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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syntax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syntax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Syntax</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Syntax-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Syntax subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Syntax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Optional_features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Optional_features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Optional features</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Optional_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Concrete_and_abstract_syntaxes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concrete_and_abstract_syntaxes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Concrete and abstract syntaxes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Concrete_and_abstract_syntaxes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Markup_minimization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Markup_minimization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Markup minimization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Markup_minimization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-OMITTAG" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#OMITTAG"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>OMITTAG</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-OMITTAG-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-SHORTREF" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SHORTREF"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>SHORTREF</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SHORTREF-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-SHORTTAG" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SHORTTAG"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.3</span> <span>SHORTTAG</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SHORTTAG-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-NET" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#NET"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.4</span> <span>NET</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-NET-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.5</span> <span>Other features</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formal_characterization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formal_characterization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Formal characterization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formal_characterization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Derivatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Derivatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Derivatives</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Derivatives-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Derivatives subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Derivatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-XML" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#XML"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>XML</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-XML-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-HTML" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#HTML"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>HTML</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-HTML-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-OED" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#OED"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>OED</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-OED-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Others</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Applications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Open-source_implementations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Open-source_implementations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Open-source implementations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Open-source_implementations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header 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</div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Standard Generalized Markup Language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 40 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85" title="لغة الترميز القياسي العام – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لغة الترميز القياسي العام" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/SGML" title="SGML – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="SGML" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/SGML" title="SGML – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="SGML" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Generalized_Markup_Language" title="Standard Generalized Markup Language – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Standard Generalized Markup Language" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Generalized_Markup_Language" title="Standard Generalized Markup Language – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Standard Generalized Markup Language" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Generalized_Markup_Language" title="Standard Generalized Markup Language – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Standard Generalized Markup Language" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/SGML" title="SGML – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="SGML" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/SGML" title="SGML – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="SGML" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/SGML" title="SGML – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="SGML" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%E2%80%8C%D8%AC%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%84" title="اس‌جی‌ام‌ال – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اس‌جی‌ام‌ال" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Generalized_Markup_Language" title="Standard Generalized Markup Language – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Standard Generalized Markup Language" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/SGML" title="SGML – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="SGML" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/SGML" title="SGML – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="SGML" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/SGML" title="SGML – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="SGML" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/SGML" title="SGML – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="SGML" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/SGML" title="SGML – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="SGML" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/SGML" title="SGML – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="SGML" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Generalized_Markup_Language" title="Standard Generalized Markup Language – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Standard Generalized Markup Language" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/SGML" title="SGML – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="SGML" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/SGML" title="SGML – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="SGML" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/SGML" title="SGML – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="SGML" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/SGML" title="SGML – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="SGML" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Generalized_Markup_Language" title="Standard Generalized Markup Language – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Standard Generalized Markup Language" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Generalized_Markup_Language" title="Standard Generalized Markup Language – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Standard Generalized Markup Language" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Generalized_Markup_Language" title="Standard Generalized Markup Language – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Standard Generalized Markup Language" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/SGML" title="SGML – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="SGML" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/SGML" title="SGML – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="SGML" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/SGML" title="SGML – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="SGML" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/SGML" title="SGML – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="SGML" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/SGML" title="SGML – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="SGML" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/SGML" title="SGML – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="SGML" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Generalized_Markup_Language" title="Standard Generalized Markup Language – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Standard Generalized Markup Language" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/SGML" title="SGML – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="SGML" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/SGML" title="SGML – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="SGML" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/SGML" title="SGML – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="SGML" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/SGML" title="SGML – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="SGML" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/SGML" title="SGML – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="SGML" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Generalized_Markup_Language" title="Standard Generalized Markup Language – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Standard Generalized Markup Language" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/SGML" title="SGML – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="SGML" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/SGML" title="SGML – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="SGML" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q207819#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Generalized_Markup_Language" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="padding-bottom:0.15em;">Standard Generalized Markup Language</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SGML.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/SGML.svg/200px-SGML.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/SGML.svg/300px-SGML.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/SGML.svg/400px-SGML.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="275" data-file-height="313" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Filename_extension" title="Filename extension">Filename extension</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><div class="monospaced"> .sgml</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Media_type" title="Media type">Internet media type</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><div class="monospaced"> application/sgml, text/sgml</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Uniform_Type_Identifier" title="Uniform Type Identifier">Uniform Type Identifier (UTI)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;">public.xml<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Developed by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Type of format</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/Markup_language" title="Markup language">Markup language</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Extended from</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/IBM_Generalized_Markup_Language" title="IBM Generalized Markup Language">GML</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Extended to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a>, <a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/International_standard" title="International standard">Standard</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=16387">ISO 8879</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Standard Generalized Markup Language</b> (<b>SGML</b>; <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a> 8879:1986) is a standard for defining generalized <a href="/wiki/Markup_language" title="Markup language">markup languages</a> for documents. ISO 8879 Annex A.1 states that generalized markup is "based on two <a href="/wiki/Postulate" class="mw-redirect" title="Postulate">postulates</a>":<sup id="cite_ref-Iso_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iso-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Declarative: Markup should describe a document's structure and other attributes rather than specify the processing that needs to be performed, because it is less likely to conflict with future developments.</li> <li>Rigorous: In order to allow markup to take advantage of the techniques available for processing, markup should rigorously define objects like programs and <a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">databases</a>.</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/DocBook" title="DocBook">DocBook</a> SGML and <a href="/wiki/LinuxDoc" title="LinuxDoc">LinuxDoc</a> are examples which used SGML tools. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Standard_versions">Standard versions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_Generalized_Markup_Language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Standard versions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>SGML is an <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a> standard: "ISO 8879:1986 Information processing – Text and office systems – Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML)", of which there are three versions: </p> <ul><li>Original <i>SGML</i>, which was accepted in October 1986, followed by a minor Technical Corrigendum.</li> <li><i>SGML (ENR)</i>, in 1996, resulted from a Technical Corrigendum to add <i>extended naming rules</i> allowing arbitrary-language and -script markup.</li> <li><i>SGML (ENR+WWW or WebSGML)</i>, in 1998, resulted from a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.y12.doe.gov/capabilities/sgml/wg8/document/1929.htm">Technical Corrigendum</a> to better support XML and WWW requirements.</li></ul> <p>SGML is part of a trio of enabling ISO standards for <a href="/wiki/Electronic_document" title="Electronic document">electronic documents</a> developed by <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_34" title="ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 34">ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 34</a><sup id="cite_ref-Iso_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iso-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Iso_a_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iso_a-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (ISO/IEC Joint Technical Committee 1, Subcommittee 34 – Document description and processing languages) : </p> <ul><li>SGML (ISO 8879) – Generalized markup language <ul><li>SGML was reworked in 1998 into <a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a>, a successful <a href="/wiki/Profile_(engineering)" title="Profile (engineering)">profile</a> of SGML. Full SGML is rarely found or used in new projects.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSSSL" class="mw-redirect" title="DSSSL">DSSSL</a> (ISO/IEC 10179) – Document processing and styling language based on <a href="/wiki/Scheme_(programming_language)" title="Scheme (programming language)">Scheme</a>. <ul><li>DSSSL was reworked into<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="look at DSSSL and then at XSLT and say that again with a straight face (February 2014)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> W3C <a href="/wiki/XSLT" title="XSLT">XSLT</a> and <a href="/wiki/XSL-FO" class="mw-redirect" title="XSL-FO">XSL-FO</a> which use an XML syntax. Nowadays, DSSSL is rarely used in new projects apart from <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> documentation.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HyTime" title="HyTime">HyTime</a> – Generalized <a href="/wiki/Hypertext" title="Hypertext">hypertext</a> and scheduling.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>HyTime was partially reworked into W3C <a href="/wiki/XLink" title="XLink">XLink</a>. HyTime is rarely used in new projects.</li></ul></li></ul> <p>SGML is supported by various technical reports, in particular </p> <ul><li>ISO/IEC TR 9573 – Information processing – SGML support facilities – Techniques for using SGML<sup id="cite_ref-Isoiectr1991_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Isoiectr1991-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Part 13: Public entity sets for mathematics and science <ul><li>In 2007, the W3C MathML working group agreed to assume the maintenance of these entity sets.</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_Generalized_Markup_Language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>SGML descended from <a href="/wiki/International_Business_Machines" class="mw-redirect" title="International Business Machines">IBM</a>'s <a href="/wiki/IBM_Generalized_Markup_Language" title="IBM Generalized Markup Language">Generalized Markup Language</a> (GML), which <a href="/wiki/Charles_Goldfarb" title="Charles Goldfarb">Charles Goldfarb</a>, Edward Mosher, and Raymond Lorie developed in the 1960s. Goldfarb, editor of the international standard, coined the "GML" term using their surname initials.<sup id="cite_ref-Goldfarb1996_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldfarb1996-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Goldfarb also wrote the definitive work on SGML syntax in "The SGML Handbook".<sup id="cite_ref-Goldfarb1990_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldfarb1990-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The syntax of SGML is closer to the <a href="/wiki/COCOA_(digital_humanities)" title="COCOA (digital humanities)">COCOA</a> format.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Closer than what? (November 2013)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> As a document markup language, SGML was originally designed to enable the sharing of <a href="/wiki/Machine-readable_data" class="mw-redirect" title="Machine-readable data">machine-readable</a> large-project documents in government, law, and industry. Many such documents must remain readable for several decades—a long time in the <a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">information technology</a> field. SGML also was extensively applied by the military, and the aerospace, technical reference, and industrial publishing industries. The advent of the <a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a> profile has made SGML suitable for widespread application for small-scale, general-purpose use. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Document_validity">Document validity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_Generalized_Markup_Language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Document validity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>SGML (ENR+WWW) defines two kinds of validity. According to the revised Terms and Definitions of ISO 8879 (from the public draft<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>): </p> <blockquote> <p>A conforming SGML document must be either a type-valid SGML document, a tag-valid SGML document, or both. Note: A user may wish to enforce additional constraints on a document, such as whether a document instance is integrally-stored or free of entity references. </p> </blockquote> <p>A <b>type-valid</b> SGML document is defined by the standard as </p> <blockquote> <p>An SGML document in which, for each document instance, there is an associated <a href="/wiki/Document_type_declaration" title="Document type declaration">document type declaration</a> (DTD) to whose DTD that instance conforms. </p> </blockquote> <p>A <b>tag-valid</b> SGML document is defined by the standard as </p> <blockquote> <p>An SGML document, all of whose document instances are fully tagged. There need not be a <a href="/wiki/Document_type_declaration" title="Document type declaration">document type declaration</a> associated with any of the instances. Note: If there is a <a href="/wiki/Document_type_declaration" title="Document type declaration">document type declaration</a>, the instance can be parsed with or without reference to it. </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terminology">Terminology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_Generalized_Markup_Language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Tag-validity</i> was introduced in SGML (ENR+WWW) to support <a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a> which allows documents with no DOCTYPE declaration but which can be parsed without a grammar, or documents which have a DOCTYPE declaration that makes no <a href="/wiki/XML_Infoset" class="mw-redirect" title="XML Infoset">XML Infoset</a> contributions to the document. The standard calls this <i>fully tagged</i>. <i>Integrally stored</i> reflects the <a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a> requirement that elements end in the same entity in which they started. <i>Reference-free</i> reflects the <a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a> requirement that entity references are for special characters and do not contain markup. SGML validity commentary, especially commentary that was made before 1997 or that is unaware of SGML (ENR+WWW), covers <i>type-validity</i> only. </p><p>The SGML emphasis on validity supports the requirement for generalized markup that <i>markup should be rigorous.</i> (ISO 8879 A.1) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Syntax">Syntax</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_Generalized_Markup_Language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Syntax"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An SGML document may have three parts: </p> <ol><li>the SGML Declaration,</li> <li>the Prologue, containing a DOCTYPE declaration with the various <i>markup declarations</i> that together make a <a href="/wiki/Document_Type_Definition" class="mw-redirect" title="Document Type Definition">Document Type Definition</a> (DTD), and</li> <li>the instance itself, containing one top-most element and its contents.</li></ol> <p>An SGML document may be composed from many <a href="/wiki/SGML_entity" title="SGML entity">entities</a> (discrete pieces of text). In SGML, the entities and element types used in the document may be specified with a DTD, the different character sets, features, delimiter sets, and keywords are specified in the SGML Declaration to create the <i>concrete syntax</i> of the document. </p><p>Although full SGML allows implicit markup and some other kinds of tags, the <a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a> specification (s4.3.1) states: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Each XML document has both a logical and a physical structure. Physically, the document is composed of units called entities. An entity may refer to other entities to cause their inclusion in the document. A document begins in a "root" or document entity. Logically, the document is composed of declarations, elements, comments, character references, and <a href="/wiki/Processing_instruction" class="mw-redirect" title="Processing instruction">processing instructions</a>, all of which are indicated in the document by explicit markup.</p></blockquote> <p>For introductory information on a basic, modern SGML syntax, see <a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a>. The following material concentrates on features not in XML and is not a comprehensive summary of SGML syntax. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Optional_features">Optional features</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_Generalized_Markup_Language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Optional features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>SGML generalizes and supports a wide range of markup languages as found in the mid 1980s. These ranged from terse <a href="/wiki/Wiki" title="Wiki">Wiki</a>-like syntaxes to <a href="/wiki/Rich_Text_Format" title="Rich Text Format">RTF</a>-like bracketed languages to <a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a>-like matching-tag languages. SGML did this by a relatively simple default <i>reference concrete syntax</i> augmented with a large number of optional features that could be enabled in the SGML Declaration. Not every SGML parser can necessarily process every SGML document. Because each processor's <i>System Declaration</i> can be compared to the document's <i>SGML Declaration</i> it is always possible to know whether a document is supported by a particular processor. </p><p>Many SGML features relate to markup minimization. Other features relate to <a href="/wiki/Concurrent_markup" class="mw-redirect" title="Concurrent markup">concurrent (parallel) markup</a> (CONCUR), to linking processing attributes (LINK), and to embedding SGML documents within SGML documents (SUBDOC). </p><p>The notion of customizable features was not appropriate for Web use, so one goal of <a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a> was to minimize optional features. However, XML's well-formedness rules cannot support Wiki-like languages, leaving them unstandardized and difficult to integrate with non-text information systems. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Concrete_and_abstract_syntaxes">Concrete and abstract syntaxes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_Generalized_Markup_Language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Concrete and abstract syntaxes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The usual (default) SGML <i>concrete syntax</i> resembles this example, which is the default <a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a> concrete syntax: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-xml mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="nt"><QUOTE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">TYPE=</span><span class="s">"example"</span><span class="nt">></span> <span class="w"> </span>typically<span class="w"> </span>something<span class="w"> </span>like<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><ITALICS></span>this<span class="nt"></ITALICS></span> <span class="nt"></QUOTE></span> </pre></div> <p>SGML provides an <i>abstract syntax</i> that can be <a href="/wiki/Implementation" title="Implementation">implemented</a> in many different types of <i>concrete syntax</i>. Although the markup norm is using <a href="/wiki/Bracket" title="Bracket">angle brackets</a> as start- and end-tag <a href="/wiki/Delimiter" title="Delimiter">delimiters</a> in an SGML document (per the standard-defined <i>reference concrete syntax</i>), it is possible to use other characters—provided a suitable concrete syntax is defined in the document's <a href="/w/index.php?title=SGML_declaration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SGML declaration (page does not exist)">SGML declaration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wohler1998_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wohler1998-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, an SGML interpreter might be programmed to parse GML, wherein the tags are delimited with a left <a href="/wiki/Colon_(punctuation)" title="Colon (punctuation)">colon</a> and a right <a href="/wiki/Full_stop" title="Full stop">full stop</a>, and an <code>:e</code> prefix denotes an end tag: <code>:xmp.Hello, world:exmp.</code>. According to the reference syntax, letter case (upper- or lower-case) is not distinguished in tag names, so the three tags <code><quote></code>, <code><QUOTE></code>, and <code><quOtE></code> are equivalent. (A concrete syntax might change this rule via the NAMECASE NAMING declarations.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Markup_minimization">Markup minimization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_Generalized_Markup_Language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Markup minimization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>SGML has features for reducing the number of characters required to mark up a document, which must be enabled in the SGML Declaration. SGML processors need not support every available feature, thus allowing applications to tolerate many types of inadvertent markup omissions; however, SGML systems usually are intolerant of invalid structures. XML is intolerant of syntax omissions, and does not require a DTD for checking well-formedness. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="OMITTAG">OMITTAG</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_Generalized_Markup_Language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: OMITTAG"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Both start tags and end tags may be omitted from a document instance, provided: </p> <ol><li>the OMITTAG feature is enabled in the SGML Declaration,</li> <li>the DTD indicates that the tags are permitted to be omitted,</li> <li>(for start tags) the element has no associated required (<code>#REQUIRED</code>) attributes, and</li> <li>the tag can be unambiguously inferred by context.</li></ol> <p>For example, if OMITTAG YES is specified in the SGML Declaration (enabling the OMITTAG feature), and the DTD includes the following declarations: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-dtd mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="k"><!ELEMENT</span> <span class="nt">chapter</span> <span class="nt">-</span> <span class="nt">-</span> <span class="o">(</span><span class="nt">title</span><span class="o">,</span> <span class="nt">section</span><span class="o">+)</span><span class="k">></span> <span class="k"><!ELEMENT</span> <span class="nt">title</span> <span class="nt">o</span> <span class="nt">o</span> <span class="o">(</span><span class="kc">#PCDATA</span><span class="o">)</span><span class="k">></span> <span class="k"><!ELEMENT</span> <span class="nt">section</span> <span class="nt">-</span> <span class="nt">-</span> <span class="o">(</span><span class="nt">title</span><span class="o">,</span> <span class="nt">subsection</span><span class="o">+)</span><span class="k">></span> </pre></div> <p>then this excerpt: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-xml mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="nt"><chapter></span>Introduction<span class="w"> </span>to<span class="w"> </span>SGML <span class="nt"><section></span>The<span class="w"> </span>SGML<span class="w"> </span>Declaration <span class="nt"><subsection></span> ... </pre></div> <p>which omits two <code class="nowrap" style=""><title></code> tags and two <code class="nowrap" style=""></title></code> tags, would represent valid markup. </p><p>Omitting tags is optional – the same excerpt could be tagged like this: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-xml mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="nt"><chapter><title></span>Introduction<span class="w"> </span>to<span class="w"> </span>SGML<span class="nt"></title></span> <span class="nt"><section><title></span>The<span class="w"> </span>SGML<span class="w"> </span>Declaration<span class="nt"></title></span> <span class="nt"><subsection></span> ... </pre></div> <p>and would still represent valid markup. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="EMPTY"></span> Note: The OMITTAG feature is unrelated to the tagging of elements whose declared content is <code>EMPTY</code> as defined in the DTD: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-dtd mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="k"><!ELEMENT</span> <span class="nt">image</span> <span class="nt">-</span> <span class="nt">o</span> <span class="kc">EMPTY</span><span class="k">></span> </pre></div> <p>Elements defined like this have no end tag, and specifying one in the document instance would result in invalid markup. This is syntactically different from <a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a> empty elements in this regard. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="SHORTREF">SHORTREF</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_Generalized_Markup_Language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: SHORTREF"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tags can be replaced with delimiter strings, for a terser markup, via the SHORTREF feature. This markup style is now associated with <a href="/wiki/Wiki_markup" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiki markup">wiki markup</a>, e.g. wherein two equals-signs (==), at the start of a line, are the "heading start-tag", and two equals signs (==) after that are the "heading end-tag". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="SHORTTAG">SHORTTAG</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_Generalized_Markup_Language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: SHORTTAG"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>SGML markup languages whose concrete syntax enables the SHORTTAG VALUE feature, do not require attribute values containing only alphanumeric characters to be enclosed within quotation marks—either double <code>" "</code> (LIT) or single <code>' '</code> (LITA)—so that the previous markup example could be written: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-xml mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="nt"><QUOTE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">TYPE=</span><span class="s">example</span><span class="nt">></span> <span class="w"> </span>typically<span class="w"> </span>something<span class="w"> </span>like<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><ITALICS></span>this<span class="err"><</span>/> <span class="nt"></QUOTE></span> </pre></div> <p>One feature of SGML markup languages is the "presumptuous empty tagging", such that the empty end tag <code></></code> in <code><ITALICS>this</></code> "inherits" its value from the nearest previous full start tag, which, in this example, is <code><ITALICS></code> (in other words, it closes the most recently opened item). The expression is thus equivalent to <code><ITALICS>this</ITALICS></code>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="NET">NET</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_Generalized_Markup_Language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: NET"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another feature is the <i>NET</i> (Null End Tag) construction: <code><ITALICS/this/</code>, which is structurally equivalent to <code><ITALICS>this</ITALICS></code>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_features">Other features</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_Generalized_Markup_Language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Other features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Additionally, the SHORTTAG NETENABL IMMEDNET feature allows shortening tags surrounding an empty text value, but forbids shortening full tags: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-xml mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="nt"><QUOTE></QUOTE></span> </pre></div> <p>can be written as </p> <pre><QUOTE// </pre> <p>wherein the first <a href="/wiki/Slash_(punctuation)" title="Slash (punctuation)">slash</a> ( / ) stands for the NET-enabling "start-tag close" (NESTC), and the second slash stands for the NET. <b>NOTE:</b> XML defines NESTC with a <b>/</b>, and NET with an <b>></b> (angled bracket)—hence the corresponding construct in XML appears as <b><QUOTE/></b>. </p><p>The third feature is 'text on the same line', allowing a markup item to be ended with a line-end; especially useful for headings and such, requiring using either SHORTREF or DATATAG minimization. For example, if the DTD includes the following declarations: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-dtd mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="k"><!ELEMENT</span> <span class="nt">lines</span> <span class="o">(</span><span class="nt">line</span><span class="o">*)</span><span class="k">></span> <span class="k"><!ELEMENT</span> <span class="nt">line</span> <span class="nt">O</span> <span class="nt">-</span> <span class="o">(</span><span class="kc">#PCDATA</span><span class="o">)</span><span class="k">></span> <span class="k"><!ENTITY</span> <span class="ni">line-tagc</span> <span class="s2">"</line>"</span><span class="k">></span> <span class="err"><!SHORTREF</span> <span class="err">one-line</span> <span class="s2">"&#RE;&#RS;"</span> <span class="err">line-tagc</span><span class="k">></span> <span class="err"><!USEMAP</span> <span class="err">one-line</span> <span class="err">line</span><span class="k">></span> </pre></div> <p>(and "&#RE;&#RS;" is a short-reference delimiter in the concrete syntax), then: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-xml mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="nt"><lines></span> first<span class="w"> </span>line second<span class="w"> </span>line <span class="nt"></lines></span> </pre></div> <p>is equivalent to: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-xml mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="nt"><lines></span> <span class="nt"><line></span>first<span class="w"> </span>line<span class="nt"></line></span> <span class="nt"><line></span>second<span class="w"> </span>line<span class="nt"></line></span> <span class="nt"></lines></span> </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formal_characterization">Formal characterization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_Generalized_Markup_Language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Formal characterization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>SGML has many features that defied convenient description with the popular formal <a href="/wiki/Automata_theory" title="Automata theory">automata theory</a> and the contemporary <a href="/wiki/Parsing" title="Parsing">parser</a> technology of the 1980s and the 1990s. The standard warns in Annex H: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The SGML <i>model group</i> notation was deliberately designed to resemble the <a href="/wiki/Regular_expression" title="Regular expression">regular expression</a> notation of <a href="/wiki/Automata" class="mw-redirect" title="Automata">automata</a> theory, because automata theory provides a theoretical foundation for some aspects of the notion of conformance to a content model. No assumption should be made about the general applicability of automata to content models.</p></blockquote><p> A report on an early implementation of a parser for basic SGML, the Amsterdam SGML Parser,<sup id="cite_ref-WarmerEgmond_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WarmerEgmond-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> notes <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>the DTD-grammar in SGML must conform to a notion of unambiguity which closely resembles the LL(1) conditions</p></blockquote><p> and specifies various differences. </p><p>There appears to be no definitive classification of full SGML against a known class of <a href="/wiki/Formal_grammar" title="Formal grammar">formal grammar</a>. Plausible classes may include <a href="/wiki/Tree-adjoining_grammar" title="Tree-adjoining grammar">tree-adjoining grammars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adaptive_grammar" title="Adaptive grammar">adaptive grammars</a>. </p><p>XML is described as being generally parsable like a <a href="/wiki/Two-level_grammar" class="mw-redirect" title="Two-level grammar">two-level grammar</a> for non-validated XML and a <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Conway" title="Melvin Conway">Conway</a>-style pipeline of <a href="/wiki/Coroutines" class="mw-redirect" title="Coroutines">coroutines</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lexical_analysis" title="Lexical analysis">lexer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parser" class="mw-redirect" title="Parser">parser</a>, validator) for valid XML.<sup id="cite_ref-Carroll2001_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carroll2001-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The SGML productions in the ISO standard are reported to be LL(3) or LL(4).<sup id="cite_ref-GrammarProductions_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GrammarProductions-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> XML-class subsets are reported to be expressible using a <a href="/wiki/W-grammar" class="mw-redirect" title="W-grammar">W-grammar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReOther_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReOther-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to one paper,<sup id="cite_ref-BruggemannKlein_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BruggemannKlein-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and probably considered at an <i><a href="/wiki/XML_Information_Set" title="XML Information Set">information set</a></i> or <a href="/wiki/Parse_tree" title="Parse tree">parse tree</a> level rather than a character or delimiter level: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> The class of documents that conform to a given SGML document <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammar</a> forms an LL(1) language. ... The SGML document grammars by themselves are, however, not LL(1) grammars. </p></blockquote> <p>The SGML standard does not define SGML with formal data structures, such as <a href="/wiki/Parse_tree" title="Parse tree">parse trees</a>; however, an SGML document is constructed of a <a href="/wiki/Directed_graph" title="Directed graph">rooted directed acyclic graph</a> (RDAG) of physical storage units known as "<a href="/wiki/SGML_entity" title="SGML entity">entities</a>", which is parsed into a RDAG of structural units known as "elements". The physical graph is loosely characterized as an <i>entity tree</i>, but entities might appear multiple times. Moreover, the structure graph is also loosely characterized as an <i>element tree</i>, but the ID/IDREF markup allows arbitrary arcs. </p><p>The results of parsing can also be understood as a data tree in different notations; where the document is the root node, and entities in other notations (text, graphics) are child nodes. SGML provides apparatus for linking to and annotating external non-SGML entities. </p><p>The SGML standard describes it in terms of <i>maps</i> and <i>recognition modes</i> (s9.6.1). Each entity, and each element, can have an associated <i>notation</i> or <i>declared content type</i>, which determines the kinds of references and tags which will be recognized in that entity and element. Also, each element can have an associated <i>delimiter map</i> (and <i>short reference map</i>), which determines which characters are treated as delimiters in context. The SGML standard characterizes parsing as a <a href="/wiki/State_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="State machine">state machine</a> switching between recognition modes. During parsing, there is a stack of maps that configure the <a href="/wiki/Lexical_analysis" title="Lexical analysis">scanner</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/Lexical_analysis" title="Lexical analysis">tokenizer</a> relates to the recognition modes. </p><p>Parsing involves traversing the dynamically-retrieved entity graph, finding/implying tags and the element structure, and validating those tags against the grammar. An unusual aspect of SGML is that the grammar (DTD) is used both passively — to <i>recognize</i> lexical structures, and actively — to <i>generate</i> missing structures and tags that the DTD has declared optional. End- and start- tags can be omitted, because they can be inferred. Loosely, a series of tags can be omitted only if there is a single, possible path in the grammar to imply them. It was this active use of grammars that made concrete SGML parsing difficult to formally characterize. </p><p>SGML uses the term <i>validation</i> for both recognition and generation. XML does not use the grammar (DTD) to change delimiter maps or to inform the parse modes, and does not allow <a href="/wiki/Tag_omission" title="Tag omission">tag omission</a>; consequently, XML validation of elements is not active in the sense that SGML validation is active. SGML <i>without</i> a DTD (e.g. simple XML), is a grammar or a language; SGML <i>with</i> a DTD is a <a href="/wiki/Metalanguage" title="Metalanguage">metalanguage</a>. SGML with an SGML declaration is, perhaps, a meta-metalanguage, since it is a metalanguage whose declaration mechanism <i>is</i> a metalanguage. </p><p>SGML has an abstract syntax implemented by many possible concrete syntaxes; however, this is not the same usage as in an <a href="/wiki/Abstract_syntax_tree" title="Abstract syntax tree">abstract syntax tree</a> and as in a <a href="/wiki/Parse_tree" title="Parse tree">concrete syntax tree</a>. In the SGML usage, a concrete syntax is a set of specific delimiters, while the abstract syntax is the set of names for the delimiters. The <a href="/wiki/XML_Infoset" class="mw-redirect" title="XML Infoset">XML Infoset</a> corresponds more to the programming language notion of abstract syntax introduced by <a href="/wiki/John_McCarthy_(computer_scientist)" title="John McCarthy (computer scientist)">John McCarthy</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Derivatives">Derivatives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_Generalized_Markup_Language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Derivatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="XML">XML</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_Generalized_Markup_Language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: XML"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/W3C" class="mw-redirect" title="W3C">W3C</a> XML (Extensible Markup Language) is a profile (subset) of SGML designed to ease the implementation of the parser compared to a full SGML parser, primarily for use on the World Wide Web. In addition to disabling many SGML options present in the reference syntax (such as omitting tags and nested subdocuments) XML adds a number of additional restrictions on the kinds of SGML syntax. For example, despite enabling SGML shortened tag forms, XML does not allow unclosed start or end tags. It also relied on many of the additions made by the WebSGML Annex. XML currently is more widely used than full SGML. XML has lightweight <a href="/wiki/Internationalization" title="Internationalization">internationalization</a> based on <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a>. Applications of XML include <a href="/wiki/XHTML" title="XHTML">XHTML</a>, <a href="/wiki/XQuery" title="XQuery">XQuery</a>, <a href="/wiki/XSLT" title="XSLT">XSLT</a>, <a href="/wiki/XForms" title="XForms">XForms</a>, <a href="/wiki/XPointer" title="XPointer">XPointer</a>, <a href="/wiki/JavaServer_Pages" class="mw-redirect" title="JavaServer Pages">JSP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scalable_vector_graphics" class="mw-redirect" title="Scalable vector graphics">SVG</a>, <a href="/wiki/RSS_(file_format)" class="mw-redirect" title="RSS (file format)">RSS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atom_(standard)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atom (standard)">Atom</a>, <a href="/wiki/XML-RPC" title="XML-RPC">XML-RPC</a>, <a href="/wiki/RDF/XML" title="RDF/XML">RDF/XML</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Simple_Object_Access_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Simple Object Access Protocol">SOAP</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="HTML">HTML</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_Generalized_Markup_Language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: HTML"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a></div> <p>While HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) was developed partially independently and in parallel with SGML, its creator, <a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a>, intended it to be an application of SGML.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This goes against discussions I (Gsnedders) have had with TimBL in the past (July 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The design of HTML was therefore inspired by SGML tagging, but, since no clear expansion and parsing guidelines were established, most actual HTML documents are not valid SGML documents. Later, HTML was reformulated (version 2.0) to be more of an SGML application; however, the HTML markup language has many legacy- and exception-handling features that differ from SGML's requirements. HTML 4 is an SGML application that fully conforms to ISO 8879 – SGML.<sup id="cite_ref-Conformancerequirements_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conformancerequirements-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The charter for the 2006 revival of the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">World Wide Web Consortium</a> HTML Working Group says, "the Group will not assume that an SGML parser is used for 'classic HTML<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>".<sup id="cite_ref-Lilley2009_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lilley2009-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although HTML syntax closely resembles SGML syntax with the default <i>reference <a href="/wiki/Concrete_syntax" class="mw-redirect" title="Concrete syntax">concrete syntax</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/HTML5" title="HTML5">HTML5</a> abandons any attempt to define HTML as an SGML application, explicitly defining its own parsing rules,<sup id="cite_ref-html5parsing_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-html5parsing-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which more closely match existing implementations and documents. It does, however, define an alternative <a href="/wiki/XHTML" title="XHTML">XHTML</a> serialization, which conforms to XML and therefore to SGML as well.<sup id="cite_ref-Dubost2008_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dubost2008-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="OED">OED</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_Generalized_Markup_Language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: OED"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Frame"><a href="/wiki/File:OED-LEXX-Bungler.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/OED-LEXX-Bungler.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="213" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="213" /></a><figcaption>A fragment of the <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (1985), showing SGML markup</figcaption></figure> <p>The second edition of the <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (OED) is entirely marked up with an SGML-based markup language using the <a href="/wiki/LEXX_(text_editor)" title="LEXX (text editor)">LEXX</a> text editor.<sup id="cite_ref-Cowlishaw1987_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cowlishaw1987-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The third edition is marked up as XML. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Others">Others</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_Generalized_Markup_Language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Others"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other document markup languages are partly related to SGML and XML, but—because they cannot be parsed or validated or other-wise processed using standard SGML and XML tools—they are not considered either SGML or XML languages; the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Z_Format&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Z Format (page does not exist)">Z Format</a> markup language for typesetting and documentation is an example. </p><p>Several modern programming languages support tags as primitive token types, or now support Unicode and <a href="/wiki/Regular_expression" title="Regular expression">regular expression</a> pattern-matching. An example is the <a href="/wiki/Scala_(programming_language)" title="Scala (programming language)">Scala programming language</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_Generalized_Markup_Language&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Document markup languages defined using SGML are called "applications" by the standard; many pre-XML SGML applications were proprietary property of the organizations which developed them, and thus unavailable in the World Wide Web. The following list is of pre-XML SGML applications. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Text_Encoding_Initiative" title="Text Encoding Initiative">Text Encoding Initiative</a> (TEI) is an academic consortium that designs, maintains, and develops technical standards for digital-format textual representation applications.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DocBook" title="DocBook">DocBook</a> is a markup language originally created as an SGML application, designed for authoring technical documentation; DocBook currently is an XML application.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CALS_(DOD)" class="mw-redirect" title="CALS (DOD)">CALS</a> (Continuous Acquisition and Life-cycle Support) is a US Department of Defense (DoD) initiative for electronically capturing military documents and for linking related data and information.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HyTime" title="HyTime">HyTime</a> defines a set of hypertext-oriented element types that allow SGML document authors to build hypertext and multimedia presentations.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EDGAR" class="mw-redirect" title="EDGAR">EDGAR</a> (Electronic Data-Gathering, Analysis, and Retrieval) system effects automated collection, validation, indexing, acceptance, and forwarding of submissions, by companies and others, who are legally required to file data and information forms with the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LinuxDoc" title="LinuxDoc">LinuxDoc</a>. Documentation for Linux packages has used the LinuxDoc SGML DTD and Docbook XML DTD.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AAP_DTD" title="AAP DTD">AAP DTD</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Document_type_definition" title="Document type definition">document type definition</a> for <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">scientific</a> documents, defined by the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_American_Publishers" title="Association of American Publishers">Association of American Publishers</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_12083" title="ISO 12083">ISO 12083</a>, a successor to AAP DTP, is an international SGML standard for document interchange between authors and publishers.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SGMLguid" title="SGMLguid">SGMLguid</a> was an early SGML document type definition created, developed and used at <a href="/wiki/CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Open-source_implementations">Open-source implementations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_Generalized_Markup_Language&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Open-source implementations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Significant <a href="/wiki/Open_source_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Open source software">open-source</a> implementations of SGML have included: </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ftp.sunet.se/mirror/archive/ftp.sunet.se/pub/text-processing/sgml/ASP-SGML/">ASP-SGML</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ftp.sunet.se/mirror/archive/ftp.sunet.se/pub/text-processing/sgml/ARC-SGML/">ARC-SGML</a>, by Standard Generalized Markup Language Users', 1991, C language</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ftp.sunet.se/mirror/archive/ftp.sunet.se/pub/text-processing/sgml/SGMLS/">SGMLS</a>, by James Clark, 1993, C language</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ftp.sunet.se/mirror/archive/ftp.sunet.se/pub/text-processing/sgml/YAO/">Project YAO</a>, by Yuan-ze Institute of Technology, Taiwan, with Charles Goldfarb, 1994.<span class="anchor" id="SP"></span><span class="anchor" id="Jade"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jclark.com/">SP and Jade</a> by James Clark, C++ language</li></ul> <p>SP and Jade, the associated DSSSL processors, are maintained by the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://openjade.sourceforge.net/">OpenJade</a> project, and are common parts of Linux distributions. A general archive of SGML software and materials resides at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ftp.sunet.se/mirror/archive/ftp.sunet.se/pub/text-processing/sgml/">SUNET</a>. The original HTML parser class, in Sun System's implementation of Java, is a limited-features SGML parser, using SGML terminology and concepts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_Generalized_Markup_Language&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OASIS_(organization)" title="OASIS (organization)">Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards (OASIS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-expression" title="S-expression">S-expression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSSSL" class="mw-redirect" title="DSSSL">DSSSL</a> – a <a href="/wiki/Scheme_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Scheme programming language">Scheme</a>-based processing language similar to <a href="/wiki/Extensible_Stylesheet_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Extensible Stylesheet Language">XSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LaTeX" title="LaTeX">LaTeX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_general_purpose_markup_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="List of general purpose markup languages">List of general purpose markup languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SGML_entity" title="SGML entity">SGML entity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tag_omission" title="Tag omission">Tag omission</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_Generalized_Markup_Language&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Iso-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Iso_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iso_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFISO2008" class="citation web cs1">ISO (5 March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_technical_committee.html?commid=45374">"JTC 1/SC 34 – Document description and processing languages"</a>. ISO<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-12-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=JTC+1%2FSC+34+%E2%80%93+Document+description+and+processing+languages&rft.pub=ISO&rft.date=2008-03-05&rft.au=ISO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fiso%2Fiso_technical_committee.html%3Fcommid%3D45374&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStandard+Generalized+Markup+Language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Iso_a-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Iso_a_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFISO_JTC1/SC34" class="citation web cs1">ISO JTC1/SC34. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jtc1sc34.org/">"JTC 1/SC 34 – Document Description and Processing Languages"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_Generalized_Markup_Language&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.w3.org/MarkUp/SGML/">Overview of SGML Resources</a> at W3C's website.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.the-software-experts.de/e_dta-sw-doku-principles.htm">Introduction and Examples of Software Documentation in SGML</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.umn.edu/42431">SC34 Committee Records</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Babbage_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Babbage Institute">Charles Babbage Institute</a> – Collection on the development of <b>SGML</b> and other standards influential in the development of current XML tools; documents include early drafts of SGML administrative materials, documentation, working group papers, and standards for computer languages.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://xml.coverpages.org/sgmlsyn/sgmlsyn.htm#C6">SGML Syntax Summary by Charles Goldfarb</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.users.cloud9.net/~bradmcc/WhatIsSGML.html">SGML document introducing you to SGML</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.users.cloud9.net/~bradmcc/sgmlnote.html">Some reasons why SGML is important</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160306121935/http://www.is-thought.co.uk/book/sgml-4.htm">The SGML Declaration</a>, in SGML and HTML Explained, Martin Bryan (1997) (the original URL is broken at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.is-thought.co.uk/book/sgml-4.htm#Fig4-2">http://www.is-thought.co.uk/book/sgml-4.htm#Fig4-2</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://xml.coverpages.org/wlw11.html">SGML Declarations</a> Wayne Wohler, IBM Corporation, 1994.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=16643">ISO 9069:1988 – Information processing – SGML support facilities – SGML Document Interchange Format (SDIF)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=16645">ISO/IEC 9070:1991 – Information technology – SGML support facilities – Registration procedures for public text owner identifiers</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:ISO_standards" title="Template:ISO standards"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:ISO_standards" title="Template talk:ISO standards"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:ISO_standards" title="Special:EditPage/Template:ISO standards"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="ISO_standards_by_standard_number" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a> standards <span class="nobold">by standard number</span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>List of <a href="/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards" title="List of ISO standards">ISO standards</a> – <a href="/wiki/List_of_ISO_romanizations" title="List of ISO romanizations">ISO romanizations</a> – <a href="/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards" title="List of IEC standards">IEC standards</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1–9999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_1" title="ISO 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2" title="ISO 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renard_series" title="Renard series">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_4" title="ISO 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Standard_Pipe" title="British Standard Pipe">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9" title="ISO 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A440_(pitch_standard)" title="A440 (pitch standard)">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renard_series" title="Renard series">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31" title="ISO 31">31</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-0" title="ISO 31-0">-0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-1" title="ISO 31-1">-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-3" title="ISO 31-3">-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-4" title="ISO 31-4">-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-5" title="ISO 31-5">-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-6" title="ISO 31-6">-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-7" title="ISO 31-7">-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-8" title="ISO 31-8">-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-9" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 31-9">-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-10" title="ISO 31-10">-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-11" title="ISO 31-11">-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-12" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 31-12">-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-13" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 31-13">-13</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_metric_screw_thread" title="ISO metric screw thread">68-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_128" title="ISO 128">128</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_216" title="ISO 216">216</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_217" title="ISO 217">217</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal-loudness_contour" title="Equal-loudness contour">226</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Standard_Pipe" title="British Standard Pipe">228</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_233" title="ISO 233">233</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_259" title="ISO 259">259</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_metric_screw_thread" title="ISO metric screw thread">261</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_metric_screw_thread" title="ISO metric screw thread">262</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappa_number" title="Kappa number">302</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicat_softening_point" title="Vicat softening point">306</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazard_symbol#Ionizing_radiation_symbol" title="Hazard symbol">361</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_take-off" title="Power take-off">500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_shoe" title="Hot shoe">518</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prontor-Compur" title="Prontor-Compur">519</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639" title="ISO 639">639</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-5" title="ISO 639-5">-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-6" title="ISO 639-6">-6</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_646" title="ISO/IEC 646">646</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_657" title="ISO 657">657</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_668" title="ISO 668">668</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_690" title="ISO 690">690</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_704" title="ISO 704">704</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_732" title="ISO 732">732</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimagnetic_watch" title="Antimagnetic watch">764</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hole_punch" title="Hole punch">838</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_843" title="ISO 843">843</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_860" title="ISO 860">860</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_898" title="ISO 898">898</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_965" title="ISO 965">965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_999" title="ISO 999">999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_1000" title="ISO 1000">1000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_ink_character_recognition" title="Magnetic ink character recognition">1004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/135_film" title="135 film">1007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OCR-A" title="OCR-A">1073-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OCR-B" title="OCR-B">1073-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longitudinal_redundancy_check" title="Longitudinal redundancy check">1155</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock-resistant_watch#ISO_1413_shock-resistant_standard" title="Shock-resistant watch">1413</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_60" title="ALGOL 60">1538</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_1629" title="ISO 1629">1629</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_1745" title="ISO 1745">1745</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2014" title="ISO 2014">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2015" title="ISO 2015">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_2022" title="ISO/IEC 2022">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2033" title="ISO 2033">2033</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2047" title="ISO 2047">2047</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">2108</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2145" title="ISO 2145">2145</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2146" title="ISO 2146">2146</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">2240</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_Resistant_mark" title="Water Resistant mark">2281</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Atmosphere" title="International Standard Atmosphere">2533</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2709" title="ISO 2709">2709</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2711" title="ISO 2711">2711</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">2720</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2788" title="ISO 2788">2788</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2848" title="ISO 2848">2848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2852" title="ISO 2852">2852</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2921" title="ISO 2921">2921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/126_film" title="126 film">3029</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3103" title="ISO 3103">3103</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">3166</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-1" title="ISO 3166-1">-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2" title="ISO 3166-2">-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-3" title="ISO 3166-3">-3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">3297</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3307" title="ISO 3307">3307</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O-ring" title="O-ring">3601</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunrei-shiki_romanization" title="Kunrei-shiki romanization">3602</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3864" title="ISO 3864">3864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Recording_Code" title="International Standard Recording Code">3901</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FDI_World_Dental_Federation_notation" title="FDI World Dental Federation notation">3950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3977" title="ISO 3977">3977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_4031" title="ISO 4031">4031</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_4157" title="ISO 4157">4157</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_4165" title="ISO 4165">4165</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">4217</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_4909" title="ISO/IEC 4909">4909</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_5218" title="ISO/IEC 5218">5218</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5426" title="ISO 5426">5426</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5427" title="ISO 5427">5427</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5428" title="ISO 5428">5428</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accuracy_and_precision" title="Accuracy and precision">5725</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5775" title="ISO 5775">5775</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5776" title="ISO 5776">5776</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">5800</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flowchart" title="Flowchart">5807</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5964" title="ISO 5964">5964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Securities_Identification_Number" title="International Securities Identification Number">6166</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6344" title="ISO 6344">6344</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6346" title="ISO 6346">6346</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimal_BASIC" title="Minimal BASIC">6373</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6385" title="ISO 6385">6385</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_Resistant_mark" title="Water Resistant mark">6425</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANSI_escape_code" title="ANSI escape code">6429</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6438" title="ISO 6438">6438</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_6523" title="ISO/IEC 6523">6523</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6709" title="ISO 6709">6709</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6943" title="ISO 6943">6943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7001" title="ISO 7001">7001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7002" title="ISO 7002">7002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7010" title="ISO 7010">7010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7027" title="ISO 7027">7027</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7064" title="ISO/IEC 7064">7064</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinyin">7098</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">7185</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7200" title="ISO 7200">7200</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSI_model" title="OSI model">7498</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OSI_model" title="OSI model">-1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7637" title="ISO 7637">7637</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7736" title="ISO 7736">7736</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7810" title="ISO/IEC 7810">7810</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7811" title="ISO/IEC 7811">7811</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7812" title="ISO/IEC 7812">7812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7813" title="ISO/IEC 7813">7813</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7816" title="ISO/IEC 7816">7816</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphical_Kernel_System" title="Graphical Kernel System">7942</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8000" title="ISO 8000">8000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On-board_diagnostics" title="On-board diagnostics">8093</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8178" title="ISO 8178">8178</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_oil" title="Fuel oil">8217</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8373" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 8373">8373</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8501-1" title="ISO 8501-1">8501-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FTAM" title="FTAM">8571</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8583" title="ISO 8583">8583</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8601" title="ISO 8601">8601</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Document_Architecture" title="Open Document Architecture">8613</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_Graphics_Metafile" title="Computer Graphics Metafile">8632</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphical_Kernel_System" title="Graphical Kernel System">8651</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8652" title="ISO/IEC 8652">8652</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8691" title="ISO 8691">8691</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphical_Kernel_System" title="Graphical Kernel System">8805/8806</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_Of_Temporal_Ordering_Specification" class="mw-redirect" title="Language Of Temporal Ordering Specification">8807</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuse_(automotive)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuse (automotive)">8820-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859" title="ISO/IEC 8859">8859</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-1" title="ISO/IEC 8859-1">-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-2" title="ISO/IEC 8859-2">-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-3" title="ISO/IEC 8859-3">-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-4" title="ISO/IEC 8859-4">-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-5" title="ISO/IEC 8859-5">-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-6" title="ISO/IEC 8859-6">-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-7" title="ISO/IEC 8859-7">-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-8" title="ISO/IEC 8859-8">-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO-8859-8-I" title="ISO-8859-8-I">-8-I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-9" title="ISO/IEC 8859-9">-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-10" title="ISO/IEC 8859-10">-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-11" title="ISO/IEC 8859-11">-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-12" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO/IEC 8859-12">-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-13" title="ISO/IEC 8859-13">-13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-14" title="ISO/IEC 8859-14">-14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-15" title="ISO/IEC 8859-15">-15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-16" title="ISO/IEC 8859-16">-16</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">8879</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9000" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 9000">9000/9001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASMO_449" title="ASMO 449">9036</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SQL" title="SQL">9075</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9126" title="ISO/IEC 9126">9126</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On-board_diagnostics" title="On-board diagnostics">9141</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_spray_test" title="Salt spray test">9227</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9241" title="ISO 9241">9241</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_Allocation_Table" title="File Allocation Table">9293</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber_Distributed_Data_Interface" title="Fiber Distributed Data Interface">9314</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9362" title="ISO 9362">9362</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoe_size" title="Shoe size">9407</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHILL" title="CHILL">9496</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_Message_Specification" title="Manufacturing Message Specification">9506</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9529" title="ISO/IEC 9529">9529</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9564" title="ISO 9564">9564</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHIGS" title="PHIGS">9592/9593</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X.500" title="X.500">9594</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9660" title="ISO 9660">9660</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9797-1" title="ISO/IEC 9797-1">9797-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9897" title="ISO 9897">9897</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANSI_C" title="ANSI C">9899</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/POSIX" title="POSIX">9945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Georgian" title="Romanization of Georgian">9984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Armenian" title="Romanization of Armenian">9985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9995" title="ISO/IEC 9995">9995</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10000–19999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10006" title="ISO 10006">10006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10007" title="ISO 10007">10007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_10116" title="ISO/IEC 10116">10116</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whirlpool_(hash_function)" title="Whirlpool (hash function)">10118-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10160" title="ISO 10160">10160</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10161" title="ISO 10161">10161</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guidelines_for_the_Definition_of_Managed_Objects" title="Guidelines for the Definition of Managed Objects">10165</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Document_Style_Semantics_and_Specification_Language" title="Document Style Semantics and Specification Language">10179</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)#ISO/IEC_10206:1990_Extended_Pascal" title="Pascal (programming language)">10206</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10218" title="ISO 10218">10218</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_BASIC" title="Full BASIC">10279</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10303" title="ISO 10303">10303</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EXPRESS_(data_modeling_language)" title="EXPRESS (data modeling language)">-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10303-21" title="ISO 10303-21">-21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10303-22" title="ISO 10303-22">-22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10303-28" title="ISO 10303-28">-28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STEP-NC" title="STEP-NC">-238</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_Identifier_Code" title="Market Identifier Code">10383</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ArmSCII" title="ArmSCII">10585</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IS-IS" title="IS-IS">10589</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10628" title="ISO 10628">10628</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Coded_Character_Set" title="Universal Coded Character Set">10646</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torx" title="Torx">10664</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RM-ODP" title="RM-ODP">10746</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multibus" title="Multibus">10861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Music_Number" title="International Standard Music Number">10957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10962" title="ISO 10962">10962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_10967" title="ISO/IEC 10967">10967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEEE_11073" title="ISO/IEEE 11073">11073</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11170" title="ISO 11170">11170</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-1" title="MPEG-1">11172</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_11179" title="ISO/IEC 11179">11179</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_11404" title="ISO/IEC 11404">11404</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JBIG" title="JBIG">11544</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11783" title="ISO 11783">11783</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11784_and_ISO_11785" title="ISO 11784 and ISO 11785">11784</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11784_and_ISO_11785" title="ISO 11784 and ISO 11785">11785</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_11801" title="ISO/IEC 11801">11801</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trusted_Platform_Module" title="Trusted Platform Module">11889</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAN_bus#CAN_lower-layer_standards" title="CAN bus">11898</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11940" title="ISO 11940">11940</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_11940-2" title="ISO 11940-2">-2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/TR_11941" title="ISO/TR 11941">11941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/TR_11941" title="ISO/TR 11941">11941 (TR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11992" title="ISO 11992">11992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_12006" title="ISO 12006">12006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DICOM" title="DICOM">12052</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_TR_12182" title="ISO/IEC TR 12182">12182</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_12207" title="ISO/IEC 12207">12207</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TIFF/EP" title="TIFF/EP">12234-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_categories#ISO_12620_(ISO_TC37_Data_Category_Registry,_ISOcat)" title="Linguistic categories">12620</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolog" title="Prolog">13211</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prolog" title="Prolog">-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolog" title="Prolog">-2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isofix" title="Isofix">13216</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topic_map" title="Topic map">13250</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13399" title="ISO 13399">13399</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13406-2" title="ISO 13406-2">13406-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/110_film" title="110 film">13450</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13485" title="ISO 13485">13485</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13490" title="ISO 13490">13490</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13567" title="ISO 13567">13567</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z_notation" title="Z notation">13568</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13584" title="ISO 13584">13584</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Bank_Account_Number" title="International Bank Account Number">13616</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISLISP" title="ISLISP">13816</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-2" title="MPEG-2">13818</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14000" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 14000">14000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14031" title="ISO 14031">14031</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14224" title="ISO 14224">14224</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF/UA" title="PDF/UA">14289</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horsepower" title="Horsepower">14396</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_14443" title="ISO/IEC 14443">14443</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4" title="MPEG-4">14496</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_2" title="MPEG-4 Part 2">-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_3" title="MPEG-4 Part 3">-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delivery_Multimedia_Integration_Framework" title="Delivery Multimedia Integration Framework">-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Video_Coding" title="Advanced Video Coding">-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_11" title="MPEG-4 Part 11">-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_base_media_file_format" title="ISO base media file format">-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP4_file_format" title="MP4 file format">-14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP4_file_format" title="MP4 file format">-17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP4_file_format" title="MP4 file format">-20</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14617" title="ISO 14617">14617</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14644" title="ISO 14644">14644</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STEP-NC" title="STEP-NC">14649</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_14651" title="ISO/IEC 14651">14651</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14698" title="ISO 14698">14698</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance">14764</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">14882</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14971" title="ISO 14971">14971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15022" title="ISO 15022">15022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15189" title="ISO 15189">15189</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15288" title="ISO/IEC 15288">15288</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ada_Semantic_Interface_Specification" title="Ada Semantic Interface Specification">15291</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15398" title="ISO 15398">15398</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Criteria" title="Common Criteria">15408</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_2000" title="JPEG 2000">15444</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motion_JPEG_2000" title="Motion JPEG 2000">-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPIP" title="JPIP">-9</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">15445</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF417" title="PDF417">15438</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15504" title="ISO/IEC 15504">15504</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Identifier_for_Libraries_and_Related_Organizations" title="International Standard Identifier for Libraries and Related Organizations">15511</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15686" title="ISO 15686">15686</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15693" title="ISO/IEC 15693">15693</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Audiovisual_Number" title="International Standard Audiovisual Number">15706</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Audiovisual_Number" title="International Standard Audiovisual Number">-2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Musical_Work_Code" title="International Standard Musical Work Code">15707</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15897" title="ISO/IEC 15897">15897</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15919" title="ISO 15919">15919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15924" title="ISO 15924">15924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15926" title="ISO 15926">15926</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15926_WIP" title="ISO 15926 WIP">15926 WIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF/X" title="PDF/X">15930</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-7" title="MPEG-7">15938</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MaxiCode" title="MaxiCode">16023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECMAScript" title="ECMAScript">16262</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_function_deployment" title="Quality function deployment">16355-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_raster_content" title="Mixed raster content">16485</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF/VT" title="PDF/VT">16612-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_16750" title="ISO 16750">16750</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IATF_16949" title="IATF 16949">16949 (TS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_17024" title="ISO/IEC 17024">17024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_17025" title="ISO/IEC 17025">17025</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_17100" title="ISO 17100">17100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Virtualization_Format" title="Open Virtualization Format">17203</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SDMX" title="SDMX">17369</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_Entity_Identifier" title="Legal Entity Identifier">17442</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COLLADA" title="COLLADA">17506</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27002" title="ISO/IEC 27002">17799</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QR_code" title="QR code">18004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_18014" title="ISO/IEC 18014">18014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XL" title="JPEG XL">18181</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_18245" title="ISO 18245">18245</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_Specification_Language" title="Process Specification Language">18629</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_Activity_Test" title="Photographic Activity Test">18916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF/A" title="PDF/A">19005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19011" title="ISO 19011">19011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19092-1" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 19092-1">19092</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19092-1" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 19092-1">-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19092-2" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 19092-2">-2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19114" title="ISO 19114">19114</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geospatial_metadata#ISO_19115:_Geographic_information_–_Metadata" title="Geospatial metadata">19115</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_Features" title="Simple Features">19125</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_Markup_Language#ISO_19136" title="Geography Markup Language">19136</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoe_size" title="Shoe size">19407</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19439" title="ISO 19439">19439</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Object_Request_Broker_Architecture" title="Common Object Request Broker Architecture">19500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Modeling_Language" title="Unified Modeling Language">19501</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-Object_Facility" title="Meta-Object Facility">19502</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML_Metadata_Interchange" title="XML Metadata Interchange">19503</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Modeling_Language" title="Unified Modeling Language">19505</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_Discovery_Metamodel" title="Knowledge Discovery Metamodel">19506</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_Constraint_Language" title="Object Constraint Language">19507</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-Object_Facility" title="Meta-Object Facility">19508</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML_Metadata_Interchange" title="XML Metadata Interchange">19509</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_Process_Model_and_Notation" title="Business Process Model and Notation">19510</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19600" title="ISO 19600">19600</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_19752" title="ISO/IEC 19752">19752</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RELAX_NG" title="RELAX NG">19757</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_19770" title="ISO/IEC 19770">19770</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X3D" title="X3D">19775-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_19794-5" title="ISO/IEC 19794-5">19794-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_Infrastructure_Management_Interface" title="Cloud Infrastructure Management Interface">19831</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20000–29999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_20000" title="ISO/IEC 20000">20000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_20022" title="ISO 20022">20022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_20121" title="ISO 20121">20121</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_20400" title="ISO 20400">20400</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Data_Protocol" title="Open Data Protocol">20802</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Xin_code" title="Han Xin code">20830</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-21" title="MPEG-21">21000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_21001" title="ISO 21001">21001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Text_Code" title="International Standard Text Code">21047</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XS" title="JPEG XS">21122</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_21500" title="ISO 21500">21500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_21827" title="ISO/IEC 21827">21827</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_22000" title="ISO 22000">22000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECMAScript" title="ECMAScript">22275</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_22300" title="ISO 22300">22300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_22301" title="ISO 22301">22301</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_22395" title="ISO 22395">22395</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECMAScript_for_XML" title="ECMAScript for XML">22537</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-A" title="MPEG-A">23000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-D" title="MPEG-D">23003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-H" title="MPEG-H">23008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Adaptive_Streaming_over_HTTP" title="Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP">23009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Versatile_Video_Coding" title="Versatile Video Coding">23090-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-G" title="MPEG-G">23092</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essential_Video_Coding" title="Essential Video Coding">23094-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LCEVC" title="LCEVC">23094-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">23270</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Language_Infrastructure" title="Common Language Infrastructure">23271</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_Standard_Base" title="Linux Standard Base">23360</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectangular_Micro_QR_Code" title="Rectangular Micro QR Code">23941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF/E" title="PDF/E">24517</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexical_Markup_Framework" title="Lexical Markup Framework">24613</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO-TimeML" title="ISO-TimeML">24617</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Logic" title="Common Logic">24707</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MicroPDF417" title="MicroPDF417">24728</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_25178" title="ISO 25178">25178</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_25964" title="ISO 25964">25964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_26000" title="ISO 26000">26000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_26262" title="ISO 26262">26262</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenDocument" title="OpenDocument">26300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">26324</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27000-series" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO/IEC 27000-series">27000 series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27000" title="ISO/IEC 27000">27000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27001" title="ISO/IEC 27001">27001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27002" title="ISO/IEC 27002">27002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27005" title="ISO/IEC 27005">27005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27006" title="ISO/IEC 27006">27006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Name_Identifier" title="International Standard Name Identifier">27729</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_28000" title="ISO 28000">28000</a></li> <li>29110</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Requirements_engineering" title="Requirements engineering">29148</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XR" title="JPEG XR">29199-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_Open_XML" title="Office Open XML">29500</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">30000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">30170</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31000" title="ISO 31000">31000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF" title="PDF">32000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_37001" title="ISO 37001">37001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_38500" title="ISO/IEC 38500">38500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graph_Query_Language" title="Graph Query Language">39075</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Content_Accessibility_Guidelines" title="Web Content Accessibility Guidelines">40500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_42010" title="ISO/IEC 42010">42010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_45001" title="ISO 45001">45001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_50001" title="ISO 50001">50001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_55000" title="ISO 55000">55000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_56000" title="ISO 56000">56000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_80000" title="ISO/IEC 80000">80000</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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