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Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A" title="توربين رام هوائي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="توربين رام هوائي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram-Air-Turbine" title="Ram-Air-Turbine – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ram-Air-Turbine" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbina_de_aire_de_impacto" title="Turbina de aire de impacto – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Turbina de aire de impacto" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D9%85" title="توربین هوای رم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="توربین هوای رم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89olienne_de_secours" title="Éolienne de secours – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Éolienne de secours" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9E%A8_%EC%97%90%EC%96%B4_%ED%84%B0%EB%B9%88" title="램 에어 터빈 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="램 에어 터빈" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbin_udara_ram" title="Turbin udara ram – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Turbin udara ram" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram_air_turbine" title="Ram air turbine – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ram air turbine" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%97-%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A8" title="טורבינת מגח-אוויר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טורבינת מגח-אוויר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram_air_turbine" title="Ram air turbine – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ram air turbine" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%83%A0%E3%82%A8%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BB%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%93%E3%83%B3" title="ラムエア・タービン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ラムエア・タービン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbina_powietrzna" title="Turbina powietrzna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Turbina powietrzna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbina_e%C3%B3lica_de_emerg%C3%AAncia" title="Turbina eólica de emergência – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Turbina eólica de emergência" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbin%C4%83_cu_aer_dinamic" title="Turbină cu aer dinamic – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Turbină cu aer dinamic" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Аварийная авиационная турбина – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Аварийная авиационная турбина" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAT_(turbina)" title="RAT (turbina) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="RAT (turbina)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rammluftturbin" title="Rammluftturbin – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rammluftturbin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Аварійна авіаційна турбіна – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Аварійна авіаційна турбіна" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%B2%E5%8E%8B%E7%A9%BA%E6%B0%94%E6%B6%A1%E8%BD%AE" title="冲压空气涡轮 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="冲压空气涡轮" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1723843#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Small power source installed on aircraft</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Ram_air_turbine" title="Special:EditPage/Ram air turbine">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Ram+air+turbine%22">"Ram air turbine"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Ram+air+turbine%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Ram+air+turbine%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Ram+air+turbine%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Ram+air+turbine%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Ram+air+turbine%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2009</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:F-105_RAT.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/F-105_RAT.jpg/170px-F-105_RAT.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/F-105_RAT.jpg/255px-F-105_RAT.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/F-105_RAT.jpg/340px-F-105_RAT.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Ram air turbine on a <a href="/wiki/Republic_F-105_Thunderchief" title="Republic F-105 Thunderchief">Republic F-105 Thunderchief</a> fighter-bomber</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>ram air turbine</b> (<b>RAT</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Small_wind_turbine" title="Small wind turbine">small wind turbine</a> that is connected to a <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_pump" title="Hydraulic pump">hydraulic pump</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Electrical_generator" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical generator">electrical generator</a>, installed in an <a href="/wiki/Aircraft" title="Aircraft">aircraft</a> and used as a power source. The RAT generates power from the airstream by <a href="/wiki/Ram_pressure" title="Ram pressure">ram pressure</a> due to the speed of the aircraft. It may be called an <b>air driven generator</b> (<b>ADG</b>) on some aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-74_CFR_13086_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74_CFR_13086-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operation">Operation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ram_air_turbine&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Operation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Modern aircraft generally use RATs only in an emergency.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In case of the loss of both primary and auxiliary power sources the RAT will power vital systems (flight controls, linked hydraulics and also flight-critical instrumentation).<sup id="cite_ref-FAA-H-8083-31_ch12_RAT_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAA-H-8083-31_ch12_RAT-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some RATs produce only hydraulic power, which is in turn used to power electrical generators. </p><p>In some early aircraft (including airships), small RATs were permanently mounted and operated a small electrical generator or <a href="/wiki/Fuel_pump_(engine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuel pump (engine)">fuel pump</a>. Some <a href="/wiki/Constant-speed_propeller" class="mw-redirect" title="Constant-speed propeller">constant-speed propellers</a>, such as those of the <a href="/wiki/Argus_As_410" title="Argus As 410">Argus As 410</a> engines used in the <a href="/wiki/Focke-Wulf_Fw_189" class="mw-redirect" title="Focke-Wulf Fw 189">Focke-Wulf Fw 189</a>, used a propeller turbine on the <a href="/wiki/Spinner_(aeronautics)" title="Spinner (aeronautics)">spinner</a> to power a self-contained pitch governor controlling this constant speed. </p><p>Modern aircraft generate power in the main engines or an additional fuel-burning <a href="/wiki/Gas_turbine" title="Gas turbine">turbine engine</a> called an <a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_power_unit" title="Auxiliary power unit">auxiliary power unit</a>, which is often mounted in the rear of the fuselage or in the main-wheel well. The RAT generates power from the airstream due to the speed of the aircraft. If aircraft speeds are low, the RAT will produce less power. In normal conditions the RAT is retracted into the fuselage (or wing), and is deployed manually or automatically following complete loss of power. In the time between power loss and RAT deployment, batteries are used. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_use">Military use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ram_air_turbine&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Military use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>RATs are common in military aircraft, which must be capable of surviving sudden and complete loss of power. </p><p>They also power pod-fitted systems such as the <a href="/wiki/M61A1_Vulcan" class="mw-redirect" title="M61A1 Vulcan">M61A1 Vulcan cannon</a>. Some free-fall nuclear weapons, such as the British <a href="/wiki/Yellow_Sun_(nuclear_weapon)" title="Yellow Sun (nuclear weapon)">Yellow Sun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Red_Beard_(nuclear_weapon)" title="Red Beard (nuclear weapon)">Red Beard</a>, used RATs to power <a href="/wiki/Radar_altimeter" title="Radar altimeter">radar altimeters</a> and firing circuits; these were a more reliable alternative to batteries. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="title"><div>Military aircraft with ram air turbines</div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg" style="max-width: 646px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 315px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 310px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CONVAIR_F-102A_DELTA_DAGGER_Ram_Air_Turbine.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Convair F-102 Delta Dagger. The yellow circle highlights a ram air turbine with five blades"><img alt="Convair F-102 Delta Dagger. The yellow circle highlights a ram air turbine with five blades" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/CONVAIR_F-102A_DELTA_DAGGER_Ram_Air_Turbine.jpg/270px-CONVAIR_F-102A_DELTA_DAGGER_Ram_Air_Turbine.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/CONVAIR_F-102A_DELTA_DAGGER_Ram_Air_Turbine.jpg/405px-CONVAIR_F-102A_DELTA_DAGGER_Ram_Air_Turbine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/CONVAIR_F-102A_DELTA_DAGGER_Ram_Air_Turbine.jpg/540px-CONVAIR_F-102A_DELTA_DAGGER_Ram_Air_Turbine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Convair_F-102_Delta_Dagger" title="Convair F-102 Delta Dagger">Convair F-102 Delta Dagger</a>. The yellow circle highlights a ram air turbine with five blades</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 315px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 310px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:F-104_Ram_Air.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ram air turbine in a Lockheed F-104 Starfighter fighter-bomber"><img alt="Ram air turbine in a Lockheed F-104 Starfighter fighter-bomber" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/F-104_Ram_Air.jpg/135px-F-104_Ram_Air.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/F-104_Ram_Air.jpg/202px-F-104_Ram_Air.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/F-104_Ram_Air.jpg/270px-F-104_Ram_Air.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3096" data-file-height="4128" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ram air turbine in a <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_F-104_Starfighter" title="Lockheed F-104 Starfighter">Lockheed F-104 Starfighter</a> fighter-bomber</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 315px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 310px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Argus_AS_410.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Argus As 410 engine and ram air turbine used to power the actuator of the variable-pitch propeller, which is visible in front of the engine and behind the ram air turbine"><img alt="Argus As 410 engine and ram air turbine used to power the actuator of the variable-pitch propeller, which is visible in front of the engine and behind the ram air turbine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Argus_AS_410.jpg/280px-Argus_AS_410.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Argus_AS_410.jpg/420px-Argus_AS_410.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Argus_AS_410.jpg/560px-Argus_AS_410.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="467" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Argus_As_410" title="Argus As 410">Argus As 410</a> engine and ram air turbine used to power the actuator of the variable-pitch propeller, which is visible in front of the engine and behind the ram air turbine</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 315px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 310px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Me-163_Komet_(Can).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A rocket propelled Messerschmitt Me 163B Komet with its nose-mount ram-air turbine as its only source of electrical power"><img alt="A rocket propelled Messerschmitt Me 163B Komet with its nose-mount ram-air turbine as its only source of electrical power" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Me-163_Komet_%28Can%29.jpg/240px-Me-163_Komet_%28Can%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Me-163_Komet_%28Can%29.jpg/360px-Me-163_Komet_%28Can%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Me-163_Komet_%28Can%29.jpg/480px-Me-163_Komet_%28Can%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A rocket propelled <a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt_Me_163" class="mw-redirect" title="Messerschmitt Me 163">Messerschmitt Me 163B <i>Komet</i></a> with its nose-mount ram-air turbine as its only source of electrical power</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wing_mount">Wing mount</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ram_air_turbine&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Wing mount"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>High-powered electronics such as the <a href="/wiki/AN/ALQ-99" title="AN/ALQ-99">AN/ALQ-99</a> jamming system can be self powered by a RAT in standard operation. This allows their installation on a standard <a href="/wiki/Hardpoint" title="Hardpoint">hardpoint</a>, without requiring a pod-specific power supply. As many as five AN/ALQ-99 systems with built in ram air turbines can be mounted on a <a href="/wiki/Boeing_EA-18G_Growler" title="Boeing EA-18G Growler">Boeing EA-18G Growler</a>, with two under each wing and one under the <a href="/wiki/Fuselage" title="Fuselage">fuselage</a> of the aircraft. Each AN/ALQ-99 contains two transmitters, each with its own directional antenna. They are used by the <a href="/wiki/VAQ-134" title="VAQ-134">Electronic Attack Squadron 134</a> (VAQ-134). They are not retracted, staying deployed continuously during flight.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248256098"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="title"><div>Growler aircraft with ram air turbines mounted under the wings and body</div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 335px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 330px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EA-18G_Growler_VX-9_from_below_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An EA-18G Growler, carrying under each wing an external fuel tank, a AN/ALQ-99 system with a ram air turbine, a jamming pod, and an AGM-88C HARM anti-radiation missile, with an additional AN/ALQ-99 system centered under the fuselage of the aircraft"><img alt="An EA-18G Growler, carrying under each wing an external fuel tank, a AN/ALQ-99 system with a ram air turbine, a jamming pod, and an AGM-88C HARM anti-radiation missile, with an additional AN/ALQ-99 system centered under the fuselage of the aircraft" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/EA-18G_Growler_VX-9_from_below_2008.jpg/271px-EA-18G_Growler_VX-9_from_below_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="271" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/EA-18G_Growler_VX-9_from_below_2008.jpg/407px-EA-18G_Growler_VX-9_from_below_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/EA-18G_Growler_VX-9_from_below_2008.jpg/542px-EA-18G_Growler_VX-9_from_below_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="765" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An EA-18G Growler, carrying under each wing an external fuel tank, a <a href="/wiki/AN/ALQ-99" title="AN/ALQ-99">AN/ALQ-99</a> system with a ram air turbine, a jamming pod, and an <a href="/wiki/AGM-88_HARM" title="AGM-88 HARM">AGM-88C HARM</a> anti-radiation missile, with an additional AN/ALQ-99 system centered under the fuselage of the aircraft</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 335px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 330px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_An_E-A-18G_Growler_from_Electronic_Attack_Squadron_(VAQ)_129_N40562-21.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A US Navy EA-18G Growler from Electronic Attack Squadron 129 (VAQ-129) carrying similar equipment. The spinning blades on the ram air turbines appear blurred."><img alt="A US Navy EA-18G Growler from Electronic Attack Squadron 129 (VAQ-129) carrying similar equipment. The spinning blades on the ram air turbines appear blurred." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/US_Navy_An_E-A-18G_Growler_from_Electronic_Attack_Squadron_%28VAQ%29_129_N40562-21.jpg/262px-US_Navy_An_E-A-18G_Growler_from_Electronic_Attack_Squadron_%28VAQ%29_129_N40562-21.jpg" decoding="async" width="262" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/US_Navy_An_E-A-18G_Growler_from_Electronic_Attack_Squadron_%28VAQ%29_129_N40562-21.jpg/392px-US_Navy_An_E-A-18G_Growler_from_Electronic_Attack_Squadron_%28VAQ%29_129_N40562-21.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/US_Navy_An_E-A-18G_Growler_from_Electronic_Attack_Squadron_%28VAQ%29_129_N40562-21.jpg/523px-US_Navy_An_E-A-18G_Growler_from_Electronic_Attack_Squadron_%28VAQ%29_129_N40562-21.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2085" data-file-height="1436" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A US Navy EA-18G Growler from <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Attack_Squadron_129" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic Attack Squadron 129">Electronic Attack Squadron 129</a> (VAQ-129) carrying similar equipment. The spinning blades on the ram air turbines appear blurred.</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248256098"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="title"><div>Interview with U.S. Secretary of Defense</div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 335px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 330px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:191022-D-AP390-3257_(48949040178).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A wing-mount AN/ALQ-99 jamming system powered by a ram air turbine was chosen as a backdrop for an interview with Defense Secretary Mark Esper by Christiane Amanpour."><img alt="A wing-mount AN/ALQ-99 jamming system powered by a ram air turbine was chosen as a backdrop for an interview with Defense Secretary Mark Esper by Christiane Amanpour." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/191022-D-AP390-3257_%2848949040178%29.jpg/270px-191022-D-AP390-3257_%2848949040178%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/191022-D-AP390-3257_%2848949040178%29.jpg/405px-191022-D-AP390-3257_%2848949040178%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/191022-D-AP390-3257_%2848949040178%29.jpg/540px-191022-D-AP390-3257_%2848949040178%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5568" data-file-height="3712" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A wing-mount AN/ALQ-99 jamming system powered by a ram air turbine was chosen as a backdrop for an interview with Defense Secretary <a href="/wiki/Mark_Esper" title="Mark Esper">Mark Esper</a> by <a href="/wiki/Christiane_Amanpour" title="Christiane Amanpour">Christiane Amanpour</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 335px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 330px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crop191022-D-AP390-3257_(48949040178).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cropped view of the ram air turbine—the turbine has four blades, which spin continuously to power the jamming system when the aircraft is in flight."><img alt="Cropped view of the ram air turbine—the turbine has four blades, which spin continuously to power the jamming system when the aircraft is in flight." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Crop191022-D-AP390-3257_%2848949040178%29.jpg/300px-Crop191022-D-AP390-3257_%2848949040178%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Crop191022-D-AP390-3257_%2848949040178%29.jpg/450px-Crop191022-D-AP390-3257_%2848949040178%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Crop191022-D-AP390-3257_%2848949040178%29.jpg/600px-Crop191022-D-AP390-3257_%2848949040178%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1338" data-file-height="779" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cropped view of the ram air turbine—the turbine has four blades, which spin continuously to power the jamming system when the aircraft is in flight.</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Civilian_use">Civilian use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ram_air_turbine&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Civilian use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bizjet_ram_air_turbine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Bizjet_ram_air_turbine.jpg/170px-Bizjet_ram_air_turbine.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Bizjet_ram_air_turbine.jpg/255px-Bizjet_ram_air_turbine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Bizjet_ram_air_turbine.jpg/340px-Bizjet_ram_air_turbine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Ram air turbine on a <a href="/wiki/Dassault_Falcon_7X" title="Dassault Falcon 7X">Dassault Falcon 7X</a> business jet</figcaption></figure> <p>Many modern types of commercial airliners, from the <a href="/wiki/Vickers_VC10" title="Vickers VC10">Vickers VC10</a> of the 1960s,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are equipped with RATs. A ram air turbine driving an electrical generator was chosen for the VC10 because of its use of "<a href="/wiki/Electro-hydraulic_actuator" title="Electro-hydraulic actuator">packaged</a>" hydraulically-powered flying controls, rather than a centralised hydraulic system. The individual package units of the VC10 were each powered electrically and so emergency redundancy for the VC10 relied on quadruple generators and a backup RAT generator at a time when most RATs drove hydraulic pumps.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A320_RAT_PROBE_TEST_(5559714268).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/A320_RAT_PROBE_TEST_%285559714268%29.jpg/220px-A320_RAT_PROBE_TEST_%285559714268%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/A320_RAT_PROBE_TEST_%285559714268%29.jpg/330px-A320_RAT_PROBE_TEST_%285559714268%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/A320_RAT_PROBE_TEST_%285559714268%29.jpg/440px-A320_RAT_PROBE_TEST_%285559714268%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Ram air turbine on Airbus A320</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A380" title="Airbus A380">Airbus A380</a> has the largest RAT in the world at 1.63 metres (64 in) in diameter, but around 80 centimetres (31 in) is more common. A typical large RAT on a commercial aircraft can be capable of producing <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003500000000000000♠"></span>5 to 70 kW</span>, depending on the generator. Smaller, low airspeed models may generate as little as 400 watts. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Airbus_A350-900_XWB_Airbus_Industries_(AIB)_MSN_001_-_F-WXWB_(10223079236).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Airbus_A350-900_XWB_Airbus_Industries_%28AIB%29_MSN_001_-_F-WXWB_%2810223079236%29.jpg/220px-Airbus_A350-900_XWB_Airbus_Industries_%28AIB%29_MSN_001_-_F-WXWB_%2810223079236%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Airbus_A350-900_XWB_Airbus_Industries_%28AIB%29_MSN_001_-_F-WXWB_%2810223079236%29.jpg/330px-Airbus_A350-900_XWB_Airbus_Industries_%28AIB%29_MSN_001_-_F-WXWB_%2810223079236%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Airbus_A350-900_XWB_Airbus_Industries_%28AIB%29_MSN_001_-_F-WXWB_%2810223079236%29.jpg/440px-Airbus_A350-900_XWB_Airbus_Industries_%28AIB%29_MSN_001_-_F-WXWB_%2810223079236%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4201" data-file-height="2801" /></a><figcaption>RAT on Airbus A350 (seen in the lower left of the fuselage)</figcaption></figure> <p>RATs have also been used to power <a href="/wiki/Centrifugal_pump" title="Centrifugal pump">centrifugal pumps</a> to pressurize the spray systems on aircraft that are used as <a href="/wiki/Crop_duster" class="mw-redirect" title="Crop duster">crop dusters</a> to deliver liquid agents to cropland. The major reason for choosing a RAT is safety; using a RAT in the United States allows an <a href="/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration" title="Federal Aviation Administration">FAA</a>-certified engine and power systems on the aircraft to remain unmodified. There is no need to use an engine <a href="/wiki/Power_takeoff" class="mw-redirect" title="Power takeoff">power takeoff</a> to drive the pump, as the pump can be placed low or below the exterior of the airframe, greatly simplifying plumbing. Being the lowest point in the plumbing, it will have gravity feed from the spray tanks and never need to be primed. In the event of a pump failure that could result in seizure, there is no effect on the flying ability of the aircraft or its systems apart from the fact that the spray systems are non-functional. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civilian_incidents_involving_RAT_deployment">Civilian incidents involving RAT deployment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ram_air_turbine&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Civilian incidents involving RAT deployment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following aviation incidents involved the deployment of a ram air turbine: </p> <ul><li>1974: <a href="/wiki/British_Airways" title="British Airways">British Airways</a> Flight 910<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1983: Air Canada Flight 143, also known as the <a href="/wiki/Gimli_Glider" title="Gimli Glider">Gimli Glider</a> incident</li> <li>1996: The hijacking of <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Airlines_Flight_961" title="Ethiopian Airlines Flight 961">Ethiopian Airlines Flight 961</a></li> <li>2000: <a href="/wiki/Hapag-Lloyd_Flight_3378" title="Hapag-Lloyd Flight 3378">Hapag-Lloyd Flight 3378</a></li> <li>2001: <a href="/wiki/Air_Transat_Flight_236" title="Air Transat Flight 236">Air Transat Flight 236</a>, also known as the Azores Glider incident</li> <li>2004: <a href="/wiki/Pinnacle_Airlines_Flight_3701" title="Pinnacle Airlines Flight 3701">Pinnacle Airlines Flight 3701</a></li> <li>2009: <a href="/wiki/US_Airways_Flight_1549" title="US Airways Flight 1549">US Airways Flight 1549</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2010: <a href="/wiki/Cathay_Pacific_Flight_780" title="Cathay Pacific Flight 780">Cathay Pacific Flight 780</a></li> <li>2016: <a href="/wiki/Air_Canada" title="Air Canada">Air Canada</a> Flight 361<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2018: <a href="/wiki/SmartLynx_Airlines_Estonia" title="SmartLynx Airlines Estonia">SmartLynx Estonia</a> Flight 9001<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2020: <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_International_Airlines_Flight_8303" title="Pakistan International Airlines Flight 8303">Pakistan International Airlines Flight 8303</a></li> <li>2022: <a href="/wiki/LATAM_Paraguay" class="mw-redirect" title="LATAM Paraguay">LATAM Paraguay</a> Flight 1325<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>2024: <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Atlantic" title="Virgin Atlantic">Virgin Atlantic</a> Flight 105 <sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ram_air_turbine&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-74_CFR_13086-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74_CFR_13086_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2009/03/26/E9-6221/airworthiness-directives-bombardier-model-cl-600-2b19-regional-jet-series-100-and-440-airplanes">"Airworthiness Directives; Bombardier Model CL-600-2B19 (Regional Jet Series 100 & 440) Airplanes"</a>. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Airworthiness+Directives%3B+Bombardier+Model+CL-600-2B19+%28Regional+Jet+Series+100+%26+440%29+Airplanes&rft.pub=Federal+Aviation+Administration+%28FAA%29&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.federalregister.gov%2Fdocuments%2F2009%2F03%2F26%2FE9-6221%2Fairworthiness-directives-bombardier-model-cl-600-2b19-regional-jet-series-100-and-440-airplanes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARam+air+turbine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteve_Ginter2003" class="citation book cs1">Steve Ginter (2003). <i>Naval Fighters Number Sixty-Four North American A-5A, RA-5C Vigilante—UTILITY HYDRAULIC SYSTEM: RAM-AIR TURBINE</i>. Steve Ginter. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-942612-64-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-942612-64-7"><bdi>0-942612-64-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Naval+Fighters+Number+Sixty-Four+North+American+A-5A%2C+RA-5C+Vigilante%E2%80%94UTILITY+HYDRAULIC+SYSTEM%3A+RAM-AIR+TURBINE&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Steve+Ginter&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-942612-64-7&rft.au=Steve+Ginter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARam+air+turbine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FAA-H-8083-31_ch12_RAT-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FAA-H-8083-31_ch12_RAT_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/handbooks_manuals/aircraft/amt_airframe_handbook/media/ama_Ch12.pdf#page=35">"FAA Aircraft Aviation Maintenance Technician Handbook - Airframe. Chapter 12 Hydraulic and Pneumatic Power Systems. Ram Air Turbine (RAT)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). 2012. p. 35.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FAA+Aircraft+Aviation+Maintenance+Technician+Handbook+-+Airframe.+Chapter+12+Hydraulic+and+Pneumatic+Power+Systems.+Ram+Air+Turbine+%28RAT%29&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Federal+Aviation+Administration+%28FAA%29&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.faa.gov%2Fregulations_policies%2Fhandbooks_manuals%2Faircraft%2Famt_airframe_handbook%2Fmedia%2Fama_Ch12.pdf%23page%3D35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARam+air+turbine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.navy.mil/Resources/Fact-Files/Display-FactFiles/Article/2395340/alq-99-tactical-jamming-system/#:~:text=The%20ALQ%2D99%20Tactical%20Jamming,of%20enemy%20integrated%20air%20defenses.">"ALQ-99 Tactical Jamming System"</a>. <a href="/wiki/U.S.Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S.Navy">U.S.Navy</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 30,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ALQ-99+Tactical+Jamming+System&rft.pub=U.S.Navy&rft.date=2021-09-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.navy.mil%2FResources%2FFact-Files%2FDisplay-FactFiles%2FArticle%2F2395340%2Falq-99-tactical-jamming-system%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DThe%2520ALQ%252D99%2520Tactical%2520Jamming%2Cof%2520enemy%2520integrated%2520air%2520defenses.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARam+air+turbine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Pike1999" class="citation web cs1">John Pike (December 11, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://man.fas.org/dod-101/sys/ac/equip/an-alq-99.htm">"AN/ALQ-99 Tactical Jamming System (TJS)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_American_Scientists" title="Federation of American Scientists">Federation of American Scientists</a> (FAS)<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aviation-safety.net&rft.atitle=ASN+Aircraft+accident+Airbus+A320-214+ES-SAN+Tallinn-Lennart+Meri+Airport+%28TLL%29&rft.aulast=Ranter&rft.aufirst=Harro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faviation-safety.net%2Fdatabase%2Frecord.php%3Fid%3D20180228-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARam+air+turbine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UwAXEmtJ0lE"><i>#EmergencyLanding at Heathrow Britain's Busiest Airport - Virgin 787 VS105 fuel dumps & deploys RAT!</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span 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href="/wiki/Cruciform_tail" title="Cruciform tail">Cruciform tail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_dope" title="Aircraft dope">Dope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empennage" title="Empennage">Empennage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_fabric_covering" title="Aircraft fabric covering">Fabric covering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_fairing" title="Aircraft fairing">Fairing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_wires" class="mw-redirect" title="Flying wires">Flying wires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former" title="Former">Former</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuselage" title="Fuselage">Fuselage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardpoint" title="Hardpoint">Hardpoint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplane_strut" class="mw-redirect" title="Interplane strut">Interplane strut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jury_strut" class="mw-redirect" title="Jury strut">Jury strut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading_edge" title="Leading edge">Leading edge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lift_strut" class="mw-redirect" title="Lift strut">Lift strut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longeron" title="Longeron">Longeron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nacelle" title="Nacelle">Nacelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rib_(aeronautics)" title="Rib (aeronautics)">Rib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spar_(aeronautics)" title="Spar (aeronautics)">Spar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabilizer_(aeronautics)" title="Stabilizer (aeronautics)">Stabilizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stressed_skin" title="Stressed skin">Stressed skin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strut" title="Strut">Strut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-tail" title="T-tail">T-tail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailplane" title="Tailplane">Tailplane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailing_edge" title="Trailing edge">Trailing edge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_tail#Variations" title="Twin tail">Triple tail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_tail" title="Twin tail">Twin tail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V-tail" title="V-tail">V-tail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_stabilizer" title="Vertical stabilizer">Vertical stabilizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_root" title="Wing root">Wing root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_tip" title="Wing tip">Wing tip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wingbox" title="Wingbox">Wingbox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_flight_control_system" title="Aircraft flight control system">Flight controls</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aileron" title="Aileron">Aileron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_brake_(aeronautics)" title="Air brake (aeronautics)">Airbrake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_flight_control_system#Artificial_feel_devices" title="Aircraft flight control system">Artificial feel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autopilot" title="Autopilot">Autopilot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canard_(aeronautics)" title="Canard (aeronautics)">Canard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_stick" title="Centre stick">Centre stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deceleron" title="Deceleron">Deceleron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_brake" title="Dive brake">Dive brake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_control_(aviation)" title="Dual control (aviation)">Dual control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electro-hydraulic_actuator" title="Electro-hydraulic actuator">Electro-hydraulic actuator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevator_(aeronautics)" title="Elevator (aeronautics)">Elevator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevon" title="Elevon">Elevon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flaperon" title="Flaperon">Flaperon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_control_modes" title="Flight control modes">Flight control modes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fly-by-wire" title="Fly-by-wire">Fly-by-wire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gust_lock" title="Gust lock">Gust lock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOTAS" title="HOTAS">HOTAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudder#Aircraft_rudders" title="Rudder">Rudder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudder_pedal" title="Rudder pedal">Rudder pedals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servo_tab" title="Servo tab">Servo tab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Side-stick" title="Side-stick">Side-stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoiler_(aeronautics)" title="Spoiler (aeronautics)">Spoiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoileron" title="Spoileron">Spoileron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabilator" title="Stabilator">Stabilator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stick_pusher" title="Stick pusher">Stick pusher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stick_shaker" title="Stick shaker">Stick shaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trim_tab" title="Trim tab">Trim tab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_warping" title="Wing warping">Wing warping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaw_damper" title="Yaw damper">Yaw damper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoke_(aeronautics)" title="Yoke (aeronautics)">Yoke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aerodynamics" title="Aerodynamics">Aerodynamic</a> and <a href="/wiki/High-lift_device" title="High-lift device">high-lift</a><br />devices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_X-53_Active_Aeroelastic_Wing" title="Boeing X-53 Active Aeroelastic Wing">Active Aeroelastic Wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_compliant_wing" title="Adaptive compliant wing">Adaptive compliant wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-shock_body" title="Anti-shock body">Anti-shock body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blown_flap" title="Blown flap">Blown flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_wing" title="Channel wing">Channel wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_extension#Dogtooth_extension" title="Leading-edge extension">Dog-tooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drag-reducing_aerospike" title="Drag-reducing aerospike">Drag-reducing aerospike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flap_(aeronautics)" title="Flap (aeronautics)">Flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouge_flap" title="Gouge flap">Gouge flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurney_flap" title="Gurney flap">Gurney flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krueger_flap" title="Krueger flap">Krueger flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_cuff" title="Leading-edge cuff">Leading-edge cuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_droop_flap" title="Leading-edge droop flap">Leading-edge droop flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_extension" title="Leading-edge extension">LEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_slat" title="Leading-edge slat">Slats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_slot" title="Leading-edge slot">Slot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stall_strips" title="Stall strips">Stall strips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strake_(aeronautics)" title="Strake (aeronautics)">Strake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable-sweep_wing" title="Variable-sweep wing">Variable-sweep wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vortex_generator" title="Vortex generator">Vortex generator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vortilon" title="Vortilon">Vortilon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_fence" title="Wing fence">Wing fence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wingtip_device" title="Wingtip device">Winglet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Avionics" title="Avionics">Avionic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flight_instruments" title="Flight instruments">flight<br />instrument</a> systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_collision_avoidance_system" title="Airborne collision avoidance system">ACAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_data_boom" title="Air data boom">Air data boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_data_computer" title="Air data computer">Air data computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_periscope" class="mw-redirect" title="Aircraft periscope">Aircraft periscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airspeed_indicator" title="Airspeed indicator">Airspeed indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altimeter" title="Altimeter">Altimeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annunciator_panel" title="Annunciator panel">Annunciator panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrodome_(aeronautics)" title="Astrodome (aeronautics)">Astrodome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attitude_indicator" title="Attitude indicator">Attitude indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compass" title="Compass">Compass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Course_deviation_indicator" title="Course deviation indicator">Course deviation indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_flight_instrument_system" title="Electronic flight instrument system">EFIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engine-indicating_and_crew-alerting_system" title="Engine-indicating and crew-alerting system">EICAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_management_system" title="Flight management system">Flight management system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_cockpit" title="Glass cockpit">Glass cockpit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">GPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head-up_display" title="Head-up display">Head-up display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heading_indicator" title="Heading indicator">Heading indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontal_situation_indicator" title="Horizontal situation indicator">Horizontal situation indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inertial_navigation_system" title="Inertial navigation system">INS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_standby_instrument_system" title="Integrated standby instrument system">ISIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-function_display" title="Multi-function display">Multi-function display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitot%E2%80%93static_system" title="Pitot–static system">Pitot–static system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radar_altimeter" title="Radar altimeter">Radar altimeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_collision_avoidance_system" title="Traffic collision avoidance system">TCAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transponder_(aeronautics)" title="Transponder (aeronautics)">Transponder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turn_and_slip_indicator" title="Turn and slip indicator">Turn and slip indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variometer" title="Variometer">Variometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaw_string" title="Yaw string">Yaw string</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_engine" title="Aircraft engine">Propulsion</a> controls,<br /> devices and <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_fuel_system" title="Aircraft fuel system">fuel systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autothrottle" title="Autothrottle">Autothrottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drop_tank" title="Drop tank">Drop tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FADEC" title="FADEC">FADEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_tank#Aircraft" title="Fuel tank">Fuel tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gascolator" title="Gascolator">Gascolator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inlet_cone" title="Inlet cone">Inlet cone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intake_ramp" title="Intake ramp">Intake ramp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NACA_cowling" title="NACA cowling">NACA cowling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NACA_duct" title="NACA duct">NACA duct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-sealing_fuel_tank" title="Self-sealing fuel tank">Self-sealing fuel tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splitter_plate_(aeronautics)" title="Splitter plate (aeronautics)">Splitter plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throttle" title="Throttle">Throttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrust_lever" title="Thrust lever">Thrust lever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrust_reversal" title="Thrust reversal">Thrust reversal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townend_ring" title="Townend ring">Townend ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_emergency_power" title="War emergency power">War emergency power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_wing" title="Wet wing">Wet wing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Landing_gear" title="Landing gear">Landing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arresting_gear" title="Arresting gear">arresting gear</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_tire" title="Aircraft tire">Aircraft tire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailhook" title="Tailhook">Arrestor hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autobrake" title="Autobrake">Autobrake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conventional_landing_gear" title="Conventional landing gear">Conventional landing gear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drogue_parachute" title="Drogue parachute">Drogue parachute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_gear" title="Landing gear">Landing gear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_gear_extender" title="Landing gear extender">Landing gear extender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleo_strut" title="Oleo strut">Oleo strut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricycle_landing_gear" title="Tricycle landing gear">Tricycle landing gear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tundra_tire" title="Tundra tire">Tundra tire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Escape systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ejection_seat" title="Ejection seat">Ejection seat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escape_crew_capsule" title="Escape crew capsule">Escape crew capsule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_lavatory" title="Aircraft lavatory">Aircraft lavatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_power_unit" title="Auxiliary power unit">Auxiliary power unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleed_air" title="Bleed air">Bleed air system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deicing_boot" title="Deicing boot">Deicing boot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_oxygen_system" title="Emergency oxygen system">Emergency oxygen system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_control_system" title="Environmental control system">Environmental control system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_recorder" title="Flight recorder">Flight recorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_fluid#Aircraft_hydraulic_systems" title="Hydraulic fluid">Hydraulic system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_protection_system" title="Ice protection system">Ice protection 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