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It is also critical to understand the inputs these regions will need to continue the growth of their AI ecosystems and expertise, allowing them to be empowered stakeholders and beneficiaries of this technological revolution." /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.wilsoncenter.org/blog-post/rise-ai-global-south-and-need-inclusion" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Wilson Center" /> <meta property="og:type" content="blog_post" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.wilsoncenter.org/blog-post/rise-ai-global-south-and-need-inclusion" /> <meta property="og:title" content="The Rise of AI in the Global South and the Need for Inclusion" /> <meta property="og:description" content="In the context of the Global South, it is critical to recognize the capacity for exploitation. 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Economic Visions, National Security and a Growing Workforce</span></div><div class="teaser-byline"><div class="teaser-byline-text"><span class="teaser-byline-text-date">September 20, 2024</span></div></div></div></a></div></div><div class="insight-detail-hero"><div class="insight-detail-hero-inner"><div class="insight-detail-hero-top"><div class="share-bar"><div class="share-bar-social-links"><div class="share-bar-social-links-inner"><a class="share-bar-social-link" data-service="facebook" href="#"><span class="sr-text">Share on Facebook</span></a><a class="share-bar-social-link" data-service="twitter" href="#"><span class="sr-text">Share on Twitter</span></a><a class="share-bar-social-link" data-service="email" href="#"><span class="sr-text">Share via Email</span></a></div></div><a class="share-bar-action" data-action="share" data-open="false" href="#"><span class="share-bar-action-text h6">Share</span></a><a class="share-bar-action" data-action="print" href="#"><span 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post</div></div><h1 class="insight-detail-hero-title h1 -serif">The Rise of AI in the Global South and the Need for Inclusion</h1><div class="insight-detail-hero-author -has-image"><picture class="insight-detail-hero-author-image"><source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/square/public/media/uploads/images/WickerHeadshot_Web.webp" type="image/webp"/><img src="/sites/default/files/styles/square/public/media/uploads/images/WickerHeadshot_Web.png" width="200" height="200" alt="Kellee Wicker" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="insight-detail-hero-author-byline"><span class="insight-detail-hero-author-byline-text">By </span><span class="insight-detail-hero-author-byline-authors"><span class="insight-detail-hero-author-byline-link"><a href="/person/kellee-wicker" class="insight-detail-hero-author-byline-link-text">Kellee Wicker</a></span></span><span class="insight-detail-hero-author-byline-text"> on </span><span class="insight-detail-hero-author-byline-text -date">September 3, 2024</span></div></div><div class="insight-detail-hero-intro wysiwyg-content"><p>In the context of the Global South, it is critical to recognize the capacity for exploitation. It is also critical to understand the inputs these regions will need to continue the growth of their AI ecosystems and expertise, allowing them to be empowered stakeholders and beneficiaries of this technological revolution.</p></div></div><aside class="insight-detail-hero-supporting"><div class="insight-detail-hero-programs"><a class="insight-detail-hero-program" data-program="science-and-technology-innovation-program" href="/program/science-and-technology-innovation-program"><div class="insight-detail-hero-program-logo"><img src="/themes/custom/wilson/assets/images/program-logos/science-and-technology-innovation-program.svg" alt="Science and Technology Innovation Program" width="100%" height="auto"></div><div class="insight-detail-hero-program-name">Science and Technology Innovation Program</div></a></div><div class="insight-detail-hero-terms tags-items"><a class="tags-item btn -tag" href="/issue/artificial-intelligence">Artificial Intelligence</a><a class="tags-item btn -tag" href="/issue/international-development">International Development</a><a class="tags-item btn -tag" href="/region/africa">Africa</a><a class="tags-item btn -tag" href="/region/middle-east-and-north-africa">Middle East and North Africa</a><a class="tags-item btn -tag" href="/region/latin-america">Latin America</a></div></aside></div></div><figure class="insight-detail-hero-image"><div class="insight-detail-hero-image-inner"><picture><source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/embed_text_block/public/media/uploads/images/globecircuits.webp" type="image/webp"/><img src="/sites/default/files/styles/embed_text_block/public/media/uploads/images/globecircuits.png" width="1000" height="540" alt="Globe with lighted data exchanges" loading="lazy"></picture><figcaption class="insight-detail-hero-image-caption"><div class="insight-detail-hero-image-caption-inner"><div class="insight-detail-hero-image-caption-credit js-image-credit"><a href="#">Image Credit</a><template><div class="tippy-credit"><p><a href="https://www.shutterstock.com/g/sdecoret">sdecoret</a>/Shutterstock</p></div></template></div></div></figcaption></div></figure></div><div class="text-block wysiwyg-content"><div class="text-block-inner"><p>Although machine learning and artificial intelligence (AI) has been a thriving academic field for decades, the world is undeniably in a moment of high and broad levels of adoption of AI. Machine learning algorithms were previously deployed unseen across critical sectors: health care, agriculture, banking, housing, and more. Now people can personally use approachable and powerful AI systems in their own day-to-day.</p><p>Increased AI innovation and education globally increases how we benefit from the tech at home in our own countries. In the United States, we owe a great deal of our AI expertise to foreign-born workers and thinkers, many of whom hail from countries considered part of the Global South: in 2021, <a class="Hyperlink SCXW12419190 BCX0" href="https://ncses.nsf.gov/pubs/nsb20243/talent-u-s-and-global-stem-education-and-labor-force#international-s-e-higher-education-and-student-mobility" target="_blank">57.6 percen<u>t</u></a> of all doctorate-level computer and mathematical scientists and engineers working in the United States were foreign-born, and <a class="Hyperlink SCXW12419190 BCX0" href="https://www.nsf.gov/nsb/sei/one-pagers/NSB-International-STEM-Talent-2022.pdf" target="_blank">more than half</a> of all US academic positions in computer and information sciences programs were also held by foreign-born academics. </p><p>Innovation is not happening in isolation to the United States, but in global capacity building. Developers and engineers from around the world are making significant contributions to the race for robust AI systems. Yet in the context of the Global South, it is critical to recognize the capacity for exploitation, such as the creation and deployment of systems with no regard for local languages or needs, the use of communities’ data without stakeholder consultation and control, or the exclusion of many countries from international discussions on governance. It is also critical to understand the inputs these regions will need to continue the growth of their AI ecosystems and expertise, allowing them to be empowered stakeholders and beneficiaries of this technological revolution. </p><h2>Diverse Innovation</h2><p>Diverse engineers and users find diverse problems and create unique solutions for these problems, and we accrue global benefit when tech ecosystems thrive around the world. It is hard to provide a snapshot of the vibrant development going on around the world, but a selection of case studies from various regions and industries begins to give a sense of the possibilities: </p><ul><li><p class="Paragraph SCXW131371303 BCX0">Ghana’s MinoHealth AI Labs answered the <a class="Hyperlink SCXW131371303 BCX0" href="https://www.minohealth.ai/#about" target="_blank">dramatic shortage of radiologists in the African continent</a> by developing AI systems to automate diagnosis of 14 chest conditions. The Labs also offer systems for diagnosis or screening of infectious diseases that have a high impact on various countries, such as malaria or COVID-19, and conduct AI-facilitated biomedical research. </p></li><li><p class="Paragraph SCXW131371303 BCX0">India’s hottest startups are tackling the <a class="Hyperlink SCXW131371303 BCX0" href="https://techcrunch.com/2024/06/30/here-are-indias-biggest-ai-startups-based-on-how-much-money-theyve-raised/" target="_blank">challenges presented by India’s enormous number of languages and dialects</a> by creating generative systems and an Indic LLM. These systems can make <a class="Hyperlink SCXW131371303 BCX0" href="https://www.business-standard.com/technology/tech-news/cheap-ai-bots-rapidly-expand-across-india-transforming-tech-landscape-124082600039_1.html" target="_blank">chatbot and voice interactions accessible</a> for millions of Indians currently unable to use English-centric systems. </p></li><li><p class="Paragraph SCXW131371303 BCX0">Chilean-founded company <a class="Hyperlink SCXW131371303 BCX0" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/dianatsai/2021/10/25/this-is-no-ordinary-unicorn-this-is-a-good-unicorn-how-notco-is-saving-the-planet-by-making-plants-taste-like-meat/?sh=89b45ab1ba59" target="_blank">NotCo uses their proprietary AI system</a> to make plant-based meat and milk products that more convincingly mimic meat and dairy, with the potential for huge sustainability wins with higher adoption of plant-based products by diehard carnivores. They now not only sell their products around the world in grocery stores and restaurants but also <a class="Hyperlink SCXW131371303 BCX0" href="https://tech.notco.com/" target="_blank">offer their AI as a service</a> for other companies looking to innovate in sustainable food.</p></li></ul><p class="Paragraph SCXW131371303 BCX0">On a more foundational level, the United Arabs Emirates threw their hat in the ring of global AI power with the <a class="Hyperlink SCXW100228918 BCX0" href="https://www.reuters.com/technology/abu-dhabi-makes-its-falcon-40b-ai-model-open-source-2023-05-25/" target="_blank">2023 release of the open source Falcon model<u>,</u></a> funded by the emirate of Abu Dhabi’s government. The first Falcon generation of models was followed a year later by <a class="Hyperlink SCXW100228918 BCX0" href="https://finance.yahoo.com/news/falcon-2-uae-technology-innovation-133600191.html?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuYmluZy5jb20v&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAAISSW5IZsQkq009LX3_bPxh3FaBnbjCJLxsmk_D2KgcCummAPg0Qi0W2rR9t2s1ROymRqKTrv6hhRTsilXehrPiOBp0M_QoW6_l0nPccnFwKoJjz7WwdSsIpvVqpm81MSoQE8KxsI7w5zb0oyO3Hxcs-j7JQIs8zqDTDaywB25OY" target="_blank">Falcon 2, a multimodal, multilingual model</a> that on launch outperformed models from American corporate giants Meta and Google. It can be hard to identify statistics on open-source model real-world usage, but the Falcon family of models continue to enjoy robust download numbers on open-source machine learning platform Hugging Face. One of <a class="Hyperlink SCXW100228918 BCX0" href="https://huggingface.co/tiiuae/falcon-40b" target="_blank">the 2023 models</a> saw 128,647 downloads in July 2024 and a <a class="Hyperlink SCXW100228918 BCX0" href="https://huggingface.co/tiiuae/falcon-11B" target="_blank">larger second generation model requiring finetuning</a> brought in 26,271 downloads in the same month. Researchers have been similarly inspired, with 95 papers published in 2023 and 2024 on arXiv, an open-source scholarly archive, using Falcon models for research across a range of questions, from <a class="Hyperlink SCXW100228918 BCX0" href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/2406.06435" target="_blank">models’ applicability to medical triage</a> to <a class="Hyperlink SCXW100228918 BCX0" href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/2405.00972" target="_blank">their ability to assist and accelerate chemistry research</a>. </p><h2>The Inputs for Growth</h2><p>Innovation requires inputs, and these are not always accessible to researchers and developers in Global South countries. Working with AI requires access to models, computing power, and talent. Powerful open-source models can bridge the model gap, as seen in the Falcon example, and there are many other examples of open-source models that are downloaded widely and adapted to problems or research in countries around the world.</p><p>But compute and talent are increasingly fought over by nations and corporations alike. The race to acquire and hold as much supercomputing power as possible has led to <a class="Hyperlink SCXW243890993 BCX0" href="https://www.wired.com/story/nvidia-chip-shortages-leave-ai-startups-scrambling-for-computing-power/" target="_blank">a chips shortage</a>, making chip companies into the new kingmakers. Although the year-long wait for order fulfillment has eased to <a class="Hyperlink SCXW243890993 BCX0" href="https://www.tomshardware.com/tech-industry/artificial-intelligence/wait-times-for-nvidias-ai-gpus-eases-to-three-to-four-months-suggesting-peak-in-near-term-growth-the-wait-list-for-an-h100-was-previously-eleven-months-ubs" target="_blank">just 3-4 months this year</a>, and chips companies are looking to <a class="Hyperlink SCXW243890993 BCX0" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2024/06/02/nvidia-dominates-the-ai-chip-market-but-theres-rising-competition-.html" target="_blank">compete with longtime leader Nvidia</a>, demand is still high enough that smaller nations or nations with less money to spend on tech will struggle to get compute to fuel their domestic tech ecosystems and academics. Even Elon Musk faces the need <a class="Hyperlink SCXW243890993 BCX0" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2024/06/04/elon-musk-told-nvidia-to-ship-ai-chips-reserved-for-tesla-to-x-xai.html" target="_blank">to beggar one of his companies</a> to fill the computing need for another. </p><p>Countries are also racing to attract talented engineers and students to either stay or to immigrate. As seen above, the United States’ prowess in artificial intelligence is built on a foundation of immigrants who choose to move to the United States and stay to build, teach, and research. Other nations, such as the United Kingdom, Canada, France, and Australia, are adopting <a class="Hyperlink SCXW5934084 BCX0" href="https://cset.georgetown.edu/wp-content/uploads/CSET-Immigration-Policy-and-the-Global-Competition-for-AI-Talent.pdf" target="_blank">immigration reforms targeted at attracting AI talent</a>. Global South countries are competing with these national players for their own brainpower. </p><h2>A Thriving World</h2><p>Why should we care here in the United States? The solutions and tools that we will build with artificial intelligence are often limited by the problems we can see and the circumstances we are from. More robust ecosystems around the world mean we learn to leverage AI for a wider range of issues, whether it’s medical problems that are rare in the United States but widespread in elsewhere; or a tech application that leapfrogs an entrenched rigid system here to offer faster and more independent control over one’s finances; or a system to address a social ill that we have gone blind to over time. We in our countries face a stronger future in a world where development of AI tools is not constrained to a small population in a handful of countries and companies. </p><p>For those unconvinced by this argument, consider also the security implications. Policymakers learned this lesson late with telecommunications hardware: per a report from the <a class="Hyperlink SCXW23823728 BCX0" href="https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/chinas-huawei-threat-us-national-security" target="_blank">Council on Foreign Relations</a>, state-backed Huawei captured a significant portion of the global market with low prices, leaving the United States and allies scrambling to find ways to motivate allies and friendly countries to end their use of Huawei products to avoid security issues.</p><p>We are again in a moment where China is making overtures to Global South countries and building warm relations while the United States fails to have any systematic approach. The October 2023 framework for <a class="Hyperlink SCXW123576987 BCX0" href="https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3238360/belt-and-road-forum-china-launches-ai-framework-urging-equal-rights-and-opportunities-all-nations" target="_blank">China’s Belt and Road Initiative</a> declared “equal rights” for AI development as a priority, and China is actively seeking to boost exchanges with other countries, casting the United States and other Global North countries as obstacles and manipulators. The groundwork is being set for an ideological war over the governance and use of a powerful dual-use technology that could enable individual-level surveillance and control of a population, as well as other security and military applications. </p><p>The United States and its allies need to make the case that Global South countries have something to be gained from the democratic and equitable approach to AI. What’s more, Global South countries need to be respected as contributors to our technological future.</p></div></div><div class="promo-carousel"><div class="promo-carousel-inner"><div class="promo-carousel-header"><div class="promo-carousel-background" style="background-image: url('/sites/default/files/styles/carousel_promo_bg/public/media/uploads/images/AI%20Mexico%20Seminar.jpg');"></div><h3 class="promo-carousel-title h2">AI and the Global South</h3><div class="promo-carousel-nav"><button class="promo-carousel-nav-button -arrow -prev"><span class="sr-text">Previous</span></button><button class="promo-carousel-nav-button -arrow -next"><span class="sr-text">Next</span></button></div></div><div class="promo-carousel-items"><a class="promo-carousel-item" href="/blog-post/mexicos-bet-artificial-intelligence"><div class="promo-carousel-item-image"><picture><source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/carousel_promo/public/media/uploads/images/AI%20Mexico%20Seminar.webp" type="image/webp"/><img src="/sites/default/files/styles/carousel_promo/public/media/uploads/images/AI%20Mexico%20Seminar.jpg" width="600" height="660" alt="AI Mexico Seminar 2024" loading="lazy"></picture></div><div class="promo-carousel-item-content"><h4 class="promo-carousel-item-title h4 -serif">Mexico’s Bet on Artificial Intelligence</h4><p class="promo-carousel-item-text"></p></div></a><a class="promo-carousel-item" href="/blog-post/regulating-artificial-intelligence-africa-strategies-and-insights-kenya-ghana-and-african"><div class="promo-carousel-item-image"><picture><source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/carousel_promo/public/media/uploads/images/shutterstock_2053032029.webp" type="image/webp"/><img src="/sites/default/files/styles/carousel_promo/public/media/uploads/images/shutterstock_2053032029.jpg" width="600" height="660" alt="Techy image of the African continent" loading="lazy"></picture></div><div class="promo-carousel-item-content"><h4 class="promo-carousel-item-title h4 -serif">Regulating Artificial Intelligence in Africa: Strategies and Insights from Kenya, Ghana, and the African Union</h4><p class="promo-carousel-item-text">The African Union's new AI Strategy aims to balance innovation and regulation across Africa, but challenges around infrastructure and governance remain central to its successful implementation.</p></div></a><a class="promo-carousel-item" href="/blog-post/ai-bahrain-integrating-ai-economic-visions-national-security-and-growing-workforce"><div class="promo-carousel-item-image"><picture><source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/carousel_promo/public/media/uploads/images/shutterstock_2509198979.webp" type="image/webp"/><img src="/sites/default/files/styles/carousel_promo/public/media/uploads/images/shutterstock_2509198979.jpg" width="600" height="660" alt="Illuminated Bahrain Digital Data Map Pink And Blue" loading="lazy"></picture></div><div class="promo-carousel-item-content"><h4 class="promo-carousel-item-title h4 -serif">AI in Bahrain: Integrating AI Into Economic Visions, National Security and a Growing Workforce</h4><p class="promo-carousel-item-text">In the Middle East, a race is underway as countries across the region work to establish themselves as leaders in this burgeoning technological frontier. One country well-positioned for the AI race: the Kingdom of Bahrain.</p></div></a></div></div></div><div class="attribution-block"><div class="attribution-block-inner"><div class="attribution-block-people" data-view="list"><h3 class="attribution-block-people-title h5">About the Author</h3><div class="attribution-block-people-group"><div class="attribution-block-person"><div class="attribution-block-person-image"><picture><source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/square/public/media/uploads/images/WickerHeadshot_Web.webp" type="image/webp"/><img src="/sites/default/files/styles/square/public/media/uploads/images/WickerHeadshot_Web.png" width="200" height="200" alt="Kellee Wicker" loading="lazy"></picture></div><div class="attribution-block-person-content -has-image"><h4 class="attribution-block-person-name h1">Kellee Wicker</h4><div class="attribution-block-person-position">Director, Science and Technology Innovation Program</div><a class="attribution-block-person-button btn 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