd Bill C-3. \u05d6\u05d5 \u05d4\u05d9\u05d9\u05ea\u05d4 \u05ea <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">\u05d2\u05d5\u05d1\u05ea \u05d4\u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05dc\u05d4 \u05d4\u05e4\u05d3\u05e8\u05dc\u05d9\u05ea<\/a> \u05dc\u05de\u05e7\u05e8\u05d4 <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mcivor-case\">McIvor, \r\n \u05e9\u05e2\u05e1\u05e7<\/a> \u05d1\u05d0\u05e4\u05dc\u05d9\u05d4 \u05de\u05d2\u05d3\u05e8\u05d9\u05ea \u05d1\u05e1\u05e2\u05d9\u05e3 6 \u05dc\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 <em>\u05d4\u05d4\u05d5\u05d3\u05d9<\/em> \u05de\u05e9\u05e0\u05ea 1985. \u05d4\u05e6\u05e2\u05ea \u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 C-3 \u05de\u05e2\u05e0\u05d9\u05e7 \u05de\u05e2\u05de\u05d3 \u05e9\u05dc 6 (2) \u05dc\u05e0\u05db\u05d3\u05d9\u05dd \u05e9\u05dc \u05e0\u05e9\u05d9\u05dd \u05e9\u05d7\u05d6\u05e8\u05d5 \u05dc\u05de\u05e2\u05de\u05d3 \u05d1\u05e9\u05e0\u05ea 1985. \u05e2\u05dd \u05d6\u05d0\u05ea, \u05dc\u05e6\u05d0\u05e6\u05d0\u05d9 \u05d4\u05e0\u05e9\u05d9\u05dd, \u05d1\u05de\u05d9\u05d5\u05d7\u05d3 \u05de\u05d1\u05d7\u05d9\u05e0\u05ea \u05e0\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd, \r\n \u05dc\u05d0 \u05d4\u05d9\u05d5 \u05d6\u05db\u05d5\u05ea \u05d6\u05d4\u05d5\u05ea \u05dc\u05e6\u05d0\u05e6\u05d0\u05d9 \u05d2\u05d1\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05e0\u05e1\u05d9\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea \u05d3\u05d5\u05de\u05d5\u05ea. \u05dc\u05db\u05df, \u05d4\u05e6\u05e2\u05ea \u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 C-3 \u05e2\u05d3\u05d9\u05d9\u05df \u05e9\u05dc\u05dc\u05d4 \u05d6\u05db\u05d5\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05de\u05e2\u05de\u05d3 \u05dc\u05d7\u05dc\u05e7 \u05de\u05d4\u05d0\u05e0\u05e9\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05d2\u05dc\u05dc \u05d0\u05e4\u05dc\u05d9\u05d4 \u05de\u05d2\u05d3\u05e8\u05d9\u05ea.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u05d4\u05e6\u05e2\u05ea \u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 S-3 \u05d4\u05d5\u05e7\u05de\u05d4 \u05d1\u05ea\u05d2\u05d5\u05d1\u05d4 \u05dc\u05ea\u05d9\u05e7 \u05d1\u05d9\u05ea \u05de\u05e9\u05e4\u05d8 \u05d0\u05d7\u05e8 \u05d1\u05e0\u05d5\u05e9\u05d0 \u05d0\u05e4\u05dc\u05d9\u05d4 \u05d1\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\"><em>\u05d4\u05d4\u05d5\u05d3\u05d9, \u05ea\u05d9\u05e7<\/em><\/a> Descheneaux \u05de\u05e9\u05e0\u05ea 2015. \u05d4\u05e0\u05d5\u05e9\u05d0 \u05d1\u05de\u05e7\u05e8\u05d4 \u05d6\u05d4 \u05d4\u05d9\u05d4 \u05e2\u05dc \u05d4\u05d0\u05d5\u05e4\u05df \u05e9\u05d1\u05d5 \u05d4\u05de\u05e2\u05de\u05d3 \r\n \u05de\u05d5\u05e2\u05d1\u05e8 \u05dc\u05d1\u05e0\u05d9 \u05d3\u05d5\u05d3\u05d9\u05dd \u05d5\u05d0\u05d7\u05d9\u05dd. \u05d7\u05dc\u05e7 \u05d0\u05d7\u05d3 \u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05e6\u05e2\u05ea \u05d4\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 S-3 \u05e0\u05db\u05e0\u05e1 \u05dc\u05ea\u05d5\u05e7\u05e3 \u05d1 -22 \u05d1\u05d3\u05e6\u05de\u05d1\u05e8 2017. \u05d1\u05d9\u05df \u05e9\u05d0\u05e8 \u05d4\u05d4\u05d5\u05e8\u05d0\u05d5\u05ea, \u05d4\u05ea\u05d9\u05e7\u05d5\u05df \u05de\u05d0\u05e4\u05e9\u05e8 \u05dc\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea\u05e8 \u05d0\u05e0\u05e9\u05d9\u05dd \u05dc\u05d4\u05e2\u05d1\u05d9\u05e8 \u05d0\u05ea \u05de\u05e2\u05de\u05d3\u05dd \u05dc\u05e6\u05d0\u05e6\u05d0\u05d9\u05d4\u05dd \u05d5\u05dc\u05d4\u05d7\u05d6\u05d9\u05e8 \u05d0\u05ea \u05de\u05e2\u05de\u05d3\u05dd \u05dc\u05d0\u05dc\u05d4 \u05e9\u05d0\u05d9\u05d1\u05d3\u05d5 \u05d0\u05d5\u05ea\u05d5 \u05dc\u05e4\u05e0\u05d9 1985. \r\n\u05dc\u05d3\u05d5\u05d2\u05de\u05d4, \u05d4\u05d5\u05d0 \u05de\u05e1\u05e4\u05e7 \u05d3\u05e8\u05db\u05d9\u05dd \u05dc\u05e8\u05e9\u05d5\u05dd \u05d0\u05e0\u05e9\u05d9\u05dd \u05e2\u05dd \u05d0\u05d1\u05d4\u05d5\u05ea \u05dc\u05d0 \u05d9\u05d3\u05d5\u05e2\u05d4 \u05d5\u05d4\u05d9\u05d5 \u05e7\u05d8\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd \u05dc\u05d0 \u05e0\u05e9\u05d5\u05d0\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05d9\u05df \u05d4\u05e9\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd 1951-85 \u05d5\u05d4\u05d5\u05e9\u05e4\u05e2\u05d5 \u05de\u05db\u05dc\u05dc\u05d9 \u05d4\u05e8\u05d9\u05e9\u05d5\u05dd \u05e9\u05d4\u05d9\u05d5 \u05e7\u05d9\u05d9\u05de\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05d0\u05d5\u05ea\u05d4 \u05ea\u05e7\u05d5\u05e4\u05d4. \u05d4\u05d7\u05dc\u05e7 \u05d4\u05e9\u05e0\u05d9 \u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05e6\u05e2\u05ea \u05d4\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 - \u05d4\u05e7\u05e9\u05d5\u05e8 \u05dc\u05d4\u05d7\u05d6\u05e8\u05ea \u05d4\u05de\u05e2\u05de\u05d3 \u05dc\u05e0\u05e9\u05d9\u05dd \u05d5\u05dc \r\n \u05e6\u05d0\u05e6\u05d0\u05d9\u05d4\u05df \u05e9\u05d0\u05d9\u05d1\u05d3\u05d5 \u05de\u05e2\u05de\u05d3 \u05dc\u05e4\u05e0\u05d9 1951 (\u05d4\u05de\u05db\u05d5\u05e0\u05d4 &quot;\u05e7\u05d9\u05e6\u05d5\u05e5 1951&quot;) - \u05e0\u05db\u05e0\u05e1 \u05dc\u05ea\u05d5\u05e7\u05e3 \u05d1 -15 \u05d1\u05d0\u05d5\u05d2\u05d5\u05e1\u05d8 2019. \u05dc\u05d3\u05d1\u05e8\u05d9 \u05d4\u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05dc\u05d4, &quot;\u05db\u05dc \u05d0\u05d9 \u05d4\u05e9\u05d5\u05d5\u05d9\u05d5\u05df \u05d4\u05de\u05d1\u05d5\u05e1\u05e1 \u05e2\u05dc \u05de\u05d9\u05df \u05d9\u05d3\u05d5\u05e2 \u05d1\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 <em>\u05d4\u05d4\u05d5\u05d3\u05d9 \u05d8\u05d5\u05e4\u05dc\u05d5<\/em> \u05db\u05e2\u05ea.&quot;<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u05e8\u05e4\u05d5\u05e8\u05de\u05d5\u05ea \u05de\u05d5\u05e6\u05e2\u05d5\u05ea<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\u05d1\u05e9\u05e0\u05ea 2010 \u05d4\u05d5\u05d3\u05d9\u05e2\u05d4 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">\u05d4\u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05dc\u05d4 \u05d4\u05e4\u05d3\u05e8\u05dc\u05d9\u05ea<\/a> \u05e2\u05dc \u05db\u05d5\u05d5\u05e0\u05ea\u05d4 \u05dc\u05e2\u05d1\u05d5\u05d3 \u05e2\u05dd <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">\u05e2\u05de\u05d9\u05dd \u05d9\u05dc\u05d9\u05d3\u05d9\u05dd<\/a> \u05db\u05d3\u05d9 \r\n \u05dc\u05d4\u05d9\u05e4\u05d8\u05e8 \u05de\u05d7\u05dc\u05e7\u05d9\u05dd \u05de\u05d4 <em>\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05d4\u05d4\u05d5\u05d3\u05d9<\/em> \u05d4\u05de\u05e2\u05e0\u05d9\u05e7\u05d9\u05dd \u05d0\u05ea \u05d4\u05e1\u05de\u05db\u05d5\u05ea \u05dc\u05d9\u05e6\u05d5\u05e8 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/residential-schools\">\u05d1\u05ea\u05d9 \u05e1\u05e4\u05e8 \u05dc\u05de\u05d2\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd<\/a> \u05d5\u05dc\u05e7\u05d7\u05ea \u05d9\u05dc\u05d3\u05d9\u05dd \u05de\u05d1\u05ea\u05d9\u05d4\u05dd.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>\u05d4\u05e6\u05e2\u05ea \u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 S-2, \u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 <em>\u05d1\u05ea\u05d9 \u05de\u05e9\u05e4\u05d7\u05d4 \u05e2\u05dc \u05e2\u05ea\u05d5\u05d3\u05d5\u05ea \u05d5\u05d0\u05d9\u05e0\u05d8\u05e8\u05e1\u05d9\u05dd \u05d0\u05d5 \u05d6\u05db\u05d5\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05e0\u05d9\u05e9\u05d5\u05d0\u05d9\u05df, \u05de\u05ea\u05d9\u05d9\u05d7\u05e1\u05ea<\/em> \u05dc\u05e4\u05e2\u05e8 \u05d7\u05e7\u05d9\u05e7\u05ea\u05d9 \u05d1\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05d4\u05d4\u05d5\u05d3\u05d9.<\/em> \u05de\u05d8\u05e8\u05ea\u05d5 \u05dc\u05d4\u05d1\u05d8\u05d9\u05d7 \u05e9\u05dc\u05d0\u05e0\u05e9\u05d9\u05dd \u05d4\u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05de\u05d9\u05dc\u05d5 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">\u05d0\u05d9\u05dd<\/a> \u05d9\u05e9 \u05d6\u05db\u05d5\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d3\u05d5\u05de\u05d5\u05ea \u05dc\u05e8\u05db\u05d5\u05e9 \u05d6\u05d5\u05d2\u05d9 \u05db\u05de\u05d5 \u05e7\u05e0\u05d3\u05d9\u05dd \u05d0\u05d7\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd. \u05e2\u05dc \u05e4\u05d9 \u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05dc\u05ea \u05e7\u05e0\u05d3\u05d4, \u05d4\u05e6\u05e2\u05ea \u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 S-2 \u05d4\u05d9\u05d0 \u05d7\u05e7\u05d9\u05e7\u05d4 \u05e2\u05e6\u05de\u05d0\u05d9\u05ea, \u05dc\u05d0 \u05d7\u05dc\u05e7 \u05de\u05d4\u05e8\u05e4\u05d5\u05e8\u05de\u05d4 \u05d1\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 <em>\u05d4\u05d4\u05d5\u05d3\u05d9<\/em>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u05d5\u05d9\u05db\u05d5\u05d7: \u05dc\u05e9\u05de\u05d5\u05e8 \u05d0\u05d5 \u05dc\u05de\u05d2\u05e8 \u05d0\u05ea \u05d4\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05d4\u05d4\u05d5\u05d3\u05d9?<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\u05d1\u05e2\u05d5\u05d3 \u05e9\u05d7\u05dc\u05e7 \u05de\u05d4\u05e2\u05de\u05d9\u05dd \u05d4\u05d9\u05dc\u05d9\u05d3\u05d9\u05dd \u05d5\u05d4\u05dc\u05d0-\u05d9\u05dc\u05d9\u05d3\u05d9\u05dd \u05e7\u05d5\u05e8\u05d0\u05d9\u05dd \u05dc\u05d1\u05d9\u05d8\u05d5\u05dc \u05d4\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7, \u05d0\u05d7\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd \u05d7\u05d5\u05e9\u05e9\u05d9\u05dd \u05db\u05d9 \u05d4\u05e1\u05e8\u05ea\u05d5 \u05ea\u05e9\u05d7\u05e7 \u05d4\u05d2\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea \u05de\u05e1\u05d5\u05d9\u05de\u05d5\u05ea, \u05db\u05d2\u05d5\u05df \u05d0\u05dc\u05d4 \u05e2\u05dc \u05de\u05e2\u05de\u05d3 \u05d4\u05d5\u05d3\u05d9. \u05db\u05e4\u05d9 \u05e9\u05de\u05e1\u05d1\u05d9\u05e8 \u05d4\u05de\u05dc\u05d5\u05de\u05d3 \u05d3\u05d9\u05d5\u05d5\u05d9\u05d3 \u05e0\u05d9\u05d5\u05d4\u05d0\u05d5\u05e1, &quot;[<em>\u05d4\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05d4\u05d4\u05d5\u05d3\u05d9<\/em>] \u05de\u05e1\u05e4\u05e7 \u05d0\u05ea \r\n \u05d4\u05de\u05d1\u05e0\u05d4 \u05dc\u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05dc \u05e7\u05d4\u05d9\u05dc\u05ea\u05d9 \u05de\u05e7\u05d5\u05de\u05d9 \u05d5\u05dc\u05d7\u05d9\u05d9 \u05d4\u05e7\u05d4\u05d9\u05dc\u05d4. \u05e8\u05e4\u05d5\u05e8\u05de\u05d4 \u05d1\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05d1\u05de\u05db\u05d4 \u05d0\u05d7\u05ea, \u05d0\u05d5 \u05d1\u05d9\u05d8\u05d5\u05dc\u05d5, \u05d9\u05e4\u05e8\u05d9\u05e2 \u05de\u05d0\u05d5\u05d3 \u05dc\u05d0\u05d5\u05de\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05e8\u05d0\u05e9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea&quot;.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u05e2\u05dd \u05d6\u05d0\u05ea, \u05de\u05d1\u05e7\u05e8\u05d9 \u05d4\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05d9\u05db\u05d9\u05dd \u05dc\u05e4\u05e2\u05d5\u05dc \u05dc\u05e4\u05d9\u05e8\u05d5\u05e7\u05d5. \u05e2\u05de\u05d9\u05dd \u05d9\u05dc\u05d9\u05d3\u05d9\u05dd \u05d0\u05dc\u05d4 \u05de\u05e7\u05d5\u05d5\u05d9\u05dd \u05db\u05d9 \u05e1\u05de\u05db\u05d5\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05d9\u05ea\u05e4\u05d5\u05d2\u05d2\u05d5 \u05d0\u05d5 \u05d9\u05d9\u05e2\u05dc\u05de\u05d5 \u05e2\u05dd \u05d4\u05de\u05d4\u05dc\u05da \u05d4\u05d2\u05d5\u05d1\u05e8 \u05dc\u05e7\u05e8\u05d0\u05ea \u05e9\u05dc\u05d8\u05d5\u05df <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-self-government\/\">\u05e2\u05e6\u05de\u05d9 \u05d5\u05e4 \r\n<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/truth-and-reconciliation-commission\">\u05d9\u05d5\u05e1, \u05d5\u05ea\u05ea\u05e8\u05d5<\/a> \u05dd \u05dc\u05e9\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5\u05d9 \u05d1\u05d9\u05d7\u05e1\u05d9 \u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05dc\u05d4-\u05d9\u05dc\u05d9\u05d3\u05d9\u05dd. \u05db\u05e4\u05d9 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/assembly-of-first-nations\">\u05e9\u05d4\u05e6\u05d4\u05d9\u05e8 \u05e8\u05d0\u05e9 \u05d0\u05e1\u05d9\u05e4\u05ea \u05d4\u05d0\u05d5 \r\n<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/perry-bellegarde\">\u05de\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05e8\u05d0\u05e9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea \u05e4\u05e8\u05d9 \u05d1<\/a> \u05dc\u05d2\u05d0\u05e8\u05d3 \u05d1\u05e9\u05e0\u05ea 2018, &quot;\u05db\u05d5\u05dc\u05e0\u05d5 \u05e8\u05d5\u05e6\u05d9\u05dd \u05dc\u05e2\u05d1\u05d5\u05e8 \u05de\u05e2\u05d1\u05e8 \u05dc\u05e9\u05dc\u05d9\u05d8\u05ea <em>\u05d4\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05d4\u05d4\u05d5\u05d3\u05d9<\/em> \u05d5\u05dc\u05d1\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea \u05d0\u05ea \u05e2\u05e6\u05de\u05e0\u05d5 \u05de\u05d7\u05d3\u05e9 \u05db\u05e2\u05de\u05d9\u05dd \u05d9\u05dc\u05d9\u05d3\u05d9\u05dd \u05d5\u05d0\u05d5\u05de\u05d5\u05ea \u05e2\u05dd \u05d6\u05db\u05d5\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d9\u05e1\u05d5\u05d3 \u05d8\u05d1\u05d5\u05e2\u05d5\u05ea\r\n&quot;.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<iframe sandbox=\"allow-same-origin allow-scripts allow-top-navigation allow-popups\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"100%\" height=\"185\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https:\/\/embed.radiopublic.com\/e?if=the-secret-life-of-canada-Ww0QnZ&amp;ge=s1!7163a1347ab72236394fe46a4fe7d4048bc69b37\">\r\n<\/iframe><br>\r\n\r\n\t<p>\u05de\u05d4\u05d5 \u05d4\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05d4\u05d4\u05d5\u05d3\u05d9 \u05d5\u05de\u05d3\u05d5\u05e2 \u05d1\u05e7\u05e0\u05d3\u05d4 \u05e2\u05d3\u05d9\u05d9\u05df \u05d9\u05e9 \u05d0\u05d5\u05ea\u05d5 \u05d1\u05e1\u05e4\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd? \u05e6\u05d5\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05d4\u05e1\u05d5\u05d3\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05d5\u05d7\u05df \u05d0\u05ea \u05e9\u05d5\u05e8\u05e9\u05d9 \u05d4\u05de\u05d3\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05de\u05e1\u05d5\u05d1\u05db\u05ea \u05d4\u05d6\u05d5, \u05e9\u05d0\u05d7\u05e8\u05d9 143 \u05e9\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd \u05e2\u05d3\u05d9\u05d9\u05df \u05de\u05d5\u05d8\u05de\u05e2\u05ea \u05d1\u05d6\u05d4\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05e7\u05e0\u05d3\u05d9\u05ea, \u05de\u05d4\u05de\u05d3\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05e9\u05d4\u05d5\u05d1\u05d9\u05dc\u05d4 \u05dc\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05d5\u05e2\u05d3 \u05dc\u05d0\u05d5\u05e4\u05df \u05e9\u05d1\u05d5 \u05d4\u05d9\u05d0 \u05e2\u05d3\u05d9\u05d9\u05df \u05de\u05e9\u05e4\u05d9\u05e2\u05d4 \u05e2\u05dc \u05d6\u05d4\u05d5\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \r\n \u05d4\u05d9\u05dc\u05d9\u05d3\u05d9\u05dd \u05db\u05d9\u05d5\u05dd. <br>\r\n<strong>\u05d4\u05e2\u05e8\u05d4<\/strong><em>: <em>\u05d4\u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05d4\u05e1\u05d5\u05d3\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05e9\u05dc \u05e7\u05e0\u05d3\u05d4 \u05de\u05ea\u05d0\u05e8\u05d7<\/em> \u05d5\u05e0\u05db\u05ea\u05d1 \u05e2\u05dc \u05d9\u05d3\u05d9 \u05e4\u05d0\u05dc\u05df \u05d2&#39;\u05d5\u05e0\u05e1\u05d5\u05df \u05d5\u05dc\u05d0\u05d4 \u05e1\u05d9\u05de\u05d5\u05df \u05d1\u05d5\u05d0\u05df \u05d5\u05d4\u05d5\u05d0 \u05e4\u05d5\u05d3\u05e7\u05d0\u05e1\u05d8 \u05de\u05e7\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9 \u05e9\u05dc CBC \u05e9\u05d0\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5 \u05ea\u05dc\u05d5\u05d9 \u05d1\u05d0\u05e0\u05e6\u05d9\u05e7\u05dc\u05d5\u05e4\u05d3\u05d9\u05d4 \u05d4\u05e7\u05e0\u05d3\u05d9\u05ea.<\/em><\/p>\r\n<\/blockquote>\r\n<br>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u05de\u05d5\u05e8\u05e9\u05ea \u05d5\u05de\u05e9\u05de\u05e2\u05d5\u05ea<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">\u05dc\u05de\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05e9\u05d4\u05d5\u05d0 \u05ea\u05d5\u05e7\u05df \u05de\u05e1\u05e4\u05e8 \u05e4\u05e2\u05de\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05de\u05d4\u05dc\u05da \u05d4\u05e9\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd, \u05d4\u05d2\u05e8\u05e1\u05d4 \u05d4\u05e2\u05db\u05e9\u05d5\u05d5\u05d9\u05ea \u05e9\u05dc <em>\u05d4\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05d4\u05d4\u05d5\u05d3\u05d9<\/em> \u05e2\u05d3\u05d9\u05d9\u05df \u05de\u05ea\u05d0\u05e8\u05ea \u05d0\u05ea \u05ea\u05e0\u05d0\u05d9 \u05d4\u05de\u05e2 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">\u05de\u05d3 \u05d4\u05d4\u05d5\u05d3\u05d9<\/a>, \u05db\u05dc\u05dc\u05d9\u05dd \u05e9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd \u05e1\u05d1\u05d9\u05d1 \r\n \u05e2\u05ea\u05d5\u05d3\u05d5\u05ea, \u05d0\u05e4\u05d5\u05d8\u05e8\u05d5\u05e4\u05e1\u05d5\u05ea \u05e4\u05d9\u05e0\u05e0\u05e1\u05d9\u05ea \u05e9\u05dc \u05e7\u05d8\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd \u05d5\u05d7\u05e1\u05e8\u05d9 \u05d9\u05db\u05d5\u05dc\u05ea \u05e0\u05e4\u05e9\u05d9\u05ea, \u05e0\u05d9\u05d4\u05d5\u05dc \u05de\u05e9\u05d0\u05d1\u05d9 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\u05dc\u05d4\u05e7\u05d4<\/a>, \r\n \u05d1\u05d7\u05d9\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05d5\u05d4\u05d9\u05d1\u05d8\u05d9\u05dd \u05d0\u05d7\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd \u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05de\u05d9\u05dc\u05d5\u05d0\u05d9\u05dd.<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u05dc\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 <em>\u05d4\u05d4\u05d5\u05d3\u05d9 \u05d4\u05d9\u05d5<\/em> \u05d4\u05e9\u05e4\u05e2\u05d5\u05ea \u05de\u05ea\u05de\u05e9\u05db\u05d5\u05ea \u05d5\u05d0\u05e8\u05d5\u05db\u05d5\u05ea \u05d8\u05d5\u05d5\u05d7 \u05e2\u05dc \u05ea\u05e8\u05d1\u05d5\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d9\u05dc\u05d9\u05d3\u05d9\u05dd, \u05db\u05dc\u05db\u05dc\u05d5\u05ea, \u05e4\u05d5\u05dc\u05d9\u05d8\u05d9\u05e7\u05d4 \u05d5\u05e7\u05d4\u05d9\u05dc\u05d5\u05ea. \u05d6\u05d4 \u05d2\u05dd \u05d2\u05e8\u05dd \u05dc\u05d8\u05e8\u05d0\u05d5\u05de\u05d4 \u05d1\u05d9\u05df-\u05d3\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9\u05ea, \u05d1\u05de\u05d9\u05d5\u05d7\u05d3 \u05d1\u05db\u05dc \u05d4\u05e0\u05d5\u05d2\u05e2 \u05dc\u05d1\u05ea\u05d9 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/residential-schools\">\u05e1\u05e4\u05e8 \u05dc\u05de\u05d2\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd<\/a>, \r\n \u05e9\u05db\u05df \u05d4\u05d3\u05d9\u05db\u05d5\u05d9 \u05d5\u05d4\u05d4\u05d5\u05e8\u05d0\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05de\u05d2\u05d1\u05d9\u05dc\u05d5\u05ea \u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05d4\u05e9\u05e4\u05d9\u05e2\u05d5 \u05dc\u05e8\u05e2\u05d4 \u05e2\u05dc \u05d3\u05d5\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05e9\u05dc \u05e2\u05de\u05d9\u05dd \u05d9\u05dc\u05d9\u05d3\u05d9\u05dd.<\/p>","slug":"","alt_slug":"","twitter_summary":null,"locale":"he","automated":true,"hidden":0,"views":1,"created_at":"2024-12-08T09:08:16.000000Z","updated_at":"2024-12-08T09:08:16.000000Z"},{"id":"9daca8db-7760-44c7-9ada-b5e68d714167","article_id":"83668","title":"\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e","summary":"<p><em>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/em> \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0925\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0928\u0942\u0928 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">\u0938\u0902\u0918\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f<\/a>, \r\n \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0940\u092f <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930<\/a> \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">\u0906\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924<\/a> \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \r\n \u0926\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092d\u0940 \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 <em>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/metis\"><a\r\n\thref=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/inuit\">\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0932\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948; \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u0924\u094c\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0917\u0948\u0930-\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902, \u092e\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0938 \u092f\u093e \u0907\u0928\u0941\u0907\u091f \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \r\n<\/a><\/a> \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0930 1876 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e, \u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0908 \u0914\u092a\u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0928\u0942\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u092f\u0942\u0930\u094b-\u0915\u0928\u093e\u0921\u093e\u0908 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u091c \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0938\u093e\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0928\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 1951 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0925\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u092c \u0938\u0947, 1985 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0908 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \r\n \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 1985 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u0947\u0926\u092d\u093e\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0939\u091f\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">\u092f\u0939 \u090f\u0915 \u0909\u092d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0941\u0906, \u0935\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927\u093e\u092d\u093e\u0938\u0940 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0932\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0940\u0922\u093c\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0906\u0918\u093e\u0924, \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0902\u0918\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0935\u093e \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \r\n<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>\u092f\u0939 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/em> \u0938\u0930\u0932 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0938\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f, \u0915\u0943\u092a\u092f\u093e <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act-plain-language-summary\" target=\"_blank\">\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e (\u0938\u093e\u0926\u093e \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0938\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0936)<\/a> \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/p>","body":"<div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/cbcd31d1-03f6-4fba-a45d-96ee89c4617d.jpg\" title=\"\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\" alt=\"\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\"><\/div>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u0910\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d: \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947, 1763-1876<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/royal-proclamation-of-1763\/\">1763 \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u093e\u0939\u0940 \u0918\u094b\u0937\u0923\u093e \u0928\u0947 \u0907\u0938 \u092c\u093e\u0924 \u0915\u093e<\/a> \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0906\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0936\u0924\u093e\u092c\u094d\u0926\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0914\u092a\u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e<\/a> \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0924\u091a\u0940\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0917\u093e\u0964 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0918\u094b\u0937\u0923\u093e \u0928\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u0941\u091b <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-rights\">\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902<\/a> \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u093e\u0930\u0902\u091f\u0940 \u0926\u0940, \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u0923 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0925\u0940\u0964 \r\n \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902 19 \u0935\u0940\u0902 \u0936\u0924\u093e\u092c\u094d\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0927 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0908\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0924\u0940 \u0906\u092c\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0938\u093e\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>\u0932\u094b\u0905\u0930 \u0915\u0928\u093e\u0921\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u092c\u0947\u0939\u0924\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f 1850 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u093e\u0928\u0942\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u091f\u0941\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">\u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0925\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0915\u093e\u0928\u0942\u0928\u0940 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/indian\/\">\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f<\/a> \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0947\u091f \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0925\u093e \u2014 \u091c\u094b \u201c\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u201d \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0942\u0924 \u0925\u093e\u0964<\/a> \u092f\u0947 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0902 \u0930\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0925\u0940\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0939\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0925\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0932\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u201c\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0917\u093e\u201d \u092f\u0926\u093f \u0935\u0947 \u201c\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \r\n \u0930\u0915\u094d\u0924\u201d \u0915\u0947 \u0925\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u201c\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0936\u0930\u0940\u0930 \u092f\u093e \u091c\u0928\u091c\u093e\u0924\u093f\u201d \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0926\u0938\u094d\u092f \u0925\u0947\u0964 \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0932\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0935\u0902\u0936\u091c \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0925\u0947\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u0917\u0948\u0930-\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u092d\u0940 \u0925\u0947, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u094b\u0902\u0928\u0947 \u201c\u0910\u0938\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u201d, \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0932\u094b\u0917 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u093e-\u092a\u093f\u0924\u093e (\u090f\u0915 \u092f\u093e \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902) \u0915\u094b \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e, \r\n \u0914\u0930 \u201c\u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0936\u0948\u0936\u0935\u093e\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0917\u094b\u0926 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u201d \u0925\u0947\u0964<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0906\u092e\u0924\u094c\u0930 \u092a\u0930 1857 \u0915\u0947 <em>\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u092d\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/em> \u0914\u0930 1869 \u0915\u0947 <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/gradual-civilization-act\/\">\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0924\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/a><\/em> \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \r\n \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u092d\u0947\u0926 \u092f\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0939\u091f\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0925\u093e \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0906\u092c\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0938\u093e\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0942 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0948\u091a\u094d\u091b\u093f\u0915 \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\/\">\u092e\u0924\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/a> \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 <em>\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u092d\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/em> \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u093e \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0925\u093e (\u092f\u093e\u0928\u0940, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u094b\u091f \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0926\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0926\u0947\u0917\u093e), \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0928\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0947\u091a\u094d\u091b\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0924\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964 \r\n\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0942\u092a, \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u0947 \u0924\u092c \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915\u0924\u0930\u092b\u093e \u092e\u0924\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u093e \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0942 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-treaties\/\"><em>1876 \u092e\u0947\u0902 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u0908 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940<\/a> \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u2014 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u0902\u091a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/numbered-treaties\">\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0927\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u2014 \u0915\u0928\u093e\u0921\u093e\u0908 \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u0902\u0927\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/a> \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0908\u0902\u0964<\/em><\/a> <em>\u0935\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u0909\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0927\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0928\u0942\u0928\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/em><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u092f\u093e, 1876<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>1867 \u092e\u0947\u0902, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/constitution-act-1867\/\"><em>\u0938\u0902\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/em><\/a> \u0928\u0947 \u201c\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f\u094b\u0902 \r\n \u0914\u0930 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0906\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u201d \u092a\u0930 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/parliament\">\u0938\u0902\u0938\u0926<\/a> \u0915\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u094c\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0964 <em>\u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 10 \u0938\u093e\u0932 \u092c\u093e\u0926, 1876 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0915 <em>\u0938\u092d\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0915 <em>\u092e\u0924\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/em> \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/em> \u0915\u093e \u0939\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0938\u093e \u092c\u0928 \u0917\u090f\u0964<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-affairs-and-northern-development-canada\">\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u092e\u093e\u092e\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-education\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-agents-in-canada\">\u090f\u091c\u0947\u0902\u091f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947, \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f<\/a> <em>\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/em> \u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u094b <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930<\/a> \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928, \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0913\u0902, \u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928, \u0938\u093e\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/a> \u0907\u0928 \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u201c\u0905\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947 \u0928\u0948\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u091a\u0930\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930\u201d \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-rights\">\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902<\/a> \u0914\u0930 \u0932\u093e\u092d\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0926\u0940\u0964<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/em> \u0928\u0947 \u0932\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0932 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927 \u0906\u092c\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0917\u0948\u0930-\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u091c \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0938\u093e\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \r\n \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0928\u0947 \u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921<\/a> \u0915\u093e\u0909\u0902\u0938\u093f\u0932 \u091a\u0941\u0928\u093e\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964 <em>\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093e\u0928\u0941\u0917\u0924 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/chief\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916<\/a> \u2014 \u0935\u0947 \u0928\u0947\u0924\u093e \u091c\u094b \u091a\u0941\u0928\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u0935\u0902\u0936 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \r\n \u0939\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0932 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2014 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/em> 1951 \u0924\u0915, \u092e\u0939\u093f\u0932\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921 \u0915\u093e\u0909\u0902\u0938\u093f\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u0930\u0916\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964 (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/women-and-the-indian-act\">\u092e\u0939\u093f\u0932\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/a> <em>\u092d\u0940 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0947\u0902<\/em>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0928\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/religion-of-aboriginal-people\">\u0927\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0915<\/a> \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0938\u093e\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u092d\u0940 \u0917\u0948\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0928\u0942\u0928\u0940 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sun-dance\">1884 \u092e\u0947\u0902, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/potlatch\/\">\u092a\u094b\u091f\u0932\u0948\u091a<\/a> \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0932\u0917\u093e \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0925\u093e, \u0914\u0930 1895 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u201c\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-term\">\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f<\/a> \u0924\u094d\u092f\u094c\u0939\u093e\u0930, \u0928\u0943\u0924\u094d\u092f \u092f\u093e \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0939\u201d, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/powwows-editorial\">\u092a\u0949\u0935\u0935\u0949\u0935 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0928 \u0921\u093e\u0902\u0938 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0902\u0917\u0947, \u092a\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0932\u0917\u093e \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0925\u093e<\/a>\u0964<\/a> 1914 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u0928 \u0928\u0947 \u0921\u093e\u0902\u0938\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0911\u092b <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">\u0930\u093f\u091c\u0930\u094d\u0935<\/a> \u0915\u094b \u0917\u0948\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0928\u0942\u0928\u0940 \u0918\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u0914\u0930 1925 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \r\n \u0928\u0943\u0924\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u0938\u0947 \u0917\u0948\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0928\u0942\u0928\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/land-claims\/\">1927 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0928\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u093e\u0935\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0916\u094b\u091c \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0927\u0928 \u092e\u093e\u0902\u0917\u0928\u093e \u0917\u0948\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0928\u0942\u0928\u0940 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/a> \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091a\u094d\u091a\u094b\u0902 \r\n \u0915\u094b \u0914\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u092f\u093e <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/residential-schools\/\">\u0906\u0935\u093e\u0938\u0940\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0942\u0932\u094b\u0902<\/a> (1894 \u0914\u0930 1920) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0932\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0925\u0940\u0964 \u0915\u0928\u093e\u0921\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0935\u093e\u0938\u0940\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0942\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u093e\u0938\u0924 \u0928\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0936 \u092d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \r\n \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930-\u092a\u0940\u0922\u093c\u0940\u0917\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>20 \u0935\u0940\u0902 \u0936\u0924\u093e\u092c\u094d\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/pass-system-in-canada\">\u092a\u093e\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940<\/a> (\u091c\u093f\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0925\u093e) \u0915\u094b \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0928\u0942\u0928\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964 \u0907\u0928 \r\n \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0932\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0940\u0922\u093c\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u092a\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0924\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0913\u0902, \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u091c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u0941\u0915\u0938\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/em> \u0928\u0947 \u092f\u0939 \u092d\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0915\u093e\u0928\u0942\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0939\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0939\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0925\u093e \u0915\u093f \u090f\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u201c\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0930\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092d\u0940 \u092a\u0941\u0930\u0941\u0937 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0925\u093e, \u091c\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939<\/a> \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920\u093f\u0924 \u0925\u093e\u0964\u201d \r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0926\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e<\/a> \u201c\u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u092c\u091a\u094d\u091a\u0947\u201d \u0914\u0930 \u201c\u0910\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u092e\u0939\u093f\u0932\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0928\u0942\u0928\u0940 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948 \u092f\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0936\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0939\u0941\u0908 \u0939\u0948\u0964\u201d \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u093e \u0926\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0916\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0917\u0930 \u0935\u0939 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0915 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u090f\u0915 \u0917\u0948\u0930-\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947 \r\n \u0936\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u0930 \u0932\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 (\u092f\u0926\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u0939\u093f\u0932\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940) \u092f\u093e, 1876 \u0938\u0947 1880 \u0924\u0915, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/christianity\">\u0908\u0938\u093e\u0908<\/a> \u092e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940, \u0921\u0949\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u092f\u093e \u0935\u0915\u0940\u0932 \u092c\u0928 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\">\u0907\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0924\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964<\/a> \r\n<em>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/em> \u0915\u0940 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e 112 \u2014 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u201c\u0905\u0928\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0924\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u201d \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0915\u094b 1961 \u0924\u0915 \u0939\u091f\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u0906\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0938\u093e\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0936 \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928 \u0925\u093e\u0964<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>1951 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/second-world-war-wwii\/\">\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935 \u092f\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927<\/a> <em>\u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0941\u0930\u0902\u0924 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0928\u093e\u0921\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0928\u093f\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0925\u094b\u092a\u0947 \u0917\u090f \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \r\n \u0926\u092e\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/em> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0943\u0902\u0916\u0932\u093e \u0915\u094b <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930<\/a> \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0905\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u092f\u093e \u0909\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0935\u0947 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0925\u0947\u0964 \r\n \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0942\u092a, \u0915\u0928\u093e\u0921\u093e \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u0902\u092a\u0930\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0924\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u092e\u093f\u0924\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947, <em>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/em> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0936 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u090f\u0915 \u0928\u090f \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0924 <em>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/em> \u0915\u094b 20 \u091c\u0942\u0928 1951 \u0915\u094b \u0936\u093e\u0939\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0926\u0940 \u0917\u0908\u0964 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0939\u0941\u090f \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e\u0935 \u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0915 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u0915, \u0938\u093e\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u0902\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0939\u091f\u093e \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sun-dance\">\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/potlatch\">\u092a\u0949\u091f\u0932\u0948\u091a<\/a> \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0928 \u0921\u093e\u0902\u0938 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0939\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0939\u091f\u093e \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964 \r\n<\/a> \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u093e\u092f \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0916\u093f\u0932\u093e\u092b <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/land-claims\/\">\u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f<\/a> \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u093e\u0935\u0947 \u0932\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0940 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e \u0925\u0947\u0964 \r\n\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u0939\u093f\u0932\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f, 1951 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0924\u0932\u092c \u0925\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0947 \u0905\u092c <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921<\/a> \u0915\u093e\u0909\u0902\u0938\u093f\u0932 \u091a\u0941\u0928\u093e\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0924\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e \u0925\u0940\u0902\u0964 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/elsie-knott\">\u090f\u0932\u094d\u0938\u0940 \u092e\u0948\u0930\u0940 \u0928\u0949\u091f \u0915\u0928\u093e\u0921\u093e<\/a> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u0939\u093f\u0932\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/chief\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916<\/a> \u0925\u0940\u0902\u0964 (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-women-and-the-franchise\">\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u092e\u0939\u093f\u0932\u093e\u090f\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u092b\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0907\u091c\u093c\u0940 <em>\u092d\u0940 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0947\u0902<\/em>\u0964<\/a>)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0939\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0902\u0915\u093f, \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u092d\u0947\u0926\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u094b \u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f, <em>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/em> \u0928\u0947 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">\u0926\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0947<\/a> \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0930\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u093e \u0928\u0936\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0939\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0930\u094b\u0915 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964 \r\n1951 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u0909\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/child-welfare\">\u092c\u093e\u0932 \u0915\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0923<\/a> (\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e 88) \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0918\u0940\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092d\u0940 \u0905\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0925\u093e\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0924\u0903 \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sixties-scoop\">\u0938\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u091f\u0940\u091c\u093c \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0942\u092a<\/a>\u201d \u0915\u094b \u0918\u091f\u093f\u0924 \r\n \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u090f\u0915 \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0940\u092f \u092c\u093e\u0932 \u0915\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0923 \u090f\u091c\u0947\u0902\u0938\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0941\u0926\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u092c\u091a\u094d\u091a\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0918\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u091a\u0941\u0928\u093e\u0964 \u0938\u093e\u0920 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u0936\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0942\u092a \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u092b\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0924\u0915 \u091a\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian\">\u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0932\u093e\u0935\u093e, \u0928\u090f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0928\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u092d\u0947\u0926\u092d\u093e\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0916\u0924\u094d\u092e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/a> \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0902\u091c\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u201c\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0930\u0915\u094d\u0924\u201d \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \r\n \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0926\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0939\u0924\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u093e\u0938\u0924 \u0915\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0925\u093e\u0964 \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u092d\u0940, \u092a\u0941\u0930\u0941\u0937 \u0935\u0902\u0936 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u092d\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0925\u0947; \u0905\u0917\u0930 \u0935\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0917\u0948\u0930-\u0939\u0948\u0938\u093f\u092f\u0924 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u0936\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0924\u094b \u0939\u0948\u0938\u093f\u092f\u0924 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092e\u0939\u093f\u0932\u093e\u090f\u0902 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0916\u094b \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/women-and-the-indian-act\">\u092e\u0939\u093f\u0932\u093e\u090f\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/a> <em>\u092d\u0940 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0947\u0902<\/em>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u092e\u0939\u093f\u0932\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0925\u0947\u0964 \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u0939\u093f\u0932\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u090f\u0915 \u0917\u0948\u0930-\u0939\u0948\u0938\u093f\u092f\u0924 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092e\u0939\u093f\u0932\u093e, \u091c\u094b \u0939\u0948\u0938\u093f\u092f\u0924 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u0941\u0930\u0941\u0937 \u0938\u0947 \u0936\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0935\u0939 \u0916\u0941\u0926 \u0939\u0948\u0938\u093f\u092f\u0924 \u0939\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0932 \u0915\u0930 \u0932\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u091f\u0938 \u092e\u0939\u093f\u0932\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u091f\u0938 \u092e\u0948\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0936\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0925\u0940, \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921<\/a> \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0926\u0938\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0939\u0941\u0908 \u0925\u0940, \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0935\u0939 \u0905\u092c \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0926\u0938\u094d\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0925\u0940, \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0917\u0930 \u0935\u0939 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u0935\u093e \u0939\u094b \u0917\u0908 \u092f\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0924\u093f \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e, \u0924\u094b \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0926\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0916\u094b \u092c\u0948\u0920\u0940\u0964<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>1951 \u0915\u0947 <em>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/em> \u0928\u0947 \u201c\u0921\u092c\u0932 \u092e\u0926\u0930\u201d \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u092d\u0940 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0928\u0947 21 \u0935\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u0928\u094d\u092e\u0926\u093f\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u091a\u094d\u091a\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u0930\u0926\u094d\u0926 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u0905\u0917\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0901 \u0914\u0930 \u0926\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u0926 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947\u0964 1996 \u092e\u0947\u0902 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/royal-commission-on-aboriginal-peoples\">\u0906\u0926\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0938\u0940 \u0932\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0936\u093e\u0939\u0940 \u0906\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/a> \u0928\u0947 \u0909\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f 1951 \u0915\u0947 \u0913\u0935\u0930\u0939\u093e\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 <em>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/em> \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 1876 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093e\u092a\u0938 \u0932\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0932\u093e\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u0924\u093f\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u0902\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u0939\u093f\u0932\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091a\u094d\u091a\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u0941\u0915\u0938\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0902\u091a\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>1960 \u0914\u0930 1970 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u0936\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/franchise\">1951 \u0915\u0947 <em>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/em> \u0928\u0947 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0932\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902<\/a> \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\">\u092e\u0924\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/a> \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e\u0935 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e, \r\n \u0928 \u0939\u0940 \u0907\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u094b\u091f \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0926\u0940\u0964<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/canadian-bill-of-rights\/\">\u0939\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0902\u0915\u093f, 1958 \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0941\u0906\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/john-diefenbaker\">\u091c\u0949\u0928 \u0921\u093e\u0907\u092b\u093c\u0947\u0928\u092c\u0947\u0915\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \r\n \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0928\u093e\u0921\u093e\u0908 \u092c\u093f\u0932 \u0911\u092b\u093c \u0930\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0938\u094c\u0926\u093e<\/a> \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0942 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/a> \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0915\u0928\u093e\u0921\u093e\u0908 \u0932\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u092c\u093f\u0932 \u0911\u092b \u0930\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u091c\u094b\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925, \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0932\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u094b\u091f \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0936\u093e\u092f\u0926 \u0939\u0940 \u0935\u0902\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964 \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">31 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091a 1960 \u0915\u094b, \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u091f\u0938 \u0907\u0902\u0921\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0938 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u0918\u0940\u092f \u0935\u094b\u091f \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f <em>\u0915\u0928\u093e\u0921\u093e \u091a\u0941\u0928\u093e\u0935 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/em> \u0915\u0940 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e 14 (2) \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0939\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0938\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964<\/a> \r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">\u092b\u0930\u094d\u0938\u094d\u091f \u0928\u0947\u0936\u0902\u0938<\/a> \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u094b\u0917 \u0905\u092c \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0916\u094b\u090f \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0935\u094b\u091f \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0925\u0947\u0964 <em>\u0905\u0917\u0932\u0947 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937, \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0924\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0916\u0902\u0921 \u0915\u094b \u0939\u091f\u093e \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-suffrage\">(\u0915\u0928\u093e\u0921\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 <em>\u092e\u0924\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0947\u0902<\/em>.)<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-affairs-and-northern-development-canada\">1969 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/pierre-elliott-trudeau\/\">\u092a\u093f\u092f\u0930\u0947 \u0907\u0932\u093f\u092f\u091f \u091f\u094d\u0930\u0942\u0921\u094b<\/a> \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/the-white-paper-1969\/\">\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0924 \u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/a> \u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e, \r\n \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0914\u0930 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u092e\u093e\u092e\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0907\u0930\u093e\u0926\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0918\u094b\u0937\u0923\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0908\u0964<\/a> \u0935\u094d\u0939\u093e\u0907\u091f \u092a\u0947\u092a\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u092b\u093c\u0930\u094d\u0938\u094d\u091f \u0928\u0947\u0936\u0902\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u0928\u093e\u0930\u093e\u091c\u093c\u0917\u0940 \r\n \u0915\u093e \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0925\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0902\u0921\u093f\u092f\u0928 \u090f\u0938\u094b\u0938\u093f\u090f\u0936\u0928 \u0911\u092b\u093c \u0905\u0932\u092c\u0930\u094d\u091f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0940\u0928 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/harold-cardinal\/\">\u0939\u0947\u0930\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0921 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u093f\u0928\u0932<\/a> \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f \u201c\u0930\u0947\u0921 \u092a\u0947\u092a\u0930\u201d \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0924\u0941\u0930\u0902\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964 \r\n\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0917\u094d\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923, \u0915\u0928\u093e\u0921\u093e\u0908 \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u0947 \u0924\u0941\u0930\u0902\u0924 \u0935\u094d\u0939\u093e\u0907\u091f \u092a\u0947\u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093e\u092a\u0938 \u0932\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>\u0907\u0938 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0908 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u092e\u0939\u093f\u0932\u093e\u090f\u0902 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u092d\u0947\u0926\u092d\u093e\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0932\u0921\u093c \u0930\u0939\u0940 \u0925\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mary-two-axe-earley\">\u092e\u0948\u0930\u0940 \u091f\u0942-\u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0941\u0906\u0924\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902<\/a> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0925\u0940\u0902\u0964 \r\n\u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0932\u093e\u0935\u093e, \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u094b\u0902\u0928\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0939\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f, \u0938\u0902\u0927\u093f \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0902\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u0939\u093f\u0932\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0917\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092b\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092c\u094b\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0943\u0902\u0916\u0932\u093e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0908\u0964 \u092f\u0935\u094b\u0928 <a name=\"_Hlk39573469\">\u092c\u0947\u0921\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0914\u0930 \r\n \u091c\u0947\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0915\u0949\u0930\u094d\u092c\u093f\u090f\u0930<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/jeannette-vivian-lavell\">\u0932\u093e\u0935\u0947\u0932<\/a>, \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u0936\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0926\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0916\u094b \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u0915\u0928\u093e\u0921\u093e \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0916\u093f\u0932\u093e\u092b \u0905\u0926\u093e\u0932\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u092e\u0932\u0947 \u0932\u093e\u090f\u0964 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/supreme-court-of-canada\/\">1973 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u092e\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u0928\u093e\u0921\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u094b\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0932\u092f \u0939\u094b \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964 \r\n<\/a> \u0909\u0938 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937, \u0905\u0926\u093e\u0932\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u0907\u0938 \u092b\u093c\u0948\u0938\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0932\u094b\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0925\u0940 \u0915\u093f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u0939\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0938\u093e \u091c\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u0939\u093f\u0932\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u092e\u0939\u093f\u0932\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092d\u0947\u0926\u092d\u093e\u0935 \r\n \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u092d\u0932\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u091f\u0938 \u092a\u0941\u0930\u0941\u0937\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u201c\u0936\u093e\u0926\u0940\u201d \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u0930\u0916\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0964 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/lavell-case\">(\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/bedard-case\">\u092c\u0947\u0921\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0915\u0947\u0938 \u0914\u0930 \u0932\u0948\u0935\u0947\u0932 \u0915\u0947\u0938<\/a> <em>\u092d\u0940 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0947\u0902<\/em>.)<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/maliseet\">1981 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0938\u0902\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0906\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0928\u0947 \u092b\u0948\u0938\u0932\u093e \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0915\u0928\u093e\u0921\u093e \u0928\u0947 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sandra-lovelace-nicholas\">\u0938\u0948\u0902\u0921\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0932\u0935\u0932\u0947\u0938 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0932\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u092e\u0932\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 <em>\u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092c\u0902\u0927<\/em> \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 27 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0902\u0918\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0925\u093e \u2014 \r\n \u090f\u0915 \r\n \u0935\u094b\u0932\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0907\u0915 \u092e\u0939\u093f\u0932\u093e \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u0936\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0926\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0916\u094b<\/a> \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0948\u0902\u0921\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0917\u0943\u0939 \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u093e\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u094c\u091f\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0930\u094b\u0915\u093e \u0925\u093e, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f <em>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/em> \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930, \r\n \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u094b\u0902\u0928\u0947 \u0936\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u0930 \u0932\u0940 \u0925\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u092c \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0926\u0938\u094d\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u0935\u093f\u0927\u0947\u092f\u0915 C-31:1985 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u0928<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/bill-c-31\">1985 \u092e\u0947\u0902, <em>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/em> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u092e\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0924\u0940 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u091c\u0935\u093e\u092c \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f, \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u0947\u092f\u0915 C-31 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\">\u092c\u093f\u0932 \u0928\u0947 \r\n \u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u092e\u0924\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0916\u0902\u0921\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u091f\u093e \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0924\u093f\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924, \u091c\u094b \u0932\u094b\u0917 \u0936\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0916\u094b \u091a\u0941\u0915\u0947 \r\n \u0925\u0947, \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u091f\u0938<\/a> \u0907\u0902\u0921\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0938 \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0926\u0938\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0939\u093e\u0932 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964<\/a> \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091a\u094d\u091a\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0924\u094b \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093e, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0935\u0947 \u0926\u094b \u0938\u093e\u0932 \u0924\u0915 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0926\u0938\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0939\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0932 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u090f\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093e\u0932 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0926\u0938\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0921 \r\n \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0925\u093e, \u091c\u094b \u092c\u091a\u094d\u091a\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0925\u093e, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0926\u093f \u091c\u0942\u0928 1987 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0910\u0938\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0915\u094b\u0921 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0925\u093e, \u0924\u094b \u092c\u091a\u094d\u091a\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0926\u0938\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u092d\u0940 \u092e\u093f\u0932 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0925\u0940\u0964 \u0938\u0926\u0938\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0942\u091a\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925, \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0917\u0948\u0930-\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u091f\u0938 \r\n \u0938\u0926\u0938\u094d\u092f \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0939\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0902\u0915\u093f, \u091a\u0942\u0902\u0915\u093f \u092b\u093c\u0947\u0921\u0930\u0932 \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u091c\u093c\u0930\u093f\u090f \u092b\u093c\u0902\u0921\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u091f\u0938 \u0938\u0926\u0938\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u0908 \u0917\u0948\u0930-\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u091f\u0938 \u0938\u0926\u0938\u094d\u092f \u0930\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e\u0939\u0928 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>1985 \u092e\u0947\u0902 <em>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/em> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0938\u0947, \u092a\u0902\u091c\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0926\u094b\u0917\u0941\u0928\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u094b \u0917\u0908 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b 1985 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 360,000 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0915\u0930 2007 \u092e\u0947\u0902 778,000 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u094b \u0917\u0908 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u092e\u0943\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0941 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u091c\u0928\u094d\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \r\n \u0938\u093e\u0925-\u0938\u093e\u0925 \u201c\u092c\u0939\u093e\u0932\u201d \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0926\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0941\u0908 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0939\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0902\u0915\u093f, \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u0928 \u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0939\u093f\u0932\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0916\u093f\u0932\u093e\u092b <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/prejudice-and-discrimination\">\u092d\u0947\u0926\u092d\u093e\u0935<\/a> \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u092c\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0902 \u092d\u0940 \u092a\u0948\u0926\u093e \u0939\u0941\u0908\u0902\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u0947\u092f\u0915 C-31 \u0928\u0947 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian\">\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f<\/a> \u092a\u0902\u091c\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u094b \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0908\u0902\u0964 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e 6 (1) \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u092c \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c \u092e\u093e\u0924\u093e-\u092a\u093f\u0924\u093e \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0902\u091c\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0939\u0915\u0926\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u092f\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 (\u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0915\u094b \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u0909\u092a-\u0916\u0902\u0921\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0907\u0938 \u092c\u093e\u0924 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948.) \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e 6 (2) \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u092c \r\n \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c \u090f\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0915 6 (1) \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0939\u0924 \u092a\u0902\u091c\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0939\u0915\u0926\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0926\u093f \u090f\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0915 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e 6 (2) \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0939\u0924 \u092a\u0902\u091c\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924 <em>\u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e<\/em> \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0917\u0948\u0930-\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u091f\u0938 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0928\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u094b \u092a\u0940\u0922\u093c\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926, \u092c\u091a\u094d\u091a\u0947 \u0905\u092c \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092a\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \r\n \u0939\u094b\u0902\u0917\u0947\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u201c\u0938\u0947\u0915\u0902\u0921-\u091c\u0947\u0928\u0930\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u091f-\u0911\u092b\u201d \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u0924\u0930\u0939, \u092c\u093f\u0932 C-31 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u091f\u0938 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0939\u0915\u0926\u093e\u0930 \u0932\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\r\n\r\n<iframe width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/__Y_hHFvUR8\" title=\"YouTube \u0935\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u092f\u0930\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen=\"\">\r\n<\/iframe><br>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e, 1960 \u0938\u0947 2000 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u0936\u0915<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p><em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\/\">\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/a>,<\/em> 1876 \u0928\u0947 \u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u2014 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0940\u092f <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-agents-in-canada\">\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u090f\u091c\u0947\u0902\u091f\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f<\/a> \u092e\u093e\u092e\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-affairs-and-northern-development-canada\">\u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0917<\/a> \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0918\u0940\u092f \u0928\u094c\u0915\u0930\u0936\u093e\u0939\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-self-government\">1960 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u0936\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924 \u0914\u0930 1970 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u0936\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0941\u0906\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u0947\u091c\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u0924\u093e \r\n \u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0928\u093e\u0921\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/a> \r\n\u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0928\u0947 20 \u0935\u0940\u0902 \u0938\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924 \u0914\u0930 21 \u0935\u0940\u0902 \u0938\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0941\u0906\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0917\u0924\u093f \u092a\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0932\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/constitution-act-1982\/\"><em>\u0938\u0902\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/em><\/a>, 1982 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0941\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0940\u0964 \r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>1984 \u092e\u0947\u0902, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/james-bay-and-northern-quebec-agreement\">\u091c\u0947\u092e\u094d\u0938 \u092c\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u0942\u092c\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u091d\u094c\u0924\u0947<\/a> \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925-\u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092a\u0947\u0928\u0930 \u0930\u093f\u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0942\u092a <em>\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0940-\u0928\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0915\u093e\u092a\u0940 (\u0915\u094d\u092f\u0942\u092c\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u093e) \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/em> \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e, \u091c\u094b \u0915\u0928\u093e\u0921\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0935-\u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0928\u0942\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e \r\n \u0939\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0938\u093e \u0925\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0928\u0947 <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\">\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/a><\/em> \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0949\u0930\u094d\u092a\u094b\u0930\u0947\u091f \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0940 \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930<\/a> <em>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/em> \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0939\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0938\u0902\u0918\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u092e\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/a> \r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0924\u092c \u0938\u0947, \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u092a\u0930 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921<\/a> \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935 \u0906\u090f \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">1996 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0938\u0902\u0918\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u0947 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921 \r\n \u0917\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0947\u0902\u0938 \u0914\u0930 \u0930\u093f\u091c\u093c\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u0928 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0935\u093f\u0927\u0947\u092f\u0915 C-79 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935 \u0930\u0916\u093e\u0964<\/a> \u092b\u0930\u094d\u0938\u094d\u091f \u0928\u0947\u0936\u0902\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0932\u094b\u0917 \u092c\u093f\u0932 C-79 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0925\u0947\u0964 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0932\u093e\u0935\u093e, \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u094b\u0902\u0928\u0947 \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092b\u0930\u094d\u0938\u094d\u091f \u0928\u0947\u0936\u0902\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/duty-to-consult\">\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0936<\/a> \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0930\u0939\u0940\u0964 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0921\u0930 \u0925\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0907\u0938 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u0947\u092f\u0915 \u0938\u0947 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-treaties\">\u0938\u0902\u0927\u093f<\/a> \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u0915\u0947 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-rights\">\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/a> \u0915\u094b \u0916\u0924\u0930\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0917\u093e\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0932\u093e\u0935\u093e, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/royal-commission-on-aboriginal-peoples\">\u0930\u0949\u092f\u0932 \u0915\u092e\u0940\u0936\u0928<\/a> \u0911\u0928 \u090f\u092c\u094b\u0930\u093f\u091c\u093f\u0928\u0932 \u092a\u0940\u092a\u0932\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u093f\u092b\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0926\u0947\u0916\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092c\u093f\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0932\u094b\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0908\u0964 \r\n\u092c\u093f\u0932 C-79 \u0915\u093e\u0928\u0942\u0928 \u092c\u0928\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0938\u092b\u0932 \u0930\u0939\u093e\u0964<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>2002 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u092c\u093f\u0932 C-7, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 <em>\u092b\u0930\u094d\u0938\u094d\u091f \u0928\u0947\u0936\u0902\u0938 \u0917\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0947\u0902\u0938 \u090f\u0915\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948,<\/em> \u0928\u0947 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921 \u0915\u093e\u0909\u0902\u0938\u093f\u0932 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u093e\u0928\u0942\u0928 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947, \u0928\u0947\u0924\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u091a\u092f\u0928 \u0906\u0926\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u092e\u0932\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0940\u0964 \u0939\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0938\u0902\u0918\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u0947 \r\n \u092c\u093f\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0936 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0924\u0903 \u092f\u0939 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0930\u0939\u093e\u0964 2006 \u092e\u0947\u0902, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/senate\">\u0938\u0940\u0928\u0947\u091f\u0930<\/a> \u0917\u0947\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u0947\u0902\u091f \u091c\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0947\u0928 \u0928\u0947 \u201c\u0915\u0928\u093e\u0921\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u094d\u0935-\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0935\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f\u201d \u092c\u093f\u0932 S-216 \u092a\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964 \r\n \u0907\u0938 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u0947\u092f\u0915 \u0928\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0907\u091a\u094d\u091b\u093e \u0930\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0926\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0917\u0940\u0964 \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u092c\u093f\u0932 S-216 \u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947\u0915\u0902\u0921 \u0930\u0940\u0921\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0939\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0932 \u0915\u0940, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u092f\u0939 \u092d\u0940 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0924\u0903 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0930\u0939\u093e\u0964 (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/parliamentary-procedure\">\u0938\u0902\u0938\u0926\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/a> <em>\u092d\u0940 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0947\u0902<\/em>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0939\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0902\u0915\u093f, \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u0938\u092b\u0932 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u090f\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0947 <em>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/em> \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0939\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0902: <em>\u092b\u0930\u094d\u0938\u094d\u091f \u0928\u0947\u0936\u0902\u0938 \u0932\u0948\u0902\u0921 \u092e\u0948\u0928\u0947\u091c\u092e\u0947\u0902\u091f \u090f\u0915\u094d\u091f<\/em> (1999), <em>\u092b\u0930\u094d\u0938\u094d\u091f \u0928\u0947\u0936\u0902\u0938 \u092b\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0932 \u092e\u0948\u0928\u0947\u091c\u092e\u0947\u0902\u091f \u090f\u0915\u094d\u091f<\/em> (2005), <em>\u092b\u0930\u094d\u0938\u094d\u091f \u0928\u0947\u0936\u0902\u0938 \u0911\u092f\u0932 \u090f\u0902\u0921 \u0917\u0948\u0938 \u090f\u0902\u0921 \u092e\u0928\u0940 \u092e\u0948\u0928\u0947\u091c\u092e\u0947\u0902\u091f \u090f\u0915\u094d\u091f<\/em> (2005), <em>\u092b\u0930\u094d\u0938\u094d\u091f \u0928\u0947\u0936\u0902\u0938 \u0915\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u092f\u0932 \u090f\u0902\u0921 \u0907\u0902\u0921\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u0932 \u0921\u0947\u0935\u0932\u092a\u092e\u0947\u0902\u091f \u090f\u0915\u094d\u091f<\/em> (2006), \u0914\u0930 <em>\u092b\u0930\u094d\u0938\u094d\u091f \u0928\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0949\u092a\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0940 \u0913\u0928\u0930\u0936\u093f\u092a \u090f\u0915\u094d\u091f<\/em> (2009)\u0964<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>2011 \u0914\u0930 2017 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u0928<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">\u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0935\u091c\u0942\u0926, <em>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/em> \u0928\u0947 \u0905\u092d\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0939\u093f\u0932\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0935\u0902\u0936\u091c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092d\u0947\u0926\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/a> 2011 \u092e\u0947\u0902, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/parliament\">\u0938\u0902\u0938\u0926 \u0928\u0947<\/a> <em>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u092a\u0902\u091c\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \r\n \u0932\u0948\u0902\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0932<\/em> C-3 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 <em>\u092f\u0939 <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mcivor-case\">\u092e\u0948\u0915\u0907\u0935\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u092e\u0932\u0947<\/a> \u092a\u0930 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">\u0938\u0902\u0918\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/a> \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0925\u0940, \r\n \u091c\u094b 1985 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e 6 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u0948\u0902\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u092d\u0947\u0926\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0925\u093e\u0964<\/em> \u092c\u093f\u0932 C-3 \u0909\u0928 \u092e\u0939\u093f\u0932\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094b\u0924\u0947-\u092a\u094b\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b 6 (2) \u0915\u093e \u0926\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u094b\u0902\u0928\u0947 1985 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0939\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0932 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u0939\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0902\u0915\u093f, \u092e\u0939\u093f\u0932\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u0902\u0936\u091c, \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u092a\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0941\u0930\u0941\u0937\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u0902\u0936\u091c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \r\n \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u0947 \u0925\u0947\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f, \u092c\u093f\u0932 C-3 \u0928\u0947 \u0905\u092d\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0932\u0948\u0902\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u092d\u0947\u0926\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0902\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u092c\u093f\u0932 S-3 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\"><em>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/em><\/a>, 2015 \u0915\u0947 \u0921\u0947\u0938\u091a\u0947\u0928\u0949\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u092e\u093e\u092e\u0932\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0947\u0926\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0905\u0926\u093e\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u092e\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u091c\u0935\u093e\u092c \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u092e\u093e\u092e\u0932\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0926\u093e \u092f\u0939 \u0925\u093e \u0915\u093f \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u0938\u0947 \u091a\u091a\u0947\u0930\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0908 \u0914\u0930 \u092d\u093e\u0908-\u092c\u0939\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \r\n \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092c\u093f\u0932 S-3 \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0938\u093e 22 \u0926\u093f\u0938\u0902\u092c\u0930 2017 \u0915\u094b \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0939\u0941\u0906\u0964 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0932\u093e\u0935\u093e, \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0932\u094b\u0917 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u0902\u0936\u091c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0926\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0926\u0947 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928 \u0932\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u092c\u0939\u093e\u0932 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u094b\u0902\u0928\u0947 1985 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0916\u094b \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964 \r\n\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f, \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0924 \u092a\u093f\u0924\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0932\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u094b 1951-85 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0905\u0935\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u093e\u092c\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0917 \u0925\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u092a\u0902\u091c\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0925\u0947, \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0902\u091c\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u0947\u092f\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u093e \u0939\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0938\u093e \u2014 \u0909\u0928 \u092e\u0939\u093f\u0932\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0940 \r\n \u0938\u0902\u0924\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u092c\u0939\u093e\u0932 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u094b\u0902\u0928\u0947 1951 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0916\u094b \u0926\u0940 \u0925\u0940 (\u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u201c1951 \u0915\u091f-\u0911\u092b\u201d \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948) \u2014 15 \u0905\u0917\u0938\u094d\u0924 2019 \u0915\u094b \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964 \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930, \u201c<em>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f<\/em> \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0924 \u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u092c \u0926\u0942\u0930 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964\u201d<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>2010 \u092e\u0947\u0902, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">\u0938\u0902\u0918\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/a> \u0928\u0947 <em>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/em> \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0928 \u0939\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0938\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u091b\u0941\u091f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093e \r\n \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0932\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902<\/a> \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u092e\u0902\u0936\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0918\u094b\u0937\u0923\u093e \u0915\u0940, \u091c\u094b <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/residential-schools\">\u0906\u0935\u093e\u0938\u0940\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0942\u0932<\/a> \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u091a\u094d\u091a\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0918\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0942\u0930 \u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>\u0935\u093f\u0927\u0947\u092f\u0915 S-2, <em>\u0930\u093f\u091c\u093c\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0948\u0935\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u093f\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u092f\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0918\u0930, \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/em> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0942\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/em> \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">\u0930\u093f\u091c\u093c\u0930\u094d\u0935<\/a> \u092a\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0932\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0928\u093e\u0921\u093e\u0908 \u0932\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u0935\u0948\u0935\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0902\u0964 <em>\u0915\u0928\u093e\u0921\u093e\u0908 \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930, \u092c\u093f\u0932 S-2 \u0915\u093e\u0928\u0942\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0938\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0928 \u0915\u093f \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0939\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0938\u093e\u0964<\/em><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u092c\u0939\u0938: \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u0930\u0916\u0928\u093e \u092f\u093e \u092e\u093f\u091f\u093e\u0928\u093e?<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0917\u0948\u0930-\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0932\u094b\u0917 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0939\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0921\u0930 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0939\u091f\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0917\u0940, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0932\u094b\u0917\u0964 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0928 \u0921\u0947\u0935\u093f\u0921 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0939\u093e\u0909\u0938 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u201c[<em>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/em>] \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0941\u0926\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0941\u0926\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \r\n \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u091d\u091f\u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0928\u093e, \u092f\u093e \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0930\u0926\u094d\u0926 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0918\u091f\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0917\u093e\u0964\u201d<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0939\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0902\u0915\u093f, \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0932\u094b\u091a\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0916\u0924\u094d\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0930\u0916\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0932\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u092e\u094d\u092e\u0940\u0926 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-self-government\/\">\u0938\u094d\u0935-\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928<\/a> \u0914\u0930 \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/truth-and-reconciliation-commission\">\u0938\u0941\u0932\u0939<\/a> \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0924\u0947 \u0915\u0926\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902 \u092b\u0940\u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0921\u093c \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0902\u0917\u0940 \u092f\u093e \u0917\u093e\u092f\u092c \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0902\u0917\u0940, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930-\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e\u0935 \u0906\u090f\u0917\u093e\u0964 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u093e \u0915\u093f <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/assembly-of-first-nations\">\u0905\u0938\u0947\u0902\u092c\u0932\u0940 \u0911\u092b \u092b\u0930\u094d\u0938\u094d\u091f \u0928\u0947\u0936\u0902\u0938<\/a> \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/perry-bellegarde\">\u092a\u0947\u0930\u0940 \u092c\u0947\u0932\u0947\u0917\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0947<\/a> \u0928\u0947 2018 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0939\u093e \u0925\u093e, \u201c\u0939\u092e \u0938\u092d\u0940 <em>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/em> \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0915\u0930 \u0916\u0941\u0926 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0932\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u094c\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0920\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964\u201d \r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<iframe sandbox=\"allow-same-origin allow-scripts allow-top-navigation allow-popups\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"100%\" height=\"185\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https:\/\/embed.radiopublic.com\/e?if=the-secret-life-of-canada-Ww0QnZ&amp;ge=s1!7163a1347ab72236394fe46a4fe7d4048bc69b37\">\r\n<\/iframe><br>\r\n\r\n\t<p>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0928\u093e\u0921\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u092d\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0930\u0916\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948? \u0938\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091f \u0932\u093e\u0907\u092b\u093c \u091f\u0940\u092e \u0907\u0938 \u091c\u091f\u093f\u0932 \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b 143 \u0938\u093e\u0932 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u0928\u093e\u0921\u093e\u0908 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948, \u0909\u0938 \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u0932\u0947\u0915\u0930 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u0906\u091c \u092d\u0940 \r\n \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 <br>\r\n<strong>\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0902<\/strong><em>: <em>\u0926 \u0938\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091f \u0932\u093e\u0907\u092b\u093c \u0911\u092b\u093c \u0915\u0928\u093e\u0921\u093e<\/em> \u0915\u094b \u092b\u093c\u0948\u0932\u0947\u0928 \u091c\u0949\u0928\u0938\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0932\u0940\u0939 \u0938\u093f\u092e\u094b\u0928 \u092c\u094b\u0935\u0947\u0928 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d\u091f \u0914\u0930 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u0928\u093e\u0921\u093e\u0908 \u090f\u0928\u0938\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0932\u094b\u092a\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0940\u092c\u0940\u0938\u0940 \u0913\u0930\u093f\u091c\u093f\u0928\u0932 \u092a\u0949\u0921\u0915\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f \u0939\u0948.<\/em><\/p>\r\n<\/blockquote>\r\n<br>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u0935\u093f\u0930\u093e\u0938\u0924 \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0939\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0902\u0915\u093f \u092a\u093f\u091b\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0908 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 <em>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u092d\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f<\/a> \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0930\u094d\u0924\u094b\u0902, \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">\u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930<\/a> \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e, \u0928\u093e\u092c\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0938\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921<\/a> \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928, \r\n \u091a\u0941\u0928\u093e\u0935 \u0914\u0930 \u0930\u093f\u091c\u093c\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u092a\u0930 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/em> \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902, \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0913\u0902, \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930-\u092a\u0940\u0922\u093c\u0940\u0917\u0924 \u0906\u0918\u093e\u0924 \u092d\u0940 \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u0939\u0948, \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/residential-schools\">\u0906\u0935\u093e\u0938\u0940\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0942\u0932\u094b\u0902<\/a> \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \r\n \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0940\u0921\u093c\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0932\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0940\u0922\u093c\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0921\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>","slug":"dayanahiekata","alt_slug":"","twitter_summary":null,"locale":"hi","automated":true,"hidden":0,"views":2,"created_at":"2024-12-08T09:08:48.000000Z","updated_at":"2024-12-08T09:08:48.000000Z"},{"id":"9daca89e-37ef-45bd-8a25-fe588fbef3ac","article_id":"83668","title":"Indian Act [Lwa Endyen]","summary":"<p>Lwa <em>Endyen an<\/em> se lwa prensipal gouv\u00e8nman <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">federal<\/a> la itilize pou administre estati <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">Endyen<\/a>, gouv\u00e8nman \r\n lok <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">al Premye<\/a> Nasyon yo ak jesyon an nan <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">peyi rez<\/a> \u00e8v. Li detaye tou \r\n obligasyon gouv\u00e8nmantal yo bay p\u00e8p Premye Nasyon yo. <a\r\n\thref=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/inuit\">Lwa <em>Endyen an<\/em> p\u00e8m\u00e8t moun ki gen Endyen Estati; li pa referans dir\u00e8kteman ki pa estati Premye Nasyon moun, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/metis\">M\u00e9tis<\/a> yo oswa Inuit. \r\n<\/a> Premye prezante nan 1876, Lwa a subsome yon kantite lwa kolonyal ki te vize elimine kilti Premye Nasyon an fav\u00e8 asimilasyon nan sosyete Euro-Kanadyen. Yon nouvo v\u00e8syon Lwa a te pase nan 1951, ak depi l\u00e8 sa a, te amande plizy\u00e8 f \r\n wa, pi siyifikativman nan 1985, ak chanjman sitou konsantre sou retire nan seksyon diskriminat\u00e8. Li se yon dokiman en, paradoksal ki te p\u00e8m\u00e8t ch\u00f2k, vyolasyon dwa moun ak dez\u00f2d sosyal ak kiltir\u00e8l pou jenerasyon \r\n p\u00e8p <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">endij\u00e8n yo.<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Sa a se antre nan plen long\u00e8 sou Lwa Endy <em>en an.<\/em> Pou yon rezime lang plenn, tanpri gade Lwa <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act-plain-language-summary\" target=\"_blank\">Endyen an (Rezime Lang Plain)<\/a>.<\/p>","body":"<div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/cbcd31d1-03f6-4fba-a45d-96ee89c4617d.jpg\" title=\"Lwa Endyen\" alt=\"Lwa Endyen\"><\/div>\r\n\r\n<h3>Kont\u00e8ks istorik: Anvan Lwa Endyen an, 1763\u20141876<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Pwok <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/royal-proclamation-of-1763\/\">lamasyon Royal nan 1763 mete<\/a> baz pou ki jan administrasyon kolonyal ta kominike av\u00e8k p\u00e8p Pre <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">mye Nasyon yo<\/a> nan sy\u00e8k yo ki te swiv. Pwoklamasyon an garanti <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-rights\">s\u00e8ten dwa<\/a> ak pwoteksyon pou p\u00e8p Premye Nasyon yo, epi etabli pwosesis la pa ki gouv\u00e8nman \r\n an te kapab jwenn t\u00e8 yo. Pli lwen politik yo te pase nan premye mwatye 19y\u00e8m sy\u00e8k la ki te vize asimile p\u00e8p Premye Nasyon an nan popilasyon kolon k ap grandi.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/indian\/\">Lwa 1850 la <em>pou pwoteksyon an pi bon nan T\u00e8 yo ak pwopriyete nan Endyen yo nan Lower Kanada<\/em> te youn nan moso yo premye nan lejislasyon ki enkli yon seri kondisyon pou yon moun yo dwe konsidere k\u00f2m yon Endyen legal - yon pr\u00e9curseur nan kons\u00e8p la nan \u201cest <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">ati<\/a>.\u201d<\/a> Kondisyon sa yo te baze sou san, ak esansy\u00e8lman te di ke moun \u201cyo pral konsidere k\u00f2m Endyen\u201d si yo te nan \u201c\r\nsan Endyen\u201d epi yo te manm nan yon \u201cK\u00f2 oswa branch fanmi nan Endyen.\u201d Tout desandan moun sa yo te konsidere k\u00f2m yo dwe Endyen. Se konsa, tou yo te ki pa Endyen ki \u201cent\u00e8-marye ak Endyen sa yo,\u201d moun ki gen paran yo (youn oswa tou de) ta te konsidere k\u00f2m Endyen, \r\n ak \u201ctout moun adopte nan anfans pa nenp\u00f2t Endyen sa yo.\u201d<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Acts yo souvan ke yo rekon\u00e8t k\u00f2m L <em>wa Sivil<\/em> izasyon Grady\u00e8l nan 1857 ak Lwa a Grady\u00e8l <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/gradual-civilization-act\/\">Enfranchisement<\/a><\/em> nan 1869 te prensipalman vize pou retire nenp\u00f2t distenksyon \r\n espesyal oswa dwa nan p\u00e8p Premye Nasyon yo nan l\u00f2d asimile yo nan pi gwo popilasyon kolon an. Sa a te ok\u00f2mansman vle di yo dwe akonpli pa Lwa <em>Siviliz<\/em> asyon Grady\u00e8l la atrav\u00e8 \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\/\">enfranchisement<\/a> volont\u00e8 (sa vle di, yon moun Premye Nasyon ta bay moute estati yo an echanj pou peyi ak dwa pou vote), men se s\u00e8lman yon s\u00e8l moun volont\u00e8man enfranchised. K\u00f2m yon \r\n rezilta, gouv\u00e8nman an L\u00e8 sa a, te k\u00f2manse unilateralman enfranchising Premye Nasyon moun.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Yon nimewo nan gw <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">ou<\/a> p Endij\u00e8n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-treaties\/\">te<\/a> f\u00e8 trete - an patikilye premye senk Trete <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/numbered-treaties\">yo Nimewo<\/a> - ak gouv\u00e8nman Kanadyen anvan 1876 pase nan Lwa <em>En<\/em> dyen an. Gwoup sa yo ka konsidere idantite legal yo k\u00f2m moun Premye Nasyon yo koule nan trete sa yo, olye ke nan Lwa <em>Endyen an<\/em>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Lwa Endyen an vini nan pouvwa, 1876<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Nan 1867, Lwa Konstitisyon an <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/constitution-act-1867\/\"><em>asiyen jiri<\/em><\/a> diksyon lejislatif nan Palman <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/parliament\">an sou<\/a> &quot;Endyen, \r\n ak T\u00e8 rez\u00e8ve pou Endyen yo.\u201d <em>Pr\u00e8ske 10 ane pita, nan 1876, Lwa Si <em>vilizasyon Grady\u00e8l ak L<\/em> wa a Grady\u00e8l <em>Enfranchisement te vin yon pati nan L<\/em> wa Endyen an.<\/em> Atrav\u00e8 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-affairs-and-northern-development-canada\">Depatman Zaf\u00e8 Endyen<\/a> ak <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-agents-in-canada\">ajan<\/a> Endyen li yo, Lwa Endy <em>en an te<\/em> bay gouv\u00e8nman an bale pouvwa ak konsidere idantite Pre <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">mye Nasyon yo<\/a>, estrikti politik, gouv\u00e8nans, pratik kiltir\u00e8l ak <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-education\">edi<\/a> kasyon. Pouvwa sa yo restriksyon lib\u00e8te endij\u00e8n yo ak p\u00e8m\u00e8t ofisy\u00e8l <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-rights\">det\u00e8mine dwa en<\/a> dij\u00e8n ak benefis ki baze sou \u201cbon karakt\u00e8 moral.\u201d<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Lwa <em>Endyen an<\/em> te eseye jeneralize yon popilasyon vas ak varye nan moun ak asimile yo nan sosyete ki pa endij\u00e8n. Li te ent\u00e8di p\u00e8p Premye Nasyon ak kominote yo eksprime idantite yo atrav\u00e8 gouv\u00e8nans ak kilti. Lwa a \r\n ranplase estrikti tradisyon\u00e8l gouv\u00e8nans ak <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">eleksyon<\/a> kons\u00e8y bann. Ch\u00e8f <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/chief\">ered<\/a> it\u00e8 - lid\u00e8 ki \r\n jwenn pouvwa atrav\u00e8 desandan olye ke eleksyon - yo pa rekon\u00e8t pa Lwa <em>Endyen an<\/em>. Jiska 1951, fanm yo te eskli tou nan politik kons\u00e8y bann. (G <em>ade tou Fan<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/women-and-the-indian-act\">m ak Lwa Endyen<\/a> an.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Lwa a tou te f\u00e8 li ilegal pou p\u00e8p Premye Nasyon yo pratike seremoni <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/religion-of-aboriginal-people\">relijye ak div<\/a> \u00e8s kalite rasanbleman kiltir\u00e8l yo. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-term\">Nan 1884, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/potlatch\/\">potlatch<\/a> la te ent\u00e8di, ak nan 1895, \u201cnenp\u00f2t festival Endyen, dans oswa l\u00f2t seremoni,\u201d ki ta gen ladan <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/powwows-editorial\">powwows<\/a> ak <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sun-dance\">dans la sol\u00e8y<\/a>, yo te ent\u00e8di tou.<\/a> Yon l\u00f2t amannman nan 1914 outlawed danse off- rez\u00e8v, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">\r\nak<\/a> nan 1925, danse se outlawed anty\u00e8man.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>An 1927, Lwa a te f\u00e8 li ilegal pou p\u00e8p Premye Nasyon yo ak kominote yo solisite lajan pou pouswit yon <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/land-claims\/\">reklamasyon peyi<\/a>. Amannman ki vin apre yo te egzije timoun \r\n Premye Nasyon yo ale nan lek <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/residential-schools\/\">\u00f2l endistriy\u00e8l<\/a> oswa rezidansy\u00e8l (1894 ak 1920). Eritaj la f\u00e8 nwa nan lek\u00f2l rezidansy\u00e8l nan Kanada te afekte kominote Endij\u00e8n atrav\u00e8 peyi a ak ent\u00e8jener \r\n asyonalman. \r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Nan vire a nan 20y\u00e8m sy\u00e8k la, sist <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/pass-system-in-canada\">\u00e8m pas<\/a> la (ki restriksyon mouvman an nan p\u00e8p Premye Nasyon koupe rez\u00e8v) te enpoze san okenn otorizasyon legal. R\u00e8gl \r\n eman restriksyon sa yo te gen enpak ki dire lontan sou jenerasyon moun endij\u00e8n, k\u00f2m restriksyon sou mobilite te lak\u00f2z domaj nan ekonomi endij\u00e8n, kilti ak sosyete yo.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Lwa <em>Endyen an<\/em> defini tou ki moun ki te konsidere k\u00f2m yon Endyen anba lalwa a. Li te deklare ke yon Endyen te \u201cnenp\u00f2t moun gason nan san Endyen repute f\u00e8 pati nan yon bann patikil <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">ye<\/a>.\u201d \r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">Estati En<\/a> dyen tou aplike nan \u201cnenp\u00f2t timoun nan moun sa yo\u201d ak nan \u201cnenp\u00f2t fanm ki se oswa ki te legalman marye ak moun sa yo.\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/christianity\">Yon moun p\u00e8di estati si yo gradye iniv\u00e8site, \r\n marye yon moun ki pa estati (si yo te yon fanm) oswa, soti nan 1876 rive 1880, te vin yon minis kretyen, dokt\u00e8 oswa avoka.<\/a> Sa a te ye k\u00f2m <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\">enfranchisement<\/a>. \r\nSeksyon 112 nan Lwa En <em>dyen an<\/em> - ke yo rekon\u00e8t k\u00f2m \u201cenfranchisement obligatwa\u201d seksyon an - pa te retire jouk 1961. Administrasyon an nan estati se te yon zouti nan asimilasyon ak destriksyon kiltir\u00e8l.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Yon Revize Lwa Endyen an 1951<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Pery\u00f2d la imedyatman swiv Dezy <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/second-world-war-wwii\/\">\u00e8m G\u00e8<\/a> Mondyal la te enplike anpil entrosp\u00e8ksyon sosyetal nan Kanada, e li te mennen nan yon rekonsiderasyon nan k\u00e8k nan mezi yo pi restriktif ak \r\n opressiv enpoze pa Lwa Endyen an.<\/em> Yon seri de ref\u00f2m pwopoze yo te rejte oswa opoze pa p\u00e8p Pre <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">mye<\/a> Nasyon yo paske yo pa te patisipe nan pwos \r\n esis la. K\u00f2m yon rezilta, gouv\u00e8nman an nan Kanada te kraze ak tradisyon ak atrav\u00e8 pwosesis la Komite Joint, konsilte ak kominote Premye Nasyon pou tr\u00e8 premye fwa tout tan tout tan sou chanjman nan Lwa <em>Endyen<\/em> an.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Yon nouvo ak revize L <em>wa Endy<\/em> en yo te bay konsan wa sou 20 jen 1951. Ekzamine a ki kapab lak\u00f2z retire k\u00e8k nan restriksyon ki pi ofansif politik, kiltir\u00e8l ak relijye yo. Pou egzanp, ent\u00e8diksyon sou seremoni tankou <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/potlatch\">potlatch<\/a> la ak <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sun-dance\">dans sol \r\n \u00e8y yo te retire<\/a>. Kominote yo te kapab tou pote sou <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/land-claims\/\">reklamasyon peyi kont<\/a> gouv\u00e8nman an. \r\nPou fanm Premye Nasyon yo, Lwa 1951 la te vle di yo te kounye a kapab vote nan eleksyon <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">kon<\/a> s\u00e8y bann. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/elsie-knott\">Elsie Marie Knott te premye<\/a> eli fem\u00e8l Premye Nasyon an ch\u00e8f <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/chief\">nan Kanada<\/a>. (G <em>ade tou Fan<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-women-and-the-franchise\">m Endij\u00e8n ak franchiz la<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Sepandan, revizyon yo pa t &#39;debarase Lwa a nan diskriminasyon. Pou egzanp, Lwa En <em>dyen an ent<\/em> \u00e8di <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">moun est<\/a> ati soti nan posede entoksikan oswa yo te entoksike. \r\nRevizyon 1951 yo te bay pwovens yo jiridiksyon tou sou byenn\u00e8t tim <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/child-welfare\">oun endij\u00e8n (<\/a>Seksyon 88) kote okenn ki egziste federalman. Sa a evanty\u00e8lman p\u00e8m\u00e8t pou \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sixties-scoop\">Seasties Scoop<\/a> la\u201d \r\n rive, yon pwosesis pa ki ajans byenn\u00e8t timoun pwovens te chwazi retire timoun nan kay yo olye ke bay resous kominote ak sip\u00f2. Swisans yo Scoop te gen ef\u00e8 konsiderab ak ki dire lontan sou kominote Endij\u00e8n yo.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anplis, nouvo Lwa a pa t &#39;ranv\u00e8se nati diskriminat\u00e8 nan Estati Endy <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian\">en an.<\/a> Lwa a ranplase kons\u00e8p la nan \u201cEndyen san\u201d ak youn nan estati atrav\u00e8 enskripsyon an. Nan l\u00f2t mo, \r\n tou senpleman gen eritaj Premye Nasyon pa t &#39;ase yo kalifye pou estati. Pok\u00f2, liy gason nan desandan te toujou privilejye; fanm ki gen estati p\u00e8di dwa yo si yo marye yon moun ki pa estati. (G <em>ade tou Fan<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/women-and-the-indian-act\">m ak Lwa Endyen<\/a> an.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Dispozisyon yo kons\u00e8nan estati yon fanm yo te patikily\u00e8man ekstr\u00e8m. Dwa estati yon fanm te koule anty\u00e8man nan mari l &#39;yo. Yon fanm ki pa estati ki marye ak yon nonm ki gen estati ta jwenn estati t\u00e8t li. Yon fanm estati ki marye ak yon nonm estati te gen \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">man<\/a> m bann li mare nan l &#39;konsa li pa te gen okenn ank\u00f2 yon manm nan bann pw\u00f2p li, epi li p\u00e8di estati li anty\u00e8man si li te v\u00e8v oswa abandone pa mari l.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Lwa Endy <em>en<\/em> 1951 la te entwodwi tou r\u00e8g la \u201cDouble Manman\u201d, ki revoke estati yon timoun nan aniv\u00e8s\u00e8 nesans 21y\u00e8m li yo si tou de manman yo ak grann pa te kalifye pou estati. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/royal-commission-on-aboriginal-peoples\">Komisyon Royal sou p\u00e8p Aborij\u00e8n nan 1996<\/a> <em>te note ke revizyon yo genyen nan ekzamine a 1951 te f\u00e8 ti kras men retounen Lwa Endyen an nan eta 1876 li yo, pandan y ap restriksyon yo adisyon\u00e8l sou transf\u00e8 a nan estati te f\u00e8 mal nan Premye Nasyon fanm ak pitit yo.<\/em><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Mande Chanjman nan Lwa Endyen an, ane 1960 ak lane 1970<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Lwa En <em>dyen 1951<\/em> la pa t &#39;chanje pwosesis la nan <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\">enfranchisement<\/a> pou p\u00e8p <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">Endij\u00e8n<\/a>, \r\n ni li t &#39;p\u00e8m\u00e8t pou <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/franchise\">dwa<\/a> pou vote. Sepandan, nan k\u00f2mansman 1958, gouv\u00e8nman Premye <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/john-diefenbaker\">Minis John Diefenbaker<\/a> a te k\u00f2manse \r\n defise <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/canadian-bill-of-rights\/\">Bill Kanad<\/a> yen an nan Dwa. Av\u00e8k Bill of Rights &#39;anfaz sou dwa egal pou tout Kanadyen, p\u00e8p Endij\u00e8n te kapab diman dwe refize \r\n dwa a vote. Sou 31 mas 1960, p\u00f2syon nan Seksyon 14 (2) nan Lwa sou Eleksyon <em>Kanada yo te revoke yo nan l\u00f2d yo ak<\/em> \u00f2de v\u00f2t federal la nan Endyen <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">Status.<\/a> \r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">Premye Nasyon<\/a> moun te kapab kounye a vote san yo pa p\u00e8di estati yo. Ane annapre a, kloz la enfranchisement obligatwa nan Lwa Endyen an <em>te retire.<\/em> (G <em>ade tou<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-suffrage\">Sufraj Endij\u00e8n nan Kanada<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>An 1969, gouv\u00e8nman Premye Minis <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/pierre-elliott-trudeau\/\">Pierre Elliott Trudeau lage <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/the-white-paper-1969\/\">Papye Blan<\/a> li yo, \r\n ki te de<\/a> klare entansyon li yo anty\u00e8man elimine estati Endyen ak Depatman Zaf\u00e8 Endyen <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-affairs-and-northern-development-canada\">an<\/a>. Papye Blan an te rankontre ak ekoutasyon \r\n soti nan p\u00e8p Premye Nasyon e li te imedyatman kontrete pa \u201cPapye Wouj la,\u201d kreye ak prezante pa <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/harold-cardinal\/\">Harold Kadinal<\/a>, l\u00e8 sa a-prezidan nan Asosyasyon Endyen an nan Alberta. \r\nAk\u00f2z opozisyon an fer\u00f2s ak kontinye pa gwoup Endij\u00e8n ak sip\u00f2t\u00e8 yo, gouv\u00e8nman Kanadyen an byen vit retire Papye Blanch la.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Anpil fanm endij\u00e8n pandan tan sa a te goumen pou chanje seksyon diskriminat\u00e8 nan Lwa <em>Endyen an<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mary-two-axe-earley\">Mari De-Axe Earley se te youn nan<\/a> aktivis yo pi bon\u00e8. \r\nAnplis l\u00f2t travay, li mobilize yon seri de pale ak ekri kanpay pou ogmante pwofil abi pa fanm ki te refize estati, trete ak dwa pwopriyete anba Lwa a. Yvonne <a name=\"_Hlk39573469\">B\u00e9dard ak \r\n<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/jeannette-vivian-lavell\">Jeannette Corbiere Lavell<\/a>, tou de nan moun p\u00e8di estati yo paske nan yon maryaj, te pote ka nan tribinal kont gouv\u00e8nman Kanadyen an. Nan lane 1973, ka yo fizyone \r\n nan Tribinal <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/supreme-court-of-canada\/\">Sipr\u00e8m lan nan Kanada<\/a>. Nan ane sa a, tribinal la te lajman kritike pou desizyon ke pati nan Lwa a ki konekte estati yon fanm nan mari l &#39;a pa \r\n t &#39;diskriminasyon kont fanm, menm si estati gason kenbe estati yo si yo \u201cmarye soti.\u201d (G <em>ade tou \r\n<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/bedard-case\">Ka B\u00e9dard ak<\/a> ka <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/lavell-case\">Lavell<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>An 1981, Komisyon Dwa Moun Nasyon Zini te regle ke Kanada te vyole Atik 27 nan Kontra Ent\u00e8n <em>asyonal la sou Dwa Sivil ak Politik<\/em> nan ka <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sandra-lovelace-nicholas\">Sandra Lovelace Nicholas<\/a> - \r\n yon fanm \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/maliseet\">Wolastoqiyik<\/a> ki te p\u00e8di estati li atrav\u00e8 maryaj. Gouv\u00e8nman an te anpeche Sandra retounen nan kominote lakay li <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">pas<\/a> ke, dapre L <em>wa En<\/em> dyen \r\n an, li te marye soti epi yo pa te konsidere ank\u00f2 yo dwe yon manm bann.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Bill C-31: Amannman 1985 nan Lwa Endyen an<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>An 1985, reponn a ap grandi enkyetid nasyonal ak ent\u00e8nasyonal sou mank de egalite nan Lwa En <em>dyen an<\/em>, gouv\u00e8nman an te pase <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/bill-c-31\">Bill C-31<\/a>. B\u00f2dwo a konpl\u00e8tman retire tout klo \r\n z <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\">enfranchis<\/a> ement ki rete yo. Anplis de sa, moun ki te p\u00e8di est <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">ati at<\/a> rav\u00e8 maryaj \r\n yo te reenstale k\u00f2m Endyen estati ak k\u00f2m manm bann<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">.<\/a> Timoun yo te vin jwenn estati, men yo pa ta jwenn manm bann pou de ane. Ent\u00e8val sa a te vle di bay Gwoup Mizik tan yo \r\n kreye k\u00f2d pw\u00f2p manm yo, ki ta ka eskli timoun yo, men se pa manman yo. Si yon k\u00f2d konsa pa t pase anvan jen 1987, timoun yo te genyen manm bann tou. Av\u00e8k plis kontw\u00f2l sou lis manm yo, Gwoup Mizik te kapab gen manm ki pa est \r\n ati. Sepandan, depi finansman atrav\u00e8 gouv\u00e8nman federal la baze sou manm estati, gen ti ankourajman pou Gwoup Mizik yo gen anpil manm ki pa estati.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Depi amandman yo nan L <em>wa Endy<\/em> en an 1985 yo te mete an plas, kantite Endyen ki anrejistre gen plis pase double, ki soti nan apepr\u00e8 360,000 nan 1985 a plis pase 778,000 nan 2007. Ogmantasyon an se yon rezilta nan plis nesans sou lanm\u00f2 k\u00f2m \r\n byen ke atrav\u00e8 \u201creenstale\u201d estati Endyen.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Sepandan, pandan ke amannman an adrese <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/prejudice-and-discrimination\">diskriminasyon<\/a> kont fanm, li tou te kreye k\u00e8k pwobl\u00e8m. Bill C-31 te kreye de kategori nan enskripsyon Endy <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian\">en an<\/a>. Premye a, ke yo rekon\u00e8t k\u00f2m seksyon 6 (1), aplike l\u00e8 tou de paran yo oswa yo te gen dwa pou enskripsyon an. (Seksyon sa a se plis kase desann nan sub-seksyon ki diferan ki baze sou ki jan estati yo pase desann.) Dezy\u00e8m lan, ke yo rekon\u00e8t k\u00f2m seksyon 6 (2), \r\n aplike l\u00e8 yon s\u00e8l paran gen dwa pou enskripsyon anba 6 (1). Estati <em>pa<\/em> ka transfere si se yon s\u00e8l paran ki anrejistre anba seksyon 6 (2). Nan ti bout tan, apre de jenerasyon ent\u00e8rmaryaj ak patn\u00e8 ki pa estati, timoun yo pa ta gen okenn ank\u00f2 kalify \r\n e pou estati. Sa a se ke yo rekon\u00e8t k\u00f2m r\u00e8g la \u201cDezy\u00e8m-Jenerasyon Koupe-Off\u201d. Nan fason sa a, Bill C-31 te gen konsekans sou kantite moun ki gen dwa estati.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<iframe width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/__Y_hHFvUR8\" title=\"YouTube videyo jw\u00e8\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen=\"\">\r\n<\/iframe><br>\r\n\r\n<h3>Gouv\u00e8nans ak Lwa Endyen an, ane 1960 a 2000<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Lwa En <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\/\">dyen<\/a> an,<\/em> 1876, demonte sist\u00e8m tradisyon\u00e8l nan gouv\u00e8nans ak enpoze kontw\u00f2l ekst\u00e8n - nan f\u00f2m lan nan <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-agents-in-canada\">ajan lok<\/a> al Endyen ak biwok <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-affairs-and-northern-development-canada\">rasi federal la nan Depatman Zaf\u00e8 Endyen sou<\/a> moun ak kominote yo. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-self-government\">Se pa jiskaske fen ane 1960 yo ak k\u00f2mansman ane 1970 te \r\n f\u00e8 \u00f2ganizasyon politik de pli zan pli efikas ak activism entansifye mete Kanada sou yon chemen nan direksyon rekon\u00e8t ak p\u00e8m\u00e8t f\u00f2m nan gouv\u00e8nman endij\u00e8n.<\/a> \r\nTandans sa a te vin momant\u00f2m nan fen 20y\u00e8m ak sy\u00e8k yo byen bon\u00e8 21y\u00e8m, ak p\u00e8p Endij\u00e8n yo te w\u00e8 dwa yo nan gouv\u00e8nman gouv\u00e8nman afime nan Lwa sou <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/constitution-act-1982\/\"><em>Konstitisyon an, 1982,<\/em><\/a> \r\n ak nan dokiman ent\u00e8nasyonal yo.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Nan 1984, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/james-bay-and-northern-quebec-agreement\">James Bay ak Northern Quebec Ak\u00f2 a, osi byen ke Rap\u00f2<\/a> <em>a Penner, te lak\u00f2z nan Cree-Naskapi (nan Quebec) Lwa a, premye moso nan<\/em> lejislasyon endij\u00e8n gouv\u00e8nman gouv\u00e8nman nan Kanada, ki ranplase Lwa Endyen an ak etabli \r\n kominote En <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\">dij<\/a><\/em> \u00e8n nan rejyon an k\u00f2m antite antrepriz. Oto-gouv \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">\u00e8nen Premye<\/a> Nasyon yo pa sij\u00e8 a Lwa En <em>dyen an<\/em>, menm si <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">gouv\u00e8nman federal<\/a> la kontinye administ \r\n re s\u00e8ten zaf\u00e8 Premye Nasyon yo.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Depi l\u00e8 sa a, te gen pwopozisyon pou ogmante pou <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">vwa<\/a> bann sou gouv\u00e8nans nan Lwa a. An 1996, gouv\u00e8nman federal la pwopoze Bill C-79 pou amande <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">z<\/a> \u00f2n nan Lwa a ki gen ladan gouv\u00e8nans bann \r\n ak r\u00e8gleman an nan rez\u00e8v. Majorite nan Premye Nasyon yo te opoze ak Bill C-79. Pami l\u00f2t rezon yo, yo te diskite ke gouv\u00e8nman an echwe pou adekwatman kon \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/duty-to-consult\">silte<\/a> ak Premye Nasyon sou chanjman pwopoze. Yo te p\u00e8 b\u00f2dwo a ta menase <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-treaties\">dwa trete<\/a> ak dwa pou gouv\u00e8n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-rights\">man gou<\/a> v\u00e8nman an. Anplis de sa, b\u00f2dwo a te kritike pou inyore rek\u00f2mandasyon yo nan <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/royal-commission-on-aboriginal-peoples\">Komisyon an Royal sou p\u00e8p Aborij\u00e8n.<\/a> \r\nBill C-79 echwe pou vin lalwa.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>An 2002, Bill C-7, konnen tou k\u00f2m Lwa Gouv\u00e8nans Pre <em>mye Nasyon an, t&#39;ap<\/em> chache bay kons\u00e8y bann plis pouvwa an t\u00e8m de f\u00e8 lalwa, seleksyon lid\u00e8chip ak renmen an. Menm si gouv\u00e8nman federal la konsilte ak div\u00e8s kalite Nasyon Premye sou \r\n b\u00f2dwo a, li finalman echwe. Nan lane 2006, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/senate\">Senat\u00e8<\/a> Gerry St Germain prezante Bill S-216 \u201cpou ankouraje rekonesans ak aplikasyon dwa pou gouv\u00e8nman gouv\u00e8nman pou Premye Nasyon \r\n nan Kanada.\u201d B\u00f2dwo a ta gen p\u00e8m\u00e8t pou Premye Nasyon ki vle pw\u00f2p t\u00e8t ou-gouv\u00e8ne devlope yon pwopozisyon ak konstitisyon. Pandan ke Bill S-216 reyalize Dezy\u00e8m Lekti, li tw\u00f2 finalman echwe. (G <em>ade tou Pwo<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/parliamentary-procedure\">sedi Palman<\/a> t\u00e8.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Sepandan, gen k\u00e8k Nasyon Premye yo te f\u00e8 aranjman sekt\u00f2r\u00e8l siks\u00e8. Sa yo p\u00e8m\u00e8t pou pi gwo pouvwa gouv\u00e8nans pa bay anba Lwa <em>Endyen an<\/em>. Gen k\u00e8k egzanp gen ladan yo: Lwa Jesyon T\u00e8 Pre <em>mye<\/em> Nasyon (1999), Lwa sou Jesyon <em>Fiskal Premye<\/em> Nasyon (2005), Lwa sou Jesyon Lwa Pre <em>mye Nasyon lwil oliv ak gaz<\/em> ak lajan (2005), Pre <em>mye Nasyon Kom\u00e8syal ak Endistriy\u00e8l Devlop<\/em> man Lwa (2006), ak Lwa sou Komen Pwopriyete Pre <em>mye Nasyon<\/em> (2009).<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Amannman nan Lwa Endyen an nan 2011 ak 2017<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Malgre div\u00e8s kalite amannman, L <em>wa Endy<\/em> en an toujou f\u00e8 diskriminasyon kont fanm ak desandan yo, ak konsidere dwa <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">est<\/a> ati. Nan 2011, Palman an <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/parliament\">te pase<\/a> ekite s\u00e8ks \r\n <em>la nan Endyen Enrejistreman L<\/em> wa, ke yo rekon\u00e8t tou k\u00f2m Bill C-3. Sa a te <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">repons gouv\u00e8nman federal<\/a> la nan ka <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mcivor-case\">McIvor a,<\/a> \r\n ki te sou diskriminasyon s\u00e8ks nan seksyon 6 nan 1985 Endyen Lwa a<em>.<\/em> Bill C-3 sibvansyon 6 (2) estati bay pitit pitit fanm ki te reprann estati an 1985. Sepandan, desandan yo nan fanm yo, espesyalman an t\u00e8m de gwo-pitit pitit, \r\n pa t &#39;gen dwa yo menm k\u00f2m desandan gason nan sikonstans menm jan an. Se pout\u00e8t sa, Bill C-3 toujou refize dwa estati nan k\u00e8k moun paske yo te diskriminasyon s\u00e8ks.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Bill S-3 te kreye an repons a yon l\u00f2t ka tribinal sou diskriminasyon nan Lwa Endy <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\"><em>en an,<\/em><\/a> ka Descheneaux 2015 la. Pwobl\u00e8m nan nan ka sa a te sou fas \r\n on estati a pase nan kouzin ak fr\u00e8 s\u00e8. Yon pati nan Bill S-3 te antre an ef\u00e8 sou 22 desanm 2017. Pami l\u00f2t dispozisyon, amannman an p\u00e8m\u00e8t plis moun pase desann estati yo bay desandan yo epi remete estati bay moun ki p\u00e8di li anvan 1985. \r\nPou egzanp, li bay fason pou enskri moun ki gen pat\u00e8nite enkoni ak ki te min\u00e8 san marye ant 1951\u201485 ak afekte pa r\u00e8gleman enskripsyon an plas nan moman an. L\u00f2t pati nan b\u00f2dwo a - ki gen rap\u00f2 ak restore estati nan fanm ak pitit \r\n pitit yo ki p\u00e8di estati anvan 1951 (ke yo rekon\u00e8t k\u00f2m \u201c1951 Koupe-off la\u201d) - te pote an f\u00f2s sou 15 Out 2019. Dapre gouv\u00e8nman an, \u201cTout li te ye s\u00e8ks ki baze sou enkilite nan Lwa Endyen an <em>te kounye<\/em> a te adrese.\u201d<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Ref\u00f2m pwopoze<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>An 2010, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">gouv\u00e8nman federal<\/a> la te anonse entansyon li yo travay av\u00e8k <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">p\u00e8p<\/a> En <em>dij\u00e8n pou \r\n debarase pati nan Lwa Endy<\/em> en an ki bay otorite pou kreye lek <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/residential-schools\">\u00f2l rezi<\/a> dansy\u00e8l ak pran timoun lwen kay yo.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Bill S-2, Kay <em>Fanmi yo sou Rez\u00e8v ak Enter\u00e8 Matrimonyal oswa Lwa sou Dwa,<\/em> adrese yon gap lejislatif nan Lwa Endyen an<em>.<\/em> Li gen pou objaktif asire ke moun k ap viv sou rez <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">\u00e8<\/a> v gen dwa menm jan ak pwopriyete matrimonial k\u00f2m l\u00f2t Kanadyen yo. Dapre gouv\u00e8nman Kanadyen an, Bill S-2 se yon moso kanpe pou kont li nan lejislasyon, pa yon pati nan ref\u00f2m Lwa Endyen an<em>.<\/em><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Deba: Pou kenbe oswa eradike Lwa Endyen an?<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Pandan ke k\u00e8k p\u00e8p Endij\u00e8n ak ki pa endij\u00e8n yo rele pou abolisyon Lwa a, l\u00f2t moun p\u00e8 ke retire li yo ta erode pwoteksyon s\u00e8ten, tankou sa yo ki sou Endyen Estati. K\u00f2m savan David Newhouse eksplike, \u201c[Lwa Endyen an] bay <em>estrikti<\/em> a pou gouv\u00e8nans kom \r\n inote lokal yo ak lavi kominote a. Ref\u00f2me Lwa a nan yon s\u00e8l tonbe swoop, oswa revoke li, ta dwe enormement deranje nan Premye Nasyon yo.\u201d<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Sepandan, kritik nan Lwa a kontinye ap travay nan direksyon demant\u00e8lman li yo. P\u00e8p Endij\u00e8n sa yo espere ke pouvwa yo nan Lwa a pral fennen oswa dispar\u00e8t ak deplase nan ogmante nan direksyon pou gouv\u00e8nman an ak re <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-self-government\/\">kon<\/a> silyasyon \r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/truth-and-reconciliation-commission\">,<\/a> kontribye nan yon chanjman nan relasyon gouv\u00e8nman-endij\u00e8n. K\u00f2m A <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/assembly-of-first-nations\">sanble nan Premye Nasyon<\/a> ch\u00e8 <em>f \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/perry-bellegarde\">Perry Bellegarde<\/a> te deklare nan 2018, \u201cNou tout vle avanse pi lwen pase kontw\u00f2l Lwa Endyen an ak rekonstitifye t\u00e8t nou k\u00f2m p\u00e8p Endij<\/em> \u00e8n ak Nasyon ki gen dwa fondamantal \r\n nannan.\u201d<\/p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<iframe sandbox=\"allow-same-origin allow-scripts allow-top-navigation allow-popups\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"100%\" height=\"185\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https:\/\/embed.radiopublic.com\/e?if=the-secret-life-of-canada-Ww0QnZ&amp;ge=s1!7163a1347ab72236394fe46a4fe7d4048bc69b37\">\r\n<\/iframe><br>\r\n\r\n\t<p>Ki sa ki se Lwa Endyen an ak poukisa Kanada toujou gen li sou liv yo? Ekip la Lavi Sek \r\n r\u00e8 sanble nan rasin yo nan politik sa a konplike, ki apre 143 ane se toujou entegre nan idantite Kanadyen, ki soti nan politik la ki te mennen nan Lwa a nan ki jan li toujou enpak sou idantite Endij\u00e8n jodi a. <br>\r\n<strong>Remak<\/strong><em>: Se <em>lavi a sekr\u00e8 nan Kanada<\/em> anime ak ekri pa Falen Johnson ak Leah Simone Bowen epi li se yon CBC orijinal podcast endepandan de Ansiklopedi Kanadyen an.<\/em><\/p>\r\n<\/blockquote>\r\n<br>\r\n\r\n<h3>Eritaj ak siyifikasyon<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p><em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">Menm si li te amande plizy\u00e8 fwa sou ane yo, v\u00e8syon an kontanporen nan Lwa Endyen an toujou kontwole t\u00e8m yo nan Estati Endyen, r\u00e8gleman div\u00e8s kalite alan \r\n tou rez\u00e8v, gadye finansye nan min\u00e8 ak mantalman enkonpetan a, jesyon nan resous bann, \r\n eleksyon, ak l\u00f2t asp\u00e8 nan lavi sou yon rez\u00e8v.<\/a><\/a><\/a><\/em><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Lwa <em>Endyen<\/em> an te gen enpak kontiny\u00e8l ak ki dire lontan sou kilti endij\u00e8n, ekonomi, politik, ak kominote yo. Li te <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/residential-schools\">lak\u00f2z tou ch\u00f2k ent\u00e8-jenerasyon\u00e8l, patikily\u00e8man ak konsidere lek\u00f2l<\/a> rezidansy\u00e8l, \r\n k\u00f2m opresyon yo ak dispozisyon restriktif nan Lwa a te negatif afekte jenerasyon nan p\u00e8p Endij\u00e8n yo.<\/p>","slug":"indianhtzak","alt_slug":"","twitter_summary":null,"locale":"ht","automated":true,"hidden":0,"views":4,"created_at":"2024-12-08T09:08:08.000000Z","updated_at":"2024-12-08T09:08:08.000000Z"},{"id":"9db396ae-964d-46a5-92fa-fde90c62b888","article_id":"83668","title":"Indian Act","summary":"<p>L&#39;<em>Indian Act<\/em> \u00e8 la legge principale utilizzata <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">dal governo federale<\/a> per amministrare <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">lo status indiano<\/a>, i governi \r\n locali <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">delle Prime Nazioni<\/a> e la gestione delle terre di <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">riserva<\/a>. Delinea inoltre gli \r\n obblighi governativi nei confronti dei popoli delle Prime Nazioni. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/metis\"><a\r\n\thref=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/inuit\">L&#39;<em>Indian Act<\/em> si riferisce alle persone con status indiano; non fa riferimento direttamente alle persone delle Prime Nazioni senza status, ai M\u00e9tis o agli Inuit. \r\n<\/a><\/a> Introdotta per la prima volta nel 1876, la legge conteneva una serie di leggi coloniali che miravano a eliminare la cultura delle Prime Nazioni a favore dell&#39;assimilazione nella societ\u00e0 euro-canadese. Una nuova versione della legge \u00e8 stata approvata nel 1951 e da allora \u00e8 stata \r\n modificata pi\u00f9 volte, la pi\u00f9 significativa nel 1985, con modifiche incentrate principalmente sull&#39;eliminazione delle sezioni discriminatorie. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">\u00c8 un documento paradossale in evoluzione che ha provocato traumi, violazioni dei diritti umani e sconvolgimenti sociali e culturali per generazioni di popolazioni indigene. \r\n<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Questa \u00e8 la voce completa sull&#39;Indian Act.<\/em> Per un riepilogo in linguaggio semplice, si veda <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act-plain-language-summary\" target=\"_blank\">Indian Act (Plain Language Summary).<\/a><\/p>","body":"<div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/cbcd31d1-03f6-4fba-a45d-96ee89c4617d.jpg\" title=\"Atto indiano\" alt=\"Atto indiano\"><\/div>\r\n\r\n<h3>Contesto storico: prima dell&#39;Indian Act, 1763-1876<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>La <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/royal-proclamation-of-1763\/\">proclamazione reale del 1763 pose le basi del<\/a> modo in cui l&#39;amministrazione coloniale avrebbe interagito con i <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">popoli delle Prime Nazioni<\/a> nei secoli successivi. La Proclamazione garantiva determinati <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-rights\">diritti<\/a> e protezioni per i popoli delle Prime Nazioni e stabiliva il processo attraverso il quale il governo poteva acquisire le loro terre. \r\n Nella prima met\u00e0 del XIX secolo furono approvate ulteriori politiche volte ad assimilare i popoli delle Prime Nazioni nella crescente popolazione di coloni.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">La <em>legge del 1850 per una migliore protezione delle terre e delle propriet\u00e0 degli indiani nel Lower Canada<\/em> fu uno dei primi atti legislativi che includeva una serie di requisiti affinch\u00e9 una persona fosse considerata un <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/indian\/\">indiano<\/a> legale, un precursore del concetto di \u00abstatus\u00bb.<\/a> Questi requisiti erano basati sul sangue e dicevano essenzialmente che le persone \u00abdevono essere considerate indiane\u00bb se erano di \u00ab\r\nsangue indiano\u00bb e facevano parte di un \u00abCorpo o trib\u00f9 di indiani\u00bb. Tutti i discendenti di queste persone erano considerati indiani. Lo erano anche i non indiani che \u00absi sposavano con tali indiani\u00bb, le persone i cui genitori (uno o entrambi) sarebbero stati considerati indiani \r\n e \u00abtutte le persone adottate durante l&#39;infanzia da tali indiani\u00bb.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Gli atti comunemente noti come <em>Gradual Civilization Act<\/em> del 1857 e <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/gradual-civilization-act\/\">Gradual Enfranchisement Act<\/a><\/em> del 1869 miravano principalmente a rimuovere qualsiasi distinzione o diritto \r\n speciale dei popoli delle Prime Nazioni al fine di assimilarli nella pi\u00f9 ampia popolazione di coloni. Inizialmente ci\u00f2 doveva essere realizzato dal <em>Gradual Civilization Act<\/em> attraverso l&#39;\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\/\">affrancamento<\/a> volontario (cio\u00e8, una persona delle Prime Nazioni avrebbe rinunciato al proprio status in cambio di terra e del diritto di voto), ma solo una persona si \u00e8 affrancata volontariamente. \r\nDi conseguenza, il governo inizi\u00f2 quindi a concedere unilateralmente il diritto di voto alle persone delle Prime Nazioni.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Un certo numero di gruppi <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">indigeni<\/a> stipul\u00f2 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-treaties\/\">trattati<\/a>, in particolare i primi cinque <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/numbered-treaties\">trattati numerati, con i governi canadesi prima dell&#39;approvazione<\/a> dell&#39;Indian Act nel 1876.<\/em> <em>Questi gruppi potrebbero considerare la loro identit\u00e0 legale di persone delle Prime Nazioni come base di quei trattati, piuttosto che attraverso l&#39;Indian Act.<\/em><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>L&#39;Indian Act sale al potere, 1876<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Nel 1867, la <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/constitution-act-1867\/\"><em>legge costituzionale<\/em><\/a> assegn\u00f2 la giurisdizione legislativa al <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/parliament\">Parlamento sugli<\/a> \u00abindiani \r\n e sulle terre riservate agli indiani\u00bb. <em>Quasi 10 anni dopo, nel 1876, il <em>Gradual Civilization Act e il Gradual Enfranchisement Act entrarono<\/em> <em>a far parte dell&#39;Indian<\/em> Act.<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-education\">Attraverso il <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-affairs-and-northern-development-canada\">Dipartimento degli Affari Indiani<\/a> e i suoi <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-agents-in-canada\">agenti indiani, l&#39;Indian<\/a> <em>Act<\/em> ha conferito al governo ampi poteri per quanto riguarda l&#39;identit\u00e0 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">delle Prime Nazioni<\/a>, le strutture politiche, la governance, le pratiche culturali e l&#39;istruzione.<\/a> Questi poteri limitavano le libert\u00e0 degli indigeni e consentivano ai funzionari di determinare i <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-rights\">diritti e i benefici degli indigeni<\/a> in base al \u00abbuon carattere morale\u00bb.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>L&#39;<em>Indian Act<\/em> ha tentato di generalizzare una vasta e variegata popolazione di persone e di assimilarle nella societ\u00e0 non indigena. Proibiva ai popoli e alle comunit\u00e0 delle Prime Nazioni di esprimere la propria identit\u00e0 attraverso il governo e la cultura. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">La \r\n legge ha sostituito le tradizionali strutture di governo con le elezioni del consiglio di banda.<\/a> <em>I <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/chief\">capi<\/a> ereditari, leader che \r\n acquisiscono il potere attraverso la discendenza piuttosto che per elezione, non sono riconosciuti dall&#39;Indian Act.<\/em> Fino al 1951, anche le donne erano escluse dalla politica dei consigli di banda. (<em>Vedi anche<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/women-and-the-indian-act\">Women and the Indian Act<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>La legge ha inoltre reso illegale per i popoli delle Prime Nazioni praticare cerimonie <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/religion-of-aboriginal-people\">religiose<\/a> e vari raduni culturali. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sun-dance\">Nel 1884, il <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/potlatch\/\">potlatch<\/a> fu bandito e nel 1895 fu bandita anche \u00abqualsiasi festa, danza o altra cerimonia <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-term\">indiana<\/a>\u00bb, che includesse i <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/powwows-editorial\">powwow<\/a> e la danza del sole.<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">Un altro emendamento del 1914 mise fuori legge la danza come riserva e nel 1925 la danza \u00e8 completamente vietata.<\/a> \r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/land-claims\/\">Nel 1927, la legge rese illegale per i popoli e le comunit\u00e0 delle Prime Nazioni sollecitare fondi per il perseguimento di una rivendicazione fondiaria.<\/a> Le successive modifiche richiesero \r\n ai bambini delle Prime Nazioni di frequentare <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/residential-schools\/\">scuole industriali o residenziali<\/a> (1894 e 1920). L&#39;oscura eredit\u00e0 delle scuole residenziali in Canada ha colpito le comunit\u00e0 indigene in tutto il paese e a livello \r\n intergenerazionale. \r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>All&#39;inizio del XX secolo, il <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/pass-system-in-canada\">sistema dei pass<\/a> (che limitava il movimento dei popoli delle Prime Nazioni fuori dalle riserve) fu imposto senza alcuna autorizzazione legale. Queste politiche \r\n restrittive hanno avuto un impatto duraturo su generazioni di popolazioni indigene, poich\u00e9 le restrizioni alla mobilit\u00e0 hanno causato danni alle economie, alle culture e alle societ\u00e0 indigene.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>L&#39;<em>Indian Act<\/em> ha anche definito chi era considerato un indiano ai sensi della legge. Affermava che un indiano era \u00abqualsiasi persona di sesso maschile di sangue indiano ritenuta appartenere a una particolare <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">banda<\/a>\u00bb. \r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">Lo status indiano<\/a> si applicava anche a \u00abqualsiasi figlio di tale persona\u00bb e a \u00abqualsiasi donna che \u00e8 o \u00e8 stata legalmente sposata con tale persona\u00bb. Una persona perdeva lo status se si laureava all&#39;universit\u00e0, \r\n sposava una persona senza status (se era una donna) o, dal 1876 al 1880, diventava ministro, medico o avvocato <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/christianity\">cristiano<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\">Questo era noto come affrancamento.<\/a> \r\nLa sezione 112 dell&#39;<em>Indian Act<\/em>, nota come sezione \u00abemancipazione obbligatoria\u00bb, fu rimossa solo nel 1961. L&#39;amministrazione dello status era uno strumento di assimilazione e distruzione culturale.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Una legge indiana rivista nel 1951<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Il periodo immediatamente successivo alla <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/second-world-war-wwii\/\">seconda guerra mondiale comport\u00f2<\/a> molta introspezione sociale in Canada e port\u00f2 a riconsiderare alcune delle misure pi\u00f9 restrittive e \r\n oppressive imposte dall&#39;Indian Act.<\/em> Una serie di riforme proposte sono state respinte o osteggiate dai popoli <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">delle Prime Nazioni<\/a> perch\u00e9 non coinvolti nel processo. \r\n Di conseguenza, il governo del Canada ha rotto con la tradizione e, attraverso il processo del Comitato congiunto, ha consultato le comunit\u00e0 delle Prime Nazioni per la prima volta in assoluto in merito alle modifiche alla <em>legge indiana<\/em>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Una nuova <em>legge indiana<\/em> riveduta ricevette l&#39;assenso reale il 20 giugno 1951. La revisione risultante ha rimosso alcune delle restrizioni politiche, culturali e religiose pi\u00f9 offensive. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sun-dance\">Ad esempio, i divieti di cerimonie come il <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/potlatch\">potlatch e la danza del sole sono stati rimossi<\/a>. \r\n<\/a> Le comunit\u00e0 sono state anche in grado di intentare <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/land-claims\/\">rivendicazioni fondiarie contro<\/a> il governo. \r\nPer le donne delle Prime Nazioni, la legge del 1951 significava che ora potevano votare alle elezioni del consiglio di <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">banda<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/elsie-knott\">Elsie Marie Knott<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/chief\">\u00e8 stata la prima donna eletta a capo delle Prime Nazioni in Canada.<\/a> (<em>Vedi anche<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-women-and-the-franchise\">Indigenous Women and the<\/a> Franchise.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Tuttavia, le revisioni non hanno eliminato la legge dalla discriminazione. Ad esempio, l&#39;<em>Indian Act<\/em> proibiva alle persone di <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">status sociale<\/a> di possedere sostanze intossicanti o di essere intossicate. \r\nLe revisioni del 1951 conferirono inoltre alle province la giurisdizione sul <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/child-welfare\">benessere dei bambini<\/a> indigeni (Sezione 88), dove non ne esisteva alcuna a livello federale. Ci\u00f2 alla fine ha permesso il \u00ab<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sixties-scoop\">Sixties Scoop<\/a>\u00bb, un processo mediante il quale le agenzie provinciali \r\n per l&#39;assistenza all&#39;infanzia hanno scelto di allontanare i bambini dalle loro case piuttosto che fornire risorse e supporti alla comunit\u00e0. Il Sixties Scoop ha avuto effetti considerevoli e duraturi sulle comunit\u00e0 indigene.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian\">Inoltre, la nuova legge non ha annullato la natura discriminatoria dello status indiano.<\/a> La legge ha sostituito il concetto di \u00absangue indiano\u00bb con uno di status mediante registrazione. In altre \r\n parole, il semplice possesso del patrimonio delle Prime Nazioni non era sufficiente per qualificarsi per lo status. Tuttavia, le linee di discendenza maschili erano ancora privilegiate; le donne con status perdevano i loro diritti se sposavano una persona senza status. (<em>Vedi anche<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/women-and-the-indian-act\">Women and the Indian Act<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Le disposizioni relative allo status di donna erano particolarmente estreme. I diritti di una donna derivavano interamente dal marito. Una donna senza status che sposasse un uomo di prestigio acquisirebbe lei stessa lo status. Una donna di status che sposava un uomo di status aveva la sua appartenenza alla \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">band<\/a> legata alla sua, quindi non faceva pi\u00f9 parte della sua band, e perdeva completamente il suo status se rimaneva vedova o abbandonata dal marito.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>L&#39;<em>Indian Act<\/em> del 1951 introdusse anche la regola della \u00abdoppia madre\u00bb, che revocava lo status di bambino al compimento del ventunesimo anno di et\u00e0 se sia la madre che la nonna non avevano i requisiti per ottenerlo. La <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/royal-commission-on-aboriginal-peoples\">Commissione reale per i popoli aborigeni<\/a> nel 1996 osserv\u00f2 che le revisioni contenute nella revisione del 1951 non fecero altro che riportare l&#39;<em>Indian Act<\/em> allo stato del 1876, mentre le ulteriori restrizioni al trasferimento dello status danneggiavano le donne delle Prime Nazioni e i loro figli.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Chiedere una modifica all&#39;Indian Act, anni &#39;60 e &#39;70<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/franchise\">L&#39;<em>Indian Act<\/em> del 1951 non ha modificato il processo di <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\">emancipazione<\/a> per le <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">popolazioni indigene<\/a>, \r\n n\u00e9 ha consentito il diritto di voto.<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/canadian-bill-of-rights\/\">Tuttavia, all&#39;inizio del 1958, il \r\n governo del primo ministro <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/john-diefenbaker\">John Diefenbaker<\/a> inizi\u00f2 a redigere la Carta dei diritti canadese.<\/a> Con l&#39;enfasi posta dalla Bill of Rights sulla parit\u00e0 di diritti per tutti i canadesi, difficilmente si poteva negare il diritto di voto alle popolazioni indigene. \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">Il 31 marzo 1960, alcune parti della Sezione 14 (2) del <em>Canada Elections Act<\/em> furono abrogate per concedere il voto federale agli Status Indians.<\/a> \r\nLe persone <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">delle Prime Nazioni<\/a> potevano ora votare senza perdere il loro status. <em>L&#39;anno successivo, la clausola di emancipazione obbligatoria contenuta nell&#39;Indian Act \u00e8 stata rimossa.<\/em> (<em>Vedi anche<\/em> Suffragio <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-suffrage\">indigeno<\/a> in Canada.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-affairs-and-northern-development-canada\">Nel 1969, il governo del primo ministro <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/pierre-elliott-trudeau\/\">Pierre Elliott Trudeau<\/a> pubblic\u00f2 il suo <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/the-white-paper-1969\/\">Libro bianco<\/a>, in \r\n cui dichiarava l&#39;intenzione di eliminare completamente lo status indiano e il Dipartimento per gli Affari Indiani.<\/a> Il Libro bianco fu accolto con indignazione \r\n dai popoli delle Prime Nazioni e fu immediatamente contrastato dal \u00abLibro rosso\u00bb, creato e presentato da <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/harold-cardinal\/\">Harold Cardinal<\/a>, allora presidente dell&#39;Associazione indiana dell&#39;Alberta. \r\nA causa della feroce e continua opposizione dei gruppi indigeni e dei loro sostenitori, il governo canadese ha rapidamente ritirato il Libro bianco.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Molte donne indigene in questo periodo si battevano per modificare le sezioni discriminatorie dell&#39;Indian Act.<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mary-two-axe-earley\">Mary Two-Axe Earley<\/a> \u00e8 stata una delle prime attiviste. \r\nOltre ad altro lavoro, ha mobilitato una serie di campagne di comunicazione e scrittura per sollevare il profilo degli abusi commessi da donne a cui erano stati negati lo status, il trattato e i diritti di propriet\u00e0 ai sensi della legge. Yvonne <a name=\"_Hlk39573469\">B\u00e9dard<\/a> e \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/jeannette-vivian-lavell\">Jeannette Corbiere Lavell<\/a>, entrambe perse il loro status a causa di un matrimonio, hanno intentato cause in tribunale contro il governo canadese. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/supreme-court-of-canada\/\">Nel 1973, i loro casi si riunirono presso la Corte Suprema del Canada. \r\n<\/a> In quell&#39;anno, la corte fu ampiamente criticata per aver stabilito che la parte della legge che collegava lo status di una donna a quello di suo marito non \r\n discriminava le donne, anche se gli uomini di status mantenevano il loro status se \u00absi sposavano\u00bb. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/lavell-case\">(<em>Vedi anche<\/em> Caso \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/bedard-case\">B\u00e9dard e Caso Lavell<\/a>.)<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/maliseet\">Nel 1981, la Commissione per i diritti umani delle Nazioni Unite ha stabilito che il Canada aveva violato l&#39;articolo 27 del <em>Patto internazionale sui diritti civili e politici<\/em> nel caso di <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sandra-lovelace-nicholas\">Sandra Lovelace Nicholas<\/a>, una donna Wolastoqiyik che aveva perso il suo status a causa del matrimonio. \r\n \r\n<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">Il governo aveva impedito a Sandra di tornare nella sua comunit\u00e0 d&#39;origine perch\u00e9, secondo l&#39;<em>Indian Act, si era sposata e non era pi\u00f9 considerata un membro<\/em> della band. \r\n<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Disegno di legge C-31: emendamenti del 1985 all&#39;Indian Act<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Nel 1985, in risposta alla crescente preoccupazione nazionale e internazionale per la mancanza di uguaglianza nella <em>legge indiana<\/em>, il governo approv\u00f2 il <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/bill-c-31\">disegno<\/a> di legge C-31. Il disegno di legge ha completamente rimosso tutte le \r\n restanti clausole di diritto di <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\">voto<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">Inoltre, coloro che avevano perso <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">lo status<\/a> a causa del matrimonio \r\n furono reintegrati come Status Indians e come membri della band.<\/a> I loro figli ottennero lo status, ma non ottennero l&#39;iscrizione alla band per due anni. Questo intervallo aveva lo scopo di dare alle band il tempo di \r\n creare i propri codici di iscrizione, che avrebbero potuto escludere i bambini, ma non le loro madri. Se tale codice non fosse stato approvato prima del giugno 1987, anche i bambini ottenevano l&#39;iscrizione alla band. Con un maggiore controllo sulle liste dei membri, le band potrebbero avere \r\n membri non appartenenti allo status. Tuttavia, poich\u00e9 i finanziamenti tramite il governo federale si basano sui membri con status sociale, le band sono poco incentivate ad avere molti membri non titolari dello status.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Da quando sono state introdotte le modifiche alla <em>legge indiana<\/em> nel 1985, il numero di indiani registrati \u00e8 pi\u00f9 che raddoppiato, da circa 360.000 nel 1985 a pi\u00f9 di 778.000 nel 2007. L&#39;aumento \u00e8 il risultato di un maggior numero di nascite rispetto ai decessi e del \u00abripristino\u00bb dello \r\n status indiano.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Tuttavia, mentre l&#39;emendamento affrontava la <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/prejudice-and-discrimination\">discriminazione<\/a> nei confronti delle donne, creava anche alcuni problemi. Il disegno di legge C-31 ha creato due categorie di registrazione <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian\">indiana<\/a>. La prima, nota come sezione 6 (1), si applica quando entrambi i genitori hanno o avevano diritto alla registrazione. (Questa sezione \u00e8 ulteriormente suddivisa in sottosezioni che differiscono in base al modo in cui viene trasmesso lo status.) La seconda, nota come sezione 6 (2), \r\n si applica quando un genitore ha diritto alla registrazione ai sensi del paragrafo 6 (1). Lo status <em>non pu\u00f2<\/em> essere trasferito se tale genitore \u00e8 registrato ai sensi della sezione 6 (2). In breve, dopo due generazioni di matrimoni misti con partner privi di status, i bambini non avrebbero pi\u00f9 \r\n diritto allo status. Questa \u00e8 nota come regola \u00abSecond-Generation Cut-Off\u00bb. In questo modo, il disegno di legge C-31 ha avuto conseguenze sul numero di persone aventi diritto allo status.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<iframe width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/__Y_hHFvUR8\" title=\"Lettore video di YouTube\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen=\"\">\r\n<\/iframe><br>\r\n\r\n<h3>Governance e Indian Act, dagli anni &#39;60 agli anni 2000<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>L&#39;<em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\/\">Indian Act<\/a>,<\/em> 1876, ha smantellato i tradizionali sistemi di governo e ha imposto controlli esterni, sotto forma di <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-agents-in-canada\">agenti indiani<\/a> locali e della burocrazia federale del <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-affairs-and-northern-development-canada\">Dipartimento<\/a> per gli Affari Indiani su individui e comunit\u00e0. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-self-government\">Solo alla fine degli anni &#39;60 e all&#39;inizio degli anni &#39;70 organizzazioni politiche sempre pi\u00f9 efficaci e l&#39;intensificarsi dell&#39;attivismo \r\n misero il Canada sulla via del riconoscimento e dell&#39;abilitazione di forme di autogoverno indigene.<\/a> \r\nQuesta tendenza prese slancio tra la fine del XX e l&#39;inizio del XXI secolo e i popoli indigeni videro i loro diritti all&#39;autogoverno affermati nella Legge <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/constitution-act-1982\/\"><em>costituzionale<\/em><\/a> del 1982 e in documenti internazionali. \r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Nel 1984, l&#39;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/james-bay-and-northern-quebec-agreement\">accordo di James Bay e del Quebec settentrionale<\/a>, nonch\u00e9 il rapporto Penner, portarono alla legge <em>Cree-Naskapi (del Quebec), il primo \r\n atto<\/em> legislativo sull&#39;autogoverno indigeno in Canada, che sostitu\u00ec l&#39;<em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\">Indian Act<\/a><\/em> e istitu\u00ec le comunit\u00e0 indigene nella regione come entit\u00e0 aziendali. Le \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">Prime Nazioni<\/a> autonome non sono soggette all&#39;<em>Indian Act<\/em>, sebbene il governo <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">federale<\/a> continui ad amministrare determinati affari delle First Nations. \r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Da allora, nella legge sono state avanzate proposte per aumentare i poteri delle <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">bande<\/a> in materia di governance. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">Nel 1996, il governo federale ha proposto il disegno di legge C-79 per modificare alcune aree della legge, tra cui la \r\n governance delle bande e la regolamentazione delle riserve.<\/a> La maggior parte delle First Nations si \u00e8 opposta al disegno di legge C-79. Tra le altre ragioni, hanno sostenuto che il governo non \u00e8 riuscito a \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/duty-to-consult\">consultare<\/a> adeguatamente le First Nations sulle modifiche proposte. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-rights\">Temevano che il disegno di legge minacciasse i diritti <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-treaties\">sanciti dai trattati<\/a> e il diritto all&#39;autogoverno.<\/a> Inoltre, il disegno di legge \u00e8 stato criticato per aver ignorato le raccomandazioni della Commissione <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/royal-commission-on-aboriginal-peoples\">reale<\/a> per i popoli aborigeni. \r\nIl disegno di legge C-79 non \u00e8 diventato legge.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Nel 2002, il disegno di legge C-7, noto anche come <em>First Nations Governance Act,<\/em> ha cercato di conferire ai consigli di banda pi\u00f9 potere in termini di legiferazione, selezione dei dirigenti e simili. Sebbene il governo federale si sia consultato con varie First Nations in merito al \r\n disegno di legge, alla fine \u00e8 fallito. Nel 2006, il <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/senate\">senatore<\/a> Gerry St. Germain ha presentato il disegno di legge S-216 \u00abper promuovere il riconoscimento e l&#39;attuazione del diritto all&#39;autogoverno delle First Nations in Canada\u00bb. \r\n Il disegno di legge avrebbe consentito alle Prime Nazioni desiderose di autogovernarsi di sviluppare una proposta e una costituzione. Sebbene il disegno di legge S-216 sia stato approvato in seconda lettura, anch&#39;esso alla fine \u00e8 fallito. (<em>Vedi anche<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/parliamentary-procedure\">Procedura parlamentare.<\/a>)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Tuttavia, alcune Prime Nazioni hanno stipulato accordi settoriali di successo. Questi consentono maggiori poteri di governance non previsti dalla <em>legge indiana<\/em>. Alcuni esempi includono: <em>First Nations Land Management Act<\/em> (1999), <em>First Nations Fiscal Management Act<\/em> (2005), <em>First Nations Oil and Gas and Moneys Management Act<\/em> (2005), <em>First Nations Commercial and Industrial Development Act<\/em> (2006) e <em>First Nation Property Ownership Act<\/em> (2009).<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Modifiche all&#39;Indian Act nel 2011 e nel 2017<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">Nonostante vari emendamenti, la <em>legge indiana<\/em> continuava a discriminare le donne e i loro discendenti per quanto riguarda i diritti di status.<\/a> Nel 2011, il <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/parliament\">Parlamento<\/a> ha approvato il \r\n <em>Gender Equity in Indian Registration Act<\/em>, noto anche come Bill C-3. <em>Questa \u00e8 stata la risposta del <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">governo federale<\/a> al <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mcivor-case\">caso McIvor<\/a>, \r\n che riguardava la discriminazione di genere nella sezione 6 dell&#39;Indian Act del 1985.<\/em> Il disegno di legge C-3 concede lo status 6 (2) ai nipoti di donne che hanno riacquistato lo status nel 1985. Tuttavia, i discendenti di donne, in particolare in termini di pronipoti, \r\n non avevano gli stessi diritti dei discendenti di uomini in circostanze simili. Pertanto, il disegno di legge C-3 negava ancora il diritto allo status ad alcune persone a causa della discriminazione di genere.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Il disegno di legge S-3 \u00e8 stato creato in risposta a un altro caso giudiziario sulla discriminazione nell&#39;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\"><em>Indian Act<\/em><\/a>, il caso Descheneaux del 2015. Il problema in questo caso riguardava il modo in cui lo status \r\n viene trasferito a cugini e fratelli. Una parte del disegno di legge S-3 \u00e8 entrata in vigore il 22 dicembre 2017. Tra le altre disposizioni, l&#39;emendamento consente a pi\u00f9 persone di trasmettere il proprio status ai propri discendenti e di ripristinarlo a coloro che lo hanno perso prima del 1985. \r\nAd esempio, prevede la possibilit\u00e0 di registrare le persone con paternit\u00e0 sconosciuta e che erano minori non sposate tra il 1951 e il 1985 e soggette alle norme di registrazione in vigore all&#39;epoca. L&#39;altra parte del disegno di legge, relativa al ripristino dello status alle donne e ai loro \r\n figli che hanno perso lo status prima del 1951 (nota come \u00ablimite del 1951\u00bb), \u00e8 entrata in vigore il 15 agosto 2019. <em>Secondo il governo, \u00abTutte le disuguaglianze basate sul sesso note nell&#39;Indian Act sono state ora risolte\u00bb.<\/em><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Riforme proposte<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Nel 2010, il <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">governo federale<\/a> ha annunciato l&#39;intenzione di collaborare con le <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">popolazioni indigene<\/a> per \r\n eliminare parti della <em>legge indiana<\/em> che autorizzano la creazione di <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/residential-schools\">scuole residenziali<\/a> e l&#39;allontanamento dei bambini dalle loro case.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Il disegno di legge S-2, il <em>Family Homes on Reserves and Matrimonial Interests or Rights Act<\/em>, colma una lacuna legislativa nella legge indiana.<\/em> Ha lo scopo di garantire che le persone che vivono in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">riserva<\/a> abbiano diritti sulla propriet\u00e0 coniugale simili a quelli degli altri canadesi. <em>Secondo il governo canadese, il disegno di legge S-2 \u00e8 un atto legislativo a s\u00e9 stante, non fa parte della riforma dell&#39;Indian Act.<\/em><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Dibattito: mantenere o sradicare l&#39;Indian Act?<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Mentre alcuni popoli indigeni e non indigeni chiedono l&#39;abolizione della legge, altri temono che la sua rimozione eroderebbe alcune protezioni, come quelle sullo status indiano. Come spiega lo studioso David Newhouse, \u00ab[L&#39;<em>Indian Act<\/em>] fornisce la \r\n struttura per il governo e la vita della comunit\u00e0 locale. Riformare la legge in un colpo solo, o abrogarla, sarebbe enormemente dirompente per le Prime Nazioni\u00bb.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Tuttavia, i critici della legge continuano a lavorare per il suo smantellamento. Questi popoli indigeni sperano che i poteri della legge svaniscano o scompariranno con il crescente movimento verso l&#39;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-self-government\/\">autogoverno e la \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/truth-and-reconciliation-commission\">riconciliazione<\/a>, contribuendo a un cambiamento nelle relazioni governo-indigeni<\/a>. Come ha dichiarato il capo <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/assembly-of-first-nations\">dell&#39;Assemblea delle Prime Nazioni \r\n<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/perry-bellegarde\">Perry Bellegarde<\/a> nel 2018, \u00abtutti vogliamo andare oltre il controllo dell&#39;<em>Indian Act e ricostituirci come popoli e nazioni indigene<\/em> con diritti fondamentali intrinseci\u00bb. \r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<iframe sandbox=\"allow-same-origin allow-scripts allow-top-navigation allow-popups\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"100%\" height=\"185\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https:\/\/embed.radiopublic.com\/e?if=the-secret-life-of-canada-Ww0QnZ&amp;ge=s1!7163a1347ab72236394fe46a4fe7d4048bc69b37\">\r\n<\/iframe><br>\r\n\r\n\t<p>Cos&#39;\u00e8 l&#39;Indian Act e perch\u00e9 il Canada lo ha ancora nei libri contabili? Il team di Secret Life analizza le radici di questa politica complicata, che dopo 143 anni \u00e8 ancora radicata nell&#39;identit\u00e0 canadese, dalla politica che ha portato alla legge all&#39;impatto che ancora oggi esercita sulle identit\u00e0 \r\n indigene. <br>\r\n<strong>Nota<\/strong><em>: <em>The Secret Life of Canada<\/em> \u00e8 ospitato e scritto da Falen Johnson e Leah Simone Bowen ed \u00e8 un podcast originale della CBC indipendente da The Canadian Encyclopedia.<\/em><\/p>\r\n<\/blockquote>\r\n<br>\r\n\r\n<h3>Eredit\u00e0 e significato<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Sebbene sia stata modificata pi\u00f9 volte nel corso degli anni, la versione contemporanea dell&#39;<em>Indian Act<\/em> delinea ancora i termini dello <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">status indiano<\/a>, varie regole sulle \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">riserve<\/a>, la tutela finanziaria dei minori e degli incompetenti mentali, la gestione delle risorse della <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">banda<\/a>, le \r\n elezioni e altri aspetti della vita in una riserva.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>L&#39;<em>Indian Act<\/em> ha avuto impatti continui e duraturi sulle culture, le economie, la politica e le comunit\u00e0 indigene. Ha anche causato traumi intergenerazionali, in particolare per quanto riguarda le <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/residential-schools\">scuole residenziali<\/a>, \r\n poich\u00e9 l&#39;oppressione e le disposizioni restrittive della legge hanno avuto un impatto negativo su generazioni di popolazioni indigene.<\/p>","slug":"aitoitnditano","alt_slug":"","twitter_summary":null,"locale":"it","automated":true,"hidden":0,"views":3,"created_at":"2024-12-11T19:48:47.000000Z","updated_at":"2024-12-11T19:48:47.000000Z"},{"id":"9def88db-3820-414f-8a4f-62f5a6a8c8a3","article_id":"83668","title":"\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u6cd5","summary":"<p><em>\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u6cd5\u306f<\/em>\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">\u9023\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u304c\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u306e\u5730\u4f4d<\/a><\/a>\u3001\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">\u5730\u5143\u306e\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c<\/a>\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">\u304a\u3088\u3073\u4fdd\u8b77\u5730\u306e\u7ba1\u7406\u306b\u4f7f\u7528\u3059\u308b\u4e3b\u8981\u306a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3067\u3059<\/a>\u3002\u307e\u305f\u3001\r\n\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u653f\u5e9c\u306e\u7fa9\u52d9\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3082\u6982\u8aac\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002<em>\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u6cd5\u306f\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306e\u5730\u4f4d\u3092\u6301\u3064\u4eba\u3005\u3092\u5bfe\u8c61\u3068\u3057\u3066\u304a\u308a<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/metis\"><a\r\n\thref=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/inuit\">\u3001\u5730\u4f4d\u306e\u306a\u3044\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\u3001\u30e1\u30c6\u30a3\u30b9\u65cf\u3001\u30a4\u30cc\u30a4\u30c3\u30c8\u65cf\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306f\u76f4\u63a5\u8a00\u53ca\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002\r\n<\/a><\/a>1876\u5e74\u306b\u521d\u3081\u3066\u5c0e\u5165\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3053\u306e\u6cd5\u5f8b\u306b\u306f\u3001\u30e8\u30fc\u30ed\u30c3\u30d1\u7cfb\u30ab\u30ca\u30c0\u793e\u4f1a\u3078\u306e\u540c\u5316\u3092\u4fc3\u9032\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\u6587\u5316\u3092\u6392\u9664\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u76ee\u7684\u3068\u3057\u305f\u690d\u6c11\u5730\u6cd5\u304c\u3044\u304f\u3064\u304b\u542b\u307e\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u30021951\u5e74\u306b\u65b0\u6cd5\u304c\u6210\u7acb\u3057\u3001\r\n\u305d\u306e\u5f8c\u4f55\u5ea6\u304b\u6539\u6b63\u3055\u308c\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u7279\u306b\u91cd\u8981\u306a\u306e\u306f1985\u5e74\u3067\u3001\u4e3b\u306b\u5dee\u5225\u7684\u6761\u9805\u306e\u64a4\u5ec3\u306b\u7126\u70b9\u3092\u5f53\u3066\u305f\u5909\u66f4\u304c\u884c\u308f\u308c\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">\u3053\u306e\u6587\u66f8\u306f\u3001\u4f55\u4e16\u4ee3\u306b\u3082\u308f\u305f\u308b\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u306b\u30c8\u30e9\u30a6\u30de\u3001\u4eba\u6a29\u4fb5\u5bb3\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u30fb\u6587\u5316\u7684\u6df7\u4e71\u3092\u3082\u305f\u3089\u3057\u3066\u304d\u305f\u3001\u9032\u5316\u3092\u7d9a\u3051\u308b\u9006\u8aac\u7684\u306a\u6587\u66f8\u3067\u3059\u3002\r\n<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>\u3053\u308c\u306f\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u6cd5\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306e\u5168\u7de8\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/em>\u308f\u304b\u308a\u3084\u3059\u3044\u8a00\u8449\u306e\u8981\u7d04\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act-plain-language-summary\" target=\"_blank\">\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u6cd5\uff08\u5e73\u6613\u306a\u8a00\u8449\u306e\u8981\u7d04\uff09<\/a>\u3092\u53c2\u7167\u3057\u3066\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044\u3002<\/p>","body":"<div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/cbcd31d1-03f6-4fba-a45d-96ee89c4617d.jpg\" title=\"\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u6cd5\" alt=\"\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u6cd5\"><\/div>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u6b74\u53f2\u7684\u80cc\u666f\uff1a\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u6cd5\u4ee5\u524d\u30011763\u5e74\u304b\u30891876\u5e74<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/royal-proclamation-of-1763\/\">1763\u5e74\u306e\u738b\u5ba4\u5ba3\u8a00\u306f<\/a>\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">\u305d\u306e\u5f8c\u306e\u4f55\u4e16\u7d00\u306b\u3082\u308f\u305f\u3063\u3066\u690d\u6c11\u5730\u884c\u653f\u304c\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u3068\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u4ea4\u6d41\u3059\u308b\u304b\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306e\u57fa\u790e\u3092\u5b9a\u3081\u307e\u3057\u305f<\/a>\u3002\u3053\u306e\u5ba3\u8a00\u306f\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-rights\">\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u306b\u4e00\u5b9a\u306e\u6a29\u5229\u3068\u4fdd\u8b77\u3092\u4fdd\u8a3c\u3057<\/a>\u3001\u653f\u5e9c\u304c\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u306e\u571f\u5730\u3092\u53d6\u5f97\u3059\u308b\u30d7\u30ed\u30bb\u30b9\u3092\u78ba\u7acb\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\r\n19\u4e16\u7d00\u524d\u534a\u306b\u306f\u3001\u5897\u3048\u7d9a\u3051\u308b\u5165\u690d\u8005\u4eba\u53e3\u306b\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u3092\u540c\u5316\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u76ee\u7684\u3068\u3057\u305f\u3055\u3089\u306a\u308b\u653f\u7b56\u304c\u6210\u7acb\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>\u30ed\u30fc\u30ef\u30fc\u30fb\u30ab\u30ca\u30c0\u306e\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u306e\u571f\u5730\u3068\u8ca1\u7523\u3092\u3088\u308a\u3088\u304f\u4fdd\u8b77\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e1850\u5e74\u6cd5\u306f\u3001\u300c\u5730\u4f4d\u300d\u306e\u6982\u5ff5\u306e\u524d\u8eab\u3067\u3042\u308b<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/indian\/\">\u5408\u6cd5\u7684\u306a\u30a4\u30f3\u30c9\u4eba\u3068\u898b\u306a\u3055\u308c\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u4e00\u9023\u306e\u8981\u4ef6\u3092\u76db\u308a\u8fbc\u3093\u3060\u6700\u521d\u306e\u6cd5\u5f8b\u306e1\u3064\u3067\u3057\u305f<\/a>\u3002<\/a>\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u8981\u4ef6\u306f\u8840\u7d71\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u3044\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u306b\u3001\u300c\r\n\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u306e\u8840\u7d71\u300d\u3092\u6301\u3061\u3001\u300c\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u306e\u96c6\u56e3\u307e\u305f\u306f\u90e8\u65cf\u300d\u306e\u30e1\u30f3\u30d0\u30fc\u3067\u3042\u308c\u3070\u3001\u300c\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u3068\u898b\u306a\u3055\u308c\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3057\u305f\u3002\u305d\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u4eba\u3005\u306e\u5b50\u5b6b\u306f\u3059\u3079\u3066\u30a4\u30f3\u30c9\u4eba\u3068\u898b\u306a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u300c\u305d\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u3068\u7d50\u5a5a\u3057\u305f\u300d\u975e\u30a4\u30f3\u30c9\u4eba\u3001\u4e21\u89aa\uff08\u7247\u65b9\u307e\u305f\u306f\u4e21\u65b9\uff09\u304c\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u3068\u898b\u306a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3067\u3042\u308d\u3046\u4eba\u3005\u3001\r\n\u305d\u3057\u3066\u300c\u5e7c\u5150\u671f\u306b\u305d\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u990a\u5b50\u7e01\u7d44\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3059\u3079\u3066\u306e\u4eba\u300d\u3082\u540c\u69d8\u3067\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><em><em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/gradual-civilization-act\/\">\u4e00\u822c\u306b1857\u5e74\u306e\u6bb5\u968e\u7684\u6587\u660e\u6cd5\u304a\u3088\u30731869\u5e74\u306e\u6bb5\u968e\u7684\u6a29\u5229\u4ed8\u4e0e\u6cd5\u3068\u3057\u3066\u77e5\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u6cd5\u5f8b\u306f<\/a><\/em><\/em>\u3001\u4e3b\u306b\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\u3092\u3088\u308a\u591a\u304f\u306e\u5165\u690d\u8005\u306b\u540c\u5316\u3055\u305b\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u3001\r\n\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u306e\u7279\u5225\u306a\u533a\u5225\u3084\u6a29\u5229\u3092\u53d6\u308a\u9664\u304f\u3053\u3068\u3092\u76ee\u7684\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306f\u5f53\u521d\u3001<em>\u6bb5\u968e\u7684\u6587\u660e\u6cd5\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u81ea\u767a\u7684\u306a\u6a29\u5229\u5316<\/em>\uff08\u3064\u307e\u308a\u3001\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\/\">\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u304c\u571f\u5730\u3068\u9078\u6319\u6a29\u3068\u5f15\u304d\u63db\u3048\u306b\u5730\u4f4d\u3092\u653e\u68c4\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068<\/a>\uff09\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u9054\u6210\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u610f\u56f3\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3001\u81ea\u767a\u7684\u306b\u9078\u6319\u6a29\u3092\u4e0e\u3048\u3089\u308c\u305f\u306e\u306f1\u4eba\u3060\u3051\u3067\u3057\u305f\u3002\r\n\u305d\u306e\u7d50\u679c\u3001\u653f\u5e9c\u306f\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\u306e\u6a29\u5229\u3092\u4e00\u65b9\u7684\u306b\u4ed8\u4e0e\u3057\u59cb\u3081\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-treaties\/\">1876\u5e74\u306b\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u6cd5\u304c\u6210\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u524d\u306b\u3001\u591a\u304f\u306e\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\u30b0\u30eb\u30fc\u30d7\u304c\u30ab\u30ca\u30c0\u653f\u5e9c\u3068\u6761\u7d04<\/a><\/a><em>\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/numbered-treaties\">\u7279\u306b\u6700\u521d\u306e5\u3064\u306e\u756a\u53f7\u4ed8\u304d\u6761\u7d04\u3092\u7de0\u7d50\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f<\/a>\u3002<\/em><em>\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u56e3\u4f53\u306f\u3001\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306e\u6cd5\u7684\u30a2\u30a4\u30c7\u30f3\u30c6\u30a3\u30c6\u30a3\u306f\u3001\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u6cd5\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u6761\u7d04\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u6d41\u308c\u308b\u3068\u8003\u3048\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3082\u3057\u308c\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002<\/em><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u6cd5\u306f1876\u5e74\u306b\u65bd\u884c\u3055\u308c\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>1867\u5e74\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/constitution-act-1867\/\"><em>\u61b2\u6cd5\u306b\u3088\u308a<\/em><\/a>\u3001\u300c\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u3068\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u5c02\u7528\u306e\u571f\u5730\u300d<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/parliament\">\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u7acb\u6cd5\u7ba1\u8f44\u6a29\u304c\u8b70\u4f1a\u306b\u5272\u308a\u5f53\u3066\u3089\u308c\u307e\u3057\u305f<\/a>\u3002\r\n<em><em>\u305d\u308c\u304b\u3089\u7d0410\u5e74\u5f8c\u306e1876\u5e74\u3001<em>\u6bb5\u968e\u7684\u6587\u660e\u6cd5\u3068\u6bb5\u968e\u7684\u6a29\u5229\u4ed8\u4e0e\u6cd5\u304c\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u6cd5\u306e\u4e00\u90e8\u3068\u306a\u308a\u307e\u3057\u305f<\/em>\u3002<\/em><\/em><em>\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u6cd5\u306f<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-education\">\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-affairs-and-northern-development-canada\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-agents-in-canada\">\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u554f\u984c\u5c40\u3068\u305d\u306e\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066<\/a>\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\u306e\u30a2\u30a4\u30c7\u30f3\u30c6\u30a3\u30c6\u30a3<\/a><\/a>\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u69cb\u9020\u3001\u30ac\u30d0\u30ca\u30f3\u30b9\u3001\u6587\u5316\u7684\u6163\u884c\u3001\u6559\u80b2\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u5e83\u7bc4\u306a\u6a29\u9650\u3092\u653f\u5e9c\u306b\u4e0e\u3048\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/a>\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u6a29\u9650\u306f\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\u306e\u81ea\u7531\u3092\u5236\u9650\u3057\u3001\u516c\u52d9\u54e1\u304c\u300c\u5584\u826f\u306a\u9053\u5fb3\u7684\u6027\u683c\u300d<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-rights\">\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u3044\u3066\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\u306e\u6a29\u5229\u3068\u5229\u76ca\u3092\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u53ef\u80fd\u306b\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u6cd5\u306f<\/em>\u3001\u81a8\u5927\u3067\u591a\u69d8\u306a\u4eba\u3005\u3092\u4e00\u822c\u5316\u3057\u3001\u975e\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\u793e\u4f1a\u306b\u540c\u5316\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u76ee\u7684\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u3084\u30b3\u30df\u30e5\u30cb\u30c6\u30a3\u304c\u3001\u7d71\u6cbb\u3084\u6587\u5316\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u81ea\u3089\u306e\u30a2\u30a4\u30c7\u30f3\u30c6\u30a3\u30c6\u30a3\u3092\u8868\u73fe\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u7981\u3058\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\u3053\u306e\u6cd5\u5f8b\u306f\u3001\u5f93\u6765\u306e\u7d71\u6cbb\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u30d0\u30f3\u30c9\u8a55\u8b70\u4f1a\u9078\u6319\u306b\u7f6e\u304d\u63db\u3048\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/chief\">\u4e16\u8972\u5236\u306e\u9996\u9577\uff08\r\n\u9078\u6319\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u8840\u7d71\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u6a29\u529b\u3092\u7372\u5f97\u3059\u308b\u6307\u5c0e\u8005\uff09\u306f\u3001\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u6cd5\u3067\u306f\u8a8d\u3081\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u305b\u3093<\/a><em>\u3002<\/em>1951\u5e74\u307e\u3067\u3001\u5973\u6027\u3082\u30d0\u30f3\u30c9\u8a55\u8b70\u4f1a\u306e\u653f\u6cbb\u304b\u3089\u9664\u5916\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002(<em>\u300c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/women-and-the-indian-act\">\u5973\u6027\u3068\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u6cd5<\/a>\u300d\u3082\u53c2\u7167<\/em>)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u3053\u306e\u6cd5\u5f8b\u306f\u307e\u305f\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/religion-of-aboriginal-people\">\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u304c\u5b97\u6559\u5100\u5f0f\u3084\u3055\u307e\u3056\u307e\u306a\u6587\u5316\u96c6\u4f1a\u3092\u884c\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3092\u9055\u6cd5\u3068\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f<\/a>\u3002<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/potlatch\/\">1884\u5e74\u306b\u30dd\u30c8\u30e9\u30c3\u30c1\u306f\u7981\u6b62\u3055\u308c<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sun-dance\">\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/powwows-editorial\">1895\u5e74\u306b\u306f\u30d1\u30a6\u30ef\u30a6\u3084\u30b5\u30f3\u30c0\u30f3\u30b9\u3092\u542b\u3080<\/a>\u300c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-term\">\u30a4\u30f3\u30c9\u306e\u796d\u308a<\/a>\u3001\u30c0\u30f3\u30b9\u3001\u305d\u306e\u4ed6\u306e\u5100\u5f0f\u300d\u3082\u7981\u6b62\u3055\u308c\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/a>1914\u5e74\u306e\u5225\u306e\u6539\u6b63\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u81ea\u7531\u6c17\u307e\u307e\u306a\u30c0\u30f3\u30b9\u304c\u7981\u6b62\u3055\u308c\u30011925\u5e74\u306b\u306f\u30c0\u30f3\u30b9\u306f\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u7981\u6b62\u3055\u308c\u307e\u3057\u305f<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">\u3002<\/a> \r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/land-claims\/\">1927\u5e74\u3001\u3053\u306e\u6cd5\u5f8b\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\u306e\u4eba\u3005\u3084\u30b3\u30df\u30e5\u30cb\u30c6\u30a3\u304c\u571f\u5730\u8acb\u6c42\u306e\u305f\u3081\u306b\u8cc7\u91d1\u3092\u52df\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u9055\u6cd5\u306b\u306a\u308a\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/a>\u305d\u306e\u5f8c\u306e\u6539\u6b63\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/residential-schools\/\">\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u306e\u5b50\u3069\u3082\u306f\u5de5\u696d\u5b66\u6821\u307e\u305f\u306f\u5bc4\u5bbf\u5b66\u6821\u306b\u901a\u3046\u3053\u3068\u304c\u7fa9\u52d9\u4ed8\u3051\u3089\u308c\u307e\u3057\u305f<\/a>\uff081894\u5e74\u30681920\u5e74\uff09\u3002\u30ab\u30ca\u30c0\u306e\u5bc4\u5bbf\u5b66\u6821\u304c\u53d7\u3051\u7d99\u3044\u3060\u6697\u9ed2\u306e\u907a\u7523\u306f\u3001\u5168\u56fd\u306e\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\u30b3\u30df\u30e5\u30cb\u30c6\u30a3\u306b\u3001\u307e\u305f\u4e16\u4ee3\u3092\u8d85\u3048\u3066\u5f71\u97ff\u3092\u53ca\u307c\u3057\u3066\u304d\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\r\n\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>20\u4e16\u7d00\u306e\u5909\u308f\u308a\u76ee\u306b\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/pass-system-in-canada\">\u5408\u683c\u5236\u5ea6<\/a>\uff08\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u306e\u4fdd\u8b77\u533a\u5916\u3078\u306e\u79fb\u52d5\u3092\u5236\u9650\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\uff09\u304c\u6cd5\u7684\u8a31\u53ef\u306a\u3057\u306b\u8ab2\u3055\u308c\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\r\n\u79fb\u52d5\u306e\u5236\u9650\u304c\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u306e\u7d4c\u6e08\u3001\u6587\u5316\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u306b\u640d\u5bb3\u3092\u4e0e\u3048\u305f\u305f\u3081\u3001\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u5236\u9650\u653f\u7b56\u306f\u4f55\u4e16\u4ee3\u306b\u3082\u308f\u305f\u308b\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u306b\u6c38\u7d9a\u7684\u306a\u5f71\u97ff\u3092\u53ca\u307c\u3057\u3066\u304d\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u6cd5\u3067\u306f<\/em>\u3001\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e0a\u3001\u8ab0\u304c\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u3068\u898b\u306a\u3055\u308c\u308b\u304b\u3082\u5b9a\u7fa9\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u3068\u306f\u3001\u300c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\u7279\u5b9a\u306e\u30d0\u30f3\u30c9\u306b\u6240\u5c5e\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u8a55\u5224\u306e\u3042\u308b<\/a>\u3001\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u306e\u8840\u3092\u5f15\u3044\u305f\u7537\u6027\u300d\u3068\u5b9a\u3081\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">\u30a4\u30f3\u30c9\u4eba\u306e\u5730\u4f4d\u306f<\/a>\u3001\u300c\u305d\u306e\u4eba\u306e\u5b50\u3069\u3082\u300d\u3001\u300c\u305d\u306e\u4eba\u3068\u5408\u6cd5\u7684\u306b\u7d50\u5a5a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3001\u307e\u305f\u306f\u5408\u6cd5\u7684\u306b\u7d50\u5a5a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u5973\u6027\u300d\u306b\u3082\u9069\u7528\u3055\u308c\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u5927\u5b66\u3092\u5352\u696d\u3057\u305f\u308a\u3001\u5730\u4f4d\u306e\u306a\u3044\u4eba\uff08\u5973\u6027\u306e\u5834\u5408\uff09\r\n\u3068\u7d50\u5a5a\u3057\u305f\u308a\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/christianity\">1876\u5e74\u304b\u30891880\u5e74\u306b\u304b\u3051\u3066\u30ad\u30ea\u30b9\u30c8\u6559\u306e\u7267\u5e2b<\/a>\u3001\u533b\u5e2b\u3001\u5f01\u8b77\u58eb\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u308a\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3001\u5730\u4f4d\u3092\u5931\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\">\u3053\u308c\u306f\u516c\u6c11\u6a29\u5236\u3068\u547c\u3070\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/a>\r\n\u300c\u5f37\u5236\u9078\u6319\u6a29\u300d<em>\u6761\u9805\u3068\u3057\u3066\u77e5\u3089\u308c\u308b\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u6cd5\u306e\u7b2c112\u6761\u306f<\/em>\u30011961\u5e74\u307e\u3067\u64a4\u5ec3\u3055\u308c\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3067\u3057\u305f\u3002\u5730\u4f4d\u7ba1\u7406\u306f\u540c\u5316\u3068\u6587\u5316\u7684\u7834\u58ca\u306e\u624b\u6bb5\u3067\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>1951\u5e74\u306b\u6539\u6b63\u3055\u308c\u305f\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u6cd5<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/second-world-war-wwii\/\">\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6226\u76f4\u5f8c\u306e\u30ab\u30ca\u30c0\u3067\u306f<\/a><em>\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u306a\u5185\u7701\u304c\u591a\u304f\u306a\u308a\u3001\r\n\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u6cd5\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u8ab2\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3088\u308a\u5236\u9650\u7684\u3067\u6291\u5727\u7684\u306a\u63aa\u7f6e\u306e\u3044\u304f\u3064\u304b\u304c\u518d\u8003\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308a\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/em>\u4e00\u9023\u306e\u6539\u9769\u6848\u306f\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u304c\u30d7\u30ed\u30bb\u30b9\u306b\u95a2\u4e0e\u3057\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u305f\u3081<\/a>\u3001\u62d2\u7d76\u307e\u305f\u306f\u53cd\u5bfe\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3002\r\n\u305d\u306e\u7d50\u679c\u3001\u30ab\u30ca\u30c0\u653f\u5e9c\u306f\u4f1d\u7d71\u3092\u6253\u3061\u7834\u308a\u3001\u5408\u540c\u59d4\u54e1\u4f1a\u306e\u30d7\u30ed\u30bb\u30b9\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001<em>\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u6cd5\u306e\u6539\u6b63\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\u30b3\u30df\u30e5\u30cb\u30c6\u30a3\u3068\u521d\u3081\u3066\u5354\u8b70\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f<\/em>\u3002<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>1951\u5e746\u670820\u65e5\u3001<em>\u65b0\u3057\u304f\u6539\u6b63\u3055\u308c\u305f\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u6cd5\u304c\u56fd\u738b\u306e\u88c1\u53ef\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u307e\u3057\u305f<\/em>\u3002\u7d50\u679c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u751f\u3058\u305f\u898b\u76f4\u3057\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u6700\u3082\u653b\u6483\u7684\u306a\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u3001\u6587\u5316\u7684\u3001\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u5236\u7d04\u306e\u4e00\u90e8\u304c\u53d6\u308a\u9664\u304b\u308c\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sun-dance\">\u305f\u3068\u3048\u3070\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/potlatch\">\u30dd\u30c8\u30e9\u30c3\u30c1\u3084\u30b5\u30f3\u30c0\u30f3\u30b9\u306a\u3069\u306e\u5100\u5f0f\u306e\u7981\u6b62\u306f\u64a4\u5ec3\u3055\u308c\u307e\u3057\u305f<\/a>\u3002\r\n<\/a>\u307e\u305f\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/land-claims\/\">\u30b3\u30df\u30e5\u30cb\u30c6\u30a3\u306f\u653f\u5e9c\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u571f\u5730\u8acb\u6c42\u3092\u884c\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3082\u3067\u304d\u307e\u3057\u305f<\/a>\u3002\r\n\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u306e\u5973\u6027\u306b\u3068\u3063\u3066\u30011951\u5e74\u306e\u6cd5\u5f8b\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\u30d0\u30f3\u30c9\u8a55\u8b70\u4f1a\u306e\u9078\u6319\u3067\u6295\u7968\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u306a\u308a\u307e\u3057\u305f<\/a>\u3002<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/elsie-knott\">\u30a8\u30eb\u30b7\u30fc\u30fb\u30de\u30ea\u30fc\u30fb\u30ce\u30c3\u30c8\u306f<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/chief\">\u3001\u30ab\u30ca\u30c0\u3067\u521d\u3081\u3066\u5973\u6027\u306e\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u9577\u306b\u9078\u51fa\u3055\u308c\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/a>\uff08<em>\u300c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-women-and-the-franchise\">\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u306e\u5973\u6027\u3068\u30d5\u30e9\u30f3\u30c1\u30e3\u30a4\u30ba<\/a>\u300d\u3082\u53c2\u7167\u3057\u3066\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044<\/em>\u3002\uff09<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u6539\u6b63\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u5dee\u5225\u304c\u306a\u304f\u306a\u3063\u305f\u308f\u3051\u3067\u306f\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002\u305f\u3068\u3048\u3070\u3001<em>\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u6cd5\u3067\u306f<\/em>\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">\u5730\u4f4d\u306e\u3042\u308b\u4eba\u304c\u4e2d\u6bd2\u7269\u8cea\u3092\u6240\u6301\u3057\u305f\u308a<\/a>\u3001\u9154\u3063\u305f\u308a\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u7981\u3058\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/child-welfare\">1951\u5e74\u306e\u6539\u6b63\u3067\u306f\u3001\u9023\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u306b\u306f\u5b58\u5728\u3057\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\u306e\u5150\u7ae5\u798f\u7949\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3082\u5dde\u304c\u7ba1\u8f44\u6a29\u3092\u6301\u3064\u3088\u3046\u306b\u306a\u308a\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff08\u7b2c88\u6761\uff09\u3002<\/a>\u3053\u308c\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u6700\u7d42\u7684\u306b\u300c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sixties-scoop\">\u30b7\u30c3\u30af\u30b9\u30c6\u30a3\u30fc\u30ba\u30fb\u30b9\u30af\u30fc\u30d7\uff08Sixties Scoop<\/a>\uff09\u300d\r\n \u306e\u5b9f\u73fe\u304c\u53ef\u80fd\u306b\u306a\u308a\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u3053\u306e\u30d7\u30ed\u30bb\u30b9\u3067\u306f\u3001\u5dde\u306e\u5150\u7ae5\u798f\u7949\u6a5f\u95a2\u306f\u3001\u5730\u57df\u793e\u4f1a\u306b\u8cc7\u6e90\u3084\u652f\u63f4\u3092\u63d0\u4f9b\u3059\u308b\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u5b50\u3069\u3082\u305f\u3061\u3092\u5bb6\u304b\u3089\u5f15\u304d\u96e2\u3059\u3053\u3068\u3092\u9078\u629e\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u30b7\u30c3\u30af\u30b9\u30c6\u30a3\u30fc\u30ba\u30fb\u30b9\u30af\u30fc\u30d7\u306f\u3001\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\u30b3\u30df\u30e5\u30cb\u30c6\u30a3\u306b\u304b\u306a\u308a\u306e\u3001\u305d\u3057\u3066\u9577\u671f\u306b\u308f\u305f\u308b\u5f71\u97ff\u3092\u53ca\u307c\u3057\u3066\u304d\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian\">\u3055\u3089\u306b\u3001\u3053\u306e\u65b0\u6cd5\u306f\u3001\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u306e\u5730\u4f4d\u306e\u5dee\u5225\u7684\u6027\u8cea\u3092\u8986\u3059\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3082\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3067\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/a>\u3053\u306e\u6cd5\u5f8b\u306f\u3001\u300c\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u306e\u8840\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6982\u5ff5\u3092\u3001\u767b\u9332\u306b\u3088\u308b\u5730\u4f4d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6982\u5ff5\u306b\u7f6e\u304d\u63db\u3048\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\r\n\u8a00\u3044\u63db\u3048\u308c\u3070\u3001\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\u306e\u907a\u7523\u3092\u6301\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3060\u3051\u3067\u306f\u3001\u30b9\u30c6\u30fc\u30bf\u30b9\u306e\u8cc7\u683c\u3092\u5f97\u308b\u306b\u306f\u4e0d\u5341\u5206\u3067\u3057\u305f\u3002\u305d\u308c\u3067\u3082\u3001\u8840\u7d71\u306e\u7537\u6027\u306b\u306f\u4f9d\u7136\u3068\u3057\u3066\u7279\u6a29\u304c\u3042\u308a\u3001\u5730\u4f4d\u306e\u3042\u308b\u5973\u6027\u306f\u3001\u5730\u4f4d\u306e\u306a\u3044\u4eba\u3068\u7d50\u5a5a\u3059\u308b\u3068\u6a29\u5229\u3092\u5931\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002(<em>\u300c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/women-and-the-indian-act\">\u5973\u6027\u3068\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u6cd5<\/a>\u300d\u3082\u53c2\u7167<\/em>)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u5973\u6027\u306e\u5730\u4f4d\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u898f\u5b9a\u306f\u7279\u306b\u6975\u7aef\u3067\u3057\u305f\u3002\u5973\u6027\u306e\u5730\u4f4d\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u6a29\u5229\u306f\u3001\u3059\u3079\u3066\u592b\u306b\u59d4\u306d\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u5730\u4f4d\u306e\u306a\u3044\u5973\u6027\u304c\u3001\u5730\u4f4d\u306e\u3042\u308b\u7537\u6027\u3068\u7d50\u5a5a\u3057\u3066\u3082\u3001\u5730\u4f4d\u306f\u81ea\u5206\u3067\u5f97\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002\u30b9\u30c6\u30fc\u30bf\u30b9\u30de\u30f3\u3068\u7d50\u5a5a\u3057\u305f\u30b9\u30c6\u30fc\u30bf\u30b9\u30a6\u30fc\u30de\u30f3\u306f\u3001\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\u30d0\u30f3\u30c9\u306e\u30e1\u30f3\u30d0\u30fc\u30b7\u30c3\u30d7\u304c\u5f7c\u306e\u30d0\u30f3\u30c9\u3068\u7d50\u3073\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3044\u305f\u305f\u3081<\/a>\u3001\u81ea\u5206\u306e\u30d0\u30f3\u30c9\u306e\u30e1\u30f3\u30d0\u30fc\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u306a\u308a\u3001\u592b\u306b\u672a\u4ea1\u4eba\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u308a\u898b\u6368\u3066\u3089\u308c\u305f\u308a\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3001\u30b9\u30c6\u30fc\u30bf\u30b9\u3092\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u5931\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>1951\u5e74\u306e\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u6cd5\u3067\u306f<\/em>\u3001\u300c\u30c0\u30d6\u30eb\u30de\u30b6\u30fc\u300d\u30eb\u30fc\u30eb\u3082\u5c0e\u5165\u3055\u308c\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u3053\u306e\u30eb\u30fc\u30eb\u3067\u306f\u3001\u6bcd\u89aa\u3068\u7956\u6bcd\u306e\u4e21\u65b9\u304c\u30b9\u30c6\u30fc\u30bf\u30b9\u306e\u8cc7\u683c\u3092\u5f97\u3089\u308c\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u5834\u5408\u300121\u6b73\u306e\u8a95\u751f\u65e5\u306b\u5b50\u4f9b\u306e\u30b9\u30c6\u30fc\u30bf\u30b9\u304c\u53d6\u308a\u6d88\u3055\u308c\u307e\u3059\u3002<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/royal-commission-on-aboriginal-peoples\">1996\u5e74\u306e\u30a2\u30dc\u30ea\u30b8\u30cb\u6c11\u65cf\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u738b\u7acb\u59d4\u54e1\u4f1a\u306f<\/a>\u3001<em>1951\u5e74\u306e\u898b\u76f4\u3057\u306b\u542b\u307e\u308c\u308b\u6539\u6b63\u306f\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u6cd5\u30921876\u5e74\u306e\u72b6\u614b\u306b\u623b\u3059\u4ee5\u5916\u306b\u306f\u307b\u3068\u3093\u3069\u5f79\u306b\u7acb\u305f\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u4e00\u65b9\u3067<\/em>\u3001\u5730\u4f4d\u306e\u79fb\u8ee2\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u8ffd\u52a0\u306e\u5236\u9650\u306f\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u306e\u5973\u6027\u3068\u305d\u306e\u5b50\u4f9b\u305f\u3061\u306b\u5bb3\u3092\u53ca\u307c\u3057\u305f\u3068\u6307\u6458\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>1960\u5e74\u4ee3\u30681970\u5e74\u4ee3\u306e\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u6cd5\u306e\u6539\u6b63\u3092\u8981\u6c42<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p><em>1951\u5e74\u306e\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u6cd5\u306f<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/franchise\">\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">\r\n\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u306e\u9078\u6319\u6a29\u4ed8\u4e0e\u30d7\u30ed\u30bb\u30b9\u3092\u5909\u3048\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3082<\/a><\/a>\u3001\u9078\u6319\u6a29\u3092\u8a8d\u3081\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3082\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3067\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/canadian-bill-of-rights\/\">\u3057\u304b\u3057\u30011958\u5e74\u521d\u982d\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/john-diefenbaker\">\u30b8\u30e7\u30f3\u30fb\u30c7\u30a3\u30fc\u30d5\u30a7\u30f3\u30d9\u30fc\u30ab\u30fc\u9996\u76f8\u306e\u653f\u5e9c\u306f\u30ab\u30ca\u30c0\u6a29\u5229\u7ae0\u5178\u306e\u8d77\u8349\u3092\u958b\u59cb\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f<\/a>\u3002\r\n<\/a>\u6a29\u5229\u7ae0\u5178\u306f\u3059\u3079\u3066\u306e\u30ab\u30ca\u30c0\u4eba\u306e\u5e73\u7b49\u306a\u6a29\u5229\u306b\u91cd\u70b9\u3092\u7f6e\u3044\u3066\u3044\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u304c\u9078\u6319\u6a29\u3092\u5426\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u307b\u3068\u3093\u3069\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3067\u3057\u305f\u3002\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">1960\u5e743\u670831\u65e5\u3001<em>\u30ab\u30ca\u30c0\u9078\u6319\u6cd5\u7b2c14<\/em> (2) \u6761\u306e\u4e00\u90e8\u304c\u5ec3\u6b62\u3055\u308c\u3001\u30b9\u30c6\u30fc\u30bf\u30b9\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u306b\u9023\u90a6\u6295\u7968\u6a29\u304c\u4e0e\u3048\u3089\u308c\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/a>\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\u306e\u4eba\u3005\u306f\u5730\u4f4d\u3092\u5931\u3046\u3053\u3068\u306a\u304f\u6295\u7968\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u306a\u308a\u307e\u3057\u305f<\/a>\u3002<em>\u7fcc\u5e74\u3001\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u6cd5\u306e\u5f37\u5236\u9078\u6319\u6761\u9805\u306f\u5ec3\u6b62\u3055\u308c\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-suffrage\">\uff08<em>\u30ab\u30ca\u30c0\u306e\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\u53c2\u653f\u6a29\u3082\u53c2\u7167\u3057\u3066\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044<\/em>\u3002\uff09<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-affairs-and-northern-development-canada\">1969\u5e74\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/pierre-elliott-trudeau\/\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/the-white-paper-1969\/\">\u30d4\u30a8\u30fc\u30eb\u30fb\u30a8\u30ea\u30aa\u30c3\u30c8\u30fb\u30c8\u30eb\u30c9\u30fc\u9996\u76f8\u306e\u653f\u5e9c\u306f\u767d\u66f8\u3092\u767a\u8868\u3057<\/a><\/a>\u3001\r\n\u30a4\u30f3\u30c9\u306e\u5730\u4f4d\u3068\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u7701\u3092\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u5ec3\u6b62\u3059\u308b\u610f\u5411\u3092\u8868\u660e\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/a>\r\n\u3053\u306e\u767d\u66f8\u306f\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u304b\u3089\u306e\u6012\u308a\u306b\u5305\u307e\u308c\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/harold-cardinal\/\">\u30a2\u30eb\u30d0\u30fc\u30bf\u5dde\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u5354\u4f1a\u306e\u5f53\u6642\u306e\u4f1a\u9577\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\u30cf\u30ed\u30eb\u30c9\u30fb\u30ab\u30fc\u30c7\u30a3\u30ca\u30eb\u304c\u4f5c\u6210\u30fb\u767a\u8868\u3057\u305f<\/a>\u300c\u30ec\u30c3\u30c9\u30fb\u30da\u30fc\u30d1\u30fc\u300d\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u5373\u5ea7\u306b\u53cd\u8ad6\u3055\u308c\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\r\n\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\u30b0\u30eb\u30fc\u30d7\u3068\u305d\u306e\u652f\u6301\u8005\u306b\u3088\u308b\u6fc0\u3057\u3044\u53cd\u5bfe\u304c\u7d9a\u3044\u305f\u305f\u3081\u3001\u30ab\u30ca\u30c0\u653f\u5e9c\u306f\u3059\u3050\u306b\u30db\u30ef\u30a4\u30c8\u30da\u30fc\u30d1\u30fc\u3092\u64a4\u56de\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>\u3053\u306e\u9593\u3001\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u306e\u5973\u6027\u306e\u591a\u304f\u306f\u3001\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u6cd5\u306e\u5dee\u5225\u7684\u6761\u9805\u3092\u5909\u66f4\u3057\u3088\u3046\u3068\u596e\u95d8\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mary-two-axe-earley\">\u30e1\u30a2\u30ea\u30fc\u30fb\u30c8\u30a5\u30fc\u30fb\u30a2\u30c3\u30af\u30b9\u30fb\u30a2\u30fc\u30ea\u30fc\u306f\u3001\u6700\u3082\u521d\u671f\u306e\u6d3b\u52d5\u5bb6\u306e\u4e00\u4eba\u3067\u3057\u305f<\/a>\u3002\r\n\u5f7c\u5973\u306f\u4ed6\u306e\u6d3b\u52d5\u306b\u52a0\u3048\u3066\u3001\u540c\u6cd5\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u3044\u3066\u5730\u4f4d\u3001\u6761\u7d04\u3001\u8ca1\u7523\u6a29\u3092\u5426\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u304d\u305f\u5973\u6027\u306b\u3088\u308b\u8650\u5f85\u306e\u8a8d\u77e5\u5ea6\u3092\u9ad8\u3081\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u3001\u30b9\u30d4\u30fc\u30c1\u3084\u30e9\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\u30f3\u30b0\u306e\u30ad\u30e3\u30f3\u30da\u30fc\u30f3\u3092\u6570\u591a\u304f\u884c\u3063\u305f\u3002<a name=\"_Hlk39573469\">\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/jeannette-vivian-lavell\">\u7d50\u5a5a\u306b\u3088\u308a\u5730\u4f4d\u3092\u5931\u3063\u305f\u30a4\u30dc\u30f3\u30cc\u30fb\u30d9\u30c0\u30fc\u30eb\u3068\u30b8\u30e3\u30cd\u30c3\u30c8\u30fb\u30b3\u30eb\u30d3\u30a8\u30fc\u30eb\u30fb\u30e9\u30f4\u30a7\u30eb\u306f<\/a><\/a>\u3001\u30ab\u30ca\u30c0\u653f\u5e9c\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u8a34\u8a1f\u3092\u63d0\u8d77\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/supreme-court-of-canada\/\">1973\u5e74\u3001\u4e21\u8005\u306e\u8a34\u8a1f\u306f\u30ab\u30ca\u30c0\u6700\u9ad8\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u3067\u7d71\u5408\u3055\u308c\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\r\n<\/a>\u540c\u5e74\u3001\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306f\u3001\u5730\u4f4d\u306e\u3042\u308b\u7537\u6027\u304c\u300c\u7d50\u5a5a\u3057\u305f\u300d\r\n \u5834\u5408\u306f\u305d\u306e\u5730\u4f4d\u3092\u7dad\u6301\u3057\u305f\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3082\u3001\u5973\u6027\u306e\u5730\u4f4d\u3068\u592b\u306e\u5730\u4f4d\u3092\u7d50\u3073\u3064\u3051\u308b\u6cd5\u5f8b\u306e\u90e8\u5206\u306f\u5973\u6027\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u5dee\u5225\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3068\u306e\u5224\u6c7a\u3067\u5e83\u304f\u6279\u5224\u3055\u308c\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/lavell-case\">(<em>\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/bedard-case\">\u30d9\u30c0\u30fc\u30eb\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3068\u30e9\u30f4\u30a7\u30eb\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3082\u53c2\u7167<\/a><\/em>\u3002)<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/maliseet\">1981\u5e74\u3001\u56fd\u9023\u4eba\u6a29\u59d4\u54e1\u4f1a\u306f\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sandra-lovelace-nicholas\">\u7d50\u5a5a\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u5730\u4f4d\u3092\u5931\u3063\u305f\u30a6\u30a9\u30e9\u30b9\u30c8\u30ad\u30c3\u30af\u306e\u5973\u6027\u3001\u30b5\u30f3\u30c9\u30e9\u30fb\u30e9\u30d6\u30ec\u30fc\u30b9\u30fb\u30cb\u30b3\u30e9\u30b9\u306e\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3067<\/a>\u3001<em>\u30ab\u30ca\u30c0\u304c\u5e02\u6c11\u7684\u53ca\u3073\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u6a29\u5229\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u56fd\u969b\u898f\u7d04\u7b2c27\u6761\u306b\u9055\u53cd\u3057\u305f\u3068\u88c1\u5b9a\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f<\/em>\u3002\r\n \r\n<\/a><em>\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u6cd5\u306b\u3088\u308b\u3068<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\u3001\u30b5\u30f3\u30c9\u30e9\u306f\u7d50\u5a5a\u3057\u3066\u30d0\u30f3\u30c9\u30e1\u30f3\u30d0\u30fc\u3068\u306f\u898b\u306a\u3055\u308c\u306a\u304f\u306a\u3063\u305f\u305f\u3081\u3001\u653f\u5e9c\u306f\u30b5\u30f3\u30c9\u30e9\u304c\u6545\u90f7\u306e\u30b3\u30df\u30e5\u30cb\u30c6\u30a3\u306b\u623b\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u963b\u6b62\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\r\n<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>C-31\u6cd5\u6848:1985\u5e74\u306e\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u6cd5\u306e\u6539\u6b63<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/bill-c-31\">1985\u5e74\u3001<em>\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u6cd5\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u5e73\u7b49\u306e\u6b20\u5982\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u56fd\u5185\u5916\u306e\u61f8\u5ff5\u306e\u9ad8\u307e\u308a\u306b\u5fdc\u3048\u3066\u3001\u653f\u5e9c\u306fC-31\u6cd5\u6848\u3092\u53ef\u6c7a\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f<\/em>\u3002<\/a>\u3053\u306e\u6cd5\u6848\u306f\u3001\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\">\u6b8b\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u9078\u6319\u6a29\u6761\u9805\u3092\u3059\u3079\u3066\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u524a\u9664\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f<\/a>\u3002<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\u3055\u3089\u306b\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">\u7d50\u5a5a\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u5730\u4f4d\u3092\u5931\u3063\u305f\u4eba\u305f\u3061\u306f\u3001\r\n\u30b9\u30c6\u30fc\u30bf\u30b9\u30fb\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u304a\u3088\u3073\u30d0\u30f3\u30c9\u30e1\u30f3\u30d0\u30fc\u3068\u3057\u3066\u5fa9\u8077\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f<\/a>\u3002<\/a>\u5f7c\u3089\u306e\u5b50\u4f9b\u305f\u3061\u306f\u5730\u4f4d\u3092\u5f97\u307e\u3057\u305f\u304c\u30012\u5e74\u9593\u30d0\u30f3\u30c9\u306e\u30e1\u30f3\u30d0\u30fc\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3067\u3057\u305f\u3002\u3053\u306e\u9593\u9694\u306f\u3001\r\n\u30d0\u30f3\u30c9\u304c\u72ec\u81ea\u306e\u30e1\u30f3\u30d0\u30fc\u30b7\u30c3\u30d7\u30b3\u30fc\u30c9\u3092\u4f5c\u6210\u3059\u308b\u6642\u9593\u3092\u4e0e\u3048\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u5b50\u4f9b\u306f\u9664\u5916\u3067\u304d\u307e\u3059\u304c\u3001\u6bcd\u89aa\u306f\u9664\u5916\u3055\u308c\u307e\u305b\u3093\u30021987\u5e746\u6708\u307e\u3067\u306b\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u30b3\u30fc\u30c9\u304c\u901a\u3089\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u3001\u5b50\u3069\u3082\u305f\u3061\u3082\u30d0\u30f3\u30c9\u306e\u30e1\u30f3\u30d0\u30fc\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002\u30e1\u30f3\u30d0\u30fc\u30ea\u30b9\u30c8\u3092\u3088\u308a\u7d30\u304b\u304f\u7ba1\u7406\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u306a\u308c\u3070\u3001\r\n\u30d0\u30f3\u30c9\u306b\u306f\u30b9\u30c6\u30fc\u30bf\u30b9\u4ee5\u5916\u306e\u30e1\u30f3\u30d0\u30fc\u304c\u3044\u308b\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u304c\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002\u305f\u3060\u3057\u3001\u9023\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u3092\u901a\u3058\u305f\u8cc7\u91d1\u63d0\u4f9b\u306f\u30b9\u30c6\u30fc\u30bf\u30b9\u30e1\u30f3\u30d0\u30fc\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u3044\u3066\u3044\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001\u30d0\u30f3\u30c9\u306b\u975e\u30b9\u30c6\u30fc\u30bf\u30b9\u30e1\u30f3\u30d0\u30fc\u3092\u591a\u6570\u6301\u3064\u30a4\u30f3\u30bb\u30f3\u30c6\u30a3\u30d6\u306f\u307b\u3068\u3093\u3069\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>1985\u5e74\u306b\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u6cd5\u304c\u6539\u6b63\u3055\u308c\u3066\u4ee5\u6765<\/em>\u3001\u767b\u9332\u3055\u308c\u305f\u30a4\u30f3\u30c9\u4eba\u306e\u6570\u306f\u30011985\u5e74\u306e\u7d0436\u4e07\u4eba\u304b\u30892007\u5e74\u306b\u306f778,000\u4eba\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306b\u500d\u5897\u3057\u305f\u3002\u3053\u306e\u5897\u52a0\u306f\u3001\u6b7b\u4ea1\u8005\u6570\u3088\u308a\u3082\u51fa\u751f\u6570\u304c\u5897\u52a0\u3057\u305f\u3053\u3068\u3068\u3001\u30a4\u30f3\u30c9\u4eba\u306e\u5730\u4f4d\u304c\u300c\u56de\u5fa9\u3057\u305f\u300d\r\n \u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/prejudice-and-discrimination\">\u3053\u306e\u6539\u6b63\u6848\u306f\u5973\u6027\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u5dee\u5225\u3092\u6271\u3063\u305f\u4e00\u65b9\u3067<\/a>\u3001\u3044\u304f\u3064\u304b\u306e\u554f\u984c\u3082\u751f\u307f\u51fa\u3057\u305f\u3002C-31\u6cd5\u6848\u306f\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian\">\u30a4\u30f3\u30c9\u4eba\u767b\u9332\u306e2\u3064\u306e\u30ab\u30c6\u30b4\u30ea\u30fc\u3092\u5b9a\u3081\u307e\u3057\u305f<\/a>\u3002\u7b2c 1 \u6761\u306f\u3001\u7b2c 6 \u6761 (1) \u3068\u547c\u3070\u308c\u3001\u4e21\u89aa\u304c\u4e21\u65b9\u3068\u3082\u767b\u9332\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u308b\u8cc7\u683c\u304c\u3042\u308b\u5834\u5408\u306b\u9069\u7528\u3055\u308c\u307e\u3059\u3002(\u3053\u306e\u30bb\u30af\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u306f\u3055\u3089\u306b\u3001\u30b9\u30c6\u30fc\u30bf\u30b9\u306e\u53d7\u3051\u7d99\u304e\u65b9\u6cd5\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u7570\u306a\u308b\u30b5\u30d6\u30bb\u30af\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u306b\u5206\u304b\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059)\u3002\u7b2c 2 \u6761\u306f\u3001\u7b2c 6 \u6761 (2) \u3068\u547c\u3070\u308c\u3001\u7247\u65b9\u306e\u89aa\u304c 6 (1) \r\n \u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304f\u767b\u9332\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u308b\u8cc7\u683c\u3092\u6709\u3059\u308b\u5834\u5408\u306b\u9069\u7528\u3055\u308c\u307e\u3059\u3002\u7247\u65b9\u306e\u89aa\u304c\u7b2c6 (2) \u6761\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u3044\u3066\u767b\u9332\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001<em>\u5730\u4f4d\u3092\u8b72\u6e21\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3067\u304d\u307e\u305b\u3093<\/em>\u3002\u8981\u3059\u308b\u306b\u3001\u30b9\u30c6\u30fc\u30bf\u30b9\u306e\u306a\u3044\u30d1\u30fc\u30c8\u30ca\u30fc\u30682\u4e16\u4ee3\u306b\u308f\u305f\u3063\u3066\u7d50\u5a5a\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3001\r\n\u5b50\u4f9b\u306f\u3082\u306f\u3084\u30b9\u30c6\u30fc\u30bf\u30b9\u306e\u5bfe\u8c61\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u306a\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306f\u300c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e16\u4ee3\u30ab\u30c3\u30c8\u30aa\u30d5\u300d\u30eb\u30fc\u30eb\u3068\u3057\u3066\u77e5\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3001C-31\u6cd5\u6848\u306f\u5730\u4f4d\u6a29\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u308b\u8cc7\u683c\u306e\u3042\u308b\u4eba\u3005\u306e\u6570\u306b\u5f71\u97ff\u3092\u53ca\u307c\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/p>\r\n\r\n<iframe width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/__Y_hHFvUR8\" title=\"YouTube \u52d5\u753b\u30d7\u30ec\u30fc\u30e4\u30fc\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen=\"\">\r\n<\/iframe><br>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u30ac\u30d0\u30ca\u30f3\u30b9\u3068\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u6cd5\u30011960\u5e74\u4ee3\u304b\u30892000\u5e74\u4ee3<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p><em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\/\">1876\u5e74\u306e\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u6cd5\u306f<\/a><\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-affairs-and-northern-development-canada\">\u3001\u4f1d\u7d71\u7684\u306a\u7d71\u6cbb\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u3092\u89e3\u4f53\u3057\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-agents-in-canada\">\u500b\u4eba\u3084\u5730\u57df\u793e\u4f1a\u306b\u73fe\u5730\u306e\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\u3084\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u5c40\u306e\u9023\u90a6\u5b98\u50da\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5f62\u3067<\/a>\u3001\u5916\u90e8\u7d71\u5236\u3092\u8ab2\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-self-government\">1960\u5e74\u4ee3\u5f8c\u534a\u304b\u30891970\u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\u982d\u306b\u304b\u3051\u3066\u3001\u307e\u3059\u307e\u3059\u52b9\u679c\u7684\u306a\u653f\u6cbb\u7d44\u7e54\u3068\u6d3b\u52d5\u306e\u6fc0\u5316\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\r\n\u30ab\u30ca\u30c0\u306f\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\u81ea\u6cbb\u306e\u5f62\u614b\u3092\u8a8d\u3081\u3001\u53ef\u80fd\u306b\u3059\u308b\u9053\u3092\u6b69\u307f\u59cb\u3081\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/a>\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/constitution-act-1982\/\"><em>\u3053\u306e\u50be\u5411\u306f20\u4e16\u7d00\u5f8c\u534a\u304b\u308921\u4e16\u7d00\u521d\u982d\u306b\u304b\u3051\u3066\u52e2\u3044\u3092\u5897\u3057\u3001\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u306e\u81ea\u6cbb\u6a29\u306f1982\u5e74\u306e\u61b2\u6cd5\u3084\u56fd\u969b\u6587\u66f8\u3067\u78ba\u8a8d\u3055\u308c\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/em><\/a> \r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>1984\u5e74\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/james-bay-and-northern-quebec-agreement\">\u30b8\u30a7\u30fc\u30e0\u30ba\u6e7e\u5354\u5b9a\u3068\u30ce\u30fc\u30b6\u30f3\u30fb\u30b1\u30d9\u30c3\u30af\u5354\u5b9a\u3068\u30da\u30ca\u30fc\u30fb\u30ec\u30dd\u30fc\u30c8\u304c\u6210\u7acb\u3057<\/a><em>\u3001\r\n\u30ab\u30ca\u30c0\u3067\u6700\u521d\u306e\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\u81ea\u6cbb\u6cd5\u3067\u3042\u308b\u30af\u30ea\u30fc\u30fb\u30ca\u30b9\u30ab\u30d4\u6cd5\u304c\u6210\u7acb\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f<\/em>\u3002\u3053\u306e\u6cd5\u306f\u3001<em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\">\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u6cd5\u306b\u53d6\u3063\u3066\u4ee3\u308f\u308a<\/a><\/em>\u3001\u5730\u57df\u306e\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\u30b3\u30df\u30e5\u30cb\u30c6\u30a3\u3092\u4f01\u696d\u4f53\u3068\u3057\u3066\u8a2d\u7acb\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">\u81ea\u6cbb\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\u306f\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u6cd5\u306e\u5bfe\u8c61\u306b\u306f\u306a\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u304c\u3001\u9023\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u306f\u5f15\u304d\u7d9a\u304d\u7279\u5b9a\u306e\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\u554f\u984c\u3092\u7ba1\u7406\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059<\/a><em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">\u3002<\/a><\/em> \r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u305d\u308c\u4ee5\u6765\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\u540c\u6cd5\u3067\u306f\u30ac\u30d0\u30ca\u30f3\u30b9\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u30d0\u30f3\u30c9\u6a29\u9650\u3092\u5f37\u5316\u3059\u308b\u63d0\u6848\u304c\u306a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u304d\u305f<\/a>\u3002<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">1996\u5e74\u3001\u9023\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u306f\u3001\r\n\u30d0\u30f3\u30c9\u30fb\u30ac\u30d0\u30ca\u30f3\u30b9\u3084\u30ea\u30b6\u30fc\u30d6\u306e\u898f\u5236\u3092\u542b\u3080\u540c\u6cd5\u306e\u5206\u91ce\u3092\u6539\u6b63\u3059\u308b\u6cd5\u6848C-79\u3092\u63d0\u6848\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/a>\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\u306e\u5927\u591a\u6570\u306fC-79\u6cd5\u6848\u306b\u53cd\u5bfe\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u5f7c\u3089\u306f\u4ed6\u306e\u7406\u7531\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u3082\u3001\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/duty-to-consult\">\u653f\u5e9c\u304c\u63d0\u6848\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5909\u66f4\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\u3068\u5341\u5206\u306b\u5354\u8b70\u3057\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3068\u4e3b\u5f35\u3057\u305f<\/a>\u3002<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-rights\">\u5f7c\u3089\u306f\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-treaties\">\u3053\u306e\u6cd5\u6848\u304c\u6761\u7d04\u4e0a\u306e\u6a29\u5229\u3068\u81ea\u6cbb\u6a29\u3092\u8105\u304b\u3059\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u304b\u3068\u61f8\u5ff5\u3057\u305f<\/a>\u3002<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/royal-commission-on-aboriginal-peoples\">\u3055\u3089\u306b\u3001\u3053\u306e\u6cd5\u6848\u306f\u30a2\u30dc\u30ea\u30b8\u30cb\u6c11\u65cf\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u738b\u7acb\u59d4\u54e1\u4f1a\u306e\u52e7\u544a\u3092\u7121\u8996\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6279\u5224\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3002<\/a>\r\nC-79\u6cd5\u6848\u306f\u6210\u7acb\u3057\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3002<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>2002\u5e74\u3001<em>\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\u7d71\u6cbb\u6cd5\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3082\u77e5\u3089\u308c\u308b\u6cd5\u6848C-7\u306f\u3001\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5236\u5b9a\u3084\u6307\u5c0e\u8005\u306e\u9078\u5b9a\u306a\u3069\u306e\u89b3\u70b9\u304b\u3089<\/em>\u3001\u30d0\u30f3\u30c9\u8a55\u8b70\u4f1a\u306b\u3088\u308a\u591a\u304f\u306e\u6a29\u9650\u3092\u4e0e\u3048\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u76ee\u6307\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u9023\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u306f\u3053\u306e\u6cd5\u6848\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3055\u307e\u3056\u307e\u306a\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\u3068\u5354\u8b70\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3001\r\n\u7d50\u5c40\u5931\u6557\u306b\u7d42\u308f\u3063\u305f\u30022006\u5e74\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/senate\">\u30b8\u30a7\u30ea\u30fc\u30fb\u30b5\u30f3\u30b8\u30a7\u30eb\u30de\u30f3\u4e0a\u9662\u8b70\u54e1\u306f<\/a>\u300c\u30ab\u30ca\u30c0\u306e\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\u306e\u81ea\u6cbb\u6a29\u306e\u627f\u8a8d\u3068\u5b9f\u65bd\u3092\u4fc3\u9032\u3059\u308b\u300d\u305f\u3081\u306e\u6cd5\u6848S-216\u3092\u63d0\u51fa\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\r\n\u3053\u306e\u6cd5\u6848\u306f\u3001\u81ea\u6cbb\u3092\u5e0c\u671b\u3059\u308b\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\u304c\u63d0\u6848\u3068\u61b2\u6cd5\u3092\u7b56\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u53ef\u80fd\u306b\u3057\u305f\u306f\u305a\u3060\u3002S-216\u6cd5\u6848\u306f\u4e8c\u8aad\u4f1a\u3092\u9054\u6210\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3001\u7d50\u5c40\u5931\u6557\u306b\u7d42\u308f\u3063\u305f\u3002(<em>\u300c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/parliamentary-procedure\">\u8b70\u4f1a\u624b\u7d9a\u304d<\/a>\u300d\u3082\u53c2\u7167<\/em>)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u305f\u3060\u3057\u3001\u4e00\u90e8\u306e\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\u306f\u30bb\u30af\u30bf\u30fc\u5225\u306e\u53d6\u308a\u6c7a\u3081\u3092\u6210\u529f\u3055\u305b\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001<em>\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u6cd5\u3067\u306f\u898f\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3088\u308a\u5927\u304d\u306a\u30ac\u30d0\u30ca\u30f3\u30b9\u6a29\u9650\u304c\u53ef\u80fd\u306b\u306a\u308a\u307e\u3059<\/em>\u3002\u4f8b\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306f\u3001<em>\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\u571f\u5730\u7ba1\u7406\u6cd5<\/em> (1999)\u3001<em>\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\u8ca1\u653f\u7ba1\u7406\u6cd5<\/em> (2005)\u3001<em>\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\u77f3\u6cb9\u30ac\u30b9\u304a\u3088\u3073\u8cc7\u91d1\u7ba1\u7406\u6cd5<\/em> (2005)\u3001<em>\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\u5546\u696d\u7523\u696d\u958b\u767a\u6cd5<\/em> (2006)\u3001<em>\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\u8ca1\u7523\u6240\u6709\u6cd5<\/em> (2009) \u306a\u3069\u304c\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>2011 \u5e74\u3068 2017 \u5e74\u306b\u5b9f\u65bd\u3055\u308c\u305f\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u6cd5\u306e\u6539\u6b63<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">\u3055\u307e\u3056\u307e\u306a\u6539\u6b63\u304c\u884c\u308f\u308c\u305f\u306b\u3082\u304b\u304b\u308f\u3089\u305a\u3001<em>\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u6cd5\u306f\u4f9d\u7136\u3068\u3057\u3066\u5730\u4f4d\u306e\u6a29\u5229\u306b\u95a2\u3057\u3066\u5973\u6027\u3068\u305d\u306e\u5b50\u5b6b\u3092\u5dee\u5225\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f<\/em>\u3002<\/a>2011\u5e74\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/parliament\">\r\n<em>\u8b70\u4f1a\u306f\u30a4\u30f3\u30c9\u4eba\u767b\u9332\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u7537\u5973\u5171\u540c\u53c2\u753b\u6cd5<\/em><\/a>\uff08\u5225\u540dC-3\uff09\u3092\u53ef\u6c7a\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\r\n<em>\u3053\u308c\u306f\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\"><a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mcivor-case\">1985\u5e74\u306e\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u6cd5\u7b2c6\u6761\u306e\u6027\u5dee\u5225\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308bMcIvor\u4e8b\u4ef6\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u9023\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u306e\u5bfe\u5fdc\u3067\u3057\u305f<\/a><\/a>\u3002<\/em>C-3\u6cd5\u6848\u306f\u30011985\u5e74\u306b\u5730\u4f4d\u3092\u53d6\u308a\u623b\u3057\u305f\u5973\u6027\u306e\u5b6b\u306b6 (2) \u306e\u5730\u4f4d\u3092\u4e0e\u3048\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u5973\u6027\u306e\u5b50\u5b6b\u3001\u7279\u306b\u3072\u5b6b\u306b\u95a2\u3057\u3066\u306f\u3001\r\n\u540c\u69d8\u306e\u72b6\u6cc1\u3067\u306f\u7537\u6027\u306e\u5b50\u5b6b\u3068\u540c\u3058\u8cc7\u683c\u306f\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3067\u3057\u305f\u3002\u305d\u306e\u305f\u3081\u3001C-3\u6cd5\u6848\u306f\u4f9d\u7136\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6027\u5dee\u5225\u3092\u7406\u7531\u306b\u4e00\u90e8\u306e\u500b\u4eba\u306e\u5730\u4f4d\u6a29\u3092\u5426\u5b9a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>S-3\u6cd5\u6848\u306f\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\"><em>\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u6cd5\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u5dee\u5225\u3092\u3081\u3050\u308b\u5225\u306e\u88c1\u5224\u4f8b\u3067\u3042\u308b<\/em><\/a>\u30012015\u5e74\u306e\u30c7\u30b7\u30a7\u30ce\u30fc\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3078\u306e\u5bfe\u5fdc\u3068\u3057\u3066\u4f5c\u6210\u3055\u308c\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u3053\u306e\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3067\u554f\u984c\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u306e\u306f\u3001\r\n\u3044\u3068\u3053\u3084\u5144\u5f1f\u59c9\u59b9\u3078\u306e\u5730\u4f4d\u306e\u5f15\u304d\u7d99\u304e\u65b9\u3067\u3057\u305f\u3002\u6cd5\u6848S-3\u306e\u4e00\u90e8\u306f\u30012017\u5e7412\u670822\u65e5\u306b\u767a\u52b9\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u3053\u306e\u6539\u6b63\u6848\u306f\u3001\u4ed6\u306e\u6761\u9805\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u3082\u3001\u3088\u308a\u591a\u304f\u306e\u4eba\u3005\u304c\u81ea\u5206\u306e\u5730\u4f4d\u3092\u5b50\u5b6b\u306b\u53d7\u3051\u7d99\u304e\u30011985\u5e74\u4ee5\u524d\u306b\u5730\u4f4d\u3092\u5931\u3063\u305f\u4eba\u3005\u306b\u5730\u4f4d\u3092\u56de\u5fa9\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u53ef\u80fd\u306b\u3059\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002\r\n\u4f8b\u3048\u3070\u3001\u7236\u5b50\u304c\u4e0d\u660e\u306a\u4eba\u3084\u30011951\u5e74\u304b\u308985\u5e74\u306e\u9593\u306b\u672a\u5a5a\u306e\u672a\u6210\u5e74\u8005\u3067\u3001\u5f53\u6642\u65bd\u884c\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u305f\u767b\u9332\u898f\u5247\u306e\u5f71\u97ff\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u305f\u4eba\u3092\u767b\u9332\u3059\u308b\u65b9\u6cd5\u304c\u898f\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u3053\u306e\u6cd5\u6848\u306e\u4ed6\u306e\u90e8\u5206\u306f\u3001\r\n 1951\u5e74\u4ee5\u524d\u306b\u5730\u4f4d\u3092\u5931\u3063\u305f\u5973\u6027\u3068\u305d\u306e\u5b50\u5b6b\u306e\u5730\u4f4d\u56de\u5fa9\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u3082\u306e\uff08\u300c1951\u5e74\u306e\u30ab\u30c3\u30c8\u30aa\u30d5\u300d\u3068\u547c\u3070\u308c\u308b\uff09\u3067\u30012019\u5e748\u670815\u65e5\u306b\u767a\u52b9\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<em>\u653f\u5e9c\u306b\u3088\u308b\u3068\u3001\u300c\u30a4\u30f3\u30c9\u6cd5\u3067\u8a8d\u3081\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u6027\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304f\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u306f\u3001\u3059\u3079\u3066\u89e3\u6d88\u3055\u308c\u305f\u300d\u3068\u306e\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/em><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u6539\u9769\u6848\u306e\u63d0\u6848<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>2010\u5e74\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">\u9023\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u306f\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u3068\u5354\u529b\u3057\u3066<\/a><\/a>\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/residential-schools\">\u5bc4\u5bbf\u5b66\u6821\u3092\u8a2d\u7acb\u3057<\/a>\u3001\r\n<em>\u5b50\u4f9b\u305f\u3061\u3092\u5bb6\u304b\u3089\u9023\u308c\u53bb\u308b\u6a29\u9650\u3092\u4e0e\u3048\u308b\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u6cd5\u306e\u4e00\u90e8\u3092\u64a4\u5ec3\u3059\u308b\u610f\u5411\u3092\u767a\u8868\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f<\/em>\u3002<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>S-2\u6cd5\u6848\u300c<em>\u4fdd\u8b77\u533a\u304a\u3088\u3073\u5a5a\u59fb\u4e0a\u306e\u5229\u76ca\u307e\u305f\u306f\u6a29\u5229\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u5bb6\u65cf\u5411\u3051\u4f4f\u5b85\u300d\u6cd5\u306f\u3001\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u6cd5\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u7acb\u6cd5\u4e0a\u306e\u30ae\u30e3\u30c3\u30d7\u306b\u5bfe\u51e6\u3059\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3059<\/em>\u3002<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">\u4fdd\u8b77\u533a\u306b\u4f4f\u3080\u4eba\u3005\u304c<\/a>\u3001\u4ed6\u306e\u30ab\u30ca\u30c0\u4eba\u3068\u540c\u69d8\u306e\u5a5a\u59fb\u8ca1\u7523\u6a29\u3092\u6301\u3064\u3053\u3068\u3092\u4fdd\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u76ee\u7684\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002<em>\u30ab\u30ca\u30c0\u653f\u5e9c\u306b\u3088\u308b\u3068\u3001S-2\u6cd5\u6848\u306f\u72ec\u7acb\u3057\u305f\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u6cd5\u6539\u6b63\u306e\u4e00\u90e8\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3002<\/em><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u8b70\u8ad6\uff1a\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u6cd5\u3092\u7dad\u6301\u3059\u308b\u304b\u3001\u6839\u7d76\u3059\u308b\u304b\uff1f<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u3084\u975e\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u306e\u4e2d\u306b\u306f\u3001\u3053\u306e\u6cd5\u5f8b\u306e\u5ec3\u6b62\u3092\u6c42\u3081\u308b\u4eba\u3082\u3044\u308c\u3070\u3001\u305d\u306e\u64a4\u5ec3\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u30b9\u30c6\u30fc\u30bf\u30b9\u306a\u3069\u306e\u7279\u5b9a\u306e\u4fdd\u8b77\u304c\u640d\u306a\u308f\u308c\u308b\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u304b\u3068\u61f8\u5ff5\u3059\u308b\u4eba\u3082\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u5b66\u8005\u306e\u30c7\u30fc\u30d3\u30c3\u30c9\u30fb\u30cb\u30e5\u30fc\u30cf\u30a6\u30b9\u304c\u8aac\u660e\u3059\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3001\u300c<em>\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u6cd5\u306f<\/em>\u3001\u5730\u57df\u793e\u4f1a\u306e\u30ac\u30d0\u30ca\u30f3\u30b9\u3068\u30b3\u30df\u30e5\u30cb\u30c6\u30a3\u751f\u6d3b\u306e\u4ed5\u7d44\u307f\u3092\u898f\u5b9a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\r\n\u540c\u6cd5\u3092\u4e00\u6319\u306b\u6539\u6b63\u3057\u305f\u308a\u3001\u5ec3\u6b62\u3057\u305f\u308a\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3001\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\u306b\u3068\u3063\u3066\u5927\u304d\u306a\u6df7\u4e71\u3092\u62db\u304f\u3060\u308d\u3046\u3002\u300d<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u540c\u6cd5\u3092\u6279\u5224\u3059\u308b\u4eba\u3005\u306f\u3001\u5f15\u304d\u7d9a\u304d\u305d\u306e\u5ec3\u6b62\u306b\u5411\u3051\u3066\u52aa\u529b\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u306f\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-self-government\/\">\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/truth-and-reconciliation-commission\">\u81ea\u6cbb\u3068\u548c\u89e3\u3078\u306e\u52d5\u304d\u304c\u9ad8\u307e\u308b\u306b\u3064\u308c\u3066<\/a>\u3001\u540c\u6cd5\u306e\u529b\u304c\u5f31\u307e\u3063\u305f\u308a\u6d88\u6ec5\u3057\u305f\u308a\u3057\u3066\u3001\u653f\u5e9c\u3068\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u306e\u5909\u5316\u306e\u4e00\u56e0\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u671b\u3093\u3067\u3044\u308b<\/a>\u3002<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/assembly-of-first-nations\">\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/perry-bellegarde\">\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u4f1a\u8b70\u9577\u306e\u30da\u30ea\u30fc\u30fb\u30d9\u30eb\u30ac\u30eb\u30c9\u304c2018\u5e74\u306b\u8ff0\u3079\u305f\u3088\u3046\u306b<\/a><\/a>\u3001\u300c\u79c1\u305f\u3061\u306f\u7686\u3001<em>\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u6cd5\u306e\u652f\u914d\u3092\u8d85\u3048\u3066<\/em>\u3001\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u306a\u56fa\u6709\u306e\u6a29\u5229\u3092\u6301\u3064\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u304a\u3088\u3073\u56fd\u5bb6\u3068\u3057\u3066\u518d\u69cb\u7bc9\u3057\u305f\u3044\u3068\u8003\u3048\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u300d\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<iframe sandbox=\"allow-same-origin allow-scripts allow-top-navigation allow-popups\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"100%\" height=\"185\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https:\/\/embed.radiopublic.com\/e?if=the-secret-life-of-canada-Ww0QnZ&amp;ge=s1!7163a1347ab72236394fe46a4fe7d4048bc69b37\">\r\n<\/iframe><br>\r\n\r\n\t<p>\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u6cd5\u3068\u306f\u4f55\u304b\u3001\u306a\u305c\u30ab\u30ca\u30c0\u3067\u306f\u307e\u3060\u6cd5\u5236\u5316\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u304b?\u30b7\u30fc\u30af\u30ec\u30c3\u30c8\u30fb\u30e9\u30a4\u30d5\u30fb\u30c1\u30fc\u30e0\u306f\u3001143\u5e74\u7d4c\u3063\u305f\u4eca\u3067\u3082\u30ab\u30ca\u30c0\u306e\u30a2\u30a4\u30c7\u30f3\u30c6\u30a3\u30c6\u30a3\u306b\u6839\u4ed8\u3044\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u306e\u8907\u96d1\u306a\u653f\u7b56\u306e\u6839\u6e90\u3092\u3001\u540c\u6cd5\u306b\u81f3\u3063\u305f\u653f\u7b56\u304b\u3089\u3001\r\n\u305d\u308c\u304c\u4eca\u65e5\u3067\u3082\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\u306e\u30a2\u30a4\u30c7\u30f3\u30c6\u30a3\u30c6\u30a3\u306b\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u5f71\u97ff\u3092\u4e0e\u3048\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3092\u8abf\u3079\u307e\u3059\u3002<br>\r\n<strong>\u6ce8<\/strong><em>:<em>\u300c\u30b7\u30fc\u30af\u30ec\u30c3\u30c8\u30fb\u30e9\u30a4\u30d5\u30fb\u30aa\u30d6\u30fb\u30ab\u30ca\u30c0<\/em>\u300d\u306f\u3001\u30d5\u30a7\u30ec\u30f3\u30fb\u30b8\u30e7\u30f3\u30bd\u30f3\u3068\u30ea\u30a2\u30fb\u30b7\u30e2\u30fc\u30cd\u30fb\u30dc\u30fc\u30a6\u30a7\u30f3\u304c\u53f8\u4f1a\u30fb\u811a\u672c\u3092\u52d9\u3081\u3001\u30ab\u30ca\u30c0\u767e\u79d1\u4e8b\u5178\u3068\u306f\u72ec\u7acb\u3057\u305fCBC\u30aa\u30ea\u30b8\u30ca\u30eb\u306e\u30dd\u30c3\u30c9\u30ad\u30e3\u30b9\u30c8\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/em><\/p>\r\n<\/blockquote>\r\n<br>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u907a\u7523\u3068\u610f\u7fa9<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\u9577\u5e74\u306b\u308f\u305f\u308a\u4f55\u5ea6\u304b\u6539\u6b63\u3055\u308c\u3066\u304d\u305f\u304c\u3001<em>\u73fe\u4ee3\u7248\u306e\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u6cd5\u3067\u306f\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u30b9\u30c6\u30fc\u30bf\u30b9\u306e\u6761\u4ef6<\/a><\/em>\u3001\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">\u4e88\u5099\u8ecd\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u3055\u307e\u3056\u307e\u306a\u898f\u5247<\/a>\u3001\u672a\u6210\u5e74\u8005\u304a\u3088\u3073\u7cbe\u795e\u7684\u306b\u7121\u80fd\u306a\u8005\u306e\u91d1\u92ad\u7684\u5f8c\u898b\u5236\u5ea6\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\u30d0\u30f3\u30c9\u8cc7\u6e90\u306e\u7ba1\u7406<\/a>\u3001\r\n\u9078\u6319\u3001\u305d\u306e\u4ed6\u4fdd\u8b77\u533a\u3067\u306e\u751f\u6d3b\u306e\u8af8\u5074\u9762\u304c\u4f9d\u7136\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6982\u8aac\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u6cd5\u306f<\/em>\u3001\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\u306e\u6587\u5316\u3001\u7d4c\u6e08\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u30b3\u30df\u30e5\u30cb\u30c6\u30a3\u306b\u7d99\u7d9a\u7684\u304b\u3064\u9577\u671f\u7684\u306a\u5f71\u97ff\u3092\u53ca\u307c\u3057\u3066\u304d\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u307e\u305f\u3001\u540c\u6cd5\u306e\u6291\u5727\u3068\u5236\u9650\u6761\u9805\u304c\u4f55\u4e16\u4ee3\u306b\u3082\u308f\u305f\u308b\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u306b\u60aa\u5f71\u97ff\u3092\u53ca\u307c\u3057\u3066\u304d\u305f\u305f\u3081\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/residential-schools\">\r\n\u7279\u306b\u5bc4\u5bbf\u5b66\u6821\u306b\u95a2\u3057\u3066\u306f<\/a>\u3001\u4e16\u4ee3\u9593\u306e\u30c8\u30e9\u30a6\u30de\u3082\u5f15\u304d\u8d77\u3053\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>","slug":"","alt_slug":"","twitter_summary":null,"locale":"ja","automated":true,"hidden":0,"views":8,"created_at":"2025-01-10T14:59:48.000000Z","updated_at":"2025-01-10T14:59:48.000000Z"},{"id":"9d6daa81-d498-4f89-a1b0-6caa3a6b3138","article_id":"83668","title":"\uc778\ub3c4\ubc95","summary":"<p><em>\uc778\ub514\uc5b8 \ubc95\uc740<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">\uc5f0\ubc29 \uc815\ubd80\uac00 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">\uc778\ub514\uc5b8 \uc9c0\uc704<\/a>, \r\n \uc9c0\ubc29 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">\uc6d0\uc8fc\ubbfc<\/a> \uc815\ubd80<\/a> \ubc0f <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">\uc608\ube44<\/a> \ud1a0\uc9c0 \uad00\ub9ac\ub97c \uad00\ub9ac\ud558\ub294 \ub370 \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud558\ub294 \uc8fc\uc694 \ubc95\ub960\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4.\ub610\ud55c \uc6d0\uc8fc\ubbfc\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc815\ubd80\uc758 \r\n \uc758\ubb34\ub3c4 \uc694\uc57d\ub418\uc5b4 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<em>\uc778\ub3c4\ubc95\uc740 \uc778\ub514\uc5b8<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/metis\"><a\r\n\thref=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/inuit\">\uc9c0\uc704\ub97c \uac00\uc9c4 \uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4\uc5d0\uac8c \uc801\uc6a9\ub418\uba70, \uc9c0\uc704\uac00 \uc544\ub2cc \uc6d0\uc8fc\ubbfc, \uba54\ud2f0\uc2a4 \ub610\ub294 \uc774\ub204\uc774\ud2b8\uc871\uc744 \uc9c1\uc811 \uc9c0\uce6d\ud558\uc9c0\ub294 \uc54a\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. \r\n<\/a><\/a>1876\ub144\uc5d0 \ucc98\uc74c \ub3c4\uc785\ub41c \uc774 \ubc95\uc740 \uc720\ub7fd-\uce90\ub098\ub2e4 \uc0ac\ud68c\uc5d0 \ub3d9\ud654\ub418\uae30 \uc704\ud574 \uc6d0\uc8fc\ubbfc \ubb38\ud654\ub97c \uc5c6\uc560\ub294 \uac83\uc744 \ubaa9\ud45c\ub85c \ud558\ub294 \uc5ec\ub7ec \uc2dd\ubbfc\uc9c0 \ubc95\ub960\uc744 \ud3ec\ud568\ud588\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\uc774 \ubc95\uc758 \uc0c8 \ubc84\uc804\uc740 1951\ub144\uc5d0 \ud1b5\uacfc\ub418\uc5c8\uc73c\uba70, \uadf8 \uc774\ud6c4 \uc5ec\ub7ec \ucc28\ub840 \uac1c\uc815\ub418\uc5c8\ub294\ub370, \uadf8 \uc911 \uac00\uc7a5 \uc911\uc694\ud55c \uac83\uc740 1985\ub144\uc5d0 \r\n \uac1c\uc815\ub418\uc5c8\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uac1c\uc815 \ub0b4\uc6a9\uc740 \uc8fc\ub85c \ucc28\ubcc4\uc801 \uc9c0\ubc30 \uc81c\uac70\uc5d0 \ucd08\uc810\uc744 \ub9de\ucdc4\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">\uc774 \ubb38\uc11c\ub294 \uc5ec\ub7ec \uc138\ub300\uc5d0 \uac78\uccd0 \uc6d0\uc8fc\ubbfc\uc5d0\uac8c \ud2b8\ub77c\uc6b0\ub9c8, \uc778\uad8c \uce68\ud574, \uc0ac\ud68c\uc801, \ubb38\ud654\uc801 \ud63c\ub780\uc744 \uc57c\uae30\ud55c, \uc9c4\ud654\ud558\ub294 \uc5ed\uc124\uc801 \ubb38\uc11c\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4. \r\n<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>\uc774 \uae00\uc740 \uc778\ub3c4\ubc95\uc5d0 \uad00\ud55c \uc804\uccb4 \uae00\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/em>\uc77c\ubc18 \uc5b8\uc5b4 \uc694\uc57d\uc740 <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act-plain-language-summary\" target=\"_blank\">\uc778\ub3c4\ubc95 (\uc77c\ubc18 \uc5b8\uc5b4 \uc694\uc57d)<\/a> \uc744 \ucc38\uc870\ud558\uc2ed\uc2dc\uc624.<\/p>","body":"<div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/cbcd31d1-03f6-4fba-a45d-96ee89c4617d.jpg\" title=\"\uc778\ub514\uc5b8 \uc561\ud2b8\" alt=\"\uc778\ub514\uc5b8 \ubc95\"><\/div>\r\n\r\n<h3>\uc5ed\uc0ac\uc801 \ub9e5\ub77d: \uc778\ub3c4\ubc95 \uc774\uc804, 1763-1876<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/royal-proclamation-of-1763\/\">1763\ub144 \uc655\uc2e4 \uc120\uc5b8\ubb38\uc740 \uc2dd\ubbfc\uc9c0 \ud1b5\uce58\uac00<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">\uadf8 \ud6c4 \uc218 \uc138\uae30 \ub3d9\uc548 \uc6d0\uc8fc\ubbfc \ubbfc\uc871\uacfc \uc5b4\ub5bb\uac8c \uc0c1\ud638\uc791\uc6a9\ud588\ub294\uc9c0\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uae30\ucd08\ub97c \uc81c\uc2dc\ud588\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/a>\uc774 \uc120\uc5b8\ubb38\uc740 \uc6d0\uc8fc\ubbfc\uc5d0\uac8c \ud2b9\uc815 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-rights\">\uad8c\ub9ac\uc640<\/a> \ubcf4\ud638\ub97c \ubcf4\uc7a5\ud558\uace0 \uc815\ubd80\uac00 \uc6d0\uc8fc\ubbfc\uc758 \ud1a0\uc9c0\ub97c \ucde8\ub4dd\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub294 \uc808\ucc28\ub97c \ud655\ub9bd\ud588\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. \r\n19\uc138\uae30 \uc804\ubc18\uae30\uc5d0\ub294 \ub298\uc5b4\ub098\ub294 \uc815\ucc29\ubbfc \uc778\uad6c\uc5d0 \uc6d0\uc8fc\ubbfc\uc744 \ub3d9\ud654\uc2dc\ud0a4\ub294 \uac83\uc744 \ubaa9\ud45c\ub85c \ud558\ub294 \ucd94\uac00 \uc815\ucc45\uc774 \ud1b5\uacfc\ub418\uc5c8\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>\ub85c\uc5b4 \uce90\ub098\ub2e4 \uc778\ub514\uc5b8\uc758 \ud1a0\uc9c0\uc640 \uc7ac\uc0b0\uc744 \ub354 \uc798 \ubcf4\ud638\ud558\uae30 \uc704\ud55c<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">1850\ub144 \ubc95\ub960\uc740 \uac1c\uc778\uc774 \u201c\uc9c0\uc704\u201d \uac1c\ub150\uc758 \uc120\uad6c\uc790\uc778 \ud569\ubc95\uc801\uc778 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/indian\/\">\uc778\ub514\uc5b8\uc73c\ub85c<\/a> \uac04\uc8fc\ub418\uae30 \uc704\ud55c \uc77c\ub828\uc758 \uc694\uac74\uc744 \ud3ec\ud568\ud55c \ucd5c\ucd08\uc758 \ubc95\ub960 \uc911 \ud558\ub098\uc600\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/a>\uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \uc694\uac74\uc740 \ud608\uc561\uc744 \uae30\ubc18\uc73c\ub85c \ud588\uc73c\uba70, \ubcf8\uc9c8\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4\uc774 \u201c\uc778\ub514\uc5b8 \r\n \ud608\ud1b5\u201d\uc774\uace0 \u201c\uc778\ub514\uc5b8 \ub2e8\uccb4 \ub610\ub294 \ubd80\uc871\u201d\uc758 \uc77c\uc6d0\uc778 \uacbd\uc6b0 \u201c\uc778\ub514\uc5b8\uc73c\ub85c \uac04\uc8fc\ub418\uc5b4\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4\u201d\uace0 \uba85\uc2dc\ub418\uc5b4 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4\uc758 \ud6c4\uc190\uc740 \ubaa8\ub450 \uc778\ub3c4\uc778\uc73c\ub85c \uac04\uc8fc\ub418\uc5c8\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\uc778\ub514\uc5b8\uc774 \uc544\ub2cc \uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4, \ubd80\ubaa8 (\ud55c \uba85 \ub610\ub294 \ub458 \ub2e4) \uac00 \uc778\ub514\uc5b8\uc73c\ub85c \uac04\uc8fc\ub418\uc5c8\uc744 \uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4, \r\n \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \u201c\uadf8\ub7ec\ud55c \uc778\ub514\uc5b8\uc774 \uc720\uc544\uae30\uc5d0 \uc785\uc591\ud55c \ubaa8\ub4e0 \uc0ac\ub78c\u201d\ub3c4 \ub9c8\ucc2c\uac00\uc9c0\uc600\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\uc77c\ubc18\uc801\uc73c\ub85c 1857\ub144 <em>\uc810\uc9c4\uc801 \ubb38\uba85\ubc95<\/em> \ubc0f 1869\ub144 <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/gradual-civilization-act\/\">\uc810\uc9c4\uc801 \uad8c\ub9ac\ubd80\uc5ec\ubc95\uc73c\ub85c<\/a><\/em> \uc54c\ub824\uc9c4 \ubc95\ub960\uc740 \uc6d0\uc8fc\ubbfc\uc744 \ub354 \ub9ce\uc740 \uc815\ucc29\ubbfc \uc778\uad6c\uc5d0 \ub3d9\ud654\uc2dc\ud0a4\uae30 \uc704\ud574 \uc6d0\uc8fc\ubbfc\uc758 \r\n \ud2b9\ubcc4\ud55c \uad6c\ubd84\uc774\ub098 \uad8c\ub9ac\ub97c \uc81c\uac70\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc744 \uc8fc\ub85c \ubaa9\ud45c\ub85c \ud588\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\uc774\ub294 \ucc98\uc74c\uc5d0\ub294 <em>\uc810\uc9c4\uc801 \ubb38\uba85\ubc95\uc5d0<\/em> \uc758\ud574 \uc790\ubc1c\uc801 \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\/\">\uad8c\ub9ac \ubd80\uc5ec<\/a> (\uc989, \uc6d0\uc8fc\ubbfc\uc740 \ud1a0\uc9c0\uc640 \ud22c\ud45c\uad8c\uc744 \ub300\uac00\ub85c \uc9c0\uc704\ub97c \ud3ec\uae30\ud558\ub294 \uac83) \ub97c \ud1b5\ud574 \ub2ec\uc131\ub420 \uc608\uc815\uc774\uc5c8\uc73c\ub098 \uc790\ubc1c\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc120\uac70\uad8c\uc744 \ud68d\ub4dd\ud55c \uc0ac\ub78c\uc740 \ub2e8 \ud55c \uba85\ubfd0\uc774\uc5c8\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\r\n\uadf8 \uacb0\uacfc \uc815\ubd80\ub294 \uc6d0\uc8fc\ubbfc \uc8fc\ubbfc\uc5d0\uac8c \uc77c\ubc29\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc120\uac70\uad8c\uc744 \ubd80\uc5ec\ud558\uae30 \uc2dc\uc791\ud588\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>1876\ub144 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">\uc778\ub3c4\ubc95\uc774 \ud1b5\uacfc\ub418\uae30 \uc804\uc5d0 \ub9ce\uc740 \uc6d0\uc8fc\ubbfc<\/a> \uc9d1\ub2e8\uc774 \uce90\ub098\ub2e4 \uc815\ubd80\uc640 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-treaties\/\">\uc870\uc57d<\/a>, \ud2b9\ud788 \ucc98\uc74c \ub2e4\uc12f \uac1c\uc758 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/numbered-treaties\">\ubc88\ud638 \uc870\uc57d\uc744 \uccb4\uacb0\ud588\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4<\/a>.<\/em><em>\uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \ub2e8\uccb4\ub294 \uc6d0\uc8fc\ubbfc\uc73c\ub85c\uc11c\uc758 \ubc95\uc801 \uc2e0\ubd84\uc744 \uc778\ub514\uc5b8 \ubc95\uc744 \uac70\uce58\uc9c0 \uc54a\uace0 \ud574\ub2f9 \uc870\uc57d\uc744 \ud1b5\uacfc\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc73c\ub85c \uac04\uc8fc\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/em><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\uc778\ub3c4\ubc95\uc774 \ubc1c\ud6a8\ub418\ub2e4, 1876\ub144<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>1867\ub144 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/constitution-act-1867\/\"><em>\ud5cc\ubc95\uc740<\/em><\/a> \u201c\r\n\uc778\ub514\uc5b8\uacfc \uc778\ub514\uc5b8 \uc804\uc6a9 \ud1a0\uc9c0\u201d\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc785\ubc95 \uad00\ud560\uad8c\uc744 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/parliament\">\uc758\ud68c\uc5d0<\/a> \ud560\ub2f9\ud588\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<em>\uac70\uc758 10\ub144\uc774 \uc9c0\ub09c 1876\ub144\uc5d0 \uc810\uc9c4\uc801 <em>\ubb38\uba85\ubc95\uacfc \uc810\uc9c4\uc801 \uad8c\ub9ac \ubd80\uc5ec\ubc95\uc774<\/em> \uc778\ub3c4\ubc95\uc758 <em>\uc77c\ubd80\uac00<\/em> \ub418\uc5c8\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/em><em>\uc778\ub3c4\ubc95\uc740<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-education\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-affairs-and-northern-development-canada\">\uc778\ub3c4\ubd80\uc640 \uadf8 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-agents-in-canada\">\uc778\ub514\uc5b8 \ub300\ub9ac\uc778\uc744<\/a> \ud1b5\ud574 \uc815\ubd80\uc5d0 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">\uc6d0\uc8fc\ubbfc\uc758<\/a><\/a> \uc815\uccb4\uc131, \uc815\uce58 \uad6c\uc870, \ud1b5\uce58, \ubb38\ud654\uc801 \uad00\uc2b5 \ubc0f \uad50\uc721\uc5d0 \uad00\ud55c \uad11\ubc94\uc704\ud55c \uad8c\ud55c\uc744 \ubd80\uc5ec\ud588\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/a>\uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \uad8c\ud55c\uc740 \uc6d0\uc8fc\ubbfc\uc758 \uc790\uc720\ub97c \uc81c\ud55c\ud558\uace0 \uacf5\ubb34\uc6d0\ub4e4\uc774 \u201c\uc120\ub7c9\ud55c \ub3c4\ub355\uc801 \uc131\uaca9\u201d\uc5d0 \ub530\ub77c <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-rights\">\uc6d0\uc8fc\ubbfc\uc758 \uad8c\ub9ac\uc640<\/a> \ud61c\ud0dd\uc744 \uacb0\uc815\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub3c4\ub85d \ud5c8\uc6a9\ud588\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>\uc778\ub3c4\ubc95\uc740<\/em> \ubc29\ub300\ud558\uace0 \ub2e4\uc591\ud55c \uc778\uad6c\ub97c \uc77c\ubc18\ud654\ud558\uc5ec \uc6d0\uc8fc\ubbfc \uc678 \uc0ac\ud68c\uc5d0 \ub3d9\ud654\uc2dc\ud0a4\ub824 \ud588\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\uc774 \uaddc\uc815\uc740 \ud37c\uc2a4\ud2b8 \ub124\uc774\uc158\uc2a4 \ubbfc\uc871\uacfc \uc9c0\uc5ed \uc0ac\ud68c\uac00 \uac70\ubc84\ub10c\uc2a4\uc640 \ubb38\ud654\ub97c \ud1b5\ud574 \uc790\uc2e0\uc758 \uc815\uccb4\uc131\uc744 \ud45c\ud604\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc744 \uae08\uc9c0\ud588\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\uc774 \r\n \ubc95\uc740 \uc804\ud1b5\uc801\uc778 \uac70\ubc84\ub10c\uc2a4 \uad6c\uc870\ub97c \ubc34\ub4dc \uce74\uc6b4\uc2ac \uc120\uac70\ub85c \ub300\uccb4\ud588\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/a><em>\uc120\uac70\uac00 \uc544\ub2cc <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/chief\">\ud608\ud1b5\uc744<\/a> \ud1b5\ud574 \uad8c\ub825\uc744 \r\n \ud68d\ub4dd\ud55c \uc9c0\ub3c4\uc790\uc778 \uc138\uc2b5 \uc9c0\ub3c4\uc790\ub294 \uc778\ub514\uc5b8 \ubc95\uc5d0 \uc758\ud574 \uc778\uc815\ub418\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/em>1951\ub144\uae4c\uc9c0 \uc5ec\uc131\uc740 \ubc34\ub4dc \uce74\uc6b4\uc2ac \uc815\uce58\uc5d0\uc11c\ub3c4 \ubc30\uc81c\ub418\uc5c8\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.(<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/women-and-the-indian-act\">\uc5ec\uc131 \ubc0f \uc778\ub3c4\ubc95<\/a> <em>\ucc38\uc870<\/em>)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\ub610\ud55c \uc774 \ubc95\uc740 \uc6d0\uc8fc\ubbfc\ub4e4\uc774 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/religion-of-aboriginal-people\">\uc885\uad50<\/a> \uc758\uc2dd\uacfc \ub2e4\uc591\ud55c \ubb38\ud654 \ubaa8\uc784\uc744 \ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc744 \ubd88\ubc95\uc73c\ub85c \uaddc\uc815\ud588\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sun-dance\">1884\ub144\uc5d0\ub294 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/potlatch\/\">\ud3ec\ud2c0\ub798\uce58\uac00<\/a> \uae08\uc9c0\ub418\uc5c8\uace0, 1895\ub144\uc5d0\ub294 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/powwows-editorial\">\ud30c\uc6b0\uc640\uc6b0\uc640<\/a> \uc120\ub304\uc2a4\ub97c \ud3ec\ud568\ud558\ub294 \u201c\ubaa8\ub4e0 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-term\">\uc778\ub514\uc5b8<\/a> \ucd95\uc81c, \ucda4 \ub610\ub294 \uae30\ud0c0 \ud589\uc0ac\u201d\ub3c4 \uae08\uc9c0\ub418\uc5c8\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/a>1914\ub144\uc5d0 \uac1c\uc815\ub41c \ub610 \ub2e4\ub978 \uac1c\uc815\uc548\uc740 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">\ubcf4\ud638 \uad6c\uc5ed<\/a> \ubc16\uc5d0\uc11c \ucda4\uc744 \ucd94\ub294 \uac83\uc744 \uae08\uc9c0\ud588\uace0, 1925\ub144\uc5d0\ub294 \ubb34\uc6a9\uc744 \uc804\uba74 \uae08\uc9c0\ud588\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. \r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/land-claims\/\">1927\ub144\uc5d0 \uc774 \ubc95\uc740 \ud37c\uc2a4\ud2b8 \ub124\uc774\uc158 \ubbfc\uc871\uacfc \uc9c0\uc5ed \uc0ac\ud68c\uac00 \ud1a0\uc9c0 \uc18c\uc720\uad8c \uc8fc\uc7a5\uc5d0 \ud544\uc694\ud55c \uc790\uae08\uc744 \uc694\uad6c\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc744 \ubd88\ubc95\uc73c\ub85c \uaddc\uc815\ud588\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/a>\uc774\ud6c4 \uac1c\uc815\uc744 \ud1b5\ud574 \ud37c\uc2a4\ud2b8 \ub124\uc774\uc158\uc2a4 \uc5b4\ub9b0\uc774\ub4e4\uc740 \uc0b0\uc5c5 \ud559\uad50 \ub610\ub294 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/residential-schools\/\">\uae30\uc219\ud559\uad50\uc5d0<\/a> \ub2e4\ub2d0 \r\n \uac83\uc744 \uc694\uad6c\ud588\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4 (1894\ub144\uacfc 1920\ub144).\uce90\ub098\ub2e4 \uae30\uc219\ud559\uad50\uac00 \ub0a8\uae34 \uc5b4\ub450\uc6b4 \uc720\uc0b0\uc740 \uce90\ub098\ub2e4 \uc804\uc5ed\uc758 \uc6d0\uc8fc\ubbfc \uacf5\ub3d9\uccb4\uc640 \uc138\ub300 \uac04\uc5d0 \uc601\ud5a5\uc744 \ubbf8\ucce4\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. \r\n\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>20\uc138\uae30\ub85c \uc811\uc5b4\ub4e4\uba74\uc11c \uc6d0\uc8fc\ubbfc\ub4e4\uc774 \ubcf4\ud638 \uad6c\uc5ed\uc744 \ubc97\uc5b4\ub098\ub294 \uac83\uc744 \uc81c\ud55c\ud558\ub294 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/pass-system-in-canada\">\ud1b5\ud589\uc99d \uc81c\ub3c4\uac00<\/a> \ubc95\uc801 \uc2b9\uc778 \uc5c6\uc774 \uc2dc\ud589\ub418\uc5c8\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\uc774\ub3d9\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc81c\ud55c\uc774 \uc6d0\uc8fc\ubbfc \uacbd\uc81c, \ubb38\ud654 \ubc0f \uc0ac\ud68c\uc5d0 \ud53c\ud574\ub97c \uc785\ud788\uba74\uc11c \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \r\n \uc81c\ud55c \uc815\ucc45\uc740 \uc5ec\ub7ec \uc138\ub300\uc758 \uc6d0\uc8fc\ubbfc\uc5d0\uac8c \uc9c0\uc18d\uc801\uc778 \uc601\ud5a5\uc744 \ubbf8\ucce4\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\ub610\ud55c <em>\uc778\ub3c4\ubc95\uc740 \ubc95\uc5d0 \ub530\ub77c \ub204\uac00 \uc778\ub514\uc5b8\uc73c\ub85c<\/em> \uac04\uc8fc\ub418\ub294\uc9c0\ub97c \uc815\uc758\ud588\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\uc778\ub3c4\uc778\uc740 \u201c\ud2b9\uc815 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\ubc34\ub4dc\uc5d0<\/a> \uc18d\ud55c\ub2e4\uace0 \uc54c\ub824\uc9c4 \uc778\ub514\uc5b8 \ud608\ud1b5\uc758 \ubaa8\ub4e0 \ub0a8\uc131\u201d\uc774\ub77c\uace0 \uba85\uc2dc\ub418\uc5b4 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">\uc778\ub514\uc5b8 \uc2e0\ubd84\uc740<\/a> \u201c\uadf8 \uc0ac\ub78c\uc758 \ubaa8\ub4e0 \uc790\ub140\u201d\uc640 \u201c\uadf8 \uc0ac\ub78c\uacfc \ud569\ubc95\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uacb0\ud63c\ud588\uac70\ub098 \uacb0\ud63c\ud55c \uc801\uc774 \uc788\ub294 \ubaa8\ub4e0 \uc5ec\uc131\u201d\uc5d0\uac8c\ub3c4 \uc801\uc6a9\ub418\uc5c8\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\ub300\ud559\uc744 \uc878\uc5c5\ud558\uac70\ub098, \uc2e0\ubd84\uc774 \uc5c6\ub294 \uc0ac\ub78c\uacfc \r\n \uacb0\ud63c\ud558\uac70\ub098 (\uc5ec\uc131\uc778 \uacbd\uc6b0), 1876\ub144\ubd80\ud130 1880\ub144\uae4c\uc9c0 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/christianity\">\uae30\ub3c5\uad50<\/a> \ubaa9\uc0ac, \uc758\uc0ac \ub610\ub294 \ubcc0\ud638\uc0ac\uac00 \ub41c \uacbd\uc6b0 \uc2e0\ubd84\uc744 \uc0c1\uc2e4\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\">\uc774\ub97c \uad8c\ub9ac \ubd80\uc5ec\ub77c\uace0 \ud588\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/a>\r\n<em>\uc778\ub3c4\ubc95<\/em> \uc81c112\uc870 (\u201c\uac15\uc81c \uad8c\ub9ac \ubd80\uc5ec\u201d \uc870\ud56d\uc73c\ub85c \uc54c\ub824\uc838 \uc788\uc74c) \ub294 1961\ub144\uc774 \ub418\uc5b4\uc11c\uc57c \uc0ad\uc81c\ub418\uc5c8\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\uc2e0\ubd84 \uad00\ub9ac\ub294 \ub3d9\ud654\uc640 \ubb38\ud654\uc801 \ud30c\uad34\uc758 \ub3c4\uad6c\uc600\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>1951\ub144 \uac1c\uc815\ub41c \uc778\ub3c4\ubc95<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/second-world-war-wwii\/\">\uc81c2\ucc28 \uc138\uacc4\ub300\uc804<\/a> <em>\uc9c1\ud6c4\uc5d0\ub294 \uce90\ub098\ub2e4\uc5d0\uc11c \uc0ac\ud68c\uc801 \uc131\ucc30\uc774 \ud65c\ubc1c\ud788 \uc774\ub8e8\uc5b4\uc84c\uc73c\uba70, \uc778\ub3c4\ubc95\uc5d0 \uc758\ud574 \ubd80\uacfc\ub41c \ubcf4\ub2e4 \uc81c\ud55c\uc801\uc774\uace0 \r\n \uc5b5\uc555\uc801\uc778 \uc77c\ubd80 \uc870\uce58\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc7ac\uac80\ud1a0\uac00 \uc774\ub8e8\uc5b4\uc84c\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">\uc81c\uc548\ub41c \uc77c\ub828\uc758 \uac1c\ud601\uc548\ub4e4\uc740 \uadf8 \uacfc\uc815\uc5d0 \uad00\uc5ec\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc558\ub2e4\ub294 \uc774\uc720\ub85c \uc6d0\uc8fc\ubbfc\ub4e4\uc5d0 \uc758\ud574 \uac70\ubd80\ub418\uac70\ub098 \ubc18\ub300\ub97c \ubc1b\uc558\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/a> \r\n<em>\uadf8 \uacb0\uacfc \uce90\ub098\ub2e4 \uc815\ubd80\ub294 \uc804\ud1b5\uc744 \uae68\uace0 \uacf5\ub3d9\uc704\uc6d0\ud68c \uc808\ucc28\ub97c \ud1b5\ud574 \uc778\ub514\uc5b8 \ubc95\uc758 \ubcc0\uacbd\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574 \uc0ac\uc0c1 \ucc98\uc74c\uc73c\ub85c \uc6d0\uc8fc\ubbfc \uacf5\ub3d9\uccb4\uc640 \ud611\uc758\ud588\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/em><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>1951\ub144 6\uc6d4 20\uc77c\uc5d0 \uc0c8\ub86d\uac8c \uac1c\uc815\ub41c <em>\uc778\ub3c4\ubc95\uc774<\/em> \uc655\uc2e4\uc758 \uc2b9\uc778\uc744 \ubc1b\uc558\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\uadf8 \uacb0\uacfc \uac00\uc7a5 \uacf5\uaca9\uc801\uc778 \uc815\uce58\uc801, \ubb38\ud654\uc801, \uc885\uad50\uc801 \uc81c\uc57d\uc774 \uc77c\ubd80 \uc81c\uac70\ub418\uc5c8\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sun-dance\">\uc608\ub97c \ub4e4\uc5b4, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/potlatch\">\ud3ec\ud2c0\ub798\uce58<\/a>, \uc120\ub304\uc2a4 \uac19\uc740 \uc758\uc2dd\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uae08\uc9c0\ub839\uc774 \uc0ad\uc81c\ub418\uc5c8\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. \r\n<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/land-claims\/\">\ub610\ud55c \uc9c0\uc5ed \uc0ac\ud68c\ub294 \uc815\ubd80\ub97c \uc0c1\ub300\ub85c \ud1a0\uc9c0 \uc18c\uc720\uad8c \uc8fc\uc7a5\uc744 \uc81c\uae30\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\uc5c8\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/a>\r\n\uc6d0\uc8fc\ubbfc \uc5ec\uc131\ub4e4\uc758 \uacbd\uc6b0 1951\ub144 \ubc95\uc744 \ud1b5\ud574 \uc774\uc81c <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\ubc34\ub4dc<\/a> \uce74\uc6b4\uc2ac \uc120\uac70\uc5d0\uc11c \ud22c\ud45c\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\uac8c \ub418\uc5c8\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/elsie-knott\">\uc5d8\uc2dc \ub9c8\ub9ac \ub178\ud2b8 (Elsie Marie Knott<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/chief\">) \ub294 \uce90\ub098\ub2e4 \ucd5c\ucd08\uc758 \uc5ec\uc131 \ud37c\uc2a4\ud2b8 \ub124\uc774\uc158\uc2a4 \uc758\uc7a5\uc73c\ub85c \uc120\ucd9c\ub418\uc5c8\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/a>(<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-women-and-the-franchise\">\uc6d0\uc8fc\ubbfc \uc5ec\uc131\uacfc \ud504\ub79c\ucc28\uc774\uc988\ub3c4<\/a> <em>\ucc38\uc870\ud558\uc2ed\uc2dc\uc624<\/em>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \uac1c\uc815\uc73c\ub85c \ucc28\ubcc4\ubc95\uc774 \uc0ac\ub77c\uc9c0\uc9c0\ub294 \uc54a\uc558\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\uc608\ub97c \ub4e4\uc5b4, <em>\uc778\ub3c4 \ubc95\uc740<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">\uc2e0\ubd84\uc774<\/a> \uc788\ub294 \uc0ac\ub78c\uc774 \ucde8\uc57d\uc744 \uc18c\uc9c0\ud558\uac70\ub098 \uc220\uc5d0 \ucde8\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc744 \uae08\uc9c0\ud588\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\r\n\ub610\ud55c 1951\ub144 \uac1c\uc815\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \uc5f0\ubc29 \uc815\ubd80\uac00 \uc874\uc7ac\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\ub294 \uc6d0\uc8fc\ubbfc <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/child-welfare\">\uc544\ub3d9<\/a> \ubcf5\uc9c0 (\uc81c88\uc870) \uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uad00\ud560\uad8c\uc744 \uac01 \uc8fc\uc5d0 \ubd80\uc5ec\ud588\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\uc774\ub85c \uc778\ud574 \uacb0\uad6d \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sixties-scoop\">\uc2dd\uc2a4\ud2f0\uc988 \uc2a4\ucfe0\ud504 (Sixties Scoop<\/a>)&quot; \r\n \uac00 \uc0dd\uaca8\ub0ac\ub294\ub370, \uc774 \uacfc\uc815\uc744 \ud1b5\ud574 \uc8fc\uc815\ubd80 \uc544\ub3d9 \ubcf5\uc9c0 \uae30\uad00\uc740 \uc9c0\uc5ed\uc0ac\ud68c\uc5d0 \ud544\uc694\ud55c \uc790\uc6d0\uacfc \uc9c0\uc6d0\uc744 \uc81c\uacf5\ud558\ub294 \ub300\uc2e0 \uc544\ub3d9\uc744 \uc9d1\uc5d0\uc11c \ud1f4\uac70\uc2dc\ud0a4\ub294 \ubc29\uc2dd\uc744 \ud0dd\ud588\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.Sixties Scoop\uc740 \uc6d0\uc8fc\ubbfc \uacf5\ub3d9\uccb4\uc5d0 \uc0c1\ub2f9\ud558\uace0 \uc624\ub798 \uc9c0\uc18d\ub418\ub294 \uc601\ud5a5\uc744 \ubbf8\ucce4\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian\">\uac8c\ub2e4\uac00 \uc0c8\ub85c\uc6b4 \ubc95\uc740 \uc778\ub514\uc5b8 \uc9c0\uc704\uc758 \ucc28\ubcc4\uc801 \uc131\uaca9\uc744 \ub4a4\uc9d1\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc558\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/a>\uc774 \ubc95\uc740 \ub4f1\ub85d\uc744 \ud1b5\ud574 \u201c\uc778\ub514\uc5b8 \ud608\ud1b5\u201d\uc774\ub77c\ub294 \uac1c\ub150\uc744 \uc2e0\ubd84\uc73c\ub85c \ub300\uccb4\ud588\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\r\n\ub2e4\uc2dc \ub9d0\ud574, \ud37c\uc2a4\ud2b8 \ub124\uc774\uc158\uc2a4 \uc720\uc0b0\uc744 \ubcf4\uc720\ud558\ub294 \uac83\ub9cc\uc73c\ub85c\ub294 \uc2e0\ubd84\uc744 \ucde8\ub4dd\ud558\uae30\uc5d0 \ucda9\ubd84\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc558\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \ub0a8\uc131 \ud608\ud1b5\uc740 \uc5ec\uc804\ud788 \ud2b9\uad8c\uc744 \ub204\ub9ac\uace0 \uc788\uc5c8\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc9c0\uc704\ub97c \uac00\uc9c4 \uc5ec\uc131\uc740 \uc9c0\uc704\uac00 \uc5c6\ub294 \uc0ac\ub78c\uacfc \uacb0\ud63c\ud558\uba74 \uad8c\ub9ac\ub97c \uc0c1\uc2e4\ud588\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.(<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/women-and-the-indian-act\">\uc5ec\uc131 \ubc0f \uc778\ub3c4\ubc95<\/a> <em>\ucc38\uc870<\/em>)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\uc5ec\uc131\uc758 \uc9c0\uc704\uc5d0 \uad00\ud55c \uc870\ud56d\uc740 \ud2b9\ud788 \uadf9\ub2e8\uc801\uc774\uc5c8\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\uc5ec\uc131\uc758 \uc9c0\uc704\uad8c\uc740 \uc804\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \ub0a8\ud3b8\uc744 \ud1b5\ud574 \uc804\ub2ec\ub418\uc5c8\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\uc9c0\uc704\uac00 \uc788\ub294 \ub0a8\uc790\uc640 \uacb0\ud63c\ud55c \ube44\uc2e0\ubd84 \uc5ec\uc131\uc740 \uc2a4\uc2a4\ub85c \uc9c0\uc704\ub97c \uc5bb\uac8c \ub429\ub2c8\ub2e4.\uc2e0\ubd84\uc774 \uc788\ub294 \ub0a8\uc790\uc640 \uacb0\ud63c\ud55c \uc2e0\ubd84\uc774 \uc788\ub294 \uc5ec\uc131\uc740 \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\ubc34\ub4dc<\/a> \uba64\ubc84\uc2ed\uc774 \uc790\uc2e0\uc758 \ubc34\ub4dc\uc640 \uc5f0\uacc4\ub418\uc5b4 \ub354 \uc774\uc0c1 \uc790\uc2e0\uc774 \uc18d\ud55c \ubc34\ub4dc\uc758 \uba64\ubc84\uac00 \uc544\ub2c8\uc5c8\uace0, \ub0a8\ud3b8\uacfc \uc0ac\ubcc4\ud558\uac70\ub098 \ubc84\ub9bc\ubc1b\uac8c \ub418\uba74 \uadf8 \uc9c0\uc704\ub97c \uc644\uc804\ud788 \uc783\uac8c \ub418\uc5c8\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>1951\ub144 <em>\uc778\ub3c4\ubc95\uc740<\/em> \ub610\ud55c \u201c\ub354\ube14 \ub9c8\ub354 (Double Mother)\u201d \uaddc\uc815\uc744 \ub3c4\uc785\ud588\ub294\ub370, \uc774 \uaddc\uc815\uc740 \uc5b4\uba38\ub2c8\uc640 \ud560\uba38\ub2c8 \ubaa8\ub450\uac00 \uc2e0\ubd84\uc744 \ubc1b\uc744 \uc790\uaca9\uc774 \uc5c6\ub294 \uacbd\uc6b0, 21\ubc88\uc9f8 \uc0dd\uc77c\uc5d0 \uc790\ub140\uc758 \uc9c0\uc704\ub97c \ubc15\ud0c8\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc774\uc5c8\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.1996\ub144 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/royal-commission-on-aboriginal-peoples\">\uc655\ub9bd \uc6d0\uc8fc\ubbfc \uc704\uc6d0\ud68c\ub294 1951\ub144 \uac1c\ud601\uc5d0<\/a> \ud3ec\ud568\ub41c \uac1c\uc815\uc774 <em>\uc778\ub514\uc5b8 \ubc95\uc744<\/em> 1876\ub144 \uc0c1\ud0dc\ub85c \ub418\ub3cc\ub9ac\ub294 \uac83 \uc678\uc5d0\ub294 \uac70\uc758 \ud6a8\uacfc\uac00 \uc5c6\uc5c8\uc73c\uba70, \uc9c0\uc704 \uc591\ub3c4\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \ucd94\uac00 \uc81c\ud55c\uc740 \uc6d0\uc8fc\ubbfc \uc5ec\uc131\uacfc \uadf8 \uc790\ub140\ub4e4\uc5d0\uac8c \ud574\ub97c \ub07c\ucce4\ub2e4\uace0 \uc9c0\uc801\ud588\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\uc778\ub3c4\ubc95 \ubcc0\uacbd \uc694\uad6c, 1960\ub144\ub300\uc640 1970\ub144\ub300<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/franchise\">1951\ub144 <em>\uc778\ub3c4\ubc95\uc740<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">\uc6d0\uc8fc\ubbfc\uc758 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\">\uc120\uac70\uad8c \ubd80\uc5ec<\/a> \uc808\ucc28\ub97c \ubcc0\uacbd\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc558\uc73c\uba70 \ud22c\ud45c\uad8c\uc744<\/a> \r\n \ud5c8\uc6a9\ud558\uc9c0\ub3c4 \uc54a\uc558\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/canadian-bill-of-rights\/\">\uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 1958\ub144 \ucd08, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/john-diefenbaker\">\uc874 \ub514\ud39c\ubca0\uc774\ucee4<\/a> \ucd1d\ub9ac \uc815\ubd80\ub294 \uce90\ub098\ub2e4 \uad8c\ub9ac\uc7a5\uc804 \ucd08\uc548\uc744 \uc791\uc131\ud558\uae30 \uc2dc\uc791\ud588\ub2e4. \r\n<\/a>\uad8c\ub9ac\uc7a5\uc804\uc740 \ubaa8\ub4e0 \uce90\ub098\ub2e4\uc778\uc758 \ub3d9\ub4f1\ud55c \uad8c\ub9ac\ub97c \uac15\uc870\ud588\uae30 \ub54c\ubb38\uc5d0 \uc6d0\uc8fc\ubbfc\uc758 \ud22c\ud45c\uad8c\uc744 \uac70\uc758 \uac70\ubd80\ud560 \uc218 \uc5c6\uc5c8\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. \r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">1960\ub144 3\uc6d4 31\uc77c, \uc2a4\ud14c\uc774\ud130\uc2a4 \uc778\ub514\uc5b8\uc5d0\uac8c \uc5f0\ubc29 \ud22c\ud45c\uad8c\uc744 \ubd80\uc5ec\ud558\uae30 \uc704\ud574 <em>\uce90\ub098\ub2e4 \uc120\uac70\ubc95 \uc81c14\uc870<\/em> (2) \ud56d\uc758 \uc77c\ubd80\uac00 \ud3d0\uc9c0\ub418\uc5c8\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/a>\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">\uc6d0\uc8fc\ubbfc\ub4e4\uc740 \uc774\uc81c<\/a> \uc2e0\ubd84\uc744 \uc783\uc9c0 \uc54a\uace0 \ud22c\ud45c\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\uc5c8\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<em>\uc774\ub4ec\ud574 \uc778\ub3c4\ubc95\uc758 \uac15\uc81c \uad8c\ub9ac \uc870\ud56d\uc740 \uc0ad\uc81c\ub418\uc5c8\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-suffrage\">(\uce90\ub098\ub2e4 \uc6d0\uc8fc\ubbfc <em>\ucc38\uc815\uad8c\ub3c4 \ucc38\uc870\ud558\uc2ed\uc2dc\uc624<\/em>.)<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-affairs-and-northern-development-canada\">1969\ub144 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/pierre-elliott-trudeau\/\">\ud53c\uc5d0\ub974 \uc5d8\ub9ac\uc5c7 \ud2b8\ub93c\ub3c4 (Pierre Elliott Trudeau<\/a>) \ucd1d\ub9ac \uc815\ubd80\ub294 \ubc31\uc11c\ub97c \r\n \ubc1c\ud45c\ud588\ub294\ub370, \uc774 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/the-white-paper-1969\/\">\ubc31\uc11c\ub294<\/a> \uc778\ub514\uc5b8 \uc9c0\uc704\uc640 \uc778\ub3c4\ubd80\ub97c \uc644\uc804\ud788 \uc5c6\uc560\uaca0\ub2e4\ub294 \uc758\uc0ac\ub97c \ubc1d\ud614\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/a>\uc774 \ubc31\uc11c\ub294 \uc6d0\uc8fc\ubbfc \r\n \uc8fc\ubbfc\ub4e4\uc758 \ubd84\ub178\uc5d0 \ubd80\ub52a\ud614\uace0, \ub2f9\uc2dc \uc54c\ubc84\ud0c0 \uc778\ub514\uc5b8 \ud611\ud68c \ud68c\uc7a5\uc744 \uc9c0\ub0b8 \ud574\ub864\ub4dc \uce74\ub514\ub110 (Harold <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/harold-cardinal\/\">Cardinal<\/a>) \uc774 \ub9cc\ub4e4\uc5b4 \ubc1c\ud45c\ud55c \u201c\ub808\ub4dc \ud398\uc774\ud37c (Red Paper)&quot; \ub3c4 \uace7\ubc14\ub85c \ubc18\ubc15\uc5d0 \ubd80\ub52a\ud614\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\r\n\uc6d0\uc8fc\ubbfc \ub2e8\uccb4\uc640 \uadf8 \uc9c0\uc9c0\uc790\ub4e4\uc758 \uaca9\ub82c\ud558\uace0 \uc9c0\uc18d\uc801\uc778 \ubc18\ub300 \ub54c\ubb38\uc5d0 \uce90\ub098\ub2e4 \uc815\ubd80\ub294 \uc2e0\uc18d\ud558\uac8c \ubc31\uc11c\ub97c \ucca0\ud68c\ud588\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>\uc774 \uc2dc\uae30\uc5d0 \ub9ce\uc740 \uc6d0\uc8fc\ubbfc \uc5ec\uc131\ub4e4\uc774 \uc778\ub3c4\ubc95\uc758 \ucc28\ubcc4\uc801 \uc870\ud56d\uc744 \ubc14\uafb8\uae30 \uc704\ud574 \uc2f8\uc6b0\uace0 \uc788\uc5c8\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mary-two-axe-earley\">\uba54\ub9ac \ud22c\uc561\uc2a4 \uc5bc\ub9ac\ub294 \uac00\uc7a5 \ucd08\uae30\uc758 \ud65c\ub3d9\uac00<\/a> \uc911 \ud55c \uba85\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4.\r\n\uadf8\ub140\ub294 \ub2e4\ub978 \ud65c\ub3d9 \uc678\uc5d0\ub3c4 \uc77c\ub828\uc758 \uc5f0\uc124\uacfc \uae00\uc4f0\uae30 \ucea0\ud398\uc778\uc744 \ubc8c\uc5ec \uc774 \ubc95\uc5d0 \ub530\ub77c \uc2e0\ubd84, \uc870\uc57d \ubc0f \uc7ac\uc0b0\uad8c\uc744 \ubc15\ud0c8\ub2f9\ud55c \uc5ec\uc131\ub4e4\uc5d0 \uc758\ud55c \ud559\ub300\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc778\uc2dd\uc744 \ub192\uc600\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\uacb0\ud63c\uc73c\ub85c \uc2e0\ubd84\uc744 \uc783\uc740 \uc774\ubcf8 <a name=\"_Hlk39573469\">\ubca0\ub2e4\ub974\uc640 \r\n<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/jeannette-vivian-lavell\">\uc9c0\ub137 \ucf54\ub974\ube44\uc5d0\ub974 \ub77c\ubca8\uc740 \uce90\ub098\ub2e4<\/a> \uc815\ubd80\ub97c \uc0c1\ub300\ub85c \uc18c\uc1a1\uc744 \uc81c\uae30\ud588\ub2e4.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/supreme-court-of-canada\/\">1973\ub144, \uc774\ub4e4\uc758 \uc18c\uc1a1\uc740 \uce90\ub098\ub2e4 \ub300\ubc95\uc6d0\uc5d0 \ubcd1\ud569\ub418\uc5c8\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. \r\n<\/a>\uadf8 \ud574\uc5d0 \ubc95\uc6d0\uc740 \uc5ec\uc131\uc758 \uc9c0\uc704\ub97c \ub0a8\ud3b8\uc758 \uc2e0\ubd84\uacfc \uc5f0\uacb0\uc2dc\ud0a4\ub294 \ubc95 \uc870\ud56d\uc774 \uc5ec\uc131\uc744 \r\n \ucc28\ubcc4\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\ub294\ub2e4\ub294 \ud310\uacb0\uc744 \ub0b4\ub824 \ub110\ub9ac \ube44\ub09c\uc744 \ubc1b\uc558\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. \ube44\ub85d \uc2e0\ubd84\uc774 \uc788\ub294 \ub0a8\uc131\uc740 \u201c\uae30\ud63c\u201d\ud574\ub3c4 \uc2e0\ubd84\uc774 \uc720\uc9c0\ub418\uae34 \ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc \ub9d0\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/lavell-case\">(\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/bedard-case\">\ubca0\ub2e4\ub974 \uc0ac\uac74\uacfc \ub77c\ubca8 \uc0ac\uac74\ub3c4<\/a> <em>\ucc38\uc870\ud558\uc2ed\uc2dc\uc624<\/em>.)<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/maliseet\">1981\ub144 \uc720\uc5d4 \uc778\uad8c\uc704\uc6d0\ud68c\ub294 \uacb0\ud63c\uc73c\ub85c \uc2e0\ubd84\uc744 \uc0c1\uc2e4\ud55c \uc6d4\ub77c\uc2a4\ud1a0\ud0a4\uc774\ud06c \uc5ec\uc131 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sandra-lovelace-nicholas\">\uc0b0\ub4dc\ub77c \ub7ec\ube0c\ub808\uc774\uc2a4 \ub2c8\ucf5c\ub77c\uc2a4\uc758<\/a> \uc0ac\uac74\uc5d0\uc11c \uce90\ub098\ub2e4\uac00 <em>\uc2dc\ubbfc\uc801 \ubc0f \uc815\uce58\uc801 \uad8c\ub9ac\uc5d0 \uad00\ud55c \uad6d\uc81c\uaddc\uc57d<\/em> \uc81c27\uc870\ub97c \uc704\ubc18\ud588\ub2e4\uace0 \ud310\uacb0\ud588\ub2e4. \r\n \r\n<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\uc815\ubd80\ub294 \uc0b0\ub4dc\ub77c\uac00 \uace0\ud5a5\uc73c\ub85c \ub3cc\uc544\uac00\uc9c0 \ubabb\ud558\ub3c4\ub85d \ub9c9\uc558\ub294\ub370, <em>\uc778\ub3c4\ubc95\uc5d0<\/em> \ub530\ub974\uba74 \uc0b0\ub4dc\ub77c\uac00 \r\n \uacb0\ud63c\ud574\uc11c \ub354 \uc774\uc0c1 \ubc34\ub4dc \uba64\ubc84\ub85c \uac04\uc8fc\ub418\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc558\uae30 \ub54c\ubb38\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\ubc95\uc548 C-31:1985\ub144 \uc778\ub3c4\ubc95 \uac1c\uc815<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/bill-c-31\">1985\ub144 <em>\uc778\ub3c4\ubc95\uc758 \ud3c9\ub4f1 \uacb0\uc5ec\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uad6d\ub0b4 \ubc0f \uad6d\uc81c\uc801 \uc6b0\ub824\uac00 \ucee4\uc9c0\uc790 \uc815\ubd80\ub294 \ubc95\uc548 C-31\uc744<\/em> \ud1b5\uacfc\uc2dc\ucf30\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/a>\uc774 \ubc95\uc548\uc740 \r\n \ub098\uba38\uc9c0 \ubaa8\ub4e0 \uad8c\ub9ac \uc870\ud56d\uc744 \uc644\uc804\ud788 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\">\uc0ad\uc81c\ud588\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4<\/a>.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\ub610\ud55c \uacb0\ud63c\uc73c\ub85c \uc2e0\ubd84\uc744 \uc0c1\uc2e4\ud55c \uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4\uc740 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">\uc2a4\ud14c\uc774\ud130\uc2a4<\/a> \uc778\ub514\uc5b8\uacfc \ubc34\ub4dc \uba64\ubc84\ub85c \r\n \ubcf5\uc9c1\ub418\uc5c8\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/a>\uadf8\ub4e4\uc758 \uc790\ub140\ub4e4\uc740 \uc9c0\uc704\ub97c \uc5bb\uc5c8\uc9c0\ub9cc 2\ub144 \ub3d9\uc548 \ubc34\ub4dc \uba64\ubc84\uc2ed\uc744 \uc5bb\uc744 \uc218 \uc5c6\uc5c8\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\uc774 \uac04\uaca9\uc740 \ubc34\ub4dc\uac00 \uc790\uccb4\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uba64\ubc84\uc2ed \ucf54\ub4dc\ub97c \r\n \ub9cc\ub4e4 \uc2dc\uac04\uc744 \uc8fc\uae30 \uc704\ud55c \uac83\uc774\uc5c8\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc774 \ucf54\ub4dc\uc5d0\ub294 \uc790\ub140\ub294 \uc81c\uc678\ub418\uace0 \uc5b4\uba38\ub2c8\ub294 \uc81c\uc678\ub418\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc744 \uc218 \uc788\uc5c8\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.1987\ub144 6\uc6d4 \uc774\uc804\uc5d0 \uadf8\ub7ec\ud55c \uac15\ub839\uc774 \ud1b5\uacfc\ub418\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc558\ub2e4\uba74, \uc5b4\ub9b0\uc774\ub4e4\ub3c4 \ubc34\ub4dc \uba64\ubc84\uc2ed\uc744 \ud68d\ub4dd\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\uc5c8\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\uba64\ubc84\uc2ed \uba85\ub2e8\uc744 \ub354 \uc798 \uad00\ub9ac\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\uac8c \ub418\uba74\uc11c \ubc34\ub4dc\uc5d0\ub294 \uc9c0\uc704\uac00 \uc5c6\ub294 \r\n \uba64\ubc84\uac00 \uc788\uc744 \uc218 \uc788\uac8c \ub418\uc5c8\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \uc5f0\ubc29 \uc815\ubd80\ub97c \ud1b5\ud55c \uc790\uae08 \uc9c0\uc6d0\uc740 \ub4f1\uae09 \ud68c\uc6d0\uc744 \uae30\ubc18\uc73c\ub85c \ud558\uae30 \ub54c\ubb38\uc5d0 \ubc34\ub4dc\uac00 \ube44\ub4f1\uae09 \ud68c\uc6d0\uc744 \ub9ce\uc774 \ubcf4\uc720\ud560 \uc778\uc13c\ud2f0\ube0c\ub294 \uac70\uc758 \uc5c6\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>1985\ub144 <em>\uc778\ub3c4\ubc95<\/em> \uac1c\uc815\uc548\uc774 \uc2dc\ud589\ub41c \uc774\ud6c4, \ub4f1\ub85d\ub41c \uc778\ub514\uc5b8\uc758 \uc218\ub294 1985\ub144 \uc57d 36\ub9cc \uba85\uc5d0\uc11c 2007\ub144 778,000\uba85 \uc774\uc0c1\uc73c\ub85c \ub450 \ubc30 \uc774\uc0c1 \uc99d\uac00\ud588\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \uc99d\uac00\ub294 \uc0ac\ub9dd\ubcf4\ub2e4 \ucd9c\uc0dd\uc774 \ub354 \ub9ce\uc744 \r\n \ubfd0\ub9cc \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c \u201c\ubcf5\uc6d0\ub41c\u201d \uc778\ub514\uc5b8 \uc2e0\ubd84\uc73c\ub85c \uc778\ud55c \uacb0\uacfc\uc774\uae30\ub3c4 \ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \uc218\uc815\uc548\uc740 \uc5ec\uc131\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/prejudice-and-discrimination\">\ucc28\ubcc4\uc744<\/a> \ub2e4\ub8e8\uc5c8\uc9c0\ub9cc \uba87 \uac00\uc9c0 \ubb38\uc81c\ub3c4 \uc57c\uae30\ud588\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\ubc95\uc548 C-31\uc740 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian\">\uc778\ub3c4<\/a> \ub4f1\ub85d\uc758 \ub450 \uac00\uc9c0 \ubc94\uc8fc\ub97c \ub9cc\ub4e4\uc5c8\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\uc139\uc158 6 (1) \ub85c \uc54c\ub824\uc9c4 \uccab \ubc88\uc9f8 \uc870\ud56d\uc740 \ubd80\ubaa8 \ubaa8\ub450\uac00 \ub4f1\ub85d\uc744 \ubc1b\uc744 \uc790\uaca9\uc774 \uc788\uac70\ub098 \ub4f1\ub85d\ud560 \uc790\uaca9\uc774 \uc788\ub294 \uacbd\uc6b0\uc5d0 \uc801\uc6a9\ub429\ub2c8\ub2e4.(\uc774 \uc139\uc158\uc740 \uc9c0\uc704\uac00 \uc5b4\ub5bb\uac8c \uc804\ub2ec\ub418\ub294\uc9c0\uc5d0 \ub530\ub77c \ub2e4\ub978 \ud558\uc704 \uc139\uc158\uc73c\ub85c \ub354 \uc138\ubd84\ud654\ub429\ub2c8\ub2e4.)\uc139\uc158 6 (2) \ub85c \uc54c\ub824\uc9c4 \ub450 \ubc88\uc9f8 \uc870\ud56d\uc740 \ubd80\ubaa8 \uc911 \ud55c \uba85\uc774 6\uc138 (1) \ubbf8\ub9cc\uc758 \ub4f1\ub85d\uc744 \ubc1b\uc744 \uc790\uaca9\uc774 \uc788\ub294 \uacbd\uc6b0\uc5d0 \r\n \uc801\uc6a9\ub429\ub2c8\ub2e4.\ubd80\ubaa8 \uc911 \ud55c \uba85\uc774 \uc139\uc158 6 (2) \uc5d0 \ub530\ub77c \ub4f1\ub85d\ub41c \uacbd\uc6b0\uc5d0\ub294 \uc2e0\ubd84\uc744 \uc591\ub3c4\ud560 \uc218 <em>\uc5c6\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4<\/em>.\uc694\ucee8\ub300, \uc2e0\ubd84\uc774 \uc544\ub2cc \ud30c\ud2b8\ub108\uc640 2\uc138\ub300 \uac04 \uacb0\ud63c\ud55c \ud6c4\uc5d0\ub294 \uc790\ub140\ub294 \ub354 \uc774\uc0c1 \uc2e0\ubd84\uc744 \r\n \ucde8\ub4dd\ud560 \uc790\uaca9\uc774 \uc5c6\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\uc774\ub97c \u201c2\uc138\ub300 \ucef7\uc624\ud504\u201d \uaddc\uce59\uc774\ub77c\uace0 \ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.\uc774\ub7f0 \uc2dd\uc73c\ub85c \ubc95\uc548 C-31\uc740 \uc9c0\uc704\uad8c\uc744 \ubc1b\uc744 \uc790\uaca9\uc774 \uc788\ub294 \uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4\uc758 \uc218\uc5d0 \uc601\ud5a5\uc744 \ubbf8\ucce4\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<iframe width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/__Y_hHFvUR8\" title=\"\uc720\ud29c\ube0c \ub3d9\uc601\uc0c1 \ud50c\ub808\uc774\uc5b4\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen=\"\">\r\n<\/iframe><br>\r\n\r\n<h3>\uac70\ubc84\ub10c\uc2a4 \ubc0f \uc778\ub3c4\ubc95, 1960\ub144\ub300\ubd80\ud130 2000\ub144\ub300\uae4c\uc9c0<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>1876\ub144 <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\/\">\uc778\ub3c4\ubc95\uc740<\/a><\/em> \uc804\ud1b5\uc801\uc778 \uac70\ubc84\ub10c\uc2a4 \uc2dc\uc2a4\ud15c\uc744 \ud574\uccb4\ud558\uace0 \uc9c0\uc5ed <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-agents-in-canada\">\uc778\ub514\uc5b8 \ub300\ub9ac\uc778\uacfc <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-affairs-and-northern-development-canada\">\uc778\ub3c4\ubd80<\/a> \uc5f0\ubc29 \uad00\ub8cc\uc9d1\ub2e8\uc758 \ud615\ud0dc\ub85c \uac1c\uc778\uacfc<\/a> \uc9c0\uc5ed \uc0ac\ud68c\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc678\ubd80 \ud1b5\uc81c\ub97c \ubd80\uacfc\ud588\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-self-government\">1960\ub144\ub300 \ud6c4\ubc18\uacfc 1970\ub144\ub300 \r\n \ucd08\ubc18\uc774 \ub418\uc5b4\uc11c\uc57c \ube44\ub85c\uc18c \uc815\uce58 \uc870\uc9c1\uc758 \ud6a8\uc728\uc131\uc774 \ub192\uc544\uc9c0\uace0 \ud589\ub3d9\uc8fc\uc758\uac00 \uc2ec\ud654\ub418\uba74\uc11c \uce90\ub098\ub2e4\ub294 \uc6d0\uc8fc\ubbfc \uc790\uce58 \uc815\ubd80\uc758 \ud615\ud0dc\ub97c \uc778\uc815\ud558\uace0 \ud65c\uc131\ud654\ud558\ub294 \ubc29\ud5a5\uc73c\ub85c \ub098\uc544\uac14\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/a>\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/constitution-act-1982\/\"><em>\uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \uacbd\ud5a5\uc740 20\uc138\uae30 \ud6c4\ubc18\uacfc 21\uc138\uae30 \ucd08\ubc18\uc5d0 \ud0c4\ub825\uc744 \ubc1b\uac8c \ub418\uc5c8\uace0, \uc6d0\uc8fc\ubbfc\ub4e4\uc740 1982\ub144 \ud5cc\ubc95\uacfc \uad6d\uc81c \ubb38\uc11c\uc5d0\uc11c \uc790\uce58\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uad8c\ub9ac\uac00 \ud655\uc778\ub418\ub294 \uac83\uc744 \ubcf4\uc558\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/em><\/a> \r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>1984\ub144 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/james-bay-and-northern-quebec-agreement\">\uc81c\uc784\uc2a4 \ubca0\uc774 \ubc0f \ubd81\ubd80 \ud018\ubca1 \ud611\uc815\uacfc<\/a> \ud398\ub108 \ubcf4\uace0\uc11c (Penner Report) \uc5d0 \ub530\ub77c \uce90\ub098\ub2e4 \ucd5c\ucd08\uc758 \r\n \uc6d0\uc8fc\ubbfc \uc790\uce58 \ubc95\uc548\uc778 <em>\ud06c\ub9ac-\ub098\uc2a4\uce74\ud53c (\ud018\ubca1) \ubc95\uc774 \uc81c\uc815\ub418\uc5c8\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4<\/em>. \uc774 <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\">\ubc95\uc740 \uc778\ub514\uc5b8<\/a><\/em> \ubc95\uc744 \ub300\uccb4\ud558\uace0 \uc9c0\uc5ed \uc6d0\uc8fc\ubbfc \ucee4\ubba4\ub2c8\ud2f0\ub97c \ubc95\uc778\uc73c\ub85c \uc124\ub9bd\ud588\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">\uc790\uce58 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">\uc6d0\uc8fc\ubbfc\uc740 \uc778\ub514\uc5b8 \ubc95\uc758 \uc801\uc6a9\uc744 \ubc1b\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc9c0\ub9cc, \uc5f0\ubc29 \uc815\ubd80\uac00 \ud2b9\uc815 \r\n \uc6d0\uc8fc\ubbfc<\/a> \uc5c5\ubb34\ub97c \uacc4\uc18d \uad00\ub9ac\ud558\uace0 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/a><\/em> \r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\uadf8 \uc774\ud6c4\ub85c \uc774 \ubc95\uc5d0\ub294 \uac70\ubc84\ub10c\uc2a4\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\ubc34\ub4dc<\/a> \uad8c\ud55c\uc744 \uac15\ud654\ud558\uc790\ub294 \uc81c\uc548\uc774 \uc788\uc5c8\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">1996\ub144\uc5d0 \uc5f0\ubc29 \uc815\ubd80\ub294 \ubc34\ub4dc \r\n \uac70\ubc84\ub10c\uc2a4 \ubc0f \uc900\ube44\uae08 \uaddc\uc81c\ub97c \ud3ec\ud568\ud55c \ubc95\uc548 \uc601\uc5ed\uc744 \uac1c\uc815\ud558\uae30 \uc704\ud55c \ubc95\uc548 C-79\ub97c \uc81c\uc548\ud588\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/a>\ud37c\uc2a4\ud2b8 \ub124\uc774\uc158\uc758 \ub300\ub2e4\uc218\ub294 \ubc95\uc548 C-79\uc5d0 \ubc18\ub300\ud588\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\ub2e4\ub978 \uc774\uc720\ub4e4 \uc911\uc5d0\uc11c\ub3c4 \uadf8\ub4e4\uc740 \uc815\ubd80\uac00 \uc81c\uc548\ub41c \ubcc0\uacbd \uc0ac\ud56d\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574 \uc6d0\uc8fc\ubbfc\uacfc \uc801\uc808\ud558\uac8c \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/duty-to-consult\">\ud611\uc758\ud558\uc9c0<\/a> \ubabb\ud588\ub2e4\uace0 \uc8fc\uc7a5\ud588\ub2e4.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-rights\">\uadf8\ub4e4\uc740 \uc774 \ubc95\uc548\uc774 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-treaties\">\uc870\uc57d\uc0c1\uc758<\/a> \uad8c\ub9ac\uc640 \uc790\uce58\uad8c\uc744 \uc704\ud611\ud560 \uac83\uc744 \uc6b0\ub824\ud588\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/a>\uac8c\ub2e4\uac00 \uc774 \ubc95\uc548\uc740 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/royal-commission-on-aboriginal-peoples\">\uc655\ub9bd \uc6d0\uc8fc\ubbfc \uc704\uc6d0\ud68c\uc758<\/a> \uad8c\uace0\ub97c \ubb34\uc2dc\ud588\ub2e4\ub294 \uc774\uc720\ub85c \ube44\ud310\uc744 \ubc1b\uc558\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\r\n\ubc95\uc548 C-79\ub294 \ubc95\uc73c\ub85c \uc81c\uc815\ub418\uc9c0 \ubabb\ud588\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>2002\ub144, <em>\uc6d0\uc8fc\ubbfc \uac70\ubc84\ub10c\uc2a4\ubc95\uc73c\ub85c\ub3c4 \uc54c\ub824\uc9c4 \ubc95\uc548 C-7\uc740 \ubc34\ub4dc \ud3c9\uc758\ud68c\uc5d0 \ubc95\ub960 \uc81c\uc815,<\/em> \uc9c0\ub3c4\ubd80 \uc120\ucd9c \ub4f1\uc758 \uce21\uba74\uc5d0\uc11c \ub354 \ub9ce\uc740 \uad8c\ud55c\uc744 \ubd80\uc5ec\ud558\uace0\uc790 \ud588\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\uc5f0\ubc29 \uc815\ubd80\uac00 \uc774 \ubc95\uc548\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574 \uc5ec\ub7ec \uc6d0\uc8fc\ubbfc\uacfc \ud611\uc758\ud588\uc9c0\ub9cc \uacb0\uad6d \uc2e4\ud328\ud588\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. \r\n2006\ub144, \uac8c\ub9ac \uc138\uc778\ud2b8 \uc800\uba54\uc778 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/senate\">\uc0c1\uc6d0\uc758\uc6d0\uc740<\/a> \u201c\uce90\ub098\ub2e4 \uc6d0\uc8fc\ubbfc\uc758 \uc790\uce58\uad8c \uc778\uc815\uacfc \uc774\ud589\uc744 \ucd09\uc9c4\ud558\uae30 \uc704\ud55c\u201d S-216 \ubc95\uc548\uc744 \ubc1c\uc758\ud588\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. \r\n\uc774 \ubc95\uc548\uc740 \uc790\uce58\uad8c\uc744 \ud589\uc0ac\ud558\uace0\uc790 \ud558\ub294 \ud37c\uc2a4\ud2b8 \ub124\uc774\uc158\ub4e4\uc774 \uc81c\uc548\uc11c\uc640 \ud5cc\ubc95\uc744 \uac1c\ubc1c\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub3c4\ub85d \ud5c8\uc6a9\ud588\uc744 \uac83\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4.S-216 \ubc95\uc548\uc740 2\ucc28 \ub3c5\uc11c\ub97c \ub2ec\uc131\ud588\uc9c0\ub9cc \uacb0\uad6d \uc2e4\ud328\ud588\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.(<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/parliamentary-procedure\">\uc758\ud68c \uc808\ucc28\ub3c4<\/a> <em>\ucc38\uc870\ud558\uc2ed\uc2dc\uc624<\/em>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \uc77c\ubd80 \uc6d0\uc8fc\ubbfc\ub4e4\uc740 \uc131\uacf5\uc801\uc778 \ubd80\ubb38\ubcc4 \ud611\uc815\uc744 \ub9fa\uc5c8\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\uc774\ub97c \ud1b5\ud574 <em>\uc778\ub3c4\ubc95\uc5d0<\/em> \uaddc\uc815\ub418\uc5b4 \uc788\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc740 \uac70\ubc84\ub10c\uc2a4 \uad8c\ud55c\uc744 \uac15\ud654\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\uba87 \uac00\uc9c0 \uc608\ub85c\ub294 <em>\ud37c\uc2a4\ud2b8 \ub124\uc774\uc158\uc2a4 \ud1a0\uc9c0 \uad00\ub9ac\ubc95<\/em> (1999), <em>\ud37c\uc2a4\ud2b8 \ub124\uc774\uc158\uc2a4 \uc7ac\uc815 \uad00\ub9ac\ubc95<\/em> (2005), <em>\ud37c\uc2a4\ud2b8 \ub124\uc774\uc158\uc2a4 \uc11d\uc720 \ubc0f \uac00\uc2a4 \ubc0f \uc790\uae08 \uad00\ub9ac\ubc95<\/em> (2005), <em>\ud37c\uc2a4\ud2b8 \ub124\uc774\uc158 \uc0c1\uc5c5 \ubc0f \uc0b0\uc5c5 \uac1c\ubc1c\ubc95<\/em> (2006), <em>\ud37c\uc2a4\ud2b8 \ub124\uc774\uc158 \uc7ac\uc0b0 \uc18c\uc720\uad8c \ubc95<\/em> (2009) \ub4f1\uc774 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>2011\ub144\uacfc 2017\ub144\uc5d0 \uc2dc\ud589\ub41c \uc778\ub3c4\ubc95 \uac1c\uc815<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">\ub2e4\uc591\ud55c \uac1c\uc815\uc5d0\ub3c4 \ubd88\uad6c\ud558\uace0 <em>\uc778\ub3c4\ubc95\uc740<\/em> \uc5ec\uc804\ud788 \uc2e0\ubd84\uad8c\uacfc \uad00\ub828\ud558\uc5ec \uc5ec\uc131\uacfc \uadf8 \ud6c4\uc190\uc744 \ucc28\ubcc4\ud558\uace0 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/a>2011\ub144 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/parliament\">\uc758\ud68c\ub294<\/a> \ubc95\uc548 C-3\uc73c\ub85c\ub3c4 \uc54c\ub824\uc9c4 <em>\uc778\ub3c4 \ub4f1\ub85d\uc758 \r\n \uc131 \ud3c9\ub4f1\ubc95\uc744<\/em> \ud1b5\uacfc\uc2dc\ucf30\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<em>\uc774\ub294 1985\ub144 \uc778\ub3c4\ubc95 \uc81c6\uc870\uc758 \uc131\ucc28\ubcc4\uc5d0 \uad00\ud55c <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mcivor-case\">McIvor \uc0ac\uac74\uc5d0<\/a> \ub300\ud55c <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">\uc5f0\ubc29 \uc815\ubd80\uc758<\/a> \ub300\uc751\uc774\uc5c8\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. \r\n<\/em>\ubc95\uc548 C-3\uc740 1985\ub144\uc5d0 \uc2e0\ubd84\uc744 \ub418\ucc3e\uc740 \uc5ec\uc131\uc758 \uc190\uc8fc\uc5d0\uac8c 6 (2) \uc758 \uc9c0\uc704\ub97c \ubd80\uc5ec\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.\uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \uc5ec\uc131\uc758 \ud6c4\uc190, \ud2b9\ud788 \uc99d\uc190\uc790\uc758 \ud6c4\uc190\uc740 \ube44\uc2b7\ud55c \ucc98\uc9c0\uc5d0 \uc788\ub294 \ub0a8\uc131\uc758 \ud6c4\uc190\uacfc \ub3d9\uc77c\ud55c \uc790\uaca9\uc744 \r\n \uac16\uc9c0 \ubabb\ud588\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\ub530\ub77c\uc11c \ubc95\uc548 C-3\uc740 \uc5ec\uc804\ud788 \uc131\ucc28\ubcc4\ub85c \uc778\ud574 \uc77c\ubd80 \uac1c\uc778\uc758 \uc9c0\uc704\uad8c\uc744 \ubc15\ud0c8\ud588\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\ubc95\uc548 S-3\uc740 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\"><em>\uc778\ub3c4\ubc95\uc758<\/em><\/a> \ucc28\ubcc4\uc5d0 \uad00\ud55c \ub610 \ub2e4\ub978 \ubc95\uc6d0 \uc18c\uc1a1\uc778 2015\ub144 \ub370\uc154\ub178 \uc0ac\uac74\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \ub300\uc751\uc73c\ub85c \ub9cc\ub4e4\uc5b4\uc84c\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\uc774 \uc0ac\uac74\uc758 \uc7c1\uc810\uc740 \uc0ac\ucd0c\uacfc \ud615\uc81c\uc790\ub9e4\uc5d0\uac8c \uc9c0\uc704\uac00 \r\n \ub118\uc5b4\uac00\ub294 \ubc29\uc2dd\uc5d0 \uad00\ud55c \uac83\uc774\uc5c8\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.S-3 \ubc95\uc548\uc758 \ud55c \ubd80\ubd84\uc774 2017\ub144 12\uc6d4 22\uc77c\uc5d0 \ubc1c\ud6a8\ub418\uc5c8\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\uc774 \uac1c\uc815\uc548\uc740 \ub2e4\ub978 \uc870\ud56d\ub4e4 \uc911\uc5d0\uc11c\ub3c4 \ub354 \ub9ce\uc740 \uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4\uc774 \uc790\uc2e0\uc758 \uc9c0\uc704\ub97c \ud6c4\uc190\uc5d0\uac8c \ubb3c\ub824\uc8fc\uace0 1985\ub144 \uc774\uc804\uc5d0 \uc9c0\uc704\ub97c \uc0c1\uc2e4\ud55c \uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4\uc5d0\uac8c\ub3c4 \uc9c0\uc704\ub97c \ud68c\ubcf5\uc2dc\ud0ac \uc218 \uc788\ub3c4\ub85d \ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.\r\n\uc608\ub97c \ub4e4\uc5b4, \uc774 \ubc95\uc548\uc740 1951~85\ub144 \uc0ac\uc774\uc5d0 \ubbf8\ud63c \ubbf8\uc131\ub144\uc790\uc600\uc73c\uba70 \ub2f9\uc2dc \uc2dc\ud589\ub41c \ub4f1\ub85d \uaddc\uc815\uc758 \uc601\ud5a5\uc744 \ubc1b\uc740 \uce5c\uc790 \uad00\uacc4\ub97c \uc54c \uc218 \uc5c6\ub294 \uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4\uc744 \ub4f1\ub85d\ud558\ub294 \ubc29\ubc95\uc744 \uc81c\uacf5\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.1951\ub144 \uc774\uc804\uc5d0 \uc2e0\ubd84\uc744 \uc0c1\uc2e4\ud55c \uc5ec\uc131\uacfc \uadf8 \r\n \uc790\ub140\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc2e0\ubd84 \ud68c\ubcf5 (\u201c1951 \ucef7\uc624\ud504\u201d\ub77c\uace0 \ud568) \uacfc \uad00\ub828\ub41c \uc774 \ubc95\uc548\uc758 \ub2e4\ub978 \ubd80\ubd84\uc740 2019\ub144 8\uc6d4 15\uc77c\uc5d0 \ubc1c\ud6a8\ub418\uc5c8\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<em>\uc815\ubd80\uc5d0 \ub530\ub974\uba74, \u201c\uc778\ub3c4\ubc95\uc5d0\uc11c \uc54c\ub824\uc9c4 \ubaa8\ub4e0 \uc131 \uad00\ub828 \ubd88\ud3c9\ub4f1\uc774 \uc774\uc81c \ud574\uacb0\ub418\uc5c8\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\uc81c\uc548\ub41c \uac1c\ud601\uc548<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>2010\ub144, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">\uc5f0\ubc29 \uc815\ubd80\ub294<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/residential-schools\">\uae30\uc219 \ud559\uad50\ub97c<\/a> \uc124\ub9bd\ud558\uace0 \uc544\uc774\ub4e4\uc744 \uc9d1 \ubc16\uc73c\ub85c \ub370\ub824\uac08 \uc218 \uc788\ub294 \uad8c\ud55c\uc744 \ubd80\uc5ec\ud558\ub294 <em>\uc778\ub514\uc5b8 \ubc95\uc758<\/em> \uc77c\ubd80\ub97c <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">\uc6d0\uc8fc\ubbfc\uacfc<\/a> \ud611\ub825\ud558\uc5ec \r\n \uc5c6\uc560\uaca0\ub2e4\ub294 \uc758\uc0ac\ub97c \ubc1c\ud45c\ud588\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>\uc608\ube44 \uc8fc\ud0dd \ubc0f \uacb0\ud63c \uc774\uc775 \ub610\ub294 \uad8c\ub9ac\uc5d0 \uad00\ud55c \uac00\uc871 \uc8fc\ud0dd\ubc95<\/em> <em>(Cill S-2) \uc740 \uc778\ub3c4\ubc95\uc758 \ubc95\uc801 \uaca9\ucc28\ub97c \ud574\uc18c\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/em>\uc774 \ubc95\uc548\uc740 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">\ubcf4\ud638 \uad6c\uc5ed\uc5d0<\/a> \uac70\uc8fc\ud558\ub294 \uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4\uc774 \ub2e4\ub978 \uce90\ub098\ub2e4\uc778\uacfc \ub9c8\ucc2c\uac00\uc9c0\ub85c \uacb0\ud63c \uc7ac\uc0b0\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574 \uc720\uc0ac\ud55c \uad8c\ub9ac\ub97c \uac16\ub3c4\ub85d \ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc744 \ubaa9\ud45c\ub85c \ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<em>\uce90\ub098\ub2e4 \uc815\ubd80\uc5d0 \ub530\ub974\uba74 \ubc95\uc548 S-2\ub294 \ub3c5\ub9bd\ub41c \ubc95\uc548\uc774\uc9c0 \uc778\ub3c4\ubc95 \uac1c\ud601\uc758 \uc77c\ubd80\uac00 \uc544\ub2d9\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/em><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\ud1a0\ub860: \uc778\ub3c4\ubc95\uc744 \uc9c0\ud0a4\uac70\ub098 \uadfc\uc808\ud558\uae30 \uc704\ud574\uc11c\uc77c\uae4c\uc694?<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\uc77c\ubd80 \uc6d0\uc8fc\ubbfc\uacfc \ube44\uc6d0\uc8fc\ubbfc\uc740 \uc774 \ubc95\uc758 \ud3d0\uc9c0\ub97c \uc694\uad6c\ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc, \ub2e4\ub978 \uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4\uc740 \uc774 \ubc95\uc758 \ucca0\ud3d0\uac00 \uc778\ub514\uc5b8 \uc9c0\uc704\uc5d0 \uc788\ub294 \uac83\uacfc \uac19\uc740 \ud2b9\uc815 \ubcf4\ud638 \uc870\uce58\ub97c \uc57d\ud654\uc2dc\ud0ac \uac83\uc744 \uc6b0\ub824\ud558\uace0 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\ud559\uc790 \ub370\uc774\ube44\ub4dc \ub274\ud558\uc6b0\uc2a4 (David Newhouse) \ub294 \uc774\ub807\uac8c \uc124\uba85\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4. \u201c[<em>\uc778\ub3c4\ubc95\uc740<\/em>] \uc9c0\uc5ed \uacf5\ub3d9\uccb4 \uac70\ubc84\ub10c\uc2a4\uc640 \uacf5\ub3d9\uccb4 \uc0dd\ud65c\uc744 \uc704\ud55c \uad6c\uc870\ub97c \uc81c\uacf5\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4. \r\n\uc774 \ubc95\uc744 \uc77c\uac70\uc5d0 \uac1c\uc815\ud558\uac70\ub098 \ud3d0\uc9c0\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc740 \uc6d0\uc8fc\ubbfc\uc5d0\uac8c \uc5c4\uccad\ub09c \ud63c\ub780\uc744 \uc57c\uae30\ud560 \uac83\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4.\u201d<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \uc774 \ubc95\uc744 \ube44\ud310\ud558\ub294 \uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4\uc740 \uacc4\uc18d\ud574\uc11c \uc774 \ubc95\uc744 \ucca0\ud3d0\ud558\uae30 \uc704\ud574 \ub178\ub825\ud558\uace0 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\uc774 \uc6d0\uc8fc\ubbfc\ub4e4\uc740 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-self-government\/\">\uc790\uce58\uc640 \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/truth-and-reconciliation-commission\">\ud654\ud574\ub97c<\/a> \ud5a5\ud55c \uc6c0\uc9c1\uc784\uc774 \ucee4\uc9d0\uc5d0 \ub530\ub77c \uc774 \ubc95\uc758 \uad8c\ud55c\uc774 \ud76c\ubbf8\ud558\uac70\ub098 \uc0ac\ub77c\uc838 \uc815\ubd80-\uc6d0\uc8fc\ubbfc<\/a> \uad00\uacc4\uc758 \ubcc0\ud654\uc5d0 \uae30\uc5ec\ud558\uae30\ub97c \ud76c\ub9dd\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.2018\ub144 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/assembly-of-first-nations\">\uc6d0\uc8fc\ubbfc \uc758\ud68c \uc758\uc7a5 \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/perry-bellegarde\">\ud398\ub9ac \ubca8\uac00\ub974\ub4dc (Perry Bellegarde<\/a>) \ub294 \uc774\ub807\uac8c \ub9d0\ud588\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. \u201c\uc6b0\ub9ac \ubaa8\ub450\ub294 <em>\uc778\ub3c4\ubc95\uc758<\/em> \ud1b5\uc81c\ub97c \ubc97\uc5b4\ub098 \uae30\ubcf8\uc801 \uad8c\ub9ac\ub97c \uc9c0\ub2cc \uc6d0\uc8fc\ubbfc\uacfc \uad6d\uac00\ub85c<\/a> \uac70\ub4ed\ub098\uae30\ub97c \uc6d0\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.\u201d \r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<iframe sandbox=\"allow-same-origin allow-scripts allow-top-navigation allow-popups\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"100%\" height=\"185\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https:\/\/embed.radiopublic.com\/e?if=the-secret-life-of-canada-Ww0QnZ&amp;ge=s1!7163a1347ab72236394fe46a4fe7d4048bc69b37\">\r\n<\/iframe><br>\r\n\r\n\t<p>\uc778\ub3c4\ubc95\uc774\ub780 \ubb34\uc5c7\uc774\uba70 \uce90\ub098\ub2e4\uc5d0 \uc5ec\uc804\ud788 \uc774 \ubc95\uc774 \ub0a8\uc544 \uc788\ub294 \uc774\uc720\ub294 \ubb34\uc5c7\uc785\ub2c8\uae4c?\uc2dc\ud06c\ub9bf \ub77c\uc774\ud504 (Secret Life) \ud300\uc740 143\ub144\uc774 \uc9c0\ub09c \uc9c0\uae08\ub3c4 \uc5ec\uc804\ud788 \uce90\ub098\ub2e4 \uc815\uccb4\uc131\uc5d0 \ub0b4\uc7ac\ub418\uc5b4 \uc788\ub294 \uc774 \ubcf5\uc7a1\ud55c \uc815\ucc45\uc758 \ubfcc\ub9ac\ub97c, \uc774 \ubc95\uc744 \uc81c\uc815\ud558\uac8c \ub41c \uc815\ucc45\ubd80\ud130 \uc624\ub298\ub0a0\uc5d0\ub3c4 \r\n \uc6d0\uc8fc\ubbfc \uc815\uccb4\uc131\uc5d0 \ubbf8\uce58\ub294 \uc601\ud5a5\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574 \uc0b4\ud3b4\ubd05\ub2c8\ub2e4.<br>\r\n<strong>\ucc38\uace0<\/strong><em>: <em>The Secret Life of Canada\ub294 \ud314\ub80c \uc874\uc2a8\uacfc \ub9ac\uc544 \uc2dc\ubaac \ubcf4\uc6ec\uc774 \uc8fc\ucd5c\ud558\uace0 \uc9d1\ud544\ud588\uc73c\uba70 \uce90\ub098\ub2e4<\/em> \ubc31\uacfc\uc0ac\uc804\uacfc \ubcc4\uac1c\ub85c CBC \uc624\ub9ac\uc9c0\ub110 \ud31f\uce90\uc2a4\ud2b8\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/em><\/p>\r\n<\/blockquote>\r\n<br>\r\n\r\n<h3>\uc720\uc0b0 \ubc0f \uc911\uc694\uc131<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\uc778\ub3c4\ubc95 (Indian Act) \uc740 \uc218\ub144\uc5d0 \uac78\uccd0 \uc5ec\ub7ec \ubc88 \uac1c\uc815\ub418\uc5c8\uc9c0\ub9cc, \uc778\ub3c4\ubc95 (<em>Indian Act<\/em>) \uc758 \ud604\ud589 \ubc84\uc804\uc5d0\ub294 \uc5ec\uc804\ud788 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">\uc778\ub514\uc5b8 \uc790\uaca9<\/a> \uc870\uac74, \uc900\ube44\uae08\uc5d0 \uad00\ud55c \ub2e4\uc591\ud55c \uaddc\uc815, \ubbf8\uc131\ub144\uc790 \ubc0f \uc815\uc2e0 \ubb34\ub2a5\ub825\uc790\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc7ac\uc815 \ud6c4\uacac\uc778, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\ubc34\ub4dc<\/a> \uc790\uc6d0 \uad00\ub9ac, \r\n \uc120\uac70 \ubc0f \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">\ubcf4\ud638 \uad6c\uc5ed\uc5d0\uc11c\uc758<\/a> \uae30\ud0c0 \uc0dd\ud65c \uad00\ub828 \ub0b4\uc6a9\uc774 \uc694\uc57d\ub418\uc5b4 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>\uc778\ub3c4\ubc95\uc740<\/em> \uc6d0\uc8fc\ubbfc \ubb38\ud654, \uacbd\uc81c, \uc815\uce58 \ubc0f \uc9c0\uc5ed \uc0ac\ud68c\uc5d0 \uc9c0\uc18d\uc801\uc774\uace0 \uc624\ub798 \uc9c0\uc18d\ub418\ub294 \uc601\ud5a5\uc744 \ubbf8\ucce4\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\ub610\ud55c \uc774 \ubc95\uc758 \uc5b5\uc555\uacfc \uc81c\ud55c \uc870\ud56d\uc774 \uc5ec\ub7ec \uc138\ub300\uc758 \uc6d0\uc8fc\ubbfc\uc5d0\uac8c \ubd80\uc815\uc801\uc778 \uc601\ud5a5\uc744 \ubbf8\ucce4\uae30 \r\n \ub54c\ubb38\uc5d0 \ud2b9\ud788 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/residential-schools\">\uae30\uc219\ud559\uad50\uc640<\/a> \uad00\ub828\ud558\uc5ec \uc138\ub300 \uac04 \ud2b8\ub77c\uc6b0\ub9c8\ub97c \uc57c\uae30\ud588\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>","slug":"","alt_slug":"","twitter_summary":null,"locale":"ko","automated":true,"hidden":0,"views":1,"created_at":"2024-11-07T01:36:16.000000Z","updated_at":"2024-11-07T01:36:16.000000Z"},{"id":"9df5e80d-86f4-4837-b7c2-c1cece04761f","article_id":"83668","title":"Indian Act [\u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d7b \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d02]","summary":"<p><em>\u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d7b<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">\u0d2a\u0d26\u0d35\u0d3f, \r\n \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d26\u0d47\u0d36\u0d3f\u0d15 \u0d2b <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d<\/a> \u0d28\u0d47\u0d37\u0d7b\u0d38\u0d4d <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">\u0d38\u0d7c\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d41\u0d15\u0d7e, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d38\u0d7c\u0d35\u0d4d<\/a> \u0d2d\u0d42\u0d2e\u0d3f \u0d15\u0d48\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d02 \u0d1a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d7d \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d35\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f \u0d2b\u0d46\u0d21\u0d31\u0d7d \u0d38\u0d7c\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d7c<\/a> \u0d09\u0d2a\u0d2f\u0d4b\u0d17\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28 \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d25\u0d2e\u0d3f\u0d15 \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d \u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d7b<\/a> \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d02. \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d25\u0d2e \u0d30\u0d3e\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d1c\u0d28\u0d24\u0d15\u0d33\u0d4b \r\n \u0d1f\u0d41\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33 \u0d2d\u0d30\u0d23\u0d2a\u0d30\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f \u0d2c\u0d3e\u0d27\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d24\u0d15\u0d33\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d07\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d2a\u0d3e\u0d26\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d. <em>\u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d7b \u0d06\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d \u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d7b<\/em> <a\r\n\thref=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/inuit\">\u0d2a\u0d26\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33\u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f \u0d2c\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d27\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d; \u0d05\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d2a\u0d26\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24 \u0d2b\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d \u0d28\u0d47\u0d37\u0d7b\u0d38\u0d4d \u0d06\u0d33\u0d41\u0d15\u0d33\u0d3e\u0d2f \u0d2e\u0d46 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/metis\">\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d38\u0d4d \u0d05\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d46\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d07\u0d7b\u0d2f\u0d42\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d35\u0d2f\u0d46 \u0d28\u0d47\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d7c\u0d36\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32<\/a>. \r\n<\/a> 1876-\u0d7d \u0d06\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f \u0d05\u0d35\u0d24\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f \u0d08 \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d02 \u0d2f\u0d42\u0d31\u0d4b-\u0d15\u0d28\u0d47\u0d21\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d7b \u0d38\u0d2e\u0d42\u0d39\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d47\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d35\u0d3e\u0d02\u0d36\u0d40\u0d15\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d05\u0d28\u0d41\u0d15\u0d42\u0d32\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f \u0d2b\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d \u0d28\u0d47\u0d37\u0d7b\u0d38\u0d4d \u0d38\u0d02\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d46 \u0d07\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d32\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d35\u0d27\u0d3f \u0d15\u0d4a\u0d33\u0d4b\u0d23\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d7d \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e \u0d15\u0d40\u0d34\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f. \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d2a\u0d41\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d2f \u0d2a\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4d 1951 \u0d7d \u0d2a\u0d3e\u0d38\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f, \u0d05\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d41\u0d36\u0d47\u0d37\u0d02, \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d35\u0d27\u0d3f \u0d24\u0d35\u0d23 \r\n \u0d2d\u0d47\u0d26\u0d17\u0d24\u0d3f \u0d1a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41, \u0d0f\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d35\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d17\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f 1985 \u0d7d, \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d27\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d35\u0d47\u0d1a\u0d28\u0d2a\u0d30\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d2d\u0d3e\u0d17\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e \u0d28\u0d40\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d02 \u0d1a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d36\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d27 \u0d15\u0d47\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d40\u0d15\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28 \u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d46. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">\u0d24\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d47\u0d36\u0d40\u0d2f\u0d30\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 \r\n \u0d24\u0d32\u0d2e\u0d41\u0d31\u0d15\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d06\u0d18\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d35\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d2e\u0d28\u0d41\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d35\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d36 \u0d32\u0d02\u0d18\u0d28\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d38\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d42\u0d39\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d35\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d38\u0d3e\u0d02\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d35\u0d41\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f \u0d24\u0d1f\u0d38\u0d02 \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d35 \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d2f \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d38\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4a\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28, \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d4b\u0d27\u0d3e\u0d2d\u0d3e\u0d38\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d30\u0d47\u0d16\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d3f\u0d24\u0d4d<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>\u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d46\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d41\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33 \u0d2e\u0d41\u0d34\u0d41\u0d28\u0d40\u0d33 \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d3f\u0d24\u0d4d<\/em>. \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d7b \u0d32\u0d3e\u0d02\u0d17\u0d4d\u0d35\u0d47\u0d1c\u0d4d \u0d38\u0d02\u0d17\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d39\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f, \u0d26\u0d2f\u0d35\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act-plain-language-summary\" target=\"_blank\">\u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d7b \u0d06\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d (Plain Language Summary) \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d41\u0d15<\/a>.<\/p>","body":"<div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/cbcd31d1-03f6-4fba-a45d-96ee89c4617d.jpg\" title=\"\u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d7b \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d02\" alt=\"\u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d7b \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d02\"><\/div>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u0d1a\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d38\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d7c\u0d2d\u0d02: \u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d7b \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d2e\u0d41\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4d, 1763\u20141876<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/royal-proclamation-of-1763\/\">1763 \u0d32\u0d46 \u0d30\u0d3e\u0d1c\u0d15\u0d40\u0d2f \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d33\u0d02\u0d2c<\/a> \u0d30\u0d02 \u0d24\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d7c\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33 \u0d28\u0d42\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d15\u0d33\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d15\u0d4a\u0d33\u0d4b\u0d23\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d7d \u0d2d\u0d30\u0d23\u0d15\u0d42\u0d1f\u0d02 \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">\u0d25\u0d2e \u0d30\u0d3e\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d30<\/a> \u0d1c\u0d28\u0d24\u0d15\u0d33\u0d41\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f \u0d0e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d28\u0d46 \u0d07\u0d1f\u0d2a\u0d34\u0d15\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d05\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d25\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d02 \u0d35\u0d46\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d41. \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d18\u0d4b\u0d37\u0d23\u0d02 \u0d2b\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d \u0d28\u0d47 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-rights\">\u0d37\u0d7b\u0d38\u0d4d \u0d1c\u0d28\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d1a\u0d3f\u0d32 \u0d05\u0d35\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d36<\/a> \u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d38\u0d02\u0d30\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d37\u0d23\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d09\u0d31\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d41\u0d28\u0d7d\u0d15\u0d3f, \u0d15\u0d42\u0d1f\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d46 \u0d38\u0d7c\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d05\u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d2d\u0d42\u0d2e\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d7e \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d35\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d15\u0d34\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28 \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30 \r\n \u0d15\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d2f \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d25\u0d3e\u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d1a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41. \u0d35\u0d7c\u0d27\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d41\u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28 \u0d38\u0d46\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d7c \u0d1c\u0d28\u0d38\u0d02\u0d16\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d47\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d2b\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d \u0d28\u0d47\u0d37\u0d7b\u0d38\u0d4d \u0d1c\u0d28\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d46 \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d35\u0d3e\u0d02\u0d36\u0d40\u0d15\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d32\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33 \u0d15\u0d42\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d24\u0d7d \u0d28\u0d2f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e \u0d2a\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4a\u0d7b\u0d2a\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d02 \u0d28\u0d42\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d06\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d2f \u0d2a\u0d15\u0d41\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d2a\u0d3e\u0d38\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/indian\/\">\u0d32\u0d4b\u0d35\u0d7c <em>\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d21\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d46 \u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d2d\u0d42\u0d2e\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d33\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d35\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d2e\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a \u0d38\u0d02\u0d30\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d37\u0d23\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33 1850 \u0d32\u0d46 \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d02, \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d35\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d46 \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d2a\u0d30\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f \u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30<\/em> \u0d28\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f \u0d15\u0d23\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d41\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33 \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d15\u0d42\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d02 \u0d06\u0d35\u0d36\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d15\u0d24\u0d15\u0d7e \u0d09\u0d7e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4a\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28 \u0d06\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d2f \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d7c\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4a\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41 - \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">\u0d2a\u0d26\u0d35\u0d3f<\/a>\u201d \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28 \u0d06\u0d36\u0d2f\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d2e\u0d41\u0d7b\u0d17\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d3f.<\/a> \u0d08 \u0d06\u0d35\u0d36\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d15\u0d24\u0d15\u0d7e \u0d30\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d46 \u0d05\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d25\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d, \u0d15\u0d42\u0d1f\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d46 \u201c\u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d7b \r\n \u0d30\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d7d\u201d \u0d09\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33\u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d02 \u201c\u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d36\u0d30\u0d40\u0d30\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4b \u0d17\u0d4b\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4b\u201d \u0d05\u0d02\u0d17\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d46\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d06\u0d33\u0d41\u0d15\u0d7e \u201c\u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f \u0d15\u0d23\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d02\u201d \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d05\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d25\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d2a\u0d30\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f \u0d2a\u0d31\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1e\u0d41. \u0d05\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d30\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d38\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d33\u0d46\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d3e\u0d02 \u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d46\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d15\u0d30\u0d41\u0d24\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41. \u201c\u0d05\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d30\u0d02 \u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d41\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f \u0d2a\u0d30\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d30\u0d02 \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d35\u0d3e\u0d39\u0d02 \u0d15\u0d34\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u201d \u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d02, \u0d05\u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d7e (\u0d12\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d7e \u0d05\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d46\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d30\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d2a\u0d47\u0d30\u0d41\u0d02) \u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f \u0d15\u0d23\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d46\u0d1f \r\n \u0d41\u0d02, \u201c\u0d05\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d30\u0d02 \u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d7c \u0d36\u0d48\u0d36\u0d35\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d26\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24 \u0d0e\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d3e \u0d35\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d33\u0d41\u0d02\u201d \u0d05\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d28\u0d46 \u0d06\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0d38\u0d3e\u0d27\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d23\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f 1857 \u0d32\u0d46 <em>\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d41\u0d17\u0d30\u0d23 \u0d38\u0d3f\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d48\u0d38\u0d47\u0d37\u0d7b \u0d06\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41\u0d02 1869 \u0d32\u0d46 \u0d17\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d47\u0d21\u0d7b <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/gradual-civilization-act\/\">\u0d0e\u0d7b\u0d2b\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d48<\/a><\/em> \u0d38\u0d2e\u0d46\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d \u0d06\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d1f<\/em> \u0d41\u0d02 \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28 \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d35\u0d43\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d7e \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d25\u0d2e\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f \u0d2b\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d \u0d28\u0d47\u0d37\u0d7b\u0d38\u0d4d \u0d1c\u0d28\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d2d\u0d3e\u0d17\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d0f\u0d24\u0d46\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d41\u0d02 \r\n \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d47\u0d15 \u0d35\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d24\u0d2f\u0d4b \u0d05\u0d35\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d36\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d4b \u0d28\u0d40\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d02 \u0d1a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d41\u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f \u0d05\u0d35\u0d30\u0d46 \u0d35\u0d32\u0d3f\u0d2f \u0d15\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d47\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d1c\u0d28\u0d38\u0d02\u0d16\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d47\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d35\u0d3e\u0d02\u0d36\u0d40\u0d15\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f \u0d28\u0d40\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d02\u0d1a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d15\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41. \u0d07\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d24\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d7d <em>\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d41\u0d17\u0d24\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f \u0d38\u0d3f\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d48\u0d38\u0d47\u0d37\u0d7b \u0d06\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d35\u0d2e\u0d47\u0d27\u0d2f<\/em> \u0d3e \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\/\">\u0d0e\u0d7b\u0d2b\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d48<\/a> \u0d38\u0d47\u0d37\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d42\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d38\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d37\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41 \u0d09\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d47\u0d36\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d24\u0d4d (\u0d05\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d24\u0d4d, \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d2b\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d \u0d28\u0d47\u0d37\u0d7b\u0d38\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f \u0d2d\u0d42\u0d2e\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d35\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d35\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d36\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d2a\u0d15\u0d30\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f \u0d05\u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d26\u0d35\u0d3f \u0d09\u0d2a\u0d47\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d37\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d02), \u0d2a\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d37\u0d47 \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d35\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f \u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d2e\u0d47 \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d35\u0d2e\u0d47\u0d27\u0d2f\u0d3e \u0d05\u0d27\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d2e\u0d47\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d41. \u0d24\u0d7d \r\n \u0d2b\u0d32\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f, \u0d38\u0d7c\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d7c \u0d05\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d0f\u0d15\u0d2a\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d37\u0d40\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f \u0d2b\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d \u0d28\u0d47\u0d37\u0d7b\u0d38\u0d4d \u0d1c\u0d28\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d46 \u0d2b\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d48\u0d38\u0d3f \u0d1a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d24\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d3f.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-treaties\/\"><em>\u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d7b \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d02 1876 \u0d2a\u0d3e\u0d38\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d2e\u0d41\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4d \u0d15\u0d28\u0d47\u0d21\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d7b \u0d38\u0d7c\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d41\u0d15\u0d33\u0d41\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f \u0d27\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d33\u0d02 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">\u0d24\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d47\u0d36<\/a> \u0d40\u0d2f \u0d17\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d42\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/numbered-treaties\">\u0d41\u0d15\u0d7e \u0d09\u0d1f\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d7e - \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d47\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d4d \u0d06\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d46 \u0d05\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d4d \u0d0e\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d23<\/a> \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f \u0d09\u0d1f\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d7e - \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41<\/em>.<\/a> <em>\u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d7b \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d42\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d41\u0d2a\u0d30\u0d3f, \u0d06 \u0d09\u0d1f\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d33\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d42\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d12\u0d34\u0d41\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d25\u0d2e \u0d30\u0d3e\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d1c\u0d28\u0d24\u0d2f\u0d46\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28 \u0d05\u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d2a\u0d30\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f \u0d10\u0d21\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d3f \u0d06 \u0d17\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d42\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d41\u0d15\u0d7e \u0d2a\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d17\u0d23\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d47\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d02<\/em>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d7b \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d02 \u0d05\u0d27\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41, 1876<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>1867-\u0d7d <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/constitution-act-1867\/\"><em>\u0d2d\u0d30\u0d23\u0d18\u0d1f\u0d28 \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d02 \u0d2a\u0d3e\u0d7c\u0d32\u0d2e\u0d46\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d2e<\/em><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/parliament\">\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d7c\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d23 \u0d05\u0d27\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d2a\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d27\u0d3f \u0d0f\u0d7c\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f<\/a> \u201c\u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d7c, \u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d7c\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f \r\n \u0d38\u0d02\u0d35\u0d30\u0d23\u0d02 \u0d1a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d24 \u0d2d\u0d42\u0d2e\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d7e\u201d. <em>\u0d0f\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d 10 \u0d35\u0d30\u0d4d\u0d37\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d36\u0d47\u0d37\u0d02 1876-\u0d32\u0d4d <em>\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d47\u0d21\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d38\u0d3f\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d48\u0d38\u0d47\u0d37\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d06\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d1f<\/em> \u0d41\u0d02 \u0d15\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d47\u0d21\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d28\u0d4d <em>\u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d2b\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d48\u0d38\u0d2e\u0d46\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d \u0d06\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d06\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d1f<\/em> \u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d2d\u0d3e\u0d17\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d40\u0d30\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41.<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-affairs-and-northern-development-canada\">\u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d7b \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d4d\u0d2f \u0d35\u0d15\u0d41\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d42\u0d1f\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d05\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d7b<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-agents-in-canada\">\u0d0f\u0d1c\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31<\/a> \u0d41\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d42\u0d1f\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d02, \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">\u0d25\u0d2e \u0d30\u0d3e\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d30<\/a> \u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d35\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d35\u0d02, \u0d30\u0d3e\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d40\u0d2f \u0d18\u0d1f\u0d28\u0d15\u0d7e, \u0d2d\u0d30\u0d23\u0d02, \u0d38\u0d3e\u0d02\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15 \u0d30\u0d40\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d7e, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-education\">\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d2d\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3e<\/a> \u0d38\u0d02 \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d35\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f \u0d2c\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d27\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d <em>\u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d7b \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d02<\/em> \u0d38\u0d7c\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d24\u0d42\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41\u0d35\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28 \u0d05\u0d27\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e \u0d28\u0d7d\u0d15\u0d3f. \u0d08 \u0d05\u0d27\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e \u0d24\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d47\u0d36\u0d40\u0d2f \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d35\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d46 \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d02 \u201c\u0d28\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32 \u0d27\u0d3e\u0d7c\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2e\u0d3f\u0d15 \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d35\u0d2d\u0d3e\u0d35\u0d02\u201d \u0d05\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d25\u0d3e\u0d28 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-rights\">\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f \u0d24\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d47\u0d36\u0d40\u0d2f \u0d05\u0d35\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d36<\/a> \u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d06\u0d28\u0d41\u0d15\u0d42\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d7c\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d23\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d09\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d4b\u0d17\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d25\u0d30\u0d46 \u0d05\u0d28\u0d41\u0d35\u0d26\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d1a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d36\u0d3e\u0d32\u0d35\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d35\u0d48\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d27\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d7c\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d24\u0d41\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f \u0d1c\u0d28\u0d38\u0d02\u0d16\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d2f\u0d46 \u0d38\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d35\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d05\u0d35\u0d30\u0d46 \u0d24\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d47\u0d36\u0d40\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24 \u0d38\u0d2e\u0d42\u0d39\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d47\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d35\u0d3e\u0d02\u0d36\u0d40\u0d15\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d41\u0d02 <em>\u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d7b \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d02<\/em> \u0d36\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d2e\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d41. \u0d2d\u0d30\u0d23\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d42\u0d1f\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d38\u0d02\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d42\u0d1f\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d05\u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d35\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d35\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d15\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d2b\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d \u0d28\u0d47\u0d37\u0d7b\u0d38\u0d4d \u0d1c\u0d28\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d38\u0d2e\u0d42\u0d39\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d05\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f. \u0d2d\u0d30\u0d23\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \r\n \u0d2a\u0d30\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d17\u0d24 \u0d18\u0d1f\u0d28\u0d15\u0d33\u0d46 \u0d2c\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d4d \u0d15\u0d57\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d38\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d \u0d24\u0d46\u0d30\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1e\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d3f<\/a> \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d02. \u0d2a\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/chief\">\u0d30\u0d4d\u0d2f \u0d2e\u0d47\u0d27\u0d3e\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d33\u0d4d<\/a> \u2014 \u0d24\u0d46\u0d30\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1e\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d47\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d33\u0d4d \u0d07\u0d31\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d3f\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d42\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d05\u0d27\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d02 \r\n \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d35\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28 \u0d28\u0d47\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d33\u0d4d \u2014 <em>\u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d02 \u0d05\u0d02\u0d17\u0d40\u0d15\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32<\/em>. 1951 \u0d35\u0d30\u0d46 \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d40\u0d15\u0d33\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d2c\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d21\u0d4d \u0d15\u0d57\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d38\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d \u0d30\u0d3e\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d40\u0d2f\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d12\u0d34\u0d3f\u0d35\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/women-and-the-indian-act\">\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d40 <em>\u0d15\u0d33\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d7b \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d35\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d23<\/em> \u0d41\u0d15<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0d2b\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d \u0d28\u0d47\u0d37\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d38\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d40\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d38\u0d4d <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/religion-of-aboriginal-people\">\u0d2e\u0d24<\/a> \u0d2a\u0d30\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f \u0d1a\u0d1f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d41\u0d15\u0d33\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d27 \u0d38\u0d3e\u0d02\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15 \u0d38\u0d26\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d38\u0d41\u0d15\u0d33\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d05\u0d28\u0d41\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d20\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d41\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d27\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f. 1884-\u0d7d \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/potlatch\/\">\u0d32\u0d3e\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d4d<\/a> \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d4b\u0d27\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d41, 1895 \u0d7d \u0d2a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/powwows-editorial\">\u0d35\u0d4d\u0d35\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d33\u0d41\u0d02 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sun-dance\">\u0d38\u0d42\u0d30\u0d4d\u0d2f<\/a> \u0d28\u0d43\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d35\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d09\u0d7e\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28 \u201c\u0d0f\u0d24\u0d46\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d41\u0d02 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-term\">\u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d7b<\/a> \u0d09\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d38\u0d35\u0d02, \u0d28\u0d43\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d02 \u0d05\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d46\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d2e\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d \u0d1a\u0d1f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d41\u0d15\u0d7e<\/a>\u201d \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d35\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d4b\u0d27\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d41. 1914 \u0d32\u0d46 \u0d2e\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4a\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d2d\u0d47\u0d26\u0d17\u0d24\u0d3f \u0d28\u0d43\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d02 \u0d13\u0d2b\u0d4d- <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d38\u0d7c\u0d35\u0d4d \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d4b\u0d27\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d41<\/a>, 1925 \r\n \u0d7d \u0d28\u0d43\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d02 \u0d2a\u0d42\u0d7c\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d23\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d4b\u0d27\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>1927 \u0d7d, \u0d2b\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d \u0d28\u0d47\u0d37\u0d7b\u0d38\u0d4d \u0d1c\u0d28\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d15\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d42\u0d23\u0d3f\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d7e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d02 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/land-claims\/\">\u0d2d\u0d42\u0d2e\u0d3f \u0d05\u0d35\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d36<\/a> \u0d35\u0d3e\u0d26\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f \u0d2b\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d06\u0d35\u0d36\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d02 \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d41\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d27\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f. \u0d24\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d7c\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33 \u0d2d\u0d47\u0d26\u0d17\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d7e \u0d2b\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d \u0d28\u0d47\u0d37\u0d7b\u0d38\u0d4d \u0d15\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f \r\n \u0d3f\u0d15\u0d7e \u0d35\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d35\u0d38\u0d3e\u0d2f \u0d05\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d46\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d31 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/residential-schools\/\">\u0d38\u0d3f\u0d21\u0d7b\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d7d \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d42\u0d33<\/a> \u0d41\u0d15\u0d33\u0d3f\u0d7d (1894, 1920) \u0d2a\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d06\u0d35\u0d36\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f. \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d21\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d46 \u0d31\u0d46\u0d38\u0d3f\u0d21\u0d7b\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d7d \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d42\u0d33\u0d41\u0d15\u0d33\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d07\u0d30\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f \u0d2a\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d30\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d02 \u0d30\u0d3e\u0d1c\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d28\u0d40\u0d33\u0d2e\u0d41\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33 \u0d24\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d47\u0d36\u0d40\u0d2f \u0d38\u0d2e\u0d42\u0d39\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d46 \u0d24\u0d32\u0d2e\u0d41\u0d31\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d41\u0d02 \r\n \u0d2c\u0d3e\u0d27\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d. \r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0d07\u0d30\u0d41\u0d2a\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d02 \u0d28\u0d42\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d24\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d7d, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/pass-system-in-canada\">\u0d2a\u0d3e\u0d38\u0d4d \u0d38\u0d2e\u0d4d<\/a> \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d26\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d02 (\u0d2b\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d \u0d28\u0d47\u0d37\u0d7b\u0d38\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d40\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d7e\u0d38\u0d4d \u0d13\u0d2b\u0d4d \u0d31\u0d3f\u0d38\u0d7c\u0d35\u0d4d\u0d38\u0d4d \u0d28\u0d40\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d46 \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d41) \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d2a\u0d30\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f \u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d4a\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d05\u0d02\u0d17\u0d40\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d35\u0d41\u0d2e\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d46 \u0d0f\u0d7c\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41. \u0d1a\u0d32\u0d28\u0d3e \r\n \u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2e\u0d15\u0d24\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33 \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d23\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e \u0d24\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d47\u0d36\u0d40\u0d2f \u0d38\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d35\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d35\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d25\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d38\u0d02\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d38\u0d2e\u0d42\u0d39\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d28\u0d3e\u0d36\u0d2e\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d7d \u0d08 \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d24 \u0d28\u0d2f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e \u0d24\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d47\u0d36\u0d40\u0d2f\u0d30\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d24\u0d32\u0d2e\u0d41\u0d31\u0d15\u0d33\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d36\u0d3e\u0d36\u0d4d\u0d35\u0d24\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d18\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e \u0d1a\u0d46\u0d32\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d02 \u0d06\u0d30\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d \u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f<\/em> \u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f \u0d15\u0d23\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d24\u0d46\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d30\u0d4d\u0d37\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41. \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d7b \u201c\u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d47\u0d15 \u0d2c\u0d3e\u0d7b\u0d21\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d09\u0d7e\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d36\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d2f \u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d7b \u0d30\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d46 \u0d0f\u0d24\u0d46\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d2a\u0d41\u0d30\u0d41\u0d37 \u0d35\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d46\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d\u201d \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3e <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d41<\/a>. \r\n\u201c\u0d05\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d30\u0d2e\u0d4a\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d35\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d0f\u0d24\u0d4a\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d15\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d02\u201d, \u201c\u0d05\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d30\u0d2e\u0d4a\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d35\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d46 \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d2a\u0d30\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d35\u0d3e\u0d39\u0d02 \u0d1a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d24\u0d4b \u0d06\u0d2f \u0d0f\u0d24\u0d4a\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d40\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d02\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">\u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d7b \u0d2a\u0d26\u0d35\u0d3f<\/a> \u0d2c\u0d3e\u0d27\u0d15\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41. \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7c \u0d2f\u0d42\u0d23\u0d3f\u0d35\u0d47\u0d34\u0d4d\u0d38\u0d3f\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d3f \u0d2c\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d41\u0d26\u0d02 \u0d28\u0d47\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d32\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d2a\u0d26\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24 \u0d35\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d46 \r\n \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d35\u0d3e\u0d39\u0d02 \u0d15\u0d34\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15\u0d2f\u0d4b (\u0d05\u0d35\u0d7c \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d40\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d46\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d7d) \u0d05\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d46\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d7d 1876 \u0d2e\u0d41\u0d24\u0d7d 1880 \u0d35\u0d30\u0d46 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/christianity\">\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f<\/a> \u0d7b \u0d2e\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d7c, \u0d21\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d7c \u0d05\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d46\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d05\u0d2d\u0d3f\u0d2d\u0d3e\u0d37\u0d15\u0d7b \u0d06\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d40\u0d7c\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d7d \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d35\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d26\u0d35\u0d3f \u0d28\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41. \u0d07\u0d24\u0d4d <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\">\u0d2b\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d48\u0d38\u0d2e\u0d46\u0d7b\u0d31\u0d4d \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41<\/a>. \r\n<em>\u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d7b \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d46 112-\u0d3e\u0d02 \u0d35\u0d15\u0d41\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4d<\/em> - \u201c\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d7c\u0d2c\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d27\u0d3f\u0d24 \u0d2b\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d48\u0d38\u0d2e\u0d46\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d\u201d \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d2d\u0d3e\u0d17\u0d02 \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28 - 1961 \u0d35\u0d30\u0d46 \u0d28\u0d40\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d02\u0d1a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32. \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d35\u0d3e\u0d02\u0d36\u0d40\u0d15\u0d30\u0d23\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d38\u0d3e\u0d02\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15 \u0d28\u0d3e\u0d36\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d09\u0d2a\u0d15\u0d30\u0d23\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41 \u0d2a\u0d26\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d2d\u0d30\u0d23\u0d02.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>1951-\u0d7d \u0d2a\u0d41\u0d24\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d2f \u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d7b \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d02<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/second-world-war-wwii\/\">\u0d30\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3e\u0d02 \u0d32\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d2e\u0d39\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d27<\/a> <em>\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d46 \u0d09\u0d1f\u0d7b \u0d24\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d46 \u0d24\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d7c\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33 \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d32\u0d18\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d02 \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d21\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d35\u0d33\u0d30\u0d46 \u0d38\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d42\u0d39\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f \u0d06\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2e\u0d2a\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d36\u0d4b\u0d27\u0d28 \u0d09\u0d7e\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f, \u0d15\u0d42\u0d1f\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d46 \u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d7b \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d02 \u0d1a\u0d41\u0d2e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d2f \u0d15\u0d42\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d24\u0d7d \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d24\u0d35\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d05\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d2e\u0d7c\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d24\u0d41\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f \u0d1a\u0d3f\u0d32 \u0d28\u0d1f\u0d2a\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d7e \u0d2a\u0d41\u0d28\u0d03 \r\n \u0d2a\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d36\u0d4b\u0d27\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d07\u0d1f\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f.<\/em> \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d09\u0d7e\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d7d \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d7c\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d3f\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d1f \u0d2a\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d2a\u0d30\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">\u0d30<\/a> \u0d2b\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d \u0d28\u0d47\u0d37\u0d7b\u0d38\u0d4d \u0d1c\u0d28\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e \u0d24\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d33\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d15\u0d2f\u0d4b \u0d0e\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d7c\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15 \r\n \u0d41\u0d15\u0d2f\u0d4b \u0d1a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41. \u0d24\u0d7d\u0d2b\u0d32\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f, \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d21 \u0d38\u0d7c\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d7c \u0d2a\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d30\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d02 \u0d32\u0d02\u0d18\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d1c\u0d4b\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d \u0d15\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2e\u0d3f\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d3f \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d42\u0d1f\u0d46 <em>\u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d7b \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d2e<\/em> \u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d46 \u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d46\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d4d \u0d06\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d \u0d2b\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d \u0d28\u0d47\u0d37\u0d7b\u0d38\u0d4d \u0d15\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d42\u0d23\u0d3f\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d33\u0d41\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f \u0d06\u0d32\u0d4b\u0d1a\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d24\u0d4d.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0d2a\u0d41\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d24\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d2a\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15 <em>\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d24\u0d41\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f \u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d7b \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d2e<\/em> \u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d 1951 \u0d1c\u0d42\u0d7a 20 \u0d28\u0d4d \u0d30\u0d3e\u0d1c\u0d15\u0d40\u0d2f \u0d05\u0d28\u0d41\u0d2e\u0d24\u0d3f \u0d28\u0d7d\u0d15\u0d3f. \u0d24\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2b\u0d32\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3e\u0d2f \u0d2e\u0d47\u0d7d\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4b\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2e \u0d0f\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d35\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f \u0d1a\u0d3f\u0d32 \u0d30\u0d3e\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d40\u0d2f, \u0d38\u0d3e\u0d02\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15, \u0d2e\u0d24\u0d2a\u0d30\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d23\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e \u0d28\u0d40\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d02 \u0d1a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41. \u0d09\u0d26\u0d3e\u0d39\u0d30\u0d23\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d, \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/potlatch\">\u0d32\u0d3e\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d4d, \u0d38\u0d42 \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sun-dance\">\u0d30\u0d4d\u0d2f \u0d28\u0d43<\/a> \u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d02 \u0d24\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d3f\u0d2f<\/a> \u0d1a\u0d1f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d41\u0d15\u0d7e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33 \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15\u0d7e \u0d28\u0d40\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d02 \u0d1a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41. \u0d38\u0d30\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d46\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d46 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/land-claims\/\">\u0d2d\u0d42\u0d2e\u0d3f \u0d05\u0d35\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d36\u0d35\u0d3e\u0d26\u0d02 \u0d09\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d15\u0d42\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2e\u0d15<\/a> \u0d33\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d38\u0d3e\u0d27\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d41. \r\n\u0d2b\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d \u0d28\u0d47\u0d37\u0d7b\u0d38\u0d4d \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d40\u0d15\u0d33\u0d46 \u0d38\u0d02\u0d2c\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d27\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4b\u0d33\u0d02, 1951 \u0d06\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d \u0d05\u0d7c\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d25\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7c\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d07\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d7e <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\u0d2c\u0d3e\u0d7b\u0d21\u0d4d<\/a> \u0d15\u0d57\u0d7a\u0d38\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d24\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1e\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d35\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d1a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d15\u0d34\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/elsie-knott\">\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d21\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d \u0d06\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f \u0d24\u0d46\u0d30\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1e\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f \u0d35\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d24\u0d3e \u0d2b\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d \u0d28\u0d47\u0d37\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d38\u0d4d <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/chief\">\u0d2e\u0d47\u0d27\u0d3e\u0d35<\/a> \u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41 \u0d0e\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d38\u0d3f \u0d2e\u0d47\u0d30\u0d3f<\/a> \u0d28\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-women-and-the-franchise\">\u0d24\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d47\u0d36\u0d40\u0d2f \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d40\u0d15\u0d33\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d2b\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d48\u0d38\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d02<\/a> <em>\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d23<\/em> \u0d41\u0d15.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d32\u0d41\u0d02, \u0d2a\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d30\u0d23\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d46 \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d35\u0d47\u0d1a\u0d28\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d24\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d41\u0d28\u0d40\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32. \u0d09\u0d26\u0d3e\u0d39\u0d30\u0d23\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">\u0d2a\u0d26\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33\u0d35\u0d30\u0d46 \u0d32\u0d39\u0d30\u0d3f \u0d15\u0d48\u0d35\u0d36\u0d02 \u0d35\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d24<\/a> <em>\u0d4b \u0d32\u0d39\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d24\u0d4b \u0d06\u0d2f \u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d02<\/em> \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41. \r\n1951 \u0d32\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d30\u0d23\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e \u0d2b\u0d46\u0d21\u0d31\u0d32\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f \u0d12\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24 \u0d24\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d47\u0d36\u0d40\u0d2f \u0d36\u0d3f\u0d36\u0d41 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/child-welfare\">\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d37\u0d47\u0d2e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d2e\u0d47\u0d7d<\/a> (\u0d35\u0d15\u0d41\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4d 88) \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d36\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d15\u0d7e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d05\u0d27\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d2a\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d27\u0d3f \u0d28\u0d7d\u0d15\u0d3f. \u0d07\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d12\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d7d \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sixties-scoop\">\u0d05\u0d31\u0d41\u0d2a\u0d24\u0d41\u0d15\u0d33\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d42<\/a> \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4d\u201d \u0d38\u0d02\u0d2d\u0d35 \r\n \u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d05\u0d28\u0d41\u0d35\u0d26\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d41, \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d36\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3e \u0d36\u0d3f\u0d36\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d37\u0d47\u0d2e \u0d0f\u0d1c\u0d7b\u0d38\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d7e \u0d15\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d42\u0d23\u0d3f\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d3f \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d2d\u0d35\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41\u0d23\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d28\u0d7d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d47\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d7e \u0d15\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d33\u0d46 \u0d05\u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d35\u0d40\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d15\u0d33\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d28\u0d40\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d02\u0d1a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d24\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1e\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24 \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d2f. \u0d05\u0d31\u0d41\u0d2a\u0d24\u0d41\u0d15\u0d33\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d42\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4d \u0d24\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d47\u0d36\u0d40\u0d2f \u0d38\u0d2e\u0d42\u0d39\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d17\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d24\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d26\u0d40\u0d7c\u0d18\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d32\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d47\u0d24\u0d41\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d18\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e \u0d1a\u0d46\u0d32\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d2e\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian\">\u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d26\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d35\u0d47\u0d1a\u0d28\u0d2a\u0d30\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d35\u0d2d\u0d3e\u0d35\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d41\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d2f \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d02 \u0d05\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d2e\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a<\/a> \u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32. \u0d30\u0d1c\u0d3f\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d47\u0d37\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d42\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d3e\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d38\u0d4d \u0d12\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41 \u0d15\u0d4a\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d \u201c\u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d7b \u0d30\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d02\u201d \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28 \u0d06\u0d36\u0d2f\u0d02 \u0d08 \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d02 \u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d3f. \u0d2e\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4a\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d27\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d2a\u0d31\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d7d, \r\n \u0d15\u0d47\u0d35\u0d32\u0d02 \u0d2b\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d \u0d28\u0d47\u0d37\u0d7b\u0d38\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d48\u0d24\u0d43\u0d15\u0d02 \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15 \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d26\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d2f\u0d4b\u0d17\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d24 \u0d28\u0d47\u0d1f\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d2a\u0d30\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32. \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d02, \u0d35\u0d02\u0d36\u0d1c\u0d30\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d41\u0d30\u0d41\u0d37 \u0d35\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d7e \u0d07\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d34\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d2a\u0d26\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41; \u0d2a\u0d26\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24 \u0d35\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d46 \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d35\u0d3e\u0d39\u0d02 \u0d15\u0d34\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d3e\u0d7d \u0d2a\u0d26\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33 \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d40\u0d15\u0d7e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d05\u0d35\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d36\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e \u0d28\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/women-and-the-indian-act\">\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d40 <em>\u0d15\u0d33\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d7b \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d35\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d23<\/em> \u0d41\u0d15<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d40\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d26\u0d35\u0d3f \u0d38\u0d02\u0d2c\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d27\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a \u0d35\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d35\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d25\u0d15\u0d33\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d47\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d05\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d47\u0d2f\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41. \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d40\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d26\u0d35\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d36\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d42\u0d30\u0d4d\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d23\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d2d\u0d30\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d42\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d12\u0d34\u0d41\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d2f\u0d3f. \u0d2a\u0d26\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33 \u0d2a\u0d41\u0d30\u0d41\u0d37\u0d28\u0d46 \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d35\u0d3e\u0d39\u0d02 \u0d15\u0d34\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a \u0d2a\u0d26\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24 \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d40 \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d35\u0d2f\u0d02 \u0d2a\u0d26\u0d35\u0d3f \u0d28\u0d47\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41. \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d3e\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d38\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d41\u0d30\u0d41\u0d37\u0d7b \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d35\u0d3e\u0d39\u0d02 \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d32 \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d40 \u0d05\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d28\u0d46 \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7e \u0d07\u0d28\u0d3f \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d35\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d02 \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\u0d2c\u0d3e\u0d7b\u0d21\u0d4d<\/a> \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d05\u0d02\u0d17\u0d02 \u0d06\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41 \u0d24\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d2c\u0d3e\u0d7b\u0d21\u0d4d \u0d15\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f \u0d05\u0d35\u0d33\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d2c\u0d3e\u0d7b\u0d21\u0d4d \u0d05\u0d02\u0d17\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d35\u0d02 \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41, \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7e \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d27\u0d35\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d2f \u0d05\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d46\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d2d\u0d7c\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d35\u0d4d \u0d09\u0d2a\u0d47\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d37\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d41 \u0d0e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d05\u0d35\u0d33\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d32 \u0d2a\u0d42\u0d7c\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d23\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d28\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0d05\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2e\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d2e\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d36\u0d4d\u0d36\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d30\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d2a\u0d47\u0d30\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d2a\u0d26\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d2f\u0d4b\u0d17\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d24 \u0d28\u0d47\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d46\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d \u0d05\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 21-\u0d3e\u0d02 \u0d1c\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d2e\u0d26\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d15\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d26\u0d35\u0d3f \u0d31\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28 &#39;\u0d07\u0d30\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f \u0d05\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2e&#39; <em>\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d35\u0d41\u0d02 1951\u0d32\u0d46 \u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d2e<\/em> \u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d \u0d05\u0d35\u0d24\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d41. 1996 \u0d32\u0d46 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/royal-commission-on-aboriginal-peoples\">\u0d31\u0d4b\u0d2f\u0d7d \u0d15\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2e\u0d40\u0d37\u0d7b \u0d13\u0d7a \u0d05\u0d2c\u0d4d\u0d12\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d1c\u0d3f\u0d28<\/a> \u0d7d \u0d2a\u0d40\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d7e\u0d38\u0d4d \u0d05\u0d2d\u0d3f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41, 1951 \u0d32\u0d46 \u0d2e\u0d47\u0d7d\u0d28\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d05\u0d1f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28 \u0d2a\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d30\u0d23\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e \u0d15\u0d41\u0d31\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d4d \u0d1a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d46\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d41\u0d02 <em>\u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d7b \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d2e<\/em> \u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d46 \u0d05\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 1876 \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d47\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d24\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d46 \u0d15\u0d4a\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41, \u0d05\u0d24\u0d47\u0d38\u0d2e\u0d2f\u0d02 \u0d2a\u0d26\u0d35\u0d3f \u0d15\u0d48\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d31\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d41\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33 \u0d05\u0d27\u0d3f\u0d15 \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d23\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e \u0d2b\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d \u0d28\u0d47\u0d37\u0d7b\u0d38\u0d4d \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d40\u0d15\u0d7e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d05\u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d15\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d7e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d26\u0d4b\u0d37\u0d02 \u0d1a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d \u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d02 \u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d23\u0d2e\u0d46\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d06\u0d35\u0d36\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d 1960\u0d15\u0d33\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d02 1970-\u0d15\u0d33\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d02<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>1951 \u0d32\u0d46 <em>\u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d7b \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d02<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">\u0d24\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d47\u0d36\u0d40\u0d2f<\/a> \u0d7c\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d05\u0d27\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d2e\u0d47\u0d7d\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\">\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d02<\/a> \u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24 \r\n \u0d41\u0d15\u0d2f\u0d4b \u0d35\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d35 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/franchise\">\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d36<\/a> \u0d02 \u0d05\u0d28\u0d41\u0d35\u0d26\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15\u0d2f\u0d4b \u0d1a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32. \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d32\u0d41\u0d02, 1958 \u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d24\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d27\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d2e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d3f <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/john-diefenbaker\">\u0d1c\u0d4b\u0d7a \u0d21\u0d40\u0d2b\u0d46\u0d7b\u0d2c\u0d47\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d31\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46<\/a> \r\n \u0d38\u0d7c\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d7c <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/canadian-bill-of-rights\/\">\u0d15\u0d28\u0d47\u0d21\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d7b \u0d2c\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d13\u0d2b\u0d4d \u0d31\u0d48\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d38\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d15\u0d30\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d24\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d31\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d3f<\/a>. \u0d0e\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d3e \u0d15\u0d28\u0d47\u0d21\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d7c\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d24\u0d41\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d2f \u0d05\u0d35\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d36\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d2c\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d13\u0d2b\u0d4d \u0d31\u0d48\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d38\u0d4d \u0d0a\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d7d \u0d28\u0d7d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d24\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d24\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d47\u0d36\u0d40\u0d2f\u0d7c\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d35\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d36\u0d02 \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d37\u0d47\u0d27\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d7b \r\n \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d38\u0d02 \u0d15\u0d34\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d02. 1960 \u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d7c\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d4d 31 \u0d28\u0d4d \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d3e\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d38\u0d4d <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">\u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d7c\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d2b\u0d46\u0d21\u0d31\u0d7d \u0d35\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d05\u0d28\u0d41\u0d35\u0d26\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f <em>\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d21 \u0d24\u0d46\u0d30\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1e\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4d \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d2e<\/em> \u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d46 14 (2) \u0d35\u0d15\u0d41\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4d \u0d2d\u0d3e\u0d17\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e \u0d31\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f<\/a>. \r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">\u0d2b\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d \u0d28\u0d47\u0d37<\/a> \u0d28\u0d4d\u0d38\u0d4d \u0d06\u0d33\u0d41\u0d15\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d07\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d33\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d26\u0d35\u0d3f \u0d28\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d46 \u0d35\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d1a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d38\u0d3e\u0d27\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d41. \u0d24\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d30\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33 \u0d35\u0d30\u0d4d\u0d37\u0d02 <em>\u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d46 \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d4d\u0d2c\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d27\u0d3f\u0d24 \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d2b\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d48\u0d38\u0d2e\u0d46\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d \u0d15\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d4b\u0d38\u0d4d \u0d28\u0d40\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d02 \u0d1a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41<\/em>. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-suffrage\">\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d21 <em>\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d46 \u0d24\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d47\u0d36\u0d40\u0d2f \u0d35\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d23<\/em> \u0d41\u0d15<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>1969-\u0d32\u0d4d \u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d26\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d4d\u0d2f <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-affairs-and-northern-development-canada\">\u0d35\u0d15\u0d41\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a<\/a> \u0d3f\u0d28 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/pierre-elliott-trudeau\/\">\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d2a\u0d42\u0d30\u0d4d\u0d23\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d07\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d41\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33 \u0d09\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d47\u0d36\u0d02 \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d16\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3e \r\n \u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d27\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d2e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d3f \u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d31\u0d3f \u0d0e\u0d32\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d30<\/a> \u0d42\u0d21\u0d4b\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d38\u0d30\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d4d \u0d05\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/the-white-paper-1969\/\">\u0d35\u0d48\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d47\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a<\/a> \u0d30\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d41\u0d31\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d31\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f. \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d25\u0d2e \u0d30\u0d3e\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d46 \u0d1c\u0d28\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d3f\u0d7d \r\n \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d15\u0d4b\u0d2a\u0d28\u0d02 \u0d28\u0d47\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d15\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d02, \u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d7b \u0d05\u0d38\u0d4b\u0d38\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d47\u0d37\u0d7b \u0d13\u0d2b\u0d4d \u0d06\u0d7d\u0d2c\u0d46\u0d7c\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d05\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d38\u0d3f\u0d21\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/harold-cardinal\/\">\u0d39\u0d30\u0d4b\u0d7e\u0d21\u0d4d \u0d15\u0d7c\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d7e<\/a> \u0d38\u0d43\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d05\u0d35\u0d24\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d1a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d24 \u201c\u0d1a\u0d41\u0d35\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28 \u0d2a\u0d47\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d7c\u201d \u0d09\u0d2a\u0d2f\u0d4b\u0d17\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d48\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d47\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d7c \u0d09\u0d1f\u0d7b \u0d0e\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d7c\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41. \r\n\u0d24\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d47\u0d36\u0d40\u0d2f \u0d17\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d42\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d41\u0d15\u0d33\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d05\u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d05\u0d28\u0d41\u0d2d\u0d3e\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d33\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d30\u0d42\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d37\u0d35\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d24\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d30\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f \u0d0e\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4d \u0d2e\u0d42\u0d32\u0d02 \u0d15\u0d28\u0d47\u0d21\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d38\u0d30\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d48\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d47\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d30\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d46\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d35\u0d32\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d41.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0d07\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d32\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d32 \u0d24\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d47\u0d36\u0d40\u0d2f \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d40\u0d15\u0d33\u0d41\u0d02 <em>\u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d46 \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d35\u0d47\u0d1a\u0d28\u0d2a\u0d30\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d2d\u0d3e\u0d17\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d4d \u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d15\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mary-two-axe-earley\">\u0d06\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d32 \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d35\u0d30\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d15\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d \u0d12\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d33\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41 \u0d2e\u0d47\u0d30\u0d3f \u0d1f\u0d41-\u0d06\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d38\u0d3f \u0d0f\u0d30\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d3f<\/a>. \r\n\u0d2e\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d \u0d1c\u0d4b\u0d32\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d7e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41 \u0d2a\u0d41\u0d31\u0d2e\u0d47, \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d02 \u0d2a\u0d26\u0d35\u0d3f, \u0d09\u0d1f\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d1f\u0d3f, \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d35\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d35\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d36\u0d02 \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d35 \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d37\u0d47\u0d27\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d40\u0d15\u0d7e \u0d28\u0d1f\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28 \u0d05\u0d27\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d37\u0d47\u0d2a\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d4a\u0d2b\u0d48\u0d7d \u0d09\u0d2f\u0d7c\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d38\u0d02\u0d38\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d24\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d0e\u0d34\u0d41\u0d24\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d24\u0d41\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d1a\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d23\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d30\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d30 \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7e \u0d05\u0d23\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f. \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d35\u0d3e\u0d39\u0d02 \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d23\u0d02 \u0d07\u0d30 <a name=\"_Hlk39573469\">\u0d41\u0d35\u0d7c\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d2a\u0d26\u0d35\u0d3f \u0d28\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f \u0d2f\u0d4b\u0d35 \r\n \u0d7a \u0d2c\u0d46\u0d21\u0d3e\u0d7c\u0d21\u0d4d<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/jeannette-vivian-lavell\">, \u0d1c\u0d40\u0d28\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d \u0d15\u0d4b\u0d7c\u0d2c\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d7c \u0d32\u0d3e<\/a> \u0d35\u0d7d \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d35\u0d7c \u0d15\u0d28\u0d47\u0d21\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d7b \u0d38\u0d7c\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d46\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d46 \u0d15\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d15\u0d47\u0d38\u0d41\u0d15\u0d7e \u0d15\u0d4a\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d35\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41. 1973-\u0d32\u0d4d \u0d07\u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d15\u0d47\u0d38\u0d41\u0d15\u0d33\u0d4d <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/supreme-court-of-canada\/\">\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d28 \r\n \u0d21\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d46 \u0d38\u0d41\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d40\u0d02 \u0d15\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d \u0d32\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d41<\/a>. \u0d06 \u0d35\u0d7c\u0d37\u0d02, \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d40\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d26\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d46 \u0d2d\u0d7c\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d26\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f \u0d2c\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d27\u0d3f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28 \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d2d\u0d3e\u0d17\u0d02 \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d40\u0d15\u0d7e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d46\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d46 \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d35\u0d47\u0d1a\u0d28\u0d02 \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28 \r\n \u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d46\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d27\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d15\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d24\u0d3f \u0d35\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d2a\u0d15\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d2e\u0d7c\u0d36\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41, \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d3e\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d38\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d41\u0d30\u0d41\u0d37\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d7c \u0d05\u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d26\u0d35\u0d3f \u201c\u0d2a\u0d41\u0d31\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41 \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d35\u0d3e\u0d39\u0d02 \u0d15\u0d34\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d46\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d7d.\u201d (\u0d2c\u0d47 <em>\u0d21\u0d3e\u0d7c\u0d21\u0d4d \u0d15\u0d47\u0d38\u0d4d \r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/bedard-case\">, \u0d32\u0d3e\u0d35\u0d46\u0d7d \u0d15\u0d47\u0d38\u0d4d \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d35<\/a> \u0d2f\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d23<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/lavell-case\">\u0d41\u0d15.)<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d35\u0d3e\u0d39\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d42\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d26\u0d35\u0d3f \u0d28\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/maliseet\">\u0d35\u0d4b\u0d33\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4b\u0d16\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d40 \u2014 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sandra-lovelace-nicholas\">\r\n\u0d38\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d30 \u0d32\u0d35\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d47\u0d38\u0d4d \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4b\u0d33\u0d3e<\/a> \u0d38\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d \u0d38\u0d3f\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d \u0d06\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d4a\u0d33\u0d3f\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d32\u0d4d \u0d31\u0d48\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d38\u0d4d \u0d38\u0d02\u0d2c\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d27\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a \u0d05\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d30 \u0d09\u0d1f\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d46 \u0d06\u0d30\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d33\u0d4d 27 \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d21 \u0d32\u0d02\u0d18\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f 1981-\u0d32\u0d4d \u0d10\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d30 \u0d38\u0d2d\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d2e\u0d28\u0d41\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d35<\/a> <em>\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d36<\/em> \u0d15\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2e\u0d40\u0d37\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d27\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d41. <em>\u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d06\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d<\/em> \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d02 \r\n \u0d05\u0d35\u0d33\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d41\u0d31\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41 \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d35\u0d3e\u0d39\u0d02 \u0d15\u0d34\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d07\u0d28\u0d3f <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\u0d2c\u0d3e<\/a> \u0d28\u0d4d\u0d21\u0d4d \u0d2e\u0d46\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d31\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f \u0d2a\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d17\u0d23\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d32\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d38\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d2f\u0d46 \u0d35\u0d40\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d46 \u0d38\u0d2e\u0d41\u0d26\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d47\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d2e\u0d1f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d38\u0d30\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d4d \u0d24\u0d1f\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1e\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u0d2c\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d38\u0d3f -31:1985 \u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d7b \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d2d\u0d47\u0d26\u0d17\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d7e<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>1985-\u0d7d <em>\u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d7b \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d2e<\/em> \u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d46 \u0d38\u0d2e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d35\u0d2e\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2e\u0d2f\u0d46\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d33\u0d7c\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41\u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28 \u0d26\u0d47\u0d36\u0d40\u0d2f\u0d35\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d05\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d7c\u0d26\u0d47\u0d36\u0d40\u0d2f\u0d35\u0d41\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f \u0d06\u0d36\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d2f\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d35\u0d46 \u0d38\u0d7c\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d7c <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/bill-c-31\">\u0d2c\u0d3f\u0d7d C-31<\/a> \u0d2a\u0d3e\u0d38\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f. \u0d2c\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33 \u0d0e\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d3e <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\">\u0d2b\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d48\u0d38\u0d2e\u0d46\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d \u0d15\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d4b\u0d38\u0d41\u0d15\u0d33\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d2c \r\n \u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d2a\u0d42\u0d7c\u0d23\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f \u0d28\u0d40\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d02\u0d1a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41.<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\u0d15\u0d42\u0d1f\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d46 \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d35\u0d3e\u0d39\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d42\u0d1f\u0d46 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">\u0d2a\u0d26\u0d35\u0d3f \u0d28\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d35\u0d30\u0d46 \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d3e<\/a> \u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d38\u0d4d \r\n \u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d2c\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d21\u0d4d \u0d05\u0d02\u0d17\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d2a\u0d41\u0d28\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d25\u0d3e\u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d41.<\/a> \u0d07\u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d2e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d33\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d26\u0d35\u0d3f \u0d28\u0d47\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d46\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d30\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d35\u0d30\u0d4d\u0d37\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d47\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d2c\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d21\u0d4d \u0d05\u0d02\u0d17\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d35\u0d02 \u0d28\u0d47\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d15\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41. \u0d08 \u0d07\u0d1f\u0d35\u0d47\u0d33 \u0d2c\u0d3e\u0d7b\u0d21\u0d41\u0d15\u0d7e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d05\u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d47\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d2f \u0d05\u0d02\u0d17\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d35 \u0d15\u0d4b\u0d21\u0d41\u0d15\u0d7e \r\n \u0d38\u0d43\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d38\u0d2e\u0d2f\u0d02 \u0d28\u0d7d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15 \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41, \u0d05\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d15\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d33\u0d46 \u0d12\u0d34\u0d3f\u0d35\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d15\u0d34\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d02, \u0d2a\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d37\u0d47 \u0d05\u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d05\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2e\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32. 1987 \u0d1c\u0d42\u0d23\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d2e\u0d41\u0d7b\u0d2a\u0d4d \u0d07\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d30\u0d2e\u0d4a\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d15\u0d4b\u0d21\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d3e\u0d38\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d46\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d15\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d7e \u0d2c\u0d3e\u0d7b\u0d21\u0d4d \u0d05\u0d02\u0d17\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d35\u0d35\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d28\u0d47\u0d1f\u0d3f. \u0d05\u0d02\u0d17\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d35 \u0d32\u0d3f\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d41\u0d15\u0d33\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d15\u0d42\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d24\u0d7d \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d23\u0d02 \u0d09\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d7d, \u0d2c\u0d3e\u0d7b\u0d21\u0d41\u0d15\u0d7e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d3e\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d38\u0d4d \u0d05\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24 \r\n \u0d05\u0d02\u0d17\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d02. \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d32\u0d41\u0d02, \u0d2b\u0d46\u0d21\u0d31\u0d7d \u0d17\u0d35\u0d7a\u0d2e\u0d46\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d34\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33 \u0d27\u0d28\u0d38\u0d39\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d02 \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d3e\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d38\u0d4d \u0d05\u0d02\u0d17\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d46 \u0d05\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d25\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d7d, \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d3e\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d38\u0d4d \u0d07\u0d24\u0d30 \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d35\u0d27\u0d3f \u0d05\u0d02\u0d17\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d2c\u0d3e\u0d7b\u0d21\u0d41\u0d15\u0d7e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d4b\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d38\u0d3e\u0d39\u0d28\u0d02 \u0d15\u0d41\u0d31\u0d35\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>1985-\u0d32\u0d46 <em>\u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d7b \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d2d\u0d47\u0d26<\/em> \u0d17\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d7e \u0d28\u0d1f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d41\u0d36\u0d47\u0d37\u0d02, \u0d30\u0d1c\u0d3f\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d7c \u0d1a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d24 \u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d0e\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d23\u0d02 \u0d07\u0d30\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d47\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d35\u0d7c\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d27\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d41, 1985-\u0d32\u0d46 \u0d0f\u0d15\u0d26\u0d47\u0d36\u0d02 360,000 \u0d7d \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d 2007 \u0d7d 778,000 \u0d32\u0d27\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d02 \u0d06\u0d2f\u0d3f. \u0d2e\u0d30\u0d23\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d47\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d7e \u0d15\u0d42\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d24\u0d7d \u0d1c\u0d28\u0d28\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d41\u0d02 \u201c\u0d2a\u0d41\u0d28\u0d03\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d25\u0d3e\u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u201d \u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d7b \r\n \u0d2a\u0d26\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d42\u0d1f\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d2b\u0d32\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d7c\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d27\u0d28\u0d35\u0d4d.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d32\u0d4d \u0d2d\u0d47\u0d26\u0d17\u0d24\u0d3f \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d40\u0d15\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d46\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2f <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/prejudice-and-discrimination\">\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d35\u0d47\u0d1a\u0d28\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d46<\/a> \u0d05\u0d2d\u0d3f\u0d38\u0d02\u0d2c\u0d4b\u0d27\u0d28 \u0d1a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d46\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d05\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d1a\u0d3f\u0d32 \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d36\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d38\u0d43\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d41. \u0d2c\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d \u0d38\u0d3f-31 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian\">\u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d28\u0d4d<\/a> \u0d30\u0d1c\u0d3f\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d47\u0d37\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d30\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d2d\u0d3e\u0d17\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d4d \u0d38\u0d43\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d41. \u0d06\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d47\u0d24\u0d4d, \u0d38\u0d46\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d37\u0d7b 6 (1) \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28, \u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d7e \u0d30\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d2a\u0d47\u0d30\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d30\u0d1c\u0d3f\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d47\u0d37\u0d28\u0d41 \u0d05\u0d7c\u0d39\u0d24\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d34\u0d4b \u0d2c\u0d3e\u0d27\u0d15\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d. (\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d3e\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d38\u0d4d \u0d0e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d28\u0d46 \u0d24\u0d3e\u0d34\u0d47\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d15\u0d1f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41 \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d05\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d25\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d35\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d38\u0d2e\u0d41\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33 \u0d09\u0d2a\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d2d\u0d3e\u0d17\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f \u0d08 \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d2d\u0d3e\u0d17\u0d02 \u0d15\u0d42\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d24\u0d7d \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d2d\u0d1c\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41.) 6 (1) \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d02 \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d30\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d37\u0d3f\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d30\u0d1c\u0d3f\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d47\u0d37\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d05\u0d30\u0d4d\u0d39\u0d24\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d41\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d33\u0d4d \u0d38\u0d46\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d37\u0d28\u0d4d 6 (2) \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28 \u0d30\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d47\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d2c\u0d3e\u0d27\u0d15\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d. \r\n \u0d06 \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 <em>\u0d30\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d37<\/em> \u0d3e\u0d15\u0d7c\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d35\u0d4d \u0d38\u0d46\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d37\u0d7b 6 (2) \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d02 \u0d30\u0d1c\u0d3f\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d7c \u0d1a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d46\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d3e\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d38\u0d4d \u0d15\u0d48\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d31\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d15\u0d34\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32. \u0d1a\u0d41\u0d30\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d3e\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d38\u0d4d \u0d05\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24 \u0d2a\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d33\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d33\u0d41\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f \u0d30\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d24\u0d32\u0d2e\u0d41\u0d31\u0d15\u0d33\u0d4d \u0d28\u0d1f\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d2f \u0d05\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d30\u0d4d\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d35\u0d3e\u0d39\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d36\u0d47\u0d37\u0d02 \u0d15\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d07\u0d28\u0d3f \u0d2a\u0d26\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d05\u0d30\u0d4d\u0d39 \r\n \u0d24\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3e\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32. \u0d07\u0d24\u0d4d \u201c\u0d38\u0d46\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d7b\u0d21\u0d4d \u0d1c\u0d28\u0d31\u0d47\u0d37\u0d7b \u0d15\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d-\u0d13\u0d2b\u0d4d\u201d \u0d31\u0d42\u0d7e \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d \u0d05\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d24\u0d4d. \u0d07\u0d24\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d26\u0d35\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d36\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d05\u0d30\u0d4d\u0d39\u0d24\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33\u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d0e\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d23\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d \u0d2c\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d \u0d38\u0d3f-31 \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d18\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d4d \u0d38\u0d43\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<iframe width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/__Y_hHFvUR8\" title=\"YouTube \u0d35\u0d40\u0d21\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d4b \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d7c\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen=\"\">\r\n<\/iframe><br>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u0d2d\u0d30\u0d23\u0d35\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d7b \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d35\u0d41\u0d02, 1960 \u0d2e\u0d41\u0d24\u0d7d 2000 \u0d35\u0d30\u0d46<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>1876-\u0d32\u0d46 <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\/\">\u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d7b \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d02<\/a><\/em> \u0d2a\u0d30\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d17\u0d24 \u0d2d\u0d30\u0d23\u0d38\u0d02\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d27\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d4a\u0d33\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d46\u0d34\u0d41\u0d24\u0d41\u0d15\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d2c\u0d3e\u0d39\u0d4d\u0d2f \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d23\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e \u0d0f\u0d7c\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41\u0d15\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d1a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41 - \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d26\u0d47\u0d36\u0d3f\u0d15 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-agents-in-canada\">\u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d7b \u0d0f\u0d1c\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31<\/a> \u0d41\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d30\u0d42\u0d2a\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d41\u0d02 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-affairs-and-northern-development-canada\">\u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d7b \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d4d\u0d2f \u0d35\u0d15\u0d41\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a<\/a> \u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d2b\u0d46\u0d21\u0d31\u0d7d \u0d2c\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d42\u0d31\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d38\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d35\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d7e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d38\u0d2e\u0d42\u0d39\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d2e\u0d47\u0d7d. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-self-government\">1960 \u0d15\u0d33\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d05\u0d35\u0d38\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d35\u0d41\u0d02 1970 \r\n \u0d15\u0d33\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d24\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d35\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d35\u0d30\u0d46 \u0d35\u0d33\u0d30\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d27\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d02 \u0d2b\u0d32\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d26\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f \u0d30\u0d3e\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d40\u0d2f \u0d38\u0d02\u0d18\u0d1f\u0d28\u0d15\u0d33\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d24\u0d40\u0d35\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f \u0d06\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d38\u0d35\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d21\u0d2f\u0d46 \u0d24\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d47\u0d36\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d35\u0d2f\u0d02\u0d2d\u0d30\u0d23\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d30\u0d42\u0d2a\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e \u0d05\u0d02\u0d17\u0d40\u0d15\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d41\u0d2e\u0d41\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33 \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d2a\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d21\u0d2f\u0d46 \u0d38\u0d1c\u0d4d\u0d1c\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f.<\/a> \r\n\u0d08 \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d35\u0d23\u0d24 20-\u0d3e\u0d02 \u0d28\u0d42\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d05\u0d35\u0d38\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d41\u0d02 21-\u0d3e\u0d02 \u0d28\u0d42\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d24\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d06\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d02 \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d41, \u0d24\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d47\u0d36\u0d40\u0d2f\u0d7c \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d35\u0d2f\u0d02\u0d2d\u0d30\u0d23\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d41\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33 \u0d05\u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d05\u0d35\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d36\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/constitution-act-1982\/\"><em>1982 \u0d32\u0d46 \u0d2d\u0d30\u0d23\u0d18\u0d1f\u0d28 \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d2e<\/em><\/a> \u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d05\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d30 \u0d30\u0d47\u0d16 \r\n \u0d15\u0d33\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d09\u0d31\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d41 \u0d15\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>1984-\u0d7d <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/james-bay-and-northern-quebec-agreement\">\u0d1c\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d02\u0d38\u0d4d \u0d2c\u0d47 \u0d06\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d \u0d28\u0d4b\u0d7c\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d47\u0d7a \u0d15\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d42\u0d2c\u0d46\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d15\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d31\u0d41\u0d02<\/a>, \u0d2a\u0d46\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d7c \u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d7c\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d02, \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d21\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d46 \u0d24\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d47\u0d36\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d35\u0d2f\u0d02\u0d2d\u0d30\u0d23 <em>\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d7c\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d06\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d2f \r\n \u0d2d\u0d3e\u0d17\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f \u0d15\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d40-\u0d28\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d2a\u0d3f (\u0d13\u0d2b\u0d4d \u0d15\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d42\u0d2c\u0d46\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d)<\/em> \u0d06\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d23\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f, \u0d07\u0d24\u0d4d <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\">\u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d7b \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d2e<\/a><\/em> \u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d46 \u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d3f \u0d08 \u0d2e\u0d47\u0d16\u0d32\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d46 \u0d24\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d47\u0d36\u0d40\u0d2f \u0d38\u0d2e\u0d42\u0d39\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d46 \u0d15\u0d4b\u0d7c\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d31\u0d47\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d25\u0d3e\u0d2a\u0d28\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d25\u0d3e\u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d41. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">\u0d2b\u0d46\u0d21\u0d31\u0d32\u0d4d \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">\u0d17\u0d35\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d2e\u0d46\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d<\/a> \u0d1a\u0d3f\u0d32 \u0d2b\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d \u0d28\u0d47\u0d37\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d38\u0d4d \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d2d\u0d30\u0d23\u0d02 \u0d24\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d30 \r\n \u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d46\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d35\u0d2f\u0d02 \u0d2d\u0d30\u0d23 \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30<\/a> \u0d25\u0d2e \u0d30\u0d3e\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d4d <em>\u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d2e<\/em> \u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d27\u0d47\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0d05\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d41\u0d36\u0d47\u0d37\u0d02 \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d \u0d2d\u0d30\u0d23\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d41\u0d2e\u0d47\u0d32\u0d4d \u0d2c\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d26 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\u0d4d \u0d05\u0d27\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30<\/a> \u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d30\u0d4d\u0d27\u0d3f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d41\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33 \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d47\u0d36\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41. 1996 \u0d7d \u0d2b\u0d46\u0d21\u0d31\u0d7d \u0d38\u0d7c\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d7c \u0d2c\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d38\u0d3f-79 \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d7c\u0d26\u0d47\u0d36\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d2c\u0d3e\u0d7b\u0d21\u0d4d \r\n \u0d2d\u0d30\u0d23\u0d35\u0d41\u0d02 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">\u0d15\u0d30\u0d41\u0d24<\/a> \u0d7d \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d23\u0d35\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d09\u0d7e\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33 \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d46 \u0d2e\u0d47\u0d16\u0d32\u0d15\u0d33\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d2d\u0d47\u0d26\u0d17\u0d24\u0d3f \u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d7b. \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d25\u0d2e \u0d30\u0d3e\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d \u0d2d\u0d42\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d2d\u0d3e\u0d17\u0d35\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d2c\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d \u0d38\u0d3f-79\u0d28\u0d46 \u0d0e\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41. \u0d2e\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d23\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d7d, \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d7c\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d3f\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d1f \u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d46\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d25\u0d2e \u0d30\u0d3e\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d41\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f \u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/duty-to-consult\">\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30 \u0d06\u0d32\u0d4b<\/a> \u0d1a\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d38\u0d7c\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d7c \u0d2a\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d1c\u0d2f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d35\u0d46\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d05\u0d35\u0d7c \u0d35\u0d3e\u0d26\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d41. \u0d2c\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d \u0d09\u0d1f\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d1f\u0d3f \u0d05\u0d35\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d36\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d35\u0d2f\u0d02\u0d2d <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-treaties\">\u0d30\u0d23<\/a> \u0d3e\u0d35\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d36\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d2d\u0d40\u0d37\u0d23\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3e <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-rights\">\u0d15\u0d41<\/a> \u0d2e\u0d46\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d05\u0d35\u0d30\u0d4d \u0d2d\u0d2f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41. \u0d15\u0d42\u0d1f\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d46, \u0d06\u0d26\u0d3f\u0d35\u0d3e\u0d38\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d33\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d2e\u0d47\u0d32\u0d41\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/royal-commission-on-aboriginal-peoples\">\u0d31\u0d4b\u0d2f\u0d7d \u0d15\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2e\u0d40\u0d37\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d36\u0d41\u0d2a\u0d3e\u0d7c\u0d36\u0d15\u0d7e \u0d05\u0d35\u0d17\u0d23\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d \u0d2c\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d46 \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d2e\u0d7c\u0d36\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d24\u0d4d.<\/a> \r\n\u0d2c\u0d3f\u0d7d C-79 \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f \u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d31\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d2a\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d1c\u0d2f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>2002\u0d7d \u0d2b <em>\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d \u0d28\u0d47\u0d37\u0d7b\u0d38\u0d4d \u0d17\u0d35\u0d47\u0d23\u0d7b\u0d38\u0d4d \u0d06\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28 \u0d2c\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d38\u0d3f-7 \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d7c\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d02,<\/em> \u0d28\u0d47\u0d24\u0d43\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d35 \u0d24\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1e\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d7d \u0d24\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d35\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d2c\u0d3e\u0d7b\u0d21\u0d4d \u0d15\u0d57\u0d7a\u0d38\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d41\u0d15\u0d7e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d15\u0d42\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d24\u0d7d \u0d05\u0d27\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d02 \u0d28\u0d7d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d36\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d2e\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d41. \r\n\u0d2c\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d46\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d4d \u0d2b\u0d46\u0d21\u0d31\u0d7d \u0d38\u0d7c\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d7c \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d27 \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d25\u0d2e \u0d30\u0d3e\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d41\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f \u0d06\u0d32\u0d4b\u0d1a\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d46\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d41\u0d02, \u0d05\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d06\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f \u0d2a\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d1c\u0d2f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41. 2006 \u0d7d <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/senate\">\u0d38\u0d46<\/a> \u0d28\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d7c \u0d1c\u0d46\u0d31\u0d3f \u0d38\u0d46\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d \u0d1c\u0d46\u0d7c\u0d2e\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d7b \u0d2c\u0d3f\u0d7d S-216 \u0d05\u0d35\u0d24\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d41 \u201c\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d21\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d25\u0d2e \u0d30\u0d3e\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d30 \r\n \u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d35\u0d2f\u0d02\u0d2d\u0d30\u0d23 \u0d05\u0d35\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d36\u0d02 \u0d05\u0d02\u0d17\u0d40\u0d15\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d28\u0d1f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d4b\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d38\u0d3e\u0d39\u0d3f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f.\u201d \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d35\u0d2f\u0d02 \u0d2d\u0d30\u0d23\u0d02 \u0d28\u0d1f\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d06\u0d17\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d39\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28 \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d25\u0d2e \u0d30\u0d3e\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d7c\u0d26\u0d47\u0d36\u0d35\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d2d\u0d30\u0d23\u0d18\u0d1f\u0d28\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d38\u0d3f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d7b \u0d2c\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d05\u0d28\u0d41\u0d35\u0d26\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41. \u0d2c\u0d3f\u0d7d S-216 \u0d30\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3e\u0d02 \u0d35\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d28 \u0d28\u0d47\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d46\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d05\u0d24\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d06\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f \u0d2a\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d1c\u0d2f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41. (\u0d2a\u0d3e\u0d7c <em>\u0d32 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/parliamentary-procedure\">\u0d2e\u0d46\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d31\u0d3f \u0d28\u0d1f\u0d2a\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d2e<\/a> \u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d23<\/em> \u0d41\u0d15.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d32\u0d41\u0d02, \u0d1a\u0d3f\u0d32 \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d25\u0d2e \u0d30\u0d3e\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1c\u0d2f\u0d15\u0d30\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f \u0d2e\u0d47\u0d16\u0d32\u0d3e \u0d15\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d2e\u0d40\u0d15\u0d30\u0d23\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e \u0d28\u0d1f\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d. <em>\u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d7b \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d02 \u0d28\u0d7d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24 \u0d15\u0d42\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d24\u0d7d \u0d2d\u0d30\u0d23\u0d2a\u0d30\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f \u0d05\u0d27\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e \u0d07\u0d35 \u0d05\u0d28\u0d41\u0d35\u0d26\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41<\/em>. \u0d1a\u0d3f\u0d32 \u0d09\u0d26\u0d3e\u0d39\u0d30\u0d23\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e \u0d07\u0d35\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d: \u0d2b <em>\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d \u0d28\u0d47\u0d37\u0d7b\u0d38\u0d4d \u0d32\u0d3e\u0d7b\u0d21\u0d4d \u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d47\u0d1c\u0d4d\u0d2e\u0d46\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d \u0d06\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d<\/em> (1999), \u0d2b <em>\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d \u0d28\u0d47\u0d37\u0d7b\u0d38\u0d4d \u0d2b\u0d3f\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d7d \u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d47\u0d1c\u0d4d\u0d2e\u0d46\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d \u0d06\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d<\/em> (2005), \u0d2b <em>\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d \u0d28\u0d47\u0d37\u0d7b\u0d38\u0d4d \u0d13\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d06\u0d7b\u0d21\u0d4d \u0d17\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d38\u0d4d \u0d06\u0d7b\u0d21\u0d4d \u0d2e\u0d23\u0d40\u0d38\u0d4d \u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d47\u0d1c\u0d4d\u0d2e\u0d46\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d \u0d06\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d<\/em> (2005), \u0d2b <em>\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d \u0d28\u0d47\u0d37\u0d7b\u0d38\u0d4d \u0d15\u0d4a\u0d2e\u0d47\u0d34\u0d4d\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d7d \u0d06\u0d7b\u0d21\u0d4d \u0d07\u0d7b\u0d21\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d7d \u0d21\u0d46\u0d35\u0d32\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2e\u0d46\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d \u0d06\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d<\/em> (2006), \u0d2b <em>\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d \u0d28\u0d47\u0d37\u0d7b \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d4b\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d7c\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f \u0d09\u0d1f\u0d2e\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d25\u0d3e\u0d35\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d36 \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d02<\/em> (2009).<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>2011 \u0d32\u0d41\u0d02 2017 \u0d32\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d \u0d2d\u0d47\u0d26\u0d17\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d33\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d27 \u0d2d\u0d47\u0d26\u0d17\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d7e \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d02, <em>\u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d7b \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d02<\/em> \u0d07\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d34\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d40\u0d15\u0d7e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d05\u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d38\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d7e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d0e\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d46, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">\u0d2a\u0d26<\/a> \u0d35\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d36\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d46 \u0d38\u0d02\u0d2c\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d27\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4b\u0d33\u0d02 \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d35\u0d47\u0d1a\u0d28\u0d02 \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d41. 2011-\u0d32\u0d4d \u0d2c\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d \u0d38\u0d3f <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/parliament\">-3 \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28 \u0d1c\u0d46 \r\n <em>\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d21\u0d30\u0d4d \u0d07\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d3f \u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d30\u0d1c\u0d3f\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d30<\/em> \u0d47\u0d37\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d06\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d4d\u0d32<\/a> \u0d2e\u0d46\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d3e\u0d38\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f. 1985 <em>\u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d28\u0d4d<\/em> \u0d06\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d46 \u0d38\u0d46\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d37\u0d28\u0d4d 6 \u0d32\u0d46 \u0d32\u0d3f\u0d02\u0d17 \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d35\u0d47\u0d1a\u0d28 <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mcivor-case\">\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d46\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41 \r\n \u0d2e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d35\u0d30\u0d4d \u0d15\u0d47<\/a> \u0d38\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">\u0d2b\u0d46\u0d21\u0d31\u0d32\u0d4d \u0d38\u0d30\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46<\/a> \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d30\u0d23\u0d02 \u0d07\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41. 1985\u0d32\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d26\u0d35\u0d3f \u0d24\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d41\u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d40\u0d15\u0d33\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d15\u0d4a\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d41\u0d2e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d2c\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d \u0d38\u0d3f-3 6 (2) \u0d2a\u0d26\u0d35\u0d3f \u0d28\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41. \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d32\u0d41\u0d02, \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d40\u0d15\u0d33\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d7b\u0d17\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d7e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d, \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d47\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d4d \u0d15\u0d4a\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d41\u0d2e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d33\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d7d, \u0d38\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f \u0d38\u0d3e\u0d39\u0d1a\u0d30\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d2a\u0d41\u0d30\u0d41\u0d37\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d7b\u0d17\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d33\u0d46\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d32\u0d46 \u0d05\u0d24\u0d47 \u0d05\u0d35\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d36\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\r\n. \u0d05\u0d24\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4a\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d24\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d46 \u0d32\u0d3f\u0d02\u0d17 \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d35\u0d47\u0d1a\u0d28\u0d02 \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d23\u0d02 \u0d2c\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d \u0d38\u0d3f-3 \u0d07\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d34\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d1a\u0d3f\u0d32 \u0d35\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d26\u0d35\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d36\u0d02 \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d37\u0d47\u0d27\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\"><em>\u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d7b \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d46 \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d35\u0d47\u0d1a\u0d28\u0d02 \u0d38\u0d02\u0d2c\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d27\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a \u0d2e\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4a\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d15\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d24\u0d3f \u0d15\u0d47\u0d38\u0d3e\u0d2f 2015 \u0d32\u0d46 \u0d21\u0d46\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d46\u0d28\u0d46\u0d13\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d38\u0d4d \u0d15\u0d47\u0d38\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d2e\u0d31\u0d41\u0d2a\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d<\/em><\/a> \u0d2c\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d0e\u0d38\u0d4d-3 \u0d38\u0d43\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d24\u0d4d. \u0d08 \u0d15\u0d47\u0d38\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d36\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d02 \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d3e\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d38\u0d4d \u0d15\u0d38\u0d3f\u0d7b\u0d38\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d38\u0d39\u0d4b\u0d26\u0d30\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d02 \r\n \u0d15\u0d48\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d31\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28 \u0d30\u0d40\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d46 \u0d15\u0d41\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41. 2017 \u0d21\u0d3f\u0d38\u0d02\u0d2c\u0d30\u0d4d 22 \u0d28\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d \u0d2c\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d \u0d0e\u0d38\u0d4d -3 \u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d2d\u0d3e\u0d17\u0d02 \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2c\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d24\u0d4d. \u0d2e\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d35\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d25\u0d15\u0d7e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d7d, \u0d2d\u0d47\u0d26\u0d17\u0d24\u0d3f \u0d15\u0d42\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d24\u0d7d \u0d06\u0d33\u0d41\u0d15\u0d33\u0d46 \u0d05\u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d7b\u0d17\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d7e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d05\u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d26\u0d35\u0d3f \u0d07\u0d31\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f \u0d28\u0d7d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d41\u0d02 1985-\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d2e\u0d41\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4d \u0d05\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d28\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d35\u0d7c\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d26\u0d35\u0d3f \u0d2a\u0d41\u0d28\u0d03\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d25\u0d3e\u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41. \r\n\u0d09\u0d26\u0d3e\u0d39\u0d30\u0d23\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d, \u0d05\u0d1c\u0d4d\u0d1e\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f \u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d24\u0d43\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d35\u0d02 \u0d09\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33\u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d02 1951\u201485 \u0d28\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d07\u0d1f\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d05\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d35\u0d3e\u0d39\u0d3f\u0d24\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2f \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d2a\u0d42\u0d7c\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d05\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d32\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d30\u0d1c\u0d3f\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d47\u0d37\u0d7b \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e \u0d2c\u0d3e\u0d27\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f \u0d06\u0d33\u0d41\u0d15\u0d33\u0d46 \u0d30\u0d1c\u0d3f\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d7c \u0d1a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d41\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33 \u0d35\u0d34\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d7e \u0d07\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d28\u0d7d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41. \u0d2c\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d2e\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d47 \u0d2d\u0d3e\u0d17\u0d02 - 1951 \u0d28\u0d4d \u0d2e\u0d41\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d26\u0d35\u0d3f \u0d28\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d40\u0d15\u0d7e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d05\u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 \r\n \u0d38\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d7e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d2a\u0d26\u0d35\u0d3f \u0d2a\u0d41\u0d28\u0d03\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d25\u0d3e\u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d24\u0d41\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f \u0d2c\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d27\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f (\u201c1951 \u0d15\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d13\u0d2b\u0d4d\u201d \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41) - 2019 \u0d13\u0d17\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d 15 \u0d28\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2c\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d15\u0d4a\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d35\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41. \u0d38\u0d30\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d31\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d24\u0d28\u0d41\u0d38\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d4d, \u201c<em>\u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d2e<\/em> \u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d46 \u0d05\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28 \u0d38\u0d46\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d38\u0d4d \u0d05\u0d27\u0d3f\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d20\u0d3f\u0d24 \u0d05\u0d38\u0d2e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d35\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d46\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d3e\u0d02 \u0d07\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d33\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d39\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d.\u201d<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d7c\u0d26\u0d3f\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d1f \u0d2a\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>2010 \u0d7d <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">\u0d2b\u0d46\u0d21\u0d31\u0d7d \u0d38\u0d7c\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d7c<\/a> \u0d31 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/residential-schools\">\u0d38\u0d3f\u0d21\u0d7b\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d7d \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d42\u0d33<\/a> \u0d41\u0d15\u0d7e \u0d38\u0d43\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d15\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d33\u0d46 \u0d35\u0d40\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d15\u0d33\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d05\u0d15\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d05\u0d27\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d02 \u0d28\u0d7d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28 <em>\u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d7b \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d2e<\/em> \u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d2d\u0d3e\u0d17\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e \u0d12\u0d34\u0d3f\u0d35\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d7b <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">\u0d24\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d47\u0d36\u0d40\u0d2f<\/a> \u0d30\u0d41\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d35\u0d7c\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d41\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33 \u0d09\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d47\u0d36\u0d02 \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d16\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d41. \r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0d2c\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d0e\u0d38\u0d4d-2, \u0d2b\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d3f \u0d39\u0d4b\u0d02\u0d38\u0d4d <em>\u0d13\u0d7a \u0d31\u0d3f\u0d38\u0d7c\u0d35\u0d4d\u0d38\u0d4d \u0d06\u0d7b\u0d21\u0d4d \u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d2e\u0d4b\u0d23\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d7d \u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d31\u0d38\u0d4d \u0d05\u0d25\u0d35\u0d3e \u0d31\u0d48\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d38\u0d4d \u0d06\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d<\/em>, <em>\u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d7b \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d46 \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d7c\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d23 \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d46 \u0d05\u0d2d\u0d3f\u0d38\u0d02\u0d2c\u0d4b\u0d27\u0d28 \u0d1a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">\u0d15\u0d30\u0d41\u0d24\u0d7d \u0d24\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d38\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28 \u0d06\u0d33\u0d41\u0d15\u0d7e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d2e\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d21\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d46\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d32\u0d46 \u0d26\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d35\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d38\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f \u0d05\u0d35\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d36\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e \u0d09\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d46\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d09\u0d31\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d41\u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41\u0d15\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d \u0d07\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d42\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d32\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d24\u0d4d.<\/a> \u0d15\u0d28\u0d47\u0d21\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d7b \u0d38\u0d7c\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d05\u0d2d\u0d3f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d7d, \u0d2c\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d0e\u0d38\u0d4d-2 \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d12\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3e\u0d2f \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d7c\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d, <em>\u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d7b<\/em> \u0d06\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d30\u0d23\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d2d\u0d3e\u0d17\u0d2e\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u0d38\u0d02\u0d35\u0d3e\u0d26\u0d02: \u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d02 \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d4b \u0d07\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d4b?<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0d1a\u0d3f\u0d32 \u0d24\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d47\u0d36\u0d40\u0d2f\u0d30\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d07\u0d24\u0d30 \u0d1c\u0d28\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d02 \u0d07\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d23\u0d2e\u0d46\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d06\u0d39\u0d4d\u0d35\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d02 \u0d1a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d33\u0d4d \u0d2e\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d41 \u0d1a\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d30\u0d4d \u0d05\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d28\u0d40\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d02 \u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d26\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d41\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33\u0d35 \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d32\u0d41\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33 \u0d1a\u0d3f\u0d32 \u0d38\u0d02\u0d30\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d37\u0d23\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d46 \u0d07\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d2e\u0d46\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d2d\u0d2f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41. \u0d2a\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d21\u0d3f\u0d24\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d2f \u0d21\u0d47\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d21\u0d4d \u0d28\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d42\u0d39\u0d57\u0d38\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d36\u0d26\u0d40\u0d15\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d24\u0d41\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d32\u0d46, \u201c[<em>\u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d7b \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d02<\/em>] \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d26\u0d47\u0d36\u0d3f\u0d15 \u0d38\u0d2e\u0d41\u0d26\u0d3e\u0d2f \u0d2d\u0d30\u0d23 \r\n \u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d38\u0d2e\u0d41\u0d26\u0d3e\u0d2f \u0d1c\u0d40\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d24\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d18\u0d1f\u0d28 \u0d28\u0d7d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41. \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d02 \u0d12\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d2f\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15\u0d2f\u0d4b \u0d05\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d31\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15\u0d2f\u0d4b \u0d1a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d25\u0d2e \u0d30\u0d3e\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d33\u0d30\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d27\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d02 \u0d24\u0d1f\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d38\u0d2e\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d02.\u201d<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d32\u0d41\u0d02, \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d46 \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d2e\u0d7c\u0d36\u0d15\u0d7c \u0d05\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d4a\u0d33\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d46\u0d34\u0d41\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d41\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33 \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d35\u0d7c\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d28\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e \u0d24\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d30\u0d41\u0d15\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-self-government\/\">\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d35\u0d2f\u0d02\u0d2d\u0d30\u0d23\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d05\u0d28\u0d41\u0d30 \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/truth-and-reconciliation-commission\">\u0d1e\u0d4d<\/a> \u0d1c\u0d28\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d41\u0d2e\u0d41\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33 \u0d35\u0d30\u0d4d\u0d27\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d41\u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28 \u0d28\u0d40\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d05\u0d27\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d4d \u0d2e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d41\u0d15\u0d2f\u0d4b \u0d07\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d41\u0d15\u0d2f\u0d4b \u0d1a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d2e\u0d46\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d08 \u0d24\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d47\u0d36\u0d35\u0d3e\u0d38\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d33\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d24\u0d40\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d37 \u0d38\u0d30\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d4d-\u0d24\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d47\u0d36\u0d40\u0d2f \u0d2c\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d27\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d \u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d02 \u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d23\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41.<\/a> \u0d05 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/assembly-of-first-nations\">\u0d38\u0d02\u0d2c\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d3f \u0d13\u0d2b\u0d4d \u0d2b\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d<\/a> \u0d28\u0d47\u0d37\u0d7b\u0d38\u0d4d \u0d2e\u0d47\u0d27\u0d3e\u0d35\u0d3f \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/perry-bellegarde\">\u0d2a\u0d46\u0d31\u0d3f \u0d2c\u0d46\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d46\u0d17\u0d3e\u0d7c\u0d21\u0d4d<\/a> 2018 \u0d7d \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d24\u0d41\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d32\u0d46, \u201c\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d46\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d3e\u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d02 <em>\u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d7b \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d2e<\/em> \u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d23\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d41\u0d31\u0d02 \u0d28\u0d40\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d24\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d47\u0d36\u0d40\u0d2f\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2f \u0d1c\u0d28\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d2e\u0d57 \r\n \u0d32\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f \u0d05\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d7c\u0d32\u0d40\u0d28\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f \u0d05\u0d35\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d36\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d41\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33 \u0d30\u0d3e\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d35\u0d2f\u0d02 \u0d2a\u0d41\u0d28\u0d03\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d25\u0d3e\u0d2a\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d06\u0d17\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d39\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41.\u201d<\/p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<iframe sandbox=\"allow-same-origin allow-scripts allow-top-navigation allow-popups\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"100%\" height=\"185\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https:\/\/embed.radiopublic.com\/e?if=the-secret-life-of-canada-Ww0QnZ&amp;ge=s1!7163a1347ab72236394fe46a4fe7d4048bc69b37\">\r\n<\/iframe><br>\r\n\r\n\t<p>\u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d \u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d7b \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d02, \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d41\u0d15\u0d4a\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d21 \u0d07\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d34\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d05\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d2a\u0d41\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d15\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d09\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33\u0d24\u0d4d? 143 \u0d35\u0d7c\u0d37\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d36\u0d47\u0d37\u0d02 \u0d07\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d34\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d15\u0d28\u0d47\u0d21\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d7b \u0d10\u0d21\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d09\u0d7e\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d47\u0d7c\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24 \u0d08 \u0d38\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d40\u0d7c\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d23\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f \u0d28\u0d2f\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d35\u0d47\u0d30\u0d41\u0d15\u0d7e \u0d38\u0d40\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d32\u0d48\u0d2b\u0d4d \u0d1f\u0d40\u0d02 \u0d28\u0d4b\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41, \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d47\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d \u0d28\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a \u0d28\u0d2f\u0d02 \u0d2e\u0d41\u0d24\u0d7d \u0d05\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41\u0d02 \r\n \u0d24\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d47\u0d36\u0d40\u0d2f \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d35\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d35\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d46 \u0d0e\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d28\u0d46 \u0d2c\u0d3e\u0d27\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41 \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d24\u0d41\u0d35\u0d30\u0d46. <br>\r\n<strong>\u0d15\u0d41\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4d<\/strong><em>: \u0d26\u0d3f \u0d38\u0d40 <em>\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d \u0d32\u0d48\u0d2b\u0d4d \u0d13\u0d2b\u0d4d \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d21<\/em> \u0d39\u0d4b\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d41\u0d1a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d0e\u0d34\u0d41\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d2b\u0d3e\u0d32\u0d7b \u0d1c\u0d4b\u0d7a\u0d38\u0d23\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d32\u0d3f\u0d2f \u0d38\u0d3f\u0d2e\u0d4b\u0d7a \u0d2c\u0d4b\u0d35\u0d28\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d1a\u0d47\u0d7c\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d, \u0d07\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d15\u0d28\u0d47\u0d21\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d7b \u0d0e\u0d7b\u0d38\u0d48\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d4b\u0d2a\u0d40\u0d21\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d7d \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d4d \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d35\u0d24\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f \u0d12\u0d30\u0d41 \u0d38\u0d3f\u0d2c\u0d3f\u0d38\u0d3f \u0d12\u0d31\u0d3f\u0d1c\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d7d \u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d21\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d3e\u0d23\u0d4d.<\/em><\/p>\r\n<\/blockquote>\r\n<br>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u0d2a\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d30\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d35\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d27\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d35\u0d41\u0d02<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0d35\u0d7c\u0d37\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f \u0d07\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d35\u0d27\u0d3f \u0d24\u0d35\u0d23 \u0d2d\u0d47\u0d26\u0d17\u0d24\u0d3f \u0d1a\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d46\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d41\u0d02, \u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d7b \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d38\u0d2e\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d32\u0d3f\u0d15 \u0d2a\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4d \u0d07\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4b\u0d34\u0d41\u0d02 <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">\u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d7b \u0d2a\u0d26\u0d35\u0d3f<\/a>, \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">\u0d15\u0d30\u0d41\u0d24<\/a> \u0d7d \u0d35\u0d15\u0d15\u0d7e \u0d1a\u0d41\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d41\u0d2e\u0d41\u0d33\u0d4d\u0d33 \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d27 \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d2e<\/em> \u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e, \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d2a\u0d42\u0d7c\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d28\u0d38\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f \u0d15\u0d34\u0d3f\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d4d\u0d32\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d35\u0d30\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d38\u0d3e\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d15 \u0d30\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d37\u0d3e\u0d27\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d02, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\u0d2c\u0d3e\u0d7b\u0d21\u0d4d<\/a> \u0d35\u0d3f\u0d2d\u0d35\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d33\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d28\u0d1f\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d4d, \r\n \u0d24\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d1e\u0d4d\u0d1e\u0d46\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d41\u0d15\u0d7e, \u0d1c\u0d40\u0d35\u0d3f\u0d24\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d46 \u0d2e\u0d31\u0d4d\u0d31\u0d4d \u0d35\u0d36\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d35\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2c\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d27\u0d28\u0d15\u0d7e \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d2a\u0d3e\u0d26\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d41\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d41.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0d24\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d47\u0d36\u0d40\u0d2f \u0d38\u0d02\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e, \u0d38\u0d2e\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d35\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d35\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d25\u0d15\u0d7e, \u0d30\u0d3e\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d40\u0d2f\u0d02, \u0d38\u0d2e\u0d42\u0d39\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e \u0d0e\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d28\u0d3f\u0d35\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d7d <em>\u0d07\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d7b \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d02<\/em> \u0d24\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d7c\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d24\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d26\u0d40\u0d7c\u0d18\u0d15\u0d3e\u0d32\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d47\u0d24\u0d41\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d3e\u0d18\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19\u0d7e \u0d1a\u0d46\u0d32\u0d41\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d. \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d2e\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d32\u0d46 \u0d05\u0d1f\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d2e\u0d7c\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d32\u0d41\u0d15\u0d33\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d28\u0d3f\u0d2f\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d3f\u0d24 \u0d35\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d35\u0d38\u0d4d\u0d25\u0d15\u0d33\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d24\u0d26\u0d4d\u0d26\u0d47\u0d36\u0d40\u0d2f \u0d1c\u0d28\u0d24\u0d2f\u0d41\u0d1f\u0d46 \u0d24\u0d32\u0d2e\u0d41\u0d31\u0d15\u0d33\u0d46 \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d15\u0d42\u0d32\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f \u0d2c\u0d3e\u0d27\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a \r\n \u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d7d, \u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d30\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d47\u0d15\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d4d \u0d31 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/residential-schools\">\u0d38\u0d3f\u0d21\u0d7b\u0d37\u0d4d\u0d2f\u0d7d \u0d38\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d42\u0d33<\/a> \u0d41\u0d15\u0d33\u0d46 \u0d38\u0d02\u0d2c\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d27\u0d3f\u0d1a\u0d4d\u0d1a\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d4b\u0d33\u0d02 \u0d07\u0d24\u0d4d \u0d05\u0d28\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d7c \u0d1c\u0d28\u0d31\u0d47\u0d37\u0d23\u0d7d \u0d06\u0d18\u0d3e\u0d24\u0d24\u0d4d\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d41\u0d02 \u0d15\u0d3e\u0d30\u0d23\u0d2e\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d41\u0d23\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d4d.<\/p>","slug":"","alt_slug":"","twitter_summary":null,"locale":"ml","automated":true,"hidden":0,"views":7,"created_at":"2025-01-13T19:00:57.000000Z","updated_at":"2025-01-13T19:00:57.000000Z"},{"id":"9db7752d-9ae6-4152-a65b-9486d414c1eb","article_id":"83668","title":"\u0a2d\u0a3e\u0a30\u0a24\u0a40 \u0a10\u0a15\u0a1f","summary":"<p>\u0a2d\u0a3e\u0a30\u0a24\u0a40 <em>\u0a10\u0a15\u0a1f \u0a2a\u0a4d\u0a30<\/em> \u0a3e\u0a07\u0a2e\u0a30\u0a40 \u0a15\u0a3e\u0a28\u0a42\u0a70\u0a28 \u0a39\u0a48 \u0a1c\u0a3f\u0a38\u0a26\u0a40 \u0a35\u0a30\u0a24\u0a4b\u0a02 \u0a38\u0a70\u0a18 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">\u0a40 \u0a38\u0a30<\/a> \u0a15\u0a3e\u0a30 \u0a2d <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">\u0a3e\u0a30<\/a> \u0a24\u0a40 \u0a30\u0a41\u0a24\u0a2c\u0a47, \u0a38\u0a25\u0a3e \r\n \u0a28\u0a15 \u0a2b <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">\u0a38\u0a1f \u0a28\u0a47\u0a38\u0a3c\u0a28\u0a1c\u0a3c \u0a38\u0a30\u0a15\u0a3e\u0a30<\/a> \u0a3e\u0a02 \u0a05\u0a24\u0a47 \u0a30\u0a3f\u0a1c\u0a3c\u0a30\u0a35 \u0a1c\u0a3c\u0a2e\u0a40\u0a28 \u0a26\u0a47 \u0a2a\u0a4d\u0a30 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">\u0a2c\u0a70\u0a27\u0a28<\/a> \u0a32\u0a08 \u0a15\u0a30\u0a26\u0a40 \u0a39\u0a48. \u0a07\u0a39 \u0a2a\u0a39\u0a3f\u0a32\u0a47 \u0a30\u0a3e\u0a38\u0a3c\u0a1f\u0a30\u0a3e\u0a02 \u0a26\u0a47 \u0a32\u0a4b\u0a15\u0a3e\u0a02 \u0a2a\u0a4d\u0a30 \r\n \u0a24\u0a40 \u0a38\u0a30\u0a15\u0a3e\u0a30\u0a40 \u0a1c\u0a3c\u0a3f\u0a70\u0a2e\u0a47\u0a35\u0a3e\u0a30\u0a40\u0a06\u0a02 \u0a26\u0a40 \u0a30\u0a42\u0a2a\u0a30\u0a47\u0a16\u0a3e <a\r\n\thref=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/inuit\">\u0a2d\u0a3e\u0a30\u0a24\u0a40 <em>\u0a10\u0a15\u0a1f \u0a2d\u0a3e\u0a30<\/em> \u0a24\u0a40 \u0a30\u0a41\u0a24\u0a2c\u0a3e \u0a35\u0a3e\u0a32\u0a47 \u0a32\u0a4b\u0a15\u0a3e\u0a02 \u0a28\u0a3e\u0a32 \u0a38\u0a2c\u0a70\u0a27\u0a24 \u0a39\u0a48; \u0a07\u0a39 \u0a38\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a27\u0a3e \u0a17\u0a48\u0a30-\u0a30\u0a41\u0a24\u0a2c\u0a3e \u0a35\u0a3e\u0a32\u0a47 \u0a2a\u0a39\u0a3f\u0a32\u0a47 \u0a30\u0a3e\u0a38\u0a3c\u0a1f\u0a30 \u0a32\u0a4b\u0a15\u0a3e\u0a02, \u0a2e\u0a48\u0a1f\u0a3f\u0a38 \u0a1c\u0a3e\u0a02 \u0a07\u0a28\u0a42\u0a07\u0a1f \u0a26\u0a3e \u0a39 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/metis\">\u0a35\u0a3e\u0a32\u0a3e \u0a28\u0a39\u0a40\u0a02 \u0a26\u0a3f\u0a70\u0a26\u0a3e<\/a>. \r\n<\/a> \u0a2a\u0a39\u0a3f\u0a32\u0a40 \u0a35\u0a3e\u0a30 1876 \u0a35\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a1a \u0a2a\u0a47\u0a38\u0a3c \u0a15\u0a40\u0a24\u0a3e \u0a17\u0a3f\u0a06, \u0a10\u0a15\u0a1f \u0a28\u0a47 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href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-agents-in-canada\">\u0a1f\u0a3e\u0a02<\/a> \u0a26\u0a41\u0a06\u0a30\u0a3e, \u0a2d <em>\u0a3e\u0a30\u0a24\u0a40 \u0a10\u0a15<\/em> \u0a1f \u0a28\u0a47 \u0a38\u0a30\u0a15\u0a3e\u0a30 \u0a28\u0a42\u0a70 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">\u0a2a\u0a39\u0a3f<\/a> \u0a32\u0a47 \u0a30\u0a3e\u0a38\u0a3c\u0a1f\u0a30 \u0a26\u0a40 \u0a2a\u0a1b\u0a3e\u0a23, \u0a30\u0a3e\u0a1c\u0a28\u0a40\u0a24\u0a3f\u0a15 \u0a2c\u0a23\u0a24\u0a30\u0a3e\u0a02, \u0a38\u0a3c\u0a3e\u0a38\u0a28, \u0a38\u0a71\u0a2d\u0a3f\u0a06\u0a1a\u0a3e\u0a30\u0a15 \u0a05\u0a2d\u0a3f\u0a06\u0a38\u0a3e\u0a02 \u0a05\u0a24\u0a47 \u0a38\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a16\u0a3f\u0a06 \u0a26\u0a47 \u0a38\u0a70\u0a2c\u0a70\u0a27 \u0a35\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a1a \u0a35\u0a3f\u0a06\u0a2a\u0a15 \u0a38\u0a3c\u0a15\u0a24\u0a40\u0a06\u0a02 \u0a26\u0a3f\u0a71 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-education\">\u0a24\u0a40\u0a06\u0a02<\/a> \u0a07\u0a28\u0a4d\u0a39\u0a3e\u0a02 \u0a38\u0a3c\u0a15\u0a24\u0a40\u0a06\u0a02 \u0a28\u0a47 \u0a38\u0a35\u0a26\u0a47\u0a38\u0a3c\u0a40 \u0a06\u0a1c\u0a3c\u0a3e\u0a26\u0a40\u0a06\u0a02 \u0a28\u0a42\u0a70 \u0a38\u0a40\u0a2e\u0a24 \u0a15\u0a30 \u0a26\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a24\u0a3e \u0a05\u0a24\u0a47 \u0a05\u0a27\u0a3f\u0a15\u0a3e\u0a30\u0a40\u0a06\u0a02 \u0a28\u0a42\u0a70 \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-rights\">\u0a1a\u0a70\u0a17\u0a47 \u0a28\u0a48<\/a> \u0a24\u0a3f\u0a15 \u0a1a\u0a30\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a24\u0a30\u201d \u0a26\u0a47 \u0a05\u0a27\u0a3e\u0a30 \u0a24\u0a47 \u0a38\u0a35\u0a26\u0a47\u0a38\u0a3c\u0a40 \u0a05\u0a27\u0a3f\u0a15\u0a3e\u0a30\u0a3e\u0a02 \u0a05\u0a24\u0a47 \u0a32\u0a3e\u0a2d\u0a3e\u0a02<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0a2d\u0a3e\u0a30\u0a24\u0a40 <em>\u0a10\u0a15\u0a1f \u0a28\u0a47 \u0a32\u0a4b\u0a15\u0a3e\u0a02<\/em> 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\u0a2e\u0a28\u0a3e\u0a39\u0a40 \u0a15\u0a40\u0a24\u0a40. \r\n\u0a10\u0a15\u0a1f \u0a28\u0a47 \u0a2c\u0a48\u0a02\u0a21 \u0a15\u0a4c\u0a02\u0a38\u0a32 \u0a1a\u0a4b\u0a23\u0a3e\u0a02 \u0a28\u0a3e\u0a32 \u0a38\u0a3c\u0a3e\u0a38\u0a28 \u0a26\u0a47 \u0a30\u0a35\u0a3e\u0a07 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\u0a24\u0a40 \u0a22<\/a> \u0a3e\u0a02\u0a1a\u0a47 \u0a28\u0a42\u0a70 \u0a2c\u0a26\u0a32 \u0a26\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a24\u0a3e \u0a16\u0a3c\u0a3e\u0a28 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/chief\">\u0a26\u0a3e\u0a28\u0a40<\/a> \u0a2e\u0a41\u0a16\u0a40 - \u0a09\u0a39 \u0a28\u0a47 \r\n \u0a24\u0a3e \u0a1c\u0a4b \u0a1a\u0a4b\u0a23\u0a3e\u0a02 \u0a26\u0a40 \u0a2c\u0a1c\u0a3e\u0a0f \u0a2e\u0a42\u0a32 \u0a30\u0a3e\u0a39\u0a40\u0a02 \u0a38\u0a71\u0a24\u0a3e \u0a2a\u0a4d\u0a30\u0a3e\u0a2a\u0a24 \u0a15\u0a30\u0a26\u0a47 \u0a39\u0a28 - \u0a28\u0a42\u0a70 \u0a2d\u0a3e\u0a30\u0a24\u0a40 \u0a10\u0a15\u0a1f \u0a26\u0a41\u0a06\u0a30\u0a3e 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\u0a35\u0a71\u0a16-\u0a35\u0a71\u0a16 \u0a38\u0a71\u0a2d\u0a3f\u0a06 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/religion-of-aboriginal-people\">\u0a1a\u0a3e\u0a30\u0a15 \u0a07\u0a15\u0a71<\/a> \u0a20\u0a3e\u0a02 \u0a26\u0a3e \u0a05\u0a2d\u0a3f\u0a06\u0a38 \u0a15\u0a30\u0a28\u0a3e \u0a17\u0a48\u0a30\u0a15\u0a3e\u0a28\u0a42 1884 \u0a35\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a1a, \u0a2a\u0a4b\u0a1f <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/potlatch\/\">\u0a32\u0a48\u0a1a &#39;\u0a24\u0a47 \u0a2a\u0a3e\u0a2c\u0a70<\/a> \u0a26\u0a40 \u0a32\u0a17\u0a3e\u0a08 \u0a17\u0a08 \u0a38\u0a40, \u0a05\u0a24\u0a47 1895 \u0a35\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a1a, \u201c\u0a15\u0a3f\u0a38\u0a47 \u0a35\u0a40 \u0a2d\u0a3e\u0a30\u0a24\u0a40 \u0a24\u0a3f\u0a09\u0a39\u0a3e\u0a30, \u0a21\u0a3e\u0a02\u0a38 \u0a1c\u0a3e\u0a02 \u0a39\u0a4b\u0a30 \u0a38\u0a2e <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-term\">\u0a3e\u0a30<\/a> \u0a4b\u0a39\u201d, \u0a1c\u0a3f\u0a38 \u0a35\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a1a \u0a2a\u0a3e <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/powwows-editorial\">\u0a35\u0a4b \u0a05\u0a24\u0a47 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sun-dance\">\u0a38\u0a42\u0a30\u0a1c \u0a21\u0a3e<\/a> \u0a02\u0a38 \u0a38\u0a3c\u0a3e\u0a2e\u0a32 \u0a39\u0a4b<\/a> \u0a23\u0a17\u0a47, &#39;\u0a24\u0a47 \u0a35\u0a40 \u0a2a\u0a3e\u0a2c\u0a70\u0a26\u0a40 \u0a32\u0a17\u0a3e\u0a08 \u0a17\u0a08 \u0a38\u0a40\u0964 1914 \u0a35\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a1a \u0a07\u0a71\u0a15 \u0a39\u0a4b\u0a30 \u0a38\u0a4b\u0a27 \u0a28\u0a47 \u0a28\u0a3e\u0a1a \u0a24\u0a4b\u0a02 \u0a2c\u0a3e\u0a39\u0a30 \u0a30\u0a3f\u0a1c\u0a3c\u0a30\u0a35 \u0a28\u0a42\u0a70 \u0a17\u0a48\u0a30\u0a15\u0a3e\u0a28\u0a42\u0a70\u0a28\u0a40 \u0a15\u0a30 \u0a26\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a24\u0a3e, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">\u0a05\u0a24\u0a47<\/a> 1925 \u0a35\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a1a, \u0a21\u0a3e \r\n \u0a02\u0a38 \u0a28\u0a42\u0a70 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href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sun-dance\">\u0a26\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a24\u0a40\u0a06\u0a02 \u0a17\u0a08\u0a06\u0a02<\/a> \u0a38\u0a28. \u0a2d\u0a3e\u0a08\u0a1a\u0a3e\u0a30\u0a47 \u0a38\u0a30\u0a15\u0a3e\u0a30 \u0a26\u0a47 \u0a35\u0a3f\u0a30\u0a41\u0a71\u0a27 \u0a1c\u0a3c <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/land-claims\/\">\u0a2e\u0a40\u0a28\u0a40 \u0a26\u0a3e\u0a05\u0a35\u0a47 \u0a32<\/a> \u0a3f\u0a06\u0a09\u0a23 \u0a26\u0a47 \u0a2f\u0a4b\u0a17 \u0a35\u0a40 \u0a38\u0a28\u0964 \r\n\u0a2b\u0a38\u0a1f \u0a28\u0a47\u0a38\u0a3c\u0a28\u0a1c\u0a3c women\u0a30\u0a24\u0a3e\u0a02 \u0a32\u0a08, 1951 \u0a10\u0a15\u0a1f \u0a26\u0a3e \u0a2e\u0a24\u0a32\u0a2c \u0a38\u0a40 \u0a15\u0a3f \u0a09\u0a39 \u0a39\u0a41\u0a23 \u0a2c\u0a48\u0a02\u0a21 \u0a15\u0a4c\u0a02\u0a38\u0a32 \u0a1a\u0a4b\u0a23\u0a3e\u0a02 \u0a35\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a1a \u0a35 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\u0a4b\u0a1f<\/a> \u0a2a\u0a3e\u0a09\u0a23 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href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/child-welfare\">\u0a32\u0a3e\u0a08 (\u0a38\u0a48\u0a15\u0a38\u0a3c\u0a28 88) \u0a09\u0a71\u0a24\u0a47 \u0a05\u0a27\u0a3f\u0a15\u0a3e\u0a30<\/a> \u0a16\u0a47\u0a24\u0a30 \u0a35\u0a40 \u0a26\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a24\u0a3e \u0a1c\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a25\u0a47 \u0a15\u0a4b\u0a08 \u0a35\u0a40 \u0a38\u0a70\u0a18\u0a40 \u0a24\u0a4c\u0a30 \u0a24\u0a47 \u0a2e\u0a4c\u0a1c\u0a42\u0a26 \u0a28\u0a39\u0a40\u0a02 \u0a38\u0a40. \u0a07\u0a38 \u0a28\u0a47 \u0a06\u0a16\u0a30\u0a15\u0a3e\u0a30 \u201c\u0a38\u0a71\u0a20\u0a40 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sixties-scoop\">\u0a38\u0a15\u0a42\u0a2a\u201d \r\n \u0a28\u0a42\u0a70 \u0a39\u0a4b\u0a23<\/a> \u0a26\u0a40 \u0a06\u0a17\u0a3f\u0a06 \u0a26\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a24\u0a40, \u0a07\u0a71\u0a15 \u0a2a\u0a4d\u0a30\u0a15\u0a3f\u0a30\u0a3f\u0a06 \u0a1c\u0a3f\u0a38 \u0a26\u0a41\u0a06\u0a30\u0a3e \u0a38\u0a42\u0a2c\u0a3e\u0a08 \u0a2c\u0a3e\u0a32 \u0a2d\u0a32\u0a3e\u0a08 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\u0a28\u0a3e\u0a32 \u0a35\u0a3f\u0a06\u0a39 (W <em>omen\u0a30\u0a24\u0a3e\u0a02<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/women-and-the-indian-act\">\u0a05\u0a24\u0a47 \u0a2d\u0a3e\u0a30\u0a24\u0a40 \u0a10\u0a15\u0a1f \u0a35\u0a40 \u0a35\u0a47\u0a16<\/a> \u0a4b.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>woman\u0a30\u0a24 \u0a26\u0a40 \u0a38\u0a25\u0a3f\u0a24\u0a40 \u0a38\u0a70\u0a2c\u0a70\u0a27\u0a40 \u0a35\u0a3f\u0a35\u0a38\u0a25\u0a3e\u0a35\u0a3e\u0a02 \u0a16\u0a3e\u0a38 \u0a24\u0a4c\u0a30 &#39;\u0a24\u0a47 \u0a05\u0a24\u0a3f\u0a05\u0a70\u0a24 \u0a38\u0a28. \u0a07\u0a71\u0a15 woman\u0a30\u0a24 \u0a26\u0a47 \u0a30\u0a41\u0a24\u0a2c\u0a47 \u0a26\u0a47 \u0a05\u0a27\u0a3f\u0a15\u0a3e\u0a30 \u0a2a\u0a42\u0a30\u0a40 \u0a24\u0a30\u0a4d\u0a39\u0a3e\u0a02 \u0a09\u0a38\u0a26\u0a47 \u0a2a\u0a24\u0a40 \u0a26\u0a41\u0a06\u0a30\u0a3e \u0a35\u0a39\u0a3f \u0a17\u0a0f. \u0a07\u0a71\u0a15 \u0a17\u0a48\u0a30-\u0a26\u0a30\u0a1c\u0a3e \u0a35\u0a3e\u0a32\u0a40 woman\u0a30\u0a24 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\u0a2e\u0a70\u0a17<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/franchise\">1951 \u0a26\u0a47 \u0a2d <em>\u0a3e\u0a30\u0a24\u0a40 \u0a10\u0a15\u0a1f<\/em> \u0a28\u0a47 \u0a38\u0a35\u0a26\u0a47 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">\u0a38\u0a3c\u0a40 \u0a32\u0a4b\u0a15\u0a3e\u0a02<\/a> \u0a32\u0a08 \u0a05\u0a27\u0a3f\u0a15\u0a3e\u0a30 \u0a26\u0a47\u0a23 \u0a26\u0a40 \u0a2a\u0a4d\u0a30\u0a15\u0a3f\u0a30\u0a3f\u0a06 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\">\u0a28\u0a42\u0a70 \u0a28\u0a39\u0a40\u0a02 \u0a2c\u0a26\u0a32\u0a3f\u0a06<\/a>, \u0a05\u0a24\u0a47 \u0a28\u0a3e \r\n \u0a39\u0a40 \u0a07\u0a38 \u0a28\u0a47 \u0a35\u0a4b\u0a1f \u0a2a\u0a3e\u0a09\u0a23 \u0a26\u0a47 \u0a05\u0a27\u0a3f\u0a15\u0a3e\u0a30 \u0a26\u0a40 \u0a06\u0a17\u0a3f\u0a06 \u0a26\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a24\u0a40.<\/a> \u0a39\u0a3e\u0a32\u0a3e\u0a02\u0a15\u0a3f, 1958 \u0a26\u0a47 \u0a05\u0a30\u0a70\u0a2d \u0a35\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a1a, \u0a2a\u0a4d\u0a30\u0a27\u0a3e\u0a28 \u0a2e\u0a70\u0a24\u0a30\u0a40 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/john-diefenbaker\">\u0a1c\u0a4c\u0a28 \u0a21\u0a40\u0a2b\u0a47\u0a28\u0a2c\u0a47\u0a15\u0a30 \u0a26\u0a40 \u0a38\u0a30\u0a15\u0a3e\u0a30 \u0a28\u0a47 \u0a15\u0a48\u0a28\u0a47\u0a21\u0a40\u0a05\u0a28 \u0a2c<\/a> \u0a3f\u0a71\u0a32 \r\n \u0a06\u0a2b\u0a3c \u0a30\u0a3e\u0a08\u0a1f\u0a38 \u0a26\u0a3e \u0a16\u0a30\u0a5c\u0a3e \u0a24\u0a3f\u0a06\u0a30 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/canadian-bill-of-rights\/\">\u0a15\u0a30\u0a28\u0a3e \u0a38\u0a3c\u0a41\u0a30\u0a42 \u0a15\u0a40\u0a24\u0a3e<\/a>. \u0a38\u0a3e\u0a30\u0a47 \u0a15\u0a48\u0a28\u0a47\u0a21\u0a40\u0a05\u0a28\u0a3e\u0a02 \u0a32\u0a08 \u0a2c\u0a30\u0a3e\u0a2c\u0a30 \u0a05\u0a27\u0a3f\u0a15\u0a3e\u0a30\u0a3e\u0a02 &#39;\u0a24\u0a47 \u0a2c\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a32 \u0a06\u0a2b\u0a3c \u0a30\u0a3e\u0a08\u0a1f\u0a38 \u0a26\u0a47 \u0a1c\u0a3c\u0a4b\u0a30 \u0a26\u0a47 \u0a28\u0a3e\u0a32, \u0a38\u0a35\u0a26\u0a47\u0a38\u0a3c\u0a40 \u0a32\u0a4b\u0a15\u0a3e\u0a02 \u0a28\u0a42\u0a70 \u0a35\u0a4b\u0a1f \u0a2a\u0a3e\u0a09\u0a23 \u0a26\u0a47 \u0a05\u0a27\u0a3f\u0a15\u0a3e\u0a30 \u0a24\u0a4b\u0a02 \u0a2e\u0a41\u0a38\u0a3c\u0a15\u0a3f\u0a32 \u0a28\u0a3e\u0a32 \r\n \u0a07\u0a28\u0a15\u0a3e\u0a30 \u0a15\u0a40\u0a24\u0a3e \u0a1c\u0a3e \u0a38\u0a15\u0a26\u0a3e \u0a38\u0a40 31 \u0a2e\u0a3e\u0a30\u0a1a 1960 \u0a28\u0a42\u0a70, \u0a38\u0a1f\u0a47\u0a1f\u0a38 \u0a07\u0a70\u0a21\u0a40\u0a05\u0a28\u0a1c\u0a3c \u0a28\u0a42\u0a70 \u0a38\u0a70\u0a18\u0a40 \u0a35\u0a4b\u0a1f \u0a26\u0a47\u0a23 \u0a32\u0a08 \u0a15\u0a48\u0a28\u0a47 <em>\u0a21\u0a3e \u0a1a\u0a4b\u0a23 \u0a10\u0a15<\/em> \u0a1f \u0a26\u0a40 \u0a27\u0a3e\u0a30\u0a3e 14 (2) \u0a26\u0a47 \u0a39\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a38\u0a3f\u0a06\u0a02 \u0a28\u0a42\u0a70 \u0a30\u0a71\u0a26 \u0a15\u0a30 \u0a26\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a24\u0a3e <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">\u0a17\u0a3f\u0a06 \u0a38\u0a40\u0964<\/a> \r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">\u0a2a\u0a39\u0a3f\u0a32\u0a47 \u0a30\u0a3e\u0a38\u0a3c\u0a1f\u0a30<\/a> \u0a26\u0a47 \u0a32\u0a4b\u0a15 \u0a39\u0a41\u0a23 \u0a06\u0a2a\u0a23\u0a40 \u0a38\u0a25\u0a3f\u0a24\u0a40 \u0a28\u0a42\u0a70 \u0a17\u0a41\u0a06\u0a0f \u0a2c\u0a3f\u0a28\u0a3e\u0a02 \u0a35\u0a4b\u0a1f \u0a26\u0a47 \u0a38\u0a15\u0a26\u0a47 \u0a39\u0a28. \u0a05\u0a17\u0a32\u0a47 \u0a38\u0a3e\u0a32, \u0a2d\u0a3e\u0a30\u0a24\u0a40 \u0a10\u0a15\u0a1f \u0a35\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a1a \u0a32\u0a3e\u0a1c\u0a3c\u0a2e\u0a40 \u0a05\u0a27\u0a3f\u0a15\u0a3e\u0a30 \u0a26\u0a40 \u0a27\u0a3e\u0a30\u0a3e \u0a39\u0a1f\u0a3e \u0a26\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a24\u0a40 <em>\u0a17\u0a08 \u0a38\u0a40\u0964<\/em> (\u0a15\u0a28\u0a47 <em>\u0a21\u0a3e \u0a35\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a1a \u0a38\u0a35<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-suffrage\">\u0a26\u0a47\u0a38\u0a3c\u0a40 \u0a2e\u0a24\u0a2d\u0a47\u0a26 \u0a35\u0a40 \u0a35\u0a47\u0a16\u0a4b<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>1969 \u0a35\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a1a, \u0a2a\u0a4d\u0a30\u0a27\u0a3e\u0a28 \u0a2e\u0a70\u0a24\u0a30\u0a40 \u0a2a\u0a3f\u0a05\u0a30\u0a47 \u0a07 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/pierre-elliott-trudeau\/\">\u0a32\u0a40\u0a05\u0a1f \u0a1f\u0a30\u0a42\u0a21\u0a4b \u0a26\u0a40 \u0a38\u0a30\u0a15\u0a3e\u0a30 \u0a28\u0a47 \u0a06\u0a2a\u0a23\u0a3e \u0a35\u0a4d\u0a39\u0a3e\u0a08\u0a1f<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/the-white-paper-1969\/\">\u0a2a\u0a47<\/a> \u0a2a\u0a30 \u0a1c\u0a3e\u0a30\u0a40 \u0a15\u0a40\u0a24\u0a3e, \r\n \u0a1c\u0a3f\u0a38 \u0a28\u0a47 \u0a2d\u0a3e\u0a30\u0a24\u0a40 \u0a38\u0a25\u0a3f\u0a24\u0a40 \u0a05\u0a24\u0a47 \u0a2d\u0a3e\u0a30\u0a24\u0a40 \u0a2e\u0a3e\u0a2e\u0a32\u0a3f\u0a06\u0a02 \u0a26\u0a47 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href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/harold-cardinal\/\">\u0a39\u0a48\u0a30\u0a4b\u0a32\u0a21 \u0a15\u0a3e\u0a30\u0a21\u0a40\u0a28\u0a32 \u0a26\u0a41\u0a06\u0a30\u0a3e \u0a2c\u0a23\u0a3e\u0a0f \u0a05\u0a24\u0a47 \u0a2a\u0a47\u0a38\u0a3c \u0a15\u0a40\u0a24\u0a47 \u0a17\u0a0f \u201c\u0a30\u0a48\u0a21<\/a> \u0a2a\u0a47\u0a2a\u0a30\u201d \u0a26\u0a41\u0a06\u0a30\u0a3e \u0a24\u0a41\u0a30\u0a70\u0a24 \u0a07\u0a38\u0a26\u0a3e \u0a35\u0a3f\u0a30\u0a4b\u0a27 \u0a15\u0a40\u0a24\u0a3e \u0a17\u0a3f\u0a06\u0964 \r\n\u0a38\u0a35\u0a26\u0a47\u0a38\u0a3c\u0a40 \u0a38\u0a2e\u0a42\u0a39\u0a3e\u0a02 \u0a05\u0a24\u0a47 \u0a09\u0a28\u0a4d\u0a39\u0a3e\u0a02 \u0a26\u0a47 \u0a38\u0a2e\u0a30\u0a25\u0a15\u0a3e\u0a02 \u0a26\u0a41\u0a06\u0a30\u0a3e \u0a38\u0a16\u0a24 \u0a05\u0a24\u0a47 \u0a28\u0a3f\u0a30\u0a70\u0a24\u0a30 \u0a35\u0a3f\u0a30\u0a4b\u0a27 \u0a26\u0a47 \u0a15\u0a3e\u0a30\u0a28, \u0a15\u0a48\u0a28\u0a47\u0a21\u0a40\u0a05\u0a28 \u0a38\u0a30\u0a15\u0a3e\u0a30 \u0a28\u0a47 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(\u0a2c\u0a47 <em>\u0a21\u0a3e\u0a30 \r\n \u0a21 \u0a15\u0a47<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/bedard-case\">\u0a38 \u0a05\u0a24\u0a47 \u0a32\u0a3e\u0a35\u0a47\u0a32 \u0a15\u0a47\u0a38<\/a> \u0a35\u0a40 \u0a35\u0a47\u0a16 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/lavell-case\">\u0a4b.)<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sandra-lovelace-nicholas\">1981 \u0a35\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a1a, \u0a38\u0a70\u0a2f\u0a41\u0a15\u0a24 \u0a30\u0a3e\u0a38\u0a3c\u0a1f\u0a30 \u0a26\u0a47 \u0a2e\u0a28\u0a41\u0a71\u0a16\u0a40 \u0a05\u0a27\u0a3f\u0a15\u0a3e\u0a30 \u0a15\u0a2e\u0a3f\u0a38\u0a3c\u0a28 \u0a28\u0a47 \u0a2b\u0a48\u0a38\u0a32\u0a3e \u0a26\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a24\u0a3e \u0a15\u0a3f \u0a15\u0a48\u0a28\u0a47\u0a21\u0a3e \u0a28\u0a47 \u0a38\u0a48\u0a02\u0a21\u0a30\u0a3e \u0a32\u0a35\u0a32\u0a47\u0a38 \u0a28\u0a3f\u0a15\u0a4b\u0a32\u0a38 \u0a26\u0a47 \u0a2e\u0a3e\u0a2e\u0a32\u0a47 \u0a35\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a1a 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\u0a30\u0a41\u0a24\u0a2c\u0a47 \u0a26\u0a47 \r\n \u0a2f\u0a4b\u0a17 \u0a28\u0a39\u0a40\u0a02 \u0a39\u0a4b\u0a23\u0a17\u0a47. \u0a07\u0a38 \u0a28\u0a42\u0a70 \u201c\u0a26\u0a42\u0a1c\u0a40-\u0a2a\u0a40\u0a5c\u0a4d\u0a39\u0a40 \u0a26\u0a47 \u0a15\u0a71\u0a1f-\u0a06\u0a2b\u201d \u0a28\u0a3f\u0a2f\u0a2e \u0a35\u0a1c\u0a4b\u0a02 \u0a1c\u0a3e\u0a23\u0a3f\u0a06 \u0a1c\u0a3e\u0a02\u0a26\u0a3e \u0a39\u0a48. \u0a07\u0a38 \u0a24\u0a30\u0a4d\u0a39\u0a3e\u0a02, \u0a2c\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a32 \u0a38\u0a40 -31 \u0a26\u0a47 \u0a28\u0a24\u0a40\u0a1c\u0a47 \u0a26\u0a30\u0a1c\u0a47 \u0a26\u0a47 \u0a05\u0a27\u0a3f\u0a15\u0a3e\u0a30\u0a3e\u0a02 \u0a26\u0a47 \u0a39\u0a71\u0a15\u0a26\u0a3e\u0a30 \u0a32\u0a4b\u0a15\u0a3e\u0a02 \u0a26\u0a40 \u0a17\u0a3f\u0a23\u0a24\u0a40 &#39;\u0a24\u0a47 \u0a06\u0a0f \u0a39\u0a28.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<iframe width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/__Y_hHFvUR8\" title=\"\u0a2f\u0a42\u0a1f\u0a3f\u0a0a\u0a2c \u0a35\u0a40\u0a21\u0a40\u0a13 \u0a2a\u0a32\u0a47\u0a05\u0a30\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen=\"\">\r\n<\/iframe><br>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u0a2a\u0a4d\u0a30\u0a38\u0a3c\u0a3e\u0a38\u0a28 \u0a05\u0a24\u0a47 \u0a2d\u0a3e\u0a30\u0a24\u0a40 \u0a10\u0a15\u0a1f, 1960 \u0a24\u0a4b\u0a02 2000<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0a2d <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\/\">\u0a3e\u0a30\u0a24\u0a40 \u0a10\u0a15<\/a> \u0a1f, 1876,<\/em> \u0a28\u0a47 \u0a38\u0a3c\u0a3e\u0a38\u0a28 \u0a26\u0a40\u0a06\u0a02 \u0a30\u0a35\u0a3e\u0a07\u0a24\u0a40 \u0a2a\u0a4d\u0a30\u0a23\u0a3e\u0a32\u0a40\u0a06\u0a02 \u0a28\u0a42\u0a70 \u0a16\u0a24\u0a2e \u0a15\u0a30 \u0a26\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a24\u0a3e \u0a05\u0a24\u0a47 \u0a2c\u0a3e\u0a39\u0a30\u0a40 \u0a28\u0a3f\u0a2f\u0a70\u0a24\u0a30\u0a23 \u0a32\u0a17\u0a3e\u0a0f - \u0a38\u0a25\u0a3e\u0a28\u0a15 \u0a2d <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-agents-in-canada\">\u0a3e\u0a30\u0a24\u0a40 \u0a0f\u0a1c\u0a70\u0a1f\u0a3e\u0a02<\/a> \u0a05\u0a24\u0a47 \u0a35\u0a3f\u0a05\u0a15\u0a24\u0a40\u0a06\u0a02 \u0a05\u0a24\u0a47 \u0a2d\u0a3e\u0a08\u0a1a\u0a3e\u0a30\u0a3f\u0a06\u0a02 \u0a09\u0a71\u0a24\u0a47 \u0a2d <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-affairs-and-northern-development-canada\">\u0a3e\u0a30\u0a24\u0a40 \u0a2e\u0a3e\u0a2e\u0a32\u0a3f\u0a06\u0a02 \u0a26\u0a47 \u0a35\u0a3f\u0a2d\u0a3e\u0a17 \u0a26\u0a47<\/a> \u0a38\u0a70\u0a18\u0a40 \u0a28\u0a4c\u0a15\u0a30\u0a38\u0a3c\u0a3e\u0a39\u0a40 \u0a26\u0a47 \u0a30\u0a42\u0a2a \u0a35\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a1a. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-self-government\">1960 \u0a26\u0a47 \u0a05\u0a16\u0a40\u0a30 \u0a05\u0a24\u0a47 1970 \u0a26\u0a47 \u0a26\u0a39\u0a3e\u0a15\u0a47 \u0a26\u0a47 \u0a05\u0a30\u0a70\u0a2d \u0a24\u0a71\u0a15 \u0a24\u0a47\u0a1c\u0a3c\u0a40 \u0a28\u0a3e\u0a32 \u0a2a\u0a4d\u0a30\u0a2d\u0a3e\u0a35\u0a38\u0a3c\u0a3e\u0a32\u0a40 \u0a30\u0a3e\u0a1c\u0a28\u0a40\u0a24\u0a3f\u0a15 \u0a38\u0a70\u0a17\u0a20\u0a28\u0a3e\u0a02 \u0a05\u0a24\u0a47 \u0a24\u0a40\u0a2c\u0a30 \u0a38\u0a30\u0a17\u0a30\u0a2e\u0a40 \r\n \u0a28\u0a47 \u0a15\u0a48\u0a28\u0a47\u0a21\u0a3e \u0a28\u0a42\u0a70 \u0a38\u0a35\u0a26\u0a47\u0a38\u0a3c\u0a40 \u0a38\u0a35\u0a48-\u0a38\u0a30\u0a15\u0a3e\u0a30 \u0a26\u0a47 \u0a30\u0a42\u0a2a\u0a3e\u0a02 \u0a28\u0a42\u0a70 \u0a38\u0a35\u0a40\u0a15\u0a3e\u0a30 \u0a15\u0a30\u0a28 \u0a05\u0a24\u0a47 \u0a38\u0a2e\u0a30\u0a71\u0a25 \u0a2c\u0a23\u0a3e\u0a09\u0a23 \u0a26\u0a47 \u0a2e\u0a3e\u0a30\u0a17<\/a> \r\n\u0a07\u0a38 \u0a30\u0a41\u0a1d\u0a3e\u0a28 \u0a28\u0a47 20 \u0a35\u0a40\u0a02 \u0a38\u0a26\u0a40 \u0a26\u0a47 \u0a05\u0a16\u0a40\u0a30 \u0a05\u0a24\u0a47 21 \u0a35\u0a40\u0a02 \u0a38\u0a26\u0a40 \u0a26\u0a47 \u0a05\u0a30\u0a70\u0a2d \u0a35\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a1a \u0a17\u0a24\u0a40 \u0a2a\u0a4d\u0a30\u0a3e\u0a2a\u0a24 \u0a15\u0a40\u0a24\u0a40, \u0a05\u0a24\u0a47 \u0a38\u0a35\u0a26\u0a47\u0a38\u0a3c\u0a40 \u0a32\u0a4b\u0a15\u0a3e\u0a02 \u0a28\u0a47 \u0a38\u0a70 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/constitution-act-1982\/\"><em>\u0a35\u0a3f\u0a27\u0a3e\u0a28 \u0a10\u0a15\u0a1f, 1982<\/em><\/a> \u0a05\u0a24\u0a47 \u0a05\u0a70\u0a24\u0a30\u0a30\u0a3e\u0a38\u0a3c\u0a1f\u0a30\u0a40 \u0a26\u0a38\u0a24\u0a3e\u0a35\u0a47\u0a1c\u0a3c\u0a3e\u0a02 \u0a35\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a1a \u0a38\u0a35\u0a48-\u0a38\u0a30\u0a15\u0a3e\u0a30 \u0a26\u0a47 \u0a06\u0a2a\u0a23\u0a47 \u0a05\u0a27\u0a3f\u0a15\u0a3e\u0a30\u0a3e\u0a02 \u0a26\u0a40 \u0a2a\u0a41\u0a38\u0a3c\u0a1f\u0a40 \u0a15\u0a40\u0a24\u0a40 \u0a17\u0a08 \u0a35\u0a47\u0a16\u0a3f\u0a06. \r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>1984 \u0a35\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a1a, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/james-bay-and-northern-quebec-agreement\">\u0a1c\u0a47\u0a2e\u0a1c\u0a3c \u0a2c\u0a47 \u0a05\u0a24\u0a47 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\u0a1f\u0a30 \u0a2e\u0a3e\u0a2e \r\n \u0a32\u0a3f\u0a06\u0a02 \u0a26\u0a3e \u0a2a\u0a4d\u0a30\u0a2c\u0a70\u0a27\u0a28 \u0a1c\u0a3e\u0a30\u0a40 \u0a30\u0a71\u0a16\u0a26\u0a40 \u0a39\u0a48.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0a09\u0a26\u0a4b\u0a02 \u0a24\u0a4b\u0a02, \u0a10\u0a15\u0a1f \u0a35\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a1a \u0a38\u0a3c\u0a3e\u0a38\u0a28 \u0a09\u0a71\u0a24\u0a47 \u0a2c <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\u0a48\u0a02\u0a21 \u0a38\u0a3c\u0a15\u0a24\u0a40\u0a06\u0a02<\/a> \u0a35\u0a27\u0a3e\u0a09\u0a23 \u0a26\u0a47 \u0a2a\u0a4d\u0a30\u0a38\u0a24\u0a3e\u0a35 \u0a26\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a24\u0a47 \u0a17\u0a0f \u0a39\u0a28\u0964 1996 \u0a35\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a1a, \u0a38\u0a70\u0a18\u0a40 \u0a38\u0a30\u0a15\u0a3e\u0a30 \u0a28\u0a47 \u0a2c\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a32 \u0a38\u0a40 -79 \u0a28\u0a42\u0a70 \u0a2c\u0a48\u0a02\u0a21 \u0a17\u0a35\u0a30\u0a28\u0a48\u0a02\u0a38 \u0a05\u0a24\u0a47 \u0a2d\u0a70\u0a21\u0a3e\u0a30\u0a3e\u0a02 \u0a26\u0a47 \u0a28\u0a3f\u0a2f\u0a2e \u0a38\u0a2e\u0a47\u0a24 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href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/duty-to-consult\">\u0a30\u0a3e\u0a38\u0a3c\u0a1f\u0a30<\/a> \u0a3e\u0a02 \u0a28\u0a3e\u0a32 \u0a32\u0a4b\u0a5c\u0a40\u0a02\u0a26\u0a40 \u0a38\u0a32\u0a3e\u0a39 \u0a15\u0a30\u0a28 \u0a35\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a1a \u0a05\u0a38\u0a2b\u0a32 \u0a09\u0a28\u0a4d\u0a39\u0a3e\u0a02 \u0a28\u0a42\u0a70 \u0a21\u0a30 \u0a38\u0a40 \u0a15\u0a3f \u0a2c\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a32 \u0a38\u0a70\u0a27\u0a40 \u0a26\u0a47 \u0a05\u0a27\u0a3f\u0a15\u0a3e\u0a30 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-treaties\">\u0a3e\u0a02 \u0a05\u0a24\u0a47<\/a> \u0a38\u0a35\u0a48-\u0a38\u0a30\u0a15\u0a3e\u0a30 \u0a26\u0a47 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-rights\">\u0a05\u0a27\u0a3f\u0a15\u0a3e\u0a30 \u0a28\u0a42\u0a70<\/a> \u0a27\u0a2e\u0a15\u0a3e \u0a26\u0a47\u0a35\u0a47\u0a17\u0a3e. \u0a07\u0a38 \u0a24\u0a4b\u0a02 \u0a07\u0a32\u0a3e\u0a35\u0a3e, \u0a06\u0a26\u0a3f\u0a35\u0a3e\u0a38\u0a40 \u0a32\u0a4b\u0a15\u0a3e\u0a02 \u0a2c\u0a3e\u0a30\u0a47 \u0a30\u0a3e\u0a07\u0a32 \u0a15\u0a2e\u0a3f\u0a38\u0a3c\u0a28 \u0a26\u0a40\u0a06\u0a02 \u0a38\u0a3f\u0a2b\u0a3e\u0a30\u0a38\u0a3c\u0a3e\u0a02 \u0a28\u0a42\u0a70 \u0a28\u0a1c\u0a3c\u0a30 \u0a05\u0a70\u0a26\u0a3e\u0a1c\u0a3c \u0a15\u0a30\u0a28 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/royal-commission-on-aboriginal-peoples\">\u0a32\u0a08 \u0a2c\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a32 \u0a26\u0a40 \u0a06\u0a32\u0a4b\u0a1a\u0a28\u0a3e \u0a15\u0a40\u0a24\u0a40 \u0a17\u0a08 \u0a38\u0a40<\/a>. \r\n\u0a2c\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a32 \u0a38\u0a40 -79 \u0a15\u0a3e\u0a28\u0a42\u0a70\u0a28 \u0a2c\u0a23\u0a28 \u0a35\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a1a \u0a05\u0a38\u0a2b\u0a32 \u0a30\u0a3f\u0a39\u0a3e.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>2002 \u0a35\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a1a, \u0a2c\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a32 \u0a38\u0a40 -7, \u0a1c\u0a3f\u0a38\u0a28\u0a42\u0a70 \u0a2b <em>\u0a38\u0a1f \u0a28\u0a47\u0a38\u0a3c\u0a28\u0a1c\u0a3c \u0a17\u0a35\u0a30\u0a28\u0a48\u0a02\u0a38 \u0a10\u0a15\u0a1f \u0a35\u0a40 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(\u0a38\u0a70 <em>\u0a38\u0a26\u0a40 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/parliamentary-procedure\">\u0a2a\u0a4d\u0a30\u0a15\u0a3f\u0a30\u0a3f\u0a06<\/a> \u0a35\u0a40 \u0a35\u0a47\u0a16<\/em> \u0a4b.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0a39\u0a3e\u0a32\u0a3e\u0a02\u0a15\u0a3f, \u0a15\u0a41\u0a1d \u0a2a\u0a39\u0a3f\u0a32\u0a47 \u0a30\u0a3e\u0a38\u0a3c\u0a1f\u0a30\u0a3e\u0a02 \u0a28\u0a47 \u0a38\u0a2b\u0a32 \u0a38\u0a48\u0a15\u0a1f\u0a4b\u0a30\u0a32 \u0a2a\u0a4d\u0a30\u0a2c\u0a70\u0a27 \u0a15\u0a40\u0a24\u0a47 \u0a39\u0a28. \u0a07\u0a39 \u0a2d\u0a3e\u0a30\u0a24\u0a40 \u0a10\u0a15\u0a1f \u0a26\u0a47 \u0a05\u0a27\u0a40\u0a28 \u0a2a\u0a4d\u0a30\u0a26\u0a3e\u0a28 \u0a28\u0a39\u0a40\u0a02 \u0a15\u0a40\u0a24\u0a40\u0a06\u0a02 \u0a17\u0a08\u0a06\u0a02 \u0a35\u0a27\u0a47\u0a30\u0a47 \u0a38\u0a3c\u0a3e\u0a38\u0a28 \u0a38\u0a3c\u0a15\u0a24\u0a40\u0a06\u0a02 <em>\u0a26\u0a40 \u0a06\u0a17\u0a3f\u0a06 \u0a26\u0a3f\u0a70\u0a26\u0a47<\/em> \u0a39\u0a28. \u0a15\u0a41\u0a1d 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href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">\u0a15\u0a3e\u0a30\u0a40 \u0a35\u0a3f<\/a> \u0a30\u0a41\u0a71\u0a27 2011 \u0a35\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a1a, \u0a38\u0a70\u0a38\u0a26 \u0a28\u0a47 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/parliament\">\u0a07\u0a70\u0a21\u0a40<\/a> \u0a05\u0a28 \u0a30\u0a1c\u0a3f\u0a38\u0a1f \r\n <em>\u0a4d\u0a30\u0a47\u0a38\u0a3c\u0a28 \u0a10\u0a15\u0a1f \u0a35\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a1a \u0a32\u0a3f\u0a70\u0a17 \u0a07\u0a15\u0a41\u0a07\u0a1f\u0a40 \u0a2a\u0a3e\u0a38<\/em> \u0a15\u0a40\u0a24\u0a3e, \u0a1c\u0a3f\u0a38 \u0a28\u0a42\u0a70 \u0a2c\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a32 \u0a38\u0a40 -3 \u0a35\u0a40 \u0a15\u0a3f\u0a39\u0a3e \u0a1c\u0a3e\u0a02\u0a26\u0a3e \u0a39\u0a48\u0964 <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mcivor-case\">\u0a2e\u0a48\u0a15\u0a38\u0a40\u0a35\u0a30 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">\u0a15\u0a47\u0a38 \u0a2a\u0a4d\u0a30<\/a> \u0a24\u0a40 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\u0a35\u0a3e\u0a32\u0a47 \u0a15\u0a26\u0a2e \u0a26\u0a47 \u0a28\u0a3e\u0a32 \u0a10\u0a15\u0a1f \u0a26\u0a40\u0a06\u0a02 \u0a38\u0a3c\u0a15\u0a24\u0a40\u0a06\u0a02 \u0a05\u0a32\u0a4b\u0a2a \u0a39\u0a4b \u0a1c\u0a3e\u0a23\u0a17\u0a40\u0a06\u0a02 \u0a1c\u0a3f\u0a35\u0a47\u0a02 \u0a15\u0a3f \u0a05 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/assembly-of-first-nations\">\u0a38\u0a48\u0a02\u0a2c\u0a32\u0a40 \u0a06\u0a2b\u0a3c \u0a2b\u0a38\u0a1f<\/a> \u0a28\u0a47\u0a38\u0a3c\u0a28\u0a1c\u0a3c \u0a26\u0a47 \u0a2e\u0a41\u0a16\u0a40 \u0a2a\u0a48\u0a30\u0a40 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/perry-bellegarde\">\u0a2c\u0a47\u0a32\u0a47\u0a17\u0a3e\u0a30\u0a21\u0a47<\/a> \u0a28\u0a47 2018 \u0a35\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a1a \u0a15\u0a3f\u0a39\u0a3e \u0a38\u0a40, \u201c\u0a05\u0a38\u0a40\u0a02 \u0a38\u0a3e\u0a30\u0a47 \u0a2d <em>\u0a3e\u0a30\u0a24\u0a40 \u0a10\u0a15<\/em> \u0a1f \u0a26\u0a47 \u0a28\u0a3f\u0a2f\u0a70\u0a24\u0a30\u0a23 \u0a24\u0a4b\u0a02 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src=\"https:\/\/embed.radiopublic.com\/e?if=the-secret-life-of-canada-Ww0QnZ&amp;ge=s1!7163a1347ab72236394fe46a4fe7d4048bc69b37\">\r\n<\/iframe><br>\r\n\r\n\t<p>\u0a2d\u0a3e\u0a30\u0a24\u0a40 \u0a10\u0a15\u0a1f \u0a15\u0a40 \u0a39\u0a48 \u0a05\u0a24\u0a47 \u0a15\u0a48\u0a28\u0a47\u0a21\u0a3e \u0a15\u0a4b\u0a32 \u0a05\u0a1c\u0a47 \u0a35\u0a40 \u0a15\u0a3f\u0a24\u0a3e\u0a2c\u0a3e\u0a02 &#39;\u0a24\u0a47 \u0a07\u0a39 \u0a15\u0a3f\u0a09\u0a02 \u0a39\u0a48? \u0a38\u0a40\u0a15\u0a30\u0a47\u0a1f \u0a32\u0a3e\u0a08\u0a2b \u0a1f\u0a40\u0a2e \u0a07\u0a38 \u0a17\u0a41\u0a70\u0a1d\u0a32\u0a26\u0a3e\u0a30 \u0a28\u0a40\u0a24\u0a40 \u0a26\u0a40\u0a06\u0a02 \u0a1c\u0a5c\u0a4d\u0a39\u0a3e\u0a02 \u0a28\u0a42\u0a70 \u0a35\u0a47\u0a16\u0a26\u0a40 \u0a39\u0a48, \u0a1c\u0a4b 143 \u0a38\u0a3e\u0a32\u0a3e\u0a02 \u0a2c\u0a3e\u0a05\u0a26 \u0a05\u0a1c\u0a47 \u0a35\u0a40 \u0a15\u0a48\u0a28\u0a47\u0a21\u0a40\u0a05\u0a28 \u0a2a\u0a1b\u0a3e\u0a23 \u0a35\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a1a \u0a38\u0a3c\u0a3e\u0a2e\u0a32 \u0a39\u0a48, 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\u0a24\u0a40 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">\u0a38\u0a25\u0a3f\u0a24\u0a40 \u0a26\u0a40\u0a06\u0a02 \u0a38\u0a3c\u0a30\u0a24\u0a3e\u0a02, \u0a2d\u0a70\u0a21\u0a3e\u0a30<\/a> \u0a3e\u0a02 \u0a26\u0a47 \u0a06\u0a32\u0a47 \r\n \u0a26\u0a41\u0a06\u0a32\u0a47 \u0a26\u0a47 \u0a35\u0a71\u0a16-\u0a35\u0a71\u0a16 \u0a28\u0a3f\u0a2f\u0a2e\u0a3e\u0a02, \u0a28\u0a3e\u0a2c\u0a3e\u0a32\u0a17\u0a3e\u0a02 \u0a26\u0a40 \u0a35\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a24\u0a40 \u0a38\u0a30\u0a2a\u0a4d\u0a30\u0a38\u0a24\u0a40 \u0a05\u0a24\u0a47 \u0a2e\u0a3e\u0a28\u0a38\u0a3f\u0a15 \u0a24\u0a4c\u0a30 &#39;\u0a24\u0a47 \u0a05\u0a2f\u0a4b\u0a17, \u0a2c <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\u0a48\u0a02<\/a> \u0a21 \u0a38\u0a30\u0a4b\u0a24\u0a3e\u0a02 \u0a26\u0a3e \u0a2a\u0a4d\u0a30\u0a2c\u0a70\u0a27\u0a28, \u0a1a\u0a4b \r\n \u0a23\u0a3e\u0a02 \u0a05\u0a24\u0a47 \u0a30\u0a3f\u0a1c\u0a3c\u0a30\u0a35 &#39;\u0a24\u0a47 \u0a1c\u0a40\u0a35\u0a28 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href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/residential-schools\">\u0a39\u0a3e\u0a07\u0a38\u0a3c\u0a40 \u0a38\u0a15<\/a> \u0a42\u0a32\u0a3e\u0a02 \u0a26\u0a47 \u0a38\u0a70\u0a2c\u0a70\u0a27 \u0a35\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a1a, \r\n \u0a15\u0a3f\u0a09\u0a02\u0a15\u0a3f \u0a10\u0a15\u0a1f \u0a26\u0a47 \u0a1c\u0a3c\u0a41\u0a32\u0a2e \u0a05\u0a24\u0a47 \u0a2a\u0a4d\u0a30\u0a24\u0a40\u0a2c\u0a70\u0a27\u0a3f\u0a24 \u0a2a\u0a4d\u0a30\u0a2c\u0a70\u0a27\u0a3e\u0a02 \u0a28\u0a47 \u0a38\u0a35\u0a26\u0a47\u0a38\u0a3c\u0a40 \u0a32\u0a4b\u0a15\u0a3e\u0a02 \u0a26\u0a40\u0a06\u0a02 \u0a2a\u0a40\u0a5c\u0a4d\u0a39\u0a40\u0a06\u0a02 \u0a28\u0a42\u0a70 \u0a28\u0a15\u0a3e\u0a30\u0a3e\u0a24\u0a2e\u0a15 \u0a2a\u0a4d\u0a30\u0a2d\u0a3e\u0a35 \u0a2a\u0a3e\u0a07\u0a06 \u0a39\u0a48.<\/p>","slug":"","alt_slug":"","twitter_summary":null,"locale":"pa","automated":true,"hidden":0,"views":3,"created_at":"2024-12-13T17:58:24.000000Z","updated_at":"2024-12-13T17:58:24.000000Z"},{"id":"9dbf9d7c-4044-4177-9c91-1f72432c7eaa","article_id":"83668","title":"\u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d \u043e\u0431 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0446\u0430\u0445","summary":"<p><em>\u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d \u043e\u0431 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0446\u0430\u0445<\/em> \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e<\/a> \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u043e\u043c \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0446\u0435\u0432<\/a>, \r\n \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0438<\/a> \u0438 \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">\u0437\u0430\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438<\/a> \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u044f\u043c\u0438. \u0412 \u043d\u0435\u043c \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u044b \r\n \u043e\u0431\u044f\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0438. <em>\u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d \u043e\u0431 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0446\u0430\u0445<\/em> <a\r\n\thref=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/inuit\">\u043a\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043b\u0438\u0446 \u0441 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u043e\u043c; \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0443\u043f\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432, \u043d\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u0430, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/metis\">\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0441\u044b \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0443\u0438\u0442\u044b<\/a>. \r\n<\/a> \u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d, \u0432\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044b\u0439 \u0432 1876 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443, \u0432\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043b \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u044f \u0440\u044f\u0434 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430 \u043b\u0438\u043a\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443 \u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u043c\u0438\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e. \u041d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0430 \u0432 1951 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443, \u0438 \u0441 \u0442\u0435\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0440 \u0432 \r\n \u043d\u0435\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e \u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0438, \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0432 1985 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043c \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0430 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. \u042d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439\u0441\u044f \u0438 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043c, \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0440\u044f\u0441\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0446\u0435\u043b\u044b\u0445 \r\n \u043f\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u042d\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043e \u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0431 <em>\u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0446\u0430\u0445<\/em>. \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043c \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0435 \u0441\u043c. \u0432 <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act-plain-language-summary\" target=\"_blank\">\u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0431 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0446\u0430\u0445 (\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043c \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0435)<\/a>.<\/p>","body":"<div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/cbcd31d1-03f6-4fba-a45d-96ee89c4617d.jpg\" title=\"\u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d \u043e\u0431 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0446\u0430\u0445\" alt=\"\u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d \u043e\u0431 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0446\u0430\u0445\"><\/div>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442: \u0434\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0431 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0446\u0430\u0445 1763\u20141876 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/royal-proclamation-of-1763\/\">\u041a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0435\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f 1763 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430<\/a> \u0437\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0443 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u0434\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0441 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0438<\/a> \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0433\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430\u043c \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-rights\">\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430<\/a> \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u044b \u0438 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0440\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0438\u0445 \r\n \u0437\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043b\u044c. \u0412 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0435 XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044b \u0434\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b \u043f\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>\u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d 1850 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043e\u0431 \u0443\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u044b \u0437\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u0432 \u041d\u0438\u0436\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u041a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0438\u0437 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432, \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u044f\u0434 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043a \u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043b\u0438\u0446\u043e \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/indian\/\">\u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0446\u0435\u043c<\/a>, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f \u00ab\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u00bb.<\/a> \u042d\u0442\u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438 \u0438, \u043f\u043e \u0441\u0443\u0442\u0438, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0438, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439 \u00ab\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0446\u0430\u043c\u0438\u00bb, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0442 \u00ab\r\n\u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u044c\u00bb \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0434\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0430\u0442 \u043a \u00ab\u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u0435 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0446\u0435\u0432\u00bb. \u0412\u0441\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043a\u0438 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0446\u0430\u043c\u0438. \u0422\u0430\u043a \u0436\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u043a \u043d\u0435\u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0446\u0430\u043c, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u00ab\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0432 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0448\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0431\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0438 \u0441 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0446\u0430\u043c\u0438\u00bb, \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0438, \u0447\u044c\u0438 \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 (\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0438\u0445) \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0446\u0430\u043c\u0438, \r\n \u0438 \u00ab\u0432\u0441\u0435 \u043b\u0438\u0446\u0430, \u0443\u0441\u044b\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432 \u043c\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0446\u0430\u043c\u0438\u00bb.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u044b, \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d \u043e <em>\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0446\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 1857 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0438 \u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d \u043e<\/em> <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/gradual-civilization-act\/\">\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u0437\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432 1869 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430, \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0443\u044e \u043e\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044c \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043d\u0430 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043b\u044e\u0431\u044b\u0445 \r\n \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0441 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u044c\u044e \u0438\u0445 \u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u043c\u0438\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435<\/a><\/em> \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435. \u0418\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0443\u0442\u043e <em>\u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0446\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438<\/em> \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0435\u043c \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\/\">\u0438\u0437\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445<\/a> \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432 (\u0442.\u0435. \u043b\u0438\u0446\u043e, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0434\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0430\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u043a \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430\u043c, \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0442 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u0430 \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u043c\u0435\u043d \u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u044e \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e \u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0430), \u043d\u043e \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043b\u0438\u0446\u0443 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0437\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e. \r\n\u0412 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0432 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0435\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043a\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0437\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043c \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>\u0420\u044f\u0434 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0438\u043b\u0438<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-treaties\/\">\u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044b<\/a> (\u0432 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u044f\u0442\u044c <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/numbered-treaties\">\u043f\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0443\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432<\/a>) \u0441 \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0435\u0449\u0435 \u0434\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0431 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0446\u0430\u0445 \u0432 1876 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443.<\/em> \u042d\u0442\u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u044b \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432, \u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f \u0438\u0437 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0438\u0437 <em>\u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0431 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0446\u0430\u0445<\/em>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d \u043e\u0431 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0446\u0430\u0445 \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u0443 \u0432 1876 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0412 1867 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/constitution-act-1867\/\"><em>\u041a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d<\/em><\/a> \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043b <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/parliament\">\u043f\u0430\u0440\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442<\/a> \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u044e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u00ab\u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0446\u0435\u0432 \r\n \u0438 \u0437\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043b\u044c, \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0437\u0430 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0446\u0430\u043c\u0438\u00bb. <em>\u041f\u043e\u0447\u0442\u0438 10 \u043b\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u044f, \u0432 1876 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443, \u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d \u043e <em>\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0446\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d \u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c<\/em> <em>\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u0437\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0431 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0446\u0430\u0445<\/em>.<\/em> <em>\u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d \u043e\u0431 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-affairs-and-northern-development-canada\">\u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0446\u0430\u0445, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044b\u0439 \u0414\u0435\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043c<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-agents-in-canada\">\u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0430\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438<\/a> \u043f\u043e \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043c \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0446\u0435\u0432<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-education\">, \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043b \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0447\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432<\/a>, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440, \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f.<\/a> \u042d\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0447\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u044b \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043b\u0438\u0446\u0430\u043c \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0442\u044c <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-rights\">\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u043b\u044c\u0433\u043e\u0442\u044b \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432<\/a>, \u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f \u0438\u0437 \u00ab\u0445\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u00bb.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0412 <em>\u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0431 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0446\u0430\u0445<\/em> \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0431\u0448\u0438\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u043c\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432. \u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0449\u0430\u043b \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430\u043c \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0432\u043e\u044e \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b. \r\n\u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043b \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0432 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u044b<\/a>. <em>\u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d \u043e\u0431 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0446\u0430\u0445<\/em> \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/chief\">\u0432\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u0439<\/a> \u2014 \u043b\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \r\n \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e \u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043c \u0432\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432. \u0414\u043e 1951 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0436\u0435\u043d\u0449\u0438\u043d \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u0437 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u043f\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d. (<em>\u0421\u043c. \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/women-and-the-indian-act\">\u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d \u043e \u0436\u0435\u043d\u0449\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0446\u0430\u0445<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043b \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/religion-of-aboriginal-people\">\u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043e\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0435<\/a> \u0446\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sun-dance\">\u0412 1884 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/potlatch\/\">\u043f\u043e\u0442\u043b\u0430\u0447<\/a> \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d, \u0430 \u0432 1895 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u044b \u00ab\u043b\u044e\u0431\u044b\u0435 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-term\">\u0438\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435<\/a> \u0444\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438, \u0442\u0430\u043d\u0446\u044b \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u0446\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0438\u00bb, \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u044f <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/powwows-editorial\">\u043f\u0430\u0443\u0432\u0443 \u0438<\/a> \u0442\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0446 \u0441\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0446\u0430.<\/a> \u0415\u0449\u0435 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0430\u044f \u0432 1914 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443, \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0437\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0438 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">\u0437\u0430\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430<\/a>, \r\n \u0430 \u0432 1925 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u0442\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0446 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/land-claims\/\">\u0412 1927 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043b \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430\u043c \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0437\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0437\u0438\u0439.<\/a> \u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438, \r\n \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0435\u0449\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/residential-schools\/\">\u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044b \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044b-\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0442\u044b<\/a> (1894 \u0438 1920 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b). \u0422\u0435\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0435 \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b-\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u041a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043b\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0438\u043d\u044b \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \r\n \u043f\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. \r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u041d\u0430 \u0440\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u0435 XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/pass-system-in-canada\">\u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432<\/a> (\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0438\u0437 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439) \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u0432\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e-\u043b\u0438\u0431\u043e \u044e\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u042d\u0442\u0430 \r\n \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0433\u043e\u0441\u0440\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0443 \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0443\u0449\u0435\u0440\u0431 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0435, \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435 \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>\u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d \u043e\u0431 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0446\u0430\u0445<\/em> \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0438 \u0441 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0446\u0435\u043c. \u0412 \u043d\u0435\u043c \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0446\u0435\u043c \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u00ab\u043b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0443\u0436\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0434\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0430\u0449\u0438\u043c \u043a \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u0435<\/a>\u00bb. \r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">\u0418\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441<\/a> \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044f\u043b\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u00ab\u043b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043b\u0438\u0446\u0430\u00bb \u0438 \u00ab\u043d\u0430 \u043b\u044e\u0431\u0443\u044e \u0436\u0435\u043d\u0449\u0438\u043d\u0443, \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0443\u044e \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0432\u0448\u0443\u044e \u0432 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0431\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0435 \u0441 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043b\u0438\u0446\u043e\u043c\u00bb. \u041b\u0438\u0446\u043e \u0443\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430, \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \r\n \u0431\u0440\u0430\u043a \u0441 \u043b\u0438\u0446\u043e\u043c, \u043d\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u0430 (\u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u0436\u0435\u043d\u0449\u0438\u043d\u0430), \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0436\u0435 \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 \u0441 1876 \u043f\u043e 1880 \u0433\u043e\u0434 \u043e\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/christianity\">\u0445\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c<\/a> \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043c, \u0432\u0440\u0430\u0447\u043e\u043c \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0430\u0434\u0432\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\">\u042d\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0438\u0437\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432.<\/a> \r\n\u0420\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b 112 <em>\u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0431 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0446\u0430\u0445<\/em>, \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b \u043e\u0431 \u00ab\u043e\u0431\u044f\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u0437\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u00bb, \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0432 1961 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443. \u0423\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u043e\u043c \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u043c\u0438\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0442\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d \u043e\u0431 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0446\u0430\u0445 \u0432 1951 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p><em>\u0412 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/second-world-war-wwii\/\">\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b<\/a>, \u0432 \u041a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0442\u0430\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437, \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435 \u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u0437 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \r\n \u0440\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u0440, \u0432\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0431 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0446\u0430\u0445.<\/em> \u0420\u044f\u0434 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0433\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044b \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0433\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044b <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0438<\/a>, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0443 \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0432 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441. \r\n \u0412 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u041a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0434\u044b \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0438\u043b\u043e \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0438 \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u043c\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u041e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043b\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0441 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u043e \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0443 \u043e\u0431 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0432 <em>\u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0431 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0446\u0430\u0445<\/em>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u041d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 <em>\u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d \u043e\u0431 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0446\u0430\u0445<\/em> \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u043b \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044e 20 \u0438\u044e\u043d\u044f 1951 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0412 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044b \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445, \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043e\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. \u041d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044b \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044b \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0446\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0439, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/potlatch\">\u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043b\u0430\u0447<\/a> \u0438 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sun-dance\">\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0446 \u043d\u0430 \r\n \u0441\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0446\u0435<\/a>. \u041e\u0431\u0449\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0441\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044a\u044f\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/land-claims\/\">\u0437\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0438<\/a>. \r\n\u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d 1951 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0434\u0430\u043b \u0436\u0435\u043d\u0449\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c \u0438\u0437 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0432\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0445 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\u0432<\/a> \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u044b \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0438\u043d. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/elsie-knott\">\u042d\u043b\u0441\u0438 \u041c\u0430\u0440\u0438 \u041d\u043e\u0442\u0442<\/a> \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/chief\">\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0449\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0439-\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u041a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0434\u044b<\/a>. (<em>\u0421\u043c. \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-women-and-the-franchise\">\u0416\u0435\u043d\u0449\u0438\u043d\u044b-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0444\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0448\u0438\u0437\u0430.<\/a>)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u044d\u0442\u0438 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0431\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d \u043e\u0442 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u041d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, <em>\u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d \u043e\u0431 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0446\u0430\u0445<\/em> \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u043d\u044b\u043c<\/a> \u043b\u0438\u0446\u0430\u043c \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0442\u044c \u0438\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0442\u044b \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0430\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u043f\u044c\u044f\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \r\n\u041f\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0438 1951 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u044f\u043c \u044e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044e \u043f\u043e \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430\u043c <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/child-welfare\">\u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0439<\/a> \u0438\u0437 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 (\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b 88), \u0432 \u0442\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043d\u0430 \u0444\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0435 \u0435\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e. \u0412 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0447\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0438\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0435 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u043b\u043e \u043a \u00ab<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sixties-scoop\">\u0441\u043e\u0432\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0442\u044b\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432<\/a>\u00bb\r\n, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0430\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u0447\u043b\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u0438\u0445 \u0434\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0432, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0438\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0441\u044b \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043a\u0443. \u0421\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043a \u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0442\u044b\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0438 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0433\u043e\u0441\u0440\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0438\u043d\u044b \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian\">\u0411\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043b \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u0430 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0446\u0435\u0432.<\/a> \u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043b \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u00ab\u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u044c\u00bb \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u0430 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0435\u043c \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u0414\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u043c\u0438 \r\n \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432. \u0422\u0435\u043c \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0435, \u043c\u0443\u0436\u0447\u0438\u043d\u044b \u043f\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043f\u043e-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u043d\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0433\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438; \u0436\u0435\u043d\u0449\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0441\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u043e\u043c \u0442\u0435\u0440\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0443\u0436 \u0437\u0430 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430, \u043d\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u0430. (<em>\u0421\u043c. \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/women-and-the-indian-act\">\u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d \u043e \u0436\u0435\u043d\u0449\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0446\u0430\u0445<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u041f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043a\u0430\u0441\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u0430 \u0436\u0435\u043d\u0449\u0438\u043d\u044b, \u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440. \u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0436\u0435\u043d\u0449\u0438\u043d\u044b \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0432\u044b\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0438\u0437 \u0443\u0441\u0442 \u0435\u0435 \u043c\u0443\u0436\u0430. \u0416\u0435\u043d\u0449\u0438\u043d\u0430, \u043d\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u0430 \u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u0434\u0448\u0430\u044f \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0443\u0436 \u0437\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0443\u0436\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0443, \u0441\u0430\u043c\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441. \u0423 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0436\u0435\u043d\u0449\u0438\u043d\u044b, \u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u0434\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0443\u0436 \u0437\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0443\u0436\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0443, \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0432 \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u0435<\/a> \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043e \u043a \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0443, \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u044b, \u0430 \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0432\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u0435\u0435 \u043c\u0443\u0436, \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0442\u0435\u0440\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>\u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d \u043e\u0431 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0446\u0430\u0445<\/em> 1951 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0432\u0432\u0435\u043b \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u043e \u00ab\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438-\u0434\u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u00bb, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0435 \u0430\u043d\u043d\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441 \u0440\u0435\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0430 \u0432 21-\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0440\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u0431\u0430\u0431\u0443\u0448\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u0430. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/royal-commission-on-aboriginal-peoples\">\u041a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043c \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432<\/a> \u0432 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0430, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0438, \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0442 1951 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430, \u043b\u0438\u0448\u044c \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0443\u043b\u0438 <em>\u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d \u043e\u0431 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0446\u0430\u0445<\/em> \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 1876 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430, \u0430 \u0434\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0443 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0443\u0449\u0435\u0440\u0431 \u0436\u0435\u043d\u0449\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c \u0438\u0437 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u0442\u044f\u043c.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u0422\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d \u043e\u0431 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0446\u0430\u0445 1960-\u0445 \u0438 1970-\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p><em>\u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d \u043e\u0431 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0446\u0430\u0445<\/em> 1951 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\">\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0437\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430\u043c<\/a> \r\n \u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b \u0438\u043c <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/franchise\">\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430<\/a> \u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0430. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/canadian-bill-of-rights\/\">\u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0435 1958 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \r\n \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044c\u0435\u0440-\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/john-diefenbaker\">\u0414\u0436\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0414\u0438\u0444\u0435\u043d\u0431\u0435\u0439\u043a\u0435\u0440\u0430<\/a> \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0438\u043b\u043e \u043a \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0411\u0438\u043b\u043b\u044f \u043e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0445.<\/a> \u041f\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0443 \u0432 \u0411\u0438\u043b\u043b\u0435 \u043e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0445 \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043d \u0430\u043a\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0445 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0434\u0446\u0435\u0432, \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u043e \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430\u043c \r\n \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0430. 31 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430 1960 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430 14 (2) <em>\u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u043e \u0432\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0445 \u0432 \u041a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435<\/em> \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0430, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e \u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0444\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0435 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u043d\u044b\u043c<\/a> \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0446\u0430\u043c. \r\n\u0422\u0435\u043f\u0435\u0440\u044c <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432<\/a> \u043c\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0438 \u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c, \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u044f\u044f \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u0430. \u0412 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u043c \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0431 \u043e\u0431\u044f\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u0437\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432 \u0432 <em>\u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0431 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0446\u0430\u0445 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043e<\/em>. (<em>\u0421\u043c. \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-suffrage\">\u0418\u0437\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432<\/a> \u0432 \u041a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0412 1969 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044c\u0435\u0440-\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/pierre-elliott-trudeau\/\">\u041f\u044c\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u042d\u043b\u043b\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u0422\u0440\u044e\u0434\u043e<\/a> \u043e\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/the-white-paper-1969\/\">\u0411\u0435\u043b\u0443\u044e \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433\u0443<\/a>, \u0432 \r\n \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u0437\u0430\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e \u043e \u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u0438 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-affairs-and-northern-development-canada\">\u0414\u0435\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043f\u043e \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043c \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0446\u0435\u0432.<\/a> \u00ab\u0411\u0435\u043b\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433\u0430\u00bb \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0438 \r\n \u0441 \u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c, \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443 \u0436\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u00ab\u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433\u0430\u00bb, \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/harold-cardinal\/\">\u0413\u0430\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0434\u043e\u043c \u041a\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043c<\/a>, \u0442\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430\u0448\u043d\u0438\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0410\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u0410\u043b\u044c\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0442\u044b. \r\n\u0418\u0437-\u0437\u0430 \u043e\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u044b \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0431\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043e\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0411\u0435\u043b\u0443\u044e \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433\u0443.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u041c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u0436\u0435\u043d\u0449\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0438\u0437 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0437\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 <em>\u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0431 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0446\u0430\u0445<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mary-two-axe-earley\">\u041c\u044d\u0440\u0438 \u0422\u0432\u043e\u0430\u043a\u0441 \u042d\u0440\u043b\u0438<\/a> \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a. \r\n\u041f\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043c\u043e \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b, \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0438\u044e \u0443\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043b\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0438\u044e \u0441\u043e \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u044b \u0436\u0435\u043d\u0449\u0438\u043d, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u043c \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0438 \u0441 \u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043e \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u0435, \u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0445. \u0418\u0432\u043e\u043d\u043d <a name=\"_Hlk39573469\">\u0411\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0440 \u0438 \r\n \u0416\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0442 \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0431\u044c\u0435\u0440<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/jeannette-vivian-lavell\">\u041b\u0430\u0432\u0435\u043b\u043b, \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u044f\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441 \u0438\u0437-\u0437\u0430 \u0431\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0430<\/a>, \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u0441\u0443\u0434 \u0441 \u0438\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/supreme-court-of-canada\/\">\u0412 1973 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u0412\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0441\u0443\u0434\u0435 \u041a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0434\u044b. \r\n<\/a> \u0412 \u0442\u043e\u043c \u0436\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u0441\u0443\u0434 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0441\u044f \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u0437\u0430 \u0442\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0443\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441 \u0436\u0435\u043d\u0449\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0441\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u043e\u043c \u0435\u0435 \u043c\u0443\u0436\u0430\r\n, \u043d\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0436\u0435\u043d\u0449\u0438\u043d, \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0443\u0436\u0447\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441 \u0432 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435 \u00ab\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0431\u0440\u0430\u043a\u00bb. (<em>\u0421\u043c. \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435<\/em> \u00ab\u0414\u0435\u043b\u043e \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/bedard-case\">\u0411\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0430\u00bb \u0438 \u00ab\u0414\u0435\u043b\u043e<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/lavell-case\">\u041b\u0430\u0432\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0430<\/a>\u00bb.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0412 1981 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u041a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043c \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u041e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u041e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u041d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0430, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u041a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0434\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044e 27 <em>\u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u043e \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0445<\/em> \u0432 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sandra-lovelace-nicholas\">\u0421\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u044b \u041b\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u0439\u0441 \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0441 \u2014 \u0436\u0435\u043d\u0449\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0438\u0437 \u043f\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \r\n \u0432\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0439\u043a, \r\n \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u044f\u043b\u0430<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/maliseet\">\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441 \u0432<\/a> \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435 \u0431\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0430. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043b\u043e \u0421\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0438\u043d\u0443, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0443, \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e <em>\u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0443 \u043e\u0431 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0446\u0430\u0445<\/em>, \r\n \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0443\u0436 \u0438 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0435\u0439 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u044b.<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442 C-31: \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0438 1985 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043a \u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0443 \u043e\u0431 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0446\u0430\u0445<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0412 1985 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0443\u0449\u0443\u044e \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043e\u0437\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0443\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0432 <em>\u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0431 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0446\u0430\u0445<\/em> \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043b\u043e <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/bill-c-31\">\u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442 C-31<\/a>. \u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043b \u0432\u0441\u0435 \r\n \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\">\u0438\u0437\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432.<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\u041a\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u043b\u0438\u0446\u0430, \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u044f\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441<\/a> \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0431\u0440\u0430\u043a, \r\n \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u0438 \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u044b.<\/a> \u0418\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441, \u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u044b \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u043b\u0435\u0442. \u042d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0436\u0443\u0442\u043e\u043a \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0435\u043d \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u0430\u043c \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \r\n \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u0434\u044b, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0438 \u0431\u044b \u0438\u0441\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0439, \u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0439. \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043a\u0441 \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442 \u0434\u043e \u0438\u044e\u043d\u044f 1987 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430, \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0438 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u044b. \u041f\u0440\u0438 \u0443\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0434 \u0441\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u0430\u0445 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043b\u0438\u0446\u0430, \u043d\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u0430\r\n. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0443 \u0444\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0444\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u0442 \u043e\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432, \u0443 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f \u043d\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0443\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0442\u044c \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0421 \u043c\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u043a \u043a <em>\u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0443 \u043e\u0431 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0446\u0430\u0445 \u0432 1985 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0439\u0446\u0435\u0432<\/em> \u0432\u044b\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0447\u0435\u043c \u0432\u0434\u0432\u043e\u0435: \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e \u0441 360 000 \u0432 1985 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u0434\u043e \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 778 000 \u0432 2007 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u0443\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0442\u0435\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e \u0440\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e \u0443\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0445, \u0430 \r\n \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u00ab\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c\u00bb \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u0430 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0446\u0430.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e, \u0445\u043e\u0442\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u0441\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/prejudice-and-discrimination\">\u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438<\/a> \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0436\u0435\u043d\u0449\u0438\u043d, \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b. \u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442 C-31 \u0432\u0432\u0435\u043b \u0434\u0432\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian\">\u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0446\u0435\u0432<\/a>. \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0438\u0437 \u043d\u0438\u0445, \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b 6 (1), \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u0445 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u044f\u0445, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0442 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e. (\u042d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b \u0434\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0431\u0438\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044b, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u0430.) \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b, \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b 6 (2), \r\n \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u0445 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u044f\u0445, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0438\u0437 \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0438 \u0441 \u043f\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0442\u043e\u043c 6 (1). \u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441 <em>\u043d\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442<\/em> \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043d, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0438\u0437 \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0438 \u0441 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c 6 (2). \u041a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0447\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044f, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0448\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0431\u0440\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0441 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u043d\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u0430, \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0438 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \r\n \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0442 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u0430. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u043e \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u043e \u00ab\u043e\u0442\u0441\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438\u00bb. \u0422\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c, \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442 C-31 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043b \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439, \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<iframe width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/__Y_hHFvUR8\" title=\"\u0412\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043f\u043b\u0435\u0435\u0440 YouTube\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen=\"\">\r\n<\/iframe><br>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u0413\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d \u043e\u0431 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0446\u0430\u0445, 1960-2000-\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p><em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\/\">\u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d \u043e\u0431 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0446\u0430\u0445<\/a> 1876 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430<\/em> \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043b \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0432\u0432\u0435\u043b \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u0432 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-agents-in-canada\">\u0430\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0446\u0435\u0432<\/a> \u0438 \u0444\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u044e\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0438 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-affairs-and-northern-development-canada\">\u0414\u0435\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043c \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0446\u0435\u0432<\/a> \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043b\u0438\u0446 \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0438\u043d. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-self-government\">\u041b\u0438\u0448\u044c \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435 1960-\u0445 \u2014 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0435 1970-\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \r\n \u043f\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u044d\u0444\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u041a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0434\u0443 \u043a \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043e\u0449\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432.<\/a> \r\n\u042d\u0442\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0443\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0438\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435 XX \u2014 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0435 XXI \u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0432 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/constitution-act-1982\/\"><em>\u041a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0435 1982 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430<\/em><\/a> \r\n \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0445.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0412 1984 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/james-bay-and-northern-quebec-agreement\">\u0421\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e \u0414\u0436\u0435\u0439\u043c\u0441-\u0411\u044d\u0439 \u0438 \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u043c \u041a\u0432\u0435\u0431\u0435\u043a\u0435<\/a>, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434 \u041f\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u043a \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044e \u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0430 <em>\u041a\u0440\u0438 \u0438 \u041d\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0430\u043f\u0438 (\u041a\u0432\u0435\u0431\u0435\u043a), \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \r\n \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u043e<\/em> \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u041a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043b <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\">\u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d \u043e\u0431 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0446\u0430\u0445<\/a><\/em> \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043b \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0438\u043d\u044b \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u044e\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043b\u0438\u0446. \u0421\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435\u0441\u044f \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u044b<\/a> \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 <em>\u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0431 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0446\u0430\u0445<\/em>, \u0445\u043e\u0442\u044f <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e<\/a> \r\n \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0421 \u0442\u0435\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0440 \u0432 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/a> \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0447\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d \u043d\u0430\u0434 \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c. \u0412 1996 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u0444\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u043b\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442 C-79 \u043e \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u043a \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044b \u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0430, \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u044f \r\n \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">\u0437\u0430\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432<\/a>. \u0411\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430 C-79. \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0443\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0438, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043b\u043e \u0430\u0434\u0435\u043a\u0432\u0430\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/duty-to-consult\">\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0441 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438<\/a> \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c. \u041e\u043d\u0438 \u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u0443\u0433\u0440\u043e\u0437\u0443 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-treaties\">\u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435<\/a> \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0438 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-rights\">\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e<\/a> \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435. \u041a\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0441\u044f \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u0437\u0430 \u0438\u0433\u043d\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/royal-commission-on-aboriginal-peoples\">\u041a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043c \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432<\/a>. \r\n\u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442 C-79 \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0412 2002 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442 \u0421-7, \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u043a <em>\u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d \u043e\u0431 \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0438,<\/em> \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043c \u043f\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043a\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u043e\u0442\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u0442.\u043f. \u0425\u043e\u0442\u044f \u0444\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0441 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \r\n \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443, \u0432 \u0438\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0435 \u043e\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0443\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0447\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0443\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0445\u043e\u043c. \u0412 2006 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/senate\">\u0441\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440<\/a> \u0414\u0436\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438 \u0421\u0435\u043d-\u0416\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0435\u043d \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442 S-216, \u00ab\u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0438 \u043e\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \r\n \u041a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0434\u044b \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u00bb. \u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043b \u0431\u044b \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430\u043c, \u0436\u0435\u043b\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0446\u0438\u044e. \u0425\u043e\u0442\u044f \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442 S-216 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442 \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0447\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438, \u0432 \u0438\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0435 \u043e\u043d \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f. (<em>\u0421\u043c. \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/parliamentary-procedure\">\u041f\u0430\u0440\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0440\u0430<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0443\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0448\u043d\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0447\u0438\u044f, \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 <em>\u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0431 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0446\u0430\u0445<\/em>. \u0412\u043e\u0442 \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b: <em>\u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d \u043e\u0431 \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0437\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432<\/em> (1999 \u0433\u043e\u0434), <em>\u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d \u043e \u0444\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432<\/em> (2005 \u0433\u043e\u0434), \u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d \u043e\u0431 <em>\u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0444\u0442\u044c\u044e, \u0433\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u0434\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 (2005 \u0433\u043e\u0434), \u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d<\/em> <em>\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0438<\/em> \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 (2006 \u0433\u043e\u0434) \u0438 <em>\u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d \u043e \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432<\/em> (2009 \u0433\u043e\u0434).<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u041f\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u043a \u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0443 \u043e\u0431 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0446\u0430\u0445 \u0432 2011 \u0438 2017 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0445<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\u041d\u0435\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0438, <em>\u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d \u043e\u0431 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0446\u0430\u0445<\/em> \u043f\u043e-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u043d\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0436\u0435\u043d\u0449\u0438\u043d \u0438 \u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043a\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0445<\/a> \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432. \u0412 2011 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/parliament\">\u043f\u0430\u0440\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442<\/a> \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043b <em>\u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d \u043e \r\n \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0446\u0435\u0432<\/em>, \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442 C-3. <em>\u042d\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043c <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430<\/a> \u043d\u0430 <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mcivor-case\">\u0434\u0435\u043b\u043e \u041c\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0439\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0430<\/a>, \r\n \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u0441\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435 6 \u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0431 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0446\u0430\u0445 1985 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430.<\/em> \u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442 C-3 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441 6 (2) \u0432\u043d\u0443\u043a\u0430\u043c \u0436\u0435\u043d\u0449\u0438\u043d, \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0443\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u0435 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441 \u0432 1985 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043a\u0438 \u0436\u0435\u043d\u0449\u0438\u043d, \u0432 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0443\u043a\u0438, \r\n \u043d\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0436\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043a\u0438 \u043c\u0443\u0436\u0447\u0438\u043d, \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0445\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u0445. \u041f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442 C-3 \u043f\u043e-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u043d\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043b\u0438\u0448\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u043b\u0438\u0446 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432 \u0438\u0437-\u0437\u0430 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0430.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442 S-3 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u043e \u043e \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0438 \u0441 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\"><em>\u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0431 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0446\u0430\u0445<\/em><\/a> \u2014 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u043e \u0414\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043e, \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0431\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432 2015 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443. \u0412 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0447\u044c \u0448\u043b\u0430 \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u0432\u043e\u044e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f\u043c \u0438 \r\n \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043c. \u0427\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430 S-3 \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u0432 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u0443 22 \u0434\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0431\u0440\u044f 2017 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e, \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0443 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043a\u0430\u043c \u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441 \u0442\u0435\u043c, \u043a\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u044f\u043b \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0434\u043e 1985 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \r\n\u041d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043b\u0438\u0446 \u0441 \u043d\u0435\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043e\u0442\u0446\u043e\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0432 \u0431\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 1951\u20141985 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044f\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0442\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u0414\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0430\u044f \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430, \u043a\u0430\u0441\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0430\u044f\u0441\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u0430 \u0436\u0435\u043d\u0449\u0438\u043d \u0438 \u0438\u0445 \r\n \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0439, \u0443\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441 \u0434\u043e 1951 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 (\u0442\u0430\u043a \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0435 \u00ab\u043f\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 1951 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430\u00bb), \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u0432 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u0443 15 \u0430\u0432\u0433\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430 2019 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u041f\u043e \u0437\u0430\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u00ab\u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0430, \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0435\u0441\u044f \u0432 <em>\u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0431 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0446\u0430\u0445<\/em>, \u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u0440\u044c \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u044b\u00bb.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u044b<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0412 2010 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e<\/a> \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0432\u0438\u043b\u043e \u043e \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043c \u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e \u0441 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0438<\/a> \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \r\n \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f <em>\u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0431 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0446\u0430\u0445<\/em>, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0435\u0448\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/residential-schools\">\u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044b-\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0442\u044b<\/a> \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u0434\u043e\u043c\u0430.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>\u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442 S-2, \u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d <em>\u043e \u0441\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0445 \u0432 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u0441\u0443\u043f\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0430\u0445 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0445, \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043b \u0432 \u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0435<\/em> \u043e\u0431 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0446\u0430\u0445.<\/em> \u041e\u043d \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0432 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f\u0445<\/a>, \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0442\u0435 \u0436\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0434\u0446\u044b. \u041f\u043e \u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442 S-2 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u044b <em>\u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0431 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0446\u0430\u0445<\/em>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u0414\u0435\u0431\u0430\u0442\u044b: \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d \u043e\u0431 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0446\u0430\u0445?<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0412 \u0442\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043a \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435 \u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0430, \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0433\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0438, \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0446\u0435\u0432. \u041a\u0430\u043a \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0441\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0414\u044d\u0432\u0438\u0434 \u041d\u044c\u044e\u0445\u0430\u0443\u0441: \u00ab[<em>\u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d \u043e\u0431 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0446\u0430\u0445<\/em>] \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \r\n \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0443 \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0438\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c \u043c\u0430\u0445\u043e\u043c \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0442 \u043e\u0433\u0440\u043e\u043c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0443\u0449\u0435\u0440\u0431 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430\u043c\u00bb.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0434 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0439. \u042d\u0442\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u044b \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0447\u0438\u044f \u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0447\u0435\u0437\u043d\u0443\u0442 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u0447\u0435\u0437\u043d\u0443\u0442 \u043f\u043e \u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-self-government\/\">\u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/a> \u0438 \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/truth-and-reconciliation-commission\">\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/a>, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0438. \u041a\u0430\u043a \u0437\u0430\u044f\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u0432 2018 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/assembly-of-first-nations\">\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0410\u0441\u0441\u0430\u043c\u0431\u043b\u0435\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \r\n \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/perry-bellegarde\">\u0411\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0434<\/a>: \u00ab\u041c\u044b \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0445\u043e\u0442\u0438\u043c \u0432\u044b\u0439\u0442\u0438 \u0437\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u043c\u043a\u0438 <em>\u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0431 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0446\u0430\u0445<\/em> \u0438 \u0432\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044c \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0441 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \r\n \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0442\u044a\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438\u00bb.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<iframe sandbox=\"allow-same-origin allow-scripts allow-top-navigation allow-popups\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"100%\" height=\"185\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https:\/\/embed.radiopublic.com\/e?if=the-secret-life-of-canada-Ww0QnZ&amp;ge=s1!7163a1347ab72236394fe46a4fe7d4048bc69b37\">\r\n<\/iframe><br>\r\n\r\n\t<p>\u0427\u0442\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d \u043e\u0431 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0446\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0432 \u041a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435 \u043e\u043d \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0435\u0449\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442? \u041a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430 Secret Life \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u044b \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0438 143 \u043b\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0435\u0449\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0443\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438: \u043e\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u043a \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044e \u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0430, \u0434\u043e \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043e\u043d \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \r\n \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f. <br>\r\n<strong>\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/strong><em>: <em>\u00ab\u0422\u0430\u0439\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044c \u041a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0434\u044b<\/em>\u00bb, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0424\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0414\u0436\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043e\u043d \u0438 \u041b\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0421\u0438\u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0411\u043e\u0443\u044d\u043d, \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043a\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043c CBC, \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u044b\u043c \u043e\u0442 \u041a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0438.<\/em><\/p>\r\n<\/blockquote>\r\n<br>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u041d\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\u041d\u0435\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0437\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u0435\u0434\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e \u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0438, \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 <em>\u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0431 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0446\u0430\u0445<\/em> \u043f\u043e-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u043d\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0438\u0437\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u0430 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0446\u0435\u0432<\/a>, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0430, \u043a\u0430\u0441\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435\u0441\u044f \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439<\/a>, \u0444\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0434 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u0443\u043c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u044c\u043c\u0438, \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438, \r\n \u0432\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u0430\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u0432 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0445.<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>\u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d \u043e\u0431 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0446\u0430\u0445<\/em> \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0438 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0433\u043e\u0441\u0440\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0443, \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0443, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0443 \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0438\u043d\u044b \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432. \u041e\u043d \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0441 \u0443\u0449\u0435\u0440\u0431 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c, \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043a\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/residential-schools\">\u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b-\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0432<\/a>, \r\n \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0443 \u0440\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0433\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432.<\/p>","slug":"indiiskiiruakt","alt_slug":"","twitter_summary":null,"locale":"ru","automated":true,"hidden":0,"views":3,"created_at":"2024-12-17T19:17:44.000000Z","updated_at":"2024-12-17T19:17:44.000000Z"},{"id":"9da963af-53b6-417b-864c-c32aefb0df03","article_id":"83668","title":"Indian Act [Sharciga Hindiya]","summary":"<p>Sharciga <em>Hindiya wa<\/em> a sharciga hoose ah ee dow <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">ladda federaal<\/a> ka u adeegsado si ay maamulaan <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">xaalka India<\/a>, dowladaha deeg \r\n aanka Q <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">aramada Koowaad<\/a> iyo maamul <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">ka dh<\/a> ulka reer Waxaa sidoo kale waajiba \r\n adaha dowladda u soo saaray shacabka <a\r\n\thref=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/inuit\">Sharciga <em>Hindiya wa<\/em> xa uu leeyahay dadka la leeyahay Xaalka Hindiya; ma toos ah u tahay dadka Qaramada Ugu Koowaad ah, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/metis\">M\u00e9tis ama Inuit<\/a>. \r\n<\/a> Ugu horreeyey la soo bandhigay sanadkii 1876, Sharciga waxa uu sameeyay tiro sharciyo gumeysiga ah oo loogu eegsaday in la baariyo dhaqanka Qaramada Koowaad oo ay u faafisinayso Nooca cusub ee Sharciga waxaa la soo gudbay 1951, waxaana tan iyo markii markii, waxaa laga beddelay dho \r\n wr jeer, ugu weyn badan sanadkii 1985, iyadoo isbedelada si weyn ugu badan diirada saarinta qeybaha caafka. Waa dhaqaaqad horumarka ah, xaafad ah oo u ogolaaday dhawac, xadguddooyinka xuquuqda aadanaha iyo barabka bulshada iyo d \r\n haqanka ee ji <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">ilada dadka<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Tani waa galinta dhererka oo buuxda ku saabsan Sharciga <em>Hindiya.<\/em> Koobaad luuqda caad ah, fadlan eeg Shar <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act-plain-language-summary\" target=\"_blank\">ciga India (Koobaha Language Plain)<\/a>.<\/p>","body":"<div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/cbcd31d1-03f6-4fba-a45d-96ee89c4617d.jpg\" title=\"Sharciga Hindiya\" alt=\"Sharciga Hindiya\"><\/div>\r\n\r\n<h3>Xaaladda Taariikhda: Hor Sharciga Hindiya, 1763\u20141876<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Dhaqaa <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/royal-proclamation-of-1763\/\">qiga Boqortooyada ee 1763<\/a> ayaa saldhig u dhigay sida maamulka gumeysiga la wada xidhigaan lahaa shacabka Q <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">aram<\/a> ada Koowaad ee qarnihii soo socday. Haaqaadka ayaa xaqi <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-rights\">iji<\/a> yay xuquuqda iyo ilaalinta qaar ah ee dadka Qaramada Koowaad, waxaana dhisay hannaanka ay dowladdu \r\n ay dhulkooda hesho. Siyaasadda dheeraad ah ayaa waxaa la soo maray qeybtii koowaad ee qarnihii 19aad oo looga jeediyay in dadka Qaramada Kowaad u dhigo dadka deegaanka ee koraya.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Sharciga 1850 <em>ee ilaalinta wanaagsan ee dhulka iyo Hantida Hindiyaha ee dalka Canada<\/em> Hoose ayaa waxaa ka mid ah sharciyeedka ugu horreeyay ee ka mid ah sharciga ah oo ka mid ah shuruudaha qofka loo eegayo H <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/indian\/\">indi<\/a> ya sharci ah \u2014 waxa uu ka dhacay fikirka \u201cxaal <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">ka<\/a>.\u201d Shuruudahan waxa uu ku saleyay dhiig, waxaana xaqiiqda ah u sheegay in dadka \u201cloo eegan doono Indiya\u201d haddii ay ka mid yihiin \u201cdhiig India\r\n\u201d oo ay ka mid ahaan xubno \u201cJird ama Qabiil Hindiya.\u201d Dhamaan dhashada dadka noocaasi ah ayaa loo qiray in ay yihiin Hindiya Sidaas oo sidoo kale waxaa ahayd aan Hindiyaan ah oo \u201cguursaday Hindiyaan noocaasi ah,\u201d dad waalidideeda (mid ama labada) ay loo qiyaari lahaa Hindiyaan, \r\n iyo \u201cdhammaan qof oo dhalashada ku soo gaartay oo Hindian oo kale ah.\u201d<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Xeerarka si guud ah loo yaqaano Sharciga Ciilaafada Haddaba ee 1857 iyo Sharciga Haddaba <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/gradual-civilization-act\/\">Enfranchisement<\/a><\/em> ee 1869 waxaa si ugu horeeyay in la saaro wax \r\n kala gaar ah ama xuquuqda shacabka Qaranka Koowaad si loo dhigo dadka deegaanka ugu waaweyn.<\/em> <em>Tani waxaa markii hore loogu talay in la gacan Shar \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\/\">ciga Ciilaadka Hadib ah ee maraya dhaqanka xoogga ah (i.e., qofka Qaramada Koowaad ah ay sii doonaan xaalkooda is<\/a> la bedelka dhulka iyo xuquuqda codka), laakiin hal qof oo si ah si ah si doono.<\/em> Natiiyeedah \r\n ay, dowladda kadibna ay bilaabatay si guud ahaan ah ee dadka Qaramada Kho<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Tiro kooxaha guud <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">ah<\/a> ayaa heshiisyo ka <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-treaties\/\">sam<\/a> eeyey \u2014 gaar ahaan Shanta Heshiis <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/numbered-treaties\">kii ugu horre<\/a> eyay ee la Tirsan \u2014 iyadoo dowladaha Canada ka hor inta uu markii 1876 <em>ee Sharciga India<\/em>. Kooxadaasi waxay ku eegaan karaan aqoonkooda sharci ah sida dadka Qaramada Koowaad inay u soo gudbisaan heshiiskaasi, halkii ay <em>maraan Sharciga India<\/em><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Sharciga Hindiya Oo Awooda Ku Yimaaday, 1876<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Sannadkii 1867, Sharciga <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/constitution-act-1867\/\"><em>Dastuurka ayaa<\/em><\/a> xukumad sharci ah u <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/parliament\">soo dhi<\/a> gay Baarlamaanka \u201cIndians, \r\n and Lands for the Indians.\u201d <em>Ku dhawaad 10 sano kaddib, sanadkii 1876, Sharciga Ciil <em>aadka Hadib ah<\/em> iyo Sharciga H <em>addaba Enfranchisement ayaa qeyb ka noq<\/em> day Sharciga Hindiya.<\/em> Maraya Waaxadda Arri <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-affairs-and-northern-development-canada\">maha Hindiya iyo Wakaaladeedeeda H <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-agents-in-canada\">indi<\/a> ya, Sharciga H <em>indiya ayaa<\/em> dawladda siiyey awood leh oo ku saabsan aqoonsiga Q <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">aramada Koowaad<\/a>, dhismihii siyaasade<\/a> ed, maamulka, dhaqanada dhaq <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-education\">anka<\/a> Awooddaani ayaa xoryadiyadii guud ah oo ay u ogolaadeen <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-rights\">mas&#39;uuli<\/a> yiinta inay u go&#39;aan xuquuqda iyo faa&#39;idooyinka ku saleysan<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Sharciga <em>Hindiya ayaa isku<\/em> dayay inay si guud ahaan dadka ballaaran oo kala duwan oo kala duwan oo dadka ah, isla markaana u dhiiriyo bulshada aan ahaan Waxaa ku mamnuucay shacabka iyo bulshada Qaramada Koowaad inay u muujiyaan aqoondooda oo maraya maamulka iyo Sharciga \r\n ayaa ku bedelay dhismaha dhaqanka ee dowladda door <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">ashooyinka golaha band<\/a> ada. Madaxi <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/chief\">iyi<\/a> inta dhaafka ah \u2014 \r\n madaxda awooda ku hesho maraya daba halka doorasho \u2014 ma aqoonsan <em>sharciga India<\/em>. Ilaa 1951 waxaa sidoo kale haweenka laga soo saaray siyaasadda golaha bandada. (Si <em>doo kale eeg<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/women-and-the-indian-act\">Haweenka iyo Sharciga Hindi<\/a> ya.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Xeerkaasi ayaa sidoo kale sharci darro u dhigay dadka Qaramada Koowaad in ay d <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/religion-of-aboriginal-people\">haqaan x<\/a> afladda diinta iyo shiro kala duwan. Sannadkii 1884 waxaa lagu mamnuuc <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/potlatch\/\">ay potla<\/a> atka, waxaana sanadkii 1895 waxaa sidoo kale laga mamnuucay \u201cxaflad kasta oo H <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-term\">indi<\/a> ya, daxal ama xaflad kale\u201d oo ka mid ah lahaa <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/powwows-editorial\">poww<\/a> ows iyo daxaca <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sun-dance\">sa<\/a> arka. Beddelaad kale sanadkii 1914 waxa uu ka xareeyay daxayd off- reer, waxa <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">ana san<\/a> adkii 1925, \r\n daxaysa ayaa si guud ahaan la xareeyay.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Sannadkii 1927 waxaa sharciga ah u dhigay shacabka Qaramada Koowaad iyo Bulshada inay dhaqaale u qaadaan raadinta shaqo dh <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/land-claims\/\">ulka.<\/a> Beddelaha kasoo dhaafay ayaa u baahay in \r\n caruurta Qaramada Koow <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/residential-schools\/\">aad ay ka qeyb<\/a> galaan dugsiyada warshadaha ama deegaanka Dhererka madow ee dugsiyada deegaanka ee dalka Canada ayaa saameeyey bulshada guud ah oo dalka iyo guul dh \r\n exaad ah. \r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Markii qarnihii 20aad, nidaamka baas (oo x <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/pass-system-in-canada\">adguddo<\/a> oda dhaqaaqa shacabka Qaramada Koowaad ee ka bixiyay) waxaa loo rogay aan wax aqol sharci ah. Siyaas \r\n aadadan xaddaan ayaa saameyn waxa ay saameyn waxa ay ku yeesheen jiilaha dadka asuuqa, iyadoo xadduudaha ku saaray dhaqaalaha aabuurka ah,<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Sharciga <em>Hindiya ayaa<\/em> sidoo kale u tilmaamay cidda loo eegay Indian oo sharciga hoos ah. Waxaa lagu sheegay in Hindiyaan uu ahaa \u201cqof kasta oo rag ah oo dhiigga Hindiya la caan yahay inay leeyihiin bande ga <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">ar ah<\/a>.\u201d \r\nXaalka <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">Hindi<\/a> ya ayaa sidoo kale ku codsaday \u201cilfur kasta oo qof noocaasi ah\u201d iyo \u201chaweenay kasta oo ah ama sharci ah loo guursaday qof noocaas.\u201d Qof xaalka waayay haddii ay jaamacad qalin, \r\n guursadeen qof aan xaalka aan (haddii ay haweeney ahayd) ama, ilaa 1876 ilaa 1880, noqday wasiir K <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/christianity\">iri<\/a> istiin, dhakhtar ama garoyaal. Tani waxaa loo yaqaano <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\">enfranchisement<\/a>. \r\nQeybta 112 ee Sharci <em>ga Hindi<\/em> ya \u2014 oo la yaqaano qaybta \u201clacag enfranchisement\u201d \u2014 lama saari ilaa 1961. Maamulka xaalka waxa ay ahayd qalab islaabka iyo burburin dhaqanka.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Sharciga Hindiya oo Dib U Dib U Dib<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Muddadii dadka u soo socda Dagaal <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/second-world-war-wwii\/\">kii Labaad<\/a> ee Adduunka ayaa waxaa ku leeyahay dalka bulshada badan oo ka dhacay Canada, waxaana keentay in dib loo eegayo qaar ka mid ah tallaabooyinka badan xeerka iyo dullinka ah ay soo ro \r\n gay Sharciga Hindiya.<\/em> Taxane ah oo dib u soo jeedineyay ayaa la diiday ama ay ka horjeedi <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">yeen dadka Qaram<\/a> ada Koowaad maadaama ay ka soo horjeediyeen \r\n waayo aan han Sidoo kale, dowladda Canada ayaa dhaqan la jabay iyo markii ugu horreysay hannaanka Guddiga wadajir ah, ayaa markii ugu horreysay la tashatay bulshada Qaramada Koowaad oo ay ku saabsan isbedelada ka dhacay Sharciga H <em>indi<\/em> ya.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Sharciga cusub oo dib u dib u dib u <em>dib u dib u heshiyay Hindi<\/em> ya waxaa la siiyay 20 Juun 1951. Dhaqanka ka dhashay ayaa saaray qaar ka mid ah xadduudaha siyaasadeed, dhaqanka iyo diinta ugu xun Tusaale ahaan waxaa laga saaray mamnuucda xaf <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/potlatch\">ladda sida potlaatch<\/a> iyo \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sun-dance\">daxaca sun<\/a>. Bulshada ayaa sidoo kale awood ah inay keenaan she <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/land-claims\/\">egto dhul<\/a> ka oo ka dhan ah dowladda \r\nHaweenka Qaramada Koowaad, Sharciga 1951 ayaa waxaa ka dhigay inay hadda awood ah inay codkeeyaan door <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">ashooyinka golaha band<\/a> ada. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/elsie-knott\">Elsie Marie Knott waxa uu ahaa madax<\/a> da ugu horreysay ee ugu doortay dumarka Qaramada Koowaad ee <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/chief\">dalka<\/a> Canada. (Si <em>doo kale eeg<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-women-and-the-franchise\">Haweenka Dalka iyo Franceed<\/a> ka.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Si kastaba ha ahaatee dib u dib-u-diibsiga aysan aysan saaray Sharciga diidanka Tusaale ahaan, Sharciga H <em>indiya ayaa dadka<\/em> xaaladda <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">ku mam<\/a> nuucay inay lahaayeen macaado ama lagu machooyin. \r\nDib-u-habashada 1951 waxay sidoo kale go <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/child-welfare\">bollada siiyay xukunka u saaray farmaanka carru<\/a> urta asuuqa (Qaybta 88) halkaas oo wax ka jirto Tani ayaa ugu dambeyn ogolaaday in \u201cS <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sixties-scoop\">ixties Scoop<\/a>\u201d ay dhac \r\n do, hannaan ay hay&#39;adaha farfaanka carruurta gobolka ay doorteen inay caruurta laga saaro guryadooda halkii ay bixiyaan khayraadka bulshada iyo taageerada Scoop Sixtiyadii ayaa saameyn badan oo dhaweyn ah ku yeeshay bulshada Agaamiyaha.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Intaas ah, Sharciga cusub aysan guduubin dabiiqda caafka ah ee H <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian\">indiya.<\/a> Sharciga ayaa bedelay fikirka \u201cdhiigga India\u201d oo mid ka mid ah xaaladda marayo diiwaangelinta. Ero kale, \r\n si fudud u lahaa dhaxaha Qaramada Koowaad ma filan inuu u qalmo xaalka. Haddaba, waxaa weli xaafka ragga u dhashay; haweenka xaalad leh waayeen xuquuqdooda haddii ay guursadeen qof aan xaalka aan. (Si <em>doo kale eeg<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/women-and-the-indian-act\">Haweenka iyo Sharciga Hindi<\/a> ya.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Qodobooyinka ku saabsan xaaladda haweeneyda ayaa si gaar ahaan u mid Xuquuqda xaalka haweeneyay ayaa si guud ahaan u soo gudbay ninkeeda. Haweeney aan xaalka ah oo guursaday nin xaalad la leeyahay waxa ay isu helaan. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">Haweeney xaalad ah oo guursaday nin xaalad ah ayaa xubnimadeeda bandeeda la xiriiray sidaas darteeda aanay markii ka noqon ahayn bandeeda, waxaana xaalkeeda si guud ah waayay haddii ay beeeyay ama ay ninkeeda ka baxay. \r\n<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Sharciga H <em>indi<\/em> ya ee 1951 ayaa sidoo kale soo bandhigay xukunka \u201cHooyo labba\u201d, taas oo xaalka carruur ku soo baxay dhalashadiisa 21aad haddii ay hooyadooda iyo aayadooda aysan u qaraneen xaalka. Guddiga <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/royal-commission-on-aboriginal-peoples\">Royal on Aboriginal Peoples sanadkii 1996 ayaa xusay in dib u dhacay in dib u jira dhawaalka 1951 ay yar u sameeyeen balse Sharciga H <em>indi<\/em> ya u soo laabtay gobolkeeda 1876, halka xadduudaha dheeraad ah ee wareejinta xaaladda ay dhibaato u dhibaato haweenka Qaramada Koowaad iyo caruurtooda<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Dalbadda Bedelka ee Sharciga Hindiya, 1960kii iyo 1970kii<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Shar <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\">ciga <em>Hindiya ee<\/em> 1951 ma bedelin hannaanka xoogga ee dadka dadka dhaliy <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">aha,<\/a> lamana \r\n ogol<\/a> aadin xuquuqda codka<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/franchise\">.<\/a> Si kastaba ha ahaatee, hore ee 1958, dowladda Ra&#39;iis <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/john-diefenbaker\">ul Wasaaraha John Diefenbaker ayaa bilaab<\/a> atay \r\n dhawaaqa Sharciga Xuqu <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/canadian-bill-of-rights\/\">uqda Canada.<\/a> Ileeyahay Sharciyeedka Xuquuqda Xuquuqda siman ah ee dhammaan Canada, dadka dhacnimada ah waxaa la diiday xu \r\n quuqda codka. 31 Maarso 1960, qeybo ka mid ah Qeybta 14 (2) ee Sharciga Door <em>ashooyinka Canada ayaa<\/em> la caabiyay si loo siiyo codka federaalka loo siiyo <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">Status Indians<\/a>. \r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">Dadka Qaramada<\/a> Ugu Horeeyay Hadda Coday Karaan Ilaan Xaalkooda Sannadkii soo socda, waxaa <em>laga saaray qaabta ee xeerka Hindiya<\/em>. (Si <em>doo kale eeg<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-suffrage\">Cofka Deegaanka ee Canada<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Sannadkii 1969 ayaa dowladda Ra&#39;iisul Wasaaraha <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/pierre-elliott-trudeau\/\">Pierre Elliott Trudeau<\/a> ayaa soo saartay Warqaadkeeda Cad, taas <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/the-white-paper-1969\/\">oo shaaci<\/a> yay uje \r\n edkeeda in si guud ahaan la baaro xaaladda India iyo Waaxadda Arrimaha H <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-affairs-and-northern-development-canada\">indiya<\/a>. War \r\n qaadka Cad ayaa waxaa la kulmay carab ka socda dadweynaha Qaramada Koowaad waxaana si deg deg ah loo horjeeyay \u201cPaper Casas,\u201d oo abuuray oo uu soo bandhigay <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/harold-cardinal\/\">Harold Cardinal<\/a> oo markaas madaxweynaha Ururka India ee Alberta. \r\nSababta mucaaradka kulul oo sii socota ay ku qabteen kooxaha aabuurka iyo taageeradooda, dowladda Canada ayaa si deg deg deg ah uga baxay Warqaadkii<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Haweenka Dalka badan oo xilligan waxay dagaalamayeen in ay isbedelaan qaybaha leh ee Shar <em>ciga Hindi<\/em> ya. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mary-two-axe-earley\">Mary Two-Axe Earley ayaa ka mid ahaa fal<\/a> aalaha ugu horeeyay. \r\nWaxay intaa shaqo kale waxay aabaabulay taxane ah oo ka hadal iyo qoraal ololo si loo soo kordhiyo xafka xadguddooyinka ay haweenka la diiyey xaalka, heshiis iyo xuquuqda hantida hoos ah Sharciga. Yvonne <a name=\"_Hlk39573469\">B\u00e9dard iyo \r\n<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/jeannette-vivian-lavell\">Jeannette Corbiere Lavell<\/a> oo labada ay xaalkooda waayeen sababo guur ah ayaa dacwado ay maxkamad looga keeneen dawladda Canada. Sanadkii 1973 waxaa kiisadooda ku \r\n dhisay <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/supreme-court-of-canada\/\">Maxkamadda Sare ee Canada<\/a>. Sanadkaas ayaa maxkamadku si weyn loo dhaliilay xukunka in qaybta ka mid ah Sharciga ee xaalka haweenay la xiriiray ninkeeda aanay haweenka u dhaliyeen, inkastoo rag xaaladkooda ay u jiraan haddii ay \u201cguursadeen.\u201d \r\n (Si <em>doo kale eeg \r\n<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/bedard-case\">Kiiska B\u00e9dard iyo Ki<\/a> iska <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/lavell-case\">Lavell<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Sanadkii 1981 ayaa guddiga xuquuqda aad <em>anaha ee Qaramada Midoobay ayaa xukumay in Canada ay xadgudbay Qodobka 27-ka ee Heshiiska Caalamiga<\/em> ah ee Xuquuqda Rayidka iyo Siyaasadeed ee kiiska <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sandra-lovelace-nicholas\">Sandra Lovelace Nicholas<\/a> \u2014 \r\n haweeney \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/maliseet\">Wolastoqiyik<\/a> oo xaalkeeda maray guursiga. Dowladdu ayaa hortagay Sandra inay u soo laabto bulshada gurigeeda maadaama sida uu sheegay Shar <em>ciga Hindi<\/em> \r\n ya, ayay guursaday, iyadoo markii la qaban inay tahay x <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">ub<\/a> no bandiga.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Sharciga C-31:1985 Beddelaha Sharciga Hindiya<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Sannadkii 1985, oo ka jawaabtay walaac qaran iyo caalamka oo ka soo saaray isla&#39;aanta la&#39;aanta <em>sharciga India<\/em>, dowladdu ayaa mar <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/bill-c-31\">ay Bill C-31<\/a>. Sharciyeedka ayaa si buuxda laga saaray dhamma \r\n an qodob <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\">ada enfranchisement oo haray<\/a> Waxaa intaa, kuwii xaalka ku <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">waay<\/a> ay guursiga \r\n ayaa dib loo soo celiyey sida Hindiyaan Status iyo xubno ban <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">diga.<\/a> Caruurtooda waxay xaalka ku heleen, balse laba sano ma helin xubnimada bandada. Waxaafadkan ayaa waxaa loogu talay inay bandooyinka waqti siiyo in ay abuuraan koodaha xubnimadooda, taas \r\n oo caruurta ka baari kara, balse ma hooyado Haddii aan xulka noocaas ah loo marin ka hor bishii June 1987, waxaa carruurtu ay sidoo kale guubnimada bandiga ku heleen. Ileeyahay gacanta dheeraad ah ee liiska xubnaha, bandooyinka ay leeyihiin \r\n karaan Si kastaba ahaatee, maadaama maaliyadda oo la marayo dowladda federaalka ay ku saleysan xubno xaalka, waxaa jira dhaqaalo yar ee bandooyinka ay hayaan xubno badan<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ilaa iyo intaa beddelaha sharciga <em>Hindi<\/em> ya ee sanadkii 1985-kii la dhigay, tirada Hindiyaha diiwaangashan ayaa ka badan labaad, iyadoo ilaa qiyaastii 360,000 sanadkii 1985 ilaa in ka badan 778,000 sanadkii 2007-dii. Korarka ayaa ka dhashay dhalashada dheeraad ah ee dhimashada iyo si \r\n doo kale marayo \u201cdib u soo celiyey\u201d xaaladda India.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Si kastaba ha ahaatee, halka beddelka <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/prejudice-and-discrimination\">asi uu<\/a> looga hadlayay dhibaatada ka dhan ah haweenka, waxay Bill C-31 oo abuuray laba koox ah oo diiwaangelinta <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian\">Hindi<\/a> ya. Ugu horreeyay, oo la yaqaano qaybta 6 (1), waxaa shaqeyn marka labada waalidiin ay yihiin ama xaq lahaa diiwaangelinta. (Qeybtan waxaa sii sii jeediyay qeybaha hoose ah oo kala duwan ku saleysan sida xaaladda loo maray.) Labaad oo la yaqaano qaybta 6 (2), waxaa waxaa shaqe \r\n yn marka hal waalid uu xaq yahay diiwaangelinta hoos ah 6 (1). Xaalka <em>la ware<\/em> ejiyo karin haddii hal waalidiin la diiwaan laga soo diiwaanayo qeybta 6 (2). Kooban, kadib laba jiil oo guursiga ah oo la leeyahay isahaabta aan xaalka aan, carruurta ma carruurta waxay mar \r\n kii u qalin doonin Tani waxaa loo yaqaano xukunka \u201cSowday Generation Cut-Off\u201d. Siyaabkan, Bill C-31 waxa uu ka dhacay tirada dadka ee xuquuqda maqaalada.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<iframe width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/__Y_hHFvUR8\" title=\"Ciyaarka video YouTube\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen=\"\">\r\n<\/iframe><br>\r\n\r\n<h3>Dowladda iyo Sharciga Hindiya, 1960-kii ilaa 2000aad<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Sharciga H <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\/\">indiya<\/a>, 1876,<\/em> ayaa burburay nidaamaha dhaqanka ee dowladda oo loo rogay gacanta dibadda \u2014 qaabka wakaalada deegaanka ee H <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-agents-in-canada\">indi<\/a> ya iyo buruursatada federaalka ee Wasaaradda Arri <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-affairs-and-northern-development-canada\">maha Hindi<\/a> ya ku saaray shaqsiyada iyo bulshada. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-self-government\">Ilma ilaa dambe sanadkii 1960-kii iyo bilaabka 1970kii \r\n waxay sameeyeen ururado siyaasadeed oo sii badan oo xoogaynta fallaha u dhigay Canada wado ku leeyahay aqoonsi iyo awoogta noomka<\/a> \r\nXaafadkan ayaa dhaqaaqdaan ku soo gaartay dhamaadkii 20aad iyo hore ee qarnihii 21aad, waxaana dadka asugu arkeen xuquuqdooda isagoo isagoo xaqiijiyey Sharciga <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/constitution-act-1982\/\"><em>Dastuurka, 1982<\/em><\/a>, \r\n iyo dhaqaaq<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Sannadkii 1984, Heshiiska <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/james-bay-and-northern-quebec-agreement\">James Bay iyo Waqooyiga Quebec, iyo sidoo kale Warbixinta Penner ayaa keenay Sharciga <em>Cree-Naskapi (of Quebec)<\/em>, qaybta ugu \r\n horreeyay ee sharciga ismaamaha guud ah ee dalka Canada, kuwaas oo bedelay Sharciga <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\">India<\/a><\/em> isla markaana u same<\/a> eyay bulshada Aabuud ee gobolka ahayd shirkadda. Qaramada Koow \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">aad isaga ma<\/a> amulaan ma aha Sharciga H <em>indiya, inkastoo dow<\/em> ladda <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">federaalka uu sii wado inay<\/a> maamul \r\n aan arrimaha qaar ah Qaramada Koowaad.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Tan iyo markii ayaa waxaa jira soo jeediyey in loo kordhinayo <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">awoodda band<\/a> ada ee dowladda ku aadan Sharciga. Sannadkii 1996, dowladda federaalka ayaa soo jeediyay Bill C-79 in ay u bedeleyso goobaha ka mid ah Sharciga ay ka mid yi \r\n hiin maamulka bandada iyo xeer <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">ka x<\/a> Ugu badan Qaramada Koowaad ayaa waxaa ka horjeediyay Bill C-79. Sabablo kale oo ka mid ah, waxay ku dooday in dowladdu ay ku fashilmay in \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/duty-to-consult\">ay si si<\/a> filaan la tashadiyaan Qaramada Koowaad ee Waxay ka cabsi lahaa sharciga uu ku han <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-treaties\">jabay<\/a> doono xuquuqda hes <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-rights\">hiiska<\/a> iyo xuquuqda u Sidoo kale, sharciga ayaa waxaa lagu dhaliyay inuu ka dhaliyay talo <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/royal-commission-on-aboriginal-peoples\">oyinka Guddiga Royal ee Dadka Aboriginal.<\/a> \r\nBill C-79 oo fashilmay inuu sharci noqdo.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Sannadkii 2002, Bill C-7 oo sidoo kale loo yaqaano Sharciga Dowladda Q <em>aramada Koowaad, ayaa<\/em> doonay in golayaasha bandada awood dheeraad ah siiyo xeerka sharciga dhaca, xulashada hoggaanka iyo sida. Inkastoo dowladda federaalka uu la tashatay Qaramada kala duwan ee Koowaad oo \r\n ka saabsan sharciyeedka, waxay Sannadkii 2006-kii, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/senate\">Senator<\/a> Gerry St. Germain ayaa soo bandhigay Bill S-216 \u201csi loo hormariyo aqoonsiga iyo hirgelinta xuquuqda xukunka isgaamaha ee Qaramada Koowaad ee Canada\r\n.\u201d Sharciyeedka ayaa ogolaan lahaa Qaramada Koowaad oo doonaya inay isku maamulaan inay horumaraan Hindise iyo Dastuurka. Halka Bill S-216 uu gaaray Akhrinta Labaad, waxay sidoo kale ugu dambeyn ku fashil (Sidoo <em>kale eeg<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/parliamentary-procedure\">Hanaanka Baarlam<\/a> aanka.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Si kastaba ahaatee, Qaramada Koowaad qaar ayaa sameeyay qabaabiyo Waxaa ogolaaday awood badan oo dowladda badan oo aan la bixiyo Shar <em>ciga Hindi<\/em> ya. <em>Tusaale qaar ayaa wax <em>aa ka mid ah: Sharciga Maamulka dhulka Qaramada Koowaad<\/em> <em>(1999), Sharciga Maamulka Maaliyadda Qaramada Koowaad (2005), Sharciga Maamulka Shidaalka iyo G<\/em> aas iyo Lacag (2005), Sharciga Hor <em>umarinta Ganacsiga iyo Warshadaha Qaranka Koowaad<\/em> (2006), iyo Sharciga Hantida Qaranka Koow <em>aad<\/em> (2009).<\/em><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Beddelo Sharciga Hindiya ee 2011 iyo 2017<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Inkastoo beddelo kala duwan, Sharci <em>ga Hindiya<\/em> waxay weli loogu sameeyay haweenka iyo dadkooda, iyadoo ku saabsan xuqu <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">uq<\/a> da halka Sannadkii 2011, B <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/parliament\">aarlamaanka<\/a> oo \r\n <em>soo gudbay Sharciga Diiwaangelinta Hindi<\/em> ya oo sidoo kale loo yaqaano Bill C-3. Tani waxa ay <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">ahayd jawaabta dowladda federaal<\/a> ka ee kiiska <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mcivor-case\">McIvor oo ku saabsan yahay dalka jinsiga qaybta 6aad ee Sharci<\/a> ga H <em>indi<\/em> ya ee 1985. \r\n Bill C-3 ayaa xaalad 6 (2) u siiyay jareeyaha haweenka soo celiyey xaalka sanadkii 1985-kii. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xulka haweenka, si gaar ah u xidhigaa jiyaabaha weyn, \r\n ma laheyn xuquuqda isla ah oo ay u lahaayeen xulka ah oo ay dadka mid ah. Sidaa darteed, Bill C-3 ayaa weli beeniyay xuquuqda xaalada u leeyiyey shaqsiyaadka qaarkood<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Bill S-3 ayaa waxaa lagu abuuray jawaabtii dacwad kale maxkamad oo ku saabsan diidanka ka jira Shar <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\"><em>ciga Hindiya<\/em><\/a>, dacwadda 2015 Descheneaux. Arrinta kiiskan waxa uu ku saabsan yahay qaab \r\n ka xaaladda la soo gudbiyo iyo walaalaha. Hal qayb oo ka mid ah Bill S-3 ayaa sii dhaqaaqday 22 December 2017. Waxaa ka mid ah qodobo kale waxaa beddelkaasi u ogolaaday dad dheeraad ah inay xaalkooda u soo gudbiyeen xaalkooda oo dib u dib u soo celiyo kuwa ka hor 1985-kii. \r\nTusaale ahaan, waxay bixiyaa siyaabo loo diiwaan lahaa dadka ay leeyihiin baabiyad aan la ogaan iyo kuwaas oo aheyd yar oo aan guursan ahayn u dhexeeya 1951\u201485 waxaana saameeyeen sh Qaybta kale ee sharciga \u2014 oo la xiriira la soo celinta xaalka haweenka iyo niil \r\n kooda halkaasi waayay ka hor 1951 (la yaqaano \u201c1951 Cut-off\u201d) \u2014 waxaa xoogga la keenay 15-kii Agoosto 2019. Sida ay dowladda sheegtay, \u201cDhammaan isla&#39;aanta jinsiga ku saleysan oo la yaqaan Sharciga H <em>indiya ayaa hadda lo<\/em> ogu hadlayay.\u201d<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Dib u Jeediyey<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Sanadkii 2010-kii, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">Dowladda Federaal<\/a> ka ayaa ku dhawaaqay inay la shaqe <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">eyaan dadka gudaha si ay ka \r\n saaraan qaybo ka mid ah Sharciga H <em>indiya oo siinaya awood u abu <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/residential-schools\">uro dugsiy<\/a> ada deegaanka oo caruurta laga<\/em> qaado guryahooda<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Bill S-2, Guriyada Qoyska ku sa <em>absan Daha iyo Danaha Xuquuqda ama Xeerka X<\/em> uquuqda, ayaa waxaa ku hadlaya jaban sharci ah ee Sharciga H <em>indiya<\/em>. Waxaa ujeedayay in ay xaqiijiyaan in dad <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">ka ku<\/a> nool xaqoonka ay leeyihiin xuquuqda la mid ah hantida Sida ay sheegtay dowladda Canada, Bill S-2 waa waa sharciyeed oo kale ah, aan qayb ka mid ah dib u dib-u-habeynta Sharciga H <em>indiya<\/em>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Dood: In Laga Joogto Mise Buuriyo Sharciga Hindiya?<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Halka qaar ka mid ah dadka dhaliyaha iyo aan ahayn oo aan u baaqaan in la baabiyay Sharciga, kuwo kalena ay ka cabsi lahaa in laga saarayo ilaalinta qaar ah, sida kuwii ku saaran Xaalka India. Sida aqoonyahay David Newhouse, \u201c[Sharciga H <em>indiya] ayaa bixiyay<\/em> dhismaha maamulka bul \r\n shada deegaanka iyo nolosha bulshada. Dib u dib-u-habeeyo Sharciga oo hal dhacay, ama la caqiiqo, waxaa si weyn u burburin lahaa Qaramada Koowaad.\u201d<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Si kastaba ahaatee, dhaliyeyaasha Sharciga ayaa sii wadaa inay shaqeeyaan u wajahan Shacabkaasi Cusub ayaa rajeeysa in awoodda Sharciga ay u dhacaan ama baaran doono tallaabada kordhinaya ee ku wajahan isagga iyo <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-self-government\/\">di<\/a> b-heshi \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/truth-and-reconciliation-commission\">isi<\/a> inta, isagoo u deegaanaya isbeddel xiriirka dowlad- Sida uu mad <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/assembly-of-first-nations\">axda Golaha Qaramada Koowaad \r\n<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/perry-bellegarde\">Perry Bellegarde<\/a> ku sheegay sanadkii 2018, \u201cWaxaan dhammaan doonaynaa inaan ka soo baxay gacanta Sharciga H <em>indi<\/em> ya, isla markaana isaga dib u dhigay dadka asuuqa iyo Qaramada oo leh xuquuqda asusaas ah \r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<iframe sandbox=\"allow-same-origin allow-scripts allow-top-navigation allow-popups\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"100%\" height=\"185\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https:\/\/embed.radiopublic.com\/e?if=the-secret-life-of-canada-Ww0QnZ&amp;ge=s1!7163a1347ab72236394fe46a4fe7d4048bc69b37\">\r\n<\/iframe><br>\r\n\r\n\t<p>Waa maxay sharciga Hindiya iyo sababta Canada weli ku leeyahay buugga? Kooxda Nolosha Qarsoodi ah ayaa eegaysa xuruurka siyaasadan caad ah, oo 143 sano kadib weli ku dhigay aqoonsiga Canada, kasoo baxay siyaasadda ku keentay Sharciga ilaa sida ay weli saameynayeen aqoondo \r\n oyinka Dalka maanta. <br>\r\n<strong>FIIR<\/strong> <em>SO: <em>Nolosha Qarsoodi ee Canada<\/em> waxaa marti ku ah oo qoray Falen Johnson iyo Leah Simone Bowen waxaana waa podcast asli ah CBC oo ka madax banaan The Canadian Encyclopedia.<\/em><\/p>\r\n<\/blockquote>\r\n<br>\r\n\r\n<h3>Dhererka iyo Muhiimada<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">Inkastoo sanadkii dhowr jeer la beddelay, nooca casri ah ee Sharciga H <em>indi<\/em> ya weli waxa uu ka soo saaray shuruudaha H <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">indi<\/a> ya, shuruucda kala duwan oo ku dhawaaqay reer, ilaalada dhaqaale ee yar iyo maskaxda la&#39;aan, maamulka khayraadka <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">band<\/a> ada, door \r\n ashooyinka, iyo dhinacyo kale ee nolosha. \r\n<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Sharciga <em>Hindiya ayaa<\/em> saameynta socota iyo muddo badan ku yeeshay dhaqanka asuuqa, dhaqaalaha, siyaasadda, iyo bulshada. Waxay sidoo kale keenay dhaawac u dhexeeyey, gaar ahaan ku xeersan dug <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/residential-schools\">siyada de<\/a> egaanka, iy \r\n adoo dullimada iyo qodobada xeerka ee sharciga ay saameeyeen jiilaha shacabka ah.<\/p>","slug":"indiansoact","alt_slug":"","twitter_summary":null,"locale":"so","automated":true,"hidden":0,"views":4,"created_at":"2024-12-06T18:07:54.000000Z","updated_at":"2024-12-06T18:07:54.000000Z"},{"id":"9e2e051c-2f74-4f37-8436-e34ffe29ac86","article_id":"83668","title":"Indijski zakon","summary":"<p>In <em>dijski zakon<\/em> je primarni zakon koji <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">savezna vlada<\/a> koristi za upravljanje <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">indijskim status<\/a> om, \r\n lokalnim vladama <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">prvih n<\/a> acija i upravljanje <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">rezervnim<\/a> zemlji\u0161tem. Tako\u0111e navodi vladine \r\n obaveze prema narodima Prvih nacija. <em>Indijski zakon<\/em> <a\r\n\thref=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/inuit\">se odnosi na ljude sa indijskim statusom; ne odnosi se direktno na ljude Prvih nacija koji nisu statusni, Metisi ili I <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/metis\">nuiti.<\/a> \r\n<\/a> Prvi put uveden 1876. godine, Zakon je obuhvatio niz kolonijalnih zakona koji su imali za cilj da elimini\u0161u kulturu Prvih nacija u korist asimilacije u evrokanadsko dru\u0161tvo. Nova verzija zakona usvo \r\n jena je 1951. godine i od tada je nekoliko puta izmenjena, najzna\u010dajnije 1985. godine, a promene su se uglavnom fokusirale na uklanjanje diskriminatornih odeljaka. To je evoluiraju\u0107i, paradoksalan dokument koji je omogu\u0107io traume, kr\u0161enje ljudskih prava i socijalne i kulturne poreme\u0107aje \r\n generacijama starosjedila\u010dkih <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">naroda<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ovo je celokupni unos o <em>indijskom zakonu.<\/em> Za rezime obi\u010dnog jezika pogledajte <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act-plain-language-summary\" target=\"_blank\">Indijski zakon (rezime obi\u010dnog jezika)<\/a>.<\/p>","body":"<div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/cbcd31d1-03f6-4fba-a45d-96ee89c4617d.jpg\" title=\"Indijski zakon\" alt=\"Indijski zakon\"><\/div>\r\n\r\n<h3>Istorijski kontekst: Pre indijskog zakona, 1763\u20141876<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/royal-proclamation-of-1763\/\">Kraljevska proklamacija iz 1763.<\/a> postavila je osnovu za to kako \u0107e kolonijalna administracija stupiti u interakciju sa <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">narodima Pr<\/a> vih nacija u vekovima koji su usledili. Proglas je garanto <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-rights\">vao odre\u0111ena prava<\/a> i za\u0161titu narodima Prvih nacija i uspostavio proces kojim je vlada \r\n mogla da stekne njihovu zemlju. Dalje politike usvojene su u prvoj polovini 19. veka koje su imale za cilj asimilaciju naroda Prvih nacija u rastu\u0107u populaciju doseljenika.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Zakon iz 1850. <em>o boljoj za\u0161titi zemlji\u0161ta i imovine Indijanaca u Donjoj Kanadi<\/em> bio je jedan od prvih zakona koji je uklju\u010divao skup uslova da se osoba smatra legalnim <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/indian\/\">Indi<\/a> jancem - prete\u010da koncepta \u201e<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">statusa<\/a>\u201c. Ovi zahtevi su se zasnivali na krvi i u su\u0161tini su govorili da \u0107e se ljudi \u201esmatrati Indijancima\u201c ako su \u201eindijske \r\n krvi\u201c i bili \u010dlanovi \u201etela ili plemena Indijanaca\u201c. Svi potomci takvih ljudi smatrali su se Indijancima. Takvi su bili i ne-Indijanci koji su se \u201even\u010dali sa takvim Indijancima\u201c, ljudi \u010diji bi roditelji (jedan ili obojica) bili smatrani Indijancima, \r\n i \u201esve osobe koje su u detinjstvu usvojili neki takvi Indijanci\u201c.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Akti op\u0161te poznati kao Zakon o <em>postepenoj civilizaciji iz 1857. i Zak<\/em> <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/gradual-civilization-act\/\">on o postepenom osloba\u0111anju prava iz<\/a><\/em> 1869. bili su prvenstveno usmereni na uklanjanje bilo kakvih \r\n posebnih razlika ili prava naroda Prvih nacija kako bi se asimilirali u ve\u0107e stanovni\u0161tvo naseljenika. Ovo je u po\u010detku trebalo da se postigne <em>Zakonom o postep \r\n enoj civiliz<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\/\">aciji dobrovoljnim davanjem prava (<\/a>tj. Osoba Prvih nacija bi se odrekla svog statusa u zamenu za zemlju i pravo glasa), ali samo jedna osoba je dobrovoljno dobila pravo glasa. Kao \r\n rezultat toga, vlada je tada po\u010dela jednostrano da daje pravo glasa ljudima Prvih nacija.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Brojne <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">autoht<\/a> one grupe sklopile su <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-treaties\/\">u<\/a> govore - posebno prvih pet <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/numbered-treaties\">numerisanih ugovora<\/a> - sa kanadskim vladama pre dono\u0161enja <em>In<\/em> dijskog zakona 1876. godine. Te grupe mogu smatrati svoj pravni identitet kao ljudi Prvih nacija koji prolaze kroz te ugovore, a ne kroz <em>Indijski zakon<\/em>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Indijski zakon dolazi na vlast, 1876<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>1867. godine Ustavni zakon do <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/constitution-act-1867\/\"><em>delio je<\/em><\/a> zakonodavnu nadle\u017enost <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/parliament\">parlament<\/a> u nad \u201eIndijancima \r\n i zemlji\u0161tima rezervisanim za Indijance\u201c. <em>Skoro 10 godina kasnije, 1876., Zakon o <em>postepenoj civilizaciji i Zak<\/em> <em>on o postepenom osloba\u0111anju prava postali<\/em> su deo indijskog zakona.<\/em> Preko O <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-affairs-and-northern-development-canada\">deljenja za indijske poslove<\/a> i njegovih <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-agents-in-canada\">indijskih agen<\/a> ata, <em>Indijski zakon<\/em> dao je vladi \u0161iroka ovla\u0161\u0107enja u pogledu identiteta <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">Prvih n<\/a> acija, politi\u010dkih struktura, upravljanja, kulturnih praksi i <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-education\">obraz<\/a> ovanja. Ove ovlasti ograni\u010davale su domoroda\u010dke slobode i omogu\u0107ile zvani\u010dnicima da <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-rights\">odrede prava<\/a> i beneficije starosedelaca na osnovu \u201edobrog moralnog karaktera\u201c.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Indijski zakon<\/em> poku\u0161ao je da generalizuje ogromnu i raznoliku populaciju ljudi i asimilira ih u neautohtono dru\u0161tvo. Zabranila je narodima i zajednicama Prvih nacija da izra\u017eavaju svoj identitet kroz upravljanje i kulturu. \r\nZakon je zamenio tradicionalne strukture upravljanja izbor <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">ima za ve\u0107e benda<\/a>. Nasljedni <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/chief\">poglav<\/a> ari - lideri koji vlast sti\u010du poreklom, a ne izborima - nisu \r\n priznati <em>indijskim zakonom<\/em>. Do 1951. godine \u017eene su tako\u0111e bile isklju\u010dene iz politike saveta benda. (<em>Vidi tako\u0111e<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/women-and-the-indian-act\">\u017dene i indijski zakon<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Zakon je tako\u0111e u\u010dinio ilegalnim narodima Prvih nacija da praktikuju <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/religion-of-aboriginal-people\">verske ceremoni<\/a> je i razli\u010dita kulturna okupljanja. Godine 1884. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/potlatch\/\">potlatch<\/a> je zabranjen, a 1895. zabranjen je i \u201ebilo koji <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-term\">indi<\/a> jski festival, ples ili druga ceremonija\u201c, koja bi uklju\u010di <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/powwows-editorial\">vala pavove<\/a> i <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sun-dance\">ples na suncu<\/a>. Drugi amandman 1914. zabranio je ples van <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">rezer<\/a> ve, \r\n a 1925. ples je u potpunosti zabranjen.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Godine 1927. zakon je u\u010dinio ilegalnim narodima i zajednicama Prvih nacija da tra\u017ee sredstva za potragu za <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/land-claims\/\">zemlji\u0161nim zahtevima<\/a>. Naknadni amandmani zahtevali su \r\n da deca Prvih nacija poha\u0111aju industrijske ili <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/residential-schools\/\">rezidencijalne \u0161kole<\/a> (1894. i 1920). Mra\u010dno nasle\u0111e rezidencijalnih \u0161kola u Kanadi uticalo je na autohtone zajednice \u0161irom zemlje i me\u0111u \r\n generacijama. \r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Na prelazu u 20. vek, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/pass-system-in-canada\">sistem pro<\/a> laza (koji je ograni\u010davao kretanje naroda Prvih nacija izvan rezervi) nametnut je bez ikakvog zakonskog odobrenja. Ove \r\n restriktivne politike imale su trajne uticaje na generacije starosedelaca, jer su ograni\u010denja mobilnosti nanela \u0161tetu domoroda\u010dkim ekonomijama, kulturama i dru\u0161tvima.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Indijski zakon<\/em> je tako\u0111e definisao ko se prema zakonu smatra Indijancem. U njemu se navodi da je Indijanac \u201ebilo koja mu\u0161ka osoba indijske krvi za koju se zna da pripada odre\u0111enom bendu<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\u201c<\/a>. \r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">Indijski status<\/a> se tako\u0111e odnosio na \u201esvako dete takve osobe\u201c i na \u201esvaku \u017eenu koja je ili je bila zakonito udata za takvu osobu\u201c. Osoba je izgubila status ako je diplomirala univerzitet, \r\n udala se za osobu bez statusa (ako je bila \u017eena) ili, od 1876. do 1880. godine, postala <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/christianity\">hri\u0161\u0107<\/a> anski ministar, lekar ili advokat. Ovo je bilo poznato kao ovla\u0161\u0107 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\">enje prava.<\/a> \r\nOdeljak 112 <em>indijskog zakona<\/em> - poznat kao odeljak \u201eobavezno davanje prava\u201c - uklonjen je tek 1961. Administracija statusa bila je sredstvo asimilacije i kulturnog uni\u0161tavanja.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Revidirani indijski zakon 1951<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Period neposredno nakon <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/second-world-war-wwii\/\">Drugog svetskog rata<\/a> uklju\u010divao je mnogo dru\u0161tvene introspekcije u Kanadi i doveo je do preispitivanja nekih restriktivnijih i \r\n opresivnijih mera nametnutih indijskim zakonom.<\/em> Niz predlo\u017eenih reformi odbili su ili se protivili <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">narodi Pr<\/a> vih nacija jer nisu bili uklju\u010deni u \r\n proces. Kao rezultat toga, vlada Kanade prekinula je tradiciju i kroz proces Zajedni\u010dkog komiteta prvi put se konsultovala sa zajednicama Prvih nacija o promenama <em>indijskog zakona<\/em>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Novi i revidirani <em>indijski zakon<\/em> dobio je kraljevski pristanak 20. juna 1951. Rezultiraju\u0107i remont uklonio je neka od najuvredljivijih politi\u010dkih, kulturnih i verskih ograni\u010denja. Na primer, uklonjene su zabrane ceremonija poput <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/potlatch\">lonca i pl<\/a> esa na \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sun-dance\">suncu<\/a>. Zajednice su tako\u0111e mogle da podnesu potra <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/land-claims\/\">\u017eivanja za zemlji\u0161<\/a> te protiv vlade. \r\nZa \u017eene Prvih nacija, Zakon iz 1951. zna\u010dio je da su sada u mogu\u0107nosti da glasaju na izborima za ve\u0107e <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">benda<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/elsie-knott\">Elsie Marie Knot bila je prva<\/a> izabrana \u017eena za \u0161efa Prvih nacija u <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/chief\">Kanadi<\/a>. (V <em>idi tako\u0111e<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-women-and-the-franchise\">Autohtone \u017eene i fran\u0161iza<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Me\u0111utim, revizije nisu oslobodile Zakon od diskriminacije. Na primer, <em>indijski zakon<\/em> zabranio je <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">statusnim ljudima da<\/a> poseduju opojna sredstva ili da budu pijani. \r\nRevizije iz 1951. tako\u0111e su dale provincijama nadle\u017enost nad <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/child-welfare\">dobrobiti autohtonih dece<\/a> (odeljak 88) gde nijedna nije postojala federalno. To je na kraju omogu\u0107ilo \r\n da se dogodi \u201e\u0160 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sixties-scoop\">ezdesetih<\/a> godina\u201c, proces kojim su pokrajinske agencije za za\u0161titu dece odlu\u010dile da uklone decu iz svojih domova, umesto da obezbede resurse i podr\u0161ku zajednici. Scoop iz \u0161ezdesetih godina imao je zna\u010dajne i dugotrajne efekte na autohtone zajednice.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0160tavi\u0161e, novi zakon nije poni\u0161tio diskriminatornu prirodu <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian\">indijskog statusa<\/a>. Zakon je zamenio koncept \u201eindijske krvi\u201c sa statusom putem registracije. Drugim re \r\n \u010dima, jednostavno posedovanje nasle\u0111a Prvih nacija nije bilo dovoljno da se kvalifikuje za status. Ipak, mu\u0161ke linije porekla su i dalje bile privilegovane; \u017eene sa statusom izgubile su prava ako su se udale za osobu koja nije statusa. (<em>Vidi tako\u0111e<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/women-and-the-indian-act\">\u017dene i indijski zakon<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Odredbe u vezi sa statusom \u017eene bile su posebno ekstremne. Statusna prava \u017eene u potpunosti su tekla kroz njenog mu\u017ea. \u017dena bez statusa koja se udala za mu\u0161karca sa statusom sama bi stekla status. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">Statusna \u017eena koja se udala za statusnog mu\u0161karca imala je \u010dlanstvo u bendu vezano za njegovo, tako da vi\u0161e nije bila \u010dlanica sopstvenog benda, i potpuno je izgubila status ako ju je suprug udovica ili napustio. \r\n<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Indijski zakon<\/em> iz 1951. tako\u0111e je uveo pravilo \u201edvostruke majke\u201c, koje je detetu ukinulo status na njegov 21. ro\u0111endan ako se i njihova majka i baka nisu kvalifikovale za status. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/royal-commission-on-aboriginal-peoples\">Kraljevska komisija za aborid\u017einske nar<\/a> ode 1996. godine primetila je da su revizije sadr\u017eane u remontu iz 1951. u\u010dinile malo osim vra\u0107anja <em>indijskog zakona<\/em> u stanje iz 1876. godine, dok su dodatna ograni\u010denja prenosa statusa nanela \u0161tetu \u017eenama Prvih nacija i njihovoj deci.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Zahtevanje promene indijskog zakona, 1960-ih i 1970-ih<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Indijski zakon iz<\/em> 1951. nije promenio proces <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\">davanja prava autohtonim<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">nar<\/a> odima, \r\n niti je omogu\u0107io <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/franchise\">pravo<\/a> glasa. Me\u0111utim, po\u010detkom 1958. vlada premijera <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/john-diefenbaker\">Johna Diefenbakera<\/a> po\u010dela je sa iz \r\n radom <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/canadian-bill-of-rights\/\">kanadskog zakona o pravima<\/a>. Sa naglaskom Zakona o pravima na jednakim pravima za sve Kana\u0111ane, autohtonim narodima te\u0161ko da se mo\u017ee uskrati \r\n ti pravo glasa. <em>Dana 31. marta 1960. godine, delovi \u010dlana 14 (2) Zakona o izborima u Kanadi<\/em> ukinuti su kako bi se federalno glasanje odobrio <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">Statusnim Indijan<\/a> cima. \r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">Ljudi iz Prvih n<\/a> acija sada su mogli da glasaju bez gubitka statusa. Slede\u0107e godine uklonjena je klauzula o obaveznom osloba\u0111anju prava u <em>indijskom zakonu.<\/em> (V <em>idi tako\u0111e Dom<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-suffrage\">oroda\u010dko pravo glasa u Kanadi<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Godine 1969. vlada premijera <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/pierre-elliott-trudeau\/\">Pjera Eliota Trudeaua objavila je svoju <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/the-white-paper-1969\/\">Belu knjigu, u \r\n kojoj je izjavila nameru<\/a> da u potpunosti elimini\u0161e indijski status i O<\/a> deljenje za indijske pos <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-affairs-and-northern-development-canada\">love<\/a>. Bela knjiga nai\u0161la je na ogor\u010denje naroda Prvih nacija i odmah joj se suprotstavila \u201eCrvena knjiga\u201c, koju je stvorio i predstavio <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/harold-cardinal\/\">Harold Kardinal<\/a>, tada\u0161nji predsednik Indij \r\n skog udru\u017eenja Alberta. \r\nZbog \u017eestokog i kontinuiranog protivljenja autohtonih grupa i njihovih pristalica, kanadska vlada je brzo povukla Belu knjigu.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Mnoge autohtone \u017eene u to vreme borile su se za promenu diskriminatornih delova <em>Indijskog zakona<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mary-two-axe-earley\">Mari Tvo-Axe Earlei<\/a> bila je jedna od najranijih aktivistkinja. \r\nPored drugog rada, mobilisala je niz govornih i pisanih kampanja kako bi podigla profil zlostavljanja od strane \u017eena kojima je uskra\u0107en status, ugovor i imovinska prava prema Zakonu. Ivonne <a name=\"_Hlk39573469\">Bedard i \r\n<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/jeannette-vivian-lavell\">Jeannette Corbiere Lavell<\/a>, koje su oboje izgubile status zbog braka, pokrenule su sudske predmete protiv kanadske vlade. 1973. njihovi predmeti su se \r\n spojili na Vr <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/supreme-court-of-canada\/\">hovni sud Kanade<\/a>. Te godine sud je bio \u0161iroko kritikovan zbog presude da deo Zakona koji je povezivao status \u017eene sa statusom njenog mu\u017ea \r\n nije diskriminisao \u017eene, iako su mu\u0161karci u statusu zadr\u017eali svoj status ako su se \u201even\u010dali\u201c. (V <em>idi tako\u0111e Bed \r\n<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/bedard-case\">ard Case<\/a> i <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/lavell-case\">Lavell<\/a> Case.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>1981. godine Komisija Ujedinjenih nacija za ljudska prava presudila je da je Kanada prekr\u0161ila \u010dlan 27 Me\u0111 <em>unarodnog pakta o gra\u0111anskim i politi\u010dkim pravima<\/em> u slu\u010daju <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sandra-lovelace-nicholas\">Sandre Lovelace Nikolas<\/a> - \u017eene \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/maliseet\">Volastokiik koja \r\n je izgu<\/a> bila svoj status brakom. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">Vlada je spre\u010dila Sandru da se vrati u svoju mati\u010dnu zajednicu jer se<em>, prema indi<\/em> jskom zakonu, ud \r\n ala i vi\u0161e se nije smatrala \u010dlanom benda.<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Predlog zakona C-31: Izmene i dopune indijskog zakona iz 1985. godine<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Godine 1985., odgovaraju\u0107i na rastu\u0107u nacionalnu i me\u0111unarodnu zabrinutost zbog nedostatka jednakosti u <em>indi<\/em> jskom zakonu, vlada je usvojila <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/bill-c-31\">zakon C-31<\/a>. Predlog zakona je u potpunosti uklonjen sve \r\n preostale klauzule <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\">o osloba\u0111anju prava.<\/a> Pored toga, oni koji su izgu \r\n bili <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">status<\/a> brakom vra\u0107eni su u status Indijanci i kao \u010dlanovi <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">benda<\/a>. Njihova deca su stekla status, ali dve godine nisu stekla \u010dlanstvo u bendu. Ovaj interval je trebao dati bendovima vremena da \r\n stvore sopstvene kodove \u010dlanstva, koji bi mogli isklju\u010diti decu, ali ne i njihove majke. Ako takav kod nije usvojen pre juna 1987. godine, deca su tako\u0111e stekla \u010dlanstvo u bendu. Sa ve\u0107om kontrolom nad listama \u010dlanova, bendovi bi mogli imati \r\n \u010dlanove koji nisu statusni. Me\u0111utim, po\u0161to se finansiranje preko savezne vlade zasniva na statusnim \u010dlanovima, postoji mali podsticaj da bendovi imaju mnogo \u010dlanova koji nisu u statusu.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Otkako su uvedene izmene i dopune <em>Indijskog zakona<\/em> 1985. godine, broj registrovanih Indijanaca se vi\u0161e nego udvostru\u010dio, sa pribli\u017eno 360.000 1985. na vi\u0161e od 778.000 u 2007. Pove\u0107anje je rezultat ve\u0107eg broja ro\u0111enih u odnosu na smrtne slu\u010daj \r\n eve, kao i zbog \u201evra\u0107enog\u201c indijskog statusa.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Me\u0111utim, iako se amandman b <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/prejudice-and-discrimination\">avio diskrimin<\/a> acijom \u017eena, stvorio je i neke probleme. Bill C-31 stvorio je dve kategorije <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian\">indi<\/a> jske registracije. Prvi, poznat kao odeljak 6 (1), primenjuje se kada oba roditelja imaju ili su imala pravo na registraciju. (Ovaj odeljak je dalje podeljen na pododjeljke koji se razlikuju u zavisnosti od na\u010dina na koji se status prenosi.) Drugi, poznat kao odeljak 6 (2), primen \r\n juje se kada jedan roditelj ima pravo na registraciju pod 6 (1). Status se <em>ne mo\u017ee<\/em> prenijeti ako je taj jedan roditelj registrovan prema odeljku 6 (2). Ukratko, nakon dve generacije brakova sa partnerima koji nisu statusni, deca vi\u0161e ne bi imala \r\n pravo na status. Ovo je poznato kao pravilo \u201ePrekida druge generacije\u201c. Na ovaj na\u010din, Predlog zakona C-31 imao je posledice na broj ljudi koji imaju pravo na statusna prava.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<iframe width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/__Y_hHFvUR8\" title=\"IouTube video plejer\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen=\"\">\r\n<\/iframe><br>\r\n\r\n<h3>Upravljanje i indijski zakon, 1960-ih do 2000-ih<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p><em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\/\">Indijski zakon<\/a><\/em> iz 1876. demontirao je tradicionalne sisteme upravljanja i nametnuo spoljne kontrole - u obliku lokalnih <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-agents-in-canada\">indijskih agen<\/a> ata i savezne birokratije Odeljenja za <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-affairs-and-northern-development-canada\">indijske pos<\/a> love pojedincima i zajednicama. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-self-government\">Tek krajem 1960-ih i po\u010detkom 1970-ih \r\n sve efikasnije politi\u010dke organizacije i intenziviraju\u0107i aktivizam postavili su Kanadu na put ka priznavanju i omogu\u0107avanju oblika autohtone samouprave.<\/a> \r\nOvaj trend je dobio zamah krajem 20. i po\u010detkom 21. veka, a starosjedila\u010dki narodi su svoja prava na samoupravu potvr\u0111ena u U <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/constitution-act-1982\/\"><em>stavnom zakonu iz 1982.<\/em><\/a> \r\n i u me\u0111unarodnim dokumentima.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>1984. godine Sporaz <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/james-bay-and-northern-quebec-agreement\">um o D\u017eejmsu zalivu i severnom Kvebe<\/a> ku, kao i Pennerov izve\u0161taj, rezultirali su Zakonom <em>Cree-Naskapi (iz Kvebeka), prvim delom zakona<\/em> o autohtonoj samoupravi u Kanadi, koji je zamenio <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\">indijski zakon<\/a><\/em> i uspostavio autohtone zajednice u regionu kao korporativne enti \r\n tete. Samoupravne \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">Prve n<\/a> acije ne podle\u017eu <em>indijskom zakonu,<\/em> iako <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">savezna vlada<\/a> nastavlja \r\n da upravlja odre\u0111enim poslovima Prvih nacija.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Od tada su u Zakonu postojali predlozi za pove\u0107anje <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">ov<\/a> la\u0161\u0107enja opsega nad upravljanjem. Savezna vlada je 1996. godine predlo\u017eila Predlog zakona C-79 za izmenu podru\u010dja Zakona, uklju\u010duju\u0107i \r\n upravljanje opsegom i regulaciju <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">rezervi<\/a>. Ve\u0107ina Prvih nacija protivila se zakonu C-79. Izme\u0111u ostalih razloga, tvrdili su da vlada nije uspela da \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/duty-to-consult\">se adekvatno konsultuje<\/a> sa Prvim nacijama o predlo\u017eenim promenama. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-treaties\">Pla\u0161ili su se da \u0107e zakon ugroziti prava ugovora i <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-rights\">pravo<\/a> na samoupravu.<\/a> Nadalje, predlog zakona je kritikovan zbog ignorisanja preporuka <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/royal-commission-on-aboriginal-peoples\">Kraljevske komisije za aborid\u017einske narode<\/a>. \r\nPredlog zakona C-79 nije postao zakon.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>2002. godine, Bill C-7, poznat i kao <em>Zakon o upravljanju prvim nacijama,<\/em> nastojao je da savetima bendova pru\u017ei ve\u0107u mo\u0107 u pogledu dono\u0161enja zakona, izbora liderstva i sli\u010dno. Iako se savezna vlada konsultovala sa raznim Prvim nacijama o zak \r\n onu, na kraju nije uspela. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/senate\">Senator<\/a> Gerri Sent \u017dermen je 2006. godine predstavio zakon S-216 \u201eza promovisanje priznavanja i sprovo\u0111enja prava na samoupravu za Prve nacije \r\n u Kanadi\u201c. Predlog zakona bi omogu\u0107io Prvim nacijama koje \u017eele da se samouprave da razviju predlog i ustav. Iako je Bill S-216 postigao drugo \u010ditanje, i on na kraju nije uspeo. (<em>Tako\u0111e videti<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/parliamentary-procedure\">parlamentarnu proced<\/a> uru.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Me\u0111utim, neke Prve nacije su postigle uspe\u0161ne sektorske aran\u017emane. Oni omogu\u0107avaju ve\u0107a ovla\u0161\u0107enja upravljanja koja nisu predvi\u0111ena <em>indijskim zakonom<\/em>. Neki primeri uklju\u010duju: Zakon o upravl <em>janju zemlji\u0161tem prvih nacija (1999), Zak<\/em> on o <em>fiskalnom upravljanju prvih nacija (2005), Zak<\/em> on o upravl <em>janju naftom i gasom prvih nacija i novcem (2005), Zak<\/em> on o <em>komercijalnom i industrijskom razvoju prvih nacija (2006) i Zak<\/em> on o <em>vlasni\u0161tvu imovine prve<\/em> nacije (2009).<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Izmene i dopune indijskog zakona 2011. i 2017. godine<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Uprkos razli\u010ditim amandmanima, <em>indijski zakon<\/em> je i dalje diskriminisao \u017eene i njihove potomke, u pogledu <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">statusnih<\/a> prava. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/parliament\">Parlament je 2011. godine usvojio<\/a> Zakon o \r\n <em>rodnoj jednakosti u indijskoj registr<\/em> aciji, poznat i kao Predlog zakona C-3. Ovo je bio odgovor <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">savezne vl<\/a> ade na <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mcivor-case\">slu\u010daj McIvor<\/a>, \r\n koji se odnosio na rodnu diskriminaciju u odeljku 6 <em>In<\/em> dijskog zakona iz 1985. godine. Predlog zakona C-3 daje 6 (2) status unucima \u017eena koje su ponovo stekle status 1985. Me\u0111utim, potomci \u017eena, posebno u smislu praunuka, \r\n nisu imali ista prava kao potomci mu\u0161karaca u sli\u010dnim okolnostima. Stoga je Bill C-3 i dalje uskra\u0107ivao statusna prava nekim pojedincima zbog rodne diskriminacije.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Bill S-3 stvoren je kao odgovor na drugi sudski slu\u010daj o diskriminaciji u <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\"><em>indi<\/em><\/a> jskom zakonu, slu\u010daj Descheneauk iz 2015. godine. Pitanje u ovom slu\u010daju odnosilo se na na\u010din na koji \r\n se status prenosi na ro\u0111ake i bra\u0107u i sestre. Jedan deo zakona S-3 stupio je na snagu 22. decembra 2017. godine. Izme\u0111u ostalih odredbi, amandman omogu\u0107ava ve\u0107em broju ljudi da svoj status prenesu na svoje potomke i vrate status onima koji su ga izgubili pre 1985. \r\nNa primer, pru\u017ea na\u010dine za registraciju ljudi sa nepoznatim o\u010dinstvom i koji su bili neo\u017eenjeni maloletnici izme\u0111u 1951\u201485 i na koje su uticala pravila registracije koja su postojala u to vreme. Drugi deo zakona - koji se odnosi na vra\u0107anje statusa \u017eenama i njihovim \r\n potomcima koji su izgubili status pre 1951. godine (poznat kao \u201ePrekid iz 1951.\u201c) - stupio je na snagu 15. avgusta 2019. godine. Prema vladi, \u201eSada su re\u0161ene sve poznate nejednakosti zasnovane na polu u <em>indijskom<\/em> zakonu\u201c.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Predlo\u017eene reforme<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">Savezna vlada<\/a> je 2010. godine objavila nameru da sara\u0111uje sa starosedel <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">a\u010dkim nar<\/a> odima kako bi se \r\n oslobodila delova <em>indijskog zakona<\/em> koji daju ovla\u0161\u0107enja za stvaranje <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/residential-schools\">rezidencijalnih \u0161kola<\/a> i odvo\u0111enje dece iz njihovih domova.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Predlog zakona S-2, Zak <em>on o porodi\u010dnim domovima o rezervama i bra\u010dnim interesima ili pravima<\/em>, rje\u0161ava zakonodavni jaz u <em>indi<\/em> jskom zakonu. Cilj mu je da osigura da ljudi koji \u017eive u <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">rezervi<\/a> imaju sli\u010dna prava na bra\u010dnu imovinu kao i drugi Kana\u0111ani. Prema kanadskoj vladi, zakon S-2 je samostalni zakon, a ne deo reforme <em>indi<\/em> jskog zakona.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Debata: Zadr\u017eati ili iskoreniti indijski zakon?<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Dok neki autohtoni i ne-autohtoni narodi pozivaju na ukidanje Zakona, drugi strahuju da bi njegovo uklanjanje naru\u0161ilo odre\u0111ene za\u0161tite, poput one o indijskom statusu. Kako obja\u0161njava nau\u010dnik David Nevhaus, \u201e[<em>Indijski zakon<\/em>] obezbe\u0111uje \r\n strukturu za upravljanje lokalnom zajednicom i \u017eivot u zajednici. Reforma Zakona jednim potezom ili njegovo ukidanje bilo bi izuzetno ometaju\u0107e za Prve nacije.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Me\u0111utim, kriti\u010dari Zakona nastavljaju da rade na njegovom demontiranju. Ovi autohtoni narodi se nadaju da \u0107e ovlasti Zakona izbledeti ili nestati sa sve ve\u0107im kretanjem ka <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-self-government\/\">samou<\/a> pravi i \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/truth-and-reconciliation-commission\">pomi<\/a> renju, doprinose\u0107i promeni odnosa vlade i starosedelaca. Kako je \u0161ef Skup <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/assembly-of-first-nations\">\u0161tine prvih nacija \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/perry-bellegarde\">Perri Bellegarde<\/a> izjavio<\/a> 2018. godine, \u201eSvi \u017eelimo da prevazi\u0111emo kontrolu <em>indijskog zakona<\/em> i da se rekonstitui\u0161emo kao autohtoni narodi i nacije sa osnov \r\n nim inherentnim pravima\u201c.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<iframe sandbox=\"allow-same-origin allow-scripts allow-top-navigation allow-popups\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"100%\" height=\"185\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https:\/\/embed.radiopublic.com\/e?if=the-secret-life-of-canada-Ww0QnZ&amp;ge=s1!7163a1347ab72236394fe46a4fe7d4048bc69b37\">\r\n<\/iframe><br>\r\n\r\n\t<p>\u0160ta je indijski zakon i za\u0161to ga Kanada jo\u0161 uvek ima u knjigama? Tim Tajnog \u017eivota razmatra korene ove komplikovane politike, koja je nakon 143 godine jo\u0161 uvek ugra\u0111ena u kanadski identitet, od politike koja je dovela do Zakona do toga kako ona i danas uti\u010de na \r\n autohtone identitete. <br>\r\n<strong>Napomena<\/strong><em>: <em>Tajni \u017eivot Kanade<\/em> vode i pisaju Falen Johnson i Leah Simone Boven i originalni je podcast CBC-a nezavisan od Kanadske enciklopedije.<\/em><\/p>\r\n<\/blockquote>\r\n<br>\r\n\r\n<h3>Nasle\u0111e i zna\u010daj<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Iako je tokom godina nekoliko puta izmenjena, savremena verzija indijskog <em>zakona i dalje ocrtava uslove indi<\/em> jskog <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">statusa<\/a>, razli\u010dita pravila oko \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">rezervi<\/a>, finansijsko starateljstvo nad maloletnicima i mentalno nesposobnim, upravljanje resursima <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">benda<\/a>, iz \r\n bore i druge aspekte \u017eivota u rezervi.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Indijski zakon<\/em> imao je stalne i dugotrajne uticaje na autohtone kulture, ekonomije, politiku i zajednice. To je tako\u0111e izazvalo me\u0111ugeneracijsku traumu, posebno u pogledu <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/residential-schools\">rezidencijalnih \u0161kola<\/a>, \r\n jer su ugnjetavanje i restriktivne odredbe Zakona negativno uticale na generacije starosedela\u010dkih naroda.<\/p>","slug":"indijansrkisrakt","alt_slug":"","twitter_summary":null,"locale":"sr","automated":true,"hidden":0,"views":1,"created_at":"2025-02-10T16:28:34.000000Z","updated_at":"2025-02-10T16:28:34.000000Z"},{"id":"9da96312-a9be-4363-866b-91f0c10bc2bd","article_id":"83668","title":"Indian Act [Sheria ya India]","summary":"<p>Sheria ya <em>India ni sheria<\/em> ya msingi ambayo serikali ya <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">shirikish<\/a> o hutumia kusimamia hadhi ya <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">India,<\/a> serikali \r\n za Mataifa <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">ya Kwan<\/a> za na usimamizi wa ard <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">hi ya<\/a> hifadhi. Pia inaelezea wajibu wa ser \r\n ikali kwa watu wa Mataifa ya Kwanza. <a\r\n\thref=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/inuit\">Sheria <em>ya India inah<\/em> usu watu wenye Hadi ya India; hairejelea moja kwa moja watu wasio na hadhi ya Mataifa ya Kwanza, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/metis\">M\u00e9tis<\/a> au Inuit. \r\n<\/a> Ilianzishwa kwanza mnamo 1876, Sheria hiyo ilijumuisha sheria kadhaa za kikoloni ambazo zinalenga kuondoa utamaduni wa Mataifa ya Kwanza kwa ajili ya kuunganishwa katika jamii ya Uro-Canada. Toleo jipya la Sheria hiyo lilipitishwa mnamo 1951, na tangu wakati huo, imerekebishwa mara kadhaa, kwa kiasi kikubwa zaidi mwaka 1985, na mabadiliko hasa yanazingatia kuondolewa kwa sehemu \r\n za ubaguzi. Ni hati inayobadilika, yenye kidogo ambayo imewezesha majeraha, ukiukaji wa haki za binadamu na usumbufu wa kijamii na kitamaduni kwa \r\n vizazi vya watu <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">wa asili.<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Hii ni uingizaji wa urefu kamili kuhusu Sheria <em>ya India.<\/em> Kwa muhtasari wa lugha wazi, tafadhali angalia Sheria <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act-plain-language-summary\" target=\"_blank\">ya India (Muhtasari wa Lugha ya Wazi)<\/a>.<\/p>","body":"<div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/cbcd31d1-03f6-4fba-a45d-96ee89c4617d.jpg\" title=\"Sheria ya India\" alt=\"Sheria ya India\"><\/div>\r\n\r\n<h3>Muktadha wa Kihistoria: Kabla ya Sheria ya India, 1763\u20141876<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Tangazo <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/royal-proclamation-of-1763\/\">la Kifalme la 1763<\/a> iliweka msingi wa jinsi utawala wa kikoloni unavyoingiliana na watu wa Mataifa <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">ya<\/a> Kwanza katika karne zilizofuata. Tangazo hilo lili <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-rights\">hakikisha h<\/a> aki na ulinzi fulani kwa watu wa Mataifa ya Kwanza, na kuanzisha mchakato ambao serikali in \r\n aweza kupata ardhi zao. Sera zaidi zilipitishwa katika nusu ya kwanza ya karne ya 19 ambazo zililenga kuunganisha watu wa Mataifa ya Kwanza katika idadi ya watu wanaoongezeka.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Sheria ya <em>1850 ya ulinzi bora wa Ardhi na Mali ya Wah <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/indian\/\">indi<\/a> huko Canada ya Chini<\/em> ilikuwa moja ya vipande vya kwanza vya sheria ambavyo vilijumuisha seti ya mahitaji kwa mtu kuchukuliwa kuwa Mhindi kisheria - mtangulizi wa dhana ya \u201chadhi<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">.<\/a>\u201d Mahitaji haya yalitegemea damu, na kimsingi ilisema kwamba watu \u201cwatachukuliwa kama Wahindi\u201d ikiwa walikuwa wa \u201c\r\ndamu ya Kihindi\u201d na walikuwa wanachama wa \u201cMwili au Kabila la Wahindi.\u201d Wazao wote wa watu kama hao walichukuliwa kuwa Wahindi. Vivyo hivyo pia wasio Wahindi ambao \u201cwalioleana na Wahindi hao,\u201d watu wazazi ambao (mmoja au wote wawili) wangekuwa wangekuwa wangekuwa Wahindi, \r\n na \u201cwatu wote waliochukuliwa wakati wa utoto na Wahindi wowote hao.\u201d<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Vitendo vinavyojulikana kama Sheria ya Ustaarabu wa Hatua ya 1857 na Sheria ya Hatua ya Uhuru wa Hatua ya 1869 zilikusudiwa kimsingi kuondoa tofauti yoyote \r\n maal <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/gradual-civilization-act\/\">um<\/a><\/em> au haki za watu wa Mataifa ya Kwanza ili kuziunganisha katika idadi kubwa ya wakazi.<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\/\">Hii hapo awali ilikusudiwa kutim <em>iz<\/em> wa na Sheria ya Ustaarabu wa Hatua kwa njia ya kutoa huru ya hiari (yaani, mtu wa Mataifa la Kwanza angeacha hadhi yao kwa badala ya ardhi na haki ya kupiga kura), lakini mtu mmoja tu alipata huru kwa hiari. \r\n<\/a> Matok \r\n eo yake, serikali kisha ilianza kutoa huru kwa upande mmoja watu wa Mataifa ya Kwanza.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Makundi kadhaa ya As <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">ili<\/a> yalifanya mik <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-treaties\/\">at<\/a> aba - hasa Mikataba tano ya kwanza y <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/numbered-treaties\">aliyo<\/a> hesabiwa - na serikali za Canada kabla ya kupitisha Sheria <em>ya India ya<\/em> 1876. Makundi hayo yanaweza kuzingatia utambulisho wao wa kisheria kama watu wa Mataifa ya Kwanza kutiririka kupitia mikataba hayo, badala ya <em>Sheria ya India<\/em>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Sheria ya India Inakuja Madaraka, 1876<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Mnamo 1867, Sheria ya Katiba <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/constitution-act-1867\/\"><em>ilipewa mamlaka<\/em><\/a> ya kisheria kwa Bunge juu ya \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/parliament\">W<\/a> ahindi, na Ardhi ziliz \r\n ohifadhiwa kwa Wahindi.\u201d <em>Karibu miaka 10 baadaye, mnamo 1876, Sheria ya U <em>staarabu wa Hat<\/em> ua na Sheria <em>ya Uhuru wa Hatua ilikuwa sehem<\/em> u ya Sheria ya India.<\/em> Kupitia I <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-affairs-and-northern-development-canada\">dara ya Mambo ya India na<\/a> mawakala wake wa <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-agents-in-canada\">India, Sher<\/a> ia ya <em>India ilipa serikali<\/em> mamlaka kubwa kuhusu utambulisho wa Mataifa la K <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">wanza, mi<\/a> undo ya kisiasa, utawala, mazoea ya kitamaduni na elimu<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-education\">.<\/a> Mamlaka hizi zilizuia uhuru wa Asili na kuruhusu maafisa <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-rights\">kuamua h<\/a> aki na faida za Asili kulingana na \u201ctabia nzuri ya maadili.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Sheria <em>ya India ili<\/em> jaribu kujumla idadi kubwa na tofauti ya watu na kuwaunganisha katika jamii isiyo ya asili. Iliwazuia watu na jamii za Mataifa ya Kwanza kuelezea utambulisho wao kupitia utawala na utamaduni. Sheria hiyo \r\n ilibadilisha miundo ya jadi ya utawala na uchag <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">uzi wa<\/a> baraza la bendi. Wakuu <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/chief\">wa uri<\/a> thi - viongozi \r\n ambao wanapata madaraka kupitia asili badala ya uchaguzi - hawatambuliwi na <em>Sheria ya India<\/em>. Mpaka 1951, wanawake pia waliondolewa katika siasa ya baraza la bendi. (T <em>azama pia<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/women-and-the-indian-act\">Wanawake na Sheria ya India<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Sheria hiyo pia ilifanya iwe haramu kwa watu wa Mataifa ya Kwanza kufanya sherehe za <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/religion-of-aboriginal-people\">kidini<\/a> na mikutano mbalimbali ya kitamaduni. Mnamo 1884, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/potlatch\/\">potlatch<\/a> ilipigwa marufuku, na mnamo 1895, \u201csherehe yoyote ya <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-term\">India<\/a>, densi au sherehe nyingine,\u201d ambayo ingejumuisha <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/powwows-editorial\">powwows<\/a> na densi ya jua, pia ilipigwa <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sun-dance\">marufu<\/a> ku. Marekebisho mengine mnamo 1914 yaliharuisha kucheza nje ya hifadhi<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">,<\/a> \r\n na mnamo 1925, kucheza imepigwa haramu kabisa.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Mwaka wa 1927, Sheria hiyo ilifanya iwe haramu kwa watu na jamii za Mataifa ya Kwanza kutafuta fedha kwa ajili ya kufuatilia madai ya <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/land-claims\/\">ardhi.<\/a> Marekebisho yanayofuata yalihitaji watoto \r\n wa Mataifa ya Kwanza <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/residential-schools\/\">kuhudhuria sh<\/a> ule za viwanda au makazi (1894 na 1920) Urithi wa giza wa shule za makazi nchini Canada umeathiri jamii za Asili kote nchini na kwa vizazi m \r\n balimbali. \r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Mwanzoni mwa karne ya 20, mfumo wa kupita (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/pass-system-in-canada\">am<\/a> bao ulizuia harakati za watu wa Mataifa ya Kwanza nje kutoka kwa hifadhi) uliwekwa bila idhini yoyote ya kisheria. Sera h \r\n izi za vizuizi zimekuwa na athari za kudumu kwa vizazi vya watu wa Asili, kwani vizuizi vya uhamaji husababisha uharibifu kwa uchumi wa asili, tamaduni na jamii.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Sheria <em>ya India pia<\/em> ilielezea ni nani alichukuliwa kuwa Mhindi chini ya sheria hiyo. Ilisema kuwa Mhindi alikuwa \u201cmtu yeyote wa kiume wa damu ya India anayejulikana kuwa ni wa bendi ful <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">ani<\/a>.\u201d \r\nHali <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">ya India<\/a> pia ilitumika kwa \u201cmtoto yeyote wa mtu huyo\u201d na kwa \u201cmwanamke yeyote ambaye ni au alikuwa ameolewa kisheria na mtu huyo.\u201d Mtu alipoteza hadhi ikiwa alihitimu chuo kikuu\r\n, aliolewa mtu asiye na hadhi (ikiwa alikuwa mwanamke) au, kutoka 1876 hadi 1880, akawa waziri wa Kik <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/christianity\">ri<\/a> sto, daktari au wakili. Hii ilikuwa inajulikana kama <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\">uhuru.<\/a> \r\nSehemu ya 112 ya Sher <em>ia ya India<\/em> - inayojulikana kama sehemu ya \u201cuhuru wa lazima\u201d - haikuondolewa hadi 1961. Utawala wa hadhi ilikuwa chombo cha ushirikiano na uharibifu wa kitamaduni.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Sheria iliyorekebishwa ya India mnamo 1951<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Kipindi hicho mara moja kufuatia V <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/second-world-war-wwii\/\">ita vya Pili vya Dun<\/a> ia kilihusisha uchunguzi mwingi wa kijamii nchini Canada, na kusababisha kuzingatia tena baadhi ya hatua za vizuizi na za ukandamizaji zilizowe \r\n kwa na Sheria ya India.<\/em> Mfululizo wa mageuzi yaliyopendekezwa yalikataliwa au kup <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">inga na watu wa<\/a> Mataifa ya Kwanza kwa sababu hawakuhusika katika m \r\n chakato huo. Matokeo yake, serikali ya Canada ilivunja mila na kupitia mchakato wa Kamati ya Pamoja, iliwasiliana na jamii za Mataifa ya Kwanza kwa mara ya kwanza kabisa kuhusu mabadiliko ya Sheria <em>ya India<\/em>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Sheria mpya na iliyore <em>kebishwa ya India<\/em> ilipewa idhini ya kifalme mnamo 20 Juni 1951. Marekebisho yaliyotokana uliondoa vikwazo vingine vya kisiasa, kitamaduni na kidini vya kuvutia. Kwa mfano, marufuku ya sherehe kama vile <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/potlatch\">potlatch na densi ya ju<\/a> a z \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sun-dance\">iliondolewa<\/a>. Jamii pia ziliweza kuleta madai ya <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/land-claims\/\">ardhi dhi<\/a> di ya serikali. \r\nKwa wanawake wa Mataifa la Kwanza, Sheria ya 1951 ilimaanisha kuwa sasa waliweza kupiga kura katika uchaguzi <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">wa bar<\/a> aza la bendi. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/elsie-knott\">Elsie Marie Knott alikuwa mkuu wa kwanza<\/a> wa kike wa Mataifa la Kwanza aliyechaguliwa n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/chief\">chini<\/a> Canada. (T <em>azama pia<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-women-and-the-franchise\">Wanawake wa Asili na Franch<\/a> ise.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Walakini, marekebisho hayakuondoa Sheria ya ubaguzi. Kwa mfano, Sheria ya <em>India ilipiga<\/em> maru <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">fu<\/a> ku watu wa hali kuwa na ulevi au kuwa na ulevi. \r\nMarekebisho ya 1951 pia yalitoa majimbo mamlaka juu ya ustawi wa watoto wa asili (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/child-welfare\">Sehemu ya<\/a> 88) ambapo hakuna hakuna hakuna hakuna lilikuwepo kwa Hii hatimaye iliruhusu \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sixties-scoop\">Scoop ya miaka<\/a> sita\u201d \r\n kutokea, mchakato ambao mashirika ya ustawi wa watoto wa jimbo walichagua kuondoa watoto kutoka nyumba zao badala ya kutoa rasilimali za jamii na msaada. Scoop ya miaka ya sitini imekuwa na athari kubwa na za muda mrefu kwa jamii za Kiasili.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Kwa kuongezea, Sheria mpya haikuzuia hali ya ubaguzi wa Hali <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian\">ya India.<\/a> Sheria hiyo ilibadilisha dhana ya \u201cdamu ya India\u201d na moja ya hadhi kupitia usajili. Kwa man \r\n eno mengine, kuwa tu urithi wa Mataifa ya Kwanza haukutosha kustahihi hadhi. Walakini, mistari ya asili ya kiume bado zilikuwa na upendeleo; wanawake wenye hadhi walipoteza haki zao ikiwa waliolewa mtu asiye na hadhi. (T <em>azama pia<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/women-and-the-indian-act\">Wanawake na Sheria ya India<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Masharti kuhusu hadhi ya mwanamke yalikuwa kali sana. Haki za hadhi za mwanamke zilitiririka kabisa kupitia mumewe. Mwanamke asiye na hadhi ambaye aliolewa mwanamume aliye na hadhi angepata hadhi mwenyewe. Mwanamke \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">m<\/a> wenye hadhi ambaye aliolewa na mwanamume wa hadhi alikuwa na uanachama wake wa bendi yake ilifunganishwa na hivyo hakuwa tena mwanachama wa bendi yake mwenyewe, na alipoteza hadhi yake kabisa ikiwa alikuwa mjane au kuachwa na mumewe.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Sheria ya <em>India ya 1951 pia ilianzisha sheria ya \u201cMama Mbili\u201d, ambayo ilifuta hadhi ya mtoto siku yake ya siku ya kuzaliwa ya 21 ikiwa mama na bibi zao hawak<\/em> uwa hawastahili hadhi. Tume ya <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/royal-commission-on-aboriginal-peoples\">Kifalme juu ya Watu wa Waaborigen mnamo 1996 ilibainisha kuwa marekebisho<\/a> yaliyojumuishwa katika marekebisho ya 1951 yalikuwa kidogo lakini kurudisha Sheria ya <em>India<\/em> katika jimbo lake la 1876, wakati vizuizi vya ziada juu ya uhamisho wa hadhi yalikuwa madhara kwa wanawake wa Mataifa la Kwanza na watoto wao.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Kuomba Mabadiliko kwa Sheria ya India, 1960 na 1970<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Sheria ya <em>India ya 1951 hai<\/em> kubadilisha mchakato wa ku <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\">toa huru kwa watu wa As <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">ili, \r\n wala<\/a> haikur<\/a> uhusu haki ya kupiga kura<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/franchise\">.<\/a> Hata hivyo, mwanzoni mwa 1958, serikali ya Waziri Mkuu <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/john-diefenbaker\">John Diefenbaker<\/a> ilianza \r\n kuandaa Muswada wa Haki <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/canadian-bill-of-rights\/\">za Canada<\/a>. Pamoja na msisitizo wa Muswada wa Haki juu ya haki sawa kwa Wakanada wote, watu wa asili hawawezi kukataliwa haki \r\n ya kupiga kura. Mnamo 31 Machi 1960, sehemu za Sehemu ya 14 (2) ya Sheria ya Uchag <em>uzi ya Canada<\/em> zilifutwa ili kutoa kura ya shirikisho kwa Wahindi wa H <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">ati.<\/a> \r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">Watu wa Matai<\/a> fa ya kwanza sasa wanaweza kupiga kura bila kupoteza hadhi yao. Mwaka uliofuata, kifungu cha lazima cha uhuru katika Sheria ya <em>India liliondolewa.<\/em> (Taz <em>ama pia Haki<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-suffrage\">ya kupiga kura ya asili nchini Canada<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Mnamo 1969, serikali ya Waziri Mkuu <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/pierre-elliott-trudeau\/\">Pierre Elliott Trudeau<\/a> ilitoa Karatasi yake nye <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/the-white-paper-1969\/\">upe, \r\n ambayo ilit<\/a> angaza nia yake ya kuondoa kabisa hadhi ya India na Idara ya Mambo <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-affairs-and-northern-development-canada\">ya<\/a> India. Karatasi nyeupe ilikutana na hasira kutoka kwa watu \r\n wa Mataifa ya Kwanza na mara moja ilipinga na \u201cKaratasi Nyekundu,\u201d iliyoundwa na kuwasilishwa na <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/harold-cardinal\/\">Harold Cardinal<\/a>, wakati huo rais wa Chama cha India cha Alberta. \r\nKutokana na upinzani mkali na unaendelea na makundi ya Asili na wafuasi wao, serikali ya Canada haraka iliondoa Karatasi Nyeupe.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Wanawake wengi wa Asili wakati huu walikuwa wakipambana kubadilisha sehemu za ubaguzi za <em>Sheria ya India<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mary-two-axe-earley\">Mary Two-Axe Earley alikuwa mmoja wa<\/a> wanaharakati wa kwanza. \r\nMbali na kazi nyingine, alihamasisha mfululizo wa kampeni za kuzungumza na kuandika ili kuongeza wasifu wa unyanyasaji na wanawake ambao walikuwa wamekataliwa hadhi, mkataba na haki za mali chini ya Sheria hiyo. Yvonne <a name=\"_Hlk39573469\">B\u00e9dard<\/a> na \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/jeannette-vivian-lavell\">Jeannette Corbiere Lavell, ambao wote<\/a> wawili walipoteza hadhi yao kwa sababu ya ndoa, walileta kesi mahakamani dhidi ya serikali ya Canada. Mwaka wa 1973, kesi zao ziliun \r\n ganishwa <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/supreme-court-of-canada\/\">katika Mahakama Kuu ya Canada<\/a>. Katika mwaka huo, mahakama ilikosolewa sana kwa kuamua kwamba sehemu ya Sheria ambayo iliunganisha hadhi ya mwanamke na ya mumewe haikubaguzi wa wanawake, ingawa wanaume waliweka hadhi yao ikiwa \u201cwaliolewa nje.\u201d \r\n (T <em>azama pia K \r\n<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/bedard-case\">esi ya B\u00e9dard na Kesi<\/a> ya <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/lavell-case\">Lavell<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Mwaka 1981, Tume ya Haki za Binadamu ya Umoja wa Mataifa iliamua kwamba Canada imevuka Kifungu cha 27 cha Agano la <em>Kimataifa la Haki za Kiraia na Siasa katika kesi<\/em> ya <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sandra-lovelace-nicholas\">Sandra Lovelace Nicholas<\/a> - \r\n mwanamke wa \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/maliseet\">Wolastoqiyik<\/a> ambaye alikuwa amepoteza hadhi yake kupitia ndoa. Serikali ilikuwa imezuia Sandra kurudi kwenye jamii yake ya nyumbani kwa sababu, kulingana <em>na Sheria \r\n ya India<\/em>, alikuwa ameoa na hakuonekana tena kuwa <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">m<\/a> wanachama wa bendi.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Muswada C-31: Marekebisho ya 1985 kwa Sheria ya India<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Mnamo 1985, kujibu kuongezeka kwa wasiwasi wa kitaifa na kimataifa juu ya ukosefu wa us <em>awa katika Sheria ya India<\/em>, serikali ilipitisha <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/bill-c-31\">Muswada C-31<\/a>. Muswada huo uliondoa kikamilifu vifungu \r\n vyote <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\">vilivyobaki vya uhuru.<\/a> Kwa kuongezea, wale ambao walikuwa wam <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">epo<\/a> tea hadhi kupitia ndoa \r\n waliwekwa tena kama Wahindi wa Hali na kama wanachama wa bendi<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">.<\/a> Watoto wao walipata hadhi, lakini hawangepata uanachama wa bendi kwa miaka miwili. Muda huu ulikuwa kusudiwa kuwapa bendi muda ku \r\n unda nambari zao za uanachama, ambazo zinaweza kuwatoa watoto, lakini sio mama zao. Ikiwa kanuni hiyo haikupitishwa kabla ya Juni 1987, watoto walipata uanachama wa bendi pia. Kwa udhibiti zaidi juu ya orodha za uanachama, bendi zinaweza kuwa na washiriki wasio na had \r\n hi. Walakini, kwa kuwa ufadhili kupitia serikali ya shirikisho unategemea wanachama wa hadhi, kuna motisha kidogo kwa bendi kuwa na wanachama wengi wasio na hadhi.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Tangu marekebisho ya Sheria <em>ya India<\/em> mnamo 1985 yaliwekwa, idadi ya Wahindi waliosajiliwa imekuwa zaidi ya mara mbili, kutoka takriban 360,000 mnamo 1985 hadi zaidi ya 778,000 mnamo 2007. Ongezeko hilo ni matokeo ya kuzaliwa zaidi juu ya vifo na \r\n pia kupitia hadhi ya India \u201ciliyowekwa tena\u201d.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Walakini, ingawa marekebisho hayo yan <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/prejudice-and-discrimination\">ashu<\/a> ghulikia ubaguzi dhidi ya wanawake, pia liliunda matatizo Bill C-31 aliunda aina mbili za usajili <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian\">wa India<\/a>. Ya kwanza, inayojulikana kama sehemu ya 6 (1), inatumika wakati wazazi wote wawili wana au walikuwa na haki ya usajili. (Sehemu hii imegawanywa zaidi katika sehemu ndogo ambazo zinatofautiana kulingana na jinsi hali inavyopitishwa.) Pili, inayojulikana kama sehemu ya 6 (2), in \r\n atumika wakati mzazi mmoja ana haki ya usajili chini ya 6 (1). Hali <em>haiwe<\/em> zi kuhamishwa ikiwa mzazi huyo amesajiliwa chini ya sehemu ya 6 (2). Kwa kifupi, baada ya vizazi viwili vya ndoa na washirika wasio na hadhi, watoto hawastah \r\n iki tena hadhi. Hii inajulikana kama sheria ya \u201cKuzaji wa Kizazi cha Pili\u201d. Kwa njia hii, Muswada C-31 umekuwa na athari kwa idadi ya watu wanaostahili haki za hadhi.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<iframe width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/__Y_hHFvUR8\" title=\"Kicheza video ya YouTube\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen=\"\">\r\n<\/iframe><br>\r\n\r\n<h3>Utawala na Sheria ya India, 1960 hadi 2000<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Sheria ya <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\/\">India,<\/a> 1876,<\/em> ilivunja mifumo ya jadi ya utawala na kuweka udhibiti wa nje - kwa njia ya mawakala wa ndani <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-agents-in-canada\">wa India<\/a> na urasa wa shirikisho la I <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-affairs-and-northern-development-canada\">dara ya Mambo ya India kwa watu<\/a> binafsi na jamii. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-self-government\">Sio hadi mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1960 na mapema ya 1970, mashi \r\n rika ya kisiasa yanazidi kuwa yenye ufanisi na kuongezeka shughuli zilizoweka Canada kwenye njia ya kukubali na kuwezesha aina za kujitawala wa Kiasili.<\/a> \r\nMwelekeo huu ulipata kasi mwishoni mwa karne ya 20 na mapema ya karne ya 21, na watu asili waliona haki zao za kujitawala zilizothibitishwa katika Sheria <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/constitution-act-1982\/\"><em>ya Katiba, 1982<\/em><\/a>, \r\n na katika hati za kimataifa.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Mnamo 1984, Mkataba wa <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/james-bay-and-northern-quebec-agreement\">James Bay na Kaskazini wa Quebec<\/a>, pamoja na Ripoti ya Penner, ilisababisha Sheria ya <em>Cree-Naskapi (ya Quebec), kipande<\/em> cha kwanza \r\n cha sheria ya kujitawala wa Asili nchini Canada, ambayo ilibadilisha Sheria ya <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\">India<\/a><\/em> na kuanzisha jamii za Asili katika mkoa huo kama vyombo vya ushirika. Mataifa ya K \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">wanza kujit<\/a> awala hayategemea Sheria ya <em>India, ingawa<\/em> serikali ya shirikisho ina <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">endelea ku<\/a> simamia \r\n mambo fulani ya Mataifa ya Kwanza.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Tangu wakati huo, kumekuwa na mapendekezo ya kuongeza <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">mamlaka<\/a> ya bendi juu ya utawala katika Sheria hiyo. Mwaka 1996, serikali ya shirikisho <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">ili<\/a> pendekeza Muswada C-79 kurekebisha maeneo ya Sheria ikiwa ni pamoja na utaw \r\n ala wa bendi na udhibiti wa akiba. Mataifa kubwa ya Kwanza yalipinga Muswada C-79. Miongoni mwa sababu nyingine, walisema kwamba serikali ilishindwa kushauriana kwa \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/duty-to-consult\">kutosha<\/a> na Mataifa ya Kwanza kuhusu mabadiliko Waliogopa muswada huo utatishia h <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-treaties\">aki<\/a> za mkataba na h <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-rights\">aki ya<\/a> kujitawala. Kwa kuongezea, muswada huo ulikosowa kwa kupuuza mapendekezo ya Tume ya Ki <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/royal-commission-on-aboriginal-peoples\">falme juu ya Watu wa Aaborigen.<\/a> \r\nMuswada C-79 alishindwa kuwa sheria.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Mwaka 2002, Muswada C-7, pia inajulikana kama Sheria ya Utawala wa Mataifa ya K <em>wanza, alitaka kutoa madaraka za bendi n<\/em> guvu zaidi katika suala la kutengeneza sheria, uteuzi wa uongozi na kadhalika. Ingawa serikali ya shirikisho ilishauriana na Mataifa mbalimbali ya Kwan \r\n za kuhusu muswada huo, hatimaye Mwaka 2006, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/senate\">Sen<\/a> eta Gerry St. Germain alianzisha Muswada S-216 \u201ckukuza utambuzi na utekelezaji wa haki ya kujitawala kwa Mataifa ya Kwanza n \r\n chini Canada.\u201d Muswada huo ungewezesha Mataifa ya Kwanza yanayotaka kujitawala kuendeleza pendekezo na katiba. Wakati Muswada S-216 alifikia Usomaji wa Pili, mwishowe pia ulishindwa. (Taz <em>ama pia ut<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/parliamentary-procedure\">aratibu wa Bun<\/a> ge.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Hata hivyo, baadhi ya Mataifa ya Kwanza yamefanya mipangilio ya sekta yen Hizi huruhusu mamlaka kubwa ya utawala ambazo hazitolewa chini <em>ya Sheria ya India<\/em>. Mifano kadhaa ni pamoja na: Sheria ya U <em>simamizi<\/em> wa Ardhi ya Mataifa ya K <em>wanza (1999), Sheria ya Usimamizi<\/em> <em>wa Fedha ya Mataifa ya Kwanza (2005), Sheria ya U <em>sim<\/em> amizi wa Mafuta na G<\/em> esi na Fedha ya Mataifa ya K <em>wanza (2005), Sheria ya Umiliki wa Mali ya Taifa<\/em> (2009).<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Marekebisho ya Sheria ya India mnamo 2011 na 2017<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Licha ya marekebisho mbal <em>imbali, Sheria ya India<\/em> bado ilibaguzi wanawake na uzao wao, kuhusu haki za <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">hadhi<\/a>. Mnamo 2011, Bunge lili <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/parliament\">piti<\/a> sha Sheria ya \r\n <em>Usawa wa Kijinsia katika Usajili wa India<\/em>, pia inayojulikana kama Muswada C-3. Hili lilikuwa <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">jibu la ser<\/a> ikali ya shirikisho kwa kesi <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mcivor-case\">ya McIvor,<\/a> \r\n ambayo ilikuwa juu ya ubaguzi wa kijinsia katika sehemu ya 6 ya Sheria ya <em>India<\/em> ya 1985. Muswada C-3 inatoa hadhi ya 6 (2) kwa wajukuu wa wanawake ambao walipata hadhi mnamo 1985. Walakini, uzao wa wanawake, haswa kwa suala la wajukuu, hawakuwa na \r\n haki sawa na uzao wa wanaume katika hali zinazofanana. Kwa hivyo, Muswada C-3 bado alikanusha haki za hadhi kwa watu wengine kwa sababu ya ubaguzi wa kijinsia.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Muswada S-3 iliundwa kwa kujibu kesi nyingine ya mah <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\"><em>akama kuhusu ubaguzi katika Sheria ya India, kes<\/em><\/a> i ya Descheneaux ya 2015. Suala katika kesi hii lilikuwa juu ya jinsi hali inapi \r\n tishwa kwa binamu na ndugu. Sehemu moja ya Muswada S-3 ilianza kutumika tarehe 22 Desemba 2017. Miongoni mwa masharti mengine, marekebisho hayo yanawezesha watu wengi kurudisha hadhi yao kwa wazao wao na kurejesha hadhi kwa wale waliopoteza kabla ya 1985. \r\nKwa mfano, inatoa njia za kusajili watu wenye baba haijulikani na ambao walikuwa watoto wasioolewa kati ya 1951\u201485 na kuathiriwa na sheria za usajili zilizopo wakati huo. Sehemu nyingine ya muswada huo - inayohusiana na kurejesha hadhi kwa wanawake \r\n na watoto wao walipoteza hadhi kabla ya 1951 (inayojulikana kama \u201c1951 Cut-off\u201d) - ililetwa kutumika tarehe 15 Agosti 2019. Kulingana na serikali, \u201cUsawa wote unaojulikana wa ngono katika Sheria ya <em>India sasa zimeshugh<\/em> ulikiwa.\u201d<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Mageuzi yaliyopend<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>M <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/residential-schools\">namo 2010, serikali ya <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">shi<\/a> rikisho ilitangaza nia yake ya kufanya kazi na <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">watu wa as<\/a> ili ili kuon \r\n doa sehemu za Sheria ya <em>India<\/em> ambazo zinatoa mamlaka ya kuunda shule za mak<\/a> azi na kuchukua watoto kutoka nyumba zao.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Muswada S-2, Sheria ya Nyumba za <em>Familia juu ya Hifadhi na Masilahi ya Ndoa au Haki, inashughulikia pengo<\/em> la kisheria katika Sheria ya <em>India<\/em>. Inalenga kuhakikisha kuwa watu wanaoishi kwenye hifad <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">hi<\/a> wana haki sawa na mali ya ndoa kama Wakanada wengine. Kulingana na serikali ya Canada, Muswada S-2 ni kipande pekee cha sheria, sio sehemu ya mageuzi ya Sheria ya <em>India<\/em>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Mjadala: Kuweka au Kuondoa Sheria ya India?<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Wakati baadhi ya watu wa asili na wasio wa asili wanataka kufutwa kwa Sheria hiyo, wengine wanaogopa kuwa kuondolewa kwake kungepotosha ulinzi fulani, kama vile vile kwenye Hali ya India. Kama msomi David Newhouse anaelezea, \u201c[Sheria ya <em>India] hutoa<\/em> muundo wa utawala wa \r\n jamii za mitaa na maisha ya jamii. Kurekebisha Sheria hiyo kwa mzunguko mmoja, au kuifuta, itakuwa na kusumbua sana kwa Mataifa ya Kwanza.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Walakini, wakosoaji wa Sheria hiyo wanaendelea kufanya kazi kuelekea kufutwa kwake. Watu hawa wa asili wanatarajia kuwa mamlaka za Sheria zitapoweka au kutoweka na kuongezeka kwa kuelekea kujitawala na up <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-self-government\/\">at<\/a> anisho \r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/truth-and-reconciliation-commission\">,<\/a> ikichangia mabadiliko katika uhusiano wa serikali na asili. Kama m <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/assembly-of-first-nations\">kuu wa Bunge la Mataifa la Kwan<\/a> za \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/perry-bellegarde\">Perry Bellegarde<\/a> alisema mnamo 2018, \u201cSisi sote tunataka kuondoka zaidi ya udhibiti wa Sheria ya <em>India<\/em> na kujiweka tena kama watu wa asili na Mataifa yenye haki za kimsingi za asili.\u201d \r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<iframe sandbox=\"allow-same-origin allow-scripts allow-top-navigation allow-popups\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"100%\" height=\"185\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https:\/\/embed.radiopublic.com\/e?if=the-secret-life-of-canada-Ww0QnZ&amp;ge=s1!7163a1347ab72236394fe46a4fe7d4048bc69b37\">\r\n<\/iframe><br>\r\n\r\n\t<p>Sheria ya India ni nini na kwa nini Kanada bado inayo kwenye vitabu? Timu ya Maisha ya Siri inaangalia mizizi ya sera hii ngumu, ambayo baada ya miaka 143 bado imeingizwa katika utambulisho wa Canada, kutoka kwa sera iliyosababisha Sheria hiyo hadi jinsi bado inathiri utambulish \r\n o wa Asili leo. <br>\r\n<strong>Kumbuka<\/strong><em>: Ma <em>isha ya Siri ya Canada<\/em> imeandaliwa na kuandikwa na Falen Johnson na Leah Simone Bowen na ni podcast asili ya CBC bila kujitegemea The Canadian Encyclopedia.<\/em><\/p>\r\n<\/blockquote>\r\n<br>\r\n\r\n<h3>Urithi na Umuhimu<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">Ingawa imerekebishwa mara kadhaa kwa miaka <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">m<\/a> ingi, toleo la kisasa la Sheria ya <em>India bado linaelezea masharti ya Hali ya <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">India<\/a>, sheria mbalimbali juu ya hifadhi, ulinzi wa kifedha wa watoto na wasio na uwezo wa ak<\/em> ili, usimamizi wa rasilimali za bendi, uchag \r\n uzi, na mambo mengine ya maisha kwenye hifadhi. \r\n<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Sheria ya <em>India imekuwa<\/em> na athari zinazoendelea na ya muda mrefu kwa tamaduni za Asili, uchumi, siasa, na jamii. Pia imesababisha maumivu ya vizazi kati, haswa kuhusu shule za mak <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/residential-schools\">azi, kw<\/a> ani ukand \r\n amizaji na vifungu vya Sheria hiyo vimeathiri vibaya vizazi vya watu wa asili.<\/p>","slug":"kitendoswchaswindia","alt_slug":"","twitter_summary":null,"locale":"sw","automated":true,"hidden":0,"views":2,"created_at":"2024-12-06T18:06:12.000000Z","updated_at":"2024-12-06T18:06:12.000000Z"},{"id":"9de97a47-e3d7-4d9e-afab-42f0cb9199bf","article_id":"83668","title":"\u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c24 \u0c1a\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c02","summary":"<p><em>\u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c24<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">\u0c39\u0c4b\u0c26\u0c3e, \r\n \u0c38\u0c4d\u0c25\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c3f\u0c15 \u0c2b <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c4d \u0c28\u0c47\u0c37\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c38\u0c4d<\/a> \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c2d\u0c41\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c1c\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c4d<\/a> \u0c2d\u0c42\u0c2e\u0c41\u0c32 \u0c28\u0c3f\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c39\u0c23\u0c15\u0c41 \u0c38\u0c2e\u0c3e <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">\u0c16\u0c4d\u0c2f \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c2d\u0c41\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c02<\/a> \u0c09\u0c2a\u0c2f\u0c4b\u0c17\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c47 \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c3e\u0c27\u0c2e\u0c3f\u0c15 \u0c1a\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c02 \u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c24<\/a> \u0c1a\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c02. \u0c07\u0c26\u0c3f \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c25\u0c2e \u0c26\u0c47\u0c36\u0c3e\u0c32 \r\n \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c1c\u0c32\u0c15\u0c41 \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c2d\u0c41\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c35 \u0c2c\u0c3e\u0c27\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c24\u0c32\u0c28\u0c41 \u0c15\u0c42\u0c21\u0c3e \u0c35\u0c3f\u0c35\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f. <em>\u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c24 \u0c1a\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c02 \u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c24\u0c40\u0c2f<\/em> <a\r\n\thref=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/inuit\">\u0c39\u0c4b\u0c26\u0c3e \u0c15\u0c32\u0c3f\u0c17\u0c3f\u0c28 \u0c35\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c41\u0c32\u0c15\u0c41 \u0c38\u0c02\u0c2c\u0c02\u0c27\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3f\u0c28\u0c26\u0c3f; \u0c07\u0c26\u0c3f \u0c28\u0c47\u0c30\u0c41\u0c17\u0c3e \u0c39\u0c4b\u0c26\u0c3e \u0c32\u0c47\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c2b\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c4d \u0c28\u0c47\u0c37\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c38\u0c4d \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c1c\u0c32\u0c28\u0c41, \u0c2e\u0c46 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/metis\">\u0c1f\u0c3f\u0c38\u0c4d \u0c32\u0c47\u0c26\u0c3e \u0c07\u0c28\u0c41\u0c2f\u0c3f\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c32\u0c28\u0c41 \u0c38\u0c42\u0c1a\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c26\u0c41<\/a>. \r\n<\/a> \u0c2e\u0c4a\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c2e\u0c4a\u0c26\u0c1f 1876 \u0c32\u0c4b \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c35\u0c47\u0c36\u0c2a\u0c46\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c3f\u0c28 \u0c08 \u0c1a\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c02 \u0c2f\u0c42\u0c30\u0c4b-\u0c15\u0c46\u0c28\u0c21\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c28\u0c4d \u0c38\u0c2e\u0c3e\u0c1c\u0c02\u0c32\u0c4b \u0c38\u0c2e\u0c4d\u0c2e\u0c47\u0c33\u0c28\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c3f \u0c05\u0c28\u0c41\u0c15\u0c42\u0c32\u0c02\u0c17\u0c3e \u0c2b\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c4d \u0c28\u0c47\u0c37\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c38\u0c4d \u0c38\u0c02\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c43\u0c24\u0c3f\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c24\u0c4a\u0c32\u0c17\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c21\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c3f \u0c09\u0c26\u0c4d\u0c26\u0c47\u0c36\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3f\u0c28 \u0c05\u0c28\u0c47\u0c15 \u0c35\u0c32\u0c38\u0c30\u0c3e\u0c1c\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c3e\u0c32 \u0c1a\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c28\u0c41 \u0c09\u0c2a\u0c38\u0c02\u0c39\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f. \u0c08 \u0c1a\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c02 \u0c2f\u0c4a\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c15 \u0c15\u0c4a\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c24 \u0c35\u0c46\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c37\u0c28\u0c4d 1951 \u0c32\u0c4b \u0c06\u0c2e\u0c4b\u0c26\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c2c\u0c21\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f, \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c05\u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c2a\u0c1f\u0c3f \u0c28\u0c41\u0c02\u0c21\u0c3f, \u0c1a\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c3e \u0c38\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c38 \r\n \u0c35\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c2c\u0c21\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f, 1985 \u0c32\u0c4b \u0c17\u0c23\u0c28\u0c40\u0c2f\u0c02\u0c17\u0c3e, \u0c2e\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c2a\u0c41\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c27\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c02\u0c17\u0c3e \u0c35\u0c3f\u0c35\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c37 \u0c35\u0c3f\u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c17\u0c3e\u0c32 \u0c24\u0c4a\u0c32\u0c17\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c2a\u0c41\u0c2a\u0c48 \u0c26\u0c43\u0c37\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c3f \u0c2a\u0c46\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c3e\u0c2f\u0c3f. \u0c07\u0c26\u0c3f \u0c05\u0c2d\u0c3f\u0c35\u0c43\u0c26\u0c4d\u0c27\u0c3f \u0c1a\u0c46\u0c02\u0c26\u0c41\u0c24\u0c41\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28, \u0c35\u0c3f\u0c30\u0c41\u0c26\u0c4d\u0c27\u0c2e\u0c48\u0c28 \u0c2a\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c02, \u0c07\u0c26\u0c3f <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">\u0c26\u0c47\u0c36<\/a> \u0c35\u0c3e\u0c33\u0c40 \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c1c\u0c32 \r\n \u0c24\u0c30\u0c24\u0c30\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c15\u0c41 \u0c17\u0c3e\u0c2f\u0c02, \u0c2e\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c35 \u0c39\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c41\u0c32 \u0c09\u0c32\u0c4d\u0c32\u0c02\u0c18\u0c28\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c38\u0c3e\u0c2e\u0c3e\u0c1c\u0c3f\u0c15 \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c38\u0c3e\u0c02\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c43\u0c24\u0c3f\u0c15 \u0c35\u0c3f\u0c18\u0c3e\u0c24\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c3f \u0c35\u0c40\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c15\u0c32\u0c4d\u0c2a\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0c07\u0c26\u0c3f <em>\u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c24 \u0c1a\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f<\/em> \u0c02 \u0c17\u0c41\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3f \u0c2a\u0c42\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c3f \u0c28\u0c3f\u0c21\u0c3f\u0c35\u0c3f \u0c0e\u0c02\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c40. \u0c38\u0c3e\u0c26\u0c3e \u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c37\u0c3e \u0c38\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c3e\u0c02\u0c36\u0c02 \u0c15\u0c4b\u0c38\u0c02, \u0c26\u0c2f\u0c1a\u0c47\u0c38\u0c3f <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act-plain-language-summary\" target=\"_blank\">\u0c07\u0c02\u0c21\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c28\u0c4d \u0c2f\u0c3e\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c4d (\u0c38\u0c3e\u0c26\u0c3e \u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c37\u0c3e \u0c38\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c3e\u0c02\u0c36\u0c02) \u0c1a\u0c42\u0c21\u0c02\u0c21\u0c3f<\/a>.<\/p>","body":"<div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/cbcd31d1-03f6-4fba-a45d-96ee89c4617d.jpg\" title=\"\u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c24\u0c40\u0c2f \u0c1a\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c02\" alt=\"\u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c24\u0c40\u0c2f \u0c1a\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c02\"><\/div>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u0c1a\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c15 \u0c38\u0c02\u0c26\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c2d\u0c02: \u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c24 \u0c1a\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c3f \u0c2e\u0c41\u0c02\u0c26\u0c41, 1763\u20141876<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/royal-proclamation-of-1763\/\">1763 \u0c2f\u0c4a\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c15 \u0c30\u0c3e\u0c2f\u0c32\u0c4d \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c4a\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c32\u0c2e\u0c47\u0c37\u0c28\u0c4d<\/a> \u0c24\u0c30\u0c41\u0c35\u0c3e\u0c24 \u0c35\u0c1a\u0c4d\u0c1a\u0c3f\u0c28 \u0c36\u0c24\u0c3e\u0c2c\u0c4d\u0c26\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c32\u0c4b \u0c35\u0c32\u0c38\u0c30\u0c3e\u0c1c\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c3e\u0c32 \u0c2a\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2a\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c28 \u0c2b <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c4d \u0c28\u0c47\u0c37\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c38\u0c4d<\/a> \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c1c\u0c32\u0c24\u0c4b \u0c0e\u0c32\u0c3e \u0c38\u0c02\u0c15\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c37\u0c23 \u0c1a\u0c46\u0c02\u0c26\u0c41\u0c24\u0c41\u0c02\u0c26\u0c28\u0c47 \u0c26\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c3f \u0c06\u0c27\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c02 \u0c35\u0c47\u0c38\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f. \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c15\u0c32\u0c47\u0c37\u0c28\u0c4d \u0c2b\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c4d <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-rights\">\u0c28\u0c47\u0c37\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c38\u0c4d \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c1c\u0c32\u0c15\u0c41 \u0c15\u0c4a\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c39\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c41<\/a> \u0c32\u0c41 \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c30\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c37\u0c23\u0c32\u0c15\u0c41 \u0c39\u0c3e\u0c2e\u0c40 \u0c07\u0c1a\u0c4d\u0c1a\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c2d\u0c41\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c02 \u0c35\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c3f \u0c2d\u0c42\u0c2e\u0c41\u0c32\u0c28\u0c41 \u0c38\u0c02\u0c2a\u0c3e\u0c26\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c47 \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30 \r\n \u0c15\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c28\u0c41 \u0c38\u0c4d\u0c25\u0c3e\u0c2a\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f. 19 \u0c35 \u0c36\u0c24\u0c3e\u0c2c\u0c4d\u0c26\u0c02 \u0c2e\u0c4a\u0c26\u0c1f\u0c3f \u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c17\u0c02\u0c32\u0c4b \u0c2b\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c4d \u0c28\u0c47\u0c37\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c38\u0c4d \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c1c\u0c32\u0c28\u0c41 \u0c2a\u0c46\u0c30\u0c41\u0c17\u0c41\u0c24\u0c41\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28 \u0c38\u0c46\u0c1f\u0c3f\u0c32\u0c30\u0c4d \u0c1c\u0c28\u0c3e\u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c4b \u0c38\u0c2e\u0c40\u0c15\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c32\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c37\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c02\u0c17\u0c3e \u0c2a\u0c46\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c41\u0c15\u0c41\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28 \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c35\u0c3f\u0c27\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c06\u0c2e\u0c4b\u0c26\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c2c\u0c21\u0c4d\u0c21\u0c3e\u0c2f\u0c3f.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>\u0c26\u0c3f\u0c17\u0c41\u0c35 \u0c15\u0c46\u0c28\u0c21\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c4b\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c24\u0c40\u0c2f\u0c41\u0c32 \u0c2d\u0c42\u0c2e\u0c41\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c06\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c3f \u0c2f\u0c4a\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c15 \u0c2e\u0c46\u0c30\u0c41\u0c17\u0c48\u0c28 \u0c30\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c37\u0c23 \u0c15\u0c4b\u0c38\u0c02 1850 \u0c1a\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f<\/em> \u0c02 \u0c12\u0c15 \u0c35\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c3f\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c1a\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c2c\u0c26\u0c4d\u0c27\u0c2e\u0c48\u0c28 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/indian\/\">\u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c30<\/a> \u0c24\u0c40\u0c2f\u0c41\u0c21\u0c3f\u0c17\u0c3e \u0c2a\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c17\u0c23\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c35\u0c32\u0c38\u0c3f\u0c28 \u0c05\u0c35\u0c38\u0c30\u0c3e\u0c32 \u0c38\u0c2e\u0c3f\u0c24\u0c3f\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c15\u0c32\u0c3f\u0c17\u0c3f \u0c09\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28 \u0c2e\u0c4a\u0c26\u0c1f\u0c3f \u0c1a\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c02\u0c32\u0c4b \u0c12\u0c15\u0c1f\u0c3f - \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">\u0c39\u0c4b\u0c26\u0c3e<\/a>\u201d \u0c05\u0c28\u0c47 \u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c35\u0c28\u0c15\u0c41 \u0c2a\u0c42\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c17\u0c3e\u0c2e\u0c3f. \u0c08 \u0c05\u0c35\u0c38\u0c30\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c30\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c02 \u0c2e\u0c40\u0c26 \u0c06\u0c27\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c2a\u0c21\u0c3f \u0c09\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c3e\u0c2f\u0c3f, \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c24\u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c2a\u0c28\u0c3f\u0c38\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c17\u0c3e \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c1c\u0c32\u0c41 \u201c\u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c24\u0c40\u0c2f \r\n \u0c30\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c02\u201d \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c12\u0c15 \u201c\u0c36\u0c30\u0c40\u0c30\u0c02 \u0c32\u0c47\u0c26\u0c3e \u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c24\u0c40\u0c2f\u0c41\u0c32 \u0c24\u0c46\u0c17\u201d \u0c38\u0c2d\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c41\u0c32\u0c41\u0c17\u0c3e \u0c09\u0c02\u0c1f\u0c47 \u201c\u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c24\u0c40\u0c2f\u0c41\u0c32\u0c41\u0c17\u0c3e \u0c2a\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c17\u0c23\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c2c\u0c21\u0c24\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c41\u201d \u0c05\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c1a\u0c46\u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c2a\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c41. \u0c05\u0c32\u0c3e\u0c02\u0c1f\u0c3f \u0c35\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c3f \u0c35\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c38\u0c41\u0c32\u0c02\u0c26\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c28\u0c40 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\u0c0f \u0c36\u0c3f\u0c36\u0c35\u0c15\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c02\u0c32\u0c4b \u0c26\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c24 \u0c24\u0c40\u0c38\u0c41\u0c15\u0c41\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28 \u0c35\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c41\u0c32\u0c02\u0c26\u0c30\u0c42\u201d \u0c15\u0c42\u0c21\u0c3e \u0c09\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c41.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0c38\u0c3e\u0c27\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c23\u0c02\u0c17\u0c3e 1857 \u0c2f\u0c4a\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c15 <em>\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c2e\u0c2c\u0c26\u0c4d\u0c27\u0c2e\u0c48\u0c28 \u0c2a\u0c4c\u0c30\u0c38\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c35 \u0c1a\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f<\/em> \u0c02 \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 1869 \u0c2f\u0c4a\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c15 <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/gradual-civilization-act\/\">\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c2e\u0c2c\u0c26\u0c4d\u0c27\u0c2e\u0c48\u0c28 \u0c0e\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c2b\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c3e\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c48\u0c1c\u0c2e\u0c46\u0c02\u0c1f\u0c4d \u0c1a\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c02 \u0c05\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c2a\u0c3f\u0c32\u0c41\u0c35\u0c2c\u0c21\u0c47 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\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c1a\u0c4d\u0c1b\u0c02\u0c26 \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\/\">\u0c0e\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c2b\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c3e\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c48\u0c1c\u0c2e\u0c46\u0c02\u0c1f\u0c4d<\/a> \u0c26\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c3e <em>\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c2e\u0c2c\u0c26\u0c4d\u0c27\u0c2e\u0c48\u0c28 \u0c2a\u0c4c\u0c30\u0c38\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c35 \u0c1a\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f<\/em> \u0c02 \u0c26\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c3e \u0c38\u0c3e\u0c27\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c2c\u0c21\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c09\u0c26\u0c4d\u0c26\u0c47\u0c36\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c2c\u0c21\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f (\u0c05\u0c28\u0c17\u0c3e, \u0c2b\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c4d \u0c28\u0c47\u0c37\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c38\u0c4d \u0c35\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c3f \u0c2d\u0c42\u0c2e\u0c3f \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c13\u0c1f\u0c41 \u0c39\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c41\u0c15\u0c41 \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c24\u0c3f\u0c17\u0c3e \u0c35\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c3f \u0c39\u0c4b\u0c26\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c41 \u0c35\u0c26\u0c41\u0c32\u0c41\u0c15\u0c41\u0c02\u0c1f\u0c3e\u0c21\u0c41), \u0c15\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c12\u0c15 \u0c35\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c3f \u0c2e\u0c3e\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c2e\u0c47 \u0c38\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c1a\u0c4d\u0c1b\u0c02\u0c26\u0c02\u0c17\u0c3e \u0c2b\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c3e\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c48\u0c1c\u0c4d \u0c1a\u0c47\u0c36\u0c3e\u0c21\u0c41. \r\n\u0c2b\u0c32\u0c3f\u0c24\u0c02\u0c17\u0c3e \u0c05\u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c2a\u0c1f\u0c3f \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c2d\u0c41\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c02 \u0c2b\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c4d \u0c28\u0c47\u0c37\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c38\u0c4d \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c1c\u0c32\u0c28\u0c41 \u0c0f\u0c15\u0c2a\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c37\u0c02\u0c17\u0c3e \u0c0e\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c2b\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c3e\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c48\u0c1c\u0c4d \u0c1a\u0c47\u0c2f\u0c21\u0c02 \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c02\u0c2d\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-treaties\/\">1876 <em>\u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c24 \u0c1a\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c02 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">\u0c06\u0c2e\u0c4b\u0c26\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c21\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c3f \u0c2e\u0c41\u0c02\u0c26\u0c41 \u0c15\u0c46\u0c28\u0c21\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c28\u0c4d \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c2d\u0c41\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c24\u0c4b \u0c05\u0c28\u0c47\u0c15 \u0c26\u0c47\u0c36<\/a> \u0c40\u0c2f <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/numbered-treaties\">\u0c38\u0c2e\u0c42<\/a> \u0c39\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c12\u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c2a\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c1a\u0c47\u0c36\u0c3e\u0c2f\u0c3f - \u0c2e\u0c41\u0c16\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c02\u0c17\u0c3e \u0c2e\u0c4a\u0c26\u0c1f\u0c3f \u0c10\u0c26\u0c41 \u0c28\u0c02\u0c2c\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c21\u0c4d \u0c12\u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c2a\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c41<\/em>.<\/a> \u0c06 \u0c38\u0c2e\u0c42\u0c39\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c24\u0c2e \u0c1a\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c2a\u0c30\u0c2e\u0c48\u0c28 \u0c17\u0c41\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c2a\u0c41\u0c28\u0c41 <em>\u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c24 \u0c1a\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c02 \u0c26\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c3e \u0c15\u0c3e\u0c15\u0c41\u0c02\u0c21\u0c3e, \u0c06 \u0c12\u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c2a\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3e\u0c32 \u0c26\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c3e \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c35\u0c39\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c21\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c3f \u0c2b\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c4d \u0c28\u0c47\u0c37\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c38\u0c4d \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c1c\u0c32\u0c41\u0c17\u0c3e \u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c35\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c35\u0c1a\u0c4d\u0c1a\u0c41<\/em>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c24 \u0c1a\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c02 \u0c05\u0c27\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c02\u0c32\u0c4b\u0c15\u0c3f \u0c35\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c41\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f, 1876<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>1867 \u0c32\u0c4b, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/constitution-act-1867\/\"><em>\u0c30\u0c3e\u0c1c\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c3e\u0c02\u0c17 \u0c1a\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f<\/em><\/a> \u0c02 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/parliament\">\u0c2a\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c32<\/a> \u0c2e\u0c46\u0c02\u0c1f\u0c41\u0c15\u0c41 \u0c36\u0c3e\u0c38\u0c28 \u0c05\u0c27\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c3e\u0c30 \u0c2a\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c27\u0c3f\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c15\u0c47\u0c1f\u0c3e\u0c2f\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f \u201c\u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c24\u0c40\u0c2f\u0c41\u0c32\u0c41, \r\n \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c24\u0c40\u0c2f\u0c41\u0c32\u0c15\u0c41 \u0c30\u0c3f\u0c1c\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c41 \u0c1a\u0c47\u0c2f\u0c2c\u0c21\u0c3f\u0c28 \u0c2d\u0c42\u0c2e\u0c41\u0c32\u0c41.\u201d <em>\u0c26\u0c3e\u0c26\u0c3e\u0c2a\u0c41 10 \u0c38\u0c02\u0c35\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c38\u0c30\u0c3e\u0c32 \u0c24\u0c30\u0c41\u0c35\u0c3e\u0c24, 1876\u0c32\u0c4b, <em>\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c2e\u0c2c\u0c26\u0c4d\u0c27\u0c2e\u0c48\u0c28 \u0c2a\u0c4c\u0c30\u0c38\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c35 \u0c1a\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f<\/em> \u0c02 \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 <em>\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c2e\u0c2c\u0c26\u0c4d\u0c27\u0c2e\u0c48\u0c28 \u0c0e\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c2b\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c3e\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c48\u0c1c\u0c2e\u0c46\u0c02\u0c1f\u0c4d \u0c1a\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c02 \u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c24 \u0c1a\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f<\/em> \u0c02\u0c32\u0c4b \u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c17\u0c2e\u0c2f\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c3e\u0c2f\u0c3f.<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-affairs-and-northern-development-canada\">\u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c24 \u0c35\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c35\u0c39\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c3e\u0c32 \u0c36\u0c3e\u0c16 \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c26\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c24\u0c40\u0c2f<\/a> \u0c0f <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-agents-in-canada\">\u0c1c\u0c46<\/a> \u0c02\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c32 \u0c26\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c3e, <em>\u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c24 \u0c1a\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f<\/em> \u0c02 \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">\u0c25\u0c2e \u0c26\u0c47\u0c36\u0c3e\u0c32<\/a> \u0c17\u0c41\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c2a\u0c41, \u0c30\u0c3e\u0c1c\u0c15\u0c40\u0c2f \u0c28\u0c3f\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c2e\u0c3e\u0c23\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c41, \u0c2a\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c28, \u0c38\u0c3e\u0c02\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c43\u0c24\u0c3f\u0c15 \u0c2a\u0c26\u0c4d\u0c27\u0c24\u0c41\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-education\">\u0c35\u0c3f\u0c26\u0c4d\u0c2f<\/a> \u0c15\u0c41 \u0c38\u0c02\u0c2c\u0c02\u0c27\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3f \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c2d\u0c41\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c3f \u0c38\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c40\u0c2a\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c17\u0c4d \u0c05\u0c27\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c28\u0c41 \u0c07\u0c1a\u0c4d\u0c1a\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f. \u0c08 \u0c05\u0c27\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c26\u0c47\u0c36\u0c40\u0c2f \u0c38\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c47\u0c1a\u0c4d\u0c1b\u0c32\u0c28\u0c41 \u0c2a\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2e\u0c3f\u0c24\u0c02 \u0c1a\u0c47\u0c36\u0c3e\u0c2f\u0c3f \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u201c\u0c2e\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3f \u0c28\u0c48\u0c24\u0c3f\u0c15 \u0c2a\u0c3e\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c30\u201d \u0c06\u0c27\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c02\u0c17\u0c3e <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-rights\">\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c26\u0c47\u0c36\u0c40 \u0c39\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c41<\/a> \u0c32\u0c41 \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c2f\u0c4b\u0c1c\u0c28\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c28\u0c41 \u0c28\u0c3f\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c23\u0c2f\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c21\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c3f \u0c05\u0c27\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c41\u0c32\u0c28\u0c41 \u0c05\u0c28\u0c41\u0c2e\u0c24\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3e\u0c2f\u0c3f.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>\u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c24\u0c40\u0c2f \u0c1a\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c02 \u0c35\u0c3f\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c3e\u0c30<\/em> \u0c2e\u0c48\u0c28 \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c35\u0c48\u0c35\u0c3f\u0c27\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c2e\u0c48\u0c28 \u0c1c\u0c28\u0c3e\u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c41 \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c1c\u0c32\u0c28\u0c41 \u0c38\u0c3e\u0c27\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c23\u0c40\u0c15\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c21\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c3f \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c35\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c26\u0c47\u0c36\u0c40\u0c2f\u0c47\u0c24\u0c30 \u0c38\u0c2e\u0c3e\u0c1c\u0c02\u0c32\u0c4b\u0c15\u0c3f \u0c38\u0c2e\u0c40\u0c15\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c21\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c3f \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c2f\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f. \u0c07\u0c26\u0c3f \u0c2b\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c4d \u0c28\u0c47\u0c37\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c38\u0c4d \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c1c\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c15\u0c2e\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c42\u0c28\u0c3f\u0c1f\u0c40\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c2a\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c28 \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c38\u0c02\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c43\u0c24\u0c3f \u0c26\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c3e \u0c24\u0c2e \u0c17\u0c41\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c2a\u0c41\u0c32\u0c28\u0c41 \u0c35\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c40\u0c15\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c15\u0c41\u0c02\u0c21\u0c3e \u0c28\u0c3f\u0c37\u0c47\u0c27\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f. \u0c08 \r\n \u0c1a\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c02 \u0c2a\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2a\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c28 \u0c2f\u0c4a\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c15 \u0c38\u0c3e\u0c02\u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c26\u0c3e\u0c2f \u0c28\u0c3f\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c2e\u0c3e\u0c23\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c28\u0c41 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\u0c2c\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c3e\u0c02\u0c21\u0c4d \u0c15\u0c4c\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c38\u0c3f\u0c32\u0c4d<\/a> \u0c0e\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c32\u0c24\u0c4b \u0c2d\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c40 \u0c1a\u0c47\u0c38\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f. \u0c35\u0c02\u0c36 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/chief\">\u0c2a<\/a> \u0c3e\u0c30\u0c02\u0c2a\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c2f \u0c2e\u0c41\u0c16\u0c4d\u0c2f \r\n \u0c41\u0c32\u0c41 - \u0c0e\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c32 \u0c15\u0c02\u0c1f\u0c47 \u0c38\u0c02\u0c24\u0c24\u0c3f \u0c26\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c3e \u0c05\u0c27\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c38\u0c02\u0c2a\u0c3e\u0c26\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c47 \u0c28\u0c3e\u0c2f\u0c15\u0c41\u0c32\u0c41 - <em>\u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c24 \u0c1a\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c02 \u0c26\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c3e \u0c17\u0c41\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c2c\u0c21\u0c32\u0c47\u0c26\u0c41<\/em>. 1951 \u0c35\u0c30\u0c15\u0c41, \u0c2e\u0c39\u0c3f\u0c33\u0c32\u0c28\u0c41 \u0c2c\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c3e\u0c02\u0c21\u0c4d \u0c15\u0c4c\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c38\u0c3f\u0c32\u0c4d \u0c30\u0c3e\u0c1c\u0c15\u0c40\u0c2f\u0c3e\u0c32 \u0c28\u0c41\u0c02\u0c21\u0c3f \u0c15\u0c42\u0c21\u0c3e \u0c2e\u0c3f\u0c28\u0c39\u0c3e\u0c2f\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c41. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/women-and-the-indian-act\">\u0c2e\u0c39\u0c3f\u0c33\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c24 \u0c1a\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c02<\/a> <em>\u0c15\u0c42\u0c21\u0c3e \u0c1a\u0c42\u0c21\u0c02\u0c21\u0c3f<\/em>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0c2b\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c4d \u0c28\u0c47\u0c37\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c38\u0c4d \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c1c\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c2e\u0c24\u0c2a\u0c30\u0c2e\u0c48\u0c28 \u0c35\u0c47\u0c21\u0c41\u0c15\u0c32\u0c41, \u0c35\u0c3f\u0c35\u0c3f\u0c27 \u0c38\u0c3e\u0c02\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c43\u0c24\u0c3f\u0c15 \u0c38\u0c2e\u0c3e\u0c35\u0c47\u0c36\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c28\u0c41 \u0c06\u0c1a\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/religion-of-aboriginal-people\">\u0c21\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c3f<\/a> \u0c15\u0c42\u0c21\u0c3e \u0c08 \u0c1a\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c02 \u0c1a\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c35\u0c3f\u0c30\u0c41\u0c26\u0c4d\u0c27\u0c02 \u0c1a\u0c47\u0c38\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f. 1884 \u0c32\u0c4b, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/potlatch\/\">\u0c15\u0c41\u0c2e\u0c4d\u0c2e\u0c41\u0c32\u0c3e\u0c1a\u0c4d<\/a> \u0c28\u0c3f\u0c37\u0c47\u0c27\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c2c\u0c21\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f, \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 1895 \u0c32\u0c4b, \u201c\u0c0f\u0c26\u0c48\u0c28\u0c3e <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-term\">\u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c24\u0c40\u0c2f<\/a> \u0c2a\u0c02\u0c21\u0c41\u0c17, \u0c28\u0c43\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c02 \u0c32\u0c47\u0c26\u0c3e \u0c07\u0c24\u0c30 \u0c35\u0c47\u0c21\u0c41\u0c15,\u201d \u0c07\u0c02\u0c26\u0c41\u0c32\u0c4b \u0c2a\u0c4c\u0c35\u0c4d\u0c38\u0c4d \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sun-dance\">\u0c38\u0c42<\/a> \u0c30\u0c4d\u0c2f <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/powwows-editorial\">\u0c28\u0c43\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c02<\/a> \u0c15\u0c42\u0c21\u0c3e \u0c28\u0c3f\u0c37\u0c47\u0c27\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c2c\u0c21\u0c4d\u0c21\u0c3e\u0c2f\u0c3f. 1914 \u0c32\u0c4b \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c4a\u0c15 \u0c38\u0c35\u0c30\u0c23 \u0c21\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c38\u0c4d \u0c06\u0c2b\u0c4d- <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c1c\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c41 \u0c2c\u0c39\u0c3f\u0c37\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f<\/a>, \r\n \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 1925 \u0c32\u0c4b, \u0c21\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c38\u0c4d \u0c2a\u0c42\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c3f\u0c17\u0c3e \u0c28\u0c3f\u0c37\u0c47\u0c27\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c2c\u0c21\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>1927 \u0c32\u0c4b, \u0c08 \u0c1a\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c02 \u0c2b\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c4d \u0c28\u0c47\u0c37\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c38\u0c4d \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c1c\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c15\u0c2e\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c42\u0c28\u0c3f\u0c1f\u0c40\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c2d\u0c42 \u0c26\u0c3e <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/land-claims\/\">\u0c35\u0c3e \u0c2e\u0c41\u0c38\u0c41\u0c17\u0c41\u0c32\u0c4b \u0c28\u0c3f\u0c27\u0c41\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c15\u0c4b\u0c30\u0c21\u0c02 \u0c1a\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c35\u0c3f\u0c30\u0c41\u0c26\u0c4d\u0c27\u0c02 \u0c1a\u0c47\u0c38\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f<\/a>. \u0c24\u0c26\u0c41\u0c2a\u0c30\u0c3f \u0c38\u0c35\u0c30\u0c23\u0c32\u0c15\u0c41 \u0c2b\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c4d \u0c28\u0c47\u0c37\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c38\u0c4d \u0c2a\u0c3f\u0c32\u0c4d\u0c32\u0c32\u0c41 \r\n \u0c2a\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c36\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c3e\u0c2e\u0c3f\u0c15 \u0c32\u0c47\u0c26\u0c3e \u0c30\u0c46\u0c38\u0c3f\u0c21\u0c46\u0c28\u0c4d <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/residential-schools\/\">\u0c37\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c32\u0c4d \u0c2a\u0c3e\u0c20\u0c36\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c32\u0c15\u0c41<\/a> \u0c39\u0c3e\u0c1c\u0c30\u0c41 \u0c15\u0c3e\u0c35\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c4d\u0c38\u0c3f\u0c28 \u0c05\u0c35\u0c38\u0c30\u0c02 \u0c09\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f (1894 \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 1920). \u0c15\u0c46\u0c28\u0c21\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c4b\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c30\u0c46\u0c38\u0c3f\u0c21\u0c46\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c37\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c32\u0c4d \u0c2a\u0c3e\u0c20\u0c36\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c32 \u0c1a\u0c40\u0c15\u0c1f\u0c3f \u0c35\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c38\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c02 \u0c26\u0c47\u0c36\u0c35\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c3e\u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c02\u0c17\u0c3e \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c05\u0c02\u0c24\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c1c\u0c3e\u0c24\u0c40\u0c2f\u0c02\u0c17\u0c3e \u0c26\u0c47\u0c36\u0c40\u0c2f \u0c35\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c17\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c28\u0c41 \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c35\u0c3f \r\n \u0c24\u0c02 \u0c1a\u0c47\u0c38\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f. \r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>20 \u0c35 \u0c36\u0c24\u0c3e\u0c2c\u0c4d\u0c26\u0c02 \u0c06\u0c30\u0c02\u0c2d\u0c02\u0c32\u0c4b, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/pass-system-in-canada\">\u0c2a\u0c3e\u0c38\u0c4d \u0c35\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c35\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c25<\/a> (\u0c07\u0c26\u0c3f \u0c28\u0c3f\u0c32\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c32\u0c28\u0c41 \u0c06\u0c2b\u0c4d \u0c2b\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c4d \u0c28\u0c47\u0c37\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c38\u0c4d \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c1c\u0c32 \u0c15\u0c26\u0c32\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c28\u0c41 \u0c2a\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2e\u0c3f\u0c24\u0c02 \u0c1a\u0c47\u0c38\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f) \u0c0e\u0c1f\u0c41\u0c35\u0c02\u0c1f\u0c3f \u0c1a\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c2a\u0c30\u0c2e\u0c48\u0c28 \u0c05\u0c27\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c02 \u0c32\u0c47\u0c15\u0c41\u0c02\u0c21\u0c3e \u0c35\u0c3f\u0c27\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c2c\u0c21\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f. \u0c08 \u0c28\u0c3f\u0c30\u0c4d \r\n \u0c2c\u0c02\u0c27 \u0c35\u0c3f\u0c27\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c24\u0c30\u0c3e\u0c32 \u0c38\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c26\u0c47\u0c36\u0c40 \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c1c\u0c32\u0c2a\u0c48 \u0c36\u0c3e\u0c36\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c24 \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c35\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c28\u0c41 \u0c1a\u0c42\u0c2a\u0c3e\u0c2f\u0c3f, \u0c0e\u0c02\u0c26\u0c41\u0c15\u0c02\u0c1f\u0c47 \u0c1a\u0c32\u0c28\u0c36\u0c40\u0c32\u0c24\u0c2a\u0c48 \u0c2a\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2e\u0c3f\u0c24\u0c41\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c26\u0c47\u0c36\u0c40\u0c2f \u0c06\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c25\u0c3f\u0c15 \u0c35\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c35\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c25\u0c32\u0c41, \u0c38\u0c02\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c43\u0c24\u0c41\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c38\u0c2e\u0c3e\u0c1c\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c15\u0c41 \u0c28\u0c37\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c02 \u0c15\u0c32\u0c3f\u0c17\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3e\u0c2f\u0c3f.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>\u0c1a\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c02 \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c15\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c02 \u0c0e\u0c35\u0c30\u0c41 \u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c30<\/em> \u0c24\u0c40\u0c2f\u0c41\u0c21\u0c3f\u0c17\u0c3e \u0c2a\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c17\u0c23\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c2c\u0c21\u0c24\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c4b \u0c15\u0c42\u0c21\u0c3e \u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c24 \u0c1a\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c02 \u0c28\u0c3f\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c1a\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f. \u0c12\u0c15 \u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c24\u0c40\u0c2f\u0c41\u0c21\u0c41 \u201c\u0c12\u0c15 \u0c28\u0c3f\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c26\u0c3f\u0c37\u0c4d\u0c1f <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\u0c2c\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c3e\u0c02\u0c21\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c41 \u0c1a\u0c46\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f\u0c28\u0c35\u0c3e\u0c21\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c2a\u0c47\u0c30\u0c41\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28 \u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c24\u0c40\u0c2f \u0c30\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c2a\u0c41 \u0c0f \u0c2e\u0c17 \u0c35\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c3f\u201d \u0c05\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c2a\u0c47\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c4a\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f<\/a>. \r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">\u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c24\u0c40\u0c2f \u0c39\u0c4b\u0c26\u0c3e<\/a> \u201c\u0c05\u0c1f\u0c41\u0c35\u0c02\u0c1f\u0c3f \u0c35\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c3f \u0c2f\u0c4a\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c15 \u0c0f\u0c26\u0c48\u0c28\u0c3e \u0c2c\u0c3f\u0c21\u0c4d\u0c21\u201d \u0c15\u0c41 \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u201c\u0c05\u0c32\u0c3e\u0c02\u0c1f\u0c3f \u0c35\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c3f \u0c1a\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c2c\u0c26\u0c4d\u0c27\u0c02\u0c17\u0c3e \u0c35\u0c3f\u0c35\u0c3e\u0c39\u0c02 \u0c1a\u0c47\u0c38\u0c41\u0c15\u0c41\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28 \u0c32\u0c47\u0c26\u0c3e \u0c1a\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c2c\u0c26\u0c4d\u0c27\u0c02\u0c17\u0c3e \u0c35\u0c3f\u0c35\u0c3e\u0c39\u0c02 \u0c1a\u0c47\u0c38\u0c41\u0c15\u0c41\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28 \u0c0f \u0c38\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c40\u0c15\u0c3f\u201d \u0c15\u0c42\u0c21\u0c3e \u0c35\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c2c\u0c21\u0c41\u0c24\u0c41\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f. \u0c12\u0c15 \u0c35\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c3f \u0c35\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c41 \u0c35\u0c3f\u0c36\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c35\u0c3f\u0c26\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c2f\u0c02 \u0c2a\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c2d\u0c26\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c41\u0c21\u0c2f\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c3e\u0c21\u0c41, \u0c39\u0c4b\u0c26\u0c3e \u0c32\u0c47\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c35\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c3f\u0c28\u0c3f \r\n \u0c35\u0c3f\u0c35\u0c3e\u0c39\u0c02 \u0c1a\u0c47\u0c38\u0c41\u0c15\u0c41\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c3e\u0c21\u0c41 (\u0c35\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c41 \u0c12\u0c15 \u0c2e\u0c39\u0c3f\u0c33 \u0c05\u0c2f\u0c3f\u0c24\u0c47) \u0c32\u0c47\u0c26\u0c3e, 1876 \u0c28\u0c41\u0c02\u0c21\u0c3f 1880 \u0c35\u0c30\u0c15\u0c41, \u0c15\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c48 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/christianity\">\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c24<\/a> \u0c35 \u0c2e\u0c02\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c3f, \u0c21\u0c3e\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c30\u0c4d \u0c32\u0c47\u0c26\u0c3e \u0c28\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c3e\u0c2f\u0c35\u0c3e\u0c26\u0c3f \u0c05\u0c2f\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c3e\u0c21\u0c41. \u0c26\u0c40\u0c28\u0c3f\u0c28\u0c3f <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\">\u0c0e\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c2b\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c3e\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c48<\/a> \u0c1c\u0c4d\u0c2e\u0c46\u0c02\u0c1f\u0c4d \u0c05\u0c02\u0c1f\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c41. \r\n<em>\u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c24 \u0c1a\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f<\/em> \u0c02\u0c32\u0c4b\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c38\u0c46\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c37\u0c28\u0c4d 112 - \u201c\u0c28\u0c3f\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c2c\u0c02\u0c27 \u0c0e\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c2b\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c3e\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c48\u0c1c\u0c4d\u0c2e\u0c46\u0c02\u0c1f\u0c4d\u201d \u0c38\u0c46\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c37\u0c28\u0c4d \u0c05\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c2a\u0c3f\u0c32\u0c41\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c41 - 1961 \u0c35\u0c30\u0c15\u0c41 \u0c24\u0c4a\u0c32\u0c17\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c2c\u0c21\u0c32\u0c47\u0c26\u0c41. \u0c39\u0c4b\u0c26\u0c3e \u0c2a\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2a\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c28 \u0c38\u0c2e\u0c4d\u0c2e\u0c47\u0c33\u0c28\u0c02 \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c38\u0c3e\u0c02\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c43\u0c24\u0c3f\u0c15 \u0c35\u0c3f\u0c27\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c02\u0c38\u0c02 \u0c2f\u0c4a\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c15 \u0c38\u0c3e\u0c27\u0c28\u0c02.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>1951 \u0c32\u0c4b \u0c38\u0c35\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3f\u0c28 \u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c24 \u0c1a\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c02<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/second-world-war-wwii\/\">\u0c30\u0c46\u0c02\u0c21\u0c35 \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c2a\u0c02\u0c1a \u0c2f\u0c41\u0c26\u0c4d\u0c27<\/a> <em>\u0c02 \u0c24\u0c30\u0c41\u0c35\u0c3e\u0c24 \u0c35\u0c46\u0c02\u0c1f\u0c28\u0c47 \u0c15\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c02 \u0c15\u0c46\u0c28\u0c21\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c4b \u0c1a\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c3e \u0c38\u0c3e\u0c2e\u0c3e\u0c1c\u0c3f\u0c15 \u0c06\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c2e\u0c2a\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c36\u0c40\u0c32\u0c28\u0c15\u0c41 \u0c2a\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c4d\u0c2a\u0c21\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c24 \u0c1a\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c02 \u0c26\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c3e \u0c35\u0c3f\u0c27\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3f\u0c28 \u0c15\u0c4a\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c28\u0c3f\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c2c\u0c02\u0c27 \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c05\u0c23\u0c1a\u0c3f\u0c35\u0c47\u0c24 \u0c1a\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c32\u0c28\u0c41 \u0c2a\u0c41\u0c28\u0c03\u0c2a\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c36\u0c40\u0c32 \r\n \u0c28\u0c15\u0c41 \u0c26\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c24\u0c40\u0c38\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f.<\/em> \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c24\u0c3f\u0c2a\u0c3e\u0c26\u0c3f\u0c24 \u0c38\u0c02\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c30\u0c23\u0c32 \u0c36\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c47\u0c23\u0c3f\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c2b <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c4d<\/a> \u0c28\u0c47\u0c37\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c38\u0c4d \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c1c\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c24\u0c3f\u0c30\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c41 \u0c32\u0c47\u0c26\u0c3e \u0c35\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c24\u0c3f\u0c30\u0c47\u0c15\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c41 \u0c0e\u0c02\u0c26\u0c41\u0c15\u0c02\u0c1f\u0c47 \u0c05\u0c35\u0c3f \u0c08 \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30 \r\n \u0c15\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c32\u0c4b \u0c2a\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c4d\u0c17\u0c4a\u0c28\u0c32\u0c47\u0c26\u0c41. \u0c24\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c2b\u0c32\u0c3f\u0c24\u0c02\u0c17\u0c3e, \u0c15\u0c46\u0c28\u0c21\u0c3e \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c2d\u0c41\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c02 \u0c38\u0c02\u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c26\u0c3e\u0c2f\u0c02\u0c24\u0c4b \u0c35\u0c3f\u0c30\u0c41\u0c1a\u0c41\u0c15\u0c41\u0c2a\u0c21\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c1c\u0c3e\u0c2f\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1f\u0c4d \u0c15\u0c2e\u0c3f\u0c1f\u0c40 \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f \u0c26\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c3e, <em>\u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c24 \u0c1a\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f<\/em> \u0c02\u0c32\u0c4b \u0c2e\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c2a\u0c41\u0c32 \u0c17\u0c41\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3f \u0c2e\u0c4a\u0c26\u0c1f\u0c3f \u0c38\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c3f \u0c2b\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c4d \u0c28\u0c47\u0c37\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c38\u0c4d \u0c35\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c17\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c24\u0c4b \u0c38\u0c02\u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c26\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c2a\u0c41\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c1c\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2a\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>1951 \u0c1c\u0c42\u0c28\u0c4d 20 \u0c28 \u0c15\u0c4a\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c24 \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c38\u0c35\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3f\u0c28 <em>\u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c24 \u0c1a\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f<\/em> \u0c3e\u0c28\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c3f \u0c30\u0c3e\u0c1c \u0c05\u0c02\u0c17\u0c40\u0c15\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c02 \u0c32\u0c2d\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f. \u0c2b\u0c32\u0c3f\u0c24\u0c02\u0c17\u0c3e \u0c38\u0c2e\u0c17\u0c4d\u0c30 \u0c15\u0c4a\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c05\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c02\u0c24 \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c2e\u0c3e\u0c26\u0c15\u0c30 \u0c30\u0c3e\u0c1c\u0c15\u0c40\u0c2f, \u0c38\u0c3e\u0c02\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c43\u0c24\u0c3f\u0c15 \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c2e\u0c24\u0c2a\u0c30\u0c2e\u0c48\u0c28 \u0c2a\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2e\u0c3f\u0c24\u0c41\u0c32\u0c28\u0c41 \u0c24\u0c4a\u0c32\u0c17\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f. \u0c09\u0c26\u0c3e\u0c39\u0c30\u0c23\u0c15\u0c41, \u0c15\u0c41\u0c2e\u0c4d\u0c2e\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c41 \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sun-dance\">\u0c38\u0c42\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c2f \u0c28\u0c43\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c02 \u0c35\u0c02\u0c1f\u0c3f <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/potlatch\">\u0c35\u0c47\u0c21\u0c41\u0c15\u0c32\u0c2a\u0c48 \u0c28\u0c3f<\/a> \u0c37\u0c47\u0c27\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c24\u0c4a\u0c32\u0c17\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a<\/a> \u0c2c\u0c21\u0c4d\u0c21\u0c3e\u0c2f\u0c3f. \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c2d\u0c41\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c3f \u0c35\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c24\u0c3f\u0c30\u0c47\u0c15\u0c02\u0c17\u0c3e \u0c2d\u0c42 \u0c26\u0c3e\u0c35\u0c3e\u0c32 \u0c17\u0c41\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3f \u0c15\u0c42\u0c21\u0c3e <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/land-claims\/\">\u0c38\u0c02\u0c18\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c41<\/a> \u0c24\u0c40\u0c38\u0c41\u0c15\u0c41\u0c30\u0c3e\u0c17\u0c32\u0c3f\u0c17\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c41. \r\n\u0c2b\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c4d \u0c28\u0c47\u0c37\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c38\u0c4d \u0c2e\u0c39\u0c3f\u0c33\u0c32\u0c15\u0c41, 1951 \u0c1a\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c02 \u0c05\u0c02\u0c1f\u0c47 \u0c35\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c41 \u0c07\u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c2a\u0c41\u0c21\u0c41 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\u0c2c\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c3e\u0c02\u0c21\u0c4d<\/a> \u0c15\u0c4c\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c38\u0c3f\u0c32\u0c4d \u0c0e\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c32\u0c32\u0c4b \u0c13\u0c1f\u0c41 \u0c35\u0c47\u0c2f\u0c17\u0c32\u0c3f\u0c17\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c41. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/elsie-knott\">\u0c0e\u0c32\u0c4d\u0c38\u0c40 \u0c2e\u0c47\u0c30\u0c40 \u0c28\u0c3e\u0c1f\u0c4d \u0c15\u0c46\u0c28\u0c21<\/a> \u0c3e\u0c32\u0c4b \u0c2e\u0c4a\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c2e\u0c4a\u0c26\u0c1f\u0c3f \u0c0e\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c48\u0c28 \u0c2e\u0c39\u0c3f\u0c33\u0c3e \u0c2b\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c4d \u0c28\u0c47\u0c37\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c38\u0c4d <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/chief\">\u0c1a\u0c40\u0c2b\u0c4d<\/a>. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-women-and-the-franchise\">\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c26\u0c47\u0c36\u0c40 \u0c2e\u0c39\u0c3f\u0c33\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c2b\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c3e\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c48\u0c1c\u0c4d<\/a> <em>\u0c15\u0c42\u0c21\u0c3e \u0c1a\u0c42\u0c21\u0c02\u0c21\u0c3f<\/em>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0c05\u0c2f\u0c3f\u0c24\u0c47, \u0c38\u0c35\u0c30\u0c23\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c1a\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c35\u0c3f\u0c35\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c37\u0c15\u0c41 \u0c17\u0c41\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c1a\u0c47\u0c2f\u0c32\u0c47\u0c26\u0c41. \u0c09\u0c26\u0c3e\u0c39\u0c30\u0c23\u0c15\u0c41 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">\u0c39\u0c4b\u0c26\u0c3e<\/a> \u0c15\u0c32\u0c3f\u0c17\u0c3f\u0c28 \u0c35\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c41\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c2e\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c41 \u0c2a\u0c26\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c25\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c15\u0c32\u0c3f\u0c17\u0c3f \u0c09\u0c02\u0c21\u0c15\u0c41\u0c02\u0c21\u0c3e \u0c32\u0c47\u0c26\u0c3e \u0c2e\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c41\u0c32\u0c4b \u0c09\u0c02\u0c21\u0c15\u0c41\u0c02\u0c21\u0c3e <em>\u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c24 \u0c1a\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f<\/em> \u0c02 \u0c28\u0c3f\u0c37\u0c47\u0c27\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f. \r\n1951 \u0c2a\u0c41\u0c28\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c3f\u0c2e\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c36\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c26\u0c47\u0c36\u0c40\u0c2f \u0c36\u0c3f\u0c36\u0c41 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/child-welfare\">\u0c38\u0c02\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c37\u0c47\u0c2e\u0c02 (\u0c38\u0c46\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c37\u0c28\u0c4d 88) \u0c2a\u0c48 \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c3e\u0c35\u0c3f\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c38\u0c41\u0c32\u0c15\u0c41 \u0c05\u0c27\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c3e\u0c30 \u0c2a\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c27\u0c3f\u0c28\u0c3f<\/a> \u0c15\u0c42\u0c21\u0c3e \u0c07\u0c1a\u0c4d\u0c1a\u0c3e\u0c2f\u0c3f, \u0c05\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c21 \u0c38\u0c2e\u0c3e\u0c16\u0c4d\u0c2f \u0c2a\u0c30\u0c02\u0c17\u0c3e \u0c0f\u0c26\u0c40 \u0c09\u0c28\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c3f\u0c32\u0c4b \u0c32\u0c47\u0c26\u0c41. \u0c07\u0c26\u0c3f \u0c1a\u0c3f\u0c35\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c3f \u201c\u0c05\u0c30\u0c35\u0c48\u0c32 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sixties-scoop\">\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c42\u0c2a\u0c4d\u201d \u0c38\u0c02\u0c2d\u0c35 \r\n \u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c21\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c3f \u0c05\u0c28\u0c41\u0c2e\u0c24\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f, \u0c07\u0c26\u0c3f \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c3e\u0c35\u0c3f\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c37\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c32\u0c4d \u0c1a\u0c48\u0c32\u0c4d\u0c21\u0c4d \u0c35\u0c46\u0c32\u0c4d\u0c2b\u0c47\u0c30\u0c4d \u0c0f\u0c1c\u0c46\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c38\u0c40\u0c32\u0c41<\/a> \u0c15\u0c2e\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c42\u0c28\u0c3f\u0c1f\u0c40 \u0c35\u0c28\u0c30\u0c41\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c2e\u0c26\u0c4d\u0c26\u0c24\u0c41\u0c28\u0c41 \u0c05\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c21\u0c02 \u0c15\u0c02\u0c1f\u0c47 \u0c2a\u0c3f\u0c32\u0c4d\u0c32\u0c32\u0c28\u0c41 \u0c35\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c3f \u0c07\u0c33\u0c4d\u0c32 \u0c28\u0c41\u0c02\u0c21\u0c3f \u0c24\u0c4a\u0c32\u0c17\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c21\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c3f \u0c0e\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c41\u0c15\u0c41\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28 \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f. \u0c38\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c48\u0c38\u0c4d \u0c38\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c42\u0c2a\u0c4d \u0c26\u0c47\u0c36\u0c40\u0c2f \u0c35\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c17\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c2a\u0c48 \u0c17\u0c23\u0c28\u0c40\u0c2f\u0c2e\u0c48\u0c28 \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c26\u0c40\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c18\u0c15\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c3f\u0c15 \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c35\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c28\u0c41 \u0c15\u0c32\u0c3f\u0c17\u0c3f \u0c09\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0c05\u0c02\u0c24\u0c47\u0c15\u0c3e\u0c15, \u0c15\u0c4a\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c24 \u0c1a\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c02 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian\">\u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c24\u0c40\u0c2f \u0c39\u0c4b\u0c26\u0c3e \u0c2f\u0c4a\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c15 \u0c35\u0c3f\u0c35\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c37\u0c2a\u0c42\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c24 \u0c38\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c35\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c24\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c41\u0c2e\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c41 \u0c1a\u0c47\u0c2f\u0c32\u0c47\u0c26\u0c41<\/a>. \u0c08 \u0c1a\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c02 \u201c\u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c24\u0c40\u0c2f \u0c30\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c02\u201d \u0c05\u0c28\u0c47 \u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c35\u0c28\u0c28\u0c41 \u0c30\u0c3f\u0c1c\u0c3f\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c47\u0c37\u0c28\u0c4d \u0c26\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c3e \u0c39\u0c4b\u0c26\u0c3e \u0c2f\u0c4a\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c15 \u0c12\u0c15\u0c26\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c3f\u0c24\u0c4b \u0c2d\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c40 \u0c1a\u0c47\u0c38\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f. \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c4b \r\n \u0c2e\u0c3e\u0c1f\u0c32\u0c4b \u0c1a\u0c46\u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c2a\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c02\u0c1f\u0c47, \u0c39\u0c4b\u0c26\u0c3e\u0c15\u0c41 \u0c05\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c39\u0c24 \u0c38\u0c3e\u0c27\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c21\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c3f \u0c2b\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c4d \u0c28\u0c47\u0c37\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c38\u0c4d \u0c35\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c38\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c02 \u0c15\u0c32\u0c3f\u0c17\u0c3f \u0c09\u0c02\u0c21\u0c1f\u0c02 \u0c38\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2a\u0c4b\u0c32\u0c47\u0c26\u0c41. \u0c05\u0c2f\u0c3f\u0c28\u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c2a\u0c1f\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c40, \u0c38\u0c02\u0c24\u0c24\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c3f \u0c1a\u0c46\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f\u0c28 \u0c2a\u0c41\u0c30\u0c41\u0c37 \u0c30\u0c47\u0c16\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c07\u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c2a\u0c1f\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c40 \u0c35\u0c3f\u0c36\u0c47\u0c37\u0c02\u0c17\u0c3e \u0c09\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c3e\u0c2f\u0c3f; \u0c39\u0c4b\u0c26\u0c3e \u0c15\u0c32\u0c3f\u0c17\u0c3f\u0c28 \u0c2e\u0c39\u0c3f\u0c33\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c39\u0c4b\u0c26\u0c3e \u0c32\u0c47\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c35\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c3f\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c35\u0c3f\u0c35\u0c3e\u0c39\u0c02 \u0c1a\u0c47\u0c38\u0c41\u0c15\u0c41\u0c02\u0c1f\u0c47 \u0c24\u0c2e \u0c39\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c41\u0c32\u0c28\u0c41 \u0c15\u0c4b\u0c32\u0c4d\u0c2a\u0c4b\u0c2f\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c41. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/women-and-the-indian-act\">\u0c2e\u0c39\u0c3f\u0c33\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c24 \u0c1a\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c02<\/a> <em>\u0c15\u0c42\u0c21\u0c3e \u0c1a\u0c42\u0c21\u0c02\u0c21\u0c3f<\/em>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0c2e\u0c41\u0c16\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c02\u0c17\u0c3e \u0c12\u0c15 \u0c2e\u0c39\u0c3f\u0c33 \u0c39\u0c4b\u0c26\u0c3e\u0c15\u0c41 \u0c38\u0c02\u0c2c\u0c02\u0c27\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3f \u0c28\u0c3f\u0c2c\u0c02\u0c27\u0c28\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c24\u0c40\u0c35\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c02\u0c17\u0c3e \u0c09\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c3e\u0c2f\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c41. \u0c12\u0c15 \u0c2e\u0c39\u0c3f\u0c33 \u0c2f\u0c4a\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c15 \u0c39\u0c4b\u0c26\u0c3e \u0c39\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c41\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c2a\u0c42\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c3f\u0c17\u0c3e \u0c06\u0c2e\u0c46 \u0c2d\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c24 \u0c26\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c3e \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c35\u0c39\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3e\u0c2f\u0c3f. \u0c39\u0c4b\u0c26\u0c3e \u0c09\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28 \u0c35\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c3f\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c35\u0c3f\u0c35\u0c3e\u0c39\u0c02 \u0c1a\u0c47\u0c38\u0c41\u0c15\u0c41\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28 \u0c39\u0c4b\u0c26\u0c3e \u0c32\u0c47\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c2e\u0c39\u0c3f\u0c33 \u0c38\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c2f\u0c02\u0c17\u0c3e \u0c39\u0c4b\u0c26\u0c3e \u0c2a\u0c4a\u0c02\u0c26\u0c47\u0c26\u0c3f. \u0c39\u0c4b\u0c26\u0c3e \u0c2e\u0c28\u0c3f\u0c37\u0c3f\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c35\u0c3f\u0c35\u0c3e\u0c39\u0c02 \u0c1a\u0c47\u0c38\u0c41\u0c15\u0c41\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28 \u0c12\u0c15 \u0c39\u0c4b\u0c26\u0c3e \u0c2e\u0c39\u0c3f\u0c33 \u0c24\u0c28 \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\u0c2c\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c3e\u0c02\u0c21\u0c4d<\/a> \u0c38\u0c2d\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c02 \u0c05\u0c24\u0c28\u0c3f\u0c24\u0c4b \u0c2e\u0c41\u0c21\u0c3f\u0c2a\u0c21\u0c3f \u0c09\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f \u0c15\u0c3e\u0c2c\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c3f \u0c06\u0c2e\u0c46 \u0c07\u0c15\u0c2a\u0c48 \u0c24\u0c28 \u0c38\u0c4a\u0c02\u0c24 \u0c2c\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c3e\u0c02\u0c21\u0c4d\u0c32\u0c4b \u0c38\u0c2d\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c41\u0c30\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c15\u0c3e\u0c26\u0c41, \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c06\u0c2e\u0c46 \u0c24\u0c28 \u0c2d\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c24 \u0c1a\u0c47\u0c24 \u0c35\u0c3f\u0c24\u0c02\u0c24\u0c41\u0c35\u0c41\u0c17\u0c3e \u0c32\u0c47\u0c26\u0c3e \u0c35\u0c26\u0c32\u0c3f\u0c35\u0c47\u0c2f\u0c2c\u0c21\u0c3f\u0c24\u0c47 \u0c06\u0c2e\u0c46 \u0c24\u0c28 \u0c39\u0c4b\u0c26\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c41 \u0c2a\u0c42\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c3f\u0c17\u0c3e \u0c15\u0c4b\u0c32\u0c4d\u0c2a\u0c4b\u0c2f\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>1951 <em>\u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c24 \u0c1a\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f<\/em> \u0c02 \u201c\u0c21\u0c2c\u0c41\u0c32\u0c4d \u0c2e\u0c26\u0c30\u0c4d\u201d \u0c28\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c2e\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c15\u0c42\u0c21\u0c3e \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c35\u0c47\u0c36\u0c2a\u0c46\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f, \u0c07\u0c26\u0c3f \u0c35\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c3f \u0c24\u0c32\u0c4d\u0c32\u0c3f \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c05\u0c2e\u0c4d\u0c2e\u0c2e\u0c4d\u0c2e \u0c07\u0c26\u0c4d\u0c26\u0c30\u0c42 \u0c39\u0c4b\u0c26\u0c3e\u0c15\u0c41 \u0c05\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c39\u0c24 \u0c32\u0c47\u0c15\u0c41\u0c02\u0c1f\u0c47 \u0c26\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c3f 21\u0c35 \u0c2a\u0c41\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c3f\u0c28\u0c30\u0c4b\u0c1c\u0c41\u0c28 \u0c2a\u0c3f\u0c32\u0c4d\u0c32\u0c32 \u0c39\u0c4b\u0c26\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c41 \u0c09\u0c2a\u0c38\u0c02\u0c39\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c41\u0c15\u0c41\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f. 1996 \u0c32\u0c4b \u0c06\u0c26\u0c3f\u0c35\u0c3e\u0c38\u0c40 \u0c2a\u0c40 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/royal-commission-on-aboriginal-peoples\">\u0c2a\u0c41\u0c32\u0c4d\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c2a\u0c48 \u0c30\u0c3e\u0c2f\u0c32\u0c4d \u0c15\u0c2e\u0c3f<\/a> \u0c37\u0c28\u0c4d 1951 \u0c38\u0c2e\u0c17\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c02\u0c32\u0c4b \u0c09\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28 \u0c38\u0c35\u0c30\u0c23\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c24\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c41\u0c35 \u0c1a\u0c47\u0c36\u0c3e\u0c2f\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c17\u0c41\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f \u0c15\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c40 <em>\u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c24\u0c40\u0c2f \u0c1a\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f<\/em> \u0c3e\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c26\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c3f 1876 \u0c38\u0c4d\u0c25\u0c3f\u0c24\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c3f \u0c24\u0c3f\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c17\u0c3f \u0c07\u0c35\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c02\u0c21\u0c3f, \u0c05\u0c2f\u0c3f\u0c24\u0c47 \u0c39\u0c4b\u0c26\u0c3e \u0c2c\u0c26\u0c3f\u0c32\u0c40\u0c2a\u0c48 \u0c05\u0c26\u0c28\u0c2a\u0c41 \u0c2a\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2e\u0c3f\u0c24\u0c41\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c2b\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c4d \u0c28\u0c47\u0c37\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c38\u0c4d \u0c2e\u0c39\u0c3f\u0c33\u0c32\u0c15\u0c41 \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c35\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c3f \u0c2a\u0c3f\u0c32\u0c4d\u0c32\u0c32\u0c15\u0c41 \u0c39\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c1a\u0c47\u0c36\u0c3e\u0c2f\u0c3f.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c24\u0c40\u0c2f \u0c1a\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c02, 1960 \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 1970 \u0c32\u0c32\u0c4b \u0c2e\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c2a\u0c41\u0c28\u0c41 \u0c21\u0c3f\u0c2e\u0c3e\u0c02\u0c21\u0c4d \u0c1a\u0c47\u0c2f\u0c21\u0c02<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>1951 <em>\u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c24 \u0c1a\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c02<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c26\u0c47\u0c36\u0c40 \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c1c\u0c32\u0c15\u0c41 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\">\u0c2b\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c3e\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c48\u0c1c\u0c4d\u0c2e\u0c46\u0c02\u0c1f\u0c4d<\/a> \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c28\u0c41 \u0c2e\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c1a\u0c32\u0c47\u0c26\u0c41, \u0c13<\/a> \u0c1f\u0c41 \r\n \u0c39 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/franchise\">\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c41<\/a> \u0c15\u0c4b\u0c38\u0c02 \u0c05\u0c28\u0c41\u0c2e\u0c24\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c32\u0c47\u0c26\u0c41. \u0c0f\u0c26\u0c47\u0c2e\u0c48\u0c28\u0c3e, 1958 \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c02\u0c2d\u0c02\u0c32\u0c4b, \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c27\u0c3e\u0c28 \u0c2e\u0c02\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c3f <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/john-diefenbaker\">\u0c1c\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c4d \u0c21\u0c40\u0c2b\u0c46\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c2c\u0c47<\/a> \u0c15\u0c30\u0c4d \r\n \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c2d\u0c41\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c02 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/canadian-bill-of-rights\/\">\u0c15\u0c46\u0c28\u0c21\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c28\u0c4d \u0c2c\u0c3f\u0c32\u0c4d\u0c32\u0c41<\/a> \u0c06\u0c2b\u0c4d \u0c30\u0c48\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c38\u0c4d \u0c2e\u0c41\u0c38\u0c3e\u0c2f\u0c3f\u0c26\u0c3e \u0c1a\u0c47\u0c2f\u0c21\u0c02 \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c02\u0c2d\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f. \u0c2c\u0c3f\u0c32\u0c4d \u0c06\u0c2b\u0c4d \u0c30\u0c48\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c38\u0c4d &#39;\u0c15\u0c46\u0c28\u0c21\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c32\u0c02\u0c26\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c40 \u0c38\u0c2e\u0c3e\u0c28 \u0c39\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c41\u0c32\u0c15\u0c41 \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c3e\u0c27\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c24\u0c28\u0c3f\u0c35\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c21\u0c02\u0c24\u0c4b, \u0c38\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c26\u0c47\u0c36\u0c40 \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c1c\u0c32\u0c15\u0c41 \u0c13\u0c1f\u0c41 \u0c39\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c41\u0c28\u0c41 \r\n \u0c28\u0c3f\u0c30\u0c3e\u0c15\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c35\u0c1a\u0c4d\u0c1a\u0c41. 31 \u0c2e\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c1a\u0c3f 1960 \u0c28, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">\u0c39\u0c4b\u0c26\u0c3e \u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c24\u0c40\u0c2f\u0c41\u0c32\u0c15\u0c41 \u0c38\u0c2e\u0c3e\u0c16\u0c4d\u0c2f \u0c13\u0c1f\u0c41\u0c28\u0c41 \u0c2e\u0c02\u0c1c\u0c42\u0c30\u0c41 \u0c1a\u0c47\u0c2f\u0c21\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c3f <em>\u0c15\u0c46\u0c28\u0c21\u0c3e \u0c0e\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c32 \u0c1a\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f<\/em> \u0c02\u0c32\u0c4b\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c38\u0c46\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c37\u0c28\u0c4d 14 (2) \u0c32\u0c4b\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c17\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c30\u0c26\u0c4d\u0c26\u0c41 \u0c1a\u0c47\u0c2f\u0c2c\u0c21\u0c4d\u0c21\u0c3e\u0c2f\u0c3f<\/a>. \r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">\u0c2b\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c4d \u0c28\u0c47\u0c37\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c38\u0c4d<\/a> \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c1c\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c07\u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c2a\u0c41\u0c21\u0c41 \u0c24\u0c2e \u0c39\u0c4b\u0c26\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c41 \u0c15\u0c4b\u0c32\u0c4d\u0c2a\u0c4b\u0c15\u0c41\u0c02\u0c21\u0c3e \u0c13\u0c1f\u0c41 \u0c35\u0c47\u0c2f\u0c17\u0c32\u0c3f\u0c17\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c41. \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c41\u0c38\u0c1f\u0c3f \u0c38\u0c02\u0c35\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c38\u0c30\u0c02, <em>\u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c24 \u0c1a\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c02\u0c32\u0c4b\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c28\u0c3f\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c2c\u0c02\u0c27 \u0c0e\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c2b\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c3e\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c48\u0c1c\u0c2e\u0c46\u0c02\u0c1f\u0c4d \u0c28\u0c3f\u0c2c\u0c02\u0c27\u0c28 \u0c24\u0c4a\u0c32\u0c17\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c2c\u0c21\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f<\/em>. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-suffrage\">\u0c15\u0c46\u0c28\u0c21\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c4b \u0c38\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c26\u0c47\u0c36\u0c40 \u0c38\u0c2b\u0c30\u0c3e\u0c1c\u0c4d<\/a> <em>\u0c15\u0c42\u0c21\u0c3e \u0c1a\u0c42\u0c21\u0c02\u0c21\u0c3f<\/em>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>1969\u0c32\u0c4b \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c27\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c2e\u0c02\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c3f \u0c2a\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c30\u0c40 \u0c07 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/pierre-elliott-trudeau\/\">\u0c32\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c1f\u0c4d \u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c42\u0c21\u0c4b \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c2d\u0c41\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c02 \u0c24\u0c28 \u0c36\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c47\u0c24<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/the-white-paper-1969\/\">\u0c2a\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c30<\/a> \u0c02 \u0c35\u0c3f\u0c21\u0c41\u0c26\u0c32 \u0c1a\u0c47\u0c38\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f, \r\n \u0c07\u0c26\u0c3f \u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c24 \u0c39\u0c4b\u0c26\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c41, \u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c24 \u0c35\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c35\u0c39\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c3e\u0c32 \u0c36\u0c3e\u0c16\u0c28\u0c41 \u0c2a\u0c42\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c3f\u0c17\u0c3e \u0c24\u0c4a\u0c32\u0c17\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c28\u0c47 \u0c09\u0c26\u0c4d\u0c26\u0c47\u0c36\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c15\u0c1f <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-affairs-and-northern-development-canada\">\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f<\/a>. \u0c36\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c47\u0c24\u0c2a\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c02 \u0c2b\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c4d \u0c28\u0c47\u0c37\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c38\u0c4d \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c1c\u0c32 \r\n \u0c28\u0c41\u0c02\u0c21\u0c3f \u0c06\u0c17\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c39\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c0e\u0c26\u0c41\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c4a\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c06\u0c32\u0c4d\u0c2c\u0c46 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/harold-cardinal\/\">\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c3e \u0c07\u0c02\u0c21\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c28\u0c4d \u0c05\u0c38\u0c4b\u0c38\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c47\u0c37\u0c28\u0c4d \u0c2f\u0c4a\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c15 \u0c05\u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c2a\u0c1f\u0c3f \u0c05\u0c27\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c37\u0c41\u0c21\u0c41 \u0c39\u0c46\u0c30\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c4d\u0c21\u0c4d \u0c15\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c21\u0c3f\u0c28\u0c32\u0c4d \u0c30\u0c42\u0c2a\u0c4a\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3f\u0c28 \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c38\u0c2e\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c2a\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3f\u0c28 \u201c\u0c30\u0c46<\/a> \u0c21\u0c4d \u0c2a\u0c47\u0c2a\u0c30\u0c4d\u201d \u0c26\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c3e \u0c35\u0c46\u0c02\u0c1f\u0c28\u0c47 \u0c35\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c24\u0c3f\u0c30\u0c47\u0c15\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c2c\u0c21\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f. \r\n\u0c26\u0c47\u0c36\u0c35\u0c3e\u0c33\u0c40 \u0c38\u0c2e\u0c42\u0c39\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c35\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c3f \u0c2e\u0c26\u0c4d\u0c26\u0c24\u0c41\u0c26\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c41\u0c32\u0c1a\u0c47 \u0c24\u0c40\u0c35\u0c4d\u0c30 \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c28\u0c3f\u0c30\u0c02\u0c24\u0c30 \u0c35\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c24\u0c3f\u0c30\u0c47\u0c15\u0c24 \u0c15\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c23\u0c02\u0c17\u0c3e, \u0c15\u0c46\u0c28\u0c21\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c28\u0c4d \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c2d\u0c41\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c02 \u0c24\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c30\u0c17\u0c3e \u0c36\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c47\u0c24\u0c2a\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c02 \u0c09\u0c2a\u0c38\u0c02\u0c39\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c41\u0c15\u0c41\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0c08 \u0c38\u0c2e\u0c2f\u0c02\u0c32\u0c4b \u0c1a\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c3e \u0c2e\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f \u0c26\u0c47\u0c36\u0c35\u0c3e\u0c33\u0c40 \u0c2e\u0c39\u0c3f\u0c33\u0c32\u0c41 <em>\u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c24 \u0c1a\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c02\u0c32\u0c4b\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c35\u0c3f\u0c35\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c37\u0c2a\u0c42\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c24 \u0c38\u0c46\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c37\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c32\u0c28\u0c41 \u0c2e\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c1a\u0c21\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c3f \u0c2a\u0c4b\u0c30\u0c3e\u0c21\u0c41\u0c24\u0c41\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c41<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mary-two-axe-earley\">\u0c2e\u0c47\u0c30\u0c40 \u0c1f\u0c42-\u0c2f\u0c3e\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c38\u0c4d \u0c0e\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c32\u0c40 \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c02<\/a> \u0c2d \u0c15\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c15\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c32\u0c32\u0c4b \u0c12\u0c15\u0c30\u0c41. \r\n\u0c07\u0c24\u0c30 \u0c2a\u0c28\u0c41\u0c32\u0c24\u0c4b \u0c2a\u0c3e\u0c1f\u0c41, \u0c1a\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c02 \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c15\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c02 \u0c39\u0c4b\u0c26\u0c3e, \u0c12\u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c2a\u0c02\u0c26\u0c02 \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c06\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c3f \u0c39\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c41\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c28\u0c3f\u0c30\u0c3e\u0c15\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c2c\u0c21\u0c3f\u0c28 \u0c2e\u0c39\u0c3f\u0c33\u0c32 \u0c35\u0c47\u0c27\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c2a\u0c41\u0c32 \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c4a\u0c2b\u0c48\u0c32\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c41 \u0c2a\u0c46\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c21\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c3f \u0c06\u0c2e\u0c46 \u0c35\u0c30\u0c41\u0c38 \u0c2e\u0c3e\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c32\u0c3e\u0c21\u0c47 \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c30\u0c1a\u0c28 \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c1a\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c28\u0c41 \u0c38\u0c2e\u0c40\u0c15\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f. \u0c35\u0c48\u0c35\u0c4b\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c47 <a name=\"_Hlk39573469\">\u0c2c\u0c46\u0c21\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c21\u0c4d<\/a> \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/jeannette-vivian-lavell\">\u0c1c\u0c40\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c46\u0c1f\u0c4d \u0c15\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c2c\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c46\u0c30\u0c4d \u0c32\u0c3e\u0c35\u0c46\u0c32\u0c4d, \u0c35\u0c40\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c26\u0c4d\u0c26<\/a> \u0c30\u0c42 \u0c35\u0c3f\u0c35\u0c3e\u0c39\u0c02 \u0c15\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c23\u0c02\u0c17\u0c3e \u0c24\u0c2e \u0c39\u0c4b\u0c26\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c41 \u0c15\u0c4b\u0c32\u0c4d\u0c2a\u0c4b\u0c2f\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c41, \u0c15\u0c46\u0c28\u0c21\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c28\u0c4d \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c2d\u0c41\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c3f \u0c35\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c24\u0c3f\u0c30\u0c47\u0c15\u0c02\u0c17\u0c3e \u0c15\u0c4b\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c41\u0c15\u0c41 \u0c15\u0c47\u0c38\u0c41\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c24\u0c46\u0c1a\u0c4d\u0c1a\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c41. 1973 \u0c32\u0c4b, \u0c35\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c3f \u0c15\u0c47\u0c38\u0c41\u0c32\u0c41 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/supreme-court-of-canada\/\">\u0c15\u0c46\u0c28\u0c21\u0c3e \u0c38\u0c41\u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c40\u0c02\u0c15\u0c4b\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c41\u0c32\u0c4b \u0c35\u0c3f\u0c32\u0c40 \r\n \u0c28\u0c2e\u0c2f\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c3e\u0c2f\u0c3f<\/a>. \u0c06 \u0c38\u0c02\u0c35\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c38\u0c30\u0c02\u0c32\u0c4b, \u0c12\u0c15 \u0c2e\u0c39\u0c3f\u0c33 \u0c2f\u0c4a\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c15 \u0c39\u0c4b\u0c26\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c41 \u0c24\u0c28 \u0c2d\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c15\u0c41 \u0c05\u0c28\u0c41\u0c38\u0c02\u0c27\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c47 \u0c1a\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c02\u0c32\u0c4b\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c17\u0c02 \u0c2e\u0c39\u0c3f\u0c33\u0c32\u0c2a\u0c48 \u0c35\u0c3f\u0c35\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c37 \u0c1a\u0c42\u0c2a \r\n \u0c32\u0c47\u0c26\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c24\u0c40\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c2a\u0c41 \u0c1a\u0c46\u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c2a\u0c3f\u0c28\u0c02\u0c26\u0c41\u0c15\u0c41 \u0c15\u0c4b\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c41 \u0c35\u0c3f\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c43\u0c24\u0c02\u0c17\u0c3e \u0c35\u0c3f\u0c2e\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c36\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c2c\u0c21\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f, \u0c05\u0c2f\u0c3f\u0c28\u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c2a\u0c1f\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c40 \u0c39\u0c4b\u0c26\u0c3e \u0c2a\u0c41\u0c30\u0c41\u0c37\u0c41\u0c32\u0c41 \u201c\u0c2c\u0c2f\u0c1f\u0c15\u0c41 \u0c35\u0c3f\u0c35\u0c3e\u0c39\u0c02 \u0c1a\u0c47\u0c38\u0c41\u0c15\u0c41\u0c02\u0c1f\u0c47\u201d \u0c24\u0c2e \u0c39\u0c4b\u0c26\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c41 \u0c09\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c41. (\u0c2c\u0c46 <em>\u0c21 \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/bedard-case\">\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c21\u0c4d \u0c15\u0c47\u0c38\u0c41 \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c32\u0c3e\u0c35\u0c46\u0c32\u0c4d \u0c15\u0c47\u0c38\u0c4d<\/a> \u0c15\u0c42\u0c21\u0c3e<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/lavell-case\">\u0c1a\u0c42\u0c21\u0c02\u0c21\u0c3f<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>1981 \u0c32\u0c4b, \u0c10\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c30\u0c3e\u0c1c\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c38\u0c2e\u0c3f\u0c24\u0c3f \u0c2e\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c35 \u0c39\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c41\u0c32 \u0c15\u0c2e\u0c3f\u0c37\u0c28\u0c4d \u0c38\u0c3e <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sandra-lovelace-nicholas\">\u0c02\u0c21\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c3e \u0c32\u0c35\u0c4d\u0c32\u0c47\u0c38\u0c4d \u0c28\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c4b\u0c32\u0c38\u0c4d \u0c35\u0c3f\u0c37\u0c2f\u0c02\u0c32\u0c4b \u0c15\u0c46\u0c28\u0c21\u0c3e <em>\u0c2a\u0c4c\u0c30 \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c30\u0c3e\u0c1c\u0c15\u0c40\u0c2f \u0c39\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c41\u0c32\u0c2a\u0c48 \u0c05\u0c02\u0c24\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c1c\u0c3e\u0c24\u0c40\u0c2f<\/em> \u0c12\u0c21\u0c02\u0c2c\u0c21\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c32\u0c4b\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c06\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c32\u0c4d 27 \u0c28\u0c41 \u0c09\u0c32\u0c4d\u0c32\u0c02\u0c18\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c26\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c24\u0c40\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c2a\u0c41<\/a> \u0c1a\u0c46\u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c2a\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f - \r\n \u0c35\u0c3f\u0c35\u0c3e\u0c39\u0c02 \u0c26\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c3e \u0c24\u0c28 \u0c39\u0c4b\u0c26\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c41 \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/maliseet\">\u0c15\u0c4b\u0c32\u0c4d\u0c2a\u0c4b\u0c2f\u0c3f\u0c28 \u0c35\u0c4b\u0c32\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c4b\u0c15\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c4d<\/a> \u0c2e\u0c39\u0c3f\u0c33. <em>\u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c24 \u0c1a\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f<\/em> \u0c02 \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c15\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c02, \u0c06\u0c2e\u0c46 \u0c2c\u0c2f\u0c1f\u0c15\u0c41 \u0c35\u0c3f\u0c35\u0c3e\u0c39\u0c02 \u0c1a\u0c47\u0c38\u0c41\u0c15\u0c41\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c07\u0c15\u0c2a\u0c48 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\u0c2c\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c3e\u0c02\u0c21\u0c4d<\/a> \u0c2e\u0c46\u0c02\u0c2c\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c17\u0c3e \u0c2a\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c17\u0c23\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c2c\u0c21\u0c28\u0c02\u0c26\u0c41\u0c28, \u0c38\u0c3e\u0c02\u0c21\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c41 \r\n \u0c06\u0c2e\u0c46 \u0c38\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c26\u0c47\u0c36\u0c40 \u0c38\u0c02\u0c18\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c3f \u0c24\u0c3f\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c17\u0c3f \u0c30\u0c3e\u0c15\u0c41\u0c02\u0c21\u0c3e \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c2d\u0c41\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c02 \u0c28\u0c3f\u0c30\u0c4b\u0c27\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u0c2c\u0c3f\u0c32\u0c4d\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c38\u0c3f -31:1985 \u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c24 \u0c1a\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c3f \u0c38\u0c35\u0c30\u0c23\u0c32\u0c41<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>1985\u0c32\u0c4b, <em>\u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c24 \u0c1a\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f<\/em> \u0c02\u0c32\u0c4b \u0c38\u0c2e\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c02 \u0c32\u0c47\u0c15\u0c2a\u0c4b\u0c35\u0c21\u0c02\u0c2a\u0c48 \u0c2a\u0c46\u0c30\u0c41\u0c17\u0c41\u0c24\u0c41\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28 \u0c1c\u0c3e\u0c24\u0c40\u0c2f \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c05\u0c02\u0c24\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c1c\u0c3e\u0c24\u0c40\u0c2f \u0c06\u0c02\u0c26\u0c4b\u0c33\u0c28\u0c15\u0c41 \u0c38\u0c4d\u0c2a\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c42, \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c2d\u0c41\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c02 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/bill-c-31\">\u0c2c\u0c3f\u0c32\u0c4d\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c38\u0c3f-31\u0c28\u0c41 \u0c06\u0c2e\u0c4b\u0c26\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f<\/a>. \r\n\u0c2e\u0c3f\u0c17\u0c3f\u0c32\u0c3f\u0c28 \u0c05\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c3f <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\">\u0c0e\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c2b\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c3e\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c48<\/a> \u0c1c\u0c4d\u0c2e\u0c46\u0c02\u0c1f\u0c4d \u0c15\u0c4d\u0c32\u0c3e\u0c1c\u0c4d\u0c32\u0c28\u0c41 \u0c2c\u0c3f\u0c32\u0c4d\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c2a\u0c42\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c3f\u0c17\u0c3e \u0c24\u0c4a\u0c32\u0c17\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f. \u0c05\u0c26\u0c28\u0c02\u0c17\u0c3e, \u0c35\u0c3f\u0c35\u0c3e\u0c39\u0c02 \u0c26\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c3e <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">\u0c39\u0c4b\u0c26\u0c3e \u0c15\u0c4b\u0c32\u0c4d\u0c2a\u0c4b\u0c2f\u0c3f\u0c28 \u0c35\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c28\u0c3f<\/a> \u0c38\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c47\u0c1f \r\n \u0c38\u0c4d \u0c07\u0c02\u0c21\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c32\u0c41\u0c17\u0c3e, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\u0c2c\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c3e\u0c02\u0c21\u0c4d<\/a> \u0c38\u0c2d\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c41\u0c32\u0c41\u0c17\u0c3e \u0c24\u0c3f\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c17\u0c3f \u0c28\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c2e\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c41. \u0c35\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c3f \u0c2a\u0c3f\u0c32\u0c4d\u0c32\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c39\u0c4b\u0c26\u0c3e \u0c2a\u0c4a\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c41, \u0c15\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c40 \u0c30\u0c46\u0c02\u0c21\u0c41 \u0c38\u0c02\u0c35\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c38\u0c30\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c2c\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c3e\u0c02\u0c21\u0c4d \u0c38\u0c2d\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c02 \u0c2a\u0c4a\u0c02\u0c26\u0c32\u0c47\u0c30\u0c41. \u0c08 \u0c35\u0c3f\u0c30\u0c3e\u0c2e\u0c02 \u0c2c\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c3e\u0c02\u0c21\u0c4d\u0c32\u0c15\u0c41 \u0c35\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c3f \u0c38\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c02\u0c24 \u0c38\u0c2d\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c35 \u0c38\u0c02\u0c15\u0c47\u0c24\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c28\u0c41 \r\n \u0c30\u0c42\u0c2a\u0c4a\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c21\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c3f \u0c38\u0c2e\u0c2f\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c07\u0c35\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c21\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c3f \u0c09\u0c26\u0c4d\u0c26\u0c47\u0c36\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c2c\u0c21\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f, \u0c07\u0c26\u0c3f \u0c2a\u0c3f\u0c32\u0c4d\u0c32\u0c32\u0c28\u0c41 \u0c2e\u0c3f\u0c28\u0c39\u0c3e\u0c2f\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c17\u0c32\u0c26\u0c41, \u0c15\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c40 \u0c35\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c3f \u0c24\u0c32\u0c4d\u0c32\u0c41\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c15\u0c3e\u0c26\u0c41. \u0c1c\u0c42\u0c28\u0c4d 1987 \u0c15\u0c41 \u0c2e\u0c41\u0c02\u0c26\u0c41 \u0c05\u0c32\u0c3e\u0c02\u0c1f\u0c3f \u0c15\u0c4b\u0c21\u0c4d \u0c2a\u0c3e\u0c38\u0c4d \u0c15\u0c3e\u0c15\u0c2a\u0c4b\u0c24\u0c47 \u0c2a\u0c3f\u0c32\u0c4d\u0c32\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c2c\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c3e\u0c02\u0c21\u0c4d \u0c38\u0c2d\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c15\u0c42\u0c21\u0c3e \u0c2a\u0c4a\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c41. \u0c38\u0c2d\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c35 \u0c1c\u0c3e\u0c2c\u0c3f\u0c24\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c2a\u0c48 \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c24 \u0c28\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c02\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c23\u0c24\u0c4b, \u0c2c\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c3e\u0c02\u0c21\u0c4d\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c39\u0c4b\u0c26\u0c3e \u0c32\u0c47\u0c28\u0c3f \r\n \u0c38\u0c2d\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c41\u0c32\u0c28\u0c41 \u0c15\u0c32\u0c3f\u0c17\u0c3f \u0c09\u0c02\u0c21\u0c35\u0c1a\u0c4d\u0c1a\u0c41. \u0c0f\u0c26\u0c47\u0c2e\u0c48\u0c28\u0c3e, \u0c2b\u0c46\u0c21\u0c30\u0c32\u0c4d \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c2d\u0c41\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c02 \u0c26\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c3e \u0c28\u0c3f\u0c27\u0c41\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c39\u0c4b\u0c26\u0c3e \u0c38\u0c2d\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c41\u0c32\u0c2a\u0c48 \u0c06\u0c27\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c2a\u0c21\u0c3f \u0c09\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c02\u0c26\u0c41\u0c28, \u0c05\u0c28\u0c47\u0c15 \u0c2e\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f \u0c39\u0c4b\u0c26\u0c3e \u0c32\u0c47\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c38\u0c2d\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c41\u0c32\u0c28\u0c41 \u0c15\u0c32\u0c3f\u0c17\u0c3f \u0c09\u0c02\u0c21\u0c1f\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c3f \u0c2c\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c3e\u0c02\u0c21\u0c4d\u0c32\u0c15\u0c41 \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c4b\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c38\u0c3e\u0c39\u0c15\u0c02 \u0c24\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c41\u0c35.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>1985\u0c32\u0c4b <em>\u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c24 \u0c1a\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f<\/em> \u0c3e\u0c28\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c3f \u0c38\u0c35\u0c30\u0c23\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c05\u0c2e\u0c32\u0c41\u0c32\u0c4b \u0c2a\u0c46\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c3f\u0c28\u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c2a\u0c1f\u0c3f \u0c28\u0c41\u0c02\u0c21\u0c3f, \u0c30\u0c3f\u0c1c\u0c3f\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c21\u0c4d \u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c24\u0c40\u0c2f\u0c41\u0c32 \u0c38\u0c02\u0c16\u0c4d\u0c2f \u0c30\u0c46\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c2a\u0c41 \u0c15\u0c02\u0c1f\u0c47 \u0c0e\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c41\u0c35, 1985\u0c32\u0c4b \u0c38\u0c41\u0c2e\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c41 360,000 \u0c28\u0c41\u0c02\u0c21\u0c3f 2007\u0c32\u0c4b 778,000 \u0c15\u0c3f \u0c2a\u0c48\u0c17\u0c3e \u0c2a\u0c46\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c17\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f. \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c23\u0c3e\u0c32 \u0c15\u0c02\u0c1f\u0c47 \u0c0e\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c41\u0c35 \u0c1c\u0c28\u0c28\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c05\u0c32\u0c3e\u0c17\u0c47 \u201c\u0c2a\u0c41\u0c28\u0c03\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c25\u0c3e\u0c2a\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c2c\u0c21\u0c3f\u0c28\u201d \u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c24\u0c40\u0c2f \u0c39\u0c4b\u0c26\u0c3e \u0c26\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c3e \u0c2a\u0c46\u0c30\u0c41\u0c17\u0c41\u0c26\u0c32 \u0c2b\u0c32\u0c3f\u0c24\u0c02\u0c17\u0c3e \u0c09\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f. \r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0c05\u0c2f\u0c3f\u0c24\u0c47, \u0c08 \u0c38\u0c35\u0c30\u0c23 \u0c2e\u0c39\u0c3f\u0c33\u0c32\u0c2a\u0c48 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/prejudice-and-discrimination\">\u0c35\u0c3f\u0c35\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c37<\/a> \u0c28\u0c41 \u0c2a\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c37\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c17\u0c3e, \u0c07\u0c26\u0c3f \u0c15\u0c4a\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c38\u0c2e\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c32\u0c28\u0c41 \u0c15\u0c42\u0c21\u0c3e \u0c38\u0c43\u0c37\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f. \u0c2c\u0c3f\u0c32\u0c4d \u0c38\u0c3f-31 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian\">\u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c24 \u0c30\u0c3f\u0c1c\u0c3f\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c47\u0c37\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c32\u0c4b \u0c30\u0c46\u0c02\u0c21\u0c41 \u0c15\u0c47\u0c1f\u0c17\u0c3f\u0c30\u0c40\u0c32\u0c28\u0c41<\/a> \u0c30\u0c42\u0c2a\u0c4a\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f. \u0c38\u0c46\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c37\u0c28\u0c4d 6 (1) \u0c05\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c2a\u0c3f\u0c32\u0c41\u0c35\u0c2c\u0c21\u0c47 \u0c2e\u0c4a\u0c26\u0c1f\u0c3f\u0c26\u0c3f, \u0c24\u0c32\u0c4d\u0c32\u0c3f\u0c26\u0c02\u0c21\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c41\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c07\u0c26\u0c4d\u0c26\u0c30\u0c42 \u0c30\u0c3f\u0c1c\u0c3f\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c47\u0c37\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c41 \u0c05\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c39\u0c41\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c09\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c2a\u0c41\u0c21\u0c41 \u0c32\u0c47\u0c26\u0c3e \u0c09\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c2a\u0c41\u0c21\u0c41 \u0c35\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c3f\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c41\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f. (\u0c08 \u0c35\u0c3f\u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c17\u0c02 \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c24 \u0c09\u0c2a \u0c35\u0c3f\u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c17\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c41\u0c17\u0c3e \u0c35\u0c3f\u0c1a\u0c4d\u0c1b\u0c3f\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c02 \u0c1a\u0c47\u0c2f\u0c2c\u0c21\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f, \u0c07\u0c26\u0c3f \u0c38\u0c4d\u0c25\u0c3f\u0c24\u0c3f\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c0e\u0c32\u0c3e \u0c26\u0c3e\u0c1f\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c26\u0c28\u0c47 \u0c26\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c06\u0c27\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c02\u0c17\u0c3e \u0c35\u0c3f\u0c2d\u0c1c\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c2c\u0c21\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f.) \u0c38\u0c46\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c37\u0c28\u0c4d 6 (2) \u0c17\u0c3e \u0c2a\u0c3f\u0c32\u0c41\u0c35\u0c2c\u0c21\u0c47 \u0c30\u0c46\u0c02\u0c21\u0c35\u0c26\u0c3f, \u0c12\u0c15 \r\n \u0c2a\u0c47\u0c30\u0c46\u0c02\u0c1f\u0c4d 6 (1) \u0c15\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c26 \u0c28\u0c2e\u0c4b\u0c26\u0c41\u0c15\u0c41 \u0c05\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c39\u0c24 \u0c09\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c2a\u0c41\u0c21\u0c41 \u0c35\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c3f\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c41\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f. \u0c06 \u0c12\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c15 <em>\u0c2a\u0c47<\/em> \u0c30\u0c46\u0c02\u0c1f\u0c4d \u0c38\u0c46\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c37\u0c28\u0c4d 6 (2) \u0c15\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c26 \u0c30\u0c3f\u0c1c\u0c3f\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c30\u0c4d \u0c1a\u0c47\u0c2f\u0c2c\u0c21\u0c3f\u0c24\u0c47 \u0c39\u0c4b\u0c26\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c41 \u0c2c\u0c26\u0c3f\u0c32\u0c40 \u0c1a\u0c47\u0c2f\u0c32\u0c47\u0c2e\u0c41. \u0c38\u0c02\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c37\u0c3f\u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c02\u0c17\u0c3e, \u0c39\u0c4b\u0c26\u0c3e \u0c32\u0c47\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c17\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c3e\u0c2e\u0c41\u0c32\u0c24\u0c4b \u0c30\u0c46\u0c02\u0c21\u0c41 \u0c24\u0c30\u0c3e\u0c32 \u0c05\u0c02\u0c24\u0c30 \u0c35\u0c3f\u0c35\u0c3e\u0c39\u0c02 \u0c24\u0c30\u0c41\u0c35\u0c3e\u0c24, \u0c2a\u0c3f\u0c32\u0c4d\u0c32\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c07\u0c15\u0c2a\u0c48 \u0c39\u0c4b\u0c26\u0c3e\u0c15\u0c41 \u0c05\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c39 \r\n \u0c41\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c09\u0c02\u0c21\u0c47\u0c35\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c41. \u0c26\u0c40\u0c28\u0c3f\u0c28\u0c3f \u201c\u0c38\u0c46\u0c15\u0c02\u0c21\u0c4d-\u0c1c\u0c28\u0c30\u0c47\u0c37\u0c28\u0c4d \u0c15\u0c1f\u0c4d-\u0c06\u0c2b\u0c4d\u201d \u0c28\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c2e\u0c02 \u0c05\u0c02\u0c1f\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c41. \u0c08 \u0c35\u0c3f\u0c27\u0c02\u0c17\u0c3e \u0c2c\u0c3f\u0c32\u0c4d \u0c38\u0c3f-31 \u0c39\u0c4b\u0c26\u0c3e \u0c39\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c41\u0c32\u0c15\u0c41 \u0c05\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c39\u0c41\u0c32\u0c48\u0c28 \u0c35\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c3f \u0c38\u0c02\u0c16\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c2a\u0c48 \u0c2a\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c23\u0c3e\u0c2e\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c1a\u0c4b\u0c1f\u0c41 \u0c1a\u0c47\u0c38\u0c41\u0c15\u0c41\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c3e\u0c2f\u0c3f.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<iframe width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/__Y_hHFvUR8\" title=\"\u0c2f\u0c42\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c42\u0c2c\u0c4d \u0c35\u0c40\u0c21\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c4b \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c32\u0c47\u0c2f\u0c30\u0c4d\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen=\"\">\r\n<\/iframe><br>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u0c2a\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c28 \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c24 \u0c1a\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c02, 1960 \u0c28\u0c41\u0c02\u0c21\u0c3f 2000 \u0c35\u0c30\u0c15\u0c41<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p><em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\/\">\u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c24\u0c40\u0c2f \u0c1a\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f<\/a> \u0c02, 1876,<\/em> \u0c38\u0c3e\u0c02\u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c26\u0c3e\u0c2f \u0c2a\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c28\u0c3e \u0c35\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c35\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c25\u0c32\u0c28\u0c41 \u0c15\u0c42\u0c32\u0c4d\u0c1a\u0c3f \u0c2c\u0c3e\u0c39\u0c4d\u0c2f \u0c28\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c02\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c23\u0c32\u0c28\u0c41 \u0c35\u0c3f\u0c27\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f - \u0c38\u0c4d\u0c25\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c3f\u0c15 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-agents-in-canada\">\u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c24\u0c40\u0c2f \u0c0f\u0c1c\u0c46<\/a> \u0c02\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c32 \u0c30\u0c42\u0c2a\u0c02\u0c32\u0c4b \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c35\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c41\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c38\u0c2e\u0c3e\u0c1c\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c2a\u0c48 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-affairs-and-northern-development-canada\">\u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c24 \u0c35\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c35\u0c39\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c3e\u0c32 \u0c36\u0c3e\u0c16 \u0c2f\u0c4a\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c15<\/a> \u0c38\u0c2e\u0c3e\u0c16\u0c4d\u0c2f \u0c2c\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c42\u0c30\u0c4b\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c38\u0c40. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-self-government\">1960 \u0c32 \u0c1a\u0c3f\u0c35\u0c30\u0c32\u0c4b \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 1970 \r\n \u0c32 \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c02\u0c2d\u0c02 \u0c35\u0c30\u0c15\u0c41 \u0c15\u0c3e\u0c26\u0c41 \u0c0e\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c41\u0c35\u0c17\u0c3e \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c35\u0c35\u0c02\u0c24\u0c2e\u0c48\u0c28 \u0c30\u0c3e\u0c1c\u0c15\u0c40\u0c2f \u0c38\u0c02\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c25\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c24\u0c40\u0c35\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c24\u0c30\u0c02 \u0c1a\u0c47\u0c38\u0c47 \u0c15\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c3e\u0c36\u0c40\u0c32\u0c24 \u0c15\u0c46\u0c28\u0c21\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c41 \u0c38\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c26\u0c47\u0c36\u0c40 \u0c38\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c2a\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2a\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c28 \u0c30\u0c42\u0c2a\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c28\u0c41 \u0c05\u0c02\u0c17\u0c40\u0c15\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c21\u0c02 \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c0e\u0c28\u0c47\u0c2c\u0c41\u0c32\u0c4d \u0c1a\u0c47\u0c38\u0c47 \u0c2e\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c17\u0c02\u0c32\u0c4b \u0c38\u0c46\u0c1f\u0c4d \u0c1a\u0c47\u0c38\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f.<\/a> \r\n\u0c08 \u0c27\u0c4b\u0c30\u0c23\u0c3f 20 \u0c35 \u0c36\u0c24\u0c3e\u0c2c\u0c4d\u0c26\u0c3e\u0c32 \u0c1a\u0c3f\u0c35\u0c30\u0c32\u0c4b \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 21 \u0c35 \u0c36\u0c24\u0c3e\u0c2c\u0c4d\u0c26\u0c3e\u0c32 \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c02\u0c2d\u0c02\u0c32\u0c4b \u0c0a\u0c2a\u0c02\u0c26\u0c41\u0c15\u0c41\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c38\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c26\u0c47\u0c36\u0c40 \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c1c\u0c32\u0c41 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/constitution-act-1982\/\"><em>\u0c30\u0c3e\u0c1c\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c3e\u0c02\u0c17 \u0c1a\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c02, 1982<\/em><\/a> \r\n \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c05\u0c02\u0c24\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c1c\u0c3e\u0c24\u0c40\u0c2f \u0c2a\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c32\u0c4b \u0c38\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c2f\u0c02 \u0c2a\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c28 \u0c35\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c3f \u0c39\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c41\u0c32\u0c28\u0c41 \u0c27\u0c43\u0c35\u0c40\u0c15\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3f\u0c28\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c1a\u0c42\u0c36\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c41.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>1984 \u0c32\u0c4b, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/james-bay-and-northern-quebec-agreement\">\u0c1c\u0c47\u0c2e\u0c4d\u0c38\u0c4d \u0c2c\u0c47 \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c09\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c30 \u0c15\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c42\u0c2c\u0c46\u0c15\u0c4d \u0c12\u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c2a<\/a> \u0c02\u0c26\u0c02, \u0c05\u0c32\u0c3e\u0c17\u0c47 \u0c2a\u0c46\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c30\u0c4d \u0c28\u0c3f\u0c35\u0c47\u0c26\u0c3f\u0c15, <em>\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c40-\u0c28\u0c3e\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c2a\u0c3f (\u0c06\u0c2b\u0c4d \u0c15\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c42\u0c2c\u0c46\u0c15\u0c4d) \u0c1a\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c02 \u0c2b\u0c32\u0c3f\u0c24\u0c02\u0c17\u0c3e, \u0c15\u0c46\u0c28\u0c21\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c4b \u0c38\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c26\u0c47\u0c36\u0c40 \u0c38\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c2f\u0c02-\u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c2d\u0c41\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c02 \u0c1a\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f<\/em> \u0c02 \u0c2f\u0c4a\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c15 \u0c2e\u0c4a\u0c26\u0c1f\u0c3f \u0c2e\u0c41 \r\n \u0c15\u0c4d\u0c15, \u0c07\u0c26\u0c3f <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\">\u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c24\u0c40\u0c2f \u0c1a\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f<\/a><\/em> \u0c3e\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c2d\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c40 \u0c1a\u0c47\u0c38\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c08 \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c3e\u0c02\u0c24\u0c02\u0c32\u0c4b \u0c38\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c26\u0c47\u0c36\u0c40 \u0c38\u0c02\u0c18\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c28\u0c41 \u0c15\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c2a\u0c4a\u0c30\u0c47\u0c1f\u0c4d \u0c38\u0c02\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c25\u0c32\u0c41\u0c17\u0c3e \u0c38\u0c4d\u0c25\u0c3e\u0c2a\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f. \u0c38\u0c2e\u0c3e <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">\u0c16\u0c4d\u0c2f \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c2d\u0c41\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c02 \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">\u0c15\u0c4a\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c2b\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c4d \u0c28\u0c47\u0c37\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c38\u0c4d<\/a> \u0c35\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c35\u0c39\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c28\u0c41 \u0c28\u0c3f\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c39\u0c3f\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c42\u0c28\u0c47 \u0c09\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c2a\u0c1f\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c40 \u0c38\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c2f\u0c02 \u0c2a\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c15 \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c25\u0c2e<\/a> \u0c26\u0c47\u0c36 \r\n \u0c3e\u0c32\u0c41 <em>\u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c24 \u0c1a\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f<\/em> \u0c3e\u0c28\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c3f \u0c32\u0c4b\u0c2c\u0c21\u0c3f \u0c09\u0c02\u0c21\u0c35\u0c41.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0c05\u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c2a\u0c1f\u0c3f \u0c28\u0c41\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3f \u0c1a\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c02\u0c32\u0c4b \u0c2a\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c28\u0c2a\u0c48 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\u0c2c\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c3e\u0c02\u0c21\u0c4d \u0c05\u0c27\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c41<\/a> \u0c2a\u0c46\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c47 \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c24\u0c3f\u0c2a\u0c3e\u0c26\u0c28\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c35\u0c1a\u0c4d\u0c1a\u0c3e\u0c2f\u0c3f. 1996 \u0c32\u0c4b, \u0c2b\u0c46\u0c21\u0c30\u0c32\u0c4d \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c2d\u0c41\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c02 \u0c2c\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c3e\u0c02\u0c21\u0c4d \r\n \u0c2a\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c28 \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">\u0c28\u0c3f<\/a> \u0c32\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c32 \u0c28\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c02\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c23\u0c24\u0c4b \u0c38\u0c39\u0c3e \u0c1a\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c02\u0c32\u0c4b\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c3e\u0c02\u0c24\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c28\u0c41 \u0c38\u0c35\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c21\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c3f \u0c2c\u0c3f\u0c32\u0c4d\u0c32\u0c41 C-79 \u0c28\u0c41 \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c24\u0c3f\u0c2a\u0c3e\u0c26\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f. \u0c2c\u0c3f\u0c32\u0c4d \u0c38\u0c3f-79\u0c28\u0c41 \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c25\u0c2e \u0c26\u0c47\u0c36\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c32\u0c4b \u0c2e\u0c46\u0c1c\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c1f\u0c40 \u0c35\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c24\u0c3f\u0c30\u0c47\u0c15\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c41. \u0c07\u0c24\u0c30 \u0c15\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c23\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c24\u0c4b\u0c2a\u0c3e\u0c1f\u0c41, \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c24\u0c3f\u0c2a\u0c3e\u0c26\u0c3f\u0c24 \u0c2e\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c2a\u0c41\u0c32 \u0c17\u0c41\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3f \u0c2b\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c4d \u0c28\u0c47\u0c37\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c4b \u0c24\u0c17\u0c3f\u0c28 \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/duty-to-consult\">\u0c02\u0c24\u0c17\u0c3e \u0c38\u0c02\u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c26<\/a> \u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c21\u0c02\u0c32\u0c4b \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c2d\u0c41\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c02 \u0c35\u0c3f\u0c2b\u0c32\u0c2e\u0c48\u0c02\u0c26\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c35\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c41 \u0c35\u0c3e\u0c26\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c41. \u0c08 \u0c2c\u0c3f\u0c32\u0c4d\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c12\u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c2a\u0c02\u0c26 \u0c39\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c41\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c38\u0c4d\u0c35 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-treaties\">\u0c2f\u0c02 \u0c2a\u0c3e\u0c32<\/a> \u0c28 \u0c39 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-rights\">\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c41<\/a> \u0c28\u0c41 \u0c2c\u0c46\u0c26\u0c3f\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c41\u0c02\u0c26\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c35\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c41 \u0c2d\u0c2f\u0c2a\u0c21\u0c4d\u0c21\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c41. \u0c07\u0c02\u0c15\u0c3e, \u0c06\u0c26\u0c3f\u0c35\u0c3e\u0c38\u0c40 \u0c2a\u0c40\u0c2a\u0c41\u0c32\u0c4d\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c2a\u0c48 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/royal-commission-on-aboriginal-peoples\">\u0c30\u0c3e\u0c2f\u0c32\u0c4d \u0c15\u0c2e\u0c3f\u0c37\u0c28\u0c4d \u0c38\u0c3f\u0c2b\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c38\u0c41\u0c32\u0c28\u0c41 \u0c35\u0c3f\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3f\u0c28\u0c02\u0c26\u0c41\u0c15\u0c41 \u0c08 \u0c2c\u0c3f\u0c32\u0c4d\u0c32\u0c41\u0c28\u0c41 \u0c35\u0c3f\u0c2e\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c36\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c41.<\/a> \r\n\u0c2c\u0c3f\u0c32\u0c4d \u0c38\u0c3f -79 \u0c1a\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c02\u0c17\u0c3e \u0c2e\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c21\u0c02\u0c32\u0c4b \u0c35\u0c3f\u0c2b\u0c32\u0c2e\u0c48\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>2002 \u0c32\u0c4b, \u0c2b <em>\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c4d \u0c28\u0c47\u0c37\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c38\u0c4d \u0c17\u0c35\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c46\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c38\u0c4d \u0c2f\u0c3e\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c4d \u0c05\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c15\u0c42\u0c21\u0c3e \u0c2a\u0c3f\u0c32\u0c41\u0c35\u0c2c\u0c21\u0c47 \u0c2c\u0c3f\u0c32\u0c4d \u0c38\u0c3f-7, \u0c1a\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f<\/em> \u0c02 \u0c24\u0c2f\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c40, \u0c28\u0c3e\u0c2f\u0c15\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c35 \u0c0e\u0c02\u0c2a\u0c3f\u0c15 \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c35\u0c02\u0c1f\u0c3f \u0c35\u0c3e\u0c1f\u0c3f \u0c2a\u0c30\u0c02\u0c17\u0c3e \u0c2c\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c3e\u0c02\u0c21\u0c4d \u0c15\u0c4c\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c38\u0c3f\u0c32\u0c4d\u0c32\u0c15\u0c41 \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c24 \u0c05\u0c27\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c07\u0c35\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c15\u0c4b\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f. \u0c2b\u0c46\u0c21\u0c30\u0c32\u0c4d \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c2d\u0c41\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c02 \r\n \u0c2c\u0c3f\u0c32\u0c4d\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c17\u0c41\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3f \u0c35\u0c3f\u0c35\u0c3f\u0c27 \u0c2b\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c4d \u0c28\u0c47\u0c37\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c4b \u0c38\u0c02\u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c26\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3f\u0c28\u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c2a\u0c1f\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c40, \u0c1a\u0c3f\u0c35\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c3f \u0c05\u0c26\u0c3f \u0c35\u0c3f\u0c2b\u0c32\u0c2e\u0c48\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f. 2006 \u0c32\u0c4b, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/senate\">\u0c38\u0c46\u0c28\u0c47\u0c1f\u0c30\u0c4d \u0c17\u0c46<\/a> \u0c30\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c40 \u0c38\u0c46\u0c2f\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1f\u0c4d \u0c1c\u0c46\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c2e\u0c48\u0c28\u0c4d \u0c2c\u0c3f\u0c32\u0c4d S-216 \u0c28\u0c41 \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c35\u0c47\u0c36\u0c2a\u0c46\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c3e\u0c21\u0c41 \u201c\u0c15\u0c46\u0c28\u0c21\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c4b \u0c2b\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c4d \u0c28\u0c47\u0c37\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c38\u0c4d \u0c15\u0c4b\u0c38\u0c02 \u0c38\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c2a\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2a\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c28 \u0c39\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c41 \u0c2f\u0c4a\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c15 \u0c17\u0c41\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c2a\u0c41 \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c05\u0c2e\u0c32\u0c41\u0c28\u0c41 \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c4b\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c38\u0c39\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c21\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c3f\r\n.\u201d \u0c38\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c2f\u0c02 \u0c2a\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c28 \u0c15\u0c4b\u0c30\u0c41\u0c15\u0c41\u0c28\u0c47 \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c25\u0c2e \u0c26\u0c47\u0c36\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c15\u0c41 \u0c12\u0c15 \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c24\u0c3f\u0c2a\u0c3e\u0c26\u0c28 \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c30\u0c3e\u0c1c\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c3e\u0c02\u0c17\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c05\u0c2d\u0c3f\u0c35\u0c43\u0c26\u0c4d\u0c27\u0c3f \u0c1a\u0c47\u0c2f\u0c21\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c3f \u0c08 \u0c2c\u0c3f\u0c32\u0c4d\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c05\u0c28\u0c41\u0c2e\u0c24\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3f \u0c09\u0c02\u0c21\u0c47\u0c26\u0c3f. \u0c2c\u0c3f\u0c32\u0c4d \u0c0e\u0c38\u0c4d-216 \u0c38\u0c46\u0c15\u0c02\u0c21\u0c4d \u0c30\u0c40\u0c21\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c17\u0c4d \u0c38\u0c3e\u0c27\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c17\u0c3e, \u0c05\u0c26\u0c3f \u0c15\u0c42\u0c21\u0c3e \u0c1a\u0c3f\u0c35\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c3f \u0c35\u0c3f\u0c2b\u0c32\u0c2e\u0c48\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f. (\u0c2a\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c32 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/parliamentary-procedure\">\u0c2e\u0c46\u0c02\u0c1f\u0c30\u0c40 \u0c35\u0c3f\u0c27\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c02<\/a> <em>\u0c15\u0c42\u0c21\u0c3e \u0c1a\u0c42\u0c21\u0c02\u0c21\u0c3f<\/em>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0c05\u0c2f\u0c3f\u0c24\u0c47 \u0c15\u0c4a\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c2b\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c4d \u0c28\u0c47\u0c37\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c38\u0c4d \u0c2e\u0c3e\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c02 \u0c35\u0c3f\u0c1c\u0c2f\u0c35\u0c02\u0c24\u0c2e\u0c48\u0c28 \u0c38\u0c46\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c4b\u0c30\u0c32\u0c4d \u0c0f\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c2a\u0c3e\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c1a\u0c47\u0c36\u0c3e\u0c2f\u0c3f. \u0c07\u0c35\u0c3f <em>\u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c24\u0c40\u0c2f \u0c1a\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c02 \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c15\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c02 \u0c07\u0c35\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c0e\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c41\u0c35 \u0c2a\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c28\u0c3e \u0c05\u0c27\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c28\u0c41 \u0c05\u0c28\u0c41\u0c2e\u0c24\u0c3f\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c3e\u0c2f\u0c3f<\/em>. \u0c15\u0c4a\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c09\u0c26\u0c3e\u0c39\u0c30\u0c23\u0c32\u0c41: \u0c2b <em>\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c4d \u0c28\u0c47\u0c37\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c38\u0c4d \u0c32\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c3e\u0c02\u0c21\u0c4d \u0c2e\u0c47\u0c28\u0c47\u0c1c\u0c4d\u0c2e\u0c46\u0c02\u0c1f\u0c4d \u0c2f\u0c3e\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c4d<\/em> (1999), \u0c2b <em>\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c4d \u0c28\u0c47\u0c37\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c38\u0c4d \u0c2b\u0c3f\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c32\u0c4d \u0c2e\u0c47\u0c28\u0c47\u0c1c\u0c4d\u0c2e\u0c46\u0c02\u0c1f\u0c4d \u0c2f\u0c3e\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c4d<\/em> (2005), \u0c2b <em>\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c4d \u0c28\u0c47\u0c37\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c38\u0c4d \u0c06\u0c2f\u0c3f\u0c32\u0c4d \u0c05\u0c02\u0c21\u0c4d \u0c17\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c3e\u0c38\u0c4d \u0c05\u0c02\u0c21\u0c4d \u0c2e\u0c4b\u0c28\u0c40\u0c38\u0c4d \u0c2e\u0c47\u0c28\u0c47\u0c1c\u0c4d\u0c2e\u0c46\u0c02\u0c1f\u0c4d \u0c2f\u0c3e\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c4d<\/em> (2005), \u0c2b <em>\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c4d \u0c28\u0c47\u0c37\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c38\u0c4d \u0c15\u0c2e\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c37\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c32\u0c4d \u0c05\u0c02\u0c21\u0c4d \u0c07\u0c02\u0c21\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c32\u0c4d \u0c21\u0c46\u0c35\u0c32\u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c2e\u0c46\u0c02\u0c1f\u0c4d \u0c2f\u0c3e\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c4d<\/em> (2006), \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c2b <em>\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c4d \u0c28\u0c47\u0c37\u0c28\u0c4d \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c3e\u0c2a\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c40 \u0c2f\u0c3e\u0c1c\u0c2e\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c2f \u0c1a\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f<\/em> \u0c02 (2009).<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>2011 \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 2017 \u0c32\u0c32\u0c4b \u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c24 \u0c1a\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c3f \u0c38\u0c35\u0c30\u0c23\u0c32\u0c41<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0c35\u0c3f\u0c35\u0c3f\u0c27 \u0c38\u0c35\u0c30\u0c23\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c09\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c2a\u0c1f\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c40, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">\u0c39\u0c4b\u0c26\u0c3e<\/a> \u0c39\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c41\u0c32\u0c15\u0c41 \u0c38\u0c02\u0c2c\u0c02\u0c27\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3f <em>\u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c24 \u0c1a\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f<\/em> \u0c02 \u0c07\u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c2a\u0c1f\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c40 \u0c2e\u0c39\u0c3f\u0c33\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c35\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c3f \u0c35\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c38\u0c41\u0c32\u0c2a\u0c48 \u0c35\u0c3f\u0c35\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c37 \u0c1a\u0c42\u0c2a\u0c41\u0c24\u0c4b\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f. 2011 \u0c32\u0c4b, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/parliament\">\u0c2a\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c32\u0c2e\u0c46\u0c02\u0c1f\u0c4d \u0c1c\u0c46\u0c02\u0c21\u0c30\u0c4d<\/a> <em>\u0c08\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c3f\u0c1f\u0c40 \r\n \u0c07\u0c28\u0c4d \u0c07\u0c02\u0c21\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c28\u0c4d \u0c30\u0c3f\u0c1c\u0c3f\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c47\u0c37\u0c28\u0c4d \u0c1a\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c06\u0c2e\u0c4b\u0c26\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f<\/em>, \u0c26\u0c40\u0c28\u0c3f\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c2c\u0c3f\u0c32\u0c4d \u0c38\u0c3f-3 \u0c05\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c15\u0c42\u0c21\u0c3e \u0c2a\u0c3f\u0c32\u0c41\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c41. 1985 <em>\u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c24<\/em> \u0c1a\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c02\u0c32\u0c4b\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c38\u0c46\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c37\u0c28\u0c4d 6 \u0c32\u0c4b \u0c32\u0c3f\u0c02 <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mcivor-case\">\u0c17 \u0c35\u0c3f\u0c35\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c37 \u0c17\u0c41\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3f \r\n \u0c09\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28 \u0c2e\u0c46\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c3f\u0c35\u0c30\u0c4d \u0c15\u0c47\u0c38\u0c41<\/a> \u0c2a\u0c48 \u0c38\u0c2e\u0c3e <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">\u0c16\u0c4d\u0c2f \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c2d\u0c41\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c35<\/a> \u0c38\u0c4d\u0c2a\u0c02\u0c26\u0c28 \u0c07\u0c26\u0c3f. 1985\u0c32\u0c4b \u0c39\u0c4b\u0c26\u0c3e \u0c24\u0c3f\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c17\u0c3f \u0c2a\u0c4a\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f\u0c28 \u0c2e\u0c39\u0c3f\u0c33\u0c32 \u0c2e\u0c28\u0c35\u0c33\u0c4d\u0c32\u0c15\u0c41 \u0c2c\u0c3f\u0c32\u0c4d \u0c38\u0c3f-3 6 (2) \u0c39\u0c4b\u0c26\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c41 \u0c2e\u0c02\u0c1c\u0c42\u0c30\u0c41 \u0c1a\u0c47\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c41\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f. \u0c0f\u0c26\u0c47\u0c2e\u0c48\u0c28\u0c3e, \u0c2e\u0c39\u0c3f\u0c33\u0c32 \u0c35\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c38\u0c41\u0c32\u0c15\u0c41, \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c47\u0c15\u0c02\u0c17\u0c3e \u0c2e\u0c41\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c2e\u0c28\u0c35\u0c33\u0c4d\u0c32 \u0c2a\u0c30\u0c02\u0c17\u0c3e, \u0c07\u0c32\u0c3e\u0c02\u0c1f\u0c3f \r\n \u0c2a\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c25\u0c3f\u0c24\u0c41\u0c32\u0c32\u0c4b \u0c2a\u0c41\u0c30\u0c41\u0c37\u0c41\u0c32 \u0c35\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c38\u0c41\u0c32 \u0c35\u0c32\u0c46 \u0c05\u0c26\u0c47 \u0c05\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c39\u0c24\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c32\u0c47\u0c35\u0c41. \u0c05\u0c02\u0c26\u0c41\u0c35\u0c32\u0c4d\u0c32, \u0c2c\u0c3f\u0c32\u0c4d \u0c38\u0c3f-3 \u0c07\u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c2a\u0c1f\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c40 \u0c32\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c17 \u0c35\u0c3f\u0c35\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c37 \u0c15\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c23\u0c02\u0c17\u0c3e \u0c15\u0c4a\u0c02\u0c24\u0c2e\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f \u0c35\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c41\u0c32\u0c15\u0c41 \u0c39\u0c4b\u0c26\u0c3e \u0c39\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c41\u0c32\u0c28\u0c41 \u0c28\u0c3f\u0c30\u0c3e\u0c15\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\"><em>\u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c24 \u0c1a\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f<\/em><\/a> \u0c02\u0c32\u0c4b\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c35\u0c3f\u0c35\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c37 \u0c17\u0c41\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3f \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c4b \u0c15\u0c4b\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c41 \u0c15\u0c47\u0c38\u0c41\u0c15\u0c41 \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c24\u0c3f\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c2a\u0c02\u0c26\u0c28\u0c17\u0c3e \u0c2c\u0c3f\u0c32\u0c4d \u0c0e\u0c38\u0c4d-3 \u0c30\u0c42\u0c2a\u0c4a\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c2c\u0c21\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f, 2015 \u0c21\u0c46\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c1a\u0c46\u0c28\u0c46\u0c2f\u0c3e\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c38\u0c4d \u0c15\u0c47\u0c38\u0c41. \u0c08 \u0c38\u0c02\u0c26\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c2d\u0c02\u0c32\u0c4b \u0c38\u0c2e\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c2f \u0c26\u0c3e\u0c2f\u0c3e\u0c26\u0c41\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c24\u0c4b\u0c2c\u0c41\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c41 \r\n \u0c35\u0c41\u0c32\u0c15\u0c41 \u0c39\u0c4b\u0c26\u0c3e \u0c2a\u0c02\u0c2a\u0c47 \u0c35\u0c3f\u0c27\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c02 \u0c17\u0c41\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3f \u0c09\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f. 2017 \u0c21\u0c3f\u0c38\u0c46\u0c02\u0c2c\u0c30\u0c4d 22\u0c28 \u0c2c\u0c3f\u0c32\u0c4d \u0c0e\u0c38\u0c4d-3\u0c32\u0c4b \u0c12\u0c15 \u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c17\u0c02 \u0c05\u0c2e\u0c32\u0c4d\u0c32\u0c4b\u0c15\u0c3f \u0c35\u0c1a\u0c4d\u0c1a\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f. \u0c07\u0c24\u0c30 \u0c28\u0c3f\u0c2c\u0c02\u0c27\u0c28\u0c32\u0c32\u0c4b, \u0c08 \u0c38\u0c35\u0c30\u0c23 \u0c0e\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c41\u0c35 \u0c2e\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f \u0c24\u0c2e \u0c39\u0c4b\u0c26\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c41 \u0c35\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c3f \u0c35\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c38\u0c41\u0c32\u0c15\u0c41 \u0c26\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3f, 1985 \u0c15\u0c3f \u0c2e\u0c41\u0c02\u0c26\u0c41 \u0c15\u0c4b\u0c32\u0c4d\u0c2a\u0c4b\u0c2f\u0c3f\u0c28 \u0c35\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c3f \u0c39\u0c4b\u0c26\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c41 \u0c24\u0c3f\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c17\u0c3f \u0c2a\u0c4a\u0c02\u0c26\u0c21\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c3f \u0c35\u0c40\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c15\u0c32\u0c4d\u0c2a\u0c3f\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c41\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f. \r\n\u0c09\u0c26\u0c3e\u0c39\u0c30\u0c23\u0c15\u0c41, \u0c07\u0c26\u0c3f \u0c24\u0c46\u0c32\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c2a\u0c3f\u0c24\u0c43\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c02 \u0c09\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28 \u0c35\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c41\u0c32\u0c28\u0c41 \u0c28\u0c2e\u0c4b\u0c26\u0c41 \u0c1a\u0c47\u0c2f\u0c21\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c3f \u0c2e\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c17\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c28\u0c41 \u0c05\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c41\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 1951\u201485 \u0c2e\u0c27\u0c4d\u0c2f \u0c35\u0c3f\u0c35\u0c3e\u0c39\u0c02 \u0c15\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c2e\u0c48\u0c28\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c32\u0c41\u0c17\u0c3e \u0c09\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28 \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c06 \u0c38\u0c2e\u0c2f\u0c02\u0c32\u0c4b \u0c38\u0c4d\u0c25\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c02\u0c32\u0c4b \u0c28\u0c2e\u0c4b\u0c26\u0c41 \u0c28\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c2e\u0c3e\u0c32 \u0c26\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c3e \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c35\u0c3f\u0c24\u0c2e\u0c2f\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c41. \u0c2c\u0c3f\u0c32\u0c4d\u0c32\u0c41\u0c32\u0c4b\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c07\u0c24\u0c30 \u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c17\u0c02 - 1951 \u0c15\u0c41 \u0c2e\u0c41\u0c02\u0c26\u0c41 \u0c39\u0c4b\u0c26\u0c3e \u0c15\u0c4b\u0c32\u0c4d\u0c2a\u0c4b\u0c2f\u0c3f\u0c28 \u0c2e\u0c39\u0c3f\u0c33\u0c32\u0c15\u0c41 \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c35\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c3f \r\n \u0c38\u0c02\u0c24\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c3f \u0c39\u0c4b\u0c26\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c41 \u0c2a\u0c41\u0c28\u0c30\u0c41\u0c26\u0c4d\u0c27\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c21\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c3f \u0c38\u0c02\u0c2c\u0c02\u0c27\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3f\u0c28 (\u201c1951 \u0c15\u0c1f\u0c4d-\u0c06\u0c2b\u0c4d\u201d \u0c05\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c2a\u0c3f\u0c32\u0c41\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c41) - 15 \u0c06\u0c17\u0c37\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c41 2019 \u0c28 \u0c05\u0c2e\u0c32\u0c4d\u0c32\u0c4b\u0c15\u0c3f \u0c24\u0c40\u0c38\u0c41\u0c15\u0c41\u0c35\u0c1a\u0c4d\u0c1a\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f. \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c2d\u0c41\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c02 \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c15\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c02, \u201c<em>\u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c24 \u0c1a\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c02\u0c32\u0c4b \u0c24\u0c46\u0c32\u0c3f\u0c38\u0c3f\u0c28 \u0c38\u0c46\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c38\u0c4d \u0c06\u0c27\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c24 \u0c05\u0c38\u0c2e\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c24\u0c32\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c40 \u0c07\u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c2a\u0c41\u0c21\u0c41 \u0c2a\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c37\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a<\/em> \u0c2c\u0c21\u0c4d\u0c21\u0c3e\u0c2f\u0c3f.\u201d<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c24\u0c3f\u0c2a\u0c3e\u0c26\u0c3f\u0c24 \u0c38\u0c02\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c30\u0c23\u0c32\u0c41<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>2010 \u0c32\u0c4b, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">\u0c2b\u0c46\u0c21\u0c30\u0c32\u0c4d \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c2d\u0c41\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c02<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/residential-schools\">\u0c28\u0c3f\u0c35\u0c3e\u0c38 \u0c2a\u0c3e\u0c20\u0c36\u0c3e\u0c32<\/a> \u0c32\u0c28\u0c41 \u0c38\u0c43\u0c37\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c21\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c3f \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c2a\u0c3f\u0c32\u0c4d\u0c32\u0c32\u0c28\u0c41 \u0c35\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c3f \u0c07\u0c33\u0c4d\u0c32 \u0c28\u0c41\u0c02\u0c21\u0c3f \u0c26\u0c42\u0c30\u0c02\u0c17\u0c3e \u0c24\u0c40\u0c38\u0c41\u0c15\u0c46\u0c33\u0c4d\u0c32\u0c47 \u0c05\u0c27\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c07\u0c1a\u0c4d\u0c1a\u0c47 <em>\u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c24\u0c40\u0c2f \u0c1a\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f<\/em> \u0c02\u0c32\u0c4b\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c17\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c28\u0c41 \r\n \u0c35\u0c26\u0c3f\u0c32\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c41\u0c15\u0c4b\u0c35\u0c21\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c3f <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c26\u0c47\u0c36\u0c40 \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c1c<\/a> \u0c32\u0c24\u0c4b \u0c15\u0c32\u0c3f\u0c38\u0c3f \u0c2a\u0c28\u0c3f\u0c1a\u0c47\u0c2f\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c28\u0c47 \u0c09\u0c26\u0c4d\u0c26\u0c47\u0c36\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c15\u0c1f\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0c2c\u0c3f\u0c32\u0c4d \u0c0e\u0c38\u0c4d-2, \u0c2b\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c3e\u0c2e\u0c3f\u0c32\u0c40 \u0c39\u0c4b <em>\u0c2e\u0c4d\u0c38\u0c4d \u0c06\u0c28\u0c4d \u0c30\u0c3f\u0c1c\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c4d\u0c38\u0c4d \u0c05\u0c02\u0c21\u0c4d \u0c2e\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c3e\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2e\u0c4b\u0c28\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c32\u0c4d \u0c07\u0c02\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c46\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c38\u0c4d \u0c32\u0c47\u0c26\u0c3e \u0c30\u0c48\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c38\u0c4d \u0c2f\u0c3e\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c4d<\/em>, <em>\u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c24<\/em> \u0c1a\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c02\u0c32\u0c4b \u0c36\u0c3e\u0c38\u0c28 \u0c05\u0c02\u0c24\u0c30\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c2a\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c37\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c41\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c1c\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c4d\u0c32\u0c4b \u0c28\u0c3f\u0c35\u0c38\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c47 \u0c35\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c41\u0c32\u0c15\u0c41 \u0c07\u0c24\u0c30 \u0c15\u0c46\u0c28\u0c21\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c32 \u0c2e\u0c3e\u0c26\u0c3f\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c17\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c47<\/a> \u0c35\u0c48\u0c35\u0c3e\u0c39\u0c3f\u0c15 \u0c06\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c3f \u0c38\u0c2e\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c2e\u0c48\u0c28 \u0c39\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c41\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c09\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c3e\u0c2f\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c28\u0c3f\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c27\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c21\u0c02 \u0c26\u0c40\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c32\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c37\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c02. \u0c15\u0c46\u0c28\u0c21\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c28\u0c4d \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c2d\u0c41\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c02 \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c15\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c02, \u0c2c\u0c3f\u0c32\u0c4d S-2 \u0c05\u0c28\u0c47\u0c26\u0c3f \u0c12\u0c15 \u0c38\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c24\u0c02\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c30 \u0c1a\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c02 \u0c2f\u0c4a\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c15 \u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c17\u0c02, <em>\u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c24<\/em> \u0c1a\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c02 \u0c38\u0c02\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c30\u0c23\u0c32\u0c32\u0c4b \u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c17\u0c02 \u0c15\u0c3e\u0c26\u0c41.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u0c1a\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c1a: \u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c24 \u0c1a\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c09\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c3f \u0c32\u0c47\u0c26\u0c3e \u0c28\u0c3f\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c2e\u0c42\u0c32\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c3e?<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0c15\u0c4a\u0c02\u0c24\u0c2e\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f \u0c38\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c26\u0c47\u0c36\u0c40 \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c26\u0c47\u0c36\u0c40\u0c2f\u0c47\u0c24\u0c30 \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c1c\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c08 \u0c1a\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c30\u0c26\u0c4d\u0c26\u0c41 \u0c1a\u0c47\u0c2f\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c2a\u0c3f\u0c32\u0c41\u0c2a\u0c41\u0c28\u0c3f\u0c35\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c17\u0c3e, \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c4a\u0c02\u0c26\u0c30\u0c41 \u0c26\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c24\u0c4a\u0c32\u0c17\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c2a\u0c41 \u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c24 \u0c39\u0c4b\u0c26\u0c3e\u0c2a\u0c48 \u0c09\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c35\u0c3f \u0c35\u0c02\u0c1f\u0c3f \u0c15\u0c4a\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c30\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c37\u0c23\u0c32\u0c28\u0c41 \u0c24\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2e\u0c3f\u0c35\u0c47\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c41\u0c02\u0c26\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c2d\u0c2f\u0c2a\u0c21\u0c41\u0c24\u0c41\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c41. \u0c2a\u0c02\u0c21\u0c3f\u0c24\u0c41\u0c21\u0c41 \u0c21\u0c47\u0c35\u0c3f\u0c21\u0c4d \u0c28\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c42\u0c39\u0c4c\u0c38\u0c4d \u0c35\u0c3f\u0c35\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3f\u0c28\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c32\u0c41\u0c17\u0c3e, \u201c[<em>\u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c24 \u0c1a\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f<\/em> \u0c02] \u0c38\u0c4d\u0c25\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c3f\u0c15 \u0c38\u0c2e\u0c3e\u0c1c \u0c2a\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c28 \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c38\u0c2e\u0c3e\u0c1c \u0c1c\u0c40\u0c35\u0c3f\u0c24\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c3f \u0c28\u0c3f\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c2e\u0c3e \r\n \u0c23\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c05\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c41\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f. \u0c1a\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c12\u0c15\u0c47\u0c38\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c3f \u0c38\u0c02\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c21\u0c02, \u0c32\u0c47\u0c26\u0c3e \u0c26\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c30\u0c26\u0c4d\u0c26\u0c41 \u0c1a\u0c47\u0c2f\u0c21\u0c02 \u0c2b\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c4d \u0c28\u0c47\u0c37\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c41 \u0c0e\u0c02\u0c24\u0c4b \u0c35\u0c3f\u0c18\u0c3e\u0c24\u0c02 \u0c15\u0c32\u0c3f\u0c17\u0c3f\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c41\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f.\u201d<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0c0f\u0c26\u0c47\u0c2e\u0c48\u0c28\u0c3e, \u0c08 \u0c1a\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c35\u0c3f\u0c2e\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c36\u0c15\u0c41\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c26\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c15\u0c42\u0c32\u0c4d\u0c1a\u0c3f\u0c35\u0c47\u0c38\u0c47 \u0c26\u0c3f\u0c36\u0c17\u0c3e \u0c15\u0c43\u0c37\u0c3f \u0c1a\u0c47\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c42\u0c28\u0c47 \u0c09\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c41. \u0c38\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c2f\u0c02 \u0c2a\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c28 \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c38\u0c2f\u0c4b\u0c27\u0c4d\u0c2f \u0c26\u0c3f\u0c36\u0c17\u0c3e \u0c2a\u0c46\u0c30\u0c41\u0c17\u0c41\u0c24\u0c41\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28 \u0c0e\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c41\u0c17\u0c21\u0c24\u0c4b \u0c1a\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c02 \u0c2f\u0c4a\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c15 \u0c05\u0c27\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c2e\u0c38\u0c15\u0c2c\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c41\u0c24\u0c3e\u0c2f\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c32\u0c47\u0c26\u0c3e \u0c05\u0c26\u0c43\u0c36\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c2e\u0c35\u0c41\u0c24\u0c3e\u0c2f\u0c28\u0c3f, \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c2d\u0c41\u0c24\u0c4d <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-self-government\/\">\u0c35<\/a> -\u0c26\u0c47\u0c36\u0c40\u0c2f \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/truth-and-reconciliation-commission\">\u0c38\u0c02\u0c2c\u0c02\u0c27<\/a> \u0c3e\u0c32\u0c32\u0c4b \u0c2e\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c2a\u0c41\u0c15\u0c41 \u0c26\u0c4b\u0c39\u0c26\u0c02 \u0c1a\u0c47\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c3e\u0c2f\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c08 \u0c38\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c26\u0c47\u0c36\u0c40 \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c1c\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c06\u0c36\u0c3f\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c41\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c41. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/assembly-of-first-nations\">\u0c05\u0c38\u0c46\u0c02\u0c2c\u0c4d\u0c32\u0c40 \u0c06\u0c2b\u0c4d \u0c2b\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c4d \u0c28\u0c47\u0c37\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c38\u0c4d<\/a> \u0c1a\u0c40\u0c2b\u0c4d \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/perry-bellegarde\">\u0c2a\u0c46\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c40 \u0c2c\u0c46\u0c32\u0c4d\u0c32\u0c46\u0c17\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c21\u0c47<\/a> 2018 \u0c32\u0c4b \u0c2a\u0c47\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c4a\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c32\u0c41\u0c17\u0c3e, \u201c\u0c2e\u0c28\u0c2e\u0c02\u0c26\u0c30\u0c02 <em>\u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c24 \u0c1a\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f<\/em> \u0c02 \u0c28\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c02\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c23\u0c15\u0c41 \u0c2e\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3f, \u0c2e\u0c4c\u0c32\u0c3f\u0c15 \u0c38\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c3e\u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c35\u0c3f\u0c15 \u0c39\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c41\u0c32\u0c24\u0c4b \u0c38\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c26\u0c47\u0c36\u0c40 \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c1c\u0c32\u0c41\u0c17\u0c3e \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c26\u0c47\u0c36\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c41\u0c17\u0c3e \u0c2e\u0c28\u0c32\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c2e\u0c28\u0c02 \u0c2a\u0c41\u0c28\u0c03\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c25\u0c3e\u0c2a\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c15\u0c4b\u0c30\u0c41\u0c15\u0c41\u0c02\u0c1f\u0c41\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c3e\u0c2e\u0c41.\u201d \r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<iframe sandbox=\"allow-same-origin allow-scripts allow-top-navigation allow-popups\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"100%\" height=\"185\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https:\/\/embed.radiopublic.com\/e?if=the-secret-life-of-canada-Ww0QnZ&amp;ge=s1!7163a1347ab72236394fe46a4fe7d4048bc69b37\">\r\n<\/iframe><br>\r\n\r\n\t<p>\u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c24 \u0c1a\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c02 \u0c0f\u0c2e\u0c3f\u0c1f\u0c3f \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c15\u0c46\u0c28\u0c21\u0c3e \u0c07\u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c2a\u0c1f\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c40 \u0c2a\u0c41\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c15\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c32\u0c4b \u0c0e\u0c02\u0c26\u0c41\u0c15\u0c41 \u0c15\u0c32\u0c3f\u0c17\u0c3f \u0c09\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f? \u0c38\u0c40\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c46\u0c1f\u0c4d \u0c32\u0c48\u0c2b\u0c4d \u0c2c\u0c43\u0c02\u0c26\u0c02 \u0c08 \u0c38\u0c02\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c32\u0c3f\u0c37\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c2e\u0c48\u0c28 \u0c35\u0c3f\u0c27\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c02 \u0c2f\u0c4a\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c15 \u0c2e\u0c42\u0c32\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c28\u0c41 \u0c1a\u0c42\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c41\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f, \u0c07\u0c26\u0c3f 143 \u0c38\u0c02\u0c35\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c38\u0c30\u0c3e\u0c32 \u0c24\u0c30\u0c41\u0c35\u0c3e\u0c24 \u0c07\u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c2a\u0c1f\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c40 \u0c15\u0c46\u0c28\u0c21\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c28\u0c4d \u0c17\u0c41\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c2a\u0c41\u0c32\u0c4b \u0c2a\u0c4a\u0c02\u0c26\u0c41\u0c2a\u0c30\u0c1a\u0c2c\u0c21\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f, \u0c1a\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c3f \u0c26\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c24\u0c40\u0c38\u0c3f\u0c28 \u0c35\u0c3f\u0c27\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c02 \u0c28\u0c41\u0c02\u0c21\u0c3f \u0c28\u0c47\u0c1f\u0c3f\u0c15 \r\n \u0c40 \u0c26\u0c47\u0c36\u0c40\u0c2f \u0c17\u0c41\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c2a\u0c41\u0c32\u0c28\u0c41 \u0c0e\u0c32\u0c3e \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c35\u0c3f\u0c24\u0c02 \u0c1a\u0c47\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c41\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f. <br>\r\n<strong>\u0c17\u0c2e\u0c28\u0c3f\u0c15<\/strong><em>: \u0c26\u0c3f <em>\u0c38\u0c40\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c46\u0c1f\u0c4d \u0c32\u0c48\u0c2b\u0c4d \u0c06\u0c2b\u0c4d \u0c15\u0c46\u0c28\u0c21\u0c3e<\/em> \u0c2b\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c46\u0c28\u0c4d \u0c1c\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c38\u0c28\u0c4d \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c32\u0c47\u0c39\u0c4d \u0c38\u0c3f\u0c2e\u0c4b\u0c28\u0c4d \u0c2c\u0c4b\u0c35\u0c46\u0c28\u0c4d \u0c1a\u0c47\u0c24 \u0c39\u0c4b\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c4d \u0c1a\u0c47\u0c2f\u0c2c\u0c21\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c35\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c3e\u0c2f\u0c2c\u0c21\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c26\u0c3f \u0c15\u0c46\u0c28\u0c21\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c28\u0c4d \u0c0e\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c38\u0c48\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c32\u0c4b\u0c2a\u0c40\u0c21\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c3e \u0c28\u0c41\u0c02\u0c21\u0c3f \u0c38\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c24\u0c02\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c2e\u0c48\u0c28 \u0c38\u0c3f\u0c2c\u0c3f\u0c38\u0c3f \u0c12\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c1c\u0c3f\u0c28\u0c32\u0c4d \u0c2a\u0c4b\u0c21\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c3e\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c4d.<\/em><\/p>\r\n<\/blockquote>\r\n<br>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u0c35\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c38\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c02 \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c3e\u0c2e\u0c41\u0c16\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c24<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0c07\u0c26\u0c3f \u0c38\u0c02\u0c35\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c38\u0c30\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c41\u0c17\u0c3e \u0c05\u0c28\u0c47\u0c15 \u0c38\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c38\u0c35\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c2c\u0c21\u0c3f\u0c28\u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c2a\u0c1f\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c40, <em>\u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c24 \u0c1a\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c02 \u0c2f\u0c4a\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c15 \u0c38\u0c2e\u0c15\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c40\u0c28 \u0c38\u0c02\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c30\u0c23 \u0c07\u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c2a\u0c1f\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c40 \u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c24<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">\u0c39\u0c4b\u0c26\u0c3e<\/a> \u0c28\u0c3f\u0c2c\u0c02\u0c27\u0c28\u0c32\u0c28\u0c41, \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">\u0c28\u0c3f\u0c32\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c32<\/a> \u0c1a\u0c41\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c42 \u0c09\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28 \u0c35\u0c3f\u0c35\u0c3f\u0c27 \u0c28\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c2e\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c41, \u0c2e\u0c48\u0c28\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c32 \u0c06\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c25\u0c3f\u0c15 \u0c38\u0c02\u0c30\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c37\u0c23\u0c28\u0c41 \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c2e\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c38\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c02\u0c17\u0c3e \u0c05\u0c38\u0c2e\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c25\u0c41\u0c32\u0c28\u0c41, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\u0c2c\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c3e\u0c02\u0c21\u0c4d<\/a> \u0c35\u0c28\u0c30\u0c41\u0c32 \u0c28\u0c3f\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c39\u0c23, \r\n \u0c0e\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c12\u0c15 \u0c30\u0c3f\u0c1c\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c4d\u0c2a\u0c48 \u0c1c\u0c40\u0c35\u0c3f\u0c24\u0c02\u0c32\u0c4b\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c07\u0c24\u0c30 \u0c05\u0c02\u0c36\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c28\u0c41 \u0c35\u0c3f\u0c35\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>\u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c24 \u0c1a\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c02<\/em> \u0c26\u0c47\u0c36\u0c40\u0c2f \u0c38\u0c02\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c43\u0c24\u0c41\u0c32\u0c41, \u0c06\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c25\u0c3f\u0c15 \u0c35\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c35\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c25\u0c32\u0c41, \u0c30\u0c3e\u0c1c\u0c15\u0c40\u0c2f\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c38\u0c2e\u0c3e\u0c1c\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c2a\u0c48 \u0c15\u0c4a\u0c28\u0c38\u0c3e\u0c17\u0c41\u0c24\u0c41\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28 \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c26\u0c40\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c18\u0c15\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c3f\u0c15 \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c35\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c28\u0c41 \u0c15\u0c32\u0c3f\u0c17\u0c3f \u0c09\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f. \u0c1a\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c02\u0c32\u0c4b\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c05\u0c23\u0c1a\u0c3f\u0c35\u0c47\u0c24 \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c28\u0c3f\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c2c\u0c02\u0c27 \u0c28\u0c3f\u0c2c\u0c02\u0c27\u0c28\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c26\u0c47\u0c36\u0c40\u0c2f \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c1c\u0c32 \u0c24\u0c30\u0c24\u0c30\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c28\u0c41 \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c24\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c42\u0c32\u0c02\u0c17\u0c3e \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c35\u0c3f\u0c24\u0c02 \u0c1a\u0c47\u0c38\u0c3f\u0c28 \r\n \u0c02\u0c26\u0c41\u0c28 \u0c07\u0c26\u0c3f \u0c05\u0c02\u0c24\u0c30\u0c4d-\u0c24\u0c30\u0c3e\u0c32 \u0c17\u0c3e\u0c2f\u0c02 \u0c15\u0c42\u0c21\u0c3e \u0c15\u0c32\u0c3f\u0c17\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f, \u0c2e\u0c41\u0c16\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c02\u0c17\u0c3e \u0c30\u0c46\u0c38\u0c3f\u0c21\u0c46\u0c28\u0c4d <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/residential-schools\">\u0c37\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c32\u0c4d \u0c2a\u0c3e\u0c20\u0c36\u0c3e\u0c32<\/a> \u0c32\u0c15\u0c41 \u0c38\u0c02\u0c2c\u0c02\u0c27\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3f.<\/p>","slug":"","alt_slug":"","twitter_summary":null,"locale":"te","automated":true,"hidden":0,"views":5,"created_at":"2025-01-07T14:44:04.000000Z","updated_at":"2025-01-07T14:44:04.000000Z"},{"id":"9de61416-f9de-47e3-bc7a-4be6a2b70b42","article_id":"83668","title":"Indian Act","summary":"<p>Ang Batas <em>ng India ay ang<\/em> pangunahing batas na ginagamit ng peder <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">al na pam<\/a> ahalaan upang pangasiwaan <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">ang katay <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">uan ng India<\/a>, mga \r\n lokal na<\/a> pamahalaan ng Unang Bansa at pam <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">amahala ng reser<\/a> bang Binalangkas din nito ang mga \r\n obligasyong pamahalaan sa mga tao ng Unang Bansa <a\r\n\thref=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/inuit\">Ang Batas <em>ng India ay nau<\/em> ugnay sa mga taong may Katayuan ng India; hindi ito direktang tumutukoy sa mga hindi katayuan na mga taong Unang Bansa, ang <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/metis\">M\u00e9tis<\/a> o Inuit. \r\n<\/a> Unang ipinakilala noong 1876, isinasama ng Batas ang isang bilang ng mga batas ng kolonyal na naglalayong alisin ang kultura ng Unang Bansa sa pabor sa assimilasyon sa lipunang Euro-Canadian. Ang isang bagong bersyon ng Batas ay naipasa noong 1951, at mula noon, ay binago nang maraming beses, pinak \r\n a-makabuluhan noong 1985, na may mga pagbabagong pangunahing nakatuon sa pag-alis ng mga diskriminasyong seksyon. Ito ay isang umuunlad, paradoksal na dokumento na nagbibigay-daan sa trauma, paglabag sa karapatang pantao at pagkagambala sa lipunan at kultura para sa mga hener \r\n asyon ng mga katut <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">ubong tao.<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ito ang buong haba na entry tungkol sa <em>Indian Act<\/em>. Para sa isang simpleng buod ng wika, mangyaring ting <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act-plain-language-summary\" target=\"_blank\">nan ang Indian Act (Buod ng Plain Language)<\/a>.<\/p>","body":"<div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/cbcd31d1-03f6-4fba-a45d-96ee89c4617d.jpg\" title=\"Batas sa India\" alt=\"Batas sa India\"><\/div>\r\n\r\n<h3>Kasaysayang Kontekstong: Bago ang Batas sa India, 1763\u20141876<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Ang <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/royal-proclamation-of-1763\/\">Proklamasyon ng Royal noong 1763 ay<\/a> inilatag ang batayan para sa kung paano makikipag-ugnayan ng pangangasiwa ng kolonyal sa mga tao ng <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">Unang<\/a> Bansa sa mga siglo na sumunod. Ginagarantiyahan ng Proklamasyon ang ilang mga kar <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-rights\">apatan<\/a> at proteksyon para sa mga taong Unang Bansa, at itinatag ang proseso kung saan makukuha ng go \r\n byerno ang kanilang mga lupain. Ang karagdagang mga patakaran ay naipasa noong unang kalahati ng ika-19 na siglo na naglalayong isama ang mga tao ng Unang Bansa sa lumalagong populasyon ng mga naninirahan.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ang Batas ng 1850 para sa mas ma <em>husay na proteksyon ng mga Lupain at Ari-arian ng mga Indiano sa Lower Canada<\/em> ay isa sa mga unang piraso ng batas na kinabibilangan ng isang hanay ng mga kinakailangan para sa isang tao na maituturing na isang ligal na <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/indian\/\">Indian<\/a> \u2014 isang prekursor sa konsepto ng \u201ckatay <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">uan<\/a>.\u201d Ang mga kinakailangang ito ay batay sa dugo, at talagang sinasabi na ang mga tao ay \u201cisinasaalang-alang bilang mga Indiano\u201d kung sila ay may \u201c\r\ndugo ng India\u201d at mga miyembro ng isang \u201cKatawan o Tribo ng mga Indiano.\u201d Ang lahat ng mga inapo ng gayong mga tao ay itinuturing na Indian. Gayund \r\n in din ang mga hindi Indiyano na \u201cnag-asawa sa gayong mga Indian,\u201d mga tao na ang mga magulang (isa o pareho) ay itinuturing na mga Indiano, at \u201clahat ng tao na pinagtibay noong pagkabata ng sinumang gayong mga Indian.\u201d<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ang mga Gawain na karaniwang kilala bilang <em>Gradual Civilization Act<\/em> ng 1857 at ang Gradual <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/gradual-civilization-act\/\">Enfranchisement Act<\/a><\/em> ng 1869 ay pangunahing naglalayong alisin ang anumang \r\n espesyal na pagkakaiba o karapatan ng mga tao ng Unang Bansa upang maisama ang mga ito sa mas malaking populasyon ng mga naninirahan. Ito ay unang nilalayon na maisagawa sa pamamagitan ng Gradual <em>Civilization Act<\/em> sa pamamagitan ng boluntaryong \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\/\">enfranchisement<\/a> (ibig sabihin, ang isang tao ng Unang Bansa ay ibibigay ang kanilang katayuan kapalit ng lupa at karapatang bumoto), ngunit isang tao lamang ang kusang-loob na nagkaroon ng franchise. Bilang \r\n resulta, sinimulan ng pamahalaan nang isang panig na mag-franchise ng mga tao ng First Nations.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ang isang bilang ng mga kat <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">utub<\/a> ong grupo ay <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-treaties\/\">gum<\/a> awa ng mga kasunduan - partikular na ang un <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/numbered-treaties\">ang limang<\/a> Bilangang Kasunduan - sa mga pamahalaan ng Canada bago ang pagpasa ng 1876 <em>ng Indian Act<\/em>. Maaaring isaalang-alang ng mga grupong iyon ang kanilang ligal na pagkak <em>akilanlan bilang mga taong Unang Bansa na dumadaloy sa mga kasunduan na iyon, sa halip<\/em> na sa pamamagitan<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Dumating sa Kapangyarihan ang Batas ng India, 1876<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Noong 1867, itinalaga ng Batas sa <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/constitution-act-1867\/\"><em>Konstitusyon<\/em><\/a> ang hurisdiksyon sa pambatasan sa <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/parliament\">Parli<\/a> ament sa \u201cMga Indiano, \r\n at Lands na nakalaan para sa mga Indiano.\u201d <em>Pagkalipas ng halos 10 taon, noong 1876, ang Grad <em>ual Civilization Act<\/em> at ang Grad <em>ual Enfranchisement Act ay nag<\/em> ing bahagi ng Indian Act.<\/em> Sa pamamagitan ng <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-affairs-and-northern-development-canada\">Department of Indian Aff<\/a> airs at mga ah <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-agents-in-canada\">ente ng India nito, binigyan ng Indian<\/a> <em>Act<\/em> ang gobyerno ng malawak na kapangyarihan tungkol sa pagkakakilanlan ng Un <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">ang Bansa, ist<\/a> rukturang pampulitika, pamamahala, kasanayan sa kultura at <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-education\">eduk<\/a> asyon. Pinaghigpitan ng mga kapangyarihang ito ang mga kalayaan ng mga katut <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-rights\">ubong tao at<\/a> pinapayagan ang mga opisyal na matukoy ang mga karapatan at benepisyo ng<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Sinangka ng <em>Indian Act na pang<\/em> kalahatan ang isang malawak at iba&#39;t ibang populasyon ng mga tao at isama ang mga ito sa di-katutubong lipunan. Pinagbawalan nito ang mga tao at pamayanan ng Unang Bansa na ipahayag ang kanilang pagkakakilanlan sa pamamagitan ng pamamahala at kultura. Pinalitan \r\n ng Batas ang mga tradisyunal na istraktura ng pamam <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">ahala<\/a> sa halalan ng konse Ang mga nam <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/chief\">amana<\/a> na pinuno \u2014 mga pin \r\n uno na nakakakuha ng kapangyarihan sa pamamagitan ng pagbaba sa halip na halalan \u2014 ay hindi kinik <em>ilala ng Indian Act<\/em>. Hanggang 1951, ang mga kababaihan ay hindi rin kasama sa politika ng konseho ng banda. (<em>Tingnan din<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/women-and-the-indian-act\">ang Babae at ang Indian Act<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ginawang ilegal din ng Batas para sa mga taong Unang Bansa na magsagawa ng mga seremonyang <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/religion-of-aboriginal-people\">relihiyon<\/a> at iba&#39;t ibang mga pagtitipon sa kultura Noong 1884, ipinagbawal ang <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/potlatch\/\">potlatch<\/a>, at noong 1895, ang \u201canumang pagdiriwang ng <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-term\">India<\/a>, sayaw o iba pang seremonya,\u201d na kasama ang mga <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/powwows-editorial\">powwows<\/a> at ang sayaw ng <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sun-dance\">araw<\/a>, ay ipinagbawal din. Isa pang amendang noong 1914 ay ipinagbawal ang pagsayaw off- <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">reserve<\/a>, at noong 1925, \r\n ang pagsayaw ay ganap na ipinagbawal.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Noong 1927, ginawang ilegal ng Batas para sa mga tao at pamayanan ng Unang Bansa na humingi ng pondo para sa paghahanap ng isang pag-aangkin <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/land-claims\/\">sa lupa.<\/a> Ang mga kasunod na pagbabago ay nangangailangan ng \r\n mga bata ng Unang Bansa na <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/residential-schools\/\">dumalo sa mga pa<\/a> aralan sa industriya o tirahan (1894 at 1920 Ang madilim na pamana ng mga paaralan ng tirahan sa Canada ay nakaapekto sa mga katutubong komunidad sa buong bansa at \r\n interhenerasyonal. \r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Sa paglipas ng ika-20 siglo, ang <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/pass-system-in-canada\">sistema ng pass<\/a> (na naghihigpit sa paggalaw ng mga tao ng Unang Bansa mula sa mga reserba) ay ipinataw nang walang anumang ligal na pahintulot. Ang mga pag \r\n hihigpit na patakarang ito ay may pangmatagalang epekto sa mga henerasyon ng mga katutubong tao, dahil ang mga paghihigpit sa kadaliang kumilos ay nagdulot ng pinsala<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Tinukoy din <em>ng Indian Act<\/em> kung sino ang itinuturing na isang Indian sa ilalim ng batas. Sinabi nito na ang isang Indian ay \u201csinumang lalaking tao na may dugo ng India na kilalang kabilang sa isang partikular na <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">banda<\/a>.\u201d \r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">Nalalapat din ang katayuan ng India<\/a> sa \u201csinumang anak ng naturang tao\u201d at sa \u201csinumang babae na o ligal na kasal sa naturang tao.\u201d Ang isang tao ay nawalan ng katayuan kung nagtapos sila sa uni \r\n bersidad, nagpakasal sa isang taong hindi katayuan (kung sila ay isang babae) o, mula 1876 hanggang 1880, naging isang <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/christianity\">Kristi<\/a> yanong ministro, doktor o abogado. Ito ay kilala bilang <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\">enfranchisement<\/a>. \r\nAng seksyon 112 ng <em>Indian Act<\/em> - na kilala bilang seksyon ng \u201csapilitang enfranchisement\u201d - ay hindi inalis hanggang 1961. Ang pangangasiwa ng katayuan ay isang tool ng asimilasyon at pagkawasak ng kultura.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Isang Binagong Batas sa India noong 1951<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Ang panahon kaagad na kasunod ng Ikalawang Digma <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/second-world-war-wwii\/\">ang Pandaigdig ay nagsasangkot ng maraming pananal \r\n iksik sa lipunan sa Canada, at humant<\/a> ong sa muling pagsasaalang-alang sa ilan sa mga mas mahigpit at mapagpipilian na hakbang na ipinataw ng Indian Act.<\/em> Ang isang serye ng mga iminungkahing reporma ay tinanggihan o tinungkul <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">an<\/a> ng mga taong Unang Bansa dahil hindi sila kasangkot sa \r\n proseso. Bilang resulta, nasira ng gobyerno ng Canada ang tradisyon at sa pamamagitan ng proseso ng Joint Committee, kumunsulta sa mga komunidad ng First Nations sa kauna-unahang pagkakataon tungkol sa mga pagbabago sa <em>Indian Act<\/em>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ang isang bago at binagong <em>Batas ng India<\/em> ay binigyan ng pagsunod sa hari noong 20 Hunyo 1951. Tinanggal ng nagresultang pag-aayos ang ilan sa mga pinaka-nakakaapensiyang paghihigpit sa politika, kultura at relihiyon Halimbawa, tinanggal ang mga pagbabawal sa mga seremonya tulad ng <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/potlatch\">potlatch<\/a> at \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sun-dance\">sun dance<\/a>. Nagawa rin ng mga komunidad na magdulot ng mga pag- <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/land-claims\/\">aangkin sa lupa<\/a> laban sa gobyerno. \r\nPara sa mga kababaihan ng Unang Bansa, ang Batas ng 1951 ay nangangahulugan na maaari silang bumoto sa halalan <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">ng konseho ng banda<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/elsie-knott\">Si Elsie Marie Knott ang un<\/a> ang nahalal na babaeng punong First Nations <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/chief\">sa Canada<\/a>. (<em>Tingnan din ang mga<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-women-and-the-franchise\">Katutubong Babae at ang Franch<\/a> ise.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Gayunpaman, hindi tinanggal ng mga pagbabago ang Batas ng diskriminasyon. Halimbawa, ipinagbabawal ng <em>Batas ng India ang<\/em> mga tao <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">sa kat<\/a> ayuan mula sa pagmamay-ari ng mga nakalasing o pagkalasing. \r\nAng mga pagbabago sa 1951 ay nagbigay din ng hurisdiksyon sa mga lalawigan sa kapakanan <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/child-welfare\">ng mga katutub<\/a> ong bata (Seksyon 88) kung saan wala nang umiiral sa pederal Sa kalaunan ay pinapayagan nitong mangyari ang \u201cS <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sixties-scoop\">ixties Scoop<\/a>\u201d\r\n, isang proseso kung saan pinili ng mga ahensya ng kapakanan ng bata ng lalawigan na alisin ang mga bata mula sa kanilang mga tahanan sa halip na magbigay ng mga mapagkukunan at suporta sa Ang Sixties Scoop ay nagkaroon ng malaki at pangmatagalang epekto sa mga katutubong komunidad.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Bukod dito, hindi binabagsak ng bagong Batas ang diskriminasyong likas na katangian ng Katay <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian\">uan ng India<\/a>. Pinalitan ng Batas ang konsepto ng \u201cdugo ng India\u201d sa isa ng katayuan sa pamamagitan ng pagpaparehistro. Sa mad \r\n aling salita, ang pagkakaroon lamang ng pamana ng First Nations ay hindi sapat upang kwalipikado para sa katayuan. Gayunpaman, ang mga kalalakihan ng mga linya ng pagsilang ay pribilehiyo pa rin; ang mga kababaihan na may katayuan ay nawalan ng kanilang mga karapatan kung ikinasal sila (<em>Tingnan din<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/women-and-the-indian-act\">ang Babae at ang Indian Act<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ang mga probisyon tungkol sa katayuan ng isang babae ay partikular na matinding matindi. Ang mga karapatan sa katayuan ng isang babae ay ganap na dumaloy sa pamamagitan ng kanyang asawa. Ang isang hindi katayuan na babae na nagpakasal sa isang lalaking may katayuan ay makakakuha ng katayuan mismo. Ang isang katayuan na babaeng nagpakasal sa isang katayuan na lalaki ay nakatali sa kanyang miyembro ng \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">banda<\/a> kaya hindi na siya miyembro ng kanyang sariling banda, at ganap na nawala ang kanyang katayuan kung siya ay babuda o inabandona ng kanyang asawa.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ipinakilala din ng 1951 <em>Indian Act<\/em> ang panuntunan na \u201cDobleng Ina\u201d, na binabawi ang katayuan ng isang bata sa ika-21 kaarawan nito kung parehong hindi kwalipikado ang kanilang ina at lola para sa katayuan. Sinabi ng <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/royal-commission-on-aboriginal-peoples\">Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples<\/a> noong 1996 na ang mga pagbabago na nakapaloob sa pagbabago ng 1951 kundi ibalik ang <em>Indian Act<\/em> sa estado ng 1876 nito, habang ang mga karagdagang paghihigpit sa paglipat ng katayuan ay nakakapinsala sa mga kababaihan ng First Nations at kanilang mga anak.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Hinihiling ng Pagbabago sa Batas ng India, 1960 at 1970<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Hindi binago <em>ng 1951 Indian Act<\/em> ang proseso ng <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\">enfranchisement<\/a> para sa mga katutubong tao, at <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">hindi<\/a> rin pin \r\n apayagan ang karapatang bumoto<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/franchise\">.<\/a> Gayunpaman, noong unang bahagi ng 1958, sinimulan ng goby <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/john-diefenbaker\">erno ng Punong Ministro John Diefenbaker<\/a> ang pag \r\n sasaayos ng <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/canadian-bill-of-rights\/\">Canadian Bill of Rights<\/a>. Sa pagbibigay-diin ng Bill of Rights sa pantay na karapatan para sa lahat ng mga taga-Canada, halos hindi maaaring tanggihan ng mga katutubong tao ang \r\n karapatang bumoto. Noong 31 Marso 1960, ang mga bahagi ng Seksyon 14 (2) ng <em>Canada Elections Act<\/em> ay binabawi upang bigyan ang pederal na boto sa <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">Status Indians<\/a>. \r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">Maaari na ngay<\/a> ong bumoto ang mga tao ng First Nations nang hindi nawawala ang kanilang katayuan. Noong sumunod na taon, tinanggal ang sapilitang klauzula ng enfranchisement sa <em>Indian Act<\/em>. (<em>Tingnan din ang Kat<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-suffrage\">utubong Suffrage sa Canada<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Noong 1969, inilabas ng gobyerno ng Punong Ministro na si <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/pierre-elliott-trudeau\/\">Pierre Elliott Trudeau<\/a> ang <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/the-white-paper-1969\/\">White Paper<\/a> nito, na nagpahayag ng hang \r\n arin nitong ganap na alisin ang katayuan ng India at ang <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-affairs-and-northern-development-canada\">Department of<\/a> Indian Affairs. Ang White Paper ay natugunan ng galit \r\n mula sa mga taong Unang Bansa at agad na tinutulan ng \u201cRed Paper,\u201d na nilikha at ipinakita ni <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/harold-cardinal\/\">Harold Cardinal<\/a>, noon pangulo ng Indian Association of Alberta. \r\nDahil sa matinding at patuloy na oposisyon ng mga katutubong grupo at kanilang mga tagasuporta, mabilis na binawi ng gobyerno ng Canada ang White Paper.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Maraming mga katutubong kababaihan sa panahong ito ang nakikipaglaban upang baguhin ang mga diskriminasyong sek <em>syon ng Indian Act<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mary-two-axe-earley\">Si Mary Two-Axe Earley ay isa sa mga<\/a> unang aktibista. \r\nBilang karagdagan sa iba pang gawain, inilabas niya ang isang serye ng mga kampanya sa pagsasalita at pagsulat upang itaas ang profile ng mga pang-aabuso ng mga kababaihan na tinanggihan ang katayuan, kasunduan at mga karapatan sa pag-aari sa ilalim ng Batas. Si Yvonne <a name=\"_Hlk39573469\">B\u00e9dard at \r\n<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/jeannette-vivian-lavell\">Jeannette Corbiere Lavell<\/a>, na parehong nawala ang kanilang katayuan dahil sa isang kasal, ay nagdala ng mga kaso sa korte laban sa pamahalaan ng Canada. Noong 1973, ang kanilang mga kaso ay \r\n nagsama sa <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/supreme-court-of-canada\/\">Korte Suprema ng Canada<\/a>. Noong taong iyon, malawakang pinuna ang korte dahil sa pagpapasya na ang bahagi ng Batas na nag-uugnay sa katayuan ng isang babae sa kanyang asawa ay hindi nag-diskriminasyon sa mga kababaihan, kahit na pinanati \r\n li ng katayuan ng kalalakihan ang kanilang katayuan kung \u201cnag-asawa sila.\u201d (<em>Tingnan din ang \r\n<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/bedard-case\">B\u00e9dard Case at<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/lavell-case\">Lavell<\/a> Case.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Noong 1981, nagpasya ng United Nations Human Rights Commission na nilabag ng Canada ang Artikulo 27 ng <em>International Covent on Civil and Political Rights<\/em> sa kaso ni <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sandra-lovelace-nicholas\">Sandra Lovelace Nicholas<\/a> \u2014 \r\n isang babaeng \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/maliseet\">Wolastoqiyik<\/a> na nawala ang kanyang katayuan sa pamamagitan ng pag-aasawa. Pinigilan ng gobyerno si Sandra na bumalik sa kanyang tahanan na komunidad dahil, ayon sa <em>Indian Act<\/em>, nag-asawa \r\n siya at hindi na itinuturing na miyembro ng <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">banda<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Panukalang Batas C-31:1985 Mga Pagbabago sa Batas ng India<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Noong 1985, na tumugon sa lumalagong pambansa at internasyonal na pag-aalala tungkol sa kakulangan ng pagkakapantay-pantay sa <em>Indian Act<\/em>, ipinasa ng gobyerno <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/bill-c-31\">ang Bill C-31<\/a>. Ganap na inalis ng panukalang batas ang lahat ng nati \r\n tirang mga <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\">klausula ng enfranchisement<\/a>. Bukod pa rito, ang mga nawalan ng kat <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">ayuan<\/a> sa pamamagitan ng kas \r\n al ay ibalik bilang Status Indians at bilang mga miyembro ng <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">banda<\/a>. Nakakuha ng katayuan ang kanilang mga anak, ngunit hindi makakakuha ng miyembro ng banda sa loob ng dalawang taon. Ang agwat na ito ay inilaan upang bigyan ng oras ang mga banda upang \r\n lumikha ng kanilang sariling mga code ng miyembro, na maaaring ibukod ang mga bata, ngunit hindi ang kanilang mga ina. Kung hindi naipasa ang gayong code bago ang Hunyo 1987, nakakuha din ang mga bata ng miyembro ng banda. Sa higit na kontrol sa mga listahan ng miyembro, maaaring magkaroon ng mga banda na hindi katayuan na miyembr \r\n o. Gayunpaman, dahil ang pagpopondo sa pamamagitan ng pamahalaang pederal ay batay sa mga miyembro ng katayuan, mayroong kaunting insentibo para sa mga banda na magkaroon ng maraming mga miyembro<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Mula nang ilagay ang mga pagbabago sa <em>Indian Act<\/em> noong 1985, ang bilang ng mga rehistradong Indiano ay higit sa dobleng, mula humigit-kumulang 360,000 noong 1985 hanggang higit sa 778,000 noong 2007. Ang pagtaas ay resulta ng mas maraming kapanganakan sa mga pagkamatay pati na \r\n rin sa pamamagitan ng \u201cmuling itinatag\u201d na katayuan ng India.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Gayunpaman, habang tinutukoy ng pagbab <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/prejudice-and-discrimination\">ago ang diskrimin<\/a> asyon laban sa kababaihan, lumikha din ito ng ilang mga problema Lumikha ni Bill C-31 ang dalawang kategorya ng pagpaparehist <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian\">ro ng India<\/a>. Ang una, na kilala bilang seksyon 6 (1), ay nalalapat kapag ang parehong mga magulang ay o may karapatan sa pagpaparehistro. (Ang seksyong ito ay higit pa binahati sa mga sub-seksyon na naiiba batay sa kung paano ipinapasa ang katayuan.) Ang pangalawa, na kilala bilang seksyon 6 (2), ay nalal \r\n apat kapag ang isang magulang ay may karapatan sa pagpaparehistro sa ilalim ng 6 (1). <em>Hindi maaaring ilipat<\/em> ang katayuan kung ang isang magulang na iyon ay nakarehistro sa ilalim ng seksyon 6 (2). Sa madaling sabi, pagkatapos ng dalawang henerasyon ng pakikipag-aasawa sa mga hindi katayuan na kasosyo, hindi na karapat-dapat ang mga bata \r\n para sa katayuan. Ito ay kilala bilang panuntunang \u201cSecond-Generation Cut-Off\u201d. Sa ganitong paraan, ang Bill C-31 ay nagkaroon ng mga kahihinatnan sa bilang ng mga taong may karapatan sa katayuan.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<iframe width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/__Y_hHFvUR8\" title=\"Video player sa YouTube\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen=\"\">\r\n<\/iframe><br>\r\n\r\n<h3>Pamamahala at ang Batas sa India, 1960 hanggang 2000<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Ang <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\/\">Indian Act<\/a>, 1876,<\/em> ay binanggal ang mga tradisyonal na sistema ng pamamahala at ipinataw ang mga panlabas na kontrol \u2014 sa anyo ng mga lokal na ahente ng <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-agents-in-canada\">India at ng pederal na burokrasya ng Kag<\/a> awaran ng G <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-affairs-and-northern-development-canada\">awarin ng India sa mga indi<\/a> bidwal at pamayanan. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-self-government\">Hindi hanggang sa huling bahagi ng 1960 at unang bahagi ng 1970 \r\n ay naging lalong epektibong mga organisasyong pampulitika at pinalakas na aktibismo ay itinakda ang Canada sa landas patungo sa pagkilala at pagpapagana ng mga anyo ng katutubong pam<\/a> \r\nAng kalakaran na ito ay nakakuha ng momentum noong huling bahagi ng ika-20 at unang bahagi ng ika-21 siglo, at nakita ng mga kat <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/constitution-act-1982\/\"><em>utubong tao ang kanilang mga karapatan sa sarili na pinatunayan sa Constitution Act, 1982,<\/em><\/a> \r\n at sa mga pang-internasyonal na dokumento.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Noong 1984, ang Kasun <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/james-bay-and-northern-quebec-agreement\">duan ng James Bay at Northern Quebec<\/a>, pati na rin ang Ulat ng Penner, ay nagresulta sa Batas ng <em>Cree-Naskapi (ng Quebec), ang unang pir \r\n aso ng<\/em> batas ng katutubong pamamahalaan sa Canada, na pinalitan ang <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\">Indian Act<\/a><\/em> at nagtatag ng mga katutubong komunidad sa rehiyon bilang mga entidad ng korporasyon. Ang mga Un \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">ang Bansa sa Sarili<\/a> ay hindi napapailalim sa Batas ng <em>India, bagaman pat<\/em> uloy na namamahala ng pamah <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">alaan<\/a> ng p \r\n ederal ang ilang mga gawain ng Unang Bansa.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Mula noon, may mga panukala upang madagdagan ang mga kap <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">angyarihan ng banda<\/a> sa pamamahala sa Batas. Noong 1996, iminungkahi ng pamahalaang pederal ang Bill C-79 upang baguhin ang mga lugar ng Batas kabilang ang pamamahala \r\n ng banda at ang regulasyon ng mga <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">reser<\/a> ba. Ang karamihan ng mga Unang Bansa ay sumasalungat sa Bill C-79. Kabilang sa iba pang mga kadahilanan, nagtalo nila na nabigo ang gobyerno na s \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/duty-to-consult\">apat na kumunsul<\/a> ta sa Unang Bansa tungkol sa mga iminungkah Natatakot sila na babanta ang panukalang batas <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-treaties\">ang mga<\/a> karapatan sa kasunduan at <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-rights\">sa<\/a> karapatang sarili. Bukod dito, ang panukalang batas ay pinuna dahil sa pagpapansin sa mga rekomendasyon <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/royal-commission-on-aboriginal-peoples\">ng Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples<\/a>. \r\nAng Bill C-79 ay nabigo na maging batas.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Noong 2002, ang Bill C-7, na kilala rin bilang <em>First Nations Governance Act,<\/em> ay naghangad na bigyan ng mas maraming kapangyarihan ang mga konseho ng banda sa mga tuntunin ng paggawa ng batas, pagpili ng pamumuno at iba pa. Bagaman kumunsulta ang pamahalaan ng pederal sa iba&#39;t ibang Mga Unang Bansa \r\n tungkol sa panukalang batas, sa huli ay Noong 2006, ipinakilala ni <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/senate\">Senador<\/a> Gerry St. Germain ang Bill S-216 \u201cupang itaguyod ang pagkilala at pagpapatupad ng karapatan sa sarili para sa Unang Bansa \r\n sa Canada.\u201d Pinapayagan ng panukalang batas para sa mga Unang Bansa na nagnanais na magkaroon ng sarili na bumuo ng panukala at konstitusyon. Habang nakamit ni Bill S-216 ang Pangalawang Pagbabasa, nabigo din ito sa huli. (<em>Tingnan din ang Pam<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/parliamentary-procedure\">amaraan ng Parly<\/a> amento.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Gayunpaman, ang ilang Unang Bansa ay gumawa ng matagumpay na pag-aayos sa sektor Pinapayagan nito ang higit na kapangyarihan sa pamamahala na hindi ibini <em>gay sa ilalim ng Indian<\/em> Kabilang sa ilang mga halimbawa ang: <em>First Nations Land Management Act<\/em> (1999), <em>First Nations Fiscal Management Act<\/em> (2005), <em>First Nations Oil and Gas and Moneys Management Act<\/em> (2005), <em>First Nations Commercial and Industrial Development Act<\/em> (2006), at <em>First Nation Property Ownership Act<\/em> (2009).<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Mga pagbabago sa Batas ng India noong 2011 at 2017<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Sa kabila ng iba&#39;t ibang mga pagbab <em>ago, ang Indian Act<\/em> ay nag-diskriminasyon pa rin sa mga kababaihan at kanilang mga inapo, tungkol sa mga karapatan sa kat <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">ay<\/a> uan. Noong 2011, ip <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/parliament\">inasa<\/a> ng Par \r\n <em>lyamento ang Gender Equity in Indian Registration Act<\/em>, na kilala rin bilang Bill C-3. Ito ang tu <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">gon ng pam<\/a> ahalaan ng pederal sa <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mcivor-case\">kaso ng McIvor<\/a>\r\n, na tungkol sa diskriminasyon sa kasarian sa seksyon 6 ng 1985 <em>Indian<\/em> Act. Nagbibigay ang Bill C-3 ng 6 (2) katayuan sa mga apo ng mga kababaihan na nabawi ang katayuan noong 1985. Gayunpaman, ang mga inapo ng mga kababaihan, partikular sa mga tuntunin ng mga \r\n apo, ay walang parehong mga karapatan tulad ng mga inapo ng mga kalalakihan sa mga katulad na pangyayari. Samakatuwid, tinanggihan pa rin ni Bill C-3 ang mga karapatan sa katayuan sa ilang indibidwal dahil sa diskriminasyon sa kasarian<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ang Bill S-3 ay nilikha bilang tugon sa isa pang kaso ng korte tungkol sa diskriminasyon sa <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\"><em>Indian Act, ang kas<\/em><\/a> o ng 2015 Descheneaux. Ang isyu sa kasong ito ay tungkol sa kung paano ipinasa ang kat \r\n ayuan sa mga pinsan at kapatid. Ang isang bahagi ng Bill S-3 ay nagbisa noong 22 Disyembre 2017. Kabilang sa iba pang mga probisyon, nagbibigay-daan ng amendong mas maraming tao na ipasa ang kanilang katayuan sa kanilang mga inapo at ibalik ang katayuan sa mga nawala nito bago pa 1985. \r\nHalimbawa, nagbibigay ito ng mga paraan upang magparehistro ng mga taong may hindi kilalang paternity at na walang kasal na menor de edad sa pagitan ng 1951\u201485 at apektado ng mga patakaran sa pagpaparehistro na nasa oras na iyon. Ang iba pang bahagi ng panukalang batas - na may kaugnayan sa pagpapanumbalik ng katayuan sa mga kababaihan at kanilang mga su \r\n pling na nawalan ng katayuan bago ang 1951 (kilala bilang \u201c1951 Cut-off\u201d) - ay dinala sa kapangyarihan noong 15 Agosto 2019. Ayon sa gobyerno, \u201cAng lahat ng kilalang hindi pagkakapantay-pantay na nakabatay sa kasarian sa <em>Indian Act ay natutug<\/em> unan na ngayon.\u201d<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Mga iminungkahing reporma<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">Noong 2010, inihayag ng pamah <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">alaan<\/a> ng pederal ang layunin nitong makipagtulungan sa mga katutubong tao upang \r\n mapupuksa ang mga bahagi ng <em>Indian Act<\/em> na nagbibigay ng awtoridad na lumikha ng mga pa <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/residential-schools\">aralan ng<\/a> tirahan at alisin ang mga bata mula sa kanilang mga tahanan.<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ang Bill S-2, ang <em>Family Homes on Reserves and Matrimonial Interests o Rights Act<\/em>, ay tumutugon sa isang puwang sa pambatasan sa <em>Indian<\/em> Act. Nilalayon nitong matiyak na ang mga taong naninirahan sa <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">reserba ay<\/a> may katulad na karapatan sa pag-aari ng pag-aasawa tulad ng ibang mga Canadian Ayon sa pamahalaan ng Canada, ang Bill S-2 ay isang stand-alone na piraso ng batas, hindi bahagi ng reporma ng <em>Indian<\/em> Act.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Debate: Upang Panatilihin o Tanggalin ang Batas sa India?<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Habang ang ilang mga katutubong at hindi katutubong tao ay nangangailangan para sa pag-aalis ng Batas, natatakot ang iba na ang pag-alis nito ay masisira ang ilang mga proteksyon, tulad ng mga nasa Katayuan ng India. Tulad ng ipinaliwanag ng iskolar na si David Newhouse, \u201c[Ang <em>Indian Act<\/em>] ay nagbibigay ng istrak \r\n tura para sa pamamahala ng lokal na komunidad at buhay ng komunidad. Ang pagbabago sa Batas nang sabay-sabay, o pagpapawala nito, ay lubhang nakakagambala sa Unang Bansa.\u201d<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Gayunpaman, patuloy na nagtatrabaho ang mga kritiko ng Batas patungo sa pagtanggal nito. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-self-government\/\">Inaasahan ng mga katutubong ito na ang mga kapangyarihan ng Batas ay mawawala o mawawala sa pagtaas ng paggalaw patungo sa sarili at pagkakasundo \r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/truth-and-reconciliation-commission\">,<\/a> na nag-aambag sa isang pagbabago sa mga relasyon sa pamahalaang<\/a> Tulad ng sinabi ng punong <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/assembly-of-first-nations\">Assembly of First Nations na si \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/perry-bellegarde\">Perry Bellegarde<\/a> noong 2018, \u201cGusto<\/a> nating lahat na lumipat sa kontrol ng <em>Indian Act<\/em> at muling itaguyod ang ating sarili bilang mga katutubong tao at Bansa na may pangunahing likas na karapatan.\u201d \r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<iframe sandbox=\"allow-same-origin allow-scripts allow-top-navigation allow-popups\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"100%\" height=\"185\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https:\/\/embed.radiopublic.com\/e?if=the-secret-life-of-canada-Ww0QnZ&amp;ge=s1!7163a1347ab72236394fe46a4fe7d4048bc69b37\">\r\n<\/iframe><br>\r\n\r\n\t<p>Ano ang Indian Act at bakit mayroon pa rin ito sa mga libro ng Canada? Tinitingnan ng koponan ng Secret Life ang mga ugat ng kumplikadong patakarang ito, na pagkatapos ng 143 taon ay naka-embed pa rin sa pagkakakilanlan ng Canada, mula sa patakaran na humantong sa Batas hanggang sa kung paano pa rin ito nakakaapekto sa mga katutubong pagkak \r\n akilanlan ngayon. <br>\r\n<strong>Tand<\/strong> <em>aan: <em>Ang Lihim na Buhay ng Canada<\/em> ay naka-host at isinulat nina Falen Johnson at Leah Simone Bowen at ito ay isang orihinal na podcast ng CBC independiyente sa The Canadian Encyclopedia.<\/em><\/p>\r\n<\/blockquote>\r\n<br>\r\n\r\n<h3>Pamana at Kahalagahan<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Bagaman maraming bes \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">es<\/a> itong binago sa paglipas ng mga taon, binabalangkas pa rin ng kontemporaryong bersyon ng <em>Indian Act<\/em> ang mga tuntunin ng <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">Indian Status<\/a>, iba&#39;t ibang mga patakaran sa paligid ng mga reserba, pangangalaga sa pananalapi ng mga menor de edad at hindi kakayahan sa kaisipan, pamamahala ng mga mapagkukunan ng <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">banda<\/a>, halalan, at iba pang aspeto ng buhay sa isang reserba. \r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ang <em>Indian Act ay nagkar<\/em> oon ng patuloy at pangmatagalang epekto sa mga katutubong kultura, ekonomiya, politika, at komunidad. Nagdulot din ito ng trauma sa pagitan ng henerasyon, partikular na tungkol sa mga paaralan ng tirahan, dahil <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/residential-schools\">ang<\/a> pang-aapi at mga \r\n paghihigpit na probisyon ng Batas ay negatibong nakaapekto sa mga henerasyon ng mga katutubong tao.<\/p>","slug":"indiantlac","alt_slug":"","twitter_summary":null,"locale":"tl","automated":true,"hidden":0,"views":10,"created_at":"2025-01-05T22:10:50.000000Z","updated_at":"2025-01-05T22:10:50.000000Z"},{"id":"9daca8b1-4a0c-44ee-8539-7eeb2db2a4b2","article_id":"83668","title":"Indian Act","summary":"<p><em>Hindistan Yasas\u0131<\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">federal h\u00fck\u00fcmetin <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">Hindistan stat<\/a> \u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc, \r\n yerel <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">\u0130lk Milletler<\/a> h\u00fck\u00fcmet<\/a> lerini ve <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">rezerv arazilerinin y\u00f6netimini y\u00f6netmek i\u00e7in kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 birincil yas<\/a> ad\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca, Birinci Milletler halklar\u0131na \r\n kar\u015f\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmet y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklerini de \u00f6zetlemektedir.. <em>Hint Yasas\u0131<\/em><a\r\n\thref=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/inuit\">, Hint Stat\u00fcs\u00fcne sahip ki\u015filerle ilgilidir; stat\u00fc olmayan \u0130lk Milletler halk\u0131na, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/metis\">M\u00e9tis<\/a> &#39;e veya Inuitlere do\u011frudan at\u0131fta bulunmaz. \r\n<\/a> \u0130lk olarak 1876&#39;da tan\u0131t\u0131lan Yasa, Avrupa-Kanada toplumuna asimilasyon lehine \u0130lk Milletler k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc ortadan kald\u0131rmay\u0131 ama\u00e7layan bir dizi s\u00f6m\u00fcrge yasas\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7eriyordu. Yasan\u0131n yeni bir versiyonu 1951&#39;de kabul edildi ve o zamandan beri, en \u00f6nemlisi 1985&#39;te olmak \u00fczere, \u00e7o\u011funlukla ayr\u0131mc\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerin kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na odaklanan de\u011fi\u015fikliklerle birka\u00e7 kez de\u011fi\u015ftirildi. \r\n Nes \r\n iller boyu Yer <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">li hal<\/a> klar i\u00e7in travma, insan haklar\u0131 ihlalleri ve sosyal ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel bozulmaya olanak tan\u0131yan geli\u015fen, paradoksal bir belgedir.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Bu, <em>Hint Yas<\/em> as\u0131 hakk\u0131nda tam uzunlukta giri\u015f. Basit bir dil \u00f6zeti i\u00e7in l\u00fctfen bkz. <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act-plain-language-summary\" target=\"_blank\">Hint Yasas\u0131 (D\u00fcz Dil \u00d6zeti)<\/a>.<\/p>","body":"<div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/cbcd31d1-03f6-4fba-a45d-96ee89c4617d.jpg\" title=\"Hint Yasas\u0131\" alt=\"Hint Yasas\u0131\"><\/div>\r\n\r\n<h3>Tarihsel Ba\u011flam: Hint Yasas\u0131ndan \u00d6nce, 1763-1876<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/royal-proclamation-of-1763\/\">1763 Kraliyet Bildirgesi<\/a>, sonraki y\u00fczy\u0131llarda s\u00f6m\u00fcrge y\u00f6netiminin <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">\u0130lk Milletler<\/a> halklar\u0131yla nas\u0131l etkile\u015fime girece\u011finin temelini olu\u015fturdu. Bildiri, \u0130lk Milletler halklar\u0131 i\u00e7in belirli <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-rights\">haklar\u0131<\/a> ve korumalar\u0131 garanti etti ve h\u00fck\u00fcmetin topraklar\u0131n\u0131 elde edebilece\u011fi s\u00fcreci \r\n kurdu. 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk yar\u0131s\u0131nda, \u0130lk Milletler halklar\u0131n\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fcyen yerle\u015fimci n\u00fcfusa asimile etmeyi ama\u00e7layan ba\u015fka politikalar kabul edildi..<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>A\u015fa\u011f\u0131 <em>Kanada&#39;daki K\u0131z\u0131lderililerin Topraklar\u0131n\u0131n ve M\u00fclkiyetlerinin daha iyi korunmas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik 1850 Yas<\/em> as\u0131, bir ki\u015finin yasal bir <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/indian\/\">K\u0131z<\/a> \u0131lderili olarak kabul edilmesi i\u00e7in bir dizi gereklili\u011fi i\u00e7eren ilk mevzuat par\u00e7alar\u0131ndan biriydi - \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">stat<\/a> \u00fc\u201d kavram\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nc\u00fcs\u00fc. Bu gereksinimler kana dayan\u0131yordu ve esasen insanlar\u0131n \u201cHint \r\n kan\u0131ndan\u201d olmalar\u0131 ve bir \u201cK\u0131z\u0131lderililerin Bedeni veya Kabilesi\u201d \u00fcyesi olmalar\u0131 durumunda \u201cK\u0131z\u0131lderili olarak kabul edileceklerini\u201d s\u00f6ylediler. Bu t\u00fcr insanlar\u0131n t\u00fcm torunlar\u0131 Hintli olarak kabul edildi. \u201cBu t\u00fcr K\u0131z\u0131lderililerle evlenen\u201d K\u0131z\u0131lderili olmayanlar, ebeveynleri (biri veya her ikisi) K\u0131z\u0131lderili olarak kabul edilecek insanlar \r\n ve \u201cbu t\u00fcr K\u0131z\u0131lderililer taraf\u0131ndan bebeklik d\u00f6neminde evlat edinilen t\u00fcm ki\u015filer\u201d da \u00f6yleydi.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Yayg\u0131n olarak 1857 Kadem <em>eli Uygarl\u0131k Yas<\/em> as\u0131 ve 1869 tarihli Kadem <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/gradual-civilization-act\/\">eli Haklar Yasas\u0131 olarak bilinen Yas<\/a><\/em> alar, \u00f6ncelikle, onlar\u0131 daha b\u00fcy\u00fck yerle\u015fimci n\u00fcfusa asimile etmek i\u00e7in \u0130lk Milletler halklar\u0131n\u0131n herhangi bir \r\n \u00f6zel ayr\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 veya haklar\u0131n\u0131 kald\u0131rmay\u0131 ama\u00e7l\u0131yordu. Bunun ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta Kademeli Uy <em>garl\u0131k Yas<\/em> as\u0131 ile g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc oy hakk\u0131 verme yoluyla ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiril \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\/\">mesi ama\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131 (<\/a>yani, bir \u0130lk Milletler insan\u0131 toprak ve oy kullanma hakk\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda stat\u00fcs\u00fcnden vazge\u00e7ecekti), ancak yaln\u0131zca bir ki\u015fi g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc olarak oy hakk\u0131na sahipti. \r\nSonu\u00e7 olarak, h\u00fck\u00fcmet daha sonra tek tarafl\u0131 olarak \u0130lk Milletler halk\u0131na oy vermeye ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Bir dizi <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">Yerli<\/a> grup, <em>Hindistan <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-treaties\/\">Yas<\/a> as\u0131&#39;n\u0131n 1876 tarihinden \u00f6nce Kanada h\u00fck\u00fcmet <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/numbered-treaties\">leriyle anla\u015f<\/a> malar - \u00f6zellikle ilk be\u015f Numaral\u0131 Antla\u015fma - yapt\u0131<\/em>. Bu gruplar, <em>Hint Yasas\u0131&#39;ndan ziyade, bu anla\u015fmalardan ge\u00e7en \u0130lk Milletler halk\u0131 olarak yasal kimliklerini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnebilirler<\/em>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Hint Yasas\u0131 \u0130ktidara Geldi, 1876<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>1867&#39;de <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/constitution-act-1867\/\"><em>Anayasa Yasas\u0131, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/parliament\">Parlament<\/a> o&#39;<\/em><\/a> &quot;K\u0131z\u0131lderililer ve K\u0131z\u0131lderililere ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f Top \r\n raklar\u201d \u00fczerinde yasama yetkisi verdi. <em>Yakla\u015f\u0131k 10 y\u0131l sonra, 1876&#39;da, Kadem <em>eli Uygarl\u0131k Yasas\u0131<\/em> ve Kadem <em>eli Haklar Yasas\u0131, Hint Yas<\/em> as\u0131&#39;n\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131 oldu.<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-affairs-and-northern-development-canada\">Hindistan \u0130\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/a> ve Hintli <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-agents-in-canada\">ajanlar\u0131<\/a> arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla, <em>Hindistan Yas<\/em> as\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmete <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">\u0130lk Milletler<\/a> kimli\u011fi, siyasi yap\u0131lar, y\u00f6neti\u015fim, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel uygulamalar ve <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-education\">e\u011fitim<\/a> konusunda kapsaml\u0131 yetkiler verdi. Bu yetkiler Yerli \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckleri k\u0131s\u0131tlad\u0131 ve yetkililerin Yer <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-rights\">li haklar\u0131n\u0131<\/a> ve faydalar\u0131n\u0131 \u201ciyi ahlaki karaktere\u201d dayal\u0131 olarak belirlemelerine izin verdi.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Hint Yasas\u0131<\/em>, geni\u015f ve \u00e7e\u015fitli bir insan n\u00fcfusunu genelle\u015ftirmeye ve onlar\u0131 Yerli olmayan topluma asimile etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u0130lk Milletler halklar\u0131n\u0131n ve topluluklar\u0131n\u0131n kimliklerini y\u00f6netim ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr yoluyla ifade etmelerini yasaklad\u0131. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">Yasa\r\n, geleneksel y\u00f6netim yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n yerini bant konseyi se\u00e7imleriyle de\u011fi\u015ftirdi.<\/a> Kal <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/chief\">\u0131tsal \u015fef<\/a> ler - se\u00e7im yerine soydan g\u00fc\u00e7 alan \r\n liderler - <em>Hindistan Yas<\/em> as\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan tan\u0131nmaz. 1951 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar kad\u0131nlar da grup konseyi siyasetinden d\u0131\u015fland\u0131. (<em>Ayr\u0131ca bkz<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/women-and-the-indian-act\">Kad\u0131nlar ve Hint Yasas\u0131<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Yasa ayr\u0131ca \u0130lk Milletler halklar\u0131n\u0131n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/religion-of-aboriginal-people\">dini<\/a> t\u00f6renler ve \u00e7e\u015fitli k\u00fclt\u00fcrel toplant\u0131lar yapmas\u0131n\u0131 yasad\u0131\u015f\u0131 hale getirdi.. 1884&#39;te <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/potlatch\/\">potlatch<\/a> yasakland\u0131 ve 1895&#39;te <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/powwows-editorial\">powwows<\/a> ve <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sun-dance\">g\u00fcne\u015f dans\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7eren \u201cherhangi bir <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-term\">Hint<\/a> festivali, dans\u0131 veya ba\u015fka bir t\u00f6ren\u201d de yasakland\u0131<\/a>. 1914&#39;te yap\u0131lan bir ba\u015fka de\u011fi\u015fiklik, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">rezerv d\u0131\u015f\u0131 dans etmeyi yasak<\/a> lad\u0131 \r\n ve 1925&#39;te dans tamamen yasakland\u0131.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>1927&#39;de Yasa, \u0130lk Milletler halklar\u0131n\u0131n ve topluluklar\u0131n\u0131n bir arazi talebinin pe\u015finde ko\u015fmak i\u00e7in fon talep etmesini yasad\u0131\u015f\u0131 hale <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/land-claims\/\">getir<\/a> di. Daha sonraki de\u011fi\u015fiklikler, \u0130lk Milletler \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131n \r\n sanayi veya yat\u0131l\u0131 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/residential-schools\/\">okullara gitmesini<\/a> gerektirdi (1894 ve 1920). Kanada&quot;daki yat\u0131l\u0131 okullar\u0131n karanl\u0131k miras\u0131, \u00fclke \r\n genelindeki ve nesiller aras\u0131 Yerli topluluklar\u0131 etkiledi. \r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/pass-system-in-canada\">ge\u00e7i\u015f sistemi<\/a> (Birinci Milletler halklar\u0131n\u0131n rezervlerden hareketini k\u0131s\u0131tlayan) herhangi bir yasal izin olmaks\u0131z\u0131n dayat\u0131ld\u0131. Hareket \r\n lilik \u00fczerindeki k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar Yerli ekonomilere, k\u00fclt\u00fcrlere ve toplumlara zarar verdi\u011finden, bu k\u0131s\u0131tlay\u0131c\u0131 politikalar\u0131n Yerli halk nesilleri \u00fczerinde kal\u0131c\u0131 etkileri olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>H <em>int Yasas\u0131<\/em> ayr\u0131ca yasalara g\u00f6re kimin Hintli olarak kabul edildi\u011fini de tan\u0131mlad\u0131. Bir K\u0131z\u0131lderili&#39;nin \u201cbelirli bir gruba ait oldu\u011fu bilinen Hint kanl\u0131 herhangi bir erkek ki\u015fi\u201d oldu\u011funu belir <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">tti<\/a>. \r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">Hint stat<\/a> \u00fcs\u00fc ayr\u0131ca \u201cbu ki\u015finin herhangi bir \u00e7ocu\u011funa\u201d ve \u201cbu ki\u015fiyle yasal olarak evli olan veya evli olan herhangi bir kad\u0131na\u201d da uygulan\u0131yordu. Bir ki\u015fi \u00fcniversiteden mezun olursa, stat\u00fc olmayan bir \r\n ki\u015fiyle evlenirse (kad\u0131nsa) veya 1876&#39;dan 1880&#39;e kadar <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/christianity\">H\u0131ristiyan<\/a> bir bakan, doktor veya avukat olursa stat\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc kaybetti. Bu, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\">enfranchis<\/a> ement olarak biliniyordu. \r\n\u201cZorunlu hak hakk\u0131\u201d b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc olarak bilinen <em>Hindistan Yas<\/em> as\u0131&#39;n\u0131n 112. B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc 1961&#39;e kadar kald\u0131r\u0131lmad\u0131. Stat\u00fc y\u00f6netimi bir asimilasyon ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel y\u0131k\u0131m arac\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>1951&#39;de G\u00f6zden Ge\u00e7irilmi\u015f Bir Hint Yasas\u0131<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/second-world-war-wwii\/\">\u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131&#39;n\u0131 hemen takip eden d\u00f6nem<\/a><em>, Kanada&#39;da \u00e7ok fazla toplumsal i\u00e7 g\u00f6zlem i\u00e7eriyordu, ve Hindistan Yasas\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan dayat\u0131lan daha k\u0131s\u0131tlay\u0131c\u0131 ve \r\n bask\u0131c\u0131 \u00f6nlemlerin baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n yeniden de\u011ferlendirilmesine yol a\u00e7t\u0131.<\/em> Bir dizi \u00f6nerilen reform, s\u00fcrece dahil olmad\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">\u0130lk Milletler<\/a> halklar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan reddedildi veya kar\u015f\u0131 \r\n \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Sonu\u00e7 olarak, Kanada h\u00fck\u00fcmeti gelene\u011fi bozdu ve Ortak Komite s\u00fcreci boyunca, \u0130lk Milletler topluluklar\u0131na ilk kez <em>Hint Yasas\u0131&#39;ndaki de\u011fi\u015fiklikler hakk\u0131nda dan\u0131\u015ft\u0131<\/em>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Yeni ve revize edilmi\u015f bir <em>Hint Yas<\/em> as\u0131na 20 Haziran 1951&#39;de kraliyet onay\u0131 verildi. Ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan revizyon, en sald\u0131rgan siyasi, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve dini k\u0131s\u0131tlamalardan baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 kald\u0131rd\u0131. \u00d6rne\u011fin, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/potlatch\">potlatch<\/a> ve \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sun-dance\">g\u00fcne\u015f d<\/a> ans\u0131 gibi t\u00f6renlerin yasaklar\u0131 kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. Topluluklar ayr\u0131ca h\u00fck\u00fcmete kar\u015f\u0131 ar <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/land-claims\/\">azi iddialar\u0131<\/a> getirebildiler. \r\n\u0130lk Milletler kad\u0131nlar\u0131 i\u00e7in 1951 Yasas\u0131 art\u0131k grup konseyi se\u00e7imlerinde oy kullanabilecek <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">leri<\/a> anlam\u0131na geliyordu. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/elsie-knott\">Elsie Marie Knott<\/a>, Kanada&#39;da se\u00e7ilen ilk kad\u0131n First Nations <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/chief\">\u015fefiydi<\/a>. (<em>Ayr\u0131ca bkz<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-women-and-the-franchise\">Yerli Kad\u0131nlar ve Franchise<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ancak, revizyonlar ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131k Yasas\u0131n\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131rmad\u0131. \u00d6rne\u011fin, <em>Hindistan Yas<\/em> as\u0131 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">stat<\/a> \u00fcdeki ki\u015filerin sarho\u015f edici maddelere sahip olmalar\u0131n\u0131 veya sarho\u015f olmalar\u0131n\u0131 yasaklad\u0131. \r\n1951 revizyonlar\u0131, eyaletlere federal olarak bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Yerli <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/child-welfare\">\u00e7ocuk refah\u0131<\/a> (B\u00f6l\u00fcm 88) \u00fczerinde yarg\u0131 yetkisi verdi. Bu, sonunda eyalet \u00e7ocuk ref <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sixties-scoop\">ah\u0131 kurumlar\u0131n\u0131n topluluk kaynaklar\u0131 ve deste\u011fi sa\u011flamak yerine \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 evlerinden \u00e7\u0131karmay\u0131 se\u00e7ti\u011fi bir s\u00fcre\u00e7 olan \u201cAltm\u0131\u015flar Scoop<\/a> &quot;unun ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesine izin verdi. \r\n Altm\u0131\u015flar Scoop&quot;unun Yerli topluluklar \u00fczerinde \u00f6nemli ve uzun s\u00fcreli etkileri oldu.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Dahas\u0131, yeni Yasa, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian\">Hint Stat\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn ayr\u0131mc\u0131 do\u011fas\u0131n\u0131 alt\u00fcst etmedi<\/a>. Yasa, \u201cHint kan\u0131\u201d kavram\u0131n\u0131 kay\u0131t yoluyla stat\u00fc ile de\u011fi\u015ftirdi. Ba\u015fka bir \r\n deyi\u015fle, sadece \u0130lk Milletler miras\u0131na sahip olmak stat\u00fcye hak kazanmak i\u00e7in yeterli de\u011fildi. Hala, erkek soylar\u0131 hala ayr\u0131cal\u0131kt\u0131; stat\u00fcl\u00fc kad\u0131nlar stat\u00fcs\u00fc olmayan bir ki\u015fiyle evlenirlerse haklar\u0131n\u0131 kaybettiler. (<em>Ayr\u0131ca bkz<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/women-and-the-indian-act\">Kad\u0131nlar ve Hint Yasas\u0131<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Bir kad\u0131n\u0131n stat\u00fcs\u00fcyle ilgili h\u00fck\u00fcmler \u00f6zellikle a\u015f\u0131r\u0131yd\u0131. Bir kad\u0131n\u0131n stat\u00fc haklar\u0131 tamamen kocas\u0131ndan ak\u0131yordu. Stat\u00fcs\u00fcne sahip bir erkekle evlenen stat\u00fc olmayan bir kad\u0131n, kendisi stat\u00fc kazanacakt\u0131r.. Stat\u00fcl\u00fc bir adamla evlenen stat\u00fcl\u00fc bir kad\u0131n\u0131n \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">grup<\/a> \u00fcyeli\u011fi ona ba\u011fl\u0131yd\u0131, bu y\u00fczden art\u0131k kendi grubunun \u00fcyesi de\u011fildi, ve dul kal\u0131rsa veya kocas\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan terk edilirse stat\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc tamamen kaybetti.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>1951 <em>Hindistan Yasas\u0131<\/em> ayr\u0131ca, hem annesi hem de b\u00fcy\u00fckannesi stat\u00fc almaya hak kazanmam\u0131\u015fsa \u00e7ocu\u011fun 21. do\u011fum g\u00fcn\u00fcnde stat\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc iptal eden \u201c\u00c7ifte Anne\u201d kural\u0131n\u0131 da getirdi. 1996 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/royal-commission-on-aboriginal-peoples\">&#39;daki Kraliyet Aborijin Halklar\u0131 Komis<\/a> yonu, 1951 revizyonunda yer alan revizyonlar\u0131n <em>Hint Yas<\/em> as\u0131n\u0131 1876 eyaletine geri d\u00f6nd\u00fcrmekten ba\u015fka bir \u015fey yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, stat\u00fc transferine ili\u015fkin ek k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar\u0131n ise \u0130lk Milletler kad\u0131nlar\u0131na ve \u00e7ocuklar\u0131na zarar verdi\u011fini kaydetti.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Hint Yasas\u0131nda De\u011fi\u015fiklik Talep Etmek, 1960&#39;lar ve 1970&#39;ler<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/franchise\">1951 <em>Hindistan Yasas\u0131<\/em>, Yerli halklar i\u00e7in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\">oy kullanma s\u00fcrecini<\/a> de\u011fi\u015ftir <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">medi ve<\/a> oy \r\n kullanma hakk\u0131na izin vermedi.<\/a> Ancak, 1958&#39;in ba\u015flar\u0131nda, Ba\u015fbakan <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/john-diefenbaker\">John Diefenbaker \r\n h\u00fck\u00fcmeti Kanada Haklar<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/canadian-bill-of-rights\/\">Bildirgesi&#39;ni haz\u0131rlamaya ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/a> Haklar Bildirgesi&#39;nin t\u00fcm Kanadal\u0131lar i\u00e7in e\u015fit haklara vurgu yapmas\u0131yla, Yerli halklar\u0131n oy kullanma hakk\u0131 neredeyse redde \r\n dilemezdi. 31 Mart 1960&#39;ta, Stat\u00fc <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">K\u0131z\u0131lderililerine federal oy vermek i\u00e7in <em>Kanada Se\u00e7imler Yasas<\/em> \u0131&#39;n\u0131n 14 (2) B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn b\u00f6l\u00fcmleri y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckten kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131<\/a>. \r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">\u0130lk Milletler<\/a> halk\u0131 art\u0131k stat\u00fclerini kaybetmeden oy kullanabilirler. Ertesi y\u0131l, <em>Hindistan Yasas\u0131&#39;ndaki zorunlu hak hakk\u0131 maddesi kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131<\/em>. (<em>Ayr\u0131ca bkz<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-suffrage\">Kanada&#39;daki Yerli Oy Hakk\u0131<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>1969&#39;da Ba\u015fbakan <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/pierre-elliott-trudeau\/\">Pierre Elliott Trudeau<\/a> h\u00fck\u00fcmeti, Hindistan stat\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc ve Hindistan \u0130\u015f <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/the-white-paper-1969\/\">leri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131&#39;n \r\n \u0131 tamamen ortadan kald\u0131rma niyetini ilan eden Beyaz<\/a> Kitab <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-affairs-and-northern-development-canada\">\u0131n\u0131 yay\u0131nlad\u0131<\/a>. Beyaz Kitap, \u0130lk Milletler halklar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6fkesiyle kar\u015f\u0131land\u0131 ve derhal Alberta Hint Derne\u011f \r\n i&#39;nin ba\u015fkan\u0131 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/harold-cardinal\/\">Harold Cardinal<\/a> taraf\u0131ndan olu\u015fturulan ve sunulan \u201cK\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 Ka\u011f\u0131t\u201d ile kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kald\u0131. \r\nYerli gruplar\u0131n ve destek\u00e7ilerinin \u015fiddetli ve devam eden muhalefeti nedeniyle, Kanada h\u00fck\u00fcmeti Beyaz Kitap&#39;\u0131 h\u0131zla geri \u00e7ekti.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Bu s\u00fcre zarf\u0131nda bir\u00e7ok Yerli kad\u0131n, <em>Hint Yasas\u0131&#39;n\u0131n ayr\u0131mc\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerini de\u011fi\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in m\u00fccadele ediyordu<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mary-two-axe-earley\">Mary Two-Axe Earley<\/a>, en eski aktivistlerden biriydi. \r\nDi\u011fer \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalara ek olarak, Kanun kapsam\u0131nda stat\u00fc, antla\u015fma ve m\u00fclkiyet haklar\u0131 reddedilen kad\u0131nlar\u0131n istismarlar\u0131n\u0131n profilini y\u00fckseltmek i\u00e7in bir dizi konu\u015fma ve yazma kampanyas\u0131 harekete ge\u00e7irdi. Her ikisi de evlilik nedeniyle stat <a name=\"_Hlk39573469\">\u00fclerini kaybeden Yvonne B\u00e9dard<\/a> ve \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/jeannette-vivian-lavell\">Jeannette Corbiere Lavell<\/a>, Kanada h\u00fck\u00fcmetine kar\u015f\u0131 davalar a\u00e7t\u0131. 1973&#39;te davalar\u0131 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/supreme-court-of-canada\/\">Kanada Y\u00fcksek Mahkemesi&#39;nde birle\u015fti<\/a>. \r\n O y\u0131l mahkeme, Yasan\u0131n bir kad\u0131n\u0131n stat\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc kocas\u0131n\u0131nkine ba\u011flayan k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n kad\u0131nlara kar\u015f\u0131 ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131k yap \r\n mad\u0131\u011f\u0131na karar verdi\u011fi i\u00e7in geni\u015f \u00e7apta ele\u015ftirildi, ancak stat\u00fc erkekleri \u201cevlendiklerinde\u201d stat\u00fclerini korudu. (<em>Ayr\u0131ca bkz<\/em>. \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/bedard-case\">B\u00e9dard Davas\u0131<\/a> ve <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/lavell-case\">Lavell<\/a> Davas\u0131.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>1981&#39;de Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 Komisyonu, evlilik yoluyla stat\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc kaybed \r\n en bir \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/maliseet\">Wolastoqiyik kad\u0131n olan <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sandra-lovelace-nicholas\">Sandra Lovelace Nicholas<\/a> davas\u0131nda Kanada&#39;n\u0131n Uluslararas\u0131 Medeni ve Siy<\/a> <em>asi Haklar S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi&#39;nin 27. Maddes<\/em> ini ihlal etti\u011fine karar verdi. H\u00fck\u00fcmet, Sandra&quot;n\u0131n kendi toplulu\u011funa d\u00f6nmesini engellemi\u015fti \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc, <em>Hint Yas<\/em> as\u0131na g\u00f6re, \r\n evlenmi\u015fti ve art\u0131k bir <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">grup \u00fcyesi olarak kabul edilmi<\/a> yordu.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Bill C-31:1985 Hindistan Yasas\u0131nda De\u011fi\u015fiklikler<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>1985&#39;te, <em>Hindistan Yasas\u0131&#39;ndaki e\u015fitlik eksikli\u011fi konusundaki artan ulusal ve uluslararas\u0131 endi\u015felere yan\u0131t veren<\/em> h\u00fck\u00fcmet, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/bill-c-31\">C-31&#39;i kabul etti<\/a>. Tasar\u0131, \r\n kalan t\u00fcm oy hakk\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmlerini <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\">tamamen kald\u0131rd\u0131.<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">bunlara ek olarak, evlilik yoluyla <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">stat\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc kaybed<\/a> enler Stat \r\n \u00fc K\u0131z\u0131lderilileri ve grup \u00fcyesi olarak eski durumuna getirildi.<\/a> \u00c7ocuklar\u0131 stat\u00fc kazand\u0131, ancak iki y\u0131l boyunca grup \u00fcyeli\u011fi kazanmayacakt\u0131. Bu aral\u0131k, gruplara \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 hari\u00e7 tutabilecek, ancak annelerini d\u0131\u015flayamayacak kendi \u00fcyelik kodlar\u0131n\u0131 \r\n olu\u015fturmalar\u0131 i\u00e7in zaman vermeyi ama\u00e7l\u0131yordu. Haziran 1987&#39;den \u00f6nce b\u00f6yle bir kod kabul edilmediyse, \u00e7ocuklar da grup \u00fcyeli\u011fi kazand\u0131. \u00dcyelik listeleri \u00fczerinde daha fazla kontrol ile, gruplar\u0131n stat\u00fc olmayan \r\n \u00fcyeleri olabilir. ancak, federal h\u00fck\u00fcmet arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla finansman stat\u00fc \u00fcyelerine dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, gruplar\u0131n stat\u00fc d\u0131\u015f\u0131 bir\u00e7ok \u00fcyeye sahip olmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7ok az te\u015fvik vard\u0131r.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>1985 y\u0131l\u0131nda <em>Hindistan Yasas\u0131nda yap\u0131lan de\u011fi\u015fiklikler y\u00fcr<\/em> \u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girdi\u011finden beri, kay\u0131tl\u0131 K\u0131z\u0131lderililerin say\u0131s\u0131 1985&#39;te yakla\u015f\u0131k 360.000&#39;den 2007&#39;de 778.000&#39;den fazlas\u0131na iki kat\u0131ndan fazla artt\u0131. Art\u0131\u015f, \u00f6l\u00fcmlere g\u00f6re daha fazla do\u011fumun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra \u201ceski haline \r\n getirilmi\u015f\u201d Hint stat\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn bir sonucudur..<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Bununla birlikte, de\u011fi\u015fiklik kad\u0131nlara kar\u015f\u0131 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/prejudice-and-discrimination\">ayr\u0131mc<\/a> \u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ele al\u0131rken, baz\u0131 sorunlar da yaratt\u0131. Bill C-31, iki <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian\">Hindistan<\/a> kayd\u0131 kategorisi olu\u015fturdu. Birincisi, b\u00f6l\u00fcm 6 (1) olarak bilinen, her iki ebeveynin de kay\u0131t hakk\u0131 oldu\u011funda veya kay\u0131t hakk\u0131 oldu\u011funda ge\u00e7erlidir. (Bu b\u00f6l\u00fcm ayr\u0131ca durumun nas\u0131l aktar\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak farkl\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6steren alt b\u00f6l\u00fcmlere ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.) \u0130kincisi, b\u00f6l\u00fcm 6 (2) olarak bilinen, \r\n ebeveynlerden birinin 6 (1) alt\u0131nda kay\u0131t hakk\u0131 oldu\u011funda ge\u00e7erlidir. <em>Bir ebeveyn b\u00f6l\u00fcm 6 (2) uyar\u0131nca kay\u0131tl\u0131ysa stat\u00fc devredilemez.<\/em> K\u0131sacas\u0131, stat\u00fc olmayan partnerlerle iki nesil evlilikten sonra, \u00e7ocuklar art\u0131k stat\u00fc almaya uygun \r\n olmayacakt\u0131. Bu, \u201c\u0130kinci Nesil Kesme\u201d kural\u0131 olarak bilinir. Bu \u015fekilde, C-31 Yasas\u0131 stat\u00fc haklar\u0131na hak kazanan ki\u015fi say\u0131s\u0131 \u00fczerinde sonu\u00e7lar do\u011furmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<iframe width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/__Y_hHFvUR8\" title=\"YouTube video oynat\u0131c\u0131\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen=\"\">\r\n<\/iframe><br>\r\n\r\n<h3>Y\u00f6neti\u015fim ve Hint Yasas\u0131, 1960&#39;lardan 2000&#39;lere<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>1876 <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\/\">Hint Yas<\/a> as\u0131,<\/em> geleneksel y\u00f6netim sistemlerini ortadan kald\u0131rd\u0131 ve yerel <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-agents-in-canada\">Hint ajanlar\u0131 ve Hint<\/a> \u0130\u015fleri <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-affairs-and-northern-development-canada\">Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131&#39;n\u0131n federal b\u00fcrokrasisi \u015feklinde bireylere<\/a> ve topluluklara d\u0131\u015f kontroller uygulad\u0131. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-self-government\">1960&#39;lar\u0131n sonlar\u0131na ve 1970&#39;lerin ba\u015flar\u0131na \r\n kadar, giderek daha etkili siyasi \u00f6rg\u00fctler ve yo\u011funla\u015fan aktivizm, Kanada&#39;y\u0131 Yerli \u00f6zy\u00f6netim bi\u00e7imlerini kabul etme ve etkinle\u015ftirme yoluna sokmad\u0131.<\/a> \r\nBu e\u011filim 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131nda ve 21. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda ivme kazand\u0131 ve Yerli halklar, \u00f6zy\u00f6netim haklar\u0131n\u0131n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/constitution-act-1982\/\"><em>1982 Anayasa Yasas\u0131&#39;nda \r\n ve uluslararas\u0131 belgelerde<\/em><\/a> onayland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rd\u00fcler.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>1984&#39;te <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/james-bay-and-northern-quebec-agreement\">James Bay ve Kuzey Quebec Anla\u015f<\/a> mas\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra Penner Raporu, Kanada&#39;daki Yerli \u00f6zy\u00f6netim mevzuat\u0131n\u0131n ilk \r\n par\u00e7as\u0131 olan <em>Cree-Naskapi (Quebec) Yas<\/em> as\u0131 ile sonu\u00e7land\u0131 ve <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\">Hint Yas<\/a><\/em> as\u0131&#39;n\u0131n yerini alan ve b\u00f6lgedeki Yerli topluluklar\u0131 kurumsal varl\u0131klar olarak kuran. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">Federal h\u00fck\u00fcmet<\/a> baz\u0131 \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">\u0130lk Milletler<\/a> i\u015flerini y\u00f6netmeye devam \r\n etse de, kendi kendini y\u00f6neten \u0130lk Milletler <em>Hint Yas<\/em> as\u0131&#39;na tabi de\u011fildir.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>O zamandan beri, Yasada y\u00f6neti\u015fim \u00fczerindeki <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">bant yetkil<\/a> erinin art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00f6neriler yap\u0131ld\u0131. 1996&#39;da federal h\u00fck\u00fcmet, bant y\u00f6netimi ve <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">rezerv<\/a> lerin d\u00fczenlenmesi dahil olmak \u00fczere Yasan\u0131n alanlar\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirmek \r\n i\u00e7in C-79&#39;u \u00f6nerdi. Birinci Uluslar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu C-79&#39;a kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Di\u011fer nedenlerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, h\u00fck\u00fcmetin \u00f6nerilen de\u011fi\u015fiklikler hakk\u0131nda \u0130lk Milletler ile yeterince \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/duty-to-consult\">dan\u0131\u015f<\/a> amad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 savundular. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-rights\">Tasar\u0131n\u0131n antla\u015fma haklar\u0131n\u0131 ve \u00f6zy\u00f6netim <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-treaties\">hakk<\/a> \u0131n\u0131 tehdit edece\u011finden korkuyorlard\u0131.<\/a> Ayr\u0131ca, yasa tasar\u0131s\u0131 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/royal-commission-on-aboriginal-peoples\">Kraliyet Aborijin Halklar\u0131 Komisyonu&#39;nun tavsiyelerini g\u00f6rmezden geldi\u011fi i\u00e7in ele\u015ftirildi.<\/a> \r\nBill C-79 kanun haline gelemedi.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>2002&#39;de, <em>Birinci Milletler Y\u00f6neti\u015fim Yasas\u0131 olarak da bilinen Bill C-7, grup<\/em> konseylerine yasa yapma, liderlik se\u00e7imi ve benzerleri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan daha fazla g\u00fc\u00e7 vermeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Federal h\u00fck\u00fcmet yasa tasar\u0131s\u0131 hakk\u0131nda \u00e7e\u015fitli \u0130lk Milletlere dan\u0131\u015fsa \r\n da, sonu\u00e7ta ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z oldu. 2006 y\u0131l\u0131nda <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/senate\">Senat\u00f6r<\/a> Gerry St. Germain, \u201cKanada&#39;da \u0130lk Milletler \r\n i\u00e7in \u00f6zy\u00f6netim hakk\u0131n\u0131n tan\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 ve uygulanmas\u0131n\u0131 te\u015fvik etmek i\u00e7in\u201d S-216 Yasas\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131tt\u0131. Tasar\u0131, kendi kendini y\u00f6netmek isteyen \u0130lk Milletlerin bir \u00f6neri ve anayasa geli\u015ftirmesine izin verecekti. Bill S-216 \u0130kinci Okumaya ula\u015f\u0131rken, sonu\u00e7ta da ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z oldu. (<em>Ayr\u0131ca bkz<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/parliamentary-procedure\">Parlamento prosed<\/a> \u00fcr\u00fc.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Bununla birlikte, baz\u0131 \u0130lk Uluslar ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 sekt\u00f6rel d\u00fczenlemeler yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunlar, <em>Hindistan Yasas\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda sa\u011flanmayan daha b\u00fcy\u00fck y\u00f6neti\u015fim yetkilerine izin verir<\/em>. Baz\u0131 \u00f6rnekler \u015funlard\u0131r: <em>\u0130lk Milletler Arazi Y\u00f6netimi Yas<\/em> as\u0131 (1999), <em>\u0130lk Milletler Mali Y\u00f6netim Yas<\/em> as\u0131 (2005), <em>\u0130lk Milletler Petrol ve Gaz ve Para Y\u00f6netimi Yasas\u0131 (2005), \u0130lk Uluslar<\/em> <em>Ticari ve End\u00fcstriyel Kalk\u0131nma Yas<\/em> <em>as\u0131 (2006) ve \u0130lk Ulus M\u00fclkiyet M\u00fclkiyeti Yas<\/em> as\u0131 (2009).<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>2011 ve 2017&#39;de Hindistan Yasas\u0131nda Yap\u0131lan De\u011fi\u015fiklikler<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\u00c7e\u015fitli de\u011fi\u015fikliklere ra\u011fmen, <em>Hindistan Yasas\u0131<\/em> hala kad\u0131nlara ve onlar\u0131n soyundan gelenlere kar\u015f\u0131 ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131k yap\u0131yordu, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">stat\u00fc haklar\u0131 konusunda<\/a>. 2011&#39;de <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/parliament\">Parlamento<\/a>, Bill C-3 olarak da bilinen <em>Hindistan Kay\u0131t Yasas\u0131nda \r\n Cinsiyet<\/em> E\u015fitli\u011fi Yasas\u0131n\u0131 kabul etti. Bu, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">federal h\u00fck\u00fcmetin<\/a> 1985 <em>Hindistan<\/em> Yasas\u0131&#39;n\u0131n 6. b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde cinsiyet ayr\u0131mc \r\n \u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile ilgili olan <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mcivor-case\">McIvor dav<\/a> as\u0131na cevab\u0131yd\u0131. Bill C-3, 1985&#39;te stat\u00fcye kavu\u015fan kad\u0131nlar\u0131n torunlar\u0131na 6 (2) stat\u00fc veriyor. Bununla birlikte, kad\u0131nlar\u0131n torunlar\u0131, \u00f6zellikle b\u00fcy\u00fck torunlar a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan, benzer \r\n ko\u015fullarda erkeklerin torunlar\u0131yla ayn\u0131 haklara sahip de\u011fildi. Bu nedenle, Bill C-3, cinsiyet ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 nedeniyle baz\u0131 bireylerin stat\u00fc haklar\u0131n\u0131 hala reddetti.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Bill S-3, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\"><em>Hindistan Yasas\u0131&#39;ndaki ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131kla ilgili ba\u015fka bir mahkeme davas\u0131na, 2015 Descheneaux<\/em><\/a> davas\u0131na yan\u0131t olarak olu\u015fturuldu. Bu davadaki sorun, stat\u00fcn\u00fcn kuzenlere ve karde\u015flere aktar \r\n \u0131lma \u015fekliyle ilgiliydi.. S-3&#39;\u00fcn bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc 22 Aral\u0131k 2017&#39;de y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girdi. Di\u011fer h\u00fck\u00fcmlerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, de\u011fi\u015fiklik daha fazla insan\u0131n stat\u00fclerini torunlar\u0131na aktarmas\u0131na ve stat\u00fclerini 1985&#39;ten \u00f6nce kaybedenlere geri vermesine olanak tan\u0131r. \r\n\u00d6rne\u011fin, babas\u0131 bilinmeyen ve 1951-85 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda evli olmayan re\u015fit olmayan ve o s\u0131rada y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckte olan kay\u0131t kurallar\u0131ndan etkilenen ki\u015fileri kaydetmenin yollar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar. Tasar\u0131n\u0131n di\u011fer k\u0131sm\u0131 - 1951&#39;den \u00f6nce stat\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc kaybeden kad\u0131nlar\u0131n ve \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131n stat\u00fclerini \r\n geri kazanmakla ilgili (\u201c1951 Kesintisi\u201d olarak bilinir) - 15 A\u011fustos 2019&#39;da y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girdi. H\u00fck\u00fcmete g\u00f6re, \u201c<em>Hindistan Yasas\u0131&#39;ndaki bilinen t\u00fcm cinsiyete dayal\u0131 e\u015fitsizlikler art\u0131k<\/em> ele al\u0131nd\u0131.\u201d<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u00d6nerilen Reformlar<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>2010 y\u0131l\u0131nda <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">federal h\u00fck\u00fcmet<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">yerli <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/residential-schools\">okul<\/a> lar kurma ve \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 evlerinden uzakla\u015ft\u0131rma yetkisi veren <em>Hint Yas<\/em> as\u0131&#39;n\u0131n b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerinden \r\n kurtulmak i\u00e7in Yerli halklar<\/a> la birlikte \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma niyetini a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Yasa Yasas\u0131 S-2, Y <em>edekler ve Evlilik \u00c7\u0131karlar\u0131 veya Haklar\u0131 Hakk\u0131nda Aile Evleri Yasas\u0131, Hindistan Yas<\/em> as\u0131&#39;ndaki yasal bir bo\u015flu\u011fu ele al\u0131yor.<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">Yedek olarak ya\u015fayan insanlar\u0131n di\u011fer Kanadal\u0131larla evlilik m\u00fclkiyeti konusunda benzer haklara sahip olmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamay\u0131 ama\u00e7lamaktad\u0131r..<\/a> Kanada h\u00fck\u00fcmetine g\u00f6re, Bill S-2 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir mevzuat par\u00e7as\u0131, <em>Hindistan Yasas\u0131 reformunun bir par\u00e7as\u0131 de\u011fil<\/em>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Tart\u0131\u015fma: Hint Yasas\u0131n\u0131 Korumak veya Ortadan Kald\u0131rmak?<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Baz\u0131 Yerli ve Yerli olmayan halklar Yasan\u0131n kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131nda bulunurken, di\u011ferleri bunun kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n Hint Stat\u00fcs\u00fc&#39;ndekiler gibi belirli korumalar\u0131 a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131raca\u011f\u0131ndan korkuyor. Bilim adam\u0131 David Newhouse&#39;un a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, \u201c[<em>Hint Yasas\u0131<\/em>] yerel topluluk y\u00f6netimi ve toplum ya\u015fam\u0131 i\u00e7in bir \r\n yap\u0131 sa\u011flar. Yasay\u0131 tek seferde yeniden d\u00fczenlemek veya y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckten kald\u0131rmak, \u0130lk Milletler i\u00e7in son derece y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 olacakt\u0131r.\u201d<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Bununla birlikte, Yasay\u0131 ele\u015ftirenler, s\u00f6k\u00fclmesi i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya devam ediyor. Bu Yerli halklar, Yasan\u0131n yetkilerinin \u00f6zy\u00f6netim ve uzla\u015fmaya y\u00f6nelik artan hareketle kaybolaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 veya ortadan kalkaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-self-government\/\">H\u00fck\u00fcmet<\/a> -Yerli \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/truth-and-reconciliation-commission\">ili\u015fkil<\/a> erinde bir de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fe katk\u0131da bulunaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 umuyorlar. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/assembly-of-first-nations\">Birinci Milletler Meclisi<\/a> ba\u015fkan\u0131 \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/perry-bellegarde\">Perry Bellegarde&#39;nin<\/a> 2018&#39;de belirtti\u011fi gibi, \u201cHepimiz <em>Hindistan Yas<\/em> as\u0131&#39;n\u0131n kontrol\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00f6tesine ge\u00e7mek ve kendimizi yerli halklar ve temel haklara sahip Milletler olarak yeniden olu\u015fturmak \r\n istiyoruz.\u201d<\/p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<iframe sandbox=\"allow-same-origin allow-scripts allow-top-navigation allow-popups\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"100%\" height=\"185\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https:\/\/embed.radiopublic.com\/e?if=the-secret-life-of-canada-Ww0QnZ&amp;ge=s1!7163a1347ab72236394fe46a4fe7d4048bc69b37\">\r\n<\/iframe><br>\r\n\r\n\t<p>Hint Yasas\u0131 nedir ve Kanada&#39;da neden hala kitaplarda var? Secret Life ekibi, 143 y\u0131l sonra hala Kanada kimli\u011fine g\u00f6m\u00fcl\u00fc olan bu karma\u015f\u0131k politikan\u0131n k\u00f6klerine, Yasaya yol a\u00e7an politikadan bug\u00fcn hala Yerli kimlikleri nas\u0131l etkiledi\u011fine \r\n kadar bak\u0131yor. <br>\r\n<strong>Not<\/strong><em>: <em>Kanada&quot;n\u0131n Gizli Ya\u015fam\u0131<\/em>, Falen Johnson ve Leah Simone Bowen taraf\u0131ndan bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131l\u0131yor ve yaz\u0131l\u0131yor ve The Canadian Encyclopedi&quot;den ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir CBC orijinal podcast&quot;idir..<\/em><\/p>\r\n<\/blockquote>\r\n<br>\r\n\r\n<h3>Miras ve \u00d6nem<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Y\u0131llar i\u00e7inde birka\u00e7 kez de\u011fi\u015ftirilmi\u015f olsa da, Hindistan <em>Yasas\u0131&#39;n\u0131n \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f versiyonu hala Hint<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">Stat<\/a> \u00fcs\u00fc \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131, \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">rezerv<\/a> lerle ilgili \u00e7e\u015fitli kurallar\u0131, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcklerin mali vesayeti ve zihinsel olarak yetersizler, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">grup<\/a> kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00f6netimini, \r\n se\u00e7imleri ve bir yedekte ya\u015fam\u0131n di\u011fer y\u00f6nlerini \u00f6zetlemektedir..<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Hint Yasas<\/em> \u0131&#39;n\u0131n Yerli k\u00fclt\u00fcrler, ekonomiler, siyaset ve topluluklar \u00fczerinde devam eden ve uzun s\u00fcreli etkileri olmu\u015ftur. Yasan\u0131n bask\u0131s\u0131 ve k\u0131s\u0131tlay\u0131c\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmleri Yerli halklar\u0131n nesill <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/residential-schools\">erini olumsuz etkiledi \r\n \u011finden, \u00f6zellikle yat\u0131l\u0131 okul<\/a> larla ilgili olarak nesiller aras\u0131 travmaya da neden oldu.<\/p>","slug":"hintrhatreketri","alt_slug":"","twitter_summary":null,"locale":"tr","automated":true,"hidden":0,"views":4,"created_at":"2024-12-08T09:08:21.000000Z","updated_at":"2024-12-08T09:08:21.000000Z"},{"id":"9de97a7f-a4b7-43fd-a238-b00ff347fcb7","article_id":"83668","title":"\u0628\u06be\u0627\u0631\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u06a9\u0679","summary":"<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">\u0628\u06be\u0627\u0631 <em>\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u06a9<\/em> \u0679 \u0628\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u06c1\u06d2 \u062c\u0633\u06d2 \u0648\u0641 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">\u0627\u0642\u06cc \u062d\u06a9\u0648\u0645\u062a<\/a> \u06c1\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u062d\u06cc\u062b\u06cc\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0642 \r\n \u0627\u0645\u06cc \u0641\u0631\u0633\u0679 \u0646\u06cc\u0634\u0646\u0632 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">\u062d\u06a9\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0648\u06ba<\/a> \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0631\u06cc\u0632\u0631\u0648 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0688 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u06d2 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">\u0644\u0626\u06d2 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644<\/a> \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/a> \u0627\u0633 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0641\u0631\u0633\u0679 \u0646\u06cc\u0634\u0646\u0632 \u0644\u0648\u06af\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06d2 \r\n \u0633\u0627\u0645\u0646\u06d2 \u062d\u06a9\u0648\u0645\u062a\u06cc \u0630\u0645\u06c1 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u0627 \u0628\u06be\u06cc <a\r\n\thref=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/inuit\">\u06c1\u0646\u062f\u0648 <em>\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u06a9\u0679<\/em> \u06c1\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u062d\u06cc\u062b\u06cc\u062a \u0631\u06a9\u06be\u0646\u06d2 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u06d2 \u0644\u0648\u06af\u0648\u06ba \u0633\u06d2 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0627\u0633 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06c1 \u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a \u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u062d\u06cc\u062b\u06cc\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u06d2 \u0641\u0631\u0633\u0679 \u0646\u06cc\u0634\u0646\u0632 \u0644\u0648\u06af\u0648\u06ba\u060c \u0645\u06cc\u0679\u0633 \u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0648\u0626\u0679 \u06a9\u0627 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u06c1 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/metis\">\u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u062f\u06cc\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/a> \r\n<\/a> \u067e\u06c1\u0644\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0631 1876 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u06a9\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0627 \u06af\u06cc\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0633 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9\u0679 \u0646\u06d2 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0646\u0648\u0622\u0628\u0627\u062f\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0648 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u062c\u0633 \u06a9\u0627 \u0645\u0642\u0635\u062f \u06cc\u0648\u0631\u0648-\u06a9\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u0688\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0634\u0631\u06d2 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0636\u0645 \u06c1\u0648\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u062d\u0642 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0641\u0631\u0633\u0679 \u0646\u06cc\u0634\u0646\u0632 \u06a9\u06cc \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0633 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9\u0679 \u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0646\u06cc\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u0698\u0646 1951 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u06af\u06cc\u0627 \u062a\u06be\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0628 \u0633\u06d2\u060c \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0631\u0645\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u06cc \u06af\u0626\u06cc\u060c \u062c\u0648 1985 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0633\u0628 \u0633\u06d2 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u06ba \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u067e\u0631 \u0627\u06c1\u0645 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u067e\u0631 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u06cc\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u06ba \u0622\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u060c \u062c\u0633 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0628\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u067e\u0631 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0633\u0644\u0648\u06a9 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u06d2 \u062d\u0635\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u0648 \u062e\u062a\u0645 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u06d2 \u067e\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u06c1 \u062f\u06cc \r\n \u06cc\u06c1 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u062a\u0631\u0642\u06cc \u067e\u0630\u06cc\u0631\u060c \u0645\u062a\u0636\u0627\u062f \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0648\u06cc\u0632 \u06c1\u06d2 \u062c\u0633 \u0646\u06d2 \u062f\u06cc\u0633\u06cc \u0644\u0648\u06af\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06cc \u0646\u0633\u0644\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06d2 \u0644\u0626\u06d2 \u0635\u062f\u0645\u06d2\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u06a9\u06cc \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0631\u0632\u06cc\u0648\u06ba \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0634\u0631\u062a\u06cc \r\n \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">\u062a\u06cc \u062e\u0644\u0644<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u06cc\u06c1 \u06c1\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u06a9\u0679 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u06d2 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u067e\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0626\u06cc <em>\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062c \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/em> \u0633\u0627\u062f\u06c1 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06d2 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0644\u06cc\u06d2\u060c \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06c1 \u06a9\u0631\u0645 <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act-plain-language-summary\" target=\"_blank\">\u0628\u06be\u0627\u0631\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u06a9\u0679 (\u0633\u0627\u062f\u06c1 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u06c1) \u062f\u06cc\u06a9\u06be\u06cc<\/a> \u06ba\u06d4<\/p>","body":"<div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/cbcd31d1-03f6-4fba-a45d-96ee89c4617d.jpg\" title=\"\u0628\u06be\u0627\u0631\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u06a9\u0679\" alt=\"\u0628\u06be\u0627\u0631\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u06a9\u0679\"><\/div>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u06cc \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0642 \u0648 \u0633\u0628\u0627\u0642: \u06c1\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u06a9\u0679 \u0633\u06d2 \u067e\u06c1\u0644\u06d2\u060c 1763\u20141876<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/royal-proclamation-of-1763\/\">1763 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0634\u0627\u06c1\u06cc \u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u06d2 \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u06cc<\/a> \u0628\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u062f \u0631\u06a9\u06be\u06cc \u06a9\u06c1 \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u06a9\u06cc \u0635\u062f\u06cc\u0648\u06ba \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0646\u0648\u0622\u0628\u0627\u062f\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0645\u06cc\u06c1 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">\u067e\u06c1\u0644\u06d2 \u0627\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u06d2<\/a> \u0644\u0648\u06af\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06d2 \u0633\u0627\u062a\u06be \u06a9\u0633 \u0637\u0631\u062d \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u06a9\u0631\u06d2 \u06af\u06cc\u06d4 \u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u06d2 \u0641\u0631\u0633\u0679 \u0646\u06cc\u0634\u0646\u0632 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-rights\">\u06a9\u06d2 \u0644\u0648\u06af<\/a> \u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06d2 \u0644\u0626\u06d2 \u06a9\u0686\u06be \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u0641\u0638 \u06a9\u06cc \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062f\u06cc\u060c \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0633 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u06a9\u0648 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u062c\u0633 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0630\u0631\u06cc\u0639\u06c1 \u062d\u06a9\u0648\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06cc \u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \r\n \u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u06a9\u0631\u0633\u06a9\u062a\u06cc \u062a\u06be\u06cc\u06d4 19 \u0648\u06cc\u06ba \u0635\u062f\u06cc \u06a9\u06d2 \u067e\u06c1\u0644\u06d2 \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u062d\u0635\u06d2 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0645\u0632\u06cc\u062f \u067e\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u06ba \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u06cc \u06af\u0626\u06cc\u06ba \u062c\u0646 \u06a9\u0627 \u0645\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0633\u0679 \u0646\u06cc\u0634\u0646\u0632 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0644\u0648\u06af\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u0648 \u0628\u0691\u06be\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u0648\u0626\u06cc \u0622\u0628\u0627\u062f \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06cc \u0622\u0628\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0636\u0645 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u06be\u0627\u06d4<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/indian\/\">\u0632\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u06ba \u06a9\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u0688 <em>\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06cc \u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06ba \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u06a9 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0628\u06c1\u062a\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u0641\u0638 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0644\u0626\u06d2 1850 \u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9\u0679 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646<\/em> \u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u06a9\u06d2 \u067e\u06c1\u0644\u06d2 \u0679\u06a9\u0691\u0648\u06ba \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0633\u06d2 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u062a\u06be\u0627 \u062c\u0633 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u06a9\u0633\u06cc \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u06a9\u0648 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u06cc \u06c1\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0633\u0645\u062c\u06be\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0644\u0626\u06d2 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u06c1 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u06be\u0627 - \u062c\u0648 \u201c\u062d\u06cc\u062b <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">\u06cc\u062a<\/a>\u201d \u06a9\u06d2 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0627 \u067e\u06cc\u0634 \u062e\u06cc\u0645\u06d4<\/a> \u06cc\u06c1 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0636\u06d2 \u062e\u0648\u0646 \u067e\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u0646\u06cc \u062a\u06be\u06cc\u06ba\u060c \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u067e\u0631 \u06a9\u06c1\u0627 \u06af\u06cc\u0627 \u062a\u06be\u0627 \u06a9\u06c1 \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0648\u06c1 \u201c\u06c1\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u06cc \r\n \u062e\u0648\u0646\u201d \u06a9\u06d2 \u06c1\u0648\u06ba \u0627\u0648\u0631 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href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-education\">\u06d2<\/a><\/a> \u0627\u0646 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0648\u06ba \u0646\u06d2 \u062f\u06cc\u0633\u06cc \u0622\u0632\u0627\u062f\u06cc\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u0648 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u06c1\u062f\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u0648 \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-rights\">\u0627\u0686\u06be\u06d2 \u0627\u062e<\/a> \u0644\u0627\u0642\u06cc \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0631\u201d \u06a9\u06cc \u0628\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u062f \u067e\u0631 \u062f\u06cc\u0633\u06cc \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062f \u06a9\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u06cc\u0646<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u06c1\u0646\u062f\u0648 <em>\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u06a9<\/em> \u0679 \u0646\u06d2 \u0644\u0648\u06af\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0639 \u0627\u0648\u0631 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\u0631\u0648\u0627\u06cc\u062a\u06cc \u0688\u06be\u0627\u0646\u0686\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\u062c\u06af<\/a> \u06c1 \u0628\u06cc\u0646\u0688 \u06a9\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u0648\u062b <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/chief\">\u06cc \u0633\u0631<\/a> \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06c1 - \u0631\u06c1\u0646\u0645\u0627 \r\n \u062c\u0648 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u06cc \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0626\u06d2 \u0646\u0633\u0644 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0630\u0631\u06cc\u0639\u06d2 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba - \u0627\u0646\u0688\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9\u0679 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0630\u0631\u06cc\u0639\u06c1 \u062a <em>\u0633\u0644\u06cc\u0645 \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba<\/em> \u06a9\u06cc\u06d2 1951 \u062a\u06a9 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u062a\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0648 \u0628\u06cc\u0646\u0688 \u06a9\u0648\u0646\u0633\u0644 \u06a9\u06cc \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u062a \u0633\u06d2 \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u06cc\u0627 \u06af\u06cc\u0627 \u062a\u06be\u0627\u06d4 (\u062e\u0648\u0627 <em>\u062a\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u06c1<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/women-and-the-indian-act\">\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u06a9\u0679 \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u06a9\u06be<\/a> \u06cc\u06ba\u06d4)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9\u0679 \u0646\u06d2 \u0641\u0631\u0633\u0679 \u0646\u06cc\u0634\u0646\u0632 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0644\u0648\u06af\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06d2 \u0644\u0626\u06d2 \u0645\u0630\u06c1\u0628\u06cc \u062a\u0642\u0631\u06cc\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u062b\u0642 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/religion-of-aboriginal-people\">\u0627\u0641\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627<\/a> \u0639\u0627\u062a \u067e\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u06cc \u0628\u0646\u0627 \u062f\u06cc\u0627\u06d4 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-term\">1884 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba\u060c \u067e\u0648\u0679\u0644\u06cc <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/potlatch\/\">\u0686 \u067e\u0631 \u067e\u0627\u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0644<\/a> \u06af\u0627\u0626\u06cc \u06af\u0626\u06cc\u060c \u0627\u0648\u0631 1895 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba\u060c \u201c\u06a9\u0633\u06cc \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u06c1\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u062a\u06c1\u0648\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0631\u0642\u0635 \u06cc\u0627 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u06cc\u0628\u201d\u060c \u062c\u0633 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u067e\u0627\u0648\u0648\u0648 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0633\u0648\u0631 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sun-dance\">\u062c \u0688\u0627\u0646\u0633<\/a> \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u06c1\u0648\u06ba \u06af\u06d2\u060c <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/powwows-editorial\">\u067e\u0631 \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u067e<\/a> \u0627\u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0639\u0627\u0626\u062f \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u06cc \u06af\u0626\u06cc\u06d4<\/a> 1914 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0631\u0645\u06cc\u0645 \u0646\u06d2 \u0688\u0627\u0646\u0633 \u0622\u0641 \u0631\u06cc\u0632\u0631\u0648 \u06a9\u0648 \u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u06cc \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u06cc\u0627\u060c <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">\u0627\u0648\u0631<\/a> 1925 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba\u060c \r\n \u0631\u0642\u0635 \u06a9\u0648 \u0645\u06a9\u0645\u0644 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u067e\u0631 \u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u06cc\u0627 \u06af\u06cc\u0627 \u062a\u06be\u0627\u06d4<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>1927 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba\u060c \u0627\u0633 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9\u0679 \u0646\u06d2 \u0641\u0631\u0633\u0679 \u0646\u06cc\u0634\u0646\u0632 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0644\u0648\u06af\u0648\u06ba \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06d2 \u0644\u0626\u06d2 \u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u06d2 \u062f\u0639\u0648\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0644\u0626\u06d2 \u0641\u0646\u0688\u0632 \u0637\u0644\u0628 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u06cc \u0628 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/land-claims\/\">\u0646\u0627 \u062f\u06cc\u0627\u06d4<\/a> \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u06a9\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u0645\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u06cc \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u062a \u062a\u06be\u06cc \u06a9\u06c1 \u0641\u0631\u0633\u0679 \r\n \u0646\u06cc\u0634\u0646\u0632 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0628\u0686\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u0648 \u0635\u0646\u0639\u062a\u06cc \u06cc\u0627 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/residential-schools\/\">\u0631\u06c1\u0627\u0626<\/a> \u0634\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u06a9\u0648\u0644\u0648\u06ba (1894 \u0627\u0648\u0631 1920) \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0634\u0631\u06a9\u062a \u06a9\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u0688\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0631\u06c1\u0627\u0626\u0634\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u06a9\u0648\u0644\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06cc \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0646\u06d2 \u0645\u0644\u06a9 \u0628\u06be\u0631 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u0644\u0648\u06ba \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062f\u06cc\u0633\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u0648 \r\n \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062b\u0631 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>20 \u0648\u06cc\u06ba \u0635\u062f\u06cc \u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u062a\u0627\u0645 \u067e\u0631\u060c <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/pass-system-in-canada\">\u067e\u0627\u0633 \u0646\u0638<\/a> \u0627\u0645 (\u062c\u0633 \u0646\u06d2 \u0630\u062e\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0633\u06d2 \u067e\u06c1\u0644\u06d2 \u0642\u0648\u0645 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0644\u0648\u06af\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06cc \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0648 \u062d\u0631\u06a9\u062a \u06a9\u0648 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0631\u06a9\u06be\u0627 \u062a\u06be\u0627) \u06a9\u0648 \u0628\u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u06a9\u0633\u06cc \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u062c\u0627\u0632\u062a \u06a9\u06d2 \u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u06af\u06cc\u0627\u06d4 \u0627\u0646 \u067e\u0627\u0628 \r\n \u0646\u062f\u06cc \u067e\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u0633\u06cc\u0648\u06ba \u0646\u06d2 \u062f\u06cc\u0633\u06cc \u0644\u0648\u06af\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06cc \u0646\u0633\u0644\u0648\u06ba \u067e\u0631 \u062f\u06cc\u0631\u067e\u0627 \u0627\u062b\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628 \u06a9\u06cc\u06d2 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\u062e\u0648\u0646 \u06a9\u0627 \u06a9\u0648\u0626\u06cc \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u0645\u0631\u062f \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u062a\u06be\u0627 \u062c\u0633 \u06a9\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u06a9\u0633\u06cc \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u06cc\u0646\u0688 \u0633\u06d2 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\u0631\u06a9\u06be\u062a\u0627<\/a> \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4\u201d \r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">\u06c1\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0633\u062a<\/a> \u0627\u0646\u06cc \u062d\u06cc\u062b\u06cc\u062a \u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u201c\u0627\u0633 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u06a9\u06d2 \u06a9\u0633\u06cc \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u0628\u0686\u06d2\u201d \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u201c\u06a9\u0633\u06cc \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u0639\u0648\u0631\u062a \u067e\u0631 \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u062c\u0648 \u0627\u0633 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0633\u06d2 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u06cc \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u067e\u0631 \u0634\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0634\u062f\u06c1 \u06c1\u06d2 \u06cc\u0627 \u06c1\u0648\u0626\u06cc \u062a\u06be\u06cc\u06d4\u201d \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u06a9\u0633\u06cc \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0646\u06d2 \u06cc\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0648\u0631\u0633\u0679\u06cc \u06af\u0631\u06cc\u062c\u0648\u06cc\u0634\u0646 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627\u060c \u06a9\u0633\u06cc \u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u062d\u06cc\u062b\u06cc\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u06d2 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0633\u06d2 \u0634 \r\n \u0627\u062f\u06cc \u06a9\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2 (\u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0648\u06c1 \u0639\u0648\u0631\u062a \u062a\u06be\u06cc\u06ba) \u06cc\u0627\u060c 1876 \u0633\u06d2 1880 \u062a\u06a9\u060c <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/christianity\">\u0639\u06cc<\/a> \u0633\u0627\u0626\u06cc \u0648\u0632\u06cc\u0631\u060c \u0688\u0627\u06a9\u0679\u0631 \u06cc\u0627 \u0648\u06a9\u06cc\u0644 \u0628\u0646 \u06af\u0626\u06d2\u06d4 \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u0648 \u0641\u0631\u0686\u0627\u0626\u0632\u0645\u0646\u0679 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u06d2 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\">\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u062a\u0627 \u062a\u06be\u0627\u06d4<\/a> \r\n\u06c1\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u06a9\u0679 \u06a9\u06cc <em>\u062f\u0641\u0639\u06c1<\/em> 112\u060c \u062c\u0633\u06d2 \u201c\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u06cc \u0641\u0631\u0686\u0627\u0626\u0632\u0645\u0646\u0679\u201d \u0633\u06cc\u06a9\u0634\u0646 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u06d2 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u060c 1961 \u062a\u06a9 \u06c1\u0679\u0627 \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u062f\u06cc\u0627 \u06af\u06cc\u0627 \u062a\u06be\u0627\u06d4 \u062d\u06cc\u062b\u06cc\u062a \u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0645\u06cc\u06c1 \u0636\u0645 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u062a\u06cc \u062a\u0628\u0627\u06c1\u06cc \u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0630\u0631\u06cc\u0639\u06c1 \u062a\u06be\u0627\u06d4<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>1951 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0634\u062f\u06c1 \u0628\u06be\u0627\u0631\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u06a9\u0679<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p><em>\u062f\u0648\u0633\u0631\u06cc <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/second-world-war-wwii\/\">\u062c\u0646\u06af \u0639\u0638\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0641\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u06a9\u06d2 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u06a9\u06cc\u0646\u06cc<\/a> \u0688\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0628\u06c1\u062a \u0633\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0634\u0631\u062a\u06cc \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u06be\u06cc\u060c \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0646\u062a\u06cc\u062c\u06d2 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u06a9\u0679 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0630\u0631\u06cc\u0639\u06c1 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u062f 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href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/potlatch\">\u062a\u0642\u0631\u06cc\u0628\u0627\u062a \u067e\u0631 \u067e\u0627\u0628<\/a> \u0646\u062f\u06cc \u062e\u062a \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sun-dance\">\u0645 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u06cc \u06af<\/a> \u0626\u06cc\u06d4 \u06a9\u0645\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u0679\u06cc\u0632 \u062d\u06a9\u0648\u0645\u062a \u06a9\u06d2 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u06d2 \u062f\u0639\u0648\u06d2 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/land-claims\/\">\u0644\u0627\u0646\u06d2 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba<\/a> \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0628 \u062a\u06be\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \r\n\u0641\u0631\u0633\u0679 \u0646\u06cc\u0634\u0646\u0632 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u062a\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0644\u0626\u06d2\u060c 1951 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9\u0679 \u06a9\u0627 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u06cc\u06c1 \u062a\u06be\u0627 \u06a9\u06c1 \u0648\u06c1 \u0627\u0628 \u0628\u06cc\u0646\u0688 \u06a9\u0648\u0646\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0648\u0648 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\u0679 \u062f\u06cc<\/a> \u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u06be\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/elsie-knott\">\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u0633\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0646\u0648\u0679 \u06a9\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u0688\u0627<\/a> \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u067e\u06c1\u0644\u06cc \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0628 \u062e\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0633\u0679 \u0646\u06cc\u0634\u0646\u0632 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/chief\">\u0686\u06cc\u0641 \u062a\u06be<\/a> \u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 (<em>\u062f\u06cc\u0633\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u0627\u062a\u06cc\u0646<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-women-and-the-franchise\">\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0686\u0627\u0626\u0632 \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u06a9\u06be<\/a> \u06cc\u06ba\u06d4)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u062a\u0627\u06c1\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0646\u06d2 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9\u0679 \u06a9\u0648 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0633\u0644\u0648\u06a9 \u0633\u06d2 \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u062f\u06cc\u0627\u06d4 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u067e\u0631\u060c \u06c1\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u06cc <em>\u06a9\u0679 \u0646\u06d2 \u062d\u06cc\u062b<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">\u06cc\u062a \u0631\u06a9\u06be\u0646\u06d2 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u06d2 \u0644\u0648\u06af<\/a> \u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u0648 \u0646\u0634\u06d2 \u0631\u06a9\u06be\u0646\u06d2 \u06cc\u0627 \u0646\u0634\u06d2 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0645\u0628\u062a\u0644\u0627 \u06c1\u0648\u0646\u06d2 \u0633\u06d2 \u0645\u0646\u0639 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627\u06d4 \r\n1951 \u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0646\u06d2 \u0635\u0648\u0628\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u0648 \u062f\u06cc\u0633\u06cc \u0628\u0686\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06cc \u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0648 \u0628\u06c1\u0628\u0648\u062f (\u0633\u06cc\u06a9\u0634\u0646 88) <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/child-welfare\">\u067e\u0631 \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u062f\u0627<\/a> \u0626\u0631\u06c1 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u06cc\u0627 \u062c\u06c1\u0627\u06ba \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0642\u06cc \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u067e\u0631 \u06a9\u0648\u0626\u06cc \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u062a\u06be\u0627\u06d4 \u0627\u0633 \u0646\u06d2 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u201c\u0633\u0627\u0679\u06be \u06a9\u06cc \u062f\u06c1\u0627\u0626\u06cc \u0627\u0633 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sixties-scoop\">\u06a9\u0648\u067e\u201d \r\n \u06a9\u0648 \u067e\u06cc\u0634 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u06d2<\/a> \u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u062c\u0627\u0632\u062a \u062f\u06cc\u060c \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u06cc\u0633\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062c\u0633 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0630\u0631\u06cc\u0639\u06c1 \u0635\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0626\u06cc \u0628\u0686\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06cc \u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0648 \u0628\u06c1\u0628\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0646\u0633\u06cc\u0648\u06ba \u0646\u06d2 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0634\u0631\u062a\u06cc \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0627\u06c1\u0645 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0626\u06d2 \u0628\u0686\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u0648 \u0627\u067e\u0646\u06d2 \u06af\u06be\u0631\u0648\u06ba \u0633\u06d2 \u06c1\u0679\u0627\u0646\u06d2 \u0633\u0627\u0679\u06be \u06a9\u06cc \u062f\u06c1\u0627\u0626\u06cc 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\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0645\u06a9\u0645\u0644 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u067e\u0631 \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0634\u0648\u06c1\u0631 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0630\u0631\u06cc\u0639\u06d2 \u0628\u06c1\u062a\u06d2 \u062a\u06be\u06d2\u06d4 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u062d\u06cc\u062b\u06cc\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0639\u0648\u0631\u062a \u062c\u0633 \u0646\u06d2 \u062d\u06cc\u062b\u06cc\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u06d2 \u0645\u0631\u062f \u0633\u06d2 \u0634\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u06a9\u06cc \u0648\u06c1 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u062d\u06cc\u062b\u06cc\u062a \u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u06cc \u062a\u06be\u06cc\u06d4 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u062d\u06cc\u062b\u06cc\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0639\u0648\u0631\u062a \u062c\u0633 \u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u0633\u06cc \u062d\u06cc\u062b\u06cc\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u06d2 \u0622\u062f\u0645\u06cc \u0633\u06d2 \u0634\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u06a9\u06cc \u062a\u06be\u06cc \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u06cc \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\u0628\u06cc\u0646<\/a> \u0688 \u0645\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0634\u067e \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0633\u0627\u062a\u06be \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06be\u06cc \u06c1\u0648\u0626\u06cc \u062a\u06be\u06cc \u0644\u06c1\u0630\u0627 \u0648\u06c1 \u0627\u0628 \u0627\u067e\u0646\u06d2 \u0628\u06cc\u0646\u0688 \u06a9\u06cc \u0631\u06a9\u0646 \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u0631\u06c1\u06cc\u060c \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0648\u06c1 \u0628\u06cc\u0648\u0627 \u06c1\u0648 \u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0634\u0648\u06c1\u0631 \u0646\u06d2 \u0686\u06be\u0648\u0691 \u062f\u06cc\u0627 \u062a\u0648 \u0648\u06c1 \u0645\u06a9\u0645\u0644 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u067e\u0631 \u0627\u067e\u0646\u0627 \u062d\u06cc\u062b\u06cc\u062a \u06a9\u06be\u0648 \u062f\u06cc\u06d4<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>1951 \u06a9\u06d2 \u06c1\u0646\u062f\u0648 <em>\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u06a9<\/em> \u0679 \u0646\u06d2 \u201c\u0688\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u06ba\u201d \u06a9\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u06c1 \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u06a9\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u060c \u062c\u0633 \u0646\u06d2 \u0628\u0686\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc 21 \u0648\u06cc\u06ba \u0633\u0627\u0644\u06af\u0631\u06c1 \u067e\u0631 \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06cc \u0645\u0627\u06ba \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u062f\u0648\u0646\u0648\u06ba \u062d\u06cc\u062b\u06cc\u062a \u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u06c1\u0644 \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u06d2 \u062a\u0648 \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u06cc 21 \u0648\u06cc\u06ba \u0633\u0627\u0644\u06af\u0631\u06c1 \u067e\u0631 \u06a9\u0633\u06cc \u0628\u0686\u06d2 <em>1996 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645\u06cc \u0644\u0648\u06af\u0648\u06ba <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/royal-commission-on-aboriginal-peoples\">\u067e\u0631 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u06a9\u0645\u06cc\u0634\u0646 \u0646\u06d2 \u0646\u0648\u0679 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u06a9\u06c1 1951 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0646\u06d2 \u06c1\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u06a9\u0679 \u06a9\u0648 1876 \u06a9\u06cc \u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0648\u0627\u067e\u0633 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u06c1 \u0628\u06c1\u062a \u06a9\u0645 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627\u060c \u062c\u0628\u06a9\u06c1 \u062d\u06cc\u062b\u06cc\u062a \u06a9\u06cc \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644\u06cc \u067e\u0631 \u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u06cc \u067e\u0627\u0628<\/a> \u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0648\u06ba \u0646\u06d2 \u0641\u0631\u0633\u0679 \u0646\u06cc\u0634\u0646\u0632 \u06a9\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u0627\u062a\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0628\u0686\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u0648 \u0646\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0646 \u067e\u06c1\u0646\u0686\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u06d4<\/em><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u06c1\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u06a9\u0679 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062a\u0628\u062f\u06cc\u0644\u06cc \u06a9\u0627 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u06c1\u060c 1960 \u0627\u0648\u0631 1970<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>1951 \u06a9\u06d2 \u06c1\u0646 <em>\u062f\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u06cc<\/em> \u06a9\u0679 \u0646\u06d2 \u062f\u06cc\u0633\u06cc \u0644\u0648\u06af\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u0648 \u062d\u0642 \u062f\u06cc\u0646\u06d2 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\">\u06a9\u06d2 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u06a9\u0648\u0626\u06cc \u062a\u0628\u062f\u06cc\u0644\u06cc \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba<\/a> \u06a9\u06cc\u060c \r\n \u0627\u0648\u0631 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">\u0646\u06c1 \u06c1\u06cc \u0627\u0633<\/a> \u0646\u06d2 \u0648\u0648\u0679 \u062f\u06cc\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u062d\u0642 \u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u062c\u0627\u0632\u062a \u062f\u06cc <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/franchise\">\u06d4<\/a> \u062a\u0627\u06c1\u0645\u060c 1958 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba\u060c \u0648\u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u0639\u0638\u0645 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/john-diefenbaker\">\u062c\u0627\u0646 \u0688\u06cc\u0641\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u06cc\u06a9\u0631 \u06a9\u06cc \u062d\u06a9\u0648\u0645\u062a \u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u0688\u0627 \u06a9\u06d2<\/a> \u0628\u0644 \u0622 \r\n \u0641 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u06a9\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u0648\u062f\u06c1 \u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0631 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/canadian-bill-of-rights\/\">\u06a9\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627\u06d4<\/a> \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u0688\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u06cc \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u067e\u0631 \u0628\u0644 \u0622\u0641 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u0679\u0633 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0632\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u06cc\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0633\u0627\u062a\u06be\u060c \u062f\u06cc\u0633\u06cc \u0644\u0648\u06af\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u0648 \u0645\u0634\u06a9\u0644 \u0633\u06d2 \u0648\u0648\u0679 \u062f\u06cc\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u062d\u0642 \u0633\u06d2 \u0627\u0646 \r\n \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0633\u06a9\u062a\u0627\u06d4 31 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0686 1960 \u06a9\u0648\u060c \u06a9\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u0688 <em>\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0634\u0646 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9\u0679 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0633\u06cc\u06a9\u0634\u0646 14 (2) \u06a9\u06d2 \u062d\u0635\u06d2 \u06a9\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0633\u0648\u062e \u06a9\u0631<\/em> \u062f\u06cc\u0627 \u06af\u06cc\u0627 \u062a\u0627\u06a9\u06c1 \u0627\u0633\u0679\u06cc\u0679\u0633 \u06c1\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u0648 \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0642\u06cc \u0648\u0648\u0679 \u062f\u06cc\u0627 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">\u062c\u0627\u0633\u06a9\u06d2\u06d4<\/a> \r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">\u0641\u0631\u0633\u0679 \u0646\u06cc\u0634\u0646\u0632<\/a> \u06a9\u06d2 \u0644\u0648\u06af \u0627\u0628 \u0627\u067e\u0646\u06cc \u062d\u06cc\u062b\u06cc\u062a \u06a9\u06be\u0648\u0626\u06d2 \u0628\u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u0648\u0648\u0679 \u062f\u06d2 \u0633\u06a9\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u0627\u06af\u0644\u06d2 \u0633\u0627\u0644\u060c \u06c1\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u06a9\u0679 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0641\u0631\u0686\u0627\u0626\u0632\u0645\u0646\u0679 \u06a9\u06cc \u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0642 \u062e\u062a\u0645 \u06a9\u0631 <em>\u062f\u06cc \u06af\u0626\u06cc\u06d4<\/em> (\u06a9\u06cc <em>\u0646\u06cc\u0688\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062f\u06cc<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-suffrage\">\u0633\u06cc \u0631\u0627\u0626\u06d2 \u06a9\u0627 \u062d\u0642 \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u06c1<\/a> \u06a9\u0631\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>1969\u0621 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0648\u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u067e\u06cc\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0644\u06cc\u0679 \u0679\u0631\u0648\u0688\u0648 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/pierre-elliott-trudeau\/\">\u06a9\u06cc \u062d\u06a9\u0648\u0645\u062a \u0646\u06d2 \u0627\u067e\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0626\u0679 \u067e\u06cc\u067e\u0631 \u062c\u0627\u0631\u06cc<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/the-white-paper-1969\/\">\u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \r\n \u062c\u0633 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u062d\u06cc<\/a> \u062b\u06cc\u062a \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u06a9\u0645\u06c1 \u0628\u06be\u0627\u0631\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0648 \u0645\u06a9\u0645\u0644 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u067e\u0631 \u062e\u062a\u0645 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u0631\u0627\u062f\u06d2 \u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u0639\u0644 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-affairs-and-northern-development-canada\">\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06cc<\/a> \u0627\u06d4 \u0648\u0627\u0626\u0679 \u067e\u06cc\u067e\u0631 \u06a9\u0648 \u0641\u0631\u0633\u0679 \u0646\u06cc\u0634\u0646\u0632 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0644\u0648\u06af\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06cc \u0637\u0631\u0641 \r\n \u0633\u06d2 \u063a\u0635\u06d2 \u06a9\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u06af\u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u0688\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u06cc\u0633\u0648\u0633\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0634\u0646 \u0622\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0679\u0627 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u06a9\u06d2 \u0635\u062f\u0631 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/harold-cardinal\/\">\u06c1\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0688 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0688\u06cc\u0646\u0644 \u0646\u06d2 \u062a\u062e\u0644\u06cc\u0642 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u067e\u06cc\u0634 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u06c1 \u201c\u0631\u06cc\u0688 \u067e\u06cc\u067e\u0631\u201d \u06a9\u06d2<\/a> \u0630\u0631\u06cc\u0639\u06c1 \u0641\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u067e\u0631 \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u0627 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u06c1 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u06af\u06cc\u0627\u06d4 \r\n\u062f\u06cc\u0633\u06cc \u06af\u0631\u0648\u06c1\u0648\u06ba \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06d2 \u062d\u0627\u0645\u06cc\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06cc \u0634\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a \u06a9\u06cc \u0648\u062c\u06c1 \u0633\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u0688\u0627 \u06a9\u06cc \u062d\u06a9\u0648\u0645\u062a \u0646\u06d2 \u0641\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0637\u0648\u0631 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\u062c\u06cc\u0646\u06cc<\/a> \u0679 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/jeannette-vivian-lavell\">\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0628\u06cc\u0626\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0648\u06cc\u0644\r\n\u060c \u062c\u0648 \u062f\u0648\u0646\u0648\u06ba \u0646\u06d2 \u0634\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u06a9\u06cc \u0648\u062c\u06c1 \u0633\u06d2 \u0627\u067e\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u06be<\/a> \u0648 \u062f\u06cc\u0627\u060c \u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u0688\u0627 \u06a9\u06cc \u062d\u06a9\u0648\u0645\u062a \u06a9\u06d2 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u06d2 \u0644\u0627\u06cc\u06d2\u06d4 1973 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba\u060c \u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u0688 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/supreme-court-of-canada\/\">\u0627 \r\n \u06a9\u06cc \u0633\u067e\u0631\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0679 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba 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\u0645\u0631\u062f \u0627\u067e\u0646\u06cc \u062d\u06cc\u062b\u06cc\u062a \u06a9\u0648 \u0628\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u06a9\u06be\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0648\u06c1 \u201c\u0634\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u06cc\u06ba\u201d \u06d4 (<em>\u0628\u06cc\u0688\u0627\u0631\u0688 \u06a9\u06cc \r\n<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/bedard-case\">\u0633 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0648\u06cc\u0644 \u06a9\u06cc\u0633<\/a> \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u06a9\u06be <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/lavell-case\">\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4)<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sandra-lovelace-nicholas\">1981 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u06c1 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u06a9\u0645\u06cc\u0634\u0646 \u0646\u06d2 \u0641\u06cc\u0635\u0644\u06c1 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u06a9\u06c1 \u06a9\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u0688\u0627 \u0646\u06d2 \u0633\u06cc\u0646\u0688\u0631\u0627 \u0644 \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/maliseet\">\u0627\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0633 \u0646\u06a9\u0648\u0644\u0633 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u06d2 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0634\u06c1\u0631\u06cc <em>\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06cc \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0644<\/em> \u0627\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0645\u06cc \u0639\u06c1\u062f \u06a9\u06d2 \u0622\u0631\u0679\u06cc\u06a9\u0644 27 \u06a9\u06cc \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0631\u0632\u06cc \u06a9\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2 \u062c\u0648 \u0634\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u06a9\u06d2 \u0630\u0631\u06cc\u0639\u06d2 \u0627\u067e\u0646\u06cc \u062d\u06cc\u062b\u06cc\u062a \u0633\u06d2 \u06a9\u06be<\/a> \u0648 \u06af\u0626\u06cc \u062a\u06be\u06cc\u06d4<\/a> \r\n \u062d\u06a9\u0648\u0645\u062a \u0646\u06d2 \u0633\u06cc\u0646\u0688\u0631\u0627 \u06a9\u0648 \u0627\u067e\u0646\u06cc \u06af\u06be\u0631\u06cc\u0644\u0648 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0631\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0648\u0627\u067e\u0633 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u06d2 \u0633\u06d2 \u0631\u0648\u06a9\u0627 \u062a\u06be\u0627 \u06a9\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u06c1\u060c \u06c1\u0646 <em>\u062f\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u06cc<\/em> \u0627\u06cc\u06a9\u0679 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u06cc \u0634\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u06c1\u0648\u06af\u0626\u06cc \u062a\u06be\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0628 \r\n \u0627\u0633\u06d2 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\u0628\u06cc\u0646<\/a> \u0688 \u0645\u0645\u0628\u0631 \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u0633\u0645\u062c\u06be\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u062a\u0627 \u062a\u06be\u0627\u06d4<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u0628\u0644 \u0633\u06cc 31: \u06c1\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u06a9\u0679 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba 1985 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062a\u0631\u0645\u06cc\u0645<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>1985 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba\u060c \u06c1\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u06a9\u0679 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u06cc \u06a9\u0645\u06cc \u067e\u0631 \u0628\u0691\u06be\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u0648\u0626\u06cc \u0642\u0648\u0645\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0634\u0648\u06cc\u0634 <em>\u06a9\u0627 \u062c\u0648\u0627<\/em> \u0628 \u062f\u06cc\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u0648\u0626\u06d2\u060c \u062d\u06a9\u0648\u0645\u062a \u0646\u06d2 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/bill-c-31\">\u0628\u0644 C-31<\/a> \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627\u06d4 \u0628\u0644 \u0646\u06d2 \u0628\u0627\u0642\u06cc \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u0631\u0686\u0627\u0626\u0632\u0645\u0646\u0679 \u0634\u0642\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u0648 \r\n \u0645\u06a9\u0645\u0644 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\">\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u067e\u0631 \u062e\u062a\u0645 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u06cc\u0627\u06d4<\/a> \u0645\u0632\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0622\u06ba\u060c \u062c\u0646 \u0644\u0648\u06af\u0648\u06ba \u0646\u06d2 \u0634\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u06a9\u06d2 \u0630\u0631\u06cc\u0639\u06d2 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">\u062d\u06cc\u062b\u06cc\u062a<\/a> \u06a9\u06be\u0648 \u062f\u06cc \r\n \u062a\u06be\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u0688\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u06cc\u0646\u0688 \u0645\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u067e\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0631\u06c1 \u0628\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0627 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\u06af\u06cc\u0627\u06d4<\/a> \u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0628\u0686\u0648\u06ba \u0646\u06d2 \u062d\u06cc\u062b\u06cc\u062a \u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644 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\u0628\u06cc\u0646\u0688\u0632 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0644\u0626\u06d2 \u0628\u06c1\u062a \u0633\u06d2 \u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u062d\u06cc\u062b\u06cc\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u06d2 \u0645\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u06a9\u06be\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc \u0628\u06c1\u062a \u06a9\u0645 \u062a\u0631\u063a\u06cc\u0628 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u062c\u0628 \u0633\u06d2 1985 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 <em>\u0679 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062a\u0631<\/em> \u0645\u06cc\u0645 \u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630 \u06a9\u06cc \u06af\u0626\u06cc \u062a\u06be\u06cc\u060c \u0631\u062c\u0633\u0679\u0631\u0688 \u06c1\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06cc \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u062f\u06af\u0646\u0627 \u0633\u06d2 \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06c1 \u06c1\u0648\u06af\u0626\u06cc\u060c 1985 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062a\u0642\u0631\u06cc\u0628\u0627 360\u060c000 \u0633\u06d2 \u0644\u06d2 \u06a9\u0631 2007 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clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen=\"\">\r\n<\/iframe><br>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u06af\u0648\u0631\u0646\u0646\u0633 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u0688 \u0627\u0646\u0688\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9\u0679\u060c 1960 \u0633\u06d2 2000<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\u06c1\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u06cc <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\/\">\u0627\u06cc\u06a9\u0679\u060c 1876 \u0646\u06d2 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u06cc\u062a\u06cc \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u0648 \u062d\u06a9\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u062e\u062a\u0645 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u0679\u0631\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u062f \u06a9\u06cc\u06d2 \u06af\u0626\u06d2 - \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645\u06cc \u06c1\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u06cc <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-agents-in-canada\">\u062c\u0646<\/a> \u0679\u0648\u06ba \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0634\u0639\u0628\u06c1 \u0628\u06be<\/a><\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-affairs-and-northern-development-canada\">\u0627\u0631\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u06cc \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0642\u06cc \u0628\u06cc\u0648\u0631\u0648\u06a9\u0631\u06cc\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u06cc<\/a> \u0634\u06a9\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0648\u06ba \u067e\u0631 \u06d4 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-self-government\">1960 \u06a9\u06cc \u062f\u06c1\u0627\u0626\u06cc \u06a9\u06d2 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0648\u0631 1970 \u06a9\u06cc \u062f\u06c1\u0627\u0626\u06cc \u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u062a\u06a9 \u062a\u06cc\u0632\u06cc \u0633\u06d2 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href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/constitution-act-1982\/\"><em>\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u06a9\u06cc\u060c \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u06cc\u0633\u06cc \u0644\u0648\u06af\u0648\u06ba \u0646\u06d2 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u067e\u0646\u06d2 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u06a9\u0648 \u0622\u0626\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9\u0679\u060c 1982<\/em><\/a> \r\n \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0648\u06cc\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062a\u0635\u062f\u06cc\u0642 \u062f\u06cc\u06a9\u06be\u0627\u06d4<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\">1984 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba\u060c <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/james-bay-and-northern-quebec-agreement\">\u062c\u06cc\u0645\u0632 \u0628\u06d2 \u0627\u0648\u0631 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\u062f\u06cc\u0633\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u0648 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u067e\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u0679 \u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06d2 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u067e\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627\u06d4<\/a><\/em> \u062e\u0648\u062f \u062d\u06a9\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">\u0641\u0631\u0633\u0679 \u0646\u06cc\u0634\u0646<\/a> \u0632 \u06c1\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u06a9\u0679 \u06a9\u06d2 \u062a\u0627\u0628 <em>\u0639 \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba<\/em>\u060c \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u06a9\u06c1 \u0648\u0641 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">\u0627\u0642\u06cc \u062d\u06a9\u0648\u0645\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0633\u0679<\/a> \u0646\u06cc\u0634\u0646\u0632 \r\n \u06a9\u06d2 \u06a9\u0686\u06be \u0627\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062c\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0631\u06a9\u06be\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u062a\u0628 \u0633\u06d2\u060c \u0627\u06cc\u06a9\u0679 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u06af\u0648\u0631\u0646\u0646\u0633 \u067e\u0631 \u0628\u06cc\u0646\u0688 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u06cc <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/a> \u0628\u0691\u06be\u0627\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u06cc\u0632 \u067e\u06cc\u0634 \u06a9\u06cc \u06af\u0626\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 1996 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0642\u06cc \u062d\u06a9\u0648\u0645\u062a \u0646\u06d2 \u0628\u06cc\u0646\u0688 \u06af\u0648\u0631\u0646\u0646\u0633 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0630\u062e\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0636\u0627\u0628\u0637\u06d2 \u0633\u0645\u06cc\u062a \u0627\u06cc\u06a9\u0679 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0648\u06ba \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062a\u0631\u0645\u06cc\u0645 \r\n \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0644\u0626\u06d2 \u0628\u0644 C-79 \u06a9\u06cc \u062a\u062c\u0648\u06cc\u0632 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">\u06a9\u06cc\u06d4<\/a> \u0641\u0631\u0633\u0679 \u0646\u06cc\u0634\u0646\u0632 \u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u06a9\u062b\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u0628\u0644 C-79 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u062a\u06be\u06cc\u06d4 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u06c1\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u06d2 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u06c1\u060c \u0627\u0646\u06c1\u0648\u06ba \u0646\u06d2 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u06a9\u06c1 \u062d\u06a9\u0648\u0645\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0648\u0632\u06c1 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u06cc\u0644\u06cc\u0648\u06ba \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/duty-to-consult\">\u06a9\u06d2 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u06d2 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba<\/a> \u0641\u0631\u0633\u0679 \u0646\u06cc\u0634\u0646\u0632 \u0633\u06d2 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0634\u0648\u0631\u06c1 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u06d2 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0646\u0627\u06a9\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u062e\u0648\u0641 \u062a\u06be\u0627 \u06a9\u06c1 \u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0644 \u0633\u06d2 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u06c1 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-treaties\">\u062f\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u062d\u0642\u0648<\/a> \u0642 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u06d2 \u062d <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-rights\">\u0642 \u06a9\u0648<\/a> \u062e\u0637\u0631\u06c1 \u0645\u0644\u06d2 \u06af\u0627\u06d4 \u0645\u0632\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0622\u06ba\u060c \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645\u06cc \u0644\u0648\u06af\u0648\u06ba \u067e\u0631 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u06a9\u0645\u06cc\u0634\u0646 \u06a9\u06cc \u0633\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u0648 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u06d2 \u067e\u0631 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/royal-commission-on-aboriginal-peoples\">\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0644 \u067e\u0631 \u062a\u0646\u0642\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u06cc \u06af\u0626\u06cc \u062a\u06be\u06cc\u06d4<\/a> \r\n\u0628\u0644 \u0633\u06cc 79 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0646\u06d2 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0646\u0627\u06a9\u0627\u0645 \u0631\u06c1\u0627\u06d4<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>2002 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0633\u06cc 7\u060c \u062c\u0633\u06d2 \u0641\u0631\u0633\u0679 \u0646\u06cc\u0634\u0646\u0632 \u06af\u0648\u0631\u0646\u0646\u0633 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9\u0679 \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u06a9\u06c1\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2<em>\u060c \u0646\u06d2 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc\u060c<\/em> \u0642\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u062a \u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u06cc \u0637\u0631\u062d \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u06d2 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\u201c\u06a9\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u0688\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0641\u0631\u0633\u0679 \u0646\u06cc\u0634\u0646\u0632 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0644\u0626\u06d2 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u062d\u06a9\u0648\u0645\u062a \u06a9\u06d2 \u062d\u0642 \u06a9\u06cc \u062a\u0633\u0644\u06cc\u0645 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0627\u0630 \u06a9\u0648 \u0641\u0631\u0648\u063a \u062f\u06cc\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0644\u0626\u06d2 \u0628\u0644 S-216 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u06a9\u0631\u0648\u0627\u06cc \r\n \u0627\u06d4\u201d \u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0644 \u0646\u06d2 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u062d\u06a9\u0648\u0645\u062a \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u0627\u06c1\u0634 \u0631\u06a9\u06be\u0646\u06d2 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u067e\u06c1\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u0648 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u062a\u062c\u0648\u06cc\u0632 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0622\u0626\u06cc\u0646 \u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u062c\u0627\u0632\u062a \u062f\u06cc\u062a\u06cc \u062a\u06be\u06cc\u06d4 \u0627\u06af\u0631\u0686\u06c1 \u0628\u0644 S-216 \u0646\u06d2 \u062f\u0648\u0633\u0631\u06cc \u0631\u06cc\u0688\u0646\u06af \u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u06a9\u06cc\u060c \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0646 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u06cc\u06c1 \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u0646\u0627\u06a9\u0627\u0645 \u06c1\u0648\u0627\u06d4 (\u067e\u0627\u0631 <em>\u0644\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0637\u0631\u06cc\u0642\u06c1<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/parliamentary-procedure\">\u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u06a9\u06be<\/a> \u06cc\u06ba\u06d4)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u062a\u0627\u06c1\u0645\u060c \u06a9\u0686\u06be \u0641\u0631\u0633\u0679 \u0646\u06cc\u0634\u0646\u0632 \u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0628 \u0633\u06cc\u06a9\u0679\u0631\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u06cc\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u06cc\u06c1 \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06c1 \u0633\u06d2 \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06c1 \u062d\u06a9\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u062c\u0627\u0632\u062a \u062f\u06cc\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u062c\u0648 \u06c1\u0646 <em>\u062f\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u06cc<\/em> \u06a9\u0679 \u06a9\u0686\u06be \u0645\u062b <em>\u0627\u0644\u0648\u06ba \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba: \u0641\u0631\u0633\u0679 \u0646\u06cc\u0634\u0646\u0632 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0688 \u0645\u06cc\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0646\u0679 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9\u0679 (1999)\u060c \u0641\u0631\u0633\u0679 \u0646\u06cc\u0634\u0646\u0632 \u0641\u0646\u0633\u0644 <em>\u0645\u06cc\u0646<\/em> \u062c\u0645\u0646\u0679 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9\u0679 (2005)\u060c \u0641\u0631\u0633\u0679 \u0646\u06cc\u0634\u0646\u0632 \u0622\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u0688 \u06af\u06cc\u0633 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u0688 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0632 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\u062d\u06cc\u062b\u06cc\u062a \u06a9\u06d2 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u06a9\u06d2 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u06d2 \u0633\u06d2 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u062a\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f \u06a9\u06d2 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u06cc\u0627 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">\u0632\u06cc \u0633<\/a> \u0644\u0648\u06a9 2011 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba\u060c <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/parliament\">\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0644\u06cc\u0645\u0646\u0679 \u0646\u06d2 \u062c\u0646<\/a> \u0688\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \r\n <em>\u0648\u06cc\u0679\u06cc \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0688\u06cc\u0646 \u0631\u062c\u0633\u0679\u0631\u06cc\u0634\u0646 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9<\/em> \u0679 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627\u060c \u062c\u0633\u06d2 \u0628\u0644 \u0633\u06cc 3 \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u06a9\u06c1\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 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\u06a9\u0632\u0646\u0632 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u06c1\u0646 \u0628\u06be\u0627\u0626\u06cc\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u0648 \u062d\u06cc\u062b\u06cc\u062a \r\n \u06a9\u06d2 \u0637\u0631\u06cc\u0642\u06d2 \u0633\u06d2 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u06d2 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062a\u06be\u0627\u06d4 \u0628\u0644 S-3 \u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u062d\u0635\u06c1 22 \u062f\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 2017 \u06a9\u0648 \u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630 \u06c1\u0648\u0627 \u062a\u06be\u0627\u06d4 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u062f\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u06d2 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u06c1\u060c \u062a\u0631\u0645\u06cc\u0645 \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06c1 \u0633\u06d2 \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06c1 \u0644\u0648\u06af\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u0648 \u0627\u067e\u0646\u06cc \u062d\u06cc\u062b\u06cc\u062a \u0627\u067e\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f \u06a9\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u06d2 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0648\u06af\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u0648 \u062d\u06cc\u062b\u06cc\u062a \u0628\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2 \u062c\u0646\u06c1\u0648\u06ba \u0646\u06d2 1985 \u0633\u06d2 \u067e\u06c1\u0644\u06d2 \u0627\u0633\u06d2 \u06a9\u06be\u0648 \u062f\u06cc\u0627 \u062a\u06be\u0627\u06d4 \r\n\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u067e\u0631\u060c \u06cc\u06c1 \u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0648\u06af\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u0648 \u0631\u062c\u0633\u0679\u0631 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0637\u0631\u06cc\u0642\u06d2 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u06c1\u0645 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2 \u062c\u0648 \u0646\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u067e\u06cc\u0679\u0631\u06cc\u0679\u06cc \u0648\u0627\u0644\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062c\u0648 1951\u201485 \u06a9\u06d2 \u062f\u0631\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u0634\u0627\u062f\u06cc 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2019 \u06a9\u0648 \u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u06af\u06cc\u0627 \u062a\u06be\u0627\u06d4 \u062d\u06a9\u0648\u0645\u062a \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u201c\u06c1\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u06a9\u0679 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u062c\u0646\u0633\u06cc \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u062a <em>\u06a9\u0648 \u0627\u0628 \u062d\u0644<\/em> \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u06af\u06cc\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4\u201d<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u0645\u062c\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>2010 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba\u060c \u0648\u0641 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">\u0627\u0642\u06cc \u062d\u06a9\u0648\u0645\u062a<\/a> \u0646\u06d2 \u062f\u06cc\u0633\u06cc \u0644\u0648\u06af\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06d2 \u0633\u0627\u062a\u06be \u06a9\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u067e\u0646\u06d2 \u0627\u0631\u0627\u062f\u06d2 \u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">\u06a9\u06cc\u0627<\/a> \u062a\u0627\u06a9\u06c1 \u0627\u0646\u0688\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9\u0679 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0635\u0648\u06ba <em>\u0633\u06d2<\/em> \u0686\u06be\u0679\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0627 \r\n \u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u062c\u0648 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/residential-schools\">\u0631\u06c1\u0627\u0626\u0634\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u06a9\u0648\u0644<\/a> \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u06d2 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0686\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u0648 \u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06d2 \u06af\u06be\u0631\u0648\u06ba \u0633\u06d2 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u06cc\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0628\u0644 S-2\u060c 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\u06a9\u0648 \u062f\u0648\u0633\u0631\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u0688\u0627\u0626\u06cc\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06cc \u0637\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0632\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062c\u06cc \u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u06a9 \u06a9\u06d2 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u06a9\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u0688\u0627 \u06a9\u06cc \u062d\u06a9\u0648\u0645\u062a \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0628\u0644 S-2 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u062a\u0646\u06c1\u0627 \u062d\u0635\u06c1 \u06c1\u06d2\u060c \u06c1\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u06a9\u0679 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u0627 \u062d\u0635\u06c1 \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba <em>\u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/em><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u0628\u062d\u062b: \u06c1\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u06a9\u0679 \u06a9\u0648 \u0628\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u06a9\u06be\u0646\u0627 \u06cc\u0627 \u062e\u062a\u0645 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\u06a9\u06d2 \u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u06d2 \u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u06a9\u0627\u0645 \u062c\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0631\u06a9\u06be\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-self-government\/\">\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u06cc\u0633\u06cc \u0644\u0648\u06af\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u0648 \u0627\u0645\u06cc\u062f \u06c1\u06d2 \u06a9\u06c1 \u062d\u06a9\u0648\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u06cc\u0633\u06cc \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062a\u0628\u062f\u06cc\u0644\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u062d\u06a9\u0648\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u06c1\u0645\u062a \u06a9\u06cc \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0691\u06be\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u0648\u0626\u06d2 \u0627\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0633\u0627\u062a\u06be \u0627\u06cc\u06a9\u0679 \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/truth-and-reconciliation-commission\">\u06a9\u06d2<\/a> \u0627\u062e\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062e\u062a\u0645 \u06c1\u0648\u062c\u0627\u0626\u06cc\u06ba \u06af\u06d2 \u06cc\u0627 \u062e\u062a\u0645 \u06c1\u0648\u062c\u0627\u0626\u06cc\u06ba \u06af\u06d2\u06d4<\/a> <em>\u062c\u06cc\u0633\u0627 \u06a9\u06c1 \u0627\u0633 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/assembly-of-first-nations\">\u0645\u0628\u0644\u06cc \u0622\u0641 \u0641\u0631<\/a> \u0633\u0679 \u0646\u06cc\u0634\u0646\u0632 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0633\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06c1 \u067e\u06cc \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/perry-bellegarde\">\u0631\u06cc \u0628\u06cc\u0644\u06cc\u06af\u0627\u0631\u0688\u06d2 \u0646\u06d2 2018 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba<\/a> \u06a9\u06c1\u0627 \u062a\u06be\u0627\u060c \u201c\u06c1\u0645 \u0633\u0628 \u06c1\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u06a9\u0679 \u06a9\u06d2 \u06a9\u0646\u0679\u0631\u0648\u0644 \u0633\u06d2 \u0622\u06af\u06d2 \u0628\u0691\u06be\u0646\u0627 \u0686\u0627\u06c1\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u0648 \u062f\u06cc\u0633\u06cc \u0644\u0648\u06af\u0648\u06ba \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u06cc \r\n \u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0645\u0648\u0631\u0648\u062b\u06cc \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u06a9\u06d2 \u062d\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u06cc \u062d\u06cc\u062b\u06cc\u062a \u0633\u06d2 \u062f\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0631\u06c1<\/em><\/p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<iframe sandbox=\"allow-same-origin allow-scripts allow-top-navigation allow-popups\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"100%\" height=\"185\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https:\/\/embed.radiopublic.com\/e?if=the-secret-life-of-canada-Ww0QnZ&amp;ge=s1!7163a1347ab72236394fe46a4fe7d4048bc69b37\">\r\n<\/iframe><br>\r\n\r\n\t<p>\u06c1\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u06a9\u0679 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u0688\u0627 \u06a9\u06d2 \u067e\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0628\u06be\u06cc \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u06cc\u06c1 \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0648\u06ba \u067e\u0631 \u06a9\u06cc\u0648\u06ba \u06c1\u06d2\u061f \u0633\u06cc\u06a9\u0631\u0679 \u0644\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0679\u06cc\u0645 \u0627\u0633 \u067e\u06cc\u0686\u06cc\u062f\u06c1 \u067e\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u06cc \u062c\u0691\u0648\u06ba \u067e\u0631 \u063a\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u060c \u062c\u0648 143 \u0633\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0628 \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u06a9\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u0688\u0627 \u06a9\u06cc \u0634\u0646\u0627\u062e\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u06c1\u06d2\u060c \u0627\u0633 \u067e\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u0633\u06cc \u0633\u06d2 \u0644\u06d2 \u06a9\u0631 \u062c\u0633 \u06a9\u06cc \u0648\u062c\u06c1 \u0633\u06d2 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9\u0679 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u06cc\u0627 \u06af\u06cc\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2 \u0627\u0633 \u062a\u06a9 \u06a9\u06c1 \u0627\u0633 \u0633\u06d2 \u0622\u062c \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u0633\u06cc \u0634\u0646\u0627\u062e\u062a \u06a9\u0648 \r\n \u06a9\u0633 \u0637\u0631\u062d \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062b\u0631 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 <br>\r\n<strong>\u0646\u0648\u0679<\/strong><em>: \u06a9\u06cc\u0646\u06cc <em>\u0688\u0627 \u06a9\u06cc \u062e\u0641\u06cc\u06c1 \u0632\u0646\u062f\u06af\u06cc<\/em> \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u06c1 \u0633\u06cc\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u06d2 \u0645\u06cc\u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u06a9\u06be\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u06cc\u06c1 \u06a9\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u0688\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0626\u06cc\u06a9\u0644\u0648\u067e\u06cc\u0688\u06cc\u0627 \u0633\u06d2 \u0622\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0633\u06cc \u0628\u06cc \u0633\u06cc \u0627\u0635\u0644 \u067e\u0648\u0688 \u06a9\u0627\u0633\u0679 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/em><\/p>\r\n<\/blockquote>\r\n<br>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u0645\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u06c1\u0645\u06cc\u062a<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p><em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">\u0627\u06af\u0631\u0686\u06c1 \u0627\u0633 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u06a9\u0626\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0631\u0645\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u06cc \u06af\u0626\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u060c \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0646 \u06c1\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u06a9\u0679 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u06cc \u0648\u0631\u0698\u0646 \u0627\u0628 \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u06c1\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u062d\u06cc\u062b <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">\u06cc\u062a<\/a> \u06a9\u06cc \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637\u060c \u0630\u062e\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u06d2 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f\u060c \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06cc \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0633\u0631\u067e\u0631\u0633\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0630\u06c1\u0646\u06cc \u0646\u0627\u0627\u06c1\u0644\u060c <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\u0628\u06cc\u0646<\/a> \u0688 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0645\u060c \r\n \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0631\u06cc\u0632\u0631\u0648 \u067e\u0631 \u0632\u0646\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u06a9\u06d2 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u067e\u06c1\u0644\u0648\u0624\u06ba \u06a9\u06cc \u0648\u0636\u0627\u062d\u062a \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \r\n<\/a><\/em><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u06c1\u0646\u062f\u0648 <em>\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u06a9<\/em> \u0679 \u06a9\u06d2 \u062f\u06cc\u0633\u06cc \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0648\u06ba\u060c \u0645\u0639\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0648\u06ba\u060c \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0648\u06ba \u067e\u0631 \u062c\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u06cc\u0631\u067e\u0627 \u0627\u062b\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628 \u06c1\u0648\u0626\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u0627\u0633 \u0646\u06d2 \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u0644\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06d2 \u0635\u062f\u0645\u06d2 \u06a9\u0627 \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u06cc\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u067e\u0631 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/residential-schools\">\u0631\u06c1\u0627\u0626\u0634\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u06a9\u0648\u0644\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06d2 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u06d2<\/a> \u0645\u06cc\u06ba\u060c \u06a9\u06cc\u0648\u0646 \r\n \u06a9\u06c1 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9\u0679 \u06a9\u06cc \u0638\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u067e\u0627\u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0648\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u062f\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0646\u06d2 \u062f\u06cc\u0633\u06cc \u0644\u0648\u06af\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06cc \u0646\u0633\u0644\u0648\u06ba \u067e\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u06cc \u0627\u062b\u0631 \u0688\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/p>","slug":"ndostanyurayk","alt_slug":"","twitter_summary":null,"locale":"ur","automated":true,"hidden":0,"views":3,"created_at":"2025-01-07T14:44:41.000000Z","updated_at":"2025-01-07T14:44:41.000000Z"},{"id":"9de9e3c6-3745-412b-9f74-6638af6732c1","article_id":"83668","title":"Indian Act","summary":"<p>\u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt <em>\u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/em> l\u00e0 lu\u1eadt ch\u00ednh m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">ph\u1ee7 li\u00ean bang<\/a> s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd t\u00ecnh <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/a>, ch\u00ednh <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">quy\u1ec1n First Nations \r\n<\/a> \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ea5t <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">d\u1ef1 tr\u1eef<\/a>. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng ph\u00e1c th\u1ea3o c\u00e1c \r\n ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c First Nations. <a\r\n\thref=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/inuit\">\u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt <em>\u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 li\u00ean<\/em> quan \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9; n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a First Nations, ng\u01b0\u1eddi <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/metis\">M\u00e9tis<\/a> ho\u1eb7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Inuit. \r\n<\/a> \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1876, \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lu\u1eadt thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba nh\u1eb1m lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a v\u00e0o x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Euro-Canada. M\u1ed9t phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1951, v\u00e0 k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \r\n s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n, \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1985, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng, vi ph\u1ea1m nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a cho c\u00e1c \r\n th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 d\u00e2n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">t\u1ed9c b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt <em>\u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/em>. \u0110\u1ec3 c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n t\u00f3m t\u1eaft ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, vui l\u00f2ng xem <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act-plain-language-summary\" target=\"_blank\">\u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 (T\u00f3m t\u1eaft ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n)<\/a>.<\/p>","body":"<div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/cbcd31d1-03f6-4fba-a45d-96ee89c4617d.jpg\" title=\"\u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9\" alt=\"\u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9\"><\/div>\r\n\r\n<h3>B\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed: Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, 1763\u20141876<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>T <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/royal-proclamation-of-1763\/\">uy\u00ean b\u1ed1 Ho\u00e0ng gia n\u0103m 1763 \u0111\u1eb7t ra<\/a> c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba s\u1ebd t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">First Nations<\/a> trong c\u00e1c th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 ti\u1ebfp theo. Tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-rights\">quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1<\/a> b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh cho c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ec7 Nh\u1ea5t qu\u1ed1c, v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \r\n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. C\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua v\u00e0o n\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c First Nations v\u00e0o d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt n\u0103m 1850 <em>\u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n \u0110\u1ea5t \u0111ai v\u00e0 T\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111\u1ecf \u1edf H\u1ea1 Canada<\/em> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/indian\/\">\u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/a> h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p - ti\u1ec1n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u201c\u0111\u1ecba <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">v\u1ecb<\/a>\u201d. Nh\u1eefng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u n\u00e0y d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean m\u00e1u, v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u201cs\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111\u1ecf\u201d n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd thu\u1ed9c \u201cd\u00f2ng \r\n m\u00e1u \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9\u201d v\u00e0 l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u201cC\u01a1 th\u1ec3 ho\u1eb7c B\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111\u1ecf\u201d. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 h\u1eadu du\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 \u201ck\u1ebft h\u00f4n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111\u1ecf nh\u01b0 v\u1eady\u201d c\u0169ng v\u1eady, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 cha m\u1eb9 (m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c c\u1ea3 hai) s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111\u1ecf, \r\n v\u00e0 \u201ct\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn nu\u00f4i khi c\u00f2n nh\u1ecf b\u1edfi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 n\u00e0o nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.\u201d<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>C\u00e1c \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt <em>V\u0103n minh D\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n<\/em> n\u0103m 1857 v\u00e0 <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/gradual-civilization-act\/\">\u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Enfranchisement D\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n<\/a><\/em> n\u0103m 1869 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu nh\u1eb1m lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ho\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n \r\n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c First Nations \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecd v\u00e0o d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1edfi <em>\u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt V\u0103n minh D\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n<\/em> th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c trao \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\/\">quy\u1ec1n<\/a> t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean s\u1ebd t\u1eeb b\u1ecf \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed), nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n. \r\nK\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 sau \u0111\u00f3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01a1n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng trao quy\u1ec1n cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n First Nations.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00f3m B\u1ea3n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">\u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u00e3<\/a> k\u00fd c\u00e1c <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-treaties\/\">hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc<\/a> - \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 n\u0103m Hi\u1ec7p <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/numbered-treaties\">\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh s\u1ed1<\/a> \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean - v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Canada tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi <em>\u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/em> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua n\u0103m 1876. Nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p l\u00fd c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c Qu\u1ed1c gia \u0110\u1ec7 Nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, thay v\u00ec th\u00f4ng qua <em>\u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/em>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 l\u00ean n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n, 1876<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>N\u0103m 1867, \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/constitution-act-1867\/\"><em>Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p giao quy\u1ec1n<\/em><\/a> t\u00e0i ph\u00e1n l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p cho Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/parliament\">\u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi<\/a> \u201cNg\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111\u1ecf, \r\n v\u00e0 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111\u1ecf.\u201d <em>G\u1ea7n 10 n\u0103m sau, v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1876, \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt V\u0103n <em>minh D\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o<\/em> lu\u1eadt <em>Enfranchisement D\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1o<\/em> lu\u1eadt \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9.<\/em> Th\u00f4ng qua <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-affairs-and-northern-development-canada\">B\u1ed9 C\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c<\/a> \u0111\u1eb7c v\u1ee5 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-agents-in-canada\">\u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3<\/a>, \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt <em>\u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/em> \u0111\u00e3 trao cho ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 nhi\u1ec1u quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">Qu\u1ed1c gia th\u1ee9<\/a> nh\u1ea5t, c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb, th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-education\">gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/a>. Nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n h\u1ea1n n\u00e0y h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-rights\">\u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0 cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c quan ch\u1ee9c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh quy\u1ec1n<\/a> v\u00e0 l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean \u201ct\u00ednh c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c t\u1ed1t\u201d.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt <em>\u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/em> \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t h\u00f3a m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn v\u00e0 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecd v\u00e0o x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba. N\u00f3 c\u1ea5m c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng First Nations th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd th\u00f4ng qua qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a. \r\n\u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 thay th\u1ebf c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">ban nh\u1ea1c<\/a>. C\u00e1c th\u1ee7 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/chief\">l\u0129nh cha<\/a> truy\u1ec1n con n\u1ed1i - nh\u1eefng \r\n nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c th\u00f4ng qua d\u00f2ng d\u00f5i ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea7u c\u1eed - kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt <em>\u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/em> c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1951, ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u0169ng b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i kh\u1ecfi ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng ban nh\u1ea1c. (<em>Xem th\u00eam Ph\u1ee5<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/women-and-the-indian-act\">n\u1eef v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt c\u0169ng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c nghi l\u1ec5 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/religion-of-aboriginal-people\">t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/a> v\u00e0 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c t\u1ee5 h\u1ecdp v\u0103n h\u00f3a kh\u00e1c nhau l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p. N\u0103m 1884, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/potlatch\/\">potlatch<\/a> b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m, v\u00e0 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1895, \u201cb\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i, khi\u00eau v\u0169 hay nghi l\u1ec5 n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-term\">\u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/a>\u201d, bao g\u1ed3m <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/powwows-editorial\">powwows<\/a> v\u00e0 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sun-dance\">nh\u1ea3y m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi<\/a>, c\u0169ng b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m. M\u1ed9t s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00e1c v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1914 c\u1ea5m khi\u00eau v\u0169 ngo\u00e0i <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">d\u1ef1<\/a> b\u1ecb, \r\n v\u00e0 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1925, khi\u00eau v\u0169 b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>N\u0103m 1927, \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a First Nations thu h\u00fat ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 theo \u0111u\u1ed5i y\u00eau s\u00e1ch <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/land-claims\/\">\u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p.<\/a> C\u00e1c s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i sau \u0111\u00f3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u tr\u1ebb em First \r\n Nations ph\u1ea3i theo <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/residential-schools\/\">h\u1ecdc c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng<\/a> c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ho\u1eb7c n\u1ed9i tr\u00fa (1894 v\u00e0 1920). Di s\u1ea3n \u0111en t\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed9i tr\u00fa \u1edf Canada \u0111\u00e3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 \r\n li\u00ean th\u1ebf h\u1ec7. \r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>V\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/pass-system-in-canada\">h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e8o (h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf s\u1ef1<\/a> di chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ra kh\u1ecfi khu b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 s\u1ef1 cho ph\u00e9p ph\u00e1p l\u00fd n\u00e0o. Nh\u1eefng ch\u00ednh \r\n s\u00e1ch h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e2u d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba, v\u00ec nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u1ec1 di chuy\u1ec3n g\u00e2y ra thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i cho n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf, v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt <em>\u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/em> c\u0169ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 theo lu\u1eadt. N\u00f3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 l\u00e0 \u201cb\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng n\u00e0o c\u00f3 d\u00f2ng m\u00e1u \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c m\u1ed9t <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">ban nh\u1ea1c<\/a> c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.\u201d \r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/a> c\u0169ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho \u201cb\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cb\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef n\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft h\u00f4n h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3\u201d. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, \r\n k\u1ebft h\u00f4n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb (n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd l\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef) ho\u1eb7c, t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1876 \u0111\u1ebfn 1880, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c s\u01b0, b\u00e1c s\u0129 ho\u1eb7c lu\u1eadt s\u01b0 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/christianity\">C\u01a1<\/a> \u0111\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\">enfranchisement<\/a>. \r\nM\u1ee5c 112 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt <em>\u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/em> - \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n \u201cnh\u01b0\u1ee3ng quy\u1ec1n b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c\u201d - \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb x\u00f3a cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1961. Vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a v\u00e0 h\u1ee7y ho\u1ea1i v\u0103n h\u00f3a.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i n\u0103m 1951<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ngay sau <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/second-world-war-wwii\/\">Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai<\/a> li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u1edf Canada, v\u00e0 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c xem x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u00e1p b\u1ee9c h\u01a1n do \r\n \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t.<\/em> M\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">First Nations b\u00e1c<\/a> b\u1ecf ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u00ec h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng tham gia v\u00e0o \r\n qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Canada \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng qua qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u1ee6y ban H\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p, l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tham kh\u1ea3o \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng First Nations v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi <em>\u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/em>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>M\u1ed9t \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt <em>\u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/em> m\u1edbi v\u00e0 s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0ng gia \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 20 th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 1951. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea1i tu \u0111\u00e3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o g\u00e2y kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu nh\u1ea5t. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, c\u00e1c l\u1ec7nh c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nghi l\u1ec5 nh\u01b0 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/potlatch\">potlatch<\/a> v\u00e0 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sun-dance\">nh\u1ea3y \r\n m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi<\/a> \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf. C\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra y\u00eau <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/land-claims\/\">s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai<\/a> ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. \r\n\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef First Nations, \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt n\u0103m 1951 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng ban nh\u1ea1c<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/elsie-knott\">Elsie Marie Knott<\/a> l\u00e0 n\u1eef \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u l\u00e0m th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh First Nations <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/chief\">t\u1ea1i Canada<\/a>. (<em>Xem th\u00eam Ph\u1ee5<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-women-and-the-franchise\">n\u1eef b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0 Nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng quy\u1ec1n th\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/a> m\u1ea1i.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt <em>\u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/em> c\u1ea5m nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">c\u00f3<\/a> \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb s\u1edf h\u1eefu ch\u1ea5t g\u00e2y say ho\u1eb7c say r\u01b0\u1ee3u. \r\nC\u00e1c s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i n\u0103m 1951 c\u0169ng trao cho c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh quy\u1ec1n t\u00e0i ph\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/child-welfare\">ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i tr\u1ebb em B\u1ea3n<\/a> \u0111\u1ecba (M\u1ee5c 88) n\u01a1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n li\u00ean bang n\u00e0o t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 cho ph\u00e9p \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sixties-scoop\">Scoop th\u1eadp ni\u00ean s\u00e1u m\u01b0\u01a1i<\/a>\u201d \r\n x\u1ea3y ra, m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh m\u00e0 theo \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i tr\u1ebb em t\u1ec9nh \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u01b0a tr\u1ebb em ra kh\u1ecfi nh\u00e0 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd thay v\u00ec cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. The Sixties Scoop \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 v\u00e0 l\u00e2u d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt m\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng l\u1eadt ng\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed c\u1ee7a T\u00ecnh <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian\">tr\u1ea1ng \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/a>. \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 thay th\u1ebf kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u201cd\u00f2ng m\u00e1u \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9\u201d b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i th\u00f4ng qua \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c\r\n, ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 di s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a First Nations l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb. Tuy nhi\u00ean, d\u00f2ng d\u00f5i nam gi\u1edbi v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n; ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb m\u1ea5t quy\u1ec1n n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd k\u1ebft h\u00f4n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb. (<em>Xem th\u00eam Ph\u1ee5<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/women-and-the-indian-act\">n\u1eef v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>C\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ef1c \u0111oan. Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n tu\u00f4n ch\u1ea3y qua ch\u1ed3ng. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb k\u1ebft h\u00f4n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb s\u1ebd t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb k\u1ebft h\u00f4n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb c\u00f3 t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">ban nh\u1ea1c<\/a> c\u1ee7a c\u00f4 \u1ea5y g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a anh \u1ea5y n\u00ean c\u00f4 \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a ban nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh n\u1eefa, v\u00e0 c\u00f4 \u1ea5y m\u1ea5t ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb n\u1ebfu c\u00f4 \u1ea5y b\u1ecb g\u00f3a v\u1ee3 ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecb ch\u1ed3ng b\u1ecf r\u01a1i.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt <em>\u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/em> n\u0103m 1951 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0a ra quy t\u1eafc \u201cNg\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9 k\u00e9p\u201d, thu h\u1ed3i t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y sinh nh\u1eadt th\u1ee9 21 n\u1ebfu c\u1ea3 m\u1eb9 v\u00e0 b\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch. \u1ee6y <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/royal-commission-on-aboriginal-peoples\">ban Ho\u00e0ng gia v\u1ec1 th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n<\/a> v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1996 l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00f3 trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea1i tu n\u0103m 1951 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m g\u00ec ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0a <em>\u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/em> tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i n\u0103m 1876, trong khi nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf b\u1ed5 sung v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n giao \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i cho ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u00e0 con c\u00e1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1960 v\u00e0 1970<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt <em>\u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/em> n\u0103m 1951 kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\">nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng quy\u1ec1n cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba,<\/a> \r\n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng cho ph\u00e9p <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/franchise\">quy\u1ec1n<\/a> b\u1ea7u c\u1eed. Tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1958, \r\n ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/john-diefenbaker\">John Diefenbaker<\/a> b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n Nh\u00e2n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/canadian-bill-of-rights\/\">quy\u1ec1n Canada.<\/a> V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n Nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Canada, ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i \r\n quy\u1ec1n b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu. V\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 31 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1960, c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a M\u1ee5c 14 (2) c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt B <em>\u1ea7u c\u1eed Canada<\/em> \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb b\u00e3i b\u1ecf \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea5p phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea7u li\u00ean bang cho <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111\u1ecf c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb<\/a>. \r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n First Nations<\/a> gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. N\u0103m sau, \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng quy\u1ec1n b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c trong \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt <em>\u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/em> \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf. (<em>Xem th\u00eam Quy\u1ec1n<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-suffrage\">b\u1ea7u c\u1eed c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba \u1edf Canada<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>N\u0103m 1969, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/pierre-elliott-trudeau\/\">Pierre Elliott Trudeau<\/a> \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/the-white-paper-1969\/\">S\u00e1ch tr\u1eafng<\/a>, \r\n tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 v\u00e0 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-affairs-and-northern-development-canada\">B\u1ed9 C\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/a>. S\u00e1ch Tr\u1eafng \u0111\u00e3 v\u1ea5p ph\u1ea3i s\u1ef1 ph\u1eabn n\u1ed9 \r\n t\u1eeb c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0 ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c b\u1ecb ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i b\u1edfi \u201cS\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecf\u201d, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra v\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y b\u1edfi <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/harold-cardinal\/\">Harold Cardinal, khi \u0111\u00f3<\/a> l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 Alberta. \r\nDo s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t v\u00e0 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 h\u1ecd, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Canada nhanh ch\u00f3ng r\u00fat S\u00e1ch tr\u1eafng.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba trong th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh \u0111\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed trong <em>\u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mary-two-axe-earley\">Mary Two-Axe Earley<\/a> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t. \r\nNgo\u00e0i c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c kh\u00e1c, c\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 huy \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch n\u00f3i v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00e2ng cao h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb, hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu theo \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt. Yvonne <a name=\"_Hlk39573469\">B\u00e9dard<\/a> v\u00e0 \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/jeannette-vivian-lavell\">Jeannette Corbiere Lavell<\/a>, c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u m\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb v\u00ec h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n ra t\u00f2a ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Canada. N\u0103m 1973, c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 \u00e1n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp \r\n t\u1ea1i <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/supreme-court-of-canada\/\">T\u00f2a \u00e1n T\u1ed1i cao Canada<\/a>. Trong n\u0103m \u0111\u00f3, t\u00f2a \u00e1n \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i v\u00ec ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt li\u00ean k\u1ebft t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u1edbi ch\u1ed3ng \r\n kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb v\u1eabn gi\u1eef \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd \u201ck\u1ebft h\u00f4n\u201d. (<em>Xem th\u00eam Tr\u01b0\u1eddng<\/em> h\u1ee3p \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/bedard-case\">B\u00e9dard v\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/lavell-case\">Lavell<\/a>.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>N\u0103m 1981, \u1ee6y ban Nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng Canada \u0111\u00e3 vi ph\u1ea1m \u0110i\u1ec1u 27 c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng <em>\u01b0\u1edbc Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 Quy\u1ec1n D\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb<\/em> trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sandra-lovelace-nicholas\">Sandra Lovelace Nicholas<\/a> - \r\n m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/maliseet\">Wolastoqiyik<\/a> \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh th\u00f4ng qua h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n Sandra tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00f4 v\u00ec, theo <em>\u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/em>, \r\n c\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft h\u00f4n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">ban nh\u1ea1c<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>D\u1ef1 lu\u1eadt C-31: S\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i n\u0103m 1985 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>N\u0103m 1985, \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng trong \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt <em>\u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/em>, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4ng qua D\u1ef1 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/bill-c-31\">lu\u1eadt C-31<\/a>. D\u1ef1 lu\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u \r\n kho\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\">nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng quy\u1ec1n<\/a> c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i. Ngo\u00e0i ra, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecba <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">v\u1ecb<\/a> th\u00f4ng qua h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 \r\n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111\u1ecf \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb v\u00e0 l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">ban nh\u1ea1c<\/a>. Con c\u00e1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb, nh\u01b0ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ban nh\u1ea1c trong hai n\u0103m. Kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y nh\u1eb1m cung c\u1ea5p cho c\u00e1c ban nh\u1ea1c th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 \r\n t\u1ea1o m\u00e3 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang h\u1ecd, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb tr\u1ebb em, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t quy t\u1eafc nh\u01b0 v\u1eady kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 1987, nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb c\u0169ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ban nh\u1ea1c. V\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi danh s\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean, c\u00e1c ban nh\u1ea1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \r\n th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i. Tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u00ec t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 th\u00f4ng qua ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 li\u00ean bang d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb, n\u00ean c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t \u00edt \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c ban nh\u1ea1c c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi c\u00e1c s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i <em>\u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/em> n\u0103m 1985 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra, s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng h\u01a1n g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i, t\u1eeb kho\u1ea3ng 360.000 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1985 l\u00ean h\u01a1n 778.000 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2007. S\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c sinh nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n t\u1eed vong \r\n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 th\u00f4ng qua t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng \u201cph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i\u201d c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Tuy nhi\u00ean, trong khi s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/prejudice-and-discrimination\">ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed<\/a> v\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, n\u00f3 c\u0169ng t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. D\u1ef1 lu\u1eadt C-31 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra hai lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian\">\u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/a>. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n 6 (1), \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng khi c\u1ea3 hai cha m\u1eb9 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd. (Ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c nhau d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1ch chuy\u1ec3n tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i.) \u0110i\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 hai, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n 6 (2), \r\n \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng khi m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 huynh c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd theo 6 (1). <em>T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3<\/em> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n giao n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 huynh \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd theo m\u1ee5c 6 (2). N\u00f3i t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, sau hai th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 k\u1ebft h\u00f4n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb, tr\u1ebb em s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 \r\n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 quy t\u1eafc \u201cSecond-Generation Cut-Off\u201d. Theo c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, D\u1ef1 lu\u1eadt C-31 \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<iframe width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/__Y_hHFvUR8\" title=\"Tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t video YouTube\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen=\"\">\r\n<\/iframe><br>\r\n\r\n<h3>Qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1960 \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 2000<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\/\">\u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/a>, 1876,<\/em> \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e1o d\u1ee1 c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i - d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c v\u1ee5 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-agents-in-canada\">\u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/a> \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y quan li\u00eau li\u00ean bang <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-affairs-and-northern-development-canada\">c\u1ee7a B\u1ed9 C\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed1i<\/a> v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-self-government\">M\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1960 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1970, c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng \r\n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a Canada l\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba.<\/a> \r\nXu h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0 v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 21, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba th\u1ea5y quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh trong \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/constitution-act-1982\/\"><em>Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p, 1982,<\/em><\/a> \r\n v\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>N\u0103m 1984, Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/james-bay-and-northern-quebec-agreement\">James Bay v\u00e0 B\u1eafc Quebec<\/a>, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 B\u00e1o c\u00e1o Penner, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt <em>Cree-Naskapi (c\u1ee7a Quebec), ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \r\n c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 qu\u1ea3n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba \u1edf Canada, thay th\u1ebf \u0110\u1ea1o<\/em> lu\u1eadt <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\">\u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/a><\/em> v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba trong khu v\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 doanh nghi\u1ec7p. C\u00e1c <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">qu\u1ed1c gia \r\n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean<\/a> t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n theo \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt <em>\u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/em>, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 li\u00ean bang<\/a> ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \r\n v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Qu\u1ed1c gia \u0110\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t t\u0103ng quy\u1ec1n h\u1ea1n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">b\u0103ng t\u1ea7n<\/a> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb trong \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt. N\u0103m 1996, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 li\u00ean bang \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t D\u1ef1 lu\u1eadt C-79 \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt bao g\u1ed3m \r\n qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb b\u0103ng t\u1ea7n v\u00e0 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">d\u1ef1 tr\u1eef<\/a>. \u0110a s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c Qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i D\u1ef1 lu\u1eadt C-79. Trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c l\u00fd do kh\u00e1c, h\u1ecd l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/duty-to-consult\">tham kh\u1ea3o \u00fd ki\u1ebfn<\/a> \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u1edbi First Nations v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t. H\u1ecd lo ng\u1ea1i d\u1ef1 lu\u1eadt s\u1ebd \u0111e d\u1ecda <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-treaties\">c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc<\/a> v\u00e0 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-rights\">quy\u1ec1n<\/a> t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, d\u1ef1 lu\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch v\u00ec ph\u1edbt l\u1edd c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb c\u1ee7a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/royal-commission-on-aboriginal-peoples\">\u1ee6y ban Ho\u00e0ng gia v\u1ec1 th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n<\/a>. \r\nD\u1ef1 lu\u1eadt C-79 kh\u00f4ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh lu\u1eadt.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>N\u0103m 2002, D\u1ef1 lu\u1eadt C-7, c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Qu\u1ea3n <em>tr\u1ecb Qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch trao<\/em> cho c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng ban nh\u1ea1c nhi\u1ec1u quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p, l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 li\u00ean bang \u0111\u00e3 tham kh\u1ea3o \u00fd ki\u1ebfn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c Qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 \r\n d\u1ef1 lu\u1eadt, nh\u01b0ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. N\u0103m 2006, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/senate\">Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngh\u1ecb s\u0129<\/a> Gerry St. Germain \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra D\u1ef1 lu\u1eadt S-216 \u201c\u0111\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb cho c\u00e1c Qu\u1ed1c gia \r\n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u1edf Canada.\u201d D\u1ef1 lu\u1eadt s\u1ebd cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c Qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean mu\u1ed1n t\u1ef1 qu\u1ea3n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 D\u1ef1 lu\u1eadt S-216 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecdc l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai, nh\u01b0ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng n\u00f3 c\u0169ng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. (<em>Xem th\u00eam Th\u1ee7<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/parliamentary-procedure\">t\u1ee5c Ngh\u1ecb<\/a> vi\u1ec7n.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 Qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn ng\u00e0nh th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb l\u1edbn h\u01a1n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p theo <em>\u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/em>. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u00ed d\u1ee5 bao g\u1ed3m: <em>\u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c<\/em> <em>gia \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean (1999), \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd t\u00e0i<\/em> kh\u00f3a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c <em>qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean (2005), \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 d\u1ea7u kh\u00ed c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean (2005), \u0110\u1ea1o<\/em> <em>lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean (2006) v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o<\/em> lu\u1eadt <em>s\u1edf h\u1eefu t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean<\/em> (2009).<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>S\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 n\u0103m 2011 v\u00e0 2017<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i, <em>\u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/em> v\u1eabn ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u00e0 con ch\u00e1u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn quy\u1ec1n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">\u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb<\/a>. N\u0103m 2011, Qu\u1ed1c <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/parliament\">h\u1ed9i<\/a> \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4ng qua \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt \r\n <em>B\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng gi\u1edbi trong \u0110\u0103ng k\u00fd \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/em>, c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 D\u1ef1 lu\u1eadt C-3. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 li\u00ean bang<\/a> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mcivor-case\">tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p McIvor, \r\n \u0111\u00f3<\/a> l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh trong ph\u1ea7n 6 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt <em>\u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/em> n\u0103m 1985. D\u1ef1 lu\u1eadt C-3 c\u1ea5p t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch 6 (2) cho ch\u00e1u c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1985. Tuy nhi\u00ean, h\u1eadu du\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 ch\u1eaft, \r\n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 con ch\u00e1u c\u1ee7a nam gi\u1edbi trong ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1. Do \u0111\u00f3, D\u1ef1 lu\u1eadt C-3 v\u1eabn t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00ec ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>D\u1ef1 lu\u1eadt S-3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t v\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a t\u00f2a \u00e1n v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed trong \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\"><em>\u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, v\u1ee5<\/em><\/a> \u00e1n Descheneaux n\u0103m 2015. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \r\n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n cho anh em h\u1ecd v\u00e0 anh ch\u1ecb em ru\u1ed9t. M\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a D\u1ef1 lu\u1eadt S-3 c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 22 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 2017. Trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n kh\u00e1c, s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i cho ph\u00e9p nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi truy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd cho con ch\u00e1u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t n\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u0103m 1985. \r\nV\u00ed d\u1ee5, n\u00f3 cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 quan h\u1ec7 cha con v\u00e0 l\u00e0 tr\u1ebb v\u1ecb th\u00e0nh ni\u00ean ch\u01b0a k\u1ebft h\u00f4n t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1951-85 v\u00e0 b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3. Ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 lu\u1eadt - li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng cho ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u00e0 \r\n con c\u00e1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u0103m 1951 (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cC\u1eaft k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 1951\u201d) - \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 15 th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 2019. Theo ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, \u201cT\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn trong \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt <em>\u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 hi\u1ec7n<\/em> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft.\u201d<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>C\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>N\u0103m 2010, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 li\u00ean bang<\/a> tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba<\/a> \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i \r\n b\u1ecf c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a <em>\u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/em> trao quy\u1ec1n th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/residential-schools\">c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed9i<\/a> tr\u00fa v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a tr\u1ebb em ra kh\u1ecfi nh\u00e0 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>D\u1ef1 lu\u1eadt S-2, \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Gia <em>\u0111\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 D\u1ef1 tr\u1eef v\u00e0 L\u1ee3i \u00edch ho\u1eb7c Quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i H\u00f4n nh\u00e2n, gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft m\u1ed9t l\u1ed7 h\u1ed5ng l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p trong \u0110\u1ea1o<\/em> lu\u1eadt \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9.<\/em> N\u00f3 nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng trong khu b\u1ea3o <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">t\u1ed3n<\/a> c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Canada kh\u00e1c. Theo ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Canada, D\u1ef1 lu\u1eadt S-2 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch <em>\u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/em>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Tranh lu\u1eadn: Gi\u1eef hay x\u00f3a b\u1ecf \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9?<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Trong khi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba k\u00eau g\u1ecdi b\u00e3i b\u1ecf \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c lo s\u1ee3 r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf n\u00f3 s\u1ebd l\u00e0m x\u00f3i m\u00f2n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p v\u1ec1 T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9. Nh\u01b0 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 David Newhouse gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch, \u201c[\u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt <em>\u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/em>] cung c\u1ea5p \r\n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac cho qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. C\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt trong m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n, ho\u1eb7c b\u00e3i b\u1ecf n\u00f3, s\u1ebd g\u00e2y r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi First Nations.\u201d<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c th\u00e1o d\u1ee1 n\u00f3. Nh\u1eefng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba n\u00e0y hy v\u1ecdng r\u1eb1ng quy\u1ec1n h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt s\u1ebd m\u1edd d\u1ea7n ho\u1eb7c bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00e1i ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-self-government\/\">t\u1ef1 qu\u1ea3n v\u00e0 \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/truth-and-reconciliation-commission\">h\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i<\/a>, g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i quan h\u1ec7 Ch\u00ednh<\/a> ph\u00fat-b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba. Nh\u01b0 Ch\u1ee7 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/assembly-of-first-nations\">t\u1ecbch H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00e1c Qu\u1ed1c gia th\u1ee9<\/a> nh\u1ea5t \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/perry-bellegarde\">Perry Bellegarde \u0111\u00e3<\/a> tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2018, \u201cT\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u mu\u1ed1n v\u01b0\u1ee3t ra ngo\u00e0i s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a <em>\u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/em> v\u00e0 t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia v\u1edbi c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n \r\n v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n.\u201d<\/p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<iframe sandbox=\"allow-same-origin allow-scripts allow-top-navigation allow-popups\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"100%\" height=\"185\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https:\/\/embed.radiopublic.com\/e?if=the-secret-life-of-canada-Ww0QnZ&amp;ge=s1!7163a1347ab72236394fe46a4fe7d4048bc69b37\">\r\n<\/iframe><br>\r\n\r\n\t<p>\u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 l\u00e0 g\u00ec v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i sao Canada v\u1eabn c\u00f3 n\u00f3 trong s\u00e1ch? Nh\u00f3m Secret Life xem x\u00e9t ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p n\u00e0y, sau 143 n\u0103m v\u1eabn c\u00f2n g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc Canada, t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt cho \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1ch n\u00f3 v\u1eabn t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn \r\n b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba ng\u00e0y nay. <br>\r\n<strong>L\u01b0u \u00fd<\/strong><em>: <em>Cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng b\u00ed m\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Canada<\/em> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft b\u1edfi Falen Johnson v\u00e0 Leah Simone Bowen v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t podcast g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a CBC \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi The Canadian Encyclopedia.<\/em><\/p>\r\n<\/blockquote>\r\n<br>\r\n\r\n<h3>Di s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m qua, phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a <em>\u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/em> v\u1eabn ph\u00e1c th\u1ea3o c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 T\u00ecnh <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">tr\u1ea1ng \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9<\/a>, c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc kh\u00e1c nhau xung quanh \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">d\u1ef1 tr\u1eef<\/a>, gi\u00e1m h\u1ed9 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb v\u1ecb th\u00e0nh ni\u00ean v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u00e9m n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 tinh th\u1ea7n, qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">ban nh\u1ea1c<\/a>, \r\n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed v\u00e0 c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t khu d\u1ef1 tr\u1eef.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt <em>\u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/em> li\u00ean t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 l\u00e2u d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a, n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ra ch\u1ea5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/residential-schools\">c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed9i tr\u00fa, \r\n v\u00ec c\u00e1c<\/a> \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n \u00e1p b\u1ee9c v\u00e0 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba.<\/p>","slug":"hanhvidongvianvido","alt_slug":"","twitter_summary":null,"locale":"vi","automated":true,"hidden":0,"views":2,"created_at":"2025-01-07T19:39:03.000000Z","updated_at":"2025-01-07T19:39:03.000000Z"},{"id":"9d83ae4f-1908-439f-b0c5-5f45990c2534","article_id":"83668","title":"Indian Act [\u300a\u5370\u5ea6\u6cd5\u300b]","summary":"<p>\u300a<em>\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u6cd5\u300b<\/em>\u662f<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">\u8054\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c<\/a>\u7528\u6765\u7ba1\u7406<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u8eab\u4efd<\/a>\u3001\r\n\u5730\u65b9\u539f<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">\u4f4f<\/a>\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u548c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">\u4fdd\u7559<\/a>\u5730\u7ba1\u7406\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3002\u5b83\u8fd8\u6982\u8ff0\u4e86\u653f\u5e9c\u5bf9\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u7684\r\n\u4e49\u52a1\u3002<a\r\n\thref=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/inuit\">\u300a<em>\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u6cd5\u300b<\/em>\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u5177\u6709\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u8eab\u4efd\u7684\u4eba\uff1b\u5b83\u6ca1\u6709\u76f4\u63a5\u63d0\u53ca\u6ca1\u6709\u8eab\u4efd\u7684\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u4eba\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/metis\">\u6885\u8482\u65af\u4eba\u6216\u56e0\u52aa<\/a>\u4f0a\u7279\u4eba\u3002\r\n<\/a>\u8be5\u6cd5\u4e8e1876\u5e74\u9996\u6b21\u51fa\u53f0\uff0c\u7eb3\u5165\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u6d88\u9664\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u6587\u5316\uff0c\u8f6c\u800c\u878d\u5165\u6b27\u52a0\u793e\u4f1a\u3002\u8be5\u6cd5\u7684\u65b0\u7248\u672c\u4e8e1951\u5e74\u901a\u8fc7\uff0c\u6b64\u540e\u7ecf\u8fc7\u4e86\u591a\u6b21\r\n\u4fee\u8ba2\uff0c\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f1985\u5e74\uff0c\u4fee\u6539\u4e3b\u8981\u4fa7\u91cd\u4e8e\u5220\u9664\u6b67\u89c6\u6027\u6761\u6b3e\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4efd\u4e0d\u65ad\u6f14\u53d8\u7684\u3001\u81ea\u76f8\u77db\u76fe\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u5b83\u7ed9\r\n\u51e0\u4ee3<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">\u571f\u8457\u4eba\u6c11<\/a>\u5e26\u6765\u4e86\u521b\u4f24\u3001\u4fb5\u72af\u4eba\u6743\u884c\u4e3a\u4ee5\u53ca\u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u6587\u5316\u6df7\u4e71\u3002<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u8fd9\u662f\u5173\u4e8e\u300a<em>\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u6cd5\u300b<\/em>\u7684\u5168\u957f\u6587\u7ae0\u3002\u6709\u5173\u901a\u4fd7\u8bed\u8a00\u6458\u8981\uff0c\u8bf7\u53c2\u9605<a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act-plain-language-summary\" target=\"_blank\">\u300a\u5370\u5ea6\u6cd5\u300b\uff08\u901a\u4fd7\u8bed\u8a00\u6458\u8981\uff09<\/a>\u3002<\/p>","body":"<div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/cbcd31d1-03f6-4fba-a45d-96ee89c4617d.jpg\" title=\"\u300a\u5370\u5ea6\u6cd5\u300b\" alt=\"\u300a\u5370\u5ea6\u6cd5\u300b\"><\/div>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u5386\u53f2\u80cc\u666f\uff1a1763\u20141876 \u5e74\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u6cd5\u6848\u9881\u5e03\u4e4b\u524d<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/royal-proclamation-of-1763\/\">1763\u5e74\u7684\u300a\u7687\u5bb6\u5ba3\u8a00\u300b<\/a>\u4e3a\u6b96\u6c11\u7ba1\u7406\u5728\u968f\u540e\u7684\u51e0\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u5982\u4f55\u4e0e\u539f<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">\u4f4f\u6c11<\/a>\u4e92\u52a8\u5960\u5b9a\u4e86\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u8be5\u516c\u544a\u4fdd\u969c\u4e86\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-rights\">\u6743\u5229<\/a>\u548c\u4fdd\u62a4\uff0c\u5e76\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e86\u653f\u5e9c\r\n\u83b7\u5f97\u5176\u571f\u5730\u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f\u300219\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e0a\u534a\u53f6\u901a\u8fc7\u4e86\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u7684\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u5c06\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u540c\u5316\u4e3a\u4e0d\u65ad\u589e\u957f\u7684\u5b9a\u5c45\u8005\u4eba\u53e3\u3002<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>1850\u5e74\u65e8\u5728<em>\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u4fdd\u62a4\u4e0b\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u571f\u5730\u548c\u8d22\u4ea7\u7684\u6cd5\u6848<\/em>\u662f\u6700\u65e9\u5305\u542b\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u8981\u6c42\u4e2a\u4eba\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u5408\u6cd5<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/indian\/\">\u5370<\/a>\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">\u8eab\u4efd<\/a>\u201d \u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u524d\u8eab\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8981\u6c42\u4ee5\u8840\u7edf\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4eba\u662f \u201c\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\r\n\u8840\u7edf\u201d \u5e76\u4e14\u662f \u201c\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u56e2\u4f53\u6216\u90e8\u843d\u201d \u7684\u6210\u5458\uff0c\u5219 \u201c\u5e94\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u201d\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4eba\u7684\u6240\u6709\u540e\u4ee3\u90fd\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u5370\u5ea6\u4eba\u3002\u201c\u4e0e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u901a\u5a5a\u201d \u7684\u975e\u5370\u5ea6\u4eba\u3001\u5176\u7236\u6bcd\uff08\u4e00\u65b9\u6216\u53cc\u65b9\uff09\u672c\u5e94\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\r\n\u4ee5\u53ca \u201c\u6240\u6709\u5728\u5a74\u513f\u671f\u88ab\u4efb\u4f55\u6b64\u7c7b\u5370\u5ea6\u4eba\u6536\u517b\u7684\u4eba\u201d \u4e5f\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u3002<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u901a\u5e38\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a1857\u5e74\u300a<em>\u6e10\u8fdb\u6587\u660e\u6cd5\u300b<\/em>\u548c1869\u5e74\u7684\u300a<em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/gradual-civilization-act\/\">\u9010\u6b65\u8d4b\u4e88\u9009\u4e3e\u6743\u6cd5\u300b\u7684\u6cd5\u6848<\/a><\/em>\u4e3b\u8981\u65e8\u5728\u6d88\u9664\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\r\n\u7279\u6b8a\u533a\u522b\u6216\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u5c06\u4ed6\u4eec\u540c\u5316\u4e3a\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u5b9a\u5c45\u8005\u7fa4\u4f53\u3002\u8fd9\u6700\u521d\u65e8\u5728\u901a\u8fc7\u300a<em>\u6e10\u8fdb\u6587\u660e\u6cd5\u300b<\/em>\u901a\u8fc7\u81ea\u613f\u8d4b\u4e88\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\/\">\u9009\u4e3e<\/a>\u6743\uff08\u5373\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u653e\u5f03\u8eab\u4efd\u4ee5\u6362\u53d6\u571f\u5730\u548c\u6295\u7968\u6743\uff09\u6765\u5b9e\u73b0\uff0c\u4f46\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u81ea\u613f\u83b7\u5f97\u9009\u4e3e\u6743\u3002\r\n\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u968f\u540e\u5f00\u59cb\u5355\u65b9\u9762\u8d4b\u4e88\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u7684\u6743\u5229\u3002<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-treaties\/\">\u57281876\u5e74\u300a<em>\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u6cd5\u300b<\/em>\u901a\u8fc7\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">\u571f\u8457<\/a>\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e0e\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u653f\u5e9c\u7b7e\u8ba2\u4e86<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/numbered-treaties\">\u6761\u7ea6\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u524d\u4e94\u9879\u5e26\u7f16\u53f7<\/a>\u7684\u6761\u7ea6\u3002<\/a>\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7fa4\u4f53\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5c06\u4ed6\u4eec\u4f5c\u4e3a\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u7684\u5408\u6cd5\u8eab\u4efd\u89c6\u4e3a\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6761\u7ea6\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u300a<em>\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u6cd5\u300b<\/em>\u3002<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>1876 \u5e74\u300a\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u6cd5\u300b\u4e0a\u53f0<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>1867\u5e74\uff0c\u300a<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/constitution-act-1867\/\"><em>\u5baa\u6cd5\u6cd5\u300b<\/em><\/a>\u8d4b\u4e88<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/parliament\">\u8bae\u4f1a<\/a>\u5bf9 \u201c\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u548c\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u4fdd\u7559\u7684\u571f\u5730\u201d 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href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-education\">\u6559\u80b2<\/a>\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u5e7f\u6cdb\u6743\u529b\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6743\u529b\u9650\u5236\u4e86\u571f\u8457\u4eba\u7684\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u5e76\u5141\u8bb8\u5b98\u5458\u6839\u636e \u201c\u826f\u597d\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u54c1\u683c\u201d \u51b3\u5b9a<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-rights\">\u571f\u8457\u4eba\u7684\u6743\u5229<\/a>\u548c\u798f\u5229\u3002<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u300a<em>\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u6cd5\u300b<\/em>\u8bd5\u56fe\u6982\u62ec\u5e9e\u5927\u800c\u591a\u6837\u7684\u4eba\u53e3\uff0c\u4f7f\u4ed6\u4eec\u878d\u5165\u975e\u571f\u8457\u793e\u4f1a\u3002\u5b83\u7981\u6b62\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u548c\u793e\u533a\u901a\u8fc7\u6cbb\u7406\u548c\u6587\u5316\u8868\u8fbe\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\u3002<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\u8be5\r\n\u6cd5\u6848\u4ee5\u90e8\u843d\u7406\u4e8b\u4f1a\u9009\u4e3e\u53d6\u4ee3\u4e86\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u6cbb\u7406\u7ed3\u6784\u3002<\/a>\u4e16\u88ad<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/chief\">\u914b\u957f<\/a> \u2014\u2014\u901a\u8fc7\u8840\u7edf\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u9009\u4e3e\r\n\u83b7\u5f97\u6743\u529b\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u2014\u2014\u4e0d\u53d7\u300a<em>\u5370\u5ea6<\/em>\u6cd5\u300b\u7684\u627f\u8ba4\u3002\u57281951\u5e74\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u5973\u6027\u4e5f\u88ab\u6392\u9664\u5728\u4e50\u961f\u7406\u4e8b\u4f1a\u653f\u6cbb\u4e4b\u5916\u3002\uff08<em>\u53e6\u89c1<\/em>\u300a<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/women-and-the-indian-act\">\u5987\u5973\u4e0e\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u6cd5\u300b<\/a>\u3002\uff09<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u8be5\u6cd5\u8fd8\u5c06\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u4e3e\u884c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/religion-of-aboriginal-people\">\u5b97\u6559<\/a>\u4eea\u5f0f\u548c\u5404\u79cd\u6587\u5316\u96c6\u4f1a\u5b9a\u4e3a\u975e\u6cd5\u30021884\u5e74\uff0c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/potlatch\/\">potlatch<\/a> \u88ab\u7981\u6b62\uff0c1895\u5e74\uff0c\u5305\u62ecp <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/powwows-editorial\">owwow<\/a> s\u548c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sun-dance\">\u592a\u9633<\/a>\u821e\u5728\u5185\u7684 \u201c\u4efb\u4f55<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-term\">\u5370\u5ea6<\/a>\u8282\u65e5\u3001\u821e\u4f1a\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u4eea\u5f0f\u201d \u4e5f\u88ab\u7981\u6b62\u30021914\u5e74\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u9879\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\u7981\u6b62\u5728<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">\u4fdd\u7559<\/a>\u5730\u5916\u8df3\u821e\uff0c\r\n\u800c\u57281925\u5e74\uff0c\u821e\u8e48\u88ab\u5b8c\u5168\u5ba3\u5e03\u4e3a\u975e\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>1927\u5e74\uff0c\u8be5\u6cd5\u5c06\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u548c\u793e\u533a\u4e3a<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/land-claims\/\">\u571f\u5730<\/a>\u4e3b\u5f20\u7b79\u96c6\u8d44\u91d1\u5b9a\u4e3a\u975e\u6cd5\u3002\u968f\u540e\u7684\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\u8981\u6c42\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u513f\u7ae5\r\n\u4e0a\u5de5\u4e1a\u5b66\u6821\u6216<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/residential-schools\/\">\u5bc4\u5bbf\u5b66\u6821<\/a>\uff081894\u5e74\u548c1920\u5e74\uff09\u3002\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u5bc4\u5bbf\u5b66\u6821\u7684\u9ed1\u6697\u9057\u4ea7\u5f71\u54cd\u4e86\u5168\u56fd\u5404\u5730\u7684\u571f\u8457\u793e\u533a\uff0c\u5e76\u5f71\u54cd\u4e86\r\n\u4ee3\u9645\u3002\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e4b\u4ea4\uff0c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/pass-system-in-canada\">\u901a\u884c\u8bc1\u5236\u5ea6<\/a>\uff08\u9650\u5236\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u79bb\u5f00\u4fdd\u7559\u5730\uff09\u662f\u5728\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6388\u6743\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u5b9e\u65bd\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\r\n\u9650\u5236\u6027\u653f\u7b56\u5bf9\u51e0\u4ee3\u571f\u8457\u4eba\u6c11\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u6301\u4e45\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5bf9\u6d41\u52a8\u7684\u9650\u5236\u5bf9\u571f\u8457\u7ecf\u6d4e\u3001\u6587\u5316\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u9020\u6210\u4e86\u635f\u5bb3\u3002<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u300a<em>\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u6cd5\u300b<\/em>\u8fd8\u754c\u5b9a\u4e86\u6839\u636e\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8c01\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u5370\u5ea6\u4eba\u3002\u5b83\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u662f \u201c\u4efb\u4f55\u636e\u8bf4\u5c5e\u4e8e\u7279\u5b9a<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\u7fa4<\/a>\u4f53\u7684\u5370\u5ea6\u8840\u7edf\u7684\u7537\u6027\u201d\u3002\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">\u5370\u5ea6\u8eab\u4efd<\/a>\u4e5f\u9002\u7528\u4e8e \u201c\u6b64\u7c7b\u4eba\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u5b50\u5973\u201d \u548c \u201c\u4e0e\u8be5\u4eba\u5408\u6cd5\u7ed3\u5a5a\u6216\u66fe\u7ecf\u5408\u6cd5\u7ed3\u5a5a\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u5987\u5973\u201d\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u5927\u5b66\u6bd5\u4e1a\uff0c\r\n\u4e0e\u4e00\u4e2a\u6ca1\u6709\u8eab\u4efd\u7684\u4eba\u7ed3\u5a5a\uff08\u5982\u679c\u4ed6\u4eec\u662f\u5973\u6027\uff09\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u4ece1876\u5e74\u52301880\u5e74\u6210\u4e3a<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/christianity\">\u57fa\u7763\u6559<\/a>\u7267\u5e08\u3001\u533b\u751f\u6216\u5f8b\u5e08\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c31\u4f1a\u5931\u53bb\u8eab\u4efd\u3002\u8fd9\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\">\u9009\u4e3e<\/a>\u6743\u3002\r\n<em>\u300a\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u6cd5\u300b<\/em>\u7b2c112\u6761\u2014\u2014\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a \u201c\u5f3a\u5236\u8d4b\u4e88\u9009\u4e3e\u6743\u201d \u7684\u6761\u6b3e\u2014\u2014\u76f4\u52301961\u5e74\u624d\u88ab\u5220\u9664\u3002\u5730\u4f4d\u7ba1\u7406\u662f\u540c\u5316\u548c\u6587\u5316\u6bc1\u706d\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u3002<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>1951 \u5e74\u4fee\u8ba2\u7684\u300a\u5370\u5ea6\u6cd5\u300b<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/second-world-war-wwii\/\">\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218<\/a><em>\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u8fd9\u6bb5\u65f6\u671f\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u53cd\u7701\uff0c\u8fd9\u4fc3\u4f7f\u4eba\u4eec\u91cd\u65b0\u8003\u8651\u4e86\u300a\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u6cd5\u300b\u5b9e\u65bd\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u66f4\u5177\u9650\u5236\r\n\u6027\u548c\u538b\u8feb\u6027\u7684\u63aa\u65bd\u3002<\/em>\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u62df\u8bae\u7684\u6539\u9769\u906d\u5230\u4e86\u539f<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">\u4f4f\u6c11<\/a>\u7684\u62d2\u7edd\u6216\u53cd\u5bf9\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u6ca1\u6709\u53c2\u4e0e\u8fd9\u4e00\r\n\u8fdb\u7a0b\u3002\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u653f\u5e9c\u6253\u7834\u4f20\u7edf\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u8054\u5408\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0c\u9996\u6b21\u5c31<em>\u300a\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u6cd5\u300b<\/em>\u7684\u4fee\u6539\u4e0e\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u793e\u533a\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u78cb\u5546\u3002<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>1951 \u5e74 6 \u6708 20 \u65e5\uff0c\u4e00\u9879\u65b0\u7684\u548c\u4fee\u8ba2\u7684<em>\u300a\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u6cd5\u300b<\/em>\u83b7\u5f97\u7687\u5ba4\u540c\u610f\u3002\u7531\u6b64\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u6539\u9769\u53d6\u6d88\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u6700\u5177\u653b\u51fb\u6027\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u6587\u5316\u548c\u5b97\u6559\u9650\u5236\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u53d6\u6d88\u4e86\u5bf9\u8bf8\u5982 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/potlatch\">potlatch<\/a> \u548c \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sun-dance\">Sun Dan<\/a> ce\u4e4b\u7c7b\u7684\u4eea\u5f0f\u7684\u7981\u4ee4\u3002\u793e\u533a\u8fd8\u5f97\u4ee5\u5411\u653f\u5e9c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/land-claims\/\">\u63d0\u51fa\u571f\u5730\u7d22\u8d54<\/a>\u3002\r\n\u5bf9\u4e8e\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u5973\u6027\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c1951\u5e74\u7684\u6cd5\u6848\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5979\u4eec\u73b0\u5728\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u90e8\u843d\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\u9009\u4e3e<\/a>\u4e2d\u6295\u7968\u3002<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/elsie-knott\">\u827e\u5c14\u897f\u00b7\u739b\u4e3d\u00b7\u8bfa\u7279<\/a>\u662f\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u7b2c\u4e00\u4f4d\u5f53\u9009\u7684\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u5973\u6027\u9996<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/chief\">\u9886<\/a>\u3002\uff08<em>\u53e6\u89c1<\/em>\u300a<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-women-and-the-franchise\">\u571f\u8457\u5987\u5973\u4e0e\u7279\u8bb8\u6743\u300b<\/a>\u3002\uff09<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u4fee\u8ba2\u5e76\u672a\u6d88\u9664\u8be5\u6cd5\u6848\u4e2d\u7684\u6b67\u89c6\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u300a<em>\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u6cd5\u300b<\/em>\u7981\u6b62\u6709<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">\u8eab\u4efd<\/a>\u7684\u4eba\u62e5\u6709\u9ebb\u9189\u5242\u6216\u9189\u9152\u3002\r\n1951\u5e74\u7684\u4fee\u8ba2\u8fd8\u8d4b\u4e88\u5404\u7701\u5bf9\u571f\u8457<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/child-welfare\">\u513f\u7ae5\u798f\u5229<\/a>\u7684\u7ba1\u8f96\u6743\uff08\u7b2c88\u6761\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u8054\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u5374\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u7ba1\u8f96\u6743\u3002\u8fd9\u6700\u7ec8\u4fc3\u6210\u4e86 \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sixties-scoop\">\u516d\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u72ec<\/a>\u5bb6\u62a5\u9053\u201d\r\n\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u7701\u7ea7\u513f\u7ae5\u798f\u5229\u673a\u6784\u9009\u62e9\u5c06\u513f\u7ae5\u5e26\u51fa\u5bb6\u56ed\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u63d0\u4f9b\u793e\u533a\u8d44\u6e90\u548c\u652f\u6301\u3002\u516d\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u72ec\u5bb6\u65b0\u95fb\u5bf9\u571f\u8457\u793e\u533a\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u76f8\u5f53\u957f\u8fdc\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u65b0\u6cd5\u6848\u6ca1\u6709\u63a8\u7ffb<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian\">\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u8eab\u4efd<\/a>\u7684\u6b67\u89c6\u6027\u8d28\u3002\u8be5\u6cd5\u6848\u5c06 \u201c\u5370\u5ea6\u8840\u7edf\u201d \u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u6539\u4e3a\u901a\u8fc7\u767b\u8bb0\u83b7\u5f97\u8eab\u4efd\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\r\n\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u4ec5\u4ec5\u62e5\u6709\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u9057\u4ea7\u4e0d\u8db3\u4ee5\u83b7\u5f97\u5730\u4f4d\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u7537\u6027\u8840\u7edf\u4ecd\u7136\u4eab\u6709\u7279\u6743\uff1b\u6709\u8eab\u4efd\u7684\u5987\u5973\u5982\u679c\u4e0e\u65e0\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u4eba\u7ed3\u5a5a\uff0c\u5219\u5931\u53bb\u6743\u5229\u3002\uff08<em>\u53e6\u89c1<\/em>\u300a<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/women-and-the-indian-act\">\u5987\u5973\u4e0e\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u6cd5\u300b<\/a>\u3002\uff09<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u5173\u4e8e\u5987\u5973\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\u7279\u522b\u6781\u7aef\u3002\u5987\u5973\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u6743\u5b8c\u5168\u7531\u5176\u4e08\u592b\u627f\u62c5\u3002\u4e0e\u6709\u8eab\u4efd\u7684\u7537\u4eba\u7ed3\u5a5a\u7684\u65e0\u8eab\u4efd\u5987\u5973\u5c06\u81ea\u5df1\u83b7\u5f97\u8eab\u4efd\u3002\u4e0e\u5177\u6709\u8eab\u4efd\u7684\u7537\u6027\u7ed3\u5a5a\u7684\u5177\u6709\u8eab\u4efd\u7684\u5973\u6027\u4e0e\u5176\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\u4e50\u961f<\/a>\u6210\u5458\u8d44\u683c\u606f\u606f\u76f8\u5173\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5979\u4e0d\u518d\u662f\u81ea\u5df1\u4e50\u961f\u7684\u6210\u5458\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5979\u4e27\u5076\u6216\u88ab\u4e08\u592b\u629b\u5f03\uff0c\u5979\u5c06\u5b8c\u5168\u5931\u53bb\u8eab\u4efd\u3002<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>1951\u5e74\u7684<em>\u300a\u5370\u5ea6\u6cd5\u300b<\/em>\u8fd8\u5f15\u5165\u4e86 \u201c\u53cc\u91cd\u6bcd\u4eb2\u201d \u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5b69\u5b50\u7684\u6bcd\u4eb2\u548c\u7956\u6bcd\u90fd\u6ca1\u6709\u8d44\u683c\u83b7\u5f97\u8eab\u4efd\uff0c\u5219\u5728\u5b69\u5b5021\u5c81\u751f\u65e5\u65f6\u53d6\u6d88\u5176\u8eab\u4efd\u3002<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/royal-commission-on-aboriginal-peoples\">\u7687\u5bb6\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u5728<\/a> 1996\u5e74\u6307\u51fa\uff0c1951\u5e74\u6539\u9769\u4e2d\u5305\u542b\u7684\u4fee\u8ba2\u53ea\u4e0d\u8fc7\u4f7f<em>\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u6cd5<\/em>\u6062\u590d\u52301876\u5e74\u7684\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u800c\u5bf9\u8eab\u4efd\u8f6c\u8ba9\u7684\u989d\u5916\u9650\u5236\u786e\u5b9e\u4f24\u5bb3\u4e86\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u5987\u5973\u53ca\u5176\u5b50\u5973\u3002<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u8981\u6c42\u4fee\u6539 1960 \u5e74\u4ee3\u548c 1970 \u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u300a\u5370\u5ea6\u6cd5\u300b<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>1951\u5e74\u7684<em>\u300a\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u6cd5\u300b<\/em>\u6ca1\u6709\u6539\u53d8<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\">\u8d4b\u4e88<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">\u571f\u8457\u4eba\u6c11<\/a>\u9009\u4e3e\u6743\u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0c\r\n\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u5141\u8bb8\u6295\u7968<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/franchise\">\u6743<\/a>\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u57281958\u5e74\u521d\uff0c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/john-diefenbaker\">\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u8fea\u82ac\u8d1d\u514b<\/a>\u603b\u7406\u7684\r\n\u653f\u5e9c\u5f00\u59cb\u8d77\u8349\u300a<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/canadian-bill-of-rights\/\">\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u4eba\u6743\u6cd5\u6848\u300b<\/a>\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u300a\u6743\u5229\u6cd5\u6848\u300b\u5f3a\u8c03\u6240\u6709\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u4eba\u7684\u5e73\u7b49\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5f88\u96be\u5265\u593a\u571f\u8457\u4eba\u6c11\r\n\u7684\u6295\u7968\u6743\u30021960\u5e743\u670831\u65e5\uff0c\u300a<em>\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u9009\u4e3e\u6cd5\u300b<\/em>\u7b2c14\uff082\uff09\u6761\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u5185\u5bb9\u88ab\u5e9f\u9664\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u7ed9\u4e88<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">\u5730\u4f4d\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba<\/a>\u8054\u90a6\u9009\u7968\u3002\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">\u539f\u4f4f<\/a>\u6c11\u73b0\u5728\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u4e0d\u5931\u53bb\u8eab\u4efd\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u6295\u7968\u3002\u6b21\u5e74\uff0c\u300a<em>\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u6cd5\u300b<\/em>\u4e2d\u7684\u5f3a\u5236\u8d4b\u4e88\u9009\u4e3e\u6743\u6761\u6b3e\u88ab\u53d6\u6d88\u3002\uff08<em>\u53e6\u89c1<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-suffrage\">\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u7684\u571f\u8457\u9009\u4e3e\u6743\u3002\uff09<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>1969\u5e74\uff0c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/pierre-elliott-trudeau\/\">\u76ae\u57c3\u5c14\u00b7\u57c3\u5229\u5965\u7279\u00b7\u7279\u9c81\u591a<\/a>\u603b\u7406\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u53d1\u5e03\r\n\u4e86<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/the-white-paper-1969\/\">\u767d\u76ae\u4e66<\/a>\uff0c\u5ba3\u5e03\u6253\u7b97\u5b8c\u5168\u53d6\u6d88\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u5730\u4f4d\u548c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-affairs-and-northern-development-canada\">\u5370\u5ea6\u4e8b\u52a1\u90e8<\/a>\u3002\u8be5\u767d\u76ae\u4e66\u906d\u5230\u4e86\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u7684\u6124\u6012\r\n\uff0c\u5e76\u7acb\u5373\u906d\u5230\u4e86\u65f6\u4efb\u827e\u4f2f\u5854\u7701\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u534f\u4f1a\u4e3b\u5e2d<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/harold-cardinal\/\">\u54c8\u7f57\u5fb7\u00b7\u5361\u8fea\u7eb3\u5c14<\/a>\u64b0\u5199\u548c\u63d0\u4ea4\u7684 \u201c\u7ea2\u76ae\u4e66\u201d \u7684\u53cd\u51fb\u3002\r\n\u7531\u4e8e\u571f\u8457\u56e2\u4f53\u53ca\u5176\u652f\u6301\u8005\u7684\u6301\u7eed\u5f3a\u70c8\u53cd\u5bf9\uff0c\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u653f\u5e9c\u8fc5\u901f\u64a4\u56de\u4e86\u767d\u76ae\u4e66\u3002<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u5728\u6b64\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u571f\u8457\u5987\u5973\u90fd\u5728\u52aa\u529b\u4fee\u6539<em>\u300a\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u6cd5<\/em>\u300b\u4e2d\u7684\u6b67\u89c6\u6027\u6761\u6b3e\u3002<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mary-two-axe-earley\">Mary Two-Axe Earley<\/a> \u662f\u6700\u65e9\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u5bb6\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\r\n\u9664\u5176\u4ed6\u5de5\u4f5c\u5916\uff0c\u5979\u8fd8\u52a8\u5458\u4e86\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u53e3\u8bed\u548c\u5199\u4f5c\u8fd0\u52a8\uff0c\u4ee5\u63d0\u9ad8\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u6839\u636e\u8be5\u6cd5\u6848\u88ab\u5265\u593a\u5730\u4f4d\u3001\u6761\u7ea6\u548c\u8d22\u4ea7\u6743\u7684\u5987\u5973\u7684\u8650\u5f85\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u77e5\u540d\u5ea6\u3002\u4f0a\u51af\u5a1c\u00b7 <a name=\"_Hlk39573469\">\u8d1d\u8fbe\u5fb7<\/a>\u548c\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/jeannette-vivian-lavell\">\u73cd\u59ae\u7279\u00b7\u79d1\u6bd4\u5c14\u00b7\u62c9\u7ef4\u5c14<\/a>\u90fd\u56e0\u5a5a\u59fb\u5931\u53bb\u4e86\u8eab\u4efd\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5411\u6cd5\u9662\u63d0\u8d77\u4e86\u9488\u5bf9\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u8bc9\u8bbc\u30021973\u5e74\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u6848\u4ef6\u5408\u5e76\r\n\u5230<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/supreme-court-of-canada\/\">\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662<\/a>\u3002\u5728\u90a3\u4e00\u5e74\uff0c\u6cd5\u9662\u56e0\u88c1\u5b9a\u8be5\u6cd5\u4e2d\u5c06\u5987\u5973\u8eab\u4efd\u4e0e\u4e08\u592b\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\u8054\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765\u7684\u90e8\u5206\r\n\u4e0d\u6b67\u89c6\u5973\u6027\u800c\u53d7\u5230\u5e7f\u6cdb\u6279\u8bc4\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u8eab\u4efd\u7537\u6027\u5982\u679c \u201c\u7ed3\u5a5a\u201d \u5219\u4f1a\u4fdd\u7559\u5176\u8eab\u4efd\u3002\uff08<em>\u53e6\u89c1 \r\n<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/bedard-case\">Bedard Case \u548c <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/lavell-case\">Lavel<\/a> l Cas<\/a> e\u3002\uff09<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>1981\u5e74\uff0c\u8054\u5408\u56fd\u4eba\u6743\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u88c1\u5b9a\uff0c\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u5728\u6851\u5fb7\u62c9\u00b7\u6d1b\u592b\u83b1\u65af\u00b7\u5c3c\u53e4\u62c9\u65af\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/maliseet\">\u4e00\u6848\u4e2d\u8fdd\u53cd\u4e86\u300a<em>\u516c\u6c11\u6743\u5229\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u6743\u5229\u56fd\u9645\u516c\u7ea6\u300b\u7b2c\u4e8c<\/em>\u5341\u4e03\u6761\u3002<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sandra-lovelace-nicholas\">\u6851\u5fb7\u62c9\u00b7\u6d1b\u592b\u83b1\u65af\u00b7\u5c3c\u53e4\u62c9\u65af<\/a>\r\n\u662f\u4e00\u540d\u56e0\u5a5a\u59fb\u800c\u5931\u53bb\u8eab\u4efd\u7684\u6c83\u62c9\u65af\u6258\u57fa\u514b<\/a>\u5987\u5973\u3002\u653f\u5e9c\u963b\u6b62\u6851\u5fb7\u62c9\u8fd4\u56de\u5bb6\u4e61\u793e\u533a\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6839\u636e\u300a<em>\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u6cd5\u300b<\/em>\uff0c\r\n\u5979\u5df2\u7ecf\u7ed3\u5a5a\u4e86\uff0c\u4e0d\u518d\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\u4e50\u961f<\/a>\u6210\u5458\u3002<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>C-31 \u6cd5\u6848\uff1a1985 \u5e74\u300a\u5370\u5ea6\u6cd5\u300b\u4fee\u6b63\u6848<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>1985\u5e74\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u56de\u5e94\u56fd\u5185\u548c\u56fd\u9645\u4e0a\u5bf9<em>\u300a\u5370\u5ea6\u6cd5\u300b<\/em>\u4e2d\u7f3a\u4e4f\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u65e5\u76ca\u589e\u957f\u7684\u62c5\u5fe7\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u901a\u8fc7\u4e86 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/bill-c-31\">C-31\u53f7\u6cd5\u6848<\/a>\u3002\u8be5\u6cd5\u6848\u5b8c\u5168\u5220\u9664\u4e86\u6240\u6709\r\n\u5269\u4f59<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\">\u7684\u9009\u4e3e\u6743\u6761\u6b3e<\/a>\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u90a3\u4e9b\u56e0\u5a5a\u59fb\u5931\u53bb<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">\u8eab\u4efd<\/a>\u7684\u4eba\u6062\u590d\r\n\u4e86\u8eab\u4efd\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u548c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\u4e50\u961f<\/a>\u6210\u5458\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5b69\u5b50\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u8eab\u4efd\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u4e24\u5e74\u5185\u4e0d\u4f1a\u83b7\u5f97\u4e50\u961f\u6210\u5458\u8d44\u683c\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95f4\u9694\u65e8\u5728\u8ba9\u4e50\u961f\u6709\u65f6\u95f4\r\n\u521b\u5efa\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4f1a\u5458\u7801\uff0c\u8fd9\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5c06\u5b69\u5b50\u6392\u9664\u5728\u5916\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u80fd\u5c06\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u6bcd\u4eb2\u6392\u9664\u5728\u5916\u3002\u5982\u679c\u57281987\u5e746\u6708\u4e4b\u524d\u6ca1\u6709\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5b88\u5219\uff0c\u5b69\u5b50\u4eec\u4e5f\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u4e50\u961f\u6210\u5458\u8d44\u683c\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5bf9\u6210\u5458\u540d\u5355\u6709\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u6743\uff0c\u4e50\u961f\u53ef\u4ee5\u62e5\u6709\u975e\u8eab\u4efd\r\n\u6210\u5458\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u8054\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u8d44\u91d1\u662f\u4ee5\u8eab\u4efd\u6210\u5458\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e50\u961f\u51e0\u4e4e\u6ca1\u6709\u52a8\u529b\u62e5\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u975e\u8eab\u4efd\u6210\u5458\u3002<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u81ea1985\u5e74\u300a<em>\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u6cd5\u300b<\/em>\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\u51fa\u53f0\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u6ce8\u518c\u7684\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u4eba\u6570\u7ffb\u4e86\u4e00\u756a\u591a\uff0c\u4ece1985\u5e74\u7684\u7ea636\u4e07\u4eba\u589e\u52a0\u52302007\u5e74\u768477.8\u4e07\u591a\u4eba\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u589e\u957f\u662f\u51fa\u751f\u4eba\u6570\u591a\u4e8e\u6b7b\u4ea1\u4eba\u6570\r\n\u4ee5\u53ca \u201c\u6062\u590d\u201d \u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u8eab\u4efd\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u8be5\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\u6d89\u53ca\u5bf9\u5987\u5973\u7684<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/prejudice-and-discrimination\">\u6b67\u89c6<\/a>\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u4e5f\u9020\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u3002C-31\u53f7\u6cd5\u6848\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e86\u4e24\u7c7b<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian\">\u5370\u5ea6<\/a>\u6ce8\u518c\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u6761\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u7b2c6\uff081\uff09\u6761\uff0c\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u7236\u6bcd\u53cc\u65b9\u90fd\u6709\u6743\u6216\u66fe\u7ecf\u6709\u6743\u767b\u8bb0\u3002\uff08\u672c\u8282\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u7ec6\u5206\u4e3a\u591a\u4e2a\u5c0f\u8282\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5b50\u90e8\u5206\u56e0\u8eab\u4efd\u7684\u4f20\u9012\u65b9\u5f0f\u800c\u5f02\u3002\uff09\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6761\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u7b2c6\uff082\uff09\u6761\uff0c\r\n\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u7236\u6bcd\u4e00\u65b9\u6709\u6743\u6839\u636e6\uff081\uff09\u8fdb\u884c\u767b\u8bb0\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u4f4d\u5bb6\u957f\u662f\u6839\u636e\u7b2c 6 (2) \u6761\u6ce8\u518c\u7684\uff0c\u5219\u8eab\u4efd<em>\u4e0d\u80fd<\/em>\u8f6c\u79fb\u3002\u7b80\u800c\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u5728\u4e0e\u975e\u8eab\u4efd\u4f34\u4fa3\u901a\u5a5a\u4e24\u4ee3\u4eba\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u5b50\u5973\r\n\u5c06\u4e0d\u518d\u6709\u8d44\u683c\u83b7\u5f97\u8eab\u4efd\u3002\u8fd9\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a \u201c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4ee3\u622a\u6b62\u201d \u89c4\u5219\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\uff0cC-31\u53f7\u6cd5\u6848\u5bf9\u6709\u6743\u4eab\u6709\u5730\u4f4d\u6743\u7684\u4eba\u6570\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/p>\r\n\r\n<iframe width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/__Y_hHFvUR8\" title=\"\u4f18\u9177\u89c6\u9891\u64ad\u653e\u5668\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen=\"\">\r\n<\/iframe><br>\r\n\r\n<h3>20\u4e16\u7eaa60\u5e74\u4ee3\u81f32000\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u6cbb\u7406\u4e0e\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u6cd5<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>1876\u5e74\u7684\u300a<em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\/\">\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u6cd5\u300b<\/a><\/em>\u53d6\u6d88\u4e86\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u6cbb\u7406\u4f53\u7cfb\uff0c\u5e76\u5bf9\u4e2a\u4eba\u548c\u793e\u533a\u5b9e\u65bd\u4e86\u5916\u90e8\u63a7\u5236\uff0c\u5176\u5f62\u5f0f\u662f\u5f53\u5730\u7684<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-agents-in-canada\">\u5370\u5ea6\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\u548c<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-affairs-and-northern-development-canada\">\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u4e8b\u52a1\u90e8\u7684<\/a>\u8054\u90a6\u5b98\u50da\u673a\u6784\u3002<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-self-government\">\u76f4\u52301960\u5e74\u4ee3\u672b\u548c1970\u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\uff0c\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u6709\u6548\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u7ec4\u7ec7\u548c\u6fc0\u8fdb\u4e3b\u4e49\r\n\u624d\u4f7f\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u8d70\u4e0a\u4e86\u627f\u8ba4\u548c\u652f\u6301\u571f\u8457\u81ea\u6cbb\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u9053\u8def\u3002<\/a>\r\n\u8fd9\u79cd\u8d8b\u52bf\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\u548c21\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u52bf\u5934\u589e\u5f3a\uff0c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/constitution-act-1982\/\"><em>1982\u5e74\u300a\u5baa\u6cd5\u6cd5\u300b<\/em><\/a>\u548c\u56fd\u9645\u6587\u4ef6\u786e\u8ba4\u4e86\u571f\u8457\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u81ea\u6cbb\u6743\u3002\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>1984\u5e74\uff0c\u300a<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/james-bay-and-northern-quebec-agreement\">\u8a79\u59c6\u65af\u6e7e\u548c\u9b41\u5317\u514b\u5317\u90e8\u534f\u8bae\u300b<\/a>\u4ee5\u53ca\u300a\u5f6d\u7eb3\u62a5\u544a\u300b\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u300a<em>Cree-Naskapi\uff08\u9b41\u5317\u514b\uff09\u6cd5\u300b<\/em>\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u7b2c\u4e00\r\n\u90e8\u571f\u8457\u81ea\u6cbb\u7acb\u6cd5\uff0c\u5b83\u53d6\u4ee3\u4e86<em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\">\u300a\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89<\/a><\/em>\u4eba\u6cd5\u300b\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u8be5\u5730\u533a\u7684\u571f\u8457\u793e\u533a\u5efa\u7acb\u4e3a\u516c\u53f8\u5b9e\u4f53\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">\u8054\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c<\/a>\u7ee7\u7eed\r\n\u7ba1\u7406\u67d0\u4e9b\u539f\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">\u4f4f<\/a>\u6c11\u4e8b\u52a1\uff0c\u4f46\u81ea\u6cbb\u7684\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u4e0d\u53d7<em>\u300a\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u6cd5\u300b<\/em>\u7684\u7ea6\u675f\u3002<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u4ece\u90a3\u65f6\u8d77\uff0c\u6709\u4eba\u63d0\u8bae\u5728\u8be5\u6cd5\u4e2d<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\u589e\u52a0<\/a>\u5bf9\u6cbb\u7406\u7684\u90e8\u843d\u6743\u529b\u30021996\u5e74\uff0c\u8054\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86C-79\u53f7\u6cd5\u6848\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fee\u6539\u8be5\u6cd5\u7684\u5404\u4e2a\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u6ce2\u6bb5\r\n\u6cbb\u7406\u548c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">\u50a8\u5907\u91d1<\/a>\u76d1\u7ba1\u3002\u5927\u591a\u6570\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u53cd\u5bf9C-79\u6cd5\u6848\u3002\u9664\u5176\u4ed6\u539f\u56e0\u5916\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u8fa9\u79f0\u653f\u5e9c\u672a\u80fd\u5c31\u62df\u8bae\u7684\u53d8\u66f4\u4e0e\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u8fdb\u884c\u5145\u5206\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/duty-to-consult\">\u534f\u5546<\/a>\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u62c5\u5fc3\u8be5\u6cd5\u6848\u4f1a\u5a01\u80c1\u5230<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-treaties\">\u6761\u7ea6<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-rights\">\u6743\u5229<\/a>\u548c\u81ea\u6cbb\u6743\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u8be5\u6cd5\u6848\u56e0\u65e0\u89c6<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/royal-commission-on-aboriginal-peoples\">\u7687\u5bb6\u571f\u8457\u4eba\u6c11\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u7684<\/a>\u5efa\u8bae\u800c\u53d7\u5230\u6279\u8bc4\u3002\r\nC-79\u6cd5\u6848\u672a\u80fd\u6210\u4e3a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3002<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>2002\u5e74\uff0cC-7\u6cd5\u6848\uff0c\u4e5f\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u300a\u539f<em>\u4f4f\u6c11\u6cbb\u7406\u6cd5\u300b\uff0c<\/em>\u8bd5\u56fe\u5728\u7acb\u6cd5\u3001\u9886\u5bfc\u5c42\u7504\u9009\u7b49\u65b9\u9762\u8d4b\u4e88\u4e50\u961f\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u6743\u529b\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u8054\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u5c31\u8be5\r\n\u6cd5\u6848\u4e0e\u5404\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u78cb\u5546\uff0c\u4f46\u6700\u7ec8\u8fd8\u662f\u5931\u8d25\u4e86\u30022006 \u5e74\uff0c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/senate\">\u53c2\u8bae\u5458<\/a>\u683c\u91cc\u00b7\u5723\u65e5\u8033\u66fc\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86 S-216 \u6cd5\u6848\uff0c\u201c\u4ee5\u4fc3\u8fdb\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\r\n\u81ea\u6cbb\u6743\u7684\u627f\u8ba4\u548c\u5b9e\u65bd\u201d\u3002\u8be5\u6cd5\u6848\u5c06\u5141\u8bb8\u5e0c\u671b\u81ea\u6cbb\u7684\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u5236\u5b9a\u63d0\u6848\u548c\u5baa\u6cd5\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1 S-216 \u6cd5\u6848\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86\u4e8c\u8bfb\uff0c\u4f46\u6700\u7ec8\u4e5f\u5931\u8d25\u4e86\u3002\uff08<em>\u53e6\u89c1<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/parliamentary-procedure\">\u8bae\u4f1a\u7a0b\u5e8f<\/a>\u3002\uff09<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u5df2\u7ecf\u6210\u529f\u5730\u4f5c\u51fa\u4e86\u90e8\u95e8\u5b89\u6392\u3002\u8fd9\u4f7f\u5f97<em>\u300a\u5370\u5ea6\u6cd5\u300b<\/em>\u6ca1\u6709\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u6cbb\u7406\u6743\u529b\u3002\u4e00\u4e9b\u4f8b\u5b50\u5305\u62ec\uff1a\u300a\u539f<em>\u4f4f\u6c11\u571f\u5730\u7ba1\u7406\u6cd5\u300b<\/em>\uff081999\u5e74\uff09\u3001\u300a\u539f<em>\u4f4f\u6c11\u8d22\u653f\u7ba1\u7406\u6cd5\u300b<\/em>\uff082005\u5e74\uff09\u3001\u300a\u539f\u4f4f<em>\u6c11\u77f3\u6cb9\u548c\u5929\u7136\u6c14\u53ca\u8d27\u5e01\u7ba1\u7406\u6cd5\u300b<\/em>\uff082005\u5e74\uff09\u3001\u300a\u539f<em>\u4f4f\u6c11\u5546\u4e1a\u548c\u5de5\u4e1a\u53d1\u5c55\u6cd5\u300b<\/em>\uff082006\u5e74\uff09\u548c\u300a\u539f<em>\u4f4f\u6c11\u8d22\u4ea7\u6240\u6709\u6743\u6cd5\u300b<\/em>\uff082009\u5e74\uff09\u3002<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>2011 \u5e74\u548c 2017 \u5e74\u5bf9\u300a\u5370\u5ea6\u6cd5\u300b\u7684\u4fee\u8ba2<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\u5c3d\u7ba1\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u591a\u6b21\u4fee\u8ba2\uff0c\u4f46\u300a<em>\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u6cd5\u300b<\/em>\u5728<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">\u5730\u4f4d<\/a>\u6743\u65b9\u9762\u4ecd\u7136\u6b67\u89c6\u5987\u5973\u53ca\u5176\u540e\u4ee3\u30022011\u5e74\uff0c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/parliament\">\u8bae\u4f1a<\/a>\u901a\u8fc7\u4e86\u300a<em>\u5370\u5ea6\u6ce8\u518c\r\n\u6027\u522b\u5e73\u7b49\u6cd5\u300b<\/em>\uff0c\u4e5f\u79f0\u4e3aC-3\u6cd5\u6848\u3002\u8fd9\u662f<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">\u8054\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c<\/a>\u5bf9 <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mcivor-case\">McIvor\u6848\u7684\u56de\u5e94\uff0c\r\n\u8be5\u6848<\/a>\u6d89\u53ca1985\u5e74\u300a<em>\u5370\u5ea6<\/em>\u6cd5\u300b\u7b2c6\u6761\u4e2d\u7684\u6027\u522b\u6b67\u89c6\u3002C-3\u6cd5\u6848\u8d4b\u4e881985\u5e74\u91cd\u65b0\u83b7\u5f97\u8eab\u4efd\u7684\u5987\u5973\u7684\u5b59\u5b50\u5b59\u59736\uff082\uff09\u8eab\u4efd\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u7c7b\u4f3c\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5987\u5973\u7684\u540e\u4ee3\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u66fe\u5b59\u540e\u4ee3\r\n\u6ca1\u6709\u4e0e\u7537\u6027\u540e\u4ee3\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u6743\u5229\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u6027\u522b\u6b67\u89c6\uff0cC-3\u53f7\u6cd5\u6848\u4ecd\u7136\u5265\u593a\u4e86\u67d0\u4e9b\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u6743\u3002<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u7b2cS-3\u53f7\u6cd5\u6848\u662f\u9488\u5bf9\u53e6\u4e00\u8d77\u5173\u4e8e<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\"><em>\u300a\u5370\u5ea6\u6cd5\u300b<\/em><\/a>\u4e2d\u6b67\u89c6\u7684\u6cd5\u5ead\u6848\u4ef6\uff0c\u53732015\u5e74\u7684\u5fb7\u820d\u8bfa\u6848\u800c\u5236\u5b9a\u7684\u3002\u672c\u6848\u4e2d\u7684\u95ee\u9898\r\n\u5728\u4e8e\u8eab\u4efd\u5982\u4f55\u4f20\u9012\u7ed9\u5802\u5144\u5f1f\u59d0\u59b9\u3002S-3\u6cd5\u6848\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u4e8e2017\u5e7412\u670822\u65e5\u751f\u6548\u3002\u9664\u5176\u4ed6\u89c4\u5b9a\u5916\uff0c\u8be5\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\u5141\u8bb8\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u4eba\u5c06\u5176\u8eab\u4efd\u4f20\u7ed9\u5176\u540e\u4ee3\uff0c\u5e76\u6062\u590d1985\u5e74\u4e4b\u524d\u5931\u53bb\u8eab\u4efd\u7684\u4eba\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\u3002\r\n\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5b83\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5bf9\u7236\u4eb2\u8eab\u4efd\u4e0d\u660e\u4e14\u5728 1951 \u5e74\u81f3 85 \u5e74\u671f\u95f4\u672a\u5a5a\u672a\u6210\u5e74\u4e14\u53d7\u5f53\u65f6\u767b\u8bb0\u89c4\u5219\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u4eba\u8fdb\u884c\u767b\u8bb0\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u8be5\u6cd5\u6848\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u2014\u2014\u4e0e\u6062\u590d1951\u5e74\u4e4b\u524d\u5931\u53bb\u8eab\u4efd\u7684\u5987\u5973\u53ca\u5176\r\n\u540e\u4ee3\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u6709\u5173\uff08\u79f0\u4e3a \u201c1951\u5e74\u622a\u6b62\u65e5\u671f\u201d\uff09\u2014\u2014\u4e8e2019\u5e748\u670815\u65e5\u751f\u6548\u3002\u6839\u636e\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\u201c\u300a<em>\u5370\u5ea6\u6cd5\u300b<\/em>\u4e2d\u6240\u6709\u5df2\u77e5\u7684\u57fa\u4e8e\u6027\u522b\u7684\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u73b0\u8c61\u73b0\u5df2\u5f97\u5230\u89e3\u51b3\u3002\u201d<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u62df\u8bae\u7684\u6539\u9769<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>2010\u5e74\uff0c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">\u8054\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c<\/a>\u5ba3\u5e03\u6253\u7b97\u4e0e<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">\u571f\u8457\u4eba\u6c11<\/a>\u5408\u4f5c\uff0c\u5e9f\u9664<em>\u300a\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u6cd5\u300b<\/em>\u4e2d\u6388\u6743\u521b\u5efa<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/residential-schools\">\u5bc4\u5bbf\u5b66\u6821<\/a>\u548c\u5e26\u5b69\u5b50\u79bb\u5f00\u5bb6\u56ed\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u5185\u5bb9\u3002\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u7b2cS-2\u53f7\u6cd5\u6848\uff0c\u5373<em>\u300a\u4fdd\u7559\u5730\u5bb6\u5ead\u4f4f\u623f\u548c\u5a5a\u59fb\u5229\u76ca\u6216\u6743\u5229\u6cd5\u300b<\/em>\uff0c\u89e3\u51b3\u4e86\u300a<em>\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba<\/em>\u6cd5\u300b\u4e2d\u7684\u7acb\u6cd5\u6f0f\u6d1e\u3002\u5b83\u65e8\u5728\u786e\u4fdd\u751f\u6d3b\u5728<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">\u4fdd\u7559<\/a>\u5730\u7684\u4eba\u4eab\u6709\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u4eba\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u5a5a\u59fb\u8d22\u4ea7\u6743\u3002\u6839\u636e\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0cS-2\u6cd5\u6848\u662f\u4e00\u9879\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u7acb\u6cd5\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f<em>\u300a\u5370\u5ea6\u6cd5\u300b<\/em>\u6539\u9769\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u3002<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u8fa9\u8bba\uff1a\u4fdd\u7559\u8fd8\u662f\u53d6\u6d88\u300a\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u6cd5\u300b\uff1f<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4e00\u4e9b\u571f\u8457\u548c\u975e\u571f\u8457\u4eba\u6c11\u547c\u5401\u5e9f\u9664\u8be5\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f46\u53e6\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u5219\u62c5\u5fc3\uff0c\u5e9f\u9664\u8be5\u6cd5\u4f1a\u524a\u5f31\u67d0\u4e9b\u4fdd\u62a4\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u8eab\u4efd\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u5b66\u8005\u6234\u7ef4\u00b7\u7ebd\u8c6a\u65af\u6240\u89e3\u91ca\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u201c[<em>\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u6cd5<\/em>] \u4e3a\u5730\u65b9\u793e\u533a\u6cbb\u7406\u548c\u793e\u533a\u751f\u6d3b\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\r\n\u7ed3\u6784\u3002\u4e00\u4e3e\u6539\u9769\u8be5\u6cd5\u6848\uff0c\u6216\u5e9f\u9664\u8be5\u6cd5\u6848\uff0c\u5c06\u5bf9\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u9020\u6210\u5de8\u5927\u7834\u574f\u3002\u201d<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u8be5\u6cd5\u6848\u7684\u6279\u8bc4\u8005\u4ecd\u5728\u52aa\u529b\u5e9f\u9664\u8be5\u6cd5\u6848\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u571f\u8457\u4eba\u6c11\u5e0c\u671b\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u591a\u5730\u8d70\u5411<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-self-government\/\">\u81ea\u6cbb<\/a>\u4e0e\u548c\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/truth-and-reconciliation-commission\">\u89e3<\/a>\uff0c\u8be5\u6cd5\u7684\u6743\u529b\u5c06\u9010\u6e10\u6d88\u5931\u6216\u6d88\u5931\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4fc3\u8fdb\u653f\u5e9c\u4e0e\u571f\u8457\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u539f<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/assembly-of-first-nations\">\u4f4f\u6c11\u5927\u4f1a<\/a>\u4e3b\u5e2d\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/perry-bellegarde\">\u4f69\u91cc\u00b7\u8d1d<\/a>\u52d2\u52a0\u5fb7\u57282018\u5e74\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u201c\u6211\u4eec\u90fd\u5e0c\u671b\u8d85\u8d8a\u300a<em>\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u6cd5\u300b<\/em>\u7684\u63a7\u5236\uff0c\u5c06\u81ea\u5df1\u91cd\u7ec4\u4e3a\u62e5\u6709\u57fa\u672c\r\n\u56fa\u6709\u6743\u5229\u7684\u571f\u8457\u4eba\u6c11\u548c\u6c11\u65cf\u3002\u201d<\/p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<iframe sandbox=\"allow-same-origin allow-scripts allow-top-navigation allow-popups\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"100%\" height=\"185\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https:\/\/embed.radiopublic.com\/e?if=the-secret-life-of-canada-Ww0QnZ&amp;ge=s1!7163a1347ab72236394fe46a4fe7d4048bc69b37\">\r\n<\/iframe><br>\r\n\r\n\t<p>\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u300a\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u6cd5\u300b\uff1f\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u4ecd\u5728\u5236\u5b9a\u8be5\u6cd5\u6848\uff1fSecret Life\u56e2\u961f\u7740\u773c\u4e8e\u8fd9\u9879\u590d\u6742\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u6839\u6e90\uff0c\u8be5\u653f\u7b56\u5728143\u5e74\u540e\u4ecd\u6839\u690d\u4e8e\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ece\u5bfc\u81f4\u8be5\u6cd5\u6848\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u5230\u5b83\u5bf9\u5f53\u4eca\r\n\u571f\u8457\u8eab\u4efd\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u4e0d\u7b49\u3002<br>\r\n<strong>\u6ce8\u610f<\/strong><em>\uff1a<em>\u300a\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u7684\u79d8\u5bc6\u751f\u6d3b\u300b<\/em>\u7531\u6cd5\u4f26\u00b7\u7ea6\u7ff0\u900a\u548c\u5229\u4e9a\u00b7\u897f\u8499\u5a1c\u00b7\u9c8d\u6069\u4e3b\u6301\u548c\u64b0\u5199\uff0c\u662f\u72ec\u7acb\u4e8e\u300a\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u767e\u79d1\u5168\u4e66\u300b\u7684\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u5e7f\u64ad\u516c\u53f8\u539f\u521b\u64ad\u5ba2\u3002<\/em><\/p>\r\n<\/blockquote>\r\n<br>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u9057\u4ea7\u548c\u610f\u4e49<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\u5c3d\u7ba1\u591a\u5e74\u6765\u5df2\u7ecf\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u591a\u6b21\u4fee\u8ba2\uff0c\u4f46\u5f53\u4ee3\u7248\u672c\u7684<em>\u300a\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u6cd5\u300b<\/em>\u4ecd\u7136\u6982\u8ff0\u4e86<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u8eab\u4efd<\/a>\u7684\u6761\u6b3e\u3001\u4e0e\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">\u50a8\u5907\u91d1<\/a>\u3001\u672a\u6210\u5e74\u4eba\u548c\u7cbe\u795e\u65e0\u80fd\u8005\u7684\u8d22\u52a1\u76d1\u62a4\u3001<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\u4e50\u961f<\/a>\u8d44\u6e90\u7684\u7ba1\u7406\u3001\r\n\u9009\u4e3e\u548c\u4fdd\u7559\u5730\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u65b9\u9762\u6709\u5173\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u89c4\u5219\u3002<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u300a<em>\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u6cd5\u300b<\/em>\u5bf9\u571f\u8457\u6587\u5316\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u548c\u793e\u533a\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u6301\u7eed\u548c\u957f\u671f\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u5b83\u8fd8\u9020\u6210\u4e86\u4ee3\u9645\u521b\u4f24\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5728<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/residential-schools\">\u5bc4\u5bbf\u5b66\u6821<\/a>\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\r\n\u56e0\u4e3a\u8be5\u6cd5\u7684\u538b\u8feb\u548c\u9650\u5236\u6027\u6761\u6b3e\u5bf9\u51e0\u4ee3\u571f\u8457\u4eba\u6c11\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u8d1f\u9762\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/p>","slug":"","alt_slug":"","twitter_summary":null,"locale":"zh","automated":true,"hidden":0,"views":31,"created_at":"2024-11-18T00:15:06.000000Z","updated_at":"2024-11-18T00:15:06.000000Z"},{"id":"9daca8b6-4c16-413d-82d4-702f04bf914b","article_id":"83668","title":"Indian Act [\u5370\u5ea6\u6cd5\u6848]","summary":"<p>\u5370\u5ea6<em>\u6cd5\u6848<\/em>\u662f\u806f\u90a6\u653f<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">\u5e9c<\/a>\u7528\u65bc\u7ba1\u7406\u5370\u5ea6\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u5730<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">\u65b9\u7b2c\u4e00<\/a>\u570b\r\n\u653f\u5e9c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">\u548c\u4fdd\u7559<\/a>\u571f\u5730\u7684\u7ba1\u7406\u7684\u4e3b<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">\u8981<\/a>\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3002\u5b83\u9084\u6982\u8ff0\u4e86\u653f\u5e9c\r\n\u5c0d\u7b2c\u4e00\u570b\u6c11\u65cf\u7684\u7fa9\u52d9\u3002<a\r\n\thref=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/inuit\">\u5370\u5ea6<em>\u6cd5\u6848\u6d89<\/em>\u53ca\u5177\u6709\u5370\u5ea6\u8eab\u4efd\u7684\u4eba\uff1b\u5b83\u4e0d\u76f4\u63a5\u53c3\u8003\u975e\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u570b\u4eba\uff0c\u5373\u6885\u8482\u65af\u4eba\u6216\u4f0a\u52aa\u4f0a<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/metis\">\u7279\u4eba\u3002<\/a> \r\n<\/a>\u8a72\u6cd5\u6848\u65bc 1876 \u5e74\u9996\u6b21\u63a8\u51fa\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u6d88\u9664\u7b2c\u4e00\u570b\u6587\u5316\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u540c\u5316\u5230\u6b50\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u793e\u6703\u4e2d\u3002\u4e00\u9805\u65b0\u7248\u672c\u7684\u6cd5\u6848\u65bc 1951 \u5e74\u901a\u904e\uff0c\u5f9e\u90a3\u6642\u8d77\uff0c\u5df2\u7d93\u591a\u6b21\r\n\u4fee\u8a02\uff0c\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\u5728 1985 \u5e74\uff0c\u66f4\u6539\u4e3b\u8981\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u522a\u9664\u6b67\u8996\u6027\u689d\u6587\u3002\u9019\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u4e0d\u65b7\u6f14\u9032\u7684\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u7570\u8b70\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u5c0d\u5e7e\u4ee3\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u7684\u5275\u50b7\u3001\u4fb5\u72af\u4eba\u6b0a\u4ee5\u53ca\u793e\u6703\r\n\u548c\u6587\u5316<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">\u7834\u58de\u3002<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u9019\u662f\u95dc\u65bc\u5370\u5ea6\u6cd5\u6848\u7684\u5168\u9577<em>\u689d\u76ee\u3002<\/em>\u6709\u95dc\u7c21\u55ae\u8a9e\u8a00\u6458\u8981\uff0c\u8acb\u53c3\u95b1<a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act-plain-language-summary\" target=\"_blank\">\u5370\u5ea6\u6cd5\u6848\uff08\u666e\u901a\u8a9e\u8a00\u6458\u8981\uff09<\/a>\u3002<\/p>","body":"<div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/cbcd31d1-03f6-4fba-a45d-96ee89c4617d.jpg\" title=\"\u5370\u5ea6\u6cd5\u6848\" alt=\"\u5370\u5ea6\u6cd5\u6848\"><\/div>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u6b77\u53f2\u80cc\u666f\uff1a\u5370\u5ea6\u6cd5\u6848\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c1763\u20141876 \u5e74<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/royal-proclamation-of-1763\/\">1763 \u5e74\u7684\u7687\u5bb6\u5ba3\u8a00\u70ba\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u653f<\/a>\u5e9c\u5c07\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u63a5\u4e0b\u4f86\u7684\u5e7e\u500b\u4e16\u7d00\u4e2d\u8207\u7b2c\u4e00\u570b\u6c11<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">\u65cf\u4e92\u52d5\u7684<\/a>\u57fa\u790e\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u57fa\u790e\u3002\u8a72\u5ba3\u8a00\u4fdd\u8b49\u4e86\u7b2c\u4e00\u570b<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-rights\">\u6c11<\/a>\u65cf\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u6b0a\u5229\u548c\u4fdd\u8b77\uff0c\u4e26\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u653f\u5e9c\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u904e\u4f86\u7372\u5f97\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u571f\r\n\u5730\u7684\u904e\u7a0b\u300219 \u4e16\u7d00\u4e0a\u534a\u5e74\u901a\u904e\u4e86\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u7684\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u5c07\u7b2c\u4e00\u570b\u6c11\u65cf\u878d\u5165\u65e5\u76ca\u589e\u9577\u7684\u5b9a\u5c45\u4eba\u53e3\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>1850 \u5e74<em>\u70ba\u4e86\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u4fdd\u8b77\u4e0b\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u571f\u5730\u548c\u8ca1\u7522\u7684<\/em>\u6cd5\u6848\u662f\u7b2c\u4e00\u9805\u6cd5\u4f8b\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u62ec\u4e00\u5957\u8981\u6c42\u5c0d\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u88ab\u8996\u70ba\u5408\u6cd5<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/indian\/\">\u5370<\/a>\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba \u2014\u2014\u300c\u5730\u4f4d\u300d\u6982\u5ff5<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">\u7684\u524d<\/a>\u8a00\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u8981\u6c42\u662f\u57fa\u65bc\u8840\u6db2\u7684\uff0c\u4e26\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u8aaa\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4ed6\u5011\u662f\u300c\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\r\n\u8840\u300d\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u662f\u300c\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u7684\u8eab\u9ad4\u6216\u90e8\u843d\u300d\u7684\u6210\u54e1\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u4eba\u300c\u61c9\u88ab\u8996\u70ba\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u300d\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u4eba\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5f8c\u88d4\u90fd\u88ab\u8a8d\u70ba\u662f\u5370\u5ea6\u4eba\u3002\u300c\u8207\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u7d50\u5a5a\u300d\u7684\u975e\u5370\u5ea6\u4eba\u4e5f\u662f\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u5176\u7236\u6bcd\uff08\u4e00\u500b\u6216\u5169\u8005\uff09\u5c07\u88ab\u8a8d\u70ba\u662f\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u4ee5\r\n\u53ca\u300c\u6240\u6709\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u5728\u5b30\u5152\u6642\u671f\u6536\u990a\u7684\u4eba\u300d\u4e5f\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u3002<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u901a\u5e38\u88ab\u7a31\u70ba 1857 \u5e74\u7684\u6f38<em>\u9032\u6587\u660e\u6cd5<\/em>\u6848\u548c 1869 \u5e74\u7684<em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/gradual-civilization-act\/\">\u9010\u6b65\u6388\u6b0a\u6cd5\u6848\uff0c<\/a><\/em>\u4e3b\u8981\u65e8\u5728\u6d88\u9664\u7b2c\u4e00\u570b\u6c11\u65cf\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u7279\r\n\u6b8a\u5340\u5225\u6216\u6b0a\u5229\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u5c07\u4ed6\u5011\u878d\u5165\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u5b9a\u5c45\u4eba\u7fa4\u4e2d\u3002\u9019\u4e00\u9ede\u6700\u521d\u65e8\u5728\u901a\u904e\u300c<em>\u6f38\u9032\u6587\u660e\u6cd5<\/em>\u300d\u901a\u904e\u81ea\u9858\u6388\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\/\">\u6b0a\uff08\u5373<\/a>\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u570b\u4eba\u6703\u653e\u68c4\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u4ee5\u63db\u53d6\u571f\u5730\u548c\u6295\u7968\u6b0a\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u81ea\u9858\u7372\u5f97\u6b0a\u5229\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\r\n\u653f\u5e9c\u7136\u5f8c\u958b\u59cb\u55ae\u65b9\u5f0f\u6388\u6b0a\u7b2c\u4e00\u570b\u6c11\u6b0a\u3002<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u4e00\u4e9b\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">\u7fa4<\/a>\u9ad4\u5728 1876 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-treaties\/\">\u5e74\u901a<\/a>\u904e\u5370\u5ea6\u6cd5\u6848\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u8207<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/numbered-treaties\">\u52a0\u62ff\u5927<\/a>\u653f\u5e9c\u7c3d\u8a02\u4e86\u689d\u7d04\uff08\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u524d\u4e94\u500b\u7de8\u865f<em>\u689d\u7d04\uff09<\/em>\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u5718\u9ad4\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u8a8d\u70ba\u81ea\u5df1\u4f5c\u70ba\u7b2c\u4e00\u570b\u4eba\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8eab\u4efd\u662f\u901a\u904e\u9019\u4e9b\u689d\u7d04\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u901a\u904e<em>\u5370\u5ea6\u6cd5\u6848<\/em>\u3002<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u5370\u5ea6\u6cd5\u6848\u7372\u5f97\u6b0a\u529b\uff0c1876 \u5e74<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>1867 \u5e74\uff0c\u61b2\u6cd5\u6cd5\u5c07\u300c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/constitution-act-1867\/\"><em>\u5370\u7b2c<\/em><\/a>\u5b89\u4eba\u548c\u4fdd\u7559\u7d66\u5370<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/parliament\">\u7b2c<\/a>\u5b89\u4eba\u7684\u571f\u5730\u300d\u7d66\r\n\u8b70\u6703\u7684\u7acb\u6cd5\u7ba1\u8f44\u6b0a\u3002<em>\u8fd1 10 \u5e74\u5f8c\uff0c1876 \u5e74\uff0c\u9010\u6b65\u6587<em>\u660e\u6cd5\u6848\u548c\u9010<\/em>\u6b65\u6388\u6b0a<em>\u6cd5\u6848\u6210\u70ba\u5370\u5ea6\u6cd5\u6848<\/em>\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u3002<\/em>\u901a\u904e\u5370<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-affairs-and-northern-development-canada\">\u5ea6\u4e8b\u52d9\u90e8\u548c\u5176<\/a>\u5370\u5ea6<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-agents-in-canada\">\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\uff0c<\/a>\u5370\u5ea6\u6cd5\u6848\u8ce6<em>\u4e88<\/em>\u653f\u5e9c\u5728<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">\u7b2c\u4e00\u570b\u5bb6\u8eab\u4efd\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u7d50\u69cb\uff0c<\/a>\u6cbb\u7406\uff0c\u6587\u5316\u5be6\u8e10\u548c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-education\">\u6559\u80b2\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u5ee3\u6cdb\u6b0a\u529b<\/a>\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u6b0a\u529b\u9650\u5236\u4e86\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u7684\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u4e26\u5141\u8a31\u5b98\u54e1<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-rights\">\u6839\u64da\u300c\u826f<\/a>\u597d\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u6027\u683c\u300d\u78ba\u5b9a\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u6b0a\u5229\u548c\u798f\u5229\u3002<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u5370\u5ea6<em>\u6cd5\u6848\u8a66<\/em>\u5716\u5c07\u9f90\u5927\u800c\u591a\u6a23\u5316\u7684\u4eba\u53e3\u666e\u904d\u5316\uff0c\u4e26\u5c07\u4ed6\u5011\u878d\u5165\u975e\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u793e\u6703\u4e2d\u3002\u5b83\u7981\u6b62\u7b2c\u4e00\u570b\u6c11\u65cf\u548c\u793e\u5340\u901a\u904e\u6cbb\u7406\u548c\u6587\u5316\u8868\u9054\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\u3002\u8a72\r\n\u6cd5\u6848\u4ee5\u6a02\u968a\u8b70\u6703\u9078\u64c7\u53d6\u4ee3\u50b3\u7d71<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\u7684<\/a>\u7ba1\u6cbb\u7d50\u69cb\u3002\u5370\u5ea6<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/chief\">\u6cd5<\/a>\u6848\u4e0d\u8a8d\u53ef\r\n\u7e7c\u627f\u7684\u9996\u9818 \u2014\u2014 \u901a\u904e\u88d4\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u9078\u8209\u7372\u5f97\u6b0a\u529b<em>\u7684\u9818\u8896<\/em>\u3002\u76f4\u5230 1951 \u5e74\uff0c\u5a66\u5973\u4e5f\u88ab\u6392\u9664\u5728\u6a02\u968a\u8b70\u6703\u653f\u6cbb\u4e4b\u5916\u3002\uff08<em>\u53e6\u8acb\u53c3<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/women-and-the-indian-act\">\u95b1\u5a66\u5973\u548c\u5370\u5ea6\u6cd5<\/a>\u6848\u3002\uff09<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u8a72\u6cd5\u6848\u9084\u4f7f\u7b2c\u4e00\u570b\u6c11\u65cf\u8209\u884c\u5b97\u6559\u5100\u5f0f\u548c\u5404<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/religion-of-aboriginal-people\">\u7a2e<\/a>\u6587\u5316\u805a\u6703\u662f\u975e\u6cd5\u7684\u30021884 \u5e74\u7981\u6b62\u4f7f<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/potlatch\/\">\u7528\u6ce2\u62c9\u934a<\/a>\uff0c1895 \u5e74\uff0c\u300c\u4efb\u4f55<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-term\">\u5370<\/a>\u5ea6\u7bc0\u65e5\u3001\u821e\u8e48\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u5100\u5f0f\u300d\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u62ec<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/powwows-editorial\">\u6ce2\u6b66\u548c\u592a\u967d\u821e<\/a>\u8e48\u4e5f<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sun-dance\">\u88ab\u7981\u6b62<\/a>\u30021914 \u5e74\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u9805\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\u7981\u6b62\u4e86\u96e2\u8077<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">\u8df3\u821e<\/a>\r\n\uff0c1925 \u5e74\uff0c\u8df3\u821e\u5b8c\u5168\u7981\u6b62\u3002<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>1927 \u5e74\uff0c\u8a72\u6cd5\u6848\u4f7f\u7b2c\u4e00\u570b\u6c11\u65cf\u548c\u793e\u5340\u5c0b\u6c42\u8cc7\u91d1\u4f86\u8ffd\u6c42\u571f\u5730\u7d22\u511f\u662f\u975e\u6cd5<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/land-claims\/\">\u7684\u3002<\/a>\u96a8\u5f8c\u7684\u4fee\u8a02\u8981\u6c42\u7b2c\u4e00\u570b\r\n\u5152\u7ae5\u53c3\u52a0\u5de5\u696d\u6216<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/residential-schools\/\">\u4f4f\u5bbf\u5b78\u6821<\/a>\uff081894 \u548c 1920 \u5e74\uff09\u3002\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u4f4f\u5bbf\u5b78\u6821\u7684\u9ed1\u6697\u907a\u7522\u5f71\u97ff\u4e86\u5168\u570b\u548c\u8de8\u4e16\u4ee3\u7684\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\r\n\u793e\u5340\u3002\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u5728 20 \u4e16\u7d00\u521d\uff0c\u5728\u6c92\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6388\u6b0a<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/pass-system-in-canada\">\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\u5be6\u65bd\u4e86\u901a\u884c\u8b49\u7cfb\u7d71<\/a>\uff08\u9650\u5236\u7b2c\u4e00\u570b\u6c11\u65cf\u96e2\u958b\u4fdd\u8b77\u5340\u7684\u79fb\u52d5\uff09\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\r\n\u9650\u5236\u653f\u7b56\u5c0d\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u4e00\u4ee3\u7522\u751f\u4e86\u6301\u4e45\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u884c\u52d5\u9650\u5236\u5c0d\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u7d93\u6fdf\u3001\u6587\u5316\u548c\u793e\u6703\u9020\u6210\u640d\u5bb3\u3002<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>\u5370\u5ea6\u6cd5\u6848\u9084<\/em>\u5b9a\u7fa9\u4e86\u5728\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e0b\u8ab0\u88ab\u8a8d\u70ba\u662f\u5370\u5ea6\u4eba\u3002\u5b83\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u662f\u300c\u4efb\u4f55\u5370\u5ea6\u8840\u7d71\u7684\u7537\u6027\u4eba\uff0c\u88ab\u8b7d\u70ba\u5c6c\u65bc\u7279\u5b9a\u6a02<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\u968a\u3002<\/a>\u300d\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">\u5370\u5ea6\u5730<\/a>\u4f4d\u9084\u9069\u7528\u65bc\u300c\u8a72\u4eba\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u5b50\u5973\u300d\u4ee5\u53ca\u300c\u4efb\u4f55\u8207\u8a72\u4eba\u5408\u6cd5\u7d50\u5a5a\u7684\u5973\u6027\u300d\u3002\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u5982\u679c\u4ed6\u5011\u7562\u696d\u5927\u5b78\uff0c\u7d50\r\n\u5a5a\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u975e\u8eab\u4efd\u7684\u4eba\uff08\u5982\u679c\u4ed6\u5011\u662f\u5973\u4eba\uff09\uff0c\u6216\u5f9e 1876 \u5e74\u5230 1880 \u5e74\uff0c\u6210\u70ba\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7267\u5e2b\uff0c\u91ab\u751f\u6216<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/christianity\">\u5f8b<\/a>\u5e2b\uff0c\u5247\u5931\u53bb\u8eab\u4efd\u3002\u9019\u88ab\u7a31\u70ba\u6b0a\u9650<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\">\u5236\u3002<\/a>\r\n\u5370\u5ea6\u6cd5\u6848\u7b2c 112 <em>\u689d\uff08<\/em>\u7a31\u70ba\u300c\u5f37\u5236\u6388\u6b0a\u6b0a\u300d\u90e8\u5206\uff09\u76f4\u5230 1961 \u5e74\u624d\u88ab\u522a\u9664\u3002\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u7ba1\u7406\u662f\u540c\u5316\u548c\u6587\u5316\u7834\u58de\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u3002<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>1951 \u5e74\u4fee\u8a02\u7684\u5370\u5ea6\u6cd5\u6848<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p><em>\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6230\u5f8c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/second-world-war-wwii\/\">\u7684\u6642\u671f\uff0c<\/a>\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u6d89\u53ca\u4e86\u5f88\u591a\u793e\u6703\u5167\u5fc3\u89c0\u5bdf\uff0c\u5c0e\u81f4\u5370\u5ea6\u6cd5\u6848\u6240\u65bd\u52a0\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u66f4\u9650\u5236\u548c\r\n\u58d3\u8feb\u63aa\u65bd\u91cd\u65b0\u8003\u616e\u3002<\/em>\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u5efa\u8b70\u7684\u6539\u9769\u88ab\u7b2c\u4e00\u570b\u4eba\u6c11\u62d2<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">\u7d55\u6216\u53cd<\/a>\u5c0d\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u4ed6\u5011\u6c92\u6709\u53c3\u8207\u904e\r\n\u7a0b\u4e2d\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u653f\u5e9c\u9055\u53cd\u4e86\u50b3\u7d71\uff0c\u4e26\u901a\u904e\u806f\u5408\u59d4\u54e1\u6703\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0c\u9996\u6b21\u8207\u7b2c\u4e00\u570b\u793e\u5340\u8aee\u8a62\u6709\u95dc\u5370\u5ea6\u6cd5\u6848<em>\u7684\u8b8a\u66f4<\/em>\u3002<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u4e00\u9805\u65b0\u4fee\u8a02\u7684<em>\u5370\u5ea6\u6cd5\u6848<\/em>\u65bc 1951 \u5e74 6 \u6708 20 \u65e5\u7372\u5f97\u7687\u5bb6\u540c\u610f\u3002\u9019\u9805\u6539\u9769\u6d88\u9664\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u6700\u5177\u653b\u64ca\u6027\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u6587\u5316\u548c\u5b97\u6559\u9650\u5236\u3002\u8209\u4f8b\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u5c0d\u8c61\u7259\u548c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/potlatch\">\u592a\r\n\u967d\u821e\u7b49\u5100<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sun-dance\">\u5f0f\u7684\u7981\u4ee4<\/a>\u3002\u793e\u5340\u9084\u80fd\u5920\u5411\u653f\u5e9c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/land-claims\/\">\u63d0\u51fa<\/a>\u571f\u5730\u7d22\u511f\u3002\r\n\u5c0d\u65bc\u7b2c\u4e00\u570b\u5973\u6027\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c1951 \u5e74\u6cd5\u6848\u610f\u5473\u8457\u4ed6\u5011\u73fe\u5728\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u6a02<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\u968a\u8b70\u6703\u9078<\/a>\u8209\u4e2d\u6295\u7968\u3002<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/elsie-knott\">\u827e\u723e\u897f\u00b7\u746a\u9e97\u00b7\u8afe\u7279\u662f\u52a0<\/a>\u62ff\u5927\u7b2c\u4e00\u4f4d\u7576\u9078\u5973\u6027\u7b2c\u4e00\u570b\u9996<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/chief\">\u5e2d\u968a\u9577<\/a>\u3002\uff08<em>\u53e6\u8acb\u53c3\u95b1\u539f<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-women-and-the-franchise\">\u4f4f\u6c11\u5a66\u5973\u548c\u7279\u8a31\u7d93\u71df<\/a>\u6b0a\u3002\uff09<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u4fee\u8a02\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u6d88\u9664\u6b67\u8996\u6cd5\u6848\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c<em>\u5370\u5ea6\u6cd5\u6848\u7981<\/em>\u6b62<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">\u8eab\u4efd<\/a>\u7684\u4eba\u64c1\u6709\u9189\u5291\u6216\u9189\u9152\u3002\r\n1951 \u5e74\u7684\u4fee\u8a02\u9084\u8ce6\u4e88\u5404\u7701\u5c0d\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u5152<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/child-welfare\">\u7ae5\u798f\u5229<\/a>\uff08\u7b2c 88 \u689d\uff09\u7684\u7ba1\u8f44\u6b0a\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u806f\u90a6\u65b9\u9762\u6c92\u6709\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u9019\u6700\u7d42\u4f7f\u5f97\u4e86\u300c\u516d\u5341\u5e74<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sixties-scoop\">\u4ee3 Scoop<\/a>\u300d\u767c\u751f\uff0c\u9019\r\n\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u904e\u7a0b\uff0c\u7701\u7d1a\u5152\u7ae5\u798f\u5229\u6a5f\u69cb\u9078\u64c7\u5c07\u5b69\u5b50\u5f9e\u5bb6\u4e2d\u79fb\u9664\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u63d0\u4f9b\u793e\u5340\u8cc7\u6e90\u548c\u652f\u6301\u3002\u516d\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u300aScoop\u300b\u5c0d\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u793e\u5340\u7522\u751f\u4e86\u91cd\u5927\u4e14\u6301\u4e45\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\u3002<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u65b0\u6cd5\u6848\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u985b\u8986\u5370\u5ea6\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u6b67\u8996<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian\">\u6027\u8cea\u3002<\/a>\u8a72\u6cd5\u6848\u901a\u904e\u8a3b\u518a\u5c07\u300c\u5370\u5ea6\u8840\u300d\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u53d6\u4ee3\u70ba\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u63db\r\n\u53e5\u8a71\u8aaa\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u64c1\u6709\u7b2c\u4e00\u570b\u907a\u7522\u5c31\u4e0d\u8db3\u4ee5\u7372\u5f97\u8eab\u4efd\u7684\u8cc7\u683c\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u7537\u6027\u5f8c\u88d4\u4ecd\u7136\u4eab\u6709\u7279\u6b0a\uff1b\u5177\u6709\u8eab\u4efd\u7684\u5973\u6027\u5982\u679c\u7d50\u5a5a\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u975e\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u5c31\u5931\u53bb\u4e86\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u6b0a\u5229\u3002\uff08<em>\u53e6\u8acb\u53c3<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/women-and-the-indian-act\">\u95b1\u5a66\u5973\u548c\u5370\u5ea6\u6cd5<\/a>\u6848\u3002\uff09<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u95dc\u65bc\u5973\u6027\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u898f\u5b9a\u7279\u5225\u6975\u7aef\u3002\u4e00\u500b\u5973\u4eba\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u6b0a\u5229\u5b8c\u5168\u7531\u5979\u7684\u4e08\u592b\u6d41\u51fa\u4f86\u3002\u4e00\u500b\u975e\u8eab\u4efd\u7684\u5973\u6027\uff0c\u8207\u5177\u6709\u8eab\u4efd\u7684\u7537\u4eba\u7d50\u5a5a\uff0c\u5c07\u81ea\u5df1\u7372\u5f97\u5730\u4f4d\u3002\u4e00\u4f4d\u8eab\u4efd\u7684\u5973\u6027\u7d50\u5a5a\u4e86\u4e00\u4f4d\u8eab\u4efd\u7537\u5b50\uff0c\u5979\u7684\u6a02\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\u968a<\/a>\u6703\u54e1\u6703\u54e1\u8207\u4ed6\u76f8\u95dc\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5979\u4e0d\u518d\u662f\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6a02\u968a\u7684\u6210\u54e1\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5979\u88ab\u4e08\u592b\u907a\u68c4\u6216\u907a\u68c4\uff0c\u5979\u5b8c\u5168\u5931\u53bb\u4e86\u8eab\u4efd\u3002<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>1951 \u5e74<em>\u5370\u5ea6\u6cd5\u6848<\/em>\u9084\u5f15\u5165\u4e86\u300c\u96d9\u6bcd\u300d\u898f\u5247\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5b69\u5b50\u7684\u6bcd\u89aa\u548c\u7956\u6bcd\u90fd\u6c92\u6709\u8cc7\u683c\u7372\u5f97\u8eab\u4efd\uff0c\u5247\u64a4\u92b7\u5b69\u5b50 21 \u6b72\u751f\u65e5\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\u30021996 \u5e74<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/royal-commission-on-aboriginal-peoples\">\u7684\u7687\u5bb6\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u59d4\u54e1<\/a>\u6703\u6307\u51fa\uff0c1951 \u5e74\u5927\u4fee\u4e2d\u5305\u542b\u7684\u4fee\u8a02\u53ea\u80fd\u5c07<em>\u5370\u5ea6\u6cd5<\/em>\u6848\u6062\u5fa9\u5230\u5176 1876 \u5e74\u7684\u72c0\u614b\uff0c\u800c\u5c0d\u5730\u4f4d\u8f49\u79fb\u7684\u984d\u5916\u9650\u5236\u5c0d\u7b2c\u4e00\u570b\u5a66\u5973\u548c\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u5b69\u5b50\u9020\u6210\u50b7\u5bb3\u3002<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>1960 \u5e74\u4ee3\u548c 1970 \u5e74\u4ee3\u8981\u6c42\u6539\u8b8a\u5370\u5ea6\u6cd5\u6848<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>1951 \u5e74<em>\u5370\u5ea6\u6cd5<\/em>\u6848\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u6539\u8b8a\u539f<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\">\u4f4f\u6c11\u6b0a\u6388\u6b0a<\/a>\u7684<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-people\">\u904e\u7a0b\uff0c<\/a>\r\n\u4e5f\u6c92\u6709\u5141\u8a31\u6295\u7968<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/franchise\">\u6b0a\u3002<\/a>\u7136\u800c\uff0c1958 \u5e74\u521d\uff0c\u7e3d\u7406\u7d04<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/john-diefenbaker\">\u7ff0\u00b7\u8fea\u82ac\u8c9d\u514b\u7684\u653f\r\n\u5e9c\u958b<\/a>\u59cb\u8d77<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/canadian-bill-of-rights\/\">\u8349\u52a0\u62ff<\/a>\u5927\u4eba\u6b0a\u6cd5\u6848\u3002\u7531\u65bc\u300a\u6b0a\u5229\u6cd5\u6848\u300b\u5f37\u8abf\u6240\u6709\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u4eba\u7684\u5e73\u7b49\u6b0a\u5229\uff0c\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u5f88\u96e3\u88ab\u62d2\u7d55\r\n\u6295\u7968\u6b0a\u30021960 \u5e74 3 \u6708 31 \u65e5\uff0c<em>\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u9078\u8209\u6cd5\u6848\u7b2c 14 (2) \u689d\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u88ab\u5ee2<\/em>\u9664\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u5411\u5730\u4f4d\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u6388\u4e88\u806f<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">\u90a6\u6295\u7968<\/a>\u3002\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">\u7b2c\u4e00\u570b\u4eba<\/a>\u73fe\u5728\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u4e0d\u5931\u53bb\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\u6295\u7968\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5e74\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u6cd5\u6848\u4e2d\u7684\u5f37\u5236\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u88ab\u522a<em>\u9664\u3002<\/em>\uff08<em>\u53e6\u8acb\u53c3\u95b1<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indigenous-suffrage\">\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u7684\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u6295\u7968\u6b0a\u3002<\/a>\uff09<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>1969 \u5e74\uff0c\u7e3d\u7406\u76ae\u57c3\u723e\u00b7\u57c3\u5229\u5967\u7279<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/pierre-elliott-trudeau\/\">\u00b7\u7279\u9b6f\u591a\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u767c<\/a>\u5e03\u4e86<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/the-white-paper-1969\/\">\u767d\u76ae\u66f8\uff0c<\/a>\r\n\u8a72\u767d\u76ae\u66f8\u5ba3\u5e03\u5176\u610f\u5716\u5b8c\u5168\u6d88\u9664\u5370\u5ea6\u5730\u4f4d\u548c\u5370\u5ea6<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-affairs-and-northern-development-canada\">\u4e8b\u52d9\u90e8\u3002<\/a>\u9019\u4efd\u767d\u76ae\u66f8\u53d7\u5230\u7b2c\u4e00\u570b\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u61a4\u6012\r\n\uff0c\u4e26\u7acb\u5373\u88ab\u300a\u7d05\u76ae\u66f8\u300b\u53cd\u5c0d\uff0c\u7531\u7576\u6642\u963f\u723e\u4f2f\u5854\u5370\u5ea6\u5354\u6703\u4e3b\u5e2d\u54c8\u7f85\u5fb7\u00b7\u5361\u8fea\u7d0d\uff08<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/harold-cardinal\/\">Harold Cardinal\uff09<\/a>\u5275\u5efa\u4e26\u63d0\u4ea4\u7684\u300c\u7d05\u76ae\u66f8\u300d\u3002\r\n\u7531\u65bc\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u5718\u9ad4\u53ca\u5176\u652f\u6301\u8005\u6fc0\u70c8\u800c\u6301\u7e8c\u7684\u53cd\u5c0d\uff0c\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u653f\u5e9c\u8fc5\u901f\u64a4\u56de\u767d\u76ae\u66f8\u3002<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u5728\u6b64\u671f\u9593\uff0c\u8a31\u591a\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u5a66\u5973\u90fd\u5728\u52aa\u529b\u6539\u8b8a\u5370\u5ea6\u6cd5\u6848\u4e2d\u7684\u6b67<em>\u8996\u6027\u90e8\u5206<\/em>\u3002<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mary-two-axe-earley\">\u746a\u9e97\u96d9\u65a7\u00b7\u5384\u5229\u662f\u6700<\/a>\u65e9\u7684\u6d3b\u52d5\u5bb6\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\r\n\u9664\u4e86\u5176\u4ed6\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u5979\u52d5\u54e1\u4e86\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u6f14\u8b1b\u548c\u5beb\u4f5c\u6d3b\u52d5\uff0c\u4ee5\u63d0\u9ad8\u88ab\u6839\u64da\u8a72\u6cd5\u6848\u88ab\u62d2\u7d55\u5730\u4f4d\u3001\u689d\u7d04\u548c\u8ca1\u7522\u6b0a\u7684\u5a66\u5973\u8650\u5f85\u7684\u6982\u6cc1\u3002\u4f0a\u82ac\u00b7\u8c9d<a name=\"_Hlk39573469\">\u9054\u5fb7\u548c\u73cd\u59ae\u7279<\/a>\u00b7\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/jeannette-vivian-lavell\">\u79d1\u6bd4\u723e\u00b7\u62c9\u97cb\u723e\uff0c\u5169\u4eba\u90fd\u56e0\u5a5a<\/a>\u59fb\u800c\u5931\u53bb\u8eab\u4efd\uff0c\u5411\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u653f\u5e9c\u63d0\u8d77\u8a34\u8a1f\u30021973 \u5e74\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u6848\u4ef6\r\n\u5728<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/supreme-court-of-canada\/\">\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u5408\u4f75<\/a>\u3002\u5728\u90a3\u5e74\uff0c\u6cd5\u9662\u56e0\u88c1\u5b9a\u6cd5\u6848\u4e2d\u5c07\u5973\u6027\u5730\u4f4d\u8207\u4e08\u592b\u76f8\u95dc\u806f\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u4e26\u4e0d\u6703\u6b67\u8996\u5973\u6027\r\n\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u8eab\u4efd\u7537\u6027\u5982\u679c\u4ed6\u5011\u300c\u7d50\u5a5a\u300d\u4ecd\u4fdd\u6301\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u3002(<em>\u53e6\u8acb\u53c3\u95b1\u8c9d\r\n<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/bedard-case\">\u9054\u5fb7\u6848\u4f8b\u548c\u62c9\u7dad<\/a>\u723e\u6848<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/lavell-case\">\u4f8b\u3002<\/a>)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>1981 \u5e74\uff0c\u806f\u5408\u570b\u4eba\u6b0a\u59d4\u54e1\u6703\u88c1\u5b9a\uff0c\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u9055\u53cd\u4e86\u300a\u516c<em>\u6c11\u6b0a\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u6b0a\u5229\u570b\u969b\u516c\u7d04\u300b<\/em>\u7b2c 27 \u689d\uff08<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sandra-lovelace-nicholas\">Sandra Lovelace Nicholas<\/a>\uff09\u7684\u6848\u4ef6 \u2014\u2014 \r\n \u4e00\u540d\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/maliseet\">\u6c83\u62c9\u65af\u6258\u57fa\u4f0a\u514b\u5973\u6027\u56e0\u5a5a\u59fb\u5931\u53bb\u8eab\u4efd\u7684<\/a>\u5973\u6027\u3002\u653f\u5e9c\u963b\u6b62\u6851\u5fb7\u62c9\u56de\u5230\u5979\u7684\u5bb6\u9109\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u6839\u64da<em>\u5370\u5ea6\u6cd5<\/em>\u6848\uff0c\r\n\u5979\u5df2\u7d50\u5a5a\uff0c\u4e26\u4e0d\u518d\u88ab\u8a8d\u70ba\u662f\u6a02<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\u968a\u6210<\/a>\u54e1\u3002<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>\u689d\u4f8b\u8349\u6848 C-31\uff1a1985 \u5e74\u5370\u5ea6\u6cd5\u6848\u7684\u4fee\u6b63\u6848<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>1985 \u5e74\uff0c\u56e0\u61c9\u570b\u5bb6\u548c\u570b\u969b\u5c0d\u5370\u5ea6\u6cd5\u6848\u7f3a\u4e4f\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u65e5\u76ca\u95dc\u6ce8<em>\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c<\/em>\u901a\u904e\u4e86\u689d\u4f8b<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/bill-c-31\">\u8349\u6848 C-31\u3002<\/a>\u8a72\u689d\u4f8b\u8349\u6848\u5b8c\u5168\u522a\u9664\u6240\u6709\r\n\u5269\u9918<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/enfranchisement\">\u7684\u6b0a\u9650\u689d\u6b3e\u3002<\/a>\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u90a3\u4e9b\u56e0\u5a5a\u59fb\u5931\u53bb<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">\u5730<\/a>\u4f4d\u7684\u4eba\r\n\u88ab\u6062\u5fa9\u70ba\u5730\u4f4d\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u548c\u6a02<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\u968a\u6210\u54e1\u3002<\/a>\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u5b69\u5b50\u7372\u5f97\u4e86\u8eab\u4efd\uff0c\u4f46\u5169\u5e74\u5167\u4e0d\u6703\u7372\u5f97\u6a02\u968a\u6703\u54e1\u3002\u9019\u500b\u9593\u9694\u65e8\u5728\u7d66\u6a02\u968a\u6642\u9593\u5275\r\n\u5efa\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6703\u54e1\u4ee3\u78bc\uff0c\u9019\u53ef\u4ee5\u6392\u9664\u5b69\u5b50\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u80fd\u6392\u9664\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u6bcd\u89aa\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5728 1987 \u5e74 6 \u6708\u4e4b\u524d\u6c92\u6709\u901a\u904e\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u5b88\u5247\uff0c\u5b69\u5b50\u5011\u4e5f\u7372\u5f97\u6a02\u968a\u6703\u54e1\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5c0d\u6703\u54e1\u540d\u55ae\u6709\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u6b0a\uff0c\u6a02\u968a\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u6709\u975e\u8eab\u4efd\u7684\u6210\r\n\u54e1\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u7531\u65bc\u901a\u904e\u806f\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u8cc7\u91d1\u662f\u57fa\u65bc\u8eab\u4efd\u6210\u54e1\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6a02\u968a\u64c1\u6709\u8a31\u591a\u975e\u8eab\u4efd\u6210\u54e1\u7684\u6fc0\u52f5\u5f88\u5c11\u3002<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u81ea 1985 \u5e74\u5c0d\u5370\u5ea6\u6cd5\u6848<em>\u9032\u884c\u4fee<\/em>\u8a02\u4ee5\u4f86\uff0c\u8a3b\u518a\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u6578\u5df2\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u4e00\u500d\u4ee5\u4e0a\uff0c\u7531\u4e00\u4e5d\u516b\u4e94\u5e74\u7684\u7d04 360,000 \u540d\uff0c\u81f3\u4e8c\u96f6\u96f6\u4e03\u5e74\u7684 778,000 \u4eba\u4ee5\u4e0a\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u589e\u52a0\u662f\u7531\u65bc\u51fa\u751f\u591a\u65bc\u6b7b\u4ea1\u4ee5\r\n\u53ca\u300c\u6062\u5fa9\u300d\u5370\u5ea6\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u7d50\u679c\u3002<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u96d6\u7136\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\u89e3\u6c7a\u4e86<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/prejudice-and-discrimination\">\u5c0d\u5a66<\/a>\u5973\u7684\u6b67\u8996\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u4e5f\u9020\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u554f\u984c\u3002\u689d\u4f8b\u8349\u6848 C-31 \u5275\u5efa\u4e86\u5169\u7a2e\u985e\u5225\u7684<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian\">\u5370\u5ea6\u8a3b<\/a>\u518a\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u689d\uff08\u7a31\u70ba\u7b2c 6 (1) \u689d\uff0c\u9069\u7528\u65bc\u96d9\u65b9\u7236\u6bcd\u90fd\u6709\u6216\u6709\u6b0a\u8a3b\u518a\u6642\u3002(\u672c\u7bc0\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u7d30\u5206\u70ba\u6839\u64da\u72c0\u614b\u50b3\u905e\u65b9\u5f0f\u800c\u6709\u6240\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5b50\u90e8\u5206\u3002)\u7b2c\u4e8c\u689d\uff0c\u7a31\u70ba\u7b2c 6 (2) \u689d\uff0c\r\n\u9069\u7528\u65bc\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u4f4d\u5bb6\u9577\u6709\u6b0a\u6839\u64da 6 (1) \u689d\u8a3b\u518a\u3002\u5982\u679c<em>\u8a72<\/em>\u4e00\u5bb6\u7236\u6bcd\u6839\u64da\u7b2c 6 (2) \u689d\u8a3b\u518a\uff0c\u5247\u7121\u6cd5\u8f49\u8b93\u8eab\u4efd\u3002\u7c21\u800c\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u7d93\u904e\u5169\u4ee3\u8207\u975e\u8eab\u4efd\u7684\u4f34\u4fb6\u7d50\u5a5a\u5f8c\uff0c\u5b50\u5973\u5c07\u4e0d\u518d\u6709\u8cc7\u683c\u7372\r\n\u5f97\u8eab\u4efd\u3002\u9019\u88ab\u7a31\u70ba\u300c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4ee3\u622a\u6b62\u300d\u898f\u5247\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u689d\u4f8b\u8349\u6848 C-31 \u5c0d\u6709\u6b0a\u4eab\u6709\u5730\u4f4d\u6b0a\u7684\u4eba\u6578\u7522\u751f\u4e86\u5f71\u97ff\u3002<\/p>\r\n\r\n<iframe width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/__Y_hHFvUR8\" title=\"YouTube \u8996\u983b\u64ad\u653e\u5668\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen=\"\">\r\n<\/iframe><br>\r\n\r\n<h3>1960 \u5e74\u81f3 2000 \u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u6cbb\u7406\u548c\u5370\u5ea6\u6cd5\u6848<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>1876 \u5e74<em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\/\">\u7684\u5370\u5ea6\u6cd5<\/a>\u6848<\/em>\u62c6\u9664\u4e86\u50b3\u7d71\u7684\u6cbb\u7406\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u4e26\u5be6\u65bd\u4e86\u5916\u90e8\u63a7\u5236-\u4ee5\u7576\u5730\u5370\u5ea6<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-agents-in-canada\">\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\u548c\u5370<\/a>\u5ea6\u4e8b\u52d9\u90e8\u7684\u806f\u90a6\u5b98\u5b98\u5b98\u65b9\u5f62<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-affairs-and-northern-development-canada\">\u5f0f\u5c0d\u500b\u4eba\u548c\u793e\u5340<\/a>\u65bd\u52a0\u4e86\u5916\u90e8\u63a7\u5236\u3002<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-self-government\">\u76f4\u5230 1960 \u5e74\u4ee3\u672b\u548c 1970 \u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\uff0c\u8d8a\u4f86\u8d8a\r\n\u6709\u6548\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u7d44\u7e54\u548c\u52a0\u5f37\u7684\u6d3b\u52d5\u6d3b\u52d5\u624d\u4f7f\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u9081\u5411\u627f\u8a8d\u548c\u5be6\u73fe\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u81ea\u6cbb\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u9053\u8def\u3002<\/a>\r\n\u9019\u7a2e\u8da8\u52e2\u5728 20 \u4e16\u7d00\u672b\u548c 21 \u4e16\u7d00\u521d\u7372\u5f97\u4e86\u52d5\u529b\uff0c\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u65cf\u5728 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/constitution-act-1982\/\"><em>1982 \u5e74\u7684\u61b2\u6cd5\u6cd5\u548c\u570b\u969b\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d<\/em><\/a>\u78ba\u8a8d\r\n\u4e86\u81ea\u6cbb\u6b0a\u3002<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>1984 \u5e74\uff0c\u8a79\u59c6\u65af<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/james-bay-and-northern-quebec-agreement\">\u7063\u548c\u5317\u9b41\u5317\u514b\u5354<\/a>\u8b70\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5f6d\u7d0d\u5831\u544a\uff0c\u5c0e\u81f4<em>\u4e86\u514b\u91cc-\u7d0d\u65af\u5361\u76ae\uff08\u9b41\u5317\u514b\uff09\u6cd5\u6848\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u7b2c\r\n\u4e00\u689d\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u81ea\u6cbb\u6cd5<\/em>\u4f8b\uff0c\u8a72\u6cd5\u4f8b\u53d6\u4ee3\u4e86<em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\">\u5370<\/a><\/em>\u5ea6\u4eba\u6cd5\u6848\uff0c\u4e26\u5728\u8a72\u5730\u5340\u5efa\u7acb\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u793e\u5340\u6210\u70ba\u4f01\u696d\u5be6\u9ad4\u3002\u5118\u7ba1\u806f\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/first-nations\">\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c<\/a>\u7e7c\u7e8c\u7ba1\u7406\u67d0\u4e9b\u7b2c\u4e00<em>\u570b\u4e8b\u52d9<\/em>\uff0c\u4f46\u81ea\u6cbb\u7684<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">\u7b2c\u4e00\u570b<\/a>\u4e0d\r\n\u53d7\u5370\u5ea6\u6cd5\u6848\u7684\u7d04\u675f\u3002<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u5f9e\u90a3\u6642\u8d77\uff0c\u8a72\u6cd5\u6848\u63d0\u51fa\u589e\u52a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/band\">\u983b<\/a>\u5e36\u7ba1\u6cbb\u6b0a\u529b\u7684\u5efa\u8b70\u30021996 \u5e74\uff0c\u806f\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u689d\u4f8b\u8349\u6848 C-79\uff0c\u4fee\u8a02\u8a72\u6cd5\u6848\u7684\u7bc4\u7587\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u983b\u5e36\u7ba1\r\n\u6cbb\u548c\u5132\u5099\u76e3\u7ba1<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-reserves\">\u3002<\/a>\u7b2c\u4e00\u570b\u5bb6\u5927\u591a\u6578\u53cd\u5c0d\u689d\u4f8b\u8349\u6848 C-79\u3002\u9664\u5176\u4ed6\u539f\u56e0\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u672a\u80fd\u5c31\u5efa\u8b70\u7684\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/duty-to-consult\">\u6539<\/a>\u8b8a\u8207\u7b2c\u4e00\u570b\u9032\u884c\u5145\u5206\u8aee\u8a62\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u64d4\u5fc3\u8a72\u689d\u4f8b\u8349\u6848<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-treaties\">\u6703\u5a01<\/a>\u8105\u689d\u7d04\u6b0a<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/aboriginal-rights\">\u5229<\/a>\u548c\u81ea\u6cbb\u6b0a\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u8a72\u689d\u4f8b\u8349\u6848\u56e0\u5ffd\u7565\u4e86<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/royal-commission-on-aboriginal-peoples\">\u7687\u5bb6\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u59d4\u54e1\u6703\u7684\u5efa\u8b70\u800c\u88ab\u6279\u8a55\u3002<\/a>\r\n\u689d\u4f8b\u8349\u6848 C-79 \u672a\u6210\u70ba\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3002<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>2002 \u5e74\uff0c\u689d\u4f8b\u8349\u6848 C-7\uff08\u4e5f\u7a31\u70ba\u7b2c\u4e00\u570b\u5bb6<em>\u6cbb\u7406\u6cd5\u6848\uff09\u65e8\u5728\u8ce6<\/em>\u4e88\u6a02\u968a\u8b70\u6703\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u6b0a\u529b\uff0c\u5728\u5236\u5b9a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3001\u9818\u5c0e\u4eba\u9078\u64c7\u7b49\u65b9\u9762\u3002\u5118\u7ba1\u806f\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u5c31\u8a72\u6cd5\u6848\u8aee\u8a62\u4e86\u5404\u570b\u7b2c\u4e00\u570b\r\n\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u6700\u7d42\u5931\u6557\u4e86\u30022006 \u5e74\uff0c\u53c3\u8b70<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/senate\">\u54e1<\/a>\u5091\u91cc\u00b7\u8056\u65e5\u8033\u66fc\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u689d\u4f8b\u8349\u6848 S-216\u300c\u4fc3\u9032\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u7b2c\u4e00\u570b\u5bb6\u81ea\u6cbb\u6b0a\u7684\u8a8d\u53ef\u548c\u5be6\u65bd\u300d\u3002\r\n\u8a72\u689d\u4f8b\u8349\u6848\u5c07\u5141\u8a31\u5e0c\u671b\u81ea\u6cbb\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u570b\u5bb6\u5236\u5b9a\u5efa\u8b70\u548c\u61b2\u6cd5\u3002\u5118\u7ba1 S-216 \u689d\u4f8b\u8349\u6848\u7372\u5f97\u4e8c\u8b80\uff0c\u4f46\u6700\u7d42\u4e5f\u5931\u6557\u3002\uff08<em>\u53e6\u8acb\u53c3\u95b1<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/parliamentary-procedure\">\u8b70\u6703\u7a0b\u5e8f<\/a>\u3002\uff09<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u7b2c\u4e00\u570b\u5bb6\u5df2\u6210\u529f\u5236\u5b9a\u7684\u884c\u696d\u5b89\u6392\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u5141\u8a31\u5728\u5370\u5ea6\u6cd5\u6848\u4e2d\u672a\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u66f4\u5927\u6cbb<em>\u7406\u6b0a\u529b<\/em>\u3002\u4e00\u4e9b\u4f8b\u5b50\u5305\u62ec\uff1a<em>\u7b2c\u4e00\u570b\u571f\u5730\u7ba1\u7406\u6cd5<\/em>\uff081999 \u5e74\uff09\uff0c<em>\u7b2c\u4e00\u570b\u8ca1\u653f\u7ba1\u7406\u6cd5<\/em>\uff082005\uff09\uff0c<em>\u7b2c\u4e00\u570b\u77f3\u6cb9\u5929\u7136\u6c23\u548c\u91d1\u9322\u7ba1\u7406\u6cd5<\/em>\uff082005\uff09\uff0c<em>\u7b2c\u4e00\u570b\u5546\u696d\u548c\u5de5\u696d\u767c\u5c55\u6cd5<\/em>\u6848\uff082006\uff09\u548c<em>\u7b2c\u4e00\u570b\u8ca1\u7522\u6240\u6709\u6b0a\u6cd5<\/em>\uff082009\uff09\u3002<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>2011 \u5e74\u548c 2017 \u5e74\u5370\u5ea6\u6cd5\u6848\u7684\u4fee\u8a02<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>\u5118\u7ba1\u6709\u591a\u9805\u4fee\u8a02\uff0c<em>\u4f46\u5728\u5730<\/em>\u4f4d\u6b0a\u5229\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u6cd5\u6848\u4ecd\u7136\u6b67\u8996\u5a66\u5973\u53ca\u5176<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-status\">\u5f8c\u88d4<\/a>\u30022011 \u5e74\uff0c\u570b\u6703<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/parliament\">\u901a<\/a>\u904e\u4e86\u5370\r\n<em>\u5ea6\u6027\u5225\u5e73\u7b49\u8a3b\u518a\u6cd5<\/em>\u6848\uff0c\u4e5f\u7a31\u70ba\u689d\u4f8b\u8349\u6848 C-3\u3002\u9019\u662f\u806f<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/federal-government\">\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c<\/a>\u5c0d <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/mcivor-case\">McIvor \u6848\u4ef6\u7684\u56de\u61c9\uff0c\r\n\u8a72\u6848<\/a>\u6d89\u53ca 1985 \u5e74\u5370\u5ea6\u6cd5\u6848\u7b2c 6 \u689d\u4e2d\u7684\u6027\u5225\u6b67\u8996<em>\u3002<\/em>\u689d\u4f8b\u8349\u6848 C-3 \u70ba 1985 \u5e74\u91cd\u65b0\u7372\u5f97\u8eab\u4efd\u7684\u5a66\u5973\u7684\u5b6b\u5b50\u5973\u6388\u4e88 6\uff082\uff09\u9805\u8eab\u4efd\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5973\u6027\u7684\u5f8c\u88d4\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5728\u526f\u5b6b\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u4e26\r\n\u6c92\u6709\u8207\u5728\u985e\u4f3c\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\u7684\u7537\u6027\u5f8c\u88d4\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u6b0a\u5229\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u7531\u65bc\u6027\u5225\u6b67\u8996\uff0c\u689d\u4f8b\u8349\u6848 C-3 \u4ecd\u7136\u62d2\u7d55\u67d0\u4e9b\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\u6b0a\u5229\u3002<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u689d\u4f8b\u8349\u6848 S-3 \u662f\u70ba\u4e86\u56de\u61c9\u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u6709\u95dc\u5370\u5ea6\u6cd5\u6848\u4e2d\u6b67\u8996\u7684\u6cd5\u9662\u6848\u4f8b\uff0c\u5373 2015 \u5e74\u5fb7<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/indian-act\"><em>\u8b1d\u8afe\u6848\u4f8b<\/em><\/a>\uff0c\u800c\u5275\u5efa\u4e86\u689d\u4f8b\u8349\u6848\u3002\u9019\u500b\u6848\u4f8b\u4e2d\u7684\u554f\u984c\u662f\u95dc\u65bc\u5c07\u72c0\u614b\u50b3\u905e\u7d66\u5144\r\n\u5f1f\u59d0\u59b9\u548c\u5144\u5f1f\u59d0\u59b9\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u300aS-3 \u689d\u4f8b\u8349\u6848\u300b\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u5df2\u65bc\u4e8c\u96f6\u4e00\u4e03\u5e74\u5341\u4e8c\u6708\u4e8c\u5341\u4e8c\u65e5\u751f\u6548\u3002\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u689d\u6587\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u8a72\u4fee\u8a02\u4f7f\u66f4\u591a\u4eba\u80fd\u5c07\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\u50b3\u905e\u7d66\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u5f8c\u88d4\uff0c\u4e26\u5c07\u8eab\u4efd\u6062\u5fa9\u7d66 1985 \u5e74\u4e4b\u524d\u5931\u53bb\u7684\u4eba\u3002\r\n\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5b83\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5728 1951-85 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href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/assembly-of-first-nations\">\u7b2c\u4e00\u570b\u570b\u6703\u8b70\u9577<\/a>\u4f69\u91cc\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/perry-bellegarde\">\u00b7\u8c9d\u723e\u52a0\u5fb7\uff08Perry Bellegarde<\/a>\uff09\u5728 2018 \u5e74\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u300c\u6211\u5011\u90fd\u5e0c\u671b\u8d85\u8d8a<em>\u5370\u5ea6\u6cd5<\/em>\u6848\u7684\u63a7\u5236\uff0c\u4e26\u91cd\u5851\u81ea\u5df1\u6210\u70ba\u5177\u6709\u57fa\u672c\u56fa\u6709\u6b0a\u5229\u7684\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u548c\u570b\r\n\u5bb6\u3002\u300d<\/p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<iframe sandbox=\"allow-same-origin allow-scripts allow-top-navigation allow-popups\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"100%\" height=\"185\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https:\/\/embed.radiopublic.com\/e?if=the-secret-life-of-canada-Ww0QnZ&amp;ge=s1!7163a1347ab72236394fe46a4fe7d4048bc69b37\">\r\n<\/iframe><br>\r\n\r\n\t<p>\u4ec0\u9ebc\u662f\u5370\u5ea6\u6cd5\u6848\uff0c\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u4ecd\u7136\u6709\u5b83\u5728\u5e33\u672c\u4e0a\uff1fSecret Life \u5718\u968a\u7814\u7a76\u4e86\u9019\u9805\u8907\u96dc\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u6839\u6e90\uff0c\u9019\u9805\u653f\u7b56\u5728 143 \u5e74\u5f8c\u4ecd\u7136\u5d4c\u5165\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u8eab\u4efd\u4e2d\uff0c\u5f9e\u5c0e\u81f4\u8a72\u6cd5\u6848\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u5230\u5b83\u4ecd\u5982\u4f55\u5f71\u97ff\u7576\u4eca\r\n\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u8eab\u4efd\u3002<br>\r\n<strong>\u6ce8\u610f<\/strong><em>\uff1a<em>\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u7684\u79d8\u5bc6\u751f\u6d3b\u7531\u6cd5\u502b<\/em>\u00b7\u7d04\u7ff0\u905c\u548c\u8389\u4e9e\u00b7\u897f\u8499\u00b7\u9b91\u6069\u4e3b\u6301\u548c\u64b0\u5beb\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u7368\u7acb\u65bc\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u767e\u79d1\u5168\u66f8\u7368\u7acb\u7684 CBC 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"Indian Status". <em>The Canadian Encyclopedia</em>, 11 May 2020, <em>Historica Canada</em>. www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/indian-status. Accessed 27 February 2025."> <li class="title">MLA 8TH EDITION</li> <li class="description">McCue, Harvey A.. "Indian Status". <em>The Canadian Encyclopedia</em>, 11 May 2020, <em>Historica Canada</em>. www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/indian-status. Accessed 27 February 2025.</li> <li class="link"><a data-text="McCue, Harvey A.. "Indian Status". <em>The Canadian Encyclopedia</em>, 11 May 2020, <em>Historica Canada</em>. www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/indian-status. Accessed 27 February 2025." href="#" class="js-copy-clipboard b b-md b-invert b-modal-copy">Copy</a></li> </ul> </li> <li> <ul class="citation-reference"> <input id="copy2" type="text" value="APA 6TH EDITION | McCue, H. (2020). Indian Status. In <em>The Canadian Encyclopedia</em>. 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Article published May 11, 2020; Last Edited May 11, 2020.</li> <li class="link"><a data-text="McCue, Harvey A.. "Indian Status." <em>The Canadian Encyclopedia</em>. Historica Canada. Article published May 11, 2020; Last Edited May 11, 2020." href="#" class="js-copy-clipboard b b-md b-invert b-modal-copy">Copy</a></li> </ul> </li> <li> <ul class="citation-reference"> <input id="copy4" type="text" value="TURABIAN 8TH EDITION | <em>The Canadian Encyclopedia</em>, s.v. "Indian Status," by Harvey A. McCue, Accessed February 27, 2025, https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/indian-status"> <li class="title">TURABIAN 8TH EDITION</li> <li class="description"><em>The Canadian Encyclopedia</em>, s.v. "Indian Status," by Harvey A. McCue, Accessed February 27, 2025, https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/indian-status</li> <li class="link"><a data-text="<em>The Canadian Encyclopedia</em>, s.v. "Indian Status," by Harvey A. 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McCue</a> </span> </p> <p class="info-text">Updated by <span class="info-text__value"> Georgia Carley </span> </p> </div> <div class="article-info__column--dates"> <p class="info-text">Published Online <span class="info-text__value--date"> May 11, 2020 </span> </p> <p class="info-text">Last Edited <span class="info-text__value--date"> May 11, 2020 </span> </p> </div> </div> <div class="article-toolbar"> <button data-target="popup-share" data-toggle="modal" class="article-toolbar__item articleNavPopupEvent"> <div class="article-toolbar__item__icon--share"></div> <span class="article-toolbar__item__title">Share</span> </button> <button id="js-print" class="article-toolbar__item"> <div class="article-toolbar__item__icon--print"></div> <span class="article-toolbar__item__title">Print</span> </button> </div> <div class="article-content"> <div class="article-content__summary"> <p>Indian Status is a legal identity defined by the <em><a href="https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/indian-act">Indian Act</a></em>. It applies to some <a href="https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/aboriginal-people">Indigenous peoples</a> in Canada. People with status, known as Status Indians (or Registered Indians), fit the criteria for status as laid out in the Act. The terms of status — including who is considered Indian under the law — have changed over time. Outside legal contexts, <a href="https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/indian-term">Indian</a> is a term that is now considered outdated and offensive.</p> </div> <div class="article-content-body"> <div id="article-content-def"> <h3>What is Indian Status?</h3> <p>Section 35(2) of the <em><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/constitution-act-1982/">Constitution Act, 1982</a> </em>defines three groups of Aboriginal peoples — <a href="https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/indian-term">Indians</a>, <a href="https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/inuit">Inuit</a> and <a href="https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/metis">Métis</a>. Indians, in this case, refers to <a href="https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/first-nations">First Nations</a> people. Legally speaking however, not all First Nations peoples are Indians — that is, not all have Indian Status. Indian is a legal identity that has been defined since 1876 by criteria set out in the <em><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/indian-act">Indian Act</a></em>. The people who fit these criteria are known as Status Indians. Outside legal contexts, <a href="https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/indian-term">Indian</a> is a term that is now considered outdated and offensive. </p> <p>Status Indians (sometimes also referred to as Registered Indians) appear on the Indian Register — the official record of Registered Indians in Canada, maintained by the <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/federal-government">federal government</a>. The register contains the names, birth dates, death dates, and <a href="https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/marriage-and-divorce">marriage</a> and  <a href="https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/divorce-in-canada" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">divorce</a> details, as well as records of persons transferring from one <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/band">band</a> to another, for all Registered Indians. People with status are issued identification cards (known as status cards) that contain information about their identity, band and registration number. <br> </p> <p>According to the federal government, “under the <em>Indian Act</em>, Status Indians may be eligible for a range of benefits, <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/aboriginal-rights">rights</a>, programs and services offered by the federal and <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/provincial-government">provincial</a> or <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/territorial-government">territorial</a> governments.” For example, all Status Indians are exempt from paying income <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/taxation">tax</a> on any income they earn on a <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/aboriginal-reserves">reserve</a>, and the personal <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/property-law">property</a> of a Status Indian cannot be seized if it is situated on a reserve. However, the provisions governing these exemptions are complex and do not apply uniformly in every scenario. Additionally, having status does not necessarily guarantee certain rights, such as the ability to live on reserve. Non-Status people can also live on reserve in some cases, depending on community bylaws. </p> <h3>Indian Status and Band Membership</h3> <p>Indian Status does not necessarily guarantee membership in a <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/band">band</a>. After amendments to the <em>Indian Act </em>in 1985, bands gained the ability to create their own membership rules. (However, if they do not wish to do so, the federal government will continue to manage membership lists.) Bands now determined who could participate in band politics, and who could access band resources and property. </p> <p>However, bands did not control who gained or lost status; the <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/federal-government">federal government</a> retained this power. Therefore, while most members of bands are also Status Indians, it is possible to have status without belonging to a band, or vice versa.</p> <h3>Treaty Indians</h3> <p>Treaty Indians are Status Indians who belong to a <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/first-nations">First Nation</a> or band that signed any <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/aboriginal-treaties">treaty</a> with the <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/crown/">Crown</a> since 1701, thereby surrendering land for specified benefits. Some Treaty Indians live on a reserve not covered by a treaty, meaning that their community never signed a treaty with the government to surrender their lands. These individuals live on what is typically known as unceded territories.</p> <p>The term also applies to First Nations who have <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/aboriginal-self-government">self-government</a> agreements. Treaties may provide the descendants of signatories with annuities (annual payments) and rights (such as the right to <a href="https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/hunting">hunt</a> and fish) in addition to those given to all Status Indians.</p> <h3>Non-Status Indians</h3> <p>Non-Status Indians are First Nations peoples who are not registered with the <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/federal-government">federal government</a>. In some cases, they do not qualify for status based on the requirements set out by the federal government in the <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/indian-act"><em>Indian Act</em></a>. In other cases, Non-Status Indians have lost their status as a result of <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/marriage-and-divorce">marriage</a> to a Non-Status person, <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/enfranchisement">enfranchisement</a> or other legal restrictions. (<em>See also </em><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/indigenous-suffrage">Indigenous Suffrage in Canada</a> and  <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/indigenous-women-and-the-franchise">Indigenous Women and the Franchise</a>.)</p> <p>Not legally recognized under the <i>Indian Act</i>, Non-Status Indians do not enjoy the same <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/aboriginal-rights">rights</a> and privileges as Status Indians; some even face criticism from Indigenous groups who consider them “inauthentic” Indians. Being legally defined as Indian does not wholly define one’s ancestral or cultural identity. Non-Status Indians still retain Indigenous identity. They also often share many of the same  <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/native-people-social-conditions">socio</a>-<a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/aboriginal-people-economic-conditions">economic</a> issues as Status Indians, including lack of access to <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/aboriginal-people-health">health care</a> and  <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/aboriginal-people-education">education</a>, <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/poverty">poverty</a>, displacement from <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/indigenous-territory">ancestral homelands</a>, and the loss of Indigenous culture and <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/aboriginal-people-languages">language</a>. Ineligible for status, Non-Status Indians have had difficulties finding avenues of support for these issues. Organizations such as the <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/congress-of-aboriginal-peoples/">Congress of Aboriginal Peoples</a> have sought to represent the concerns of Non-Status Indians (and other Indigenous peoples) in Canada.</p> <p>In April 2016, the <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/supreme-court-of-canada">Supreme Court of Canada</a> ruled that “Indian,” as defined by section 91 (24) of the <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/constitution-act-1982">Constitution</a>, includes Non-Status Indians, as well as the <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/metis">Métis</a>. However, this does not mean that Non-Status people are now Status Indians. The <em>Indian Act</em>, which continues to define Indian Status, was not changed by this ruling. This 2016 judgement means that Non-Status people fall under the legislative jurisdiction of the federal government.</p> <h3>Métis and Inuit Peoples</h3> <p>Indian Status is held only by Indigenous peoples who are defined as such under the <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/indian-act"><em>Indian Act</em></a>. <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/inuit">Inuit</a> and  <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/metis">Métis</a> do not have status, just like Non-Status Indians. However, in separate judgments, the <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/supreme-court-of-canada">Supreme Court</a> ruled that Métis and Inuit are the responsibility of the <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/federal-government">federal government</a> (as opposed to <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/provincial-government">provincial</a> or  <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/territorial-government">territorial</a> governments). In a 1939 ruling, the Court gave responsibility for Inuit affairs to Ottawa, and in 2016, it did the same for the Métis and Non-Status Indians. In doing so, the court has ruled that these peoples are included in the definition of <a href="https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/indian-term">Indian</a> in section 91 (24) of the <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/constitution-act-1982">Constitution</a>, which covers the federal government’s power over matters relating to “Indians, and Lands reserved for the Indians.”</p> <h3>Demography</h3> <p>As of the 2016 <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/statistics-canada">Statistics Canada</a> <a href="https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/demographic-data-collection">census</a>, 1.7 million people identified themselves as Aboriginal, representing 4.8 per cent of the <a href="https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/population">Canadian population</a>. Of those people, 58.4 per cent (977,235) were <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/first-nations">First Nations</a>, 35.1 per cent (587,545) were <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/metis">Métis</a> and 3.9 per cent (65,025) were <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/inuit">Inuit</a>.</p> <p>Within the First Nations population, 83.9 percent (820,120) were Registered (Status) or Treaty Indians, and 2.83 per cent (232,380) identified as Non-Status. Among the Status and Treaty Indian population (744,855), 44.2 per cent lived on <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/aboriginal-reserves">reserve</a>, while the rest lived off reserve. From 2006 to 2016, there was population growth both on reserve (with an increase of 12.8 per cent) and off reserve (49.1 per cent).</p> <h3>Indian Act Amendments Affecting Status</h3> <p>Since 1876, many Status Indians have lost their status because of discriminatory terms in the <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/indian-act"><em>Indian Act</em></a>. Until 1951, the <em>Indian Act </em>forced many Status Indian men and women to “<a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/enfranchisement/">enfranchise</a>” — give up status rights for <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/citizenship">citizenship</a> rights. Gaining the <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/indigenous-suffrage/">franchise</a>, joining the <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/armed-forces">military</a>, obtaining a college degree or becoming a professional automatically resulted in the loss of Indian status. In addition, any Status Indian who resided outside of Canada for five years or longer resigned his or her status. (<em>See also </em><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/indigenous-suffrage">Indigenous Suffrage</a>.) </p> <p>Amendments to the Act in 1951 replaced the concept of “Indian blood” with one of status through registration. In other words, simply having First Nations heritage was not enough to qualify for status. However, the Act still privileged male lines of descent. Before 1985, a Status Indian <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/indigenous-women-and-the-franchise/">woman</a> lost her status if she married a man who did not have status; children from these marriages lost their status as well. At times, the loss of status severed peoples’ ties to their ancestry and community. </p> <p>Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, the issue of gender discrimination in the <em>Indian Act</em> grabbed national and international attention, prompting the federal government to make changes. In 1985, Bill C-31 allowed women who "married out" — and those who lost their Indian Status by other means — to apply for the restoration of their status and rights. More than 117,000 people gained or regained Indian status as a result of Bill C-31. </p> <p>Among other provisions, Bill C-31 also created two categories of <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/indian">Indian</a> registration that have had consequences on the number of people entitled to Status Rights. The first, known as section 6(1), applies when both parents are or were entitled to registration. (This section is further broken down into sub-sections that differ based on how status is passed down.) The second, known as section 6(2), applies when one parent is entitled to registration under 6(1). Status <em>cannot </em>be transferred if that one parent is registered under section 6(2). In short, after two generations of intermarriage with non-status partners, children would no longer be eligible for status. This is known as the “Second-Generation Cut-Off” rule. </p> <p>While Bill C-31 provided many women with the opportunity to have status re-instated, it did not rid the <em>Indian Act</em> of gender discrimination. Cases brought to court by Indigenous peoples influenced further amendments to the Act. For example, in response to the McIvor case, the federal government passed Bill C-3 in 2011. The amendment grants 6(2) status to grandchildren of women who regained status in 1985. However, it too did not completely rid the Act of discrimination. </p> <p>Bill S-3, part of which came into effect on 22 December 2017, was brought about as the result of the Descheneaux case in 2015. Bill S-3 enables more people to pass down their status to their descendants and reinstate status to those who lost it before 1985. The other part of the bill — related to restoring status to women and their offspring who lost status before 1951 (known as “1951 Cut-off”) — was brought into force on 15 August 2019. According to the government, “All known sex-based inequities in the <em>Indian Act </em>have now been addressed.”</p> <h3>Debate: Keep or Eradicate Status?</h3> <p>Some <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/aboriginal-people">Indigenous peoples</a> believe that Indian Status and the <em><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/indian-act">Indian Act</a> </em>have a legitimate place in federal <a href="https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/law">law</a> and Indigenous communities. The <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/the-white-paper-1969/">1969 White Paper</a>— a federal proposal to do away with <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/aboriginal-reserves">reserves</a> and Indian status — was met with heavy resistance by many First Nations. They claimed that Indian status not only acknowledged the history and relationship between the <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/crown">Crown</a> and Indigenous peoples in Canada, but also obligated the government to acknowledge that relationship and its commitments to them. In addition, some Status Indians feared eventual assimilation without the protection of status. As David Newhouse, the director of the <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/charlie-wenjack">Chanie Wenjack</a> School for Indigenous Studies at <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/trent-university">Trent University</a>, explains, “[The <em>Indian Act</em>] provides the structure for local community governance and community life. Reforming the Act in one fell swoop, or repealing it, would be enormously disruptive to First Nations.”</p> <p>Other Indigenous peoples argue that, since Indian is a legal identity defined by the <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/federal-government">federal government</a> rather than by Indigenous nations themselves, Indian Status and the <em>Indian Act </em>should be abolished. As <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/assembly-of-first-nations">Assembly of First Nations</a> chief <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/perry-bellegarde">Perry Bellegarde</a> stated in 2018, “We all want to move beyond the <em>Indian Act</em>’s control and reconstitute ourselves as Indigenous peoples and Nations with fundamental inherent rights.” Critics also point to the fact that the Act has been used to disadvantage many people, particularly women and their children. They argue that it upholds a paternalistic relationship between Indigenous peoples and the Canadian government, one in which Indians are “wards” of the state who require control and direction.</p> <p>Furthermore, critics contend that the government has used the <em>Indian Act </em>(as well as other legislation) to assimilate Indigenous peoples to White, colonial Canadian <a href="https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/culture">culture</a>. These Indigenous peoples hope that ward status will change with the increasing move towards <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/aboriginal-self-government/">self-government</a> and <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/truth-and-reconciliation-commission">reconciliation</a>, contributing to a change in government-Indigenous relations. Critics generally argue that cultural authenticity and status are not connected, and that legal definitions of Indian are nothing more than government impositions.</p> </div> </div> <div id="def" class="article-content-body hide"></div> </div> <div id="article-definitions"> <definitions route="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/json/define" id="indian-status"></definitions> </div> <div class="article-widget widget-adsense"> <script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:inline-block;width:468px;height:60px" data-ad-client="ca-pub-3964766461879185" data-ad-slot="1946780682"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div> <h3 class="article-widget-title">Indigenous Perspectives Education Guide</h3> <p> <a href="http://fb.historicacanada.ca/education/english/indigenous-perspectives/" target="_blank"><img src="https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/widgets_images/IPG%20EN%202.jpg"></a> </p> <h3 class="article-widget-title">Indigenous Peoples Collection</h3> <p> <a href="https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/collection/aboriginal-peoples/"> <img src="https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/widgets_collections/Indigenous%20Peoples%20Collection%20EN.jpg" <="" a=""></a> </p> </article> </main> <div id="modal-overlay" class="overlay"></div> <div id="article-image" class="article-img-modal" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="article-modal-title"> <button class="article-img-modal__close" aria-label="close image modal"></button> <div id="js-article-modal-image" class="article-img-modal__container"> <div class="image-container"> <img class="article-img-modal__img" src="" alt=""> </div> <div class="text-container"> <span role="heading" aria-level="3" id="article-modal-title" class="article-img-modal__title"></span> <span class="article-img-modal__description"></span> <span class="article-img-modal__creator"></span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="main-grid article-related"> <ul class="article-tags-list main-grid__content"> <li class="article-tags-list__item"> <a class="article-tags-list__item__link" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/search?query=federal%20government&tag=federal-government">federal government</a> </li> <li class="article-tags-list__item"> <a class="article-tags-list__item__link" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/search?query=Indigenous%20Peoples%20in%20Canada&tag=indigenous-peoples-in-canada">Indigenous Peoples in Canada</a> </li> </ul> <div id="further_reading" class="article-related-two-column main-grid__content--wide"> <h3 class="article-related-two-column__title">Further Reading</h3> <ul class="article-related-two-column__list"> <li class="article-related-two-column__list__item"><p>Bonita Lawrence, <i>“Real” Indians and Others: Mixed-Blood Urban Native Peoples and Indigenous Nationhood </i>(2004).<br></p></li> <li class="article-related-two-column__list__item"><p>J. Frideres, R. Gadacz, <i>Aboriginal Peoples in Canada</i> (7th ed, 2005).<br></p></li> <li class="article-related-two-column__list__item"><p>K. Burnett and G. Read, <i>Aboriginal History: A Reader</i>, 2nd ed. (2016)<br></p></li> </ul> </div> <div id="external_links" class="article-related-two-column main-grid__content--wide"> <h3 class="article-related-two-column__title">External Links</h3> <ul class="article-related-two-column__list"> <li class="article-related-two-column__list__item"><p><b><a href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/aboriginal/indian-status-5-more-things-you-need-to-know-1.3109451">CBC</a></b><a href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/aboriginal/indian-status-5-more-things-you-need-to-know-1.3109451"> Indian Status: 5 More Things You Need To Know</a><br></p></li> <li class="article-related-two-column__list__item"><p><a href="http://indigenousfoundations.arts.ubc.ca/home/government-policy/the-indian-act/bill-c-31.html"><b>Indigenous Foundations: Bill C-31 </b>Learn more about Bill C-31</a><br></p></li> <li class="article-related-two-column__list__item"><p><a href="http://indigenousfoundations.arts.ubc.ca/home/identity/terminology.html"><b>Indigenous Foundations: Terminology</b> Explore various terms used to describe Indigenous peoples</a><br></p></li> <li class="article-related-two-column__list__item"><p><a href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/aboriginal/indian-status-5-things-you-need-to-know-1.2744870"><b>CBC</b> Indian Status: 5 Things You Need To Know</a><br></p></li> <li class="article-related-two-column__list__item"><p><a href="http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/metis-ruling/article29628869/"><b>Globe and Mail </b>Supreme Court Ruling on Definition of “Indian,” 2016</a><br></p></li> <li class="article-related-two-column__list__item"><p><a href="http://indigenousfoundations.arts.ubc.ca/home/government-policy/the-indian-act/indian-status.html"><b>Indigenous Foundations: Indian Status</b> Read more about Indian Status</a><br></p></li> <li class="article-related-two-column__list__item"><p><a href="http://www.ainc-inac.gc.ca/br/is/index-eng.asp"><b>Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada</b> Learn more about Indian Status</a><br></p></li> </ul> </div>   <div class="callouts-layout main-grid__content--full"> <h3 id="recommended" class="callouts-layout__title">Recommended</h3> <div class="callouts-layout__grid"> <div class="callout-item"> <div class="callout-item__container"> <h6 class="callout-item__title"> <a class="callout-item__link" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/indian-act" > Indian Act </a> </h6> <span class="callout-item__category">Article</span> </div> <div class="image-container"> <img src="https://d14fiu1i7ba797.cloudfront.net/340x207/media/media/cbcd31d1-03f6-4fba-a45d-96ee89c4617d.jpg" class="image-container__image" alt="Indian Act" loading="lazy" /> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <footer id="footer"> <div class="full-width footer-first-part"> <div class="wrap--narrow"> <div class="footer-information grid--col2"> <div class="divider"> <h6>Updates? 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