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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Creation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Creation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Creation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Different_Jewish_rites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Different_Jewish_rites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Different Jewish rites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Different_Jewish_rites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Complete_and_weekday_siddurim" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Complete_and_weekday_siddurim"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Complete and weekday siddurim</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Complete_and_weekday_siddurim-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variations_and_additions_on_holidays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variations_and_additions_on_holidays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Variations and additions on holidays</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variations_and_additions_on_holidays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_siddurim" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_siddurim"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Popular siddurim</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Popular_siddurim-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Popular siddurim subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Popular_siddurim-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ashkenazi_Orthodox" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ashkenazi_Orthodox"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Ashkenazi Orthodox</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ashkenazi_Orthodox-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hasidic_or_Nusach_Sefard_Siddurim" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hasidic_or_Nusach_Sefard_Siddurim"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Hasidic or Nusach Sefard Siddurim</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hasidic_or_Nusach_Sefard_Siddurim-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italian_Rite" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italian_Rite"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Italian Rite</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italian_Rite-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romaniote_Rite" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romaniote_Rite"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Romaniote Rite</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romaniote_Rite-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sephardic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sephardic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Sephardic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sephardic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Israel_and_diaspora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israel_and_diaspora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1</span> <span>Israel and diaspora</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israel_and_diaspora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Israeli,_following_Rabbi_Ovadia_Yosef" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israeli,_following_Rabbi_Ovadia_Yosef"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1.1</span> <span>Israeli, following Rabbi Ovadia Yosef</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israeli,_following_Rabbi_Ovadia_Yosef-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sephardic_Women's_Siddur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sephardic_Women's_Siddur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.2</span> <span>Sephardic Women's Siddur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sephardic_Women's_Siddur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spanish_and_Portuguese_Jews" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish_and_Portuguese_Jews"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.3</span> <span>Spanish and Portuguese Jews</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish_and_Portuguese_Jews-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greek,_Turkish_and_Balkan_Sephardim" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greek,_Turkish_and_Balkan_Sephardim"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.4</span> <span>Greek, Turkish and Balkan Sephardim</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greek,_Turkish_and_Balkan_Sephardim-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_African_Jews" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_African_Jews"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.5</span> <span>North African Jews</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_African_Jews-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Eastern_Mizrachim_(Sephardim)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Eastern_Mizrachim_(Sephardim)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.6</span> <span>Middle Eastern Mizrachim (Sephardim)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Eastern_Mizrachim_(Sephardim)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Edot_Ha-mizrach_(Iraqi)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Edot_Ha-mizrach_(Iraqi)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.6.1</span> <span>Edot Ha-mizrach (Iraqi)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Edot_Ha-mizrach_(Iraqi)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syrian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syrian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.6.2</span> <span>Syrian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syrian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yemenite_Jews_(Teimanim)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yemenite_Jews_(Teimanim)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Yemenite Jews (Teimanim)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yemenite_Jews_(Teimanim)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Baladi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baladi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.1</span> <span>Baladi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baladi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shami" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shami"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.2</span> <span>Shami</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shami-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Minhagei_Eretz_Yisrael" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minhagei_Eretz_Yisrael"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Minhagei Eretz Yisrael</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minhagei_Eretz_Yisrael-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conservative_Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservative_Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Conservative Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conservative_Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Progressive_and_Reform_Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Progressive_and_Reform_Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Progressive and Reform Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Progressive_and_Reform_Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reconstructionist_Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reconstructionist_Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>Reconstructionist Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reconstructionist_Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jewish_Renewal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jewish_Renewal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.10</span> <span>Jewish Renewal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jewish_Renewal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Feminist_siddurim" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feminist_siddurim"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Feminist siddurim</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feminist_siddurim-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Humanistic_and_atheist_siddurim" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Humanistic_and_atheist_siddurim"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Humanistic and atheist siddurim</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Humanistic_and_atheist_siddurim-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_siddurim" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_siddurim"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Other siddurim</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_siddurim-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Siddur</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">39 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddur" title="Siddur – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Siddur" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1" title="سيدور – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سيدور" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidur" title="Sidur – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sidur" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0" title="সিদ্দুর – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সিদ্দুর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%80" title="Сидур – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Сидур" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddour" title="Siddour – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Siddour" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidur" title="Sidur – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sidur" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddur" title="Siddur – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Siddur" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidur" title="Sidur – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sidur" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddur" title="Siddur – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Siddur" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddur" title="Siddur – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Siddur" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidur" title="Sidur – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sidur" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siduro" title="Siduro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Siduro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1" title="سیدور – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سیدور" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddour" title="Siddour – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Siddour" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0" title="सिद्दूर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सिद्दूर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddur" title="Siddur – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Siddur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddur" title="Siddur – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Siddur" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8" title="סידור – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סידור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidur" title="Sidur – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Sidur" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidurs" title="Sidurs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sidurs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidur" title="Sidur – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sidur" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1" title="سيدور – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سيدور" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidoer" title="Sidoer – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sidoer" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%83%E3%83%89%E3%82%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB" title="シッドゥール – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シッドゥール" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddur" title="Siddur – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Siddur" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidd%C3%BAr" title="Siddúr – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Siddúr" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidur" title="Sidur – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sidur" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidur" title="Sidur – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sidur" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddur" title="Siddur – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Siddur" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%80_(%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA)" title="Сидур (молитвенник) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сидур (молитвенник)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddur" title="Siddur – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Siddur" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%80" title="Сидур – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сидур" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidur" title="Sidur – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sidur" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddur" title="Siddur – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Siddur" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddur" title="Siddur – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Siddur" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddur" title="Siddur – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Siddur" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8" title="סידור – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="סידור" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li 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<div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Jewish prayerbook</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the sculptor, see <a href="/wiki/Vadim_Sidur" title="Vadim Sidur">Vadim Sidur</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%9E%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%94_%D7%94-9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%9E%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%94_%D7%94-9.jpg/220px-%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%9E%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%94_%D7%94-9.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%9E%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%94_%D7%94-9.jpg/330px-%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%9E%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%94_%D7%94-9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%9E%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%94_%D7%94-9.jpg/440px-%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%9E%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%94_%D7%94-9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="878" data-file-height="534" /></a><figcaption>The oldest known siddur in the world. From the 9th century<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>siddur</b> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">סִדּוּר</span> <i>sīddūr</i>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="he-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hebrew" title="Help:IPA/Hebrew">[siˈduʁ,<span class="wrap"> </span>'sɪdəʁ]</a></span>; plural <b>siddurim</b> <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">סִדּוּרִים</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="he-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hebrew" title="Help:IPA/Hebrew">[siduˈʁim]</a></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Jewish</a> <a href="/wiki/Prayer_book" title="Prayer book">prayer book</a> containing a set order of <a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_prayers_and_blessings" title="List of Jewish prayers and blessings">daily prayers</a>. The word <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">siddur</i></span> comes from the Hebrew root <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ס־ד־ר</span>‎, meaning 'order.' </p><p>Other terms for prayer books are <i>tefillot</i> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">תְּפִלּוֹת‎</span></span>) among <a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi Jews">Sephardi Jews</a>, <i>tefillah</i> among <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Germany" title="History of the Jews in Germany">German Jews</a>, and <i>tiklāl</i> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">תכלאל</span></span>) among <a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Yemenite Jews</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siddur&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest parts of <a href="/wiki/Jewish_prayer" title="Jewish prayer">Jewish prayer</a> books are the <i><a href="/wiki/Shema_Yisrael" class="mw-redirect" title="Shema Yisrael">Shema Yisrael</a></i> ("Hear O Israel") (<a href="/wiki/Deuteronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a> 6:4 <i>et seq</i>) and the <a href="/wiki/Priestly_Blessing" title="Priestly Blessing">Priestly Blessing</a> (<a href="/wiki/Book_of_Numbers" title="Book of Numbers">Numbers</a> 6:24-26), which are in the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>. A set of eighteen (currently nineteen) blessings called the <i>Shemoneh Esreh</i> or the <i><a href="/wiki/Amidah" title="Amidah">Amidah</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>, "standing [prayer]"), is traditionally ascribed to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Assembly" title="Great Assembly">Great Assembly</a> in the time of <a href="/wiki/Ezra" title="Ezra">Ezra</a>, at the end of the biblical period.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name <i>Shemoneh Esreh</i>, literally "eighteen", is a historical anachronism, since it now contains nineteen blessings. It was only near the end of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a> that the eighteen prayers of the weekday Amidah became standardized. Even at that time their precise wording and order was not yet fixed, and varied from locale to locale. Many modern scholars<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (March 2021)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> believe that parts of the Amidah came from the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> <a href="/wiki/Apocrypha" title="Apocrypha">apocryphal</a> work <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Sirach" title="Book of Sirach">Ben Sira</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a>, soon after the destruction of the <a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Temple in Jerusalem</a> a formal version of the Amidah was adopted at a rabbinical council in <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jamnia" title="Council of Jamnia">Yavne</a>, under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Gamaliel_II" title="Gamaliel II">Gamaliel II</a> and his colleagues. However, the precise wording was still left open. The order, general ideas, opening and closing lines were fixed. Most of the wording was left to the individual reader. It was not until several centuries later that the prayers began to be formally fixed. By the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> the texts of the prayers were nearly fixed, and in the form in which they are still used today, albeït with significant variations across communities. </p><p>The Siddur was printed by <a href="/wiki/Soncino_family_(printers)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soncino family (printers)">Soncino</a> in Italy as early as 1486, though a Siddur was first mass-distributed only in 1865.<sup id="cite_ref-Jager-JPost-2007_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jager-JPost-2007-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Siddur began appearing in the <a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">vernacular</a> as early as 1538.<sup id="cite_ref-Jager-JPost-2007_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jager-JPost-2007-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first English <a href="/wiki/Translation" title="Translation">translation</a> was published in London in 1738 by an author writing under the <a href="/wiki/Pseudonym" title="Pseudonym">pseudonym</a> Gamaliel ben Pedahzur; a different translation was released in the United States in 1837.<sup id="cite_ref-Jager-JPost-2007_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jager-JPost-2007-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Creation">Creation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siddur&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Creation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Readings from the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> (five books of Moses) and the <a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a> ("Prophets") form part of the prayer services. To this framework various Jewish sages added, from time to time, various prayers, and, for festivals especially, numerous hymns. </p><p>The earliest existing codification of the prayerbook was drawn up by <a href="/wiki/Amram_ben_Sheshna" title="Amram ben Sheshna">Amram ben Sheshna</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sura_Academy" title="Sura Academy">Sura Academy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sawad" title="Sawad">Sawad</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a>, an area known as "Babylonia" in Jewish texts, about 850 CE (<i>Seder Rav ʿAmram</i>). Half a century later, <a href="/wiki/Saadia_Gaon" title="Saadia Gaon">Saadia Gaon</a>, also of Sura, composed a siddur (see <a href="/wiki/Siddur_of_Saadia_Gaon" title="Siddur of Saadia Gaon">Siddur of Saadia Gaon</a>), in which the rubrical matter is in <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic" title="Judeo-Arabic">Judeo-Arabic</a>. These were the basis of <a href="/wiki/Simhah_ben_Samuel_of_Vitry" title="Simhah ben Samuel of Vitry">Simhah ben Samuel of Vitry</a>'s 11th century <i>Machzor Vitry</i>, which was based on the ideas of his teacher, <a href="/wiki/Rashi" title="Rashi">Rashi</a>. Another formulation of the prayers was that appended by <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a> to the Book of Love in his <i><a href="/wiki/Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah">Mishneh Torah</a></i>: this forms the basis of the <a href="/wiki/Baladi-rite_prayer" title="Baladi-rite prayer">Yemenite liturgy</a>, and has had some influence on other rites. From this point forward all Jewish prayerbooks had the same basic order and contents. </p><p>Two authoritative versions of the Ashkenazi siddur were those of Shabbetai Sofer in the 16th century and Seligman Baer in the 19th century; siddurim have also been published reflecting the views of <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Emden" title="Jacob Emden">Jacob Emden</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Vilna_Gaon" title="Vilna Gaon">Vilna Gaon</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Different_Jewish_rites">Different Jewish rites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siddur&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Different Jewish rites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nusach_(Jewish_custom)" title="Nusach (Jewish custom)">Nusach (Jewish custom)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sibir1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Sibir1.jpg/220px-Sibir1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Sibir1.jpg/330px-Sibir1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Sibir1.jpg/440px-Sibir1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="802" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nusach_Ashkenaz" title="Nusach Ashkenaz">Nusach Ashkenaz</a> Siddur from <a href="/wiki/Irkutsk" title="Irkutsk">Irkutsk</a>, Russia, printed in 1918</figcaption></figure> <p>There are differences among, amongst others, the <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_law_and_customs#Liturgy" title="Sephardic law and customs">Sephardic</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Spanish_and_Portuguese_Jews" title="Spanish and Portuguese Jews">Spanish and Portuguese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mizrachim" class="mw-redirect" title="Mizrachim">Mizrachim</a>), <a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Teimani</a> (Yemenite), <a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazic</a> (divided into German, Polish and other European and eastern-European rites), <a href="/wiki/Italian_Jews#Italian_rite_Jews" title="Italian Jews">Bené Roma or Italkim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romaniote_Jews" title="Romaniote Jews">Romaniote</a> (Greek, once extending to Turkey, Crimea and the southern Italian peninsula) and also <a href="/wiki/Persian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Jews">Persian</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kurdistan" title="History of the Jews in Kurdistan">Kurdish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jews" title="Bukharan Jews">Bukharian</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in Georgia">Georgian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mountain_Jews" title="Mountain Jews">Mountain Jewish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Ethiopian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cochin_Jews" title="Cochin Jews">Cochin-Jewish</a> liturgies. Most of these are slight differences in the wording of the prayers; for instance, Oriental Sephardic and some Hasidic prayer books state "חננו מאתך חכמה בינה ודעת", "Graciously bestow upon us from You wisdom (<i><a href="/wiki/Chokmah" title="Chokmah">ḥochmah</a></i>), understanding (<i><a href="/wiki/Binah_(Kabbalah)" title="Binah (Kabbalah)">binah</a></i>) and knowledge (<i><a href="/wiki/Daat" class="mw-redirect" title="Daat">daat</a></i>)", in allusion to the <a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalistic</a> <a href="/wiki/Sefirot" title="Sefirot">sefirot</a> of those names, while the Nusach Ashkenaz, as well as <a href="/wiki/Spanish_and_Portuguese_Jews" title="Spanish and Portuguese Jews">Western Sephardic</a> and other Hasidic versions retain the older wording "חננו מאתך דעה בינה והשכל", "Graciously bestow upon us from You knowledge, understanding, and reason". In some cases, however, the order of the preparation for the Amidah is drastically different, reflecting the different halakhic and kabbalistic formulae that the various scholars relied on in assembling their prayer books, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Minhag" title="Minhag">minhagim</a>, or customs, or their locales. </p><p>Some forms of the Sephardic rite are considered to be very overtly <a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">kabbalistic</a>, depending on how far they reflect the ritual of <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Luria" title="Isaac Luria">Isaac Luria</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Lurianic_Kabbalah" title="Lurianic Kabbalah">Lurianic Kabbalah</a>). This is partly because the <a href="/wiki/Tetragrammaton" title="Tetragrammaton">Tetragrammaton</a> frequently appears with varying vowel points beneath the letters (unpronounced, but to be meditated upon) and different <a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">Names of God</a> appear in small print within the final hei (ה) of the Tetragrammaton. In some editions, there is a Psalm in the preparations for the <a href="/wiki/Amidah" title="Amidah">Amidah</a> that is printed in the outline of a <a href="/wiki/Menorah_(Temple)" class="mw-redirect" title="Menorah (Temple)">menorah</a>, and the worshipper meditates on this shape as he recites the psalm. </p><p>While the Ashkenazic rite does contain some kabbalistic elements, such as acrostics and allusions to the sefirot ("To You, God, is the greatness [gedullah], and the might [gevurah], and the glory [tiferet], longevity [netzach],..." etc.), these are not easily seen unless the reader is already initiated. It is notable that although many other traditions avoid using the poem <a href="/wiki/Anim_Zemirot" title="Anim Zemirot">Anim Zemiroth</a> on the Sabbath, for fear that its holiness would be less appreciated due to the frequency of the Sabbath, the poem is usually sung by Ashkenazi congregations before concluding the Sabbath <a href="/wiki/Musaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Musaf">Musaf</a> service with the daily psalm. The ark is opened for the duration of the song. </p><p>Hasidim, though usually ethnically Ashkenazi, usually use liturgies with varying degrees of Sephardic influence, such as <a href="/wiki/Nusach_Sefard" title="Nusach Sefard">Nusach Sefard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nusach_Ari" title="Nusach Ari">Nusach Ari</a>, in order to follow the order of the prayers set by <a href="/wiki/Rabbi_Isaac_Luria" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabbi Isaac Luria">Rabbi Isaac Luria</a>, often called "Ari HaKadosh", or "The Holy Lion". Although the Ari himself was born Ashkenazi, he borrowed many elements from Sephardi and other traditions, since he felt that they followed Kabbalah and <a href="/wiki/Halacha" class="mw-redirect" title="Halacha">Halacha</a> more faithfully. The Ari did not publish any siddur, but orally transmitted his particular usages to his students with interpretations and certain meditations.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many siddurim containing some form of the Sephardic rite together with the usages of the Ari were published, both by actual Sephardic communities and for the use of Hasidim and other Ashkenazim interested in Kabbalah. In 1803, Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Schneur_Zalman_of_Liadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Schneur Zalman of Liadi">Schneur Zalman of Liadi</a> compiled an authoritative siddur from the sixty siddurim that he checked for compliance with Hebrew grammar, Jewish law, and Kabbalah: some call this siddur "Nusach Ari", and is used by <a href="/wiki/Chabad" title="Chabad">Lubavitch Hasidim</a>. Those that use Nusach HaAri claim that it is an all-encompassing nusach that is valid for any Jew, no matter what his ancestral tribe or identity,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a view attributed to the <a href="/wiki/Maggid_of_Mezeritch" class="mw-redirect" title="Maggid of Mezeritch">Maggid of Mezeritch</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Mahzor" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahzor">Mahzor</a> of each rite is distinguished by hymns (<i><a href="/wiki/Piyyut" title="Piyyut">piyyutim</a></i>). The most important writers are <a href="/wiki/Jose_ben_Jose" title="Jose ben Jose">Jose ben Jose</a>, probably in the 4th-5th century CE, chiefly known for his compositions for <a href="/wiki/Rosh_Hashanah" title="Rosh Hashanah">Rosh Hashanah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur" title="Yom Kippur">Yom Kippur</a>; <a href="/wiki/Yanai_(Payetan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yanai (Payetan)">Yanai</a>; <a href="/wiki/Eleazar_Kalir" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleazar Kalir">Eleazar Kalir</a>, the founder of the payyetanic style, perhaps in the 7th century; <a href="/wiki/Saadia_Gaon" title="Saadia Gaon">Saadia Gaon</a>; the Spanish school, consisting of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_ibn_Abitur" title="Joseph ibn Abitur">Joseph ibn Abitur</a> (died in 970), <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Gabirol" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Gabirol">ibn Gabirol</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaac_Gayyath&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isaac Gayyath (page does not exist)">Isaac Gayyath</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moses_ibn_Ezra" title="Moses ibn Ezra">Moses ibn Ezra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abraham_ibn_Ezra" title="Abraham ibn Ezra">Abraham ibn Ezra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judah_ha-Levi" class="mw-redirect" title="Judah ha-Levi">Judah ha-Levi</a>, Moses ben Nahman (<a href="/wiki/Nahmanides" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahmanides">Nahmanides</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Luria" title="Isaac Luria">Isaac Luria</a>; and the Ashkenazic and French schools including <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shimon_bar_Yitzchak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shimon bar Yitzchak (page does not exist)">Shimon bar Yitzchak</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Meir_bar_Yitzchak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meir bar Yitzchak (page does not exist)">Meir bar Yitzchak</a> and many others. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Luria" title="Isaac Luria">Ari</a> recited only early piyyutim, such as those by <a href="/wiki/Eleazar_Kalir" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleazar Kalir">Eleazar Kalir</a>, but did not like the Sephardic piyyutim.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, on holidays he would daven (recite the prescribed liturgical prayers) with Ashkenazim -- as opposed to his practice the rest of the year to daven with Sephardim -- in order to recite their piyyutim, which include many more earlier piyyutim. For this reason, many Hasidim (such Belz and Viznitz) recite many piyyutim on Yom Tov and the sabbaths of the four special portions preceding <a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a> in accordance with the practice of the Ari. However, in Sephardic communities which accepted most of the practices of the Ari, they never accepted the Ashkenazic piyyutim. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Complete_and_weekday_siddurim">Complete and weekday siddurim</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siddur&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Complete and weekday siddurim"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some siddurim have only prayers for weekdays; others have prayers for weekdays and <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a>. Many have prayers for weekdays, Shabbat, and the <a href="/wiki/Three_Pilgrimage_Festivals" title="Three Pilgrimage Festivals">three Biblical festivals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sukkot" title="Sukkot">Sukkot</a> (the feast of Tabernacles), <a href="/wiki/Shavuot" title="Shavuot">Shavuot</a> (the feast of weeks) and <a href="/wiki/Pesach" class="mw-redirect" title="Pesach">Pesach</a> (Passover). The latter are referred to as a <i>Siddur Shalem</i> ("complete siddur"). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variations_and_additions_on_holidays">Variations and additions on holidays</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siddur&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Variations and additions on holidays"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sidur_%C5%9Blubny_z_domu_Szymona_Klugera_w_O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cimiu,_M%C5%BB-305-O.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Sidur_%C5%9Blubny_z_domu_Szymona_Klugera_w_O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cimiu%2C_M%C5%BB-305-O.jpg/220px-Sidur_%C5%9Blubny_z_domu_Szymona_Klugera_w_O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cimiu%2C_M%C5%BB-305-O.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Sidur_%C5%9Blubny_z_domu_Szymona_Klugera_w_O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cimiu%2C_M%C5%BB-305-O.jpg/330px-Sidur_%C5%9Blubny_z_domu_Szymona_Klugera_w_O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cimiu%2C_M%C5%BB-305-O.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Sidur_%C5%9Blubny_z_domu_Szymona_Klugera_w_O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cimiu%2C_M%C5%BB-305-O.jpg/440px-Sidur_%C5%9Blubny_z_domu_Szymona_Klugera_w_O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cimiu%2C_M%C5%BB-305-O.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>A siddur created on the occasion of a wedding in 1971, Oświęcim. Collection of the <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_Jewish_Center_in_O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim" title="Auschwitz Jewish Center in Oświęcim">Auschwitz Jewish Center</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>There are many additional liturgical variations and additions to the siddur for the <i>Yamim Noraim</i> (The "Days of Awe"; High Holy Days, i.e. <i>Rosh HaShanah</i> and <i>Yom Kippur</i>). As such, a special siddur has developed for just this period, known as a <i><a href="/wiki/Mahzor" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahzor">mahzor</a></i> (also: <i>machzor</i>). The <i>mahzor</i> contains not only the basic liturgy, but also many <i>piyyutim</i>, Hebrew liturgical poems. Sometimes the term <i>mahzor</i> is also used for the prayer books for the <a href="/wiki/Three_Pilgrimage_Festivals" title="Three Pilgrimage Festivals">Three Pilgrimage Festivals</a>, Pesach, Shavuot and Sukkot.</li> <li>On <i><a href="/wiki/Tisha_b%27Av" class="mw-redirect" title="Tisha b'Av">Tisha b'Av</a></i>, a special siddur is used that includes the text of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Lamentations" title="Book of Lamentations">Book of Lamentations</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haftarah" class="mw-redirect" title="Haftarah">Haftarah</a> readings for that day, and <i><a href="/wiki/Kinnot" title="Kinnot">Kinnot</a></i> or special mournful piyyutim for that day. This siddur is usually called "<i>Kinot</i>" as well. Traditionally, every year many Jews hope that the <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a> will come and the <a href="/wiki/Third_Temple" title="Third Temple">Third Temple</a> will be rebuilt, so <i>Tisha b'Av</i> will not happen again. So after the fast ends, many traditions place their <i>Kinot</i> siddurim in a <i><a href="/wiki/Geniza" class="mw-redirect" title="Geniza">geniza</a></i>, or a burial place for sacred texts.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popular_siddurim">Popular siddurim</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siddur&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Popular siddurim"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Below are listed many popular siddurim used by religious Jews. This list mostly excludes prayer books specifically for the High Holidays; see <a href="/wiki/Machzor#Popular_versions" title="Machzor">Machzor (Popular versions)</a>. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siddurim.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Siddurim.JPG/350px-Siddurim.JPG" decoding="async" width="350" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Siddurim.JPG/525px-Siddurim.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Siddurim.JPG/700px-Siddurim.JPG 2x" data-file-width="914" data-file-height="447" /></a><figcaption>Variety of popular Siddurim.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ashkenazi_Orthodox">Ashkenazi Orthodox</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siddur&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ashkenazi Orthodox"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox Judaism</a></div> <ul><li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://korenpub.com/products/rca-siddur-avodat-halevhardcoverstandardashkenaz">Siddur Avodat HaLev</a></i>, ed. Rabbi Basil Herring (the new siddur from the <a href="/wiki/Rabbinical_Council_of_America" title="Rabbinical Council of America">Rabbinical Council of America</a>, published 2018)</li> <li><i>The <a href="/wiki/Authorised_Daily_Prayer_Book" title="Authorised Daily Prayer Book">Authorised Daily Prayer Book</a></i> (also known as the "Hertz Siddur"), ed. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hertz" title="Joseph Hertz">Joseph Hertz</a>. NY, Block Publ'g Co., rev. ed. 1948. (an annotated edition of "<a href="/wiki/Simeon_Singer#Works" title="Simeon Singer">Singer</a>'s Prayer Book" of 1890)(Hebrew-English)</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/PhilipBirnbaumHaSiddurHaShalemTheDailyPrayerBook1949/page/n2/mode/2up">Siddur Ha-Shalem</a></i> (also known as the <i>Birnbaum Siddur</i>) Ed. <a href="/wiki/Philip_Birnbaum" title="Philip Birnbaum">Philip Birnbaum</a>. The Hebrew Publishing Company. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88482-054-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-88482-054-8">0-88482-054-8</a> (Hebrew-English)</li> <li><i>The Metsudah Siddur: A New Linear Prayer Book</i> Ziontalis. (Hebrew-English)</li> <li><i>The Authorised Daily Prayer Book of the British Commonwealth</i>, translation by Chief Rabbi Sir <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Sacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonathan Sacks">Jonathan Sacks</a> (the new version of "<a href="/wiki/Simeon_Singer#Works" title="Simeon Singer">Singer</a>'s Prayer Book") (Hebrew-English)</li> <li><i>The <a href="/wiki/Artscroll" class="mw-redirect" title="Artscroll">Artscroll</a> Siddur</i>, Mesorah Publications (multiple editions, including an interlinear translation) (Hebrew, Hebrew-English, Hebrew-Russian, Hebrew-Spanish, Hebrew-French) The "great innovation" of the Artscroll was that it was the first siddur that "made it possible for even a neophyte <a href="/wiki/Baal_teshuva" title="Baal teshuva">ba’al teshuvah</a> (returnee to the faith) to function gracefully in the act of prayer, bowing at the correct junctures, standing, sitting and stepping back" at the correct place in the service.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Siddur <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hebrewbooks.org/19723">Saffah Berurah</a></i> and <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hebrewbooks.org/43492">Sfat Emet</a></i>, also known as the <a href="/wiki/Rodelheim" class="mw-redirect" title="Rodelheim">Rodelheim</a> Siddur. Edited by <a href="/wiki/Wolf_Heidenheim" title="Wolf Heidenheim">Wolf Heidenheim</a> and in use in many editions for the last two hundred years, and they are still used in many <a href="/wiki/Yekkish" class="mw-redirect" title="Yekkish">Yekkish</a> communities. In the same general family is the <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hebrewbooks.org/42807">Siddur Avodat Yisrael</a></i>, edited by <a href="/wiki/Seligman_Baer" title="Seligman Baer">Seligman Baer</a>; the siddur contains the piyyutim for shabbatot, and there are two version containing the piyyutim of the Western and Eastern Ashkenazic rites.</li> <li><i>Siddur <a href="/wiki/Rinat_Yisrael" title="Rinat Yisrael">Rinat Yisrael</a></i>, <i>Hotsa'at Moreshet</i>, <a href="/wiki/Bnei_Brak" title="Bnei Brak">Bnei Brak</a>, Israel. (In a number of versions, popular in Israel.) (Hebrew)</li> <li><i>Siddur Siach Yitzchak</i> (Hebrew and Dutch), Nederlands-Israelitisch Kerkgenootschap, Amsterdam 1975 (in a number of editions since 1975) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-71727-04-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-71727-04-7">978-90-71727-04-7</a></li> <li><i>Siddur Tefilas Kol Peh</i> (Hebrew)</li> <li><i>Siddur Tefilas Sh'ai</i>, Feldheim Publishers : Israel/New York (Hebrew)</li> <li><i>Siddur HaGra</i> (reflecting views of the <a href="/wiki/Vilna_Gaon" title="Vilna Gaon">Vilna Gaon</a>)</li> <li><i>Siddur Aliyos Eliyahu</i> (Popular among followers of the Vilna Gaon who live in Israel and abroad) (Hebrew)</li> <li><i>Siddur Ezor Eliyahu</i> - An attempt to reconstruct the actual Nusach of the <a href="/wiki/Vilna_Gaon" title="Vilna Gaon">Vilna Gaon</a></li> <li><i>Siddur Kol Bo</i> (Hebrew)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Koren_Siddur" title="Koren Siddur">Koren Sacks Siddur</a></i> (Hebrew-English), <a href="/wiki/Koren_Publishers_Jerusalem" title="Koren Publishers Jerusalem">Koren Publishers Jerusalem</a>: based on latest Singer's prayer book, above (described as the first siddur to "pose a fresh challenge to the ArtScroll dominance."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</li> <li>Siddur <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nehalel.com/index.html"><i>Nehalel beShabbat</i></a>, the complete <i>Shabbat</i> siddur in the projected siddur <i>Nehalel</i> series (Nevarech Press, Hebrew and English), which contain photographs juxtaposed with the text to depict its meaning and enhance <i><a href="/wiki/Kavanah" title="Kavanah">kavanah</a></i>, a central requirement of authentic prayer.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>A rendering of both the siddur and the entire high holy day prayer book into English rhymed verse has been made by Rabbi Dr. Jeffrey M Cohen. The Siddur in Poetry (London, Gnesia Publications, 2012) and The Machzor in Poetry (London, Gnesia Publications, 2012).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hasidic_or_Nusach_Sefard_Siddurim"><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nusach_Sefard" title="Nusach Sefard">Nusach Sefard</a> Siddurim</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siddur&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Hasidic or Nusach Sefard Siddurim"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hebrewbooks.org/20654">Seder Hatefillah</a>, Zolkeve 1781. This is the siddur of the Kloyze in Brod, and is arguably the first Nusach Sefard siddur.</li> <li>"Siddur Tefilah Yesharah," first published circa 1800, was later reprinted with the early Hasidic commentary "Keser Nehora" by Rabbi Aharon Hakohen (Katz) of Zhelichov. This became known as the "Berditchever Siddur." (The commentary received approbations from early Hasidic luminaries Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Levi_Yitzchok_of_Berditchev" title="Levi Yitzchok of Berditchev">Levi Yitzchok of Berditchev</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Maggid_of_Kozhnitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Maggid of Kozhnitz">Maggid of Kozhnitz</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Seer_of_Lublin" class="mw-redirect" title="Seer of Lublin">Seer of Lublin</a>, and the non-Hasidic Chief Rabbi of Lublin.) The Berditchever Siddur has been reprinted many times, more recently by Rabbi Meir Yechezkel Weiner (Jerusalem 2011) and Pe’er (Kiryas Joel 2015).</li> <li><i>Beis Aharon V'Yisrael</i> is the second published siddur ever produced by <a href="/wiki/Karlin-Stolin_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Karlin-Stolin (Hasidic dynasty)">Karliner Chassidim</a>. It superseded <i>Siddur Beis Aharon V'Yisrael</i> published by Rebbe Yochanan Perlow (1900–1956).</li> <li><i>The Breslov Siddur</i> published in a 2014 hardcover edition (828 pages in length) is one of the few Hasidic siddurim available in an English language translation (and contains the original text). Translated by Avraham Sutton and Chaim Kramer. Y. Hall is the editor.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1928822-83-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1928822-83-7">978-1928822-83-7</a></li> <li><i>Siddur <a href="/wiki/Tehillat_HaShem" class="mw-redirect" title="Tehillat HaShem">Tehillat HaShem</a></i> (the version currently used by <a href="/wiki/Chabad" title="Chabad">Chabad</a>), available in a Hebrew-English version. Also available in Hebrew-Russian and Hebrew-German<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as in Hebrew-French, Hebrew-Spanish and Hebrew only.</li> <li><i>Siddur Torah Or</i> (a previous edition of the Chabad siddur).</li> <li><i>Siddur Tefillah La-El Chayi</i> (Hebrew-English siddur released in 2014 with commentary based on the teachings of <a href="/wiki/Nachman_of_Breslov" title="Nachman of Breslov">Nachman of Breslov</a>)</li> <li>Many publishing houses have Nusach Sefard versions of the siddur, including (among others) ArtScroll, Tefillat Kol Peh, Koren-Sacks and Rinat Yisrael. However, a number of Hasidic groups have published their own variations of Nusach Sefard, including the communities of Spinka, Bobov, Munkatch, Slonim, Vizhnitz, Biala and Boston (who use the nusach of the Berditchever Siddur with a few minor variations). Many Hasidim follow a unique version of Nusach Sefard - for example, all of the branches of <a href="/wiki/Chernobyl_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Chernobyl (Hasidic dynasty)">Chernobyl hasidim</a> recite ויקרב <b>קץ</b> משיחיה in the Kaddish. In <a href="/wiki/Belz_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Belz (Hasidic dynasty)">Belz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dushinsky_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Dushinsky (Hasidic dynasty)">Dushinsky</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Shemoneh_Esrei" class="mw-redirect" title="Shemoneh Esrei">Shemoneh Esrei</a> (except for <a href="/wiki/Kedushah_(prayer)" title="Kedushah (prayer)">kedusha</a> and a few other minor changes) is recited similarly to the Ashkenazic rite.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italian_Rite">Italian Rite</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siddur&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Italian Rite"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Italian_Jews" title="Italian Jews">Italian Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Nusach" title="Italian Nusach">Italian Nusach</a></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/he/books/NNL_ALEPH001993278/NLI">1486 Italian Machzor</a>. This is the first machzor of any type ever printed.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/he/books/NNL_ALEPH001994499/NLI">Machzor Shadal</a></li> <li><i>The Complete Italian Rite Machazor</i> (3 vols.)</li> <li><i>Mahzor Ke-Minhag Roma</i>, ed. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bonfil" title="Robert Bonfil">Robert Bonfil</a>, Jerusalem 2012, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-965-493-621-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-965-493-621-7">978-965-493-621-7</a></li> <li>Angelo Piattelli and Hillel Sermoneta (eds.), Seder Tefilloth ke-minhag benè Roma, Jerusalem 2014. A full set of Machzorim is also available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.angelopiattelli.com/prayer-books-">here</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romaniote_Rite">Romaniote Rite</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siddur&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Romaniote Rite"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Romaniote_Jews" title="Romaniote Jews">Romaniote Jews</a></div> <ul><li>The Romaniote Rite, 2017/18 (a series containing the Siddur, Piyyutim, the Haftarot readings and a <a href="/wiki/Haggadah" title="Haggadah">Haggadah</a> according to the old Romaniote Rite<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/he/books/NNL_ALEPH001163513/NLI">Romaniote Machzor</a>, Venice 1524.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hebrewbooks.org/42202">Romaniote Machzor</a>, Venice 1665. Most of the <a href="/wiki/Piyyutim" class="mw-redirect" title="Piyyutim">piyyutim</a> included in the previous edition have been eliminated.</li> <li>"Mekor Chayim: A Reform Liturgy for Erev Shabbat Based on the Romaniote Rite", Greenberg, Yonatan, Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion, Cincinnati, 236 pages, 2018.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siddur_Tefila.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Siddur_Tefila.jpg/220px-Siddur_Tefila.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Siddur_Tefila.jpg/330px-Siddur_Tefila.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Siddur_Tefila.jpg/440px-Siddur_Tefila.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>1803 Sephardic prayer book, in the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Museum_of_Switzerland" title="Jewish Museum of Switzerland">Jewish Museum of Switzerland</a>’s collection. </figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sephardic">Sephardic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siddur&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sephardic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Sephardic_prayer_books" title="List of Sephardic prayer books">List of Sephardic prayer books</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Israel_and_diaspora">Israel and diaspora</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siddur&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Israel and diaspora"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Siddur <a href="/wiki/Rinat_Yisrael" title="Rinat Yisrael">Rinat Yisrael</a> <a href="/wiki/Sephardic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardic">Sephardic</a> and Edot ha-Mizrach Nusach</i> edited by Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Amram_Aburbeh" title="Amram Aburbeh">Amram Aburbeh</a>. (Hebrew, big clear modern Hebrew fonts)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Israeli,_following_Rabbi_Ovadia_Yosef"><span id="Israeli.2C_following_Rabbi_Ovadia_Yosef"></span>Israeli, following Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Ovadia_Yosef" title="Ovadia Yosef">Ovadia Yosef</a></h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siddur&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Israeli, following Rabbi Ovadia Yosef"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These siddurim follow the <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">halakha</a> of Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Ovadia_Yosef" title="Ovadia Yosef">Ovadia Yosef</a> (1920–2013)<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmudic</a> scholar, and <a href="/wiki/Posek" title="Posek">authority</a> on Jewish religious law, and spiritual leader of Israel's ultra-orthodox <a href="/wiki/Shas" title="Shas">Shas</a> party. Yosef believed that the Sephardic halakhic tradition favoured leniency, and these principles are reflected in his siddurim. please note, these siddurim are also for the Edot Ha-mizrach communities. </p> <ul><li><i>Ohr V’Derech Sephardic Siddur</i></li> <li><i>Siddur Yeḥavveh Daat</i></li> <li><i>Siddur Avodat Ha-shem</i></li> <li><i>Siddur Ḥazon Ovadia</i></li> <li><i>Siddur L'maan Shmo</i></li> <li><i>Siddur Ha-Miforash Kavanat Halev</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sephardic_Women's_Siddur"><span id="Sephardic_Women.27s_Siddur"></span>Sephardic Women's Siddur</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siddur&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sephardic Women's Siddur"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some notable editions are: </p> <ul><li><i>Avodat Hashem -l'bat yisrael- with psalms</i></li> <li><i>Ha-Siddur Ha-Meforash Kavanat Halev -l'bat yisrael- with psalms</i></li> <li><i>Avodah Shebalev- L'bat yisrael- with psalms</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spanish_and_Portuguese_Jews">Spanish and Portuguese Jews</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siddur&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Spanish and Portuguese Jews"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_and_Portuguese_Jews" title="Spanish and Portuguese Jews">Spanish and Portuguese Jews</a></div> <p><i>(Characterised by relative absence of <a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalistic</a> elements:)</i> </p> <ul><li><i>Book of Prayer: According to the Custom of the Spanish and Portuguese Jews</i> <a href="/wiki/David_de_Sola_Pool" title="David de Sola Pool">David de Sola Pool</a>, New York: Union of Sephardic Congregations, 1979</li> <li><i>Book of Prayer of the Spanish and Portuguese Jews’ Congregation, London. Volume One: Daily and occasional prayers.</i> Oxford (Oxford Univ. Press, <a href="/wiki/Vivian_Ridler" title="Vivian Ridler">Vivian Ridler</a>), 5725 - 1965.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Greek,_Turkish_and_Balkan_Sephardim"><span id="Greek.2C_Turkish_and_Balkan_Sephardim"></span>Greek, Turkish and Balkan Sephardim</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siddur&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Greek, Turkish and Balkan Sephardim"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>(Usually characterised by presence of <a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalistic</a> elements:)</i> </p> <ul><li><i>Mahzor LeYom Kippur-Proseuchologion tes hemeras tou Exilasmou</i> (Hebrew-Greek) According to the Sephardic Rite of Thessalonike, Athens 1969</li> <li><i>Siddur Sha'arei Tefillah-Ai Pylai ton Proseuchon</i> (Hebrew-Greek) Prayerbook for the whole year, Athens 1974</li> <li><i>Siddur Zehut Yosef</i> (Daily and Shabbat) According to the Rhodes and Turkish Traditions, Hazzan Isaac Azose, Seattle, Washington: Sephardic Traditions Foundation, 2002</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="North_African_Jews">North African Jews</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siddur&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: North African Jews"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>(Usually characterised by presence of <a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalistic</a> elements, except for the Moroccan siddurim which generally contain fewer Kabbalistic elements:)</i> </p> <ul><li><i>Siddur Od Abinu Ḥai</i> ed. Levi Nahum: Jerusalem (Hebrew only, Livorno text, Libyan tradition)</li> <li><i>Mahzor Od Abinu Ḥai</i> ed. Levi Nahum (5 vols.): Jerusalem (Hebrew only, Livorno text, Libyan tradition)</li> <li><i>Siddur Vezaraḥ Hashemesh</i>, ed. <a href="/wiki/Chalom_Messas" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalom Messas">Messas</a>: Jerusalem (Hebrew only, Meknes tradition)</li> <li><i>Siddur Ish Matzliaḥ</i>, ed. Mazuz, Machon ha-Rav Matzliah: B'nei Brak (Hebrew only, Djerba tradition)</li> <li><i>Siddur Farḥi</i> (Hebrew with Arabic translation, Egypt)</li> <li><i>Siddur Tefillat ha-Ḥodesh</i>, ed. David Levi, Erez : Jerusalem (Hebrew only, Livorno text, Moroccan, Algerian and Tunisian traditions) <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061113134147/http://www.orvishua.org.il/heb/books/dif.php">[1]</a></li> <li><i>Siddur Patah Eliyahou</i>, ed. Joseph Charbit, Colbo: Paris (Hebrew and French, Moroccan, Algerian and Tunisian traditions)<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.today/20130103215146/http://www.librairie-du-progres.com/shopdisplayproducts.asp?id=1458&cat=La+Pri%E8re+Juive">[2]</a></li> <li><i>Mahzor Zechor le-Avraham</i>, Yarid ha-Sefarim : Jerusalem (Based on the original <i>Zechor le-Abraham</i>: Livorno 1926, Hebrew only, Moroccan, Algerian and Tunisian traditions, days of awe only)</li> <li><i>Siddur Darchei Avot</i> (Moroccan)</li> <li><i>Siddur Oro shel Olam</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Middle_Eastern_Mizrachim_(Sephardim)"><span id="Middle_Eastern_Mizrachim_.28Sephardim.29"></span>Middle Eastern Mizrachim (Sephardim)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siddur&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Middle Eastern Mizrachim (Sephardim)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>(Usually characterised by presence of <a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalistic</a> elements:)</i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Edot_Ha-mizrach_(Iraqi)"><span id="Edot_Ha-mizrach_.28Iraqi.29"></span>Edot Ha-mizrach (Iraqi)</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siddur&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Edot Ha-mizrach (Iraqi)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Tefillat Yesharim</i>: Jerusalem, Manṣur (Hebrew only)</li> <li><i>Siddur Od Yosef Ḥai</i></li> <li><i>Kol Eliyahu</i>, ed. <a href="/wiki/Mordechai_Eliyahu" title="Mordechai Eliyahu">Mordechai Eliyahu</a></li> <li><i>Siddur <a href="/wiki/Rinat_Yisrael" title="Rinat Yisrael">Rinat Yisrael</a></i> - (Edot Hamizrach edition), <i>Hotsa'at Moreshet</i>, <a href="/wiki/Bnei_Brak" title="Bnei Brak">Bnei Brak</a>, Israel. (Hebrew)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Syrian"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Jews" title="Syrian Jews">Syrian</a></h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siddur&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Syrian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>The Aram Soba Siddur: According to the Sephardic Custom of Aleppo Syria</i> Rabbi Moshe Antebi, Jerusalem: Aram Soba Foundation, 1993</li> <li><i>Siddur Abodat Haleb / Prayers from the Heart</i> Rabbi Moshe Antebi, Lakewood, New Jersey: Israel Book Shop, 2002</li> <li><i>Kol Yaacob</i>: Sephardic Heritage Foundation, New York, 1990.</li> <li><i>Bet Yosef ve-Ohel Abraham</i>: Jerusalem, Manṣur (Hebrew only, based on Baghdadi text)</li> <li><i>Orḥot Ḥayim</i>, ed. Yedid: Jerusalem 1995 (Hebrew only)</li> <li><i>Siddur Kol Mordechai</i>, ed. Faham bros: Jerusalem 1984 (minhah and arbit only)</li> <li><i>Abir Yaakob</i>, ed. Haber: Sephardic Press (Hebrew and English, Shabbat only)</li> <li><i>Orot Sephardic Siddur</i>, Eliezer Toledano: Lakewood, New Jersey, Orot Inc. (Hebrew and English: Baghdadi text, Syrian variants shown in square brackets)</li> <li><i>Maḥzor Shelom Yerushalayim</i>, ed. Albeg: New York, Sephardic Heritage Foundation 1982</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yemenite_Jews_(Teimanim)"><span id="Yemenite_Jews_.28Teimanim.29"></span>Yemenite Jews (Teimanim)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siddur&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Yemenite Jews (Teimanim)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Yemenite Jews</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Baladi">Baladi</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siddur&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Baladi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Baladi-rite_prayer" title="Baladi-rite prayer">Baladi-rite prayer</a></div> <p>The Baladi Jews (from Arabic <i>balad</i>, country) follow the <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">legal rulings</a> of the <i>Rambam</i> (<a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a>) as codified in his work the <i><a href="/wiki/Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah">Mishneh Torah</a></i>. Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Yi%E1%B8%A5yah_Sala%E1%B8%A5" title="Yiḥyah Salaḥ">Yiḥye Tsalaḥ</a> (Maharits) revised this liturgy to end friction between traditionalists (who followed Rambam's rulings and the siddur as it developed in Yemen) and <a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalists</a> who followed the innovations of the <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Luria" title="Isaac Luria">Ari</a>. This prayer book makes very few additions or changes and substantially follows the older Yemenite tradition as it had existed prior to this conflict. </p> <ul><li><i>Siddur Tiklal</i>, Yiḥyah Salaḥ ben Yehuda, 1800</li> <li><i>Siddur Shivat Tzion</i>, Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Yosef_Qafih" title="Yosef Qafih">Yosef Qafih</a>, 1950s</li> <li><i>Siddur Siaḥ Yerushalayim</i>, Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Yosef_Qafih" title="Yosef Qafih">Yosef Qafih</a> (5th edition, Jerusalem 2003)</li> <li><i>Siddur Tiklal: Torath Avoth</i></li> <li><i>Tiklal Ha-Mefoar (Maharits)</i> Nosaḥ Baladi, Meyusad Al Pi Ha-Tiklal Im Etz Hayim Ha-Shalem Arukh K'Minhag Yahaduth Teiman: Bene Berak : Or Neriyah ben Mosheh Ozeri, [2001 or 2002]</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shami">Shami</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siddur&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Shami"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Shami Jews (from Arabic <i>ash-Sham</i>, the north, referring to Palestine or <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>) represent those who accepted the Sephardic rite, after being exposed to new inexpensive, typeset prayer books brought from Israel and the Sephardic diaspora by envoys and merchants in the late 17th century and 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Berachyahu_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berachyahu-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Simon_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simon-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "local rabbinic leadership resisted the new versions....Nevertheless, the new prayer books were widely accepted."<sup id="cite_ref-Simon_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simon-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As part of that process, the Shami modified their rites to accommodate the usages of the <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Luria" title="Isaac Luria">Ari</a> to the maximum extent. The text of the Shami siddur now largely follows the <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardic Judaism">Sephardic</a> tradition, though the pronunciation, chant and customs are still Yemenite in flavour. </p> <ul><li><i>Siddur Tefillat HaḤodesh - Beit Yaakov</i>, Nusaḥ Sepharadim, Teiman, and Edoth Mizraḥ</li> <li><i>Siddur Kavanot HaRashash, <a href="/wiki/Shalom_Sharabi" title="Shalom Sharabi">Shalom Sharabi</a></i>, Publisher: Yeshivat HaChaim Ve'Hashalom</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Minhagei_Eretz_Yisrael">Minhagei Eretz Yisrael</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siddur&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Minhagei Eretz Yisrael"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Siddur <i><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_minhag" title="Palestinian minhag">Nusach Eretz Yisrael</a></i> edited by Rabbi <a href="/wiki/David_Bar-Hayim" title="David Bar-Hayim">David Bar-Hayim</a> (<i>Machon Shilo, "Shilo Institute"</i>) Jerusalem, Israel. (Hebrew, <a href="/wiki/Minhag" title="Minhag">Minhagei</a> <a href="/wiki/Eretz_Yisrael" class="mw-redirect" title="Eretz Yisrael">Eretz Yisrael</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-MaShi_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MaShi-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NuEI-ShabbosAmida_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NuEI-ShabbosAmida-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NuEI-Hannukah_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NuEI-Hannukah-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an attempted reconstruction of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_minhag" title="Palestinian minhag">Palestinian minhag</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Talmud" title="Jerusalem Talmud">Jerusalem Talmud</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Geniza" title="Cairo Geniza">Cairo Geniza</a> documents and other sources.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conservative_Judaism">Conservative Judaism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siddur&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Conservative Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative Judaism</a></div> <ul><li><i>Sabbath and Festival Prayer Book</i> Ed. <a href="/wiki/Morris_Silverman" title="Morris Silverman">Morris Silverman</a> with <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gordis" title="Robert Gordis">Robert Gordis</a>, 1946. USCJ and RA</li> <li><i>Weekday Prayer Book</i> Ed. <a href="/wiki/Morris_Silverman" title="Morris Silverman">Morris Silverman</a>, 1956. USCJ</li> <li><i>Weekday Prayer Book</i> Ed. Gershon Hadas with Jules Harlow, 1961, RA.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siddur_Sim_Shalom" title="Siddur Sim Shalom">Siddur Sim Shalom</a></i> Ed. <a href="/wiki/Jules_Harlow" title="Jules Harlow">Jules Harlow</a>. 1985, 980 pages, RA and USCJ.</li> <li><i>Siddur Sim Shalom for Shabbat and Festivals</i> Ed. Lawrence Cahan, 1998, 816 pages. RA and USCJ.</li> <li><i>Siddur Sim Shalom for Weekdays</i> Ed. Avram Israel Reisner, 2003, 576 pages. RA and USCJ.</li> <li><i>Siddur Va'ani Tefilati</i> Ed. <a href="/wiki/Simchah_Roth" title="Simchah Roth">Simchah Roth</a>, 1998, 744 pages. Israeli Masorti Movement and Rabbinical Assembly of Israel. Hebrew.</li> <li><i>Va'ani Tefilati: Siddur Yisre'eli</i> Ed. Ze'ev Kenan, 2009, 375 pages. Israeli Masorti Movement and Rabbinical Assembly of Israel. Hebrew.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siddur_Lev_Yisrael" title="Siddur Lev Yisrael">Siddur Lev Yisrael</a></i> Ed. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheryl_Magen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cheryl Magen (page does not exist)">Cheryl Magen</a>, 1998, 432 pages. <a href="/wiki/Camp_Ramah" title="Camp Ramah">Camp Ramah</a>. Hebrew.</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siddur_Lev_Shalem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siddur Lev Shalem (page does not exist)">Siddur Lev Shalem</a> for Shabbat and Festivals</i> Ed. <a href="/wiki/Edward_Feld" title="Edward Feld">Edward Feld</a>, 2016, 466 double pages, RA.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Progressive_and_Reform_Judaism">Progressive and Reform Judaism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siddur&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Progressive and Reform Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform Judaism</a></div> <ul><li><i>Ha-Avodah Shebalev</i>, The prayer book of The Israel Movement for Progressive Judaism, Ed. The Council of Israel Progressive Rabbis (MARAM), 1982</li> <li><i>The Companion to Ha-Avodah Shebalev</i> published by Congregation Har-El Jerusalem in 1992 to help English-speaking immigrants and visitors; Hebrew pages from the original <i>Ha-Avodah Shebalev</i>, English translations from <i><a href="/wiki/Gates_of_Prayer" title="Gates of Prayer">Gates of Prayer: The New Union Prayer Book</a></i> with additional translations by Adina Ben-Chorin.</li> <li><i>Seder ha-Tefillot: Forms of Prayer</i>: Movement for Reform Judaism, London 2008, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-947884-13-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-947884-13-0">0-947884-13-0</a>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-947884-13-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-947884-13-0">978-0-947884-13-0</a> Official prayer book of the Reform movement in Britain</li> <li><i>Liberal Jewish Prayer Book</i>: Vol. 1 (Services for Weekdays, Sabbaths, Etc.), 1926, 1937; Vol. 2 (Services for The Day of Memorial {Rosh Hashanah} and The Day of Atonement), 1923, 1937; Vol. 3 (Services for Passover, Pentecost, and Tabernacles), 1926; all published by the Liberal Jewish Synagogue, London, U.K.</li> <li><i>Service of the Heart: Weekday Sabbath and Festival Services and Prayers for Home and Synagogue</i>, <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Liberal_and_Progressive_Synagogues" class="mw-redirect" title="Union of Liberal and Progressive Synagogues">Union of Liberal and Progressive Synagogues</a>, London, 1967</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vetaher_Libenu" title="Vetaher Libenu">Vetaher Libenu</a></i>: Purify Our Hearts, Congregation Beth El, Sudbury, MA 1980</li> <li><i>Siddur Lev Chadash</i>, <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Liberal_and_Progressive_Synagogues" class="mw-redirect" title="Union of Liberal and Progressive Synagogues">Union of Liberal and Progressive Synagogues</a>, UK, 1995.</li> <li><i>Olat Tamid: Book of Prayers for Jewish Congregations</i></li> <li>The English speaking Reform Jewish movement primarily uses <a href="/wiki/Mishkan_T%27filah" title="Mishkan T'filah">Mishkan T'Filah</a> as its prayer book. This book also features a companion machzor and electronic supplements.</li></ul> <p>All of the following are published by the <a href="/wiki/Central_Conference_of_American_Rabbis" title="Central Conference of American Rabbis">Central Conference of American Rabbis</a>: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Union_Prayer_Book" title="Union Prayer Book">Union Prayer Book</a>, vol. 1 (Sabbath, Festivals, and Weekdays)</i>, 1892, 1895, 1918, 1940; <i>vol. 2 (High Holidays)</i>, 1894, 1922, 1945</li> <li><i>Weekday Afternoon and Evening Services for Use in the Synagogue and the House of Mourning</i>, 1957</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gates_of_Prayer" title="Gates of Prayer">Gates of Prayer</a>: The New Union Prayer Book</i>, 1975</li> <li><i>Gates of Prayer for Weekdays and at a House of Mourning</i>, 1975</li> <li><i>Gates of Prayer: Afternoon and Evening Services and Prayers for the House of Mourning</i>, 1978</li> <li><i>Gates of Prayer for Shabbat: A Gender Sensitive Prayerbook</i>, 1992</li> <li><i>Gates of Prayer for Weekdays and at a House of Mourning: A Gender Sensitive Prayerbook</i>, 1992</li> <li><i>Gates of Prayer for Weekdays: A Gender Sensitive Prayerbook</i>, 1993</li> <li><i>Gates of Prayer for Assemblies</i>, 1993</li> <li><i>Gates of Prayer for Shabbat and Weekdays: A Gender Sensitive Prayerbook</i>, 1994</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mishkan_T%27filah" title="Mishkan T'filah">Mishkan T'filah</a></i> [Tabernacle of Prayer]<i>: A Reform Siddur: Weekdays, Shabbat, Festivals, and Other Occasions of Public Worship, 2007; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-881231-04-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-881231-04-5">0-881231-04-5</a>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-881231-03-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-881231-03-8">978-0-881231-03-8</a></i></li> <li><i>Mishkan T'filah for Gatherings</i>: A Reform Siddur, 2009</li> <li><i>Mishkan T'filah for Travelers</i>: A Reform Siddur, 2009</li> <li><i>Mishkan T'filah for the House of Mourning</i>, 2010</li> <li><i>Mishkan T'filah Journal Edition,</i> 2010</li> <li><i>Mishkan T'filah for Children,</i> 2013</li> <li><i>Mishkan T'filah for Youth,</i> 2014</li> <li><i>Divrei Mishkan T'filah -- Delving into the Siddur,</i> 2018</li> <li><i>Chaveirim Kol Yisrae2018il, a Siddur for <a href="/wiki/Chavurah" title="Chavurah">Chavurot</a>, 2000 a Project of The Progressive Chavurah Siddur Committee of Boston</i></li> <li><i>Seder ha-Tefillot: Forms of Prayer</i>: Movement for Reform Judaism, London 2008, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-947884-13-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-947884-13-0">0-947884-13-0</a>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-947884-13-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-947884-13-0">978-0-947884-13-0</a> Official prayer book of the Reform movement in Britain</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbst.org/">Congregation Beit Simchat Torah</a>'s <i>Siddur B'chol L'vav'cha, (With All Your Heart)</i> for Friday night services; Publisher: Congregation Beth Simchat Torah (2008); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-979400-90-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-979400-90-2">0-979400-90-2</a>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-979400-90-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-979400-90-2">978-0-979400-90-2</a></li> <li><i>Siddur Sha'ar Zahav,</i> the first complete prayer book to address the lives and needs of LGBTQ as well as straight Jews; Publisher: J Levine Judaica & <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shaarzahav.org/Congregation">Sha'ar Zahav</a> (2009); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-982197-91-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-982197-91-8">0-982197-91-8</a>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0982197-91-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0982197-91-2">978-0982197-91-2</a></li> <li><i>Seder Tov Lehodot: Teksten, gebeden en diensten voor weekdagen, Sjabbat en andere gelegenheden</i>, Amsterdam 2000, Verbond van Liberaal-Religieuze Joden in Nederland now Nederlands Verbond voor Progressief Jodendom; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-805603-1-6" title="Special:BookSources/90-805603-1-6">90-805603-1-6</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reconstructionist_Judaism">Reconstructionist Judaism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siddur&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Reconstructionist Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist Judaism</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DSCN0301.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/DSCN0301.JPG/200px-DSCN0301.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/DSCN0301.JPG/300px-DSCN0301.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/DSCN0301.JPG/400px-DSCN0301.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1638" data-file-height="1348" /></a><figcaption><i>Kol Haneshamah: Shabbat Vehagim</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Prayer books edited by Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Mordecai_Kaplan" title="Mordecai Kaplan">Mordecai Kaplan</a> and others: </p> <ul><li><i>Sabbath Prayer Book</i>, Jewish Reconstructionist Foundation, 1945</li> <li><i>High Holiday Prayer Book</i> (Vol. 1, Prayers for Rosh Hashanah; Vol. 2, Prayers for Yom Kippur), Jewish Reconstructionist Foundation, 1948</li> <li><i>Supplementary Prayers and Readings for the High Holidays</i>, Jewish Reconstructionist Foundation, 1960</li> <li><i>Festival Prayer Book</i>, Jewish Reconstructionist Foundation, 1958</li> <li><i>Daily Prayer Book</i>, Jewish Reconstructionist Foundation, 1963</li> <li><i>Hadesh Yameinu (Renew our days): a book of Jewish prayer and meditation</i>, edited and translated by Rabbi Ronald Aigen. Montreal (Cong. Dorshei Emet), 1996.</li></ul> <p>Kol Haneshamah Prayerbook series, ed. <a href="/wiki/David_Teutsch" title="David Teutsch">David Teutsch</a>: </p> <ul><li><i>Erev Shabbat: Shabbat Eve</i>, Reconstructionist Press, 1989; 2nd edition, 1993</li> <li><i>Shirim Uvrahot: Songs, Blessings and Rituals for the Home</i>, Reconstructionist Press, 1991, 1998</li> <li><i>Shabbat Vehagim: Sabbath and Festivals</i>, Reconstructionist Press, 1994; 3rd edition (August 1, 1998)</li> <li><i>Limot Hol: Daily Prayerbook</i>, Reconstructionist Press, 1996; Reprint edition (September 1, 1998)</li> <li><i>Mahzor Leyamim Nora'im: Prayerbook for the Days of Awe</i>, Reconstructionist Press, 1999; Fordham University Press; Bilingual edition (May 1, 2000)</li> <li><i>T'filot L'veit HaEvel: Prayers for a House of Mourning</i>, Reconstructionist Press, 2001; Jewish Reconstructionist Federation (October 10, 2001)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jewish_Renewal">Jewish Renewal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siddur&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Jewish Renewal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Jewish Renewal</a></div> <ul><li><i>Sh'ma': A Concise Weekday Siddur For Praying in English</i> by <a href="/wiki/Zalman_Schachter-Shalomi" title="Zalman Schachter-Shalomi">Zalman Schachter-Shalomi</a>, CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2010.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on a self-published source. (December 2017)">self-published source</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Feminist_siddurim">Feminist siddurim</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siddur&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Feminist siddurim"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Siddur Nashim: a Sabbath prayerbook for women</i> by Naomi Janowitz and Margaret Moers Wenig; 1976.</li> <li><i>Siddur Birkat Shalom</i> by the Havurat Shalom Siddur Project; <a href="/wiki/Havurat_Shalom" title="Havurat Shalom">Havurat Shalom</a>, 1991.</li></ul> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Siddur_Nashim" title="Siddur Nashim">Siddur Nashim</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Wenig" title="Margaret Wenig">Margaret Wenig</a> and Naomi Janowitz in 1976, was the first Jewish prayer book to refer to God using female pronouns and imagery.<sup id="cite_ref-Weber2019_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weber2019-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reconstructionist Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Alpert" title="Rebecca Alpert">Rebecca Alpert</a> (<i>Reform Judaism</i>, Winter 1991) commented: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The experience of praying with <i>Siddur Nashim</i>... transformed my relationship with God. For the first time, I understood what it meant to be made in God's image. To think of God as a woman like myself, to see Her as both powerful and nurturing, to see Her imaged with a woman's body, with womb, with breasts – this was an experience of ultimate significance. Was this the relationship that men have had with God for all these millennia? How wonderful to gain access to those feelings and perceptions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p></blockquote> <p>Following in the footsteps of feminist prayerbooks, <a href="/wiki/Religious_liberalism" title="Religious liberalism">liberal</a> prayerbooks tend increasingly to avoid male-specific words and pronouns, seeking that all references to God in translations be made in gender-neutral language. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Judaism_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal Judaism (UK)">UK Liberal movement</a>'s <i>Siddur Lev Chadash</i> (1995) does so, as does the <a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform Judaism (UK)">UK Reform Movement</a>'s <i>Forms of Prayer</i> (2008).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Mishkan_T%27filah" title="Mishkan T'filah">Mishkan T'filah</a>, the American Reform Jewish prayer book released in 2007, references to God as “He” have been removed, and whenever Jewish patriarchs are named (Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob), so also are the matriarchs (Sarah, Rebecca, Rachel, and Leah).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Humanistic_and_atheist_siddurim">Humanistic and atheist siddurim</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siddur&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Humanistic and atheist siddurim"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Celebration: A Ceremonial and Philosophic Guide for Humanists and Humanistic Jews</i> by <a href="/wiki/Sherwin_T._Wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Sherwin T. Wine">Sherwin T. Wine</a>; Prometheus Books, 1988</li> <li><i>A Humanistic Siddur of Spirituality and Meaning</i> by <a href="/wiki/David_Rabeeya" title="David Rabeeya">David Rabeeya</a>; Xlibris Corporation, 2005<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on a self-published source. (December 2017)">self-published source</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><i>Liturgical Experiments: A Siddur for the Sceptical</i> in Hebrew, by Tzemah Yoreh (2010?)<sup id="cite_ref-Estrin2020_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estrin2020-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Yoreh writes about his work: "I think prayer is communal and private expression of hopes, fears, an appreciation of aesthetic beauty, good attributes. But that has nothing to do with God."<sup id="cite_ref-Estrin2020_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estrin2020-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_siddurim">Other siddurim</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siddur&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Other siddurim"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are also some <a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samaritan" class="mw-redirect" title="Samaritan">Samaritan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sabbateans" title="Sabbateans">Sabbatean</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> prayer books.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AUDIENCE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:AUDIENCE"><span title="An editor has requested that an example be provided. (March 2021)">example needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siddur&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siddur_Rashi" title="Siddur Rashi">Siddur Rashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddur_and_mahzor" title="Siddur and mahzor">Siddur and mahzor</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siddur&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inn.co.il/news/284229">The oldest Siddur in the world has been unveiled to the public</a> On the Channel 7 website]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Berakhot 33a.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jager-JPost-2007-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jager-JPost-2007_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jager-JPost-2007_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jager-JPost-2007_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJager2007" class="citation web cs1">Jager, Elliot (April 17, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/Features/Power-and-Politics-Prayer-books-and-resurrection">"Power and Politics: Prayer books and resurrection"</a>. <i>The Jerusalem Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 20,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=Power+and+Politics%3A+Prayer+books+and+resurrection&rft.date=2007-04-17&rft.aulast=Jager&rft.aufirst=Elliot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2FFeatures%2FPower-and-Politics-Prayer-books-and-resurrection&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiddur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nusach HaAri Siddur, published by Merkos L'Inyonei Chinuch.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hebrewbooks.org/pdfpager.aspx?req=16091&st=&pgnum=12">Introduction</a> to <a href="/wiki/Tehillat_Hashem" title="Tehillat Hashem">Siddur Tehilat Hashem</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Magen Avraham OC 68, in the introduction to the simal.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenblatt" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Rosenblatt" title="Jonathan Rosenblatt">Rosenblatt, Jonathan</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090528092126/http://www.thejewishweek.com/viewArticle/c39_a15840/News/International.html">"A New Dialogue With The Divine"</a>. <i>The Jewish Week</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thejewishweek.com/viewArticle/c39_a15840/News/International.html">the original</a> on May 28, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 20,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jewish+Week&rft.atitle=A+New+Dialogue+With+The+Divine&rft.aulast=Rosenblatt&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejewishweek.com%2FviewArticle%2Fc39_a15840%2FNews%2FInternational.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiddur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2009" class="citation web cs1">Harris, Ben (April 5, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jta.org/2009/04/06/life-religion/artscroll-facing-challenge-from-modern-orthodox">"ArtScroll facing challenge from Modern Orthodox"</a>. <i>JTA</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 20,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=JTA&rft.atitle=ArtScroll+facing+challenge+from+Modern+Orthodox&rft.date=2009-04-05&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jta.org%2F2009%2F04%2F06%2Flife-religion%2Fartscroll-facing-challenge-from-modern-orthodox&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiddur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatz2014" class="citation web cs1">Katz, Yossi (September 17, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.breslov.org/siddur-uman-updates/">"Siddur & Umam Updates"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 20,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Siddur+%26+Umam+Updates&rft.date=2014-09-17&rft.aulast=Katz&rft.aufirst=Yossi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.breslov.org%2Fsiddur-uman-updates%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiddur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.juedische-allgemeine.de/religion/nussach-ari-auf-deutsch/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Nussach Ari" auf Deutsch"</a>. 16 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Nussach+Ari%22+auf+Deutsch&rft.date=2017-10-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.juedische-allgemeine.de%2Freligion%2Fnussach-ari-auf-deutsch%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiddur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeubnerGkoumas2017" class="citation book cs1">Leubner, Florian; Gkoumas, Panagiotis (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4D5PDgAAQBAJ"><i>The Haggadah According to the Custom of the Romaniote Jews of Crete</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783743133853" title="Special:BookSources/9783743133853"><bdi>9783743133853</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 20,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Haggadah+According+to+the+Custom+of+the+Romaniote+Jews+of+Crete&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9783743133853&rft.aulast=Leubner&rft.aufirst=Florian&rft.au=Gkoumas%2C+Panagiotis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4D5PDgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiddur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSennisLeubner2018" class="citation book cs1">Sennis, Panagiotis; Leubner, Florian (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a6ZdDwAAQBAJ"><i>Prayerbook According to The Rite of The Romaniote Jews</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783746091419" title="Special:BookSources/9783746091419"><bdi>9783746091419</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 20,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prayerbook+According+to+The+Rite+of+The+Romaniote+Jews&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9783746091419&rft.aulast=Sennis&rft.aufirst=Panagiotis&rft.au=Leubner%2C+Florian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da6ZdDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiddur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeinonCashmanHoffman2013" class="citation news cs1">Keinon, Herb; Cashman, Greer Fay; Hoffman, Gil Stern Stern (October 8, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/National-News/Shas-spiritual-leader-Rabbi-Ovadia-Yosef-dies-at-93-328072">"Netanyahu, Peres Remember 'Torah Giaant'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jerusalem_Post" title="The Jerusalem Post">The Jerusalem Post</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 20,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=Netanyahu%2C+Peres+Remember+%27Torah+Giaant%27&rft.date=2013-10-08&rft.aulast=Keinon&rft.aufirst=Herb&rft.au=Cashman%2C+Greer+Fay&rft.au=Hoffman%2C+Gil+Stern+Stern&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2FNational-News%2FShas-spiritual-leader-Rabbi-Ovadia-Yosef-dies-at-93-328072&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiddur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berachyahu-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Berachyahu_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTobi2004" class="citation book cs1">Tobi, Yosef (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gt_FwomH-aYC&q=Shami+yemenite+jews&pg=PT253">"Caro's <i>Shulhan Arukh</i> Versus Maimonides' <i>Mishne Torah</i> in Yemen"</a>. In Lifshitz, Berachyahu (ed.). <i>The Jewish Law Annual</i>. Vol. 15. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. PT253. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134298372" title="Special:BookSources/9781134298372"><bdi>9781134298372</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 20,</span> 2018</span>. <q>Two additional factors played a crucial role in the eventual adoption by the majority of Yemenite Jewry of the new traditions, traditions that originate, for the most part, in the land of Israel and the Sefardic communities of the Diaspora. One was the total absence of printers in Yemen: no works reflecting the local (<i>baladi</i>) liturgical and ritual customs could be printed, and they remained in manuscript. By contrast, printed books, many of which reflected the Sefardic (<i>shami</i>) traditions, were available, and not surprisingly, more and more Yemenite Jews preferred to acquire the less costly and easier to read printed books, notwithstanding the fact that they expressed a different tradition, rather than their own expensive and difficult to read manuscripts. The second factor was the relatively rich flow of visitors to Yemen, generally emissaries of the Jewish communities and academies in the land of Israel, but also merchants from the Sefardic communities. […] By this slow but continuous process, the <i>Shami</i> liturgical and ritual tradition gained every more sympathy and legitimacy, at the expense of the <i>baladi</i>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Caro%27s+Shulhan+Arukh+Versus+Maimonides%27+Mishne+Torah+in+Yemen&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Law+Annual&rft.pages=PT253&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781134298372&rft.aulast=Tobi&rft.aufirst=Yosef&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGt_FwomH-aYC%26q%3DShami%2Byemenite%2Bjews%26pg%3DPT253&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiddur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Simon-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Simon_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Simon_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimonLaskierReguer2003" class="citation book cs1">Simon, Reeva S.; Laskier, Mikha'el M.; Reguer, Sara (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tMM1L4YqASgC&q=Shami+yemenite+jews&pg=PA398"><i>The Jews of the Middle East and North Africa in modern times</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. p. 398. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231107969" title="Special:BookSources/9780231107969"><bdi>9780231107969</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 20,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jews+of+the+Middle+East+and+North+Africa+in+modern+times&rft.pages=398&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780231107969&rft.aulast=Simon&rft.aufirst=Reeva+S.&rft.au=Laskier%2C+Mikha%27el+M.&rft.au=Reguer%2C+Sara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtMM1L4YqASgC%26q%3DShami%2Byemenite%2Bjews%26pg%3DPA398&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiddur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MaShi-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MaShi_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.machonshilo.org/en/index.php">"Torah for Those Who Dare to Think"</a>. Machon Shilo<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 20,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Torah+for+Those+Who+Dare+to+Think&rft.pub=Machon+Shilo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.machonshilo.org%2Fen%2Findex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiddur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NuEI-ShabbosAmida-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NuEI-ShabbosAmida_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pjujen22LuY"><i>Nusach Eretz Yisrael- Compact and User-Friendly: The Shabbath Amidah</i></a>. <i>youtube.com</i>. Machon Shilo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/pjujen22LuY">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-12-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 20,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nusach+Eretz+Yisrael-+Compact+and+User-Friendly%3A+The+Shabbath+Amidah&rft.pub=Machon+Shilo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Dpjujen22LuY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiddur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NuEI-Hannukah-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NuEI-Hannukah_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mBask-rpp1I"><i>Hannukah: The Eretz Yisrael Version- Shiur with Rabbi David Bar-Hayim</i></a>. <i>youtube.com</i>. Machon Shilo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/mBask-rpp1I">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-12-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 20,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hannukah%3A+The+Eretz+Yisrael+Version-+Shiur+with+Rabbi+David+Bar-Hayim&rft.pub=Machon+Shilo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DmBask-rpp1I&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiddur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weber2019-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Weber2019_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShannon_Weber2019" class="citation book cs1">Shannon Weber (4 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=buJ6DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA286"><i>Feminism in Minutes</i></a>. Quercus. pp. 286–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-63506-142-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-63506-142-0"><bdi>978-1-63506-142-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Feminism+in+Minutes&rft.pages=286-&rft.pub=Quercus&rft.date=2019-06-04&rft.isbn=978-1-63506-142-0&rft.au=Shannon+Weber&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbuJ6DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA286&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiddur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldstein2008" class="citation web cs1">Goldstein, Rabbi Dr Andrew (July 4, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejc.com/judaism/features/the-slimline-siddur-with-a-touch-of-bob-dylan-1.3719">"The slimline siddur with a touch of Bob Dylan"</a>. <i>The Jewish Chronicle</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 20,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jewish+Chronicle&rft.atitle=The+slimline+siddur+with+a+touch+of+Bob+Dylan&rft.date=2008-07-04&rft.aulast=Goldstein&rft.aufirst=Rabbi+Dr+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejc.com%2Fjudaism%2Ffeatures%2Fthe-slimline-siddur-with-a-touch-of-bob-dylan-1.3719&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiddur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080705015023/http://www.bwpjc.org/slc.htm">"Siddur Lev Chadash"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bwpjc.org/slc.htm">the original</a> on July 5, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 20,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Siddur+Lev+Chadash&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bwpjc.org%2Fslc.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiddur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodstein2007" class="citation news cs1">Goodstein, Laurie (September 3, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/03/us/03prayerbook.html?_r=1">"In New Prayer Book, Signs of Broad Change"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 20,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=In+New+Prayer+Book%2C+Signs+of+Broad+Change&rft.date=2007-09-03&rft.aulast=Goodstein&rft.aufirst=Laurie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F09%2F03%2Fus%2F03prayerbook.html%3F_r%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiddur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Estrin2020-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Estrin2020_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Estrin2020_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEstrin2010" class="citation web cs1">Estrin, Elana (January 13, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://forward.com/articles/123336/no-god-no-problem/">"No God? No Problem"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Forward" title="The Forward">The Forward</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 20,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=No+God%3F+No+Problem&rft.pub=The+Forward&rft.date=2010-01-13&rft.aulast=Estrin&rft.aufirst=Elana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforward.com%2Farticles%2F123336%2Fno-god-no-problem%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiddur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ben Zvi Institute Manuscript 2276</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siddur&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Jewish Liturgy: A Comprehensive History</i>, <a href="/wiki/Ismar_Elbogen" title="Ismar Elbogen">Ismar Elbogen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Publication_Society" title="Jewish Publication Society">Jewish Publication Society</a>, 1993. This is the most thorough academic study of the Jewish liturgy ever written. Originally published in German in 1913, and updated in a number of <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> editions, the latest edition has been translated into English by Raymond P. Scheindlin. This work covers the entire range of Jewish liturgical development, beginning with the early cornerstones of the siddur; through the evolution of the medieval piyyut tradition; to modern prayerbook reform in Germany and the United States.</li> <li>Joseph Heinemann "Prayer in the Talmud", Gruyter, New York, 1977</li> <li><i>Kavvana: Directing the Heart in Jewish Prayer</i>, Seth Kadish, <a href="/wiki/Jason_Aronson" title="Jason Aronson">Jason Aronson</a> Inc., 1997.</li> <li><i>The Encyclopedia of Jewish Prayer</i> Macy Nulman, Jason Aronson Inc.,1993. Provides in one volume information on every prayer recited in the Ashkenazi and Sephardic traditions. Arranged alphabetically by prayer, this book includes information on the prayers, their composers and development, the laws and customs surrounding them, and their place in the service.</li> <li>Jakob J. Petuchowski "Contributions to the Scientific Study of Jewish Liturgy" Ktav, New York, 1970</li> <li>Goldschmidt, <i>Meḥqare Tefillah u-Fiyyut</i> (On Jewish Liturgy): Jerusalem 1978</li> <li>Wieder, Naphtali, <i>The Formation of Jewish Liturgy: In the East and the West</i></li> <li>Reif, Stefan, <i>Judaism and Hebrew Prayer</i>: Cambridge 1993. Hardback <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-44087-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-44087-5">978-0-521-44087-5</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-44087-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-44087-4">0-521-44087-4</a>; Paperback <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-48341-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-48341-4">978-0-521-48341-4</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-48341-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-48341-7">0-521-48341-7</a></li> <li>Reif, Stefan, <i>Problems with Prayers</i>: Berlin and New York 2006 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-019091-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-019091-5">978-3-11-019091-5</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-11-019091-5" title="Special:BookSources/3-11-019091-5">3-11-019091-5</a></li> <li><i>The <a href="/wiki/Artscroll" class="mw-redirect" title="Artscroll">Artscroll</a> Siddur</i>, Ed. <a href="/wiki/Nosson_Scherman" title="Nosson Scherman">Nosson Scherman</a>, Mesorah Publications. A popular <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> prayerbook with running commentary. The amount of commentary varies by version.</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Authorised_Daily_Prayer_Book_of_the_British_Commonwealth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Authorised Daily Prayer Book of the British Commonwealth (page does not exist)">The Authorised Daily Prayer Book of the British Commonwealth</a></i>, translation by Rabbi Eli Cashdan. An <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> prayerbook widely used in the UK and other <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a> countries.</li> <li>Amidah, entry in the Encyclopaedia Judaica, Keter Publishing</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siddur&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/he:%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A9" class="extiw" title="s:he:סידור האש">Siddur HaEsh (of Fire)</a> in Hebrew Wikibooks</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151207235053/http://www.kolhamevaser.com/2010/07/history-and-liturgy-the-evolution-of-multiple-prayer-rites/">History and Liturgy: The Evolution of Multiple Prayer Rites</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130531074153/http://www.j-italy.org/sources/liturgy">The Italian Rite</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120521140223/http://www.korenpub.com/EN/series/siddur/Series/4">The Koren Avoteinu Series</a> A complete Moroccan Siddur for weekdays and Shabbat.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131227040436/http://store.kehotonline.com/index.php?parentid=10398&deptid=6202"><i>Siddur</i></a> <i><a href="/wiki/Tehillat_HaShem" class="mw-redirect" title="Tehillat HaShem">Tehillat HaShem</a></i> Chabad Hebrew-English Siddur</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opensiddur.org/">The Open Siddur Project</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synagogal_Judaism" title="Synagogal Judaism">Synagogal Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_population_by_country" title="Jewish population by country">Population</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_assimilation" title="Jewish assimilation">Assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_atheism" title="Jewish atheism">Atheists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Buddhist" title="Jewish Buddhist">Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Jews" title="Israeli Jews">Israeli Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Jews" title="Lists of Jews">Lists of Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xueta_Christianity" title="Xueta Christianity">Xueta Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism,_race_and_genetics" class="mw-redirect" title="Zionism, race and genetics">Zionism, race and genetics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gentile" title="Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groups_claiming_affiliation_with_Israelites" title="Groups claiming affiliation with Israelites">Groups claiming affiliation with Israelites</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Diaspora" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Diaspora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner-Jews" title="Afrikaner-Jews">Afrikaner-Jode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuts" title="Chuts">Chuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Jews" title="Galician Jews">Galitzianers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvaks" title="Litvaks">Lita'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberlander_Jews" title="Oberlander Jews">Oberlander Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Udmurtia_and_Tatarstan" title="History of the Jews in Udmurtia and Tatarstan">Udmurt and Tatar Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unterlander_Jews" title="Unterlander Jews">Unterlander Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yekke" title="Yekke">Yekkes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Abraham" title="Beta Abraham">Beta Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falash_Mura" title="Falash Mura">Falash Mura</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desi_Jews" title="Desi Jews">Desi Jews</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bene_Israel" title="Bene Israel">Bene Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Jews" title="Cochin Jews">Kochinim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6nmeh" title="Dönmeh">Dönmeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Gruzínim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Jews" title="Italian Jews">Italkim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neofiti" title="Neofiti">Neofiti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaifeng_Jews" title="Kaifeng Jews">Kaifeng Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinopolitan_Karaites" title="Constantinopolitan Karaites">Constantinopolitan Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kurdistan" title="History of the Jews in Kurdistan">Kurdish Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemba_people" title="Lemba people">Lemba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_Jews" title="Maghrebi Jews">Maghrebi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Jews" title="Berber Jews">Berber Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Afghanistan" title="History of the Jews in Afghanistan">Afghan Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Alexandria" title="History of the Jews in Alexandria">Alexandrian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghdadi_Jews" title="Baghdadi Jews">Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jews" title="Bukharan Jews">Bukharan Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Egyptian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Jews" title="Mountain Jews">Mountain Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Jews" title="Palestinian Jews">Palestinian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Jews">Persian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urfalim" title="Urfalim">Urfalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Teimanim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adeni_Jews" title="Adeni Jews">Adeni Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habbani_Jews" title="Habbani Jews">Ḥabbanim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hadramaut" title="History of the Jews in Hadramaut">Hadhrami Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Saada" title="History of the Jews in Saada">Saada Jews</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musta%27arabi_Jews" title="Musta'arabi Jews">Mustaʿravim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_tribes_of_Arabia" title="Jewish tribes of Arabia">Jewish tribes of Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romaniote_Jews" title="Romaniote Jews">Romaniote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_and_Portuguese_Jews" title="Spanish and Portuguese Jews">Eastern Sephardim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Livorno" title="History of the Jews in Livorno">Livornese Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_African_Sephardim" title="North African Sephardim">North African Sephardim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradesi_Jews" title="Paradesi Jews">Paradesi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meshuchrarim" title="Meshuchrarim">Meshuchrarim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Bnei_Anusim" title="Sephardic Bnei Anusim">Sephardic Bnei Anusim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xueta" title="Xueta">Xuetes</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_languages" title="Jewish languages">Languages</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_diaspora_languages" title="List of Jewish diaspora languages">Diasporic</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Hebrew" title="Ashkenazi Hebrew">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Hebrew" title="Sephardi Hebrew">Sephardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Hebrew" title="Mizrahi Hebrew">Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Hebrew" title="Yemenite Hebrew">Yemenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Hebrew" title="Samaritan Hebrew">Samaritan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manually_coded_language#List_of_signed_languages" title="Manually coded language">Signed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Hebrew" title="Medieval Hebrew">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishnaic_Hebrew" title="Mishnaic Hebrew">Mishnaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_vocalization" title="Babylonian vocalization">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_vocalization" title="Palestinian vocalization">Palestinian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Catalan" title="Judaeo-Catalan">Catalanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Berber_language" title="Judeo-Berber language">Judeo-Amazigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Arabic languages">Judeo-Arabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Iraqi_Arabic" title="Judeo-Iraqi Arabic">Yahudic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Jewish_Arabic" title="Baghdad Jewish Arabic">Judeo-Baghdadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Moroccan_Arabic" title="Judeo-Moroccan Arabic">Judeo-Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tripolitanian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic">Judeo-Tripolitanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tunisian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tunisian Arabic">Judeo-Tunisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Yemeni_Arabic" title="Judeo-Yemeni Arabic">Judeo-Yemeni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Aramaic_languages" title="Judeo-Aramaic languages">Judaeo-Aramaic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Targum_(Aramaic_dialects)" title="Targum (Aramaic dialects)">Targum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Barzani" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Barzani">Barzani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Betanure" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Betanure">Betanure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Zab_Jewish_Neo-Aramaic" title="Trans-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic">Hulaulá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Zakho" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Zakho">Lishana Deni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Urmia" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Urmia">Lishán Didán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Zab_Jewish_Neo-Aramaic" title="Inter-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic">Lishanid Noshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Aramaic" title="Biblical Aramaic">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Babylonian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Babylonian Aramaic">Talmudic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Palestinian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Palestinian Aramaic">Palestinian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galilean_dialect" title="Galilean dialect">Galilean</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Aragonese" title="Judaeo-Aragonese">Judeo-Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_English_varieties" title="Jewish English varieties">Jewish English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yeshivish" title="Yeshivish">Yeshivish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yinglish" class="mw-redirect" title="Yinglish">Yinglish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heblish" class="mw-redirect" title="Heblish">Heblish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Gascon" title="Judeo-Gascon">Judeo-Gascon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevanic_language" title="Yevanic language">Judaeo-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Piedmontese" title="Judaeo-Piedmontese">Judaeo-Piedmontese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Latin" title="Judeo-Latin">Judeo-Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malayalam" title="Judeo-Malayalam">Judeo-Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Marathi" title="Judeo-Marathi">Judeo-Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Judeo-Provençal">Judaeo-Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Persian" title="Judeo-Persian">Judeo-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bukharian_(Judeo-Tajik_dialect)" title="Bukharian (Judeo-Tajik dialect)">Bukhori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Borujerdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Borujerdi">Judeo-Borujerdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Golpaygani" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Golpaygani">Judeo-Golpaygani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Hamedani" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Hamedani">Judeo-Hamedani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Shirazi" title="Judeo-Shirazi">Judeo-Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat" title="Judeo-Tat">Juhuri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Portuguese" title="Judaeo-Portuguese">Judaeo-Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Urdu" title="Judeo-Urdu">Judeo-Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaim_language" title="Karaim language">Karaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayla_dialect" title="Kayla dialect">Kayliñña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Georgian" title="Judaeo-Georgian">Kivruli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knaanic_language" title="Knaanic language">Knaanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Koine_Greek" title="Jewish Koine Greek">Koiné Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchak_language" title="Krymchak language">Krymchak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachoudisch" title="Lachoudisch">Lachoudisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Ladino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haketia" title="Haketia">Haketia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetuani_Ladino" title="Tetuani Ladino">Tetuani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotegorisch" title="Lotegorisch">Lotegorisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qwara_dialect" title="Qwara dialect">Qwareña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Jewish_Sign_Language" title="Algerian Jewish Sign Language">Shassagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Sign_Language" title="Israeli Sign Language">Shassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Judeo-Provençal">Shuadit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_dialects" title="Yiddish dialects">dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Yiddish">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galitzish" class="mw-redirect" title="Galitzish">Galitzish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian Yiddish">Litvish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poylish" class="mw-redirect" title="Poylish">Poylish</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Klezmer-loshn" title="Klezmer-loshn">Klezmer-loshn</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Yiddish">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Alsatian" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Alsatian">Judeo-Alsatian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lachoudisch" title="Lachoudisch">Lachoudisch</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots-Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Scots-Yiddish">Scots-Yiddish</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarphatic_language" title="Zarphatic language">Zarphatic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_principles_of_faith" title="Jewish principles of faith">Beliefs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">Mitzvah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_authority" title="Rabbinic authority">Rabbinic authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_as_the_chosen_people" title="Jews as the chosen people">Chosen people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Judaism" title="Conversion to Judaism">Conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Eschatology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Messiah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_in_Judaism" title="Holiness in Judaism">Holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">Names of God</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Halakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sefirot" title="Sefirot">Sefirot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who_is_a_Jew%3F" title="Who is a Jew?">Who is a Jew?</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Branches_of_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Branches of Judaism">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">Religious movements</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvishe" class="mw-redirect" title="Litvishe">Litvaks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Hasidism" title="Neo-Hasidism">Neo-Hasidism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolog_Judaism" title="Neolog Judaism">Neolog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationships_between_Jewish_religious_movements" title="Relationships between Jewish religious movements">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Science" title="Jewish Science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_secularism" title="Jewish secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_schisms" title="Jewish schisms">Schisms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_literature" title="Jewish literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sifrei_Kodesh" title="Sifrei Kodesh">Sifrei Kodesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a>/Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_texts_of_Kabbalah" title="Primary texts of Kabbalah">Kabbalah texts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hekhalot_literature" title="Hekhalot literature">Hekhalot literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardes_Rimonim" title="Pardes Rimonim">Pardes Rimonim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefer_HaBahir" class="mw-redirect" title="Sefer HaBahir">Sefer HaBahir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etz_Chaim_(book)" title="Etz Chaim (book)">Sefer HaEtz Chaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefer_Raziel_HaMalakh" title="Sefer Raziel HaMalakh">Sefer Raziel HaMalakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefer_Yetzirah" title="Sefer Yetzirah">Sefer Yetzirah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Siddur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_literature" title="Hebrew literature">Hebrew literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_astrology" title="Jewish astrology">Astrology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_astrology" title="Jewish views on astrology">perspectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monen" title="Monen">Monen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_astronomy" title="Hebrew astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Calendar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Holidays</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine" title="Jewish cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_education" title="Jewish education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_leadership" title="Jewish leadership">Leadership</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebbe" title="Rebbe">Rebbe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_marriage" title="Jewish views on marriage">Marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Divorce in Judaism">Divorce</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_music" title="Jewish music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_mythology" title="Jewish mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_name" title="Jewish name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_political_movements" title="Jewish political movements">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_prayer" title="Jewish prayer">Prayer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazzan" title="Hazzan">Hazzan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_symbolism" title="Jewish symbolism">Symbolism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_studies" title="Jewish studies">Studies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Jewish_History" title="Center for Jewish History">Center for Jewish History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_Historical_Society" title="American Jewish Historical Society">American Jewish Historical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sephardi_Federation" title="American Sephardi Federation">American Sephardi Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Baeck_Institute_New_York" title="Leo Baeck Institute New York">Leo Baeck Institute New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshiva_University_Museum" title="Yeshiva University Museum">Yeshiva University Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YIVO" title="YIVO">YIVO Institute for Jewish Research</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_of_Contemporary_Jewish_Documentation" title="Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation">Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Judaica" title="Encyclopaedia Judaica">Encyclopaedia Judaica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic studies on Jews">Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jew_(word)" title="Jew (word)">Jew (word)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Virtual_Library" title="Jewish Virtual Library">Jewish Virtual Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Israel" title="National Library of Israel">National Library of Israel</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_YIVO_Encyclopedia_of_Jews_in_Eastern_Europe" title="The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe">YIVO Encyclopedia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_the_Holocaust" title="Encyclopedia of the Holocaust">Encyclopedia of the Holocaust</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust Encyclopedia">Holocaust Encyclopedia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_other_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism and other religions">Relations with other religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Christianity and Judaism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptist%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Anabaptist–Jewish relations">Anabaptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Judaism" title="Catholic Church and Judaism">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_Mormonism" title="Judaism and Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_and_Judaism" title="Protestantism and Judaism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_and_Christmas" title="Jews and Christmas">Jews and Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_and_Halloween" title="Jews and Halloween">Jews and Halloween</a></li></ul></li> <li>non-Christian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism and Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">Hinduism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Category:Jews and Judaism">Category</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/14px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/21px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/28px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Judaism" title="Portal:Judaism">Judaism portal</a></b></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jewish_life" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jewish_life" title="Template:Jewish life"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jewish_life" title="Template talk:Jewish life"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jewish_life" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jewish life"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jewish_life" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Jewish life</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Birth and infancy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_birthday" title="Hebrew birthday">Hebrew birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalom_Zachar" title="Shalom Zachar">Shalom Zachar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brit_milah" title="Brit milah">Brit milah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeved_habat" title="Zeved habat">Zeved habat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_name" title="Hebrew name">Hebrew name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pidyon_haben" title="Pidyon haben">Pidyon haben</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Star_of_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/72px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="72" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/108px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/144px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Menora.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Menora.svg/64px-Menora.svg.png" decoding="async" width="64" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Menora.svg/96px-Menora.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Menora.svg/128px-Menora.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="732" data-file-height="621" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Coming of age</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upsherin" title="Upsherin">Upsherin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wimpel" title="Wimpel">Wimpel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_and_bat_mitzvah" title="Bar and bat mitzvah">Bar and bat mitzvah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshiva" title="Yeshiva">Yeshiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollel" title="Kollel">Kollel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Daily life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ritual_washing_in_Judaism" title="Ritual washing in Judaism">Ritual washing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_prayers_and_blessings" title="List of Jewish prayers and blessings">Prayers and blessings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_prayer" title="Jewish prayer">Prayer services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birkat_Hamazon" title="Birkat Hamazon">Grace after meals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorifics_in_Judaism" title="Honorifics in Judaism">Honorifics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_marriage" title="Jewish views on marriage">Marriage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marriageable_age_in_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Marriageable age in Judaism">Marriageable age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Judaism" title="Women in Judaism">Role of women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzniut" title="Tzniut">Tzniut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yichus" title="Yichus">Yichus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shidduch" title="Shidduch">Matchmaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erusin" title="Erusin">Engagement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_wedding" title="Jewish wedding">Jewish wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketubah" title="Ketubah">Ketubah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuppah" title="Chuppah">Chuppah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheva_Brachot" title="Sheva Brachot">Sheva Brachot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niddah" title="Niddah">Niddah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikvah" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikvah">Mikvah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Get_(divorce_document)" title="Get (divorce document)">Divorce</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Religious practice</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/613_commandments" title="613 commandments">613 commandments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minhag" title="Minhag">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusach_(Jewish_custom)" title="Nusach (Jewish custom)">Rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torah_study" title="Torah study">Torah study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weekly_Torah_portion" title="Weekly Torah portion">Weekly Torah reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daf_Yomi" title="Daf Yomi">Daf Yomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiur" title="Shiur">Shiur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siyum" title="Siyum">Siyum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chavrusa" title="Chavrusa">Chavrusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chavurah" title="Chavurah">Chavurah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chidush" class="mw-redirect" title="Chidush">Chidush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzedakah" title="Tzedakah">Tzedakah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious items</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sifrei_Kodesh" title="Sifrei Kodesh">Sifrei Kodesh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Tanakh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemara" title="Gemara">Gemara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Siddur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machzor" title="Machzor">Machzor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzitzit" title="Tzitzit">Tzitzit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallit" title="Tallit">Tallit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tefillin" title="Tefillin">Tefillin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezuzah" title="Mezuzah">Mezuzah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kippah" title="Kippah">Kippah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah_menorah" title="Hanukkah menorah">Menorah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shofar" title="Shofar">Shofar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_species" title="Four species">Four species</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bereavement_in_Judaism" title="Bereavement in Judaism">Death</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chevra_kadisha" title="Chevra kadisha">Chevra Kadisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_(Judaism)" title="Shiva (Judaism)">Shiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaddish" title="Kaddish">Kaddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Tehillim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahrzeit" title="Yahrzeit">Yahrzeit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahrzeit_candle" title="Yahrzeit candle">Yahrzeit candle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yizkor" title="Yizkor">Yizkor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorifics_for_the_dead_in_Judaism" title="Honorifics for the dead in Judaism">Honorifics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style 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