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id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E8%BC%B8%E8%A1%80" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E8%BC%B8%E8%A1%80" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-历史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#历史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>历史</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-历史-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关历史子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-历史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-血作为藥物" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#血作为藥物"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>血作为藥物</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-血作为藥物-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-中国传统医学血液用途" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#中国传统医学血液用途"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>中国传统医学血液用途</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-中国传统医学血液用途-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-现代输血疗法" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#现代输血疗法"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>现代输血疗法</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-现代输血疗法-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-不同血品輸液的場合" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#不同血品輸液的場合"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>不同血品輸液的場合</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-不同血品輸液的場合-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-輸血療法之風險" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#輸血療法之風險"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>輸血療法之風險</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-輸血療法之風險-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关輸血療法之風險子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-輸血療法之風險-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-傳染病" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#傳染病"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>傳染病</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-傳染病-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-安全規定" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#安全規定"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>安全規定</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-安全規定-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-病菌检测的窗口期" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#病菌检测的窗口期"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>病菌检测的窗口期</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-病菌检测的窗口期-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-溶血反应风险" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#溶血反应风险"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>溶血反应风险</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-溶血反应风险-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-肝炎传播的重要途径" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#肝炎传播的重要途径"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>肝炎传播的重要途径</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-肝炎传播的重要途径-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-输血相关性急性肺损伤(TRALI)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#输血相关性急性肺损伤(TRALI)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>输血相关性急性肺损伤(TRALI)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-输血相关性急性肺损伤(TRALI)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-对免疫系统影响" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#对免疫系统影响"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>对免疫系统影响</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-对免疫系统影响-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-特殊人群" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#特殊人群"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>特殊人群</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-特殊人群-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关特殊人群子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-特殊人群-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-新生儿" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#新生儿"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>新生儿</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-新生儿-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-重大失血" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#重大失血"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>重大失血</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-重大失血-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-未知血型" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#未知血型"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>未知血型</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-未知血型-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-宗教反对" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#宗教反对"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>宗教反对</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-宗教反对-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-减白血品" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#减白血品"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>减白血品</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-减白血品-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-手術相關的輸血" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#手術相關的輸血"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>手術相關的輸血</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-手術相關的輸血-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-相關條目" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#相關條目"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>相關條目</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-相關條目-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部連結" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部連結"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>外部連結</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部連結-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="目录" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">輸血</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。73种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-73" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">73种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloedoortapping" title="Bloedoortapping – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Bloedoortapping" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfusi%C3%B3n_de_sangre" title="Transfusión de sangre – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Transfusión de sangre" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%85" title="نقل الدم – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نقل الدم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84_%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%85" title="النقل د الدم – 摩洛哥阿拉伯文" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="النقل د الدم" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="摩洛哥阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tresfusi%C3%B3n_de_sangre" title="Tresfusión de sangre – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Tresfusión de sangre" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qank%C3%B6%C3%A7%C3%BCrm%C9%99" title="Qanköçürmə – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qanköçürmə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8A%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Кръвопреливане – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кръвопреливане" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3" title="রক্ত সঞ্চারণ – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রক্ত সঞ্চারণ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfuzija_krvi" title="Transfuzija krvi – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Transfuzija krvi" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfusi%C3%B3_de_sang" title="Transfusió de sang – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Transfusió de sang" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krevn%C3%AD_transfuze" title="Krevní transfuze – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Krevní transfuze" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trallwysiad_gwaed" title="Trallwysiad gwaed – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Trallwysiad gwaed" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blodtransfusion" title="Blodtransfusion – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Blodtransfusion" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluttransfusion" title="Bluttransfusion – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bluttransfusion" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8D%DE%AD%DE%87%DE%AC%DE%85%DE%AA%DE%82%DE%B0" title="ލޭއެޅުން – 迪维希语" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ލޭއެޅުން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="迪维希语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%B3%CE%B3%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%B7_%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Μετάγγιση αίματος – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μετάγγιση αίματος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_transfusion" title="Blood transfusion – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Blood transfusion" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangotransfuzo" title="Sangotransfuzo – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sangotransfuzo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfusi%C3%B3n_de_sangre" title="Transfusión de sangre – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Transfusión de sangre" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odol-transfusio" title="Odol-transfusio – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Odol-transfusio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%AE%D9%88%D9%86" title="انتقال خون – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انتقال خون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verensiirto" title="Verensiirto – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Verensiirto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfusion_sanguine" title="Transfusion sanguine – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Transfusion sanguine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trasfusion" title="Trasfusion – 弗留利语" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Trasfusion" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="弗留利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloedtransf%C3%BAzje" title="Bloedtransfúzje – 西弗里西亚语" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Bloedtransfúzje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuilaistri%C3%BA" title="Fuilaistriú – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Fuilaistriú" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfusi%C3%B3n_de_sangue" title="Transfusión de sangue – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Transfusión de sangue" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AA(Blood_transfusion)" title="रगत घालप(Blood transfusion) – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="रगत घालप(Blood transfusion)" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%99_%D7%93%D7%9D" title="עירוי דם – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עירוי דם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="रक्ताधान – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रक्ताधान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfuzija_krvi" title="Transfuzija krvi – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Transfuzija krvi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9r%C3%A1t%C3%B6mleszt%C3%A9s" title="Vérátömlesztés – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vérátömlesztés" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D6%83%D5%B8%D5%AD%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Արյան փոխներարկում – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Արյան փոխներարկում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfusion_sanguine" title="Transfusion sanguine – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Transfusion sanguine" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfusi_darah" title="Transfusi darah – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Transfusi darah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trasfusione" title="Trasfusione – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Trasfusione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BC%B8%E8%A1%80" title="輸血 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="輸血" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%84%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Гемотрансфузия – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Гемотрансфузия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A3" title="ರಕ್ತಪೂರಣ – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ರಕ್ತಪೂರಣ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%88%98%ED%98%88" title="수혈 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="수혈" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xw%C3%AEnguhaztin" title="Xwînguhaztin – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Xwînguhaztin" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%8E%D1%83" title="Кан куюу – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кан куюу" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfusio_sanguinis" title="Transfusio sanguinis – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Transfusio sanguinis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraujo_perpylimas" title="Kraujo perpylimas – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kraujo perpylimas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asins_p%C4%81rlie%C5%A1ana" title="Asins pārliešana – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Asins pārliešana" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A" title="രക്തപ്പകർച്ച – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="രക്തപ്പകർച്ച" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfusi_darah" title="Transfusi darah – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Transfusi darah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloedtransfusie" title="Bloedtransfusie – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bloedtransfusie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blodoverf%C3%B8ring" title="Blodoverføring – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Blodoverføring" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blodtransfusjon" title="Blodtransfusjon – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Blodtransfusjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfusion_sanguina" title="Transfusion sanguina – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Transfusion sanguina" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfuzja_krwi" title="Transfuzja krwi – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Transfuzja krwi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%90_%D8%AA%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%8E%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87" title="د وینې تېرَونه – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د وینې تېرَونه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfus%C3%A3o_de_sangue" title="Transfusão de sangue – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Transfusão de sangue" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfuzie_de_s%C3%A2nge" title="Transfuzie de sânge – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Transfuzie de sânge" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%84%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Гемотрансфузия – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гемотрансфузия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfuzija_krvi" title="Transfuzija krvi – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Transfuzija krvi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_transfusion" title="Blood transfusion – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Blood transfusion" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfuzija_krvi" title="Transfuzija krvi – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Transfuzija krvi" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfuzioni_i_gjakut" title="Transfuzioni i gjakut – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Transfuzioni i gjakut" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%84%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Трансфузија крви – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Трансфузија крви" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blodtransfusion" title="Blodtransfusion – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Blodtransfusion" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="குருதி மாற்றீடு – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="குருதி மாற்றீடு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D3%A3" title="Хунгузаронӣ – 塔吉克语" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Хунгузаронӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%96%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94" title="การถ่ายเลือด – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การถ่ายเลือด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsasalin_ng_dugo" title="Pagsasalin ng dugo – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pagsasalin ng dugo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kan_nakli" title="Kan nakli – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kan nakli" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D2%AF%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D2%AF" title="Кан күчерү – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Кан күчерү" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96" title="Переливання крові – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Переливання крові" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qon_quyish" title="Qon quyish – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qon quyish" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truy%E1%BB%81n_m%C3%A1u" title="Truyền máu – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Truyền máu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BE%93%E8%A1%80" title="输血 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="输血" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BC%B8%E8%A1%80" title="輸血 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="輸血" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q183605#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84596247">.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text{width:95%;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-content{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox 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.ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox 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ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>本條目存在以下問題</b>，請協助<b><a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E8%BC%B8%E8%A1%80&action=edit">改善本條目</a></b>或在<b><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E8%BC%B8%E8%A1%80" title="Talk:輸血">討論頁</a></b>針對議題發表看法。 <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732972"><table class="box-Copy_edit plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Ambox_spelling.svg/48px-Ambox_spelling.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Ambox_spelling.svg/72px-Ambox_spelling.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Ambox_spelling.svg/96px-Ambox_spelling.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目<b>需要<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%A6%82%E4%BD%95%E5%AF%A9%E6%A0%B8%E6%A0%A1%E5%B0%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:如何審核校對">編修</a>，以確保文法、<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%81%BF%E5%85%8D%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E7%9A%84%E5%AD%97%E8%A9%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:避免使用的字詞">用詞、语气</a>、<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E6%89%8B%E5%86%8C" title="Wikipedia:格式手册">格式</a>、<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E6%89%8B%E5%86%8C/%E6%A0%87%E7%82%B9%E7%AC%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="Wikipedia:格式手册/标点符号">標點</a>等使用恰当。</b><span class="hide-when-compact"></span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">2019年6月15日</span>)</i></small><span class="hide-when-compact"><br /><small>請按照<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%A6%82%E4%BD%95%E5%AF%A9%E6%A0%B8%E6%A0%A1%E5%B0%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:如何審核校對">校對指引</a>，幫助<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E8%BC%B8%E8%A1%80&action=edit">编辑</a>這個條目。（<a href="/wiki/Help:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:编辑">幫助</a>、<a href="/wiki/Talk:%E8%BC%B8%E8%A1%80" title="Talk:輸血">討論</a>）</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732972"><table class="box-Disputed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/45px-System-search.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/68px-System-search.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/90px-System-search.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目<b>內容<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%87%86%E7%A1%AE%E6%80%A7%E4%BA%89%E8%AE%AE" title="Wikipedia:准确性争议">疑欠准确</a>，有待查證。</b><span class="hide-when-compact"></span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">2019年6月15日</span>)</i></small><span class="hide-when-compact"><br /><small>請在<a href="/wiki/Talk:%E8%BC%B8%E8%A1%80" title="Talk:輸血">讨论页</a>討論問題所在及加以改善，若此條目仍有爭議及<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%87%86%E7%A1%AE%E6%80%A7%E4%BA%89%E8%AE%AE" title="Wikipedia:准确性争议">准确度</a>欠佳，會被提出<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%A0%81%E9%9D%A2%E5%AD%98%E5%BB%A2%E8%A8%8E%E8%AB%96" title="Wikipedia:頁面存廢討論">存廢討論</a>。</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732972"><table class="box-Refimprove plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tango-nosources.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/45px-Tango-nosources.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/68px-Tango-nosources.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/90px-Tango-nosources.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目<b>需要补充更多<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源">来源</a></b>。<span class="hide-when-compact"></span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">2014年8月1日</span>)</i></small><span class="hide-when-compact"><br /><small>请协助補充多方面<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E9%9D%A0%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:可靠来源">可靠来源</a>以<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E8%BC%B8%E8%A1%80&action=edit">改善这篇条目</a>，<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E4%BE%9B%E6%9F%A5%E8%AF%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:可供查证">无法查证</a>的内容可能會因為<a href="/wiki/Template:Fact" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Fact">异议提出</a>而被移除。<br />致使用者：请搜索一下条目的标题（来源搜索：<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?&as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22%E8%BC%B8%E8%A1%80%22">"輸血"</a> — <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?q=%22%E8%BC%B8%E8%A1%80%22">网页</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=&as_src=-newswire+-wire+-presswire+-PR+-press+-release+-wikipedia&q=%22%E8%BC%B8%E8%A1%80%22">新闻</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?&as_brr=0&as_pub=-icon&q=%22%E8%BC%B8%E8%A1%80%22">书籍</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//scholar.google.com/scholar?&q=%22%E8%BC%B8%E8%A1%80%22">学术</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?tbm=isch&safe=off&q=%22%E8%BC%B8%E8%A1%80%22">图像</a></span>），以检查网络上是否存在该主题的更多可靠来源（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E9%9D%A0%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:可靠来源">判定指引</a>）。</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></div><span class="hide-when-compact"></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r85100532">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref"><span class="noviewer hatnote-notice-img" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Star_of_life_caution.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Star_of_life_caution.svg/22px-Star_of_life_caution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Star_of_life_caution.svg/33px-Star_of_life_caution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Star_of_life_caution.svg/44px-Star_of_life_caution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="210" data-file-height="190" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91" title="维基百科">维基百科</a>中的醫學内容<b>仅供参考</b>，並<b>不能</b>視作專業意見。如需獲取醫療幫助或意見，请咨询专业人士。詳見<b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6%E5%A3%B0%E6%98%8E" title="Wikipedia:医学声明">醫學聲明</a></b>。</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732082">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: lightblue">输血</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Erythrozytenkonzentrat_neu.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="0.5 - 0.7公升胶袋包含压积红细胞于枸橼酸盐、磷酸盐、血糖和腺嘌呤（CPDA）溶液中"><img alt="0.5 - 0.7公升胶袋包含压积红细胞于枸橼酸盐、磷酸盐、血糖和腺嘌呤（CPDA）溶液中" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Erythrozytenkonzentrat_neu.jpg/230px-Erythrozytenkonzentrat_neu.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Erythrozytenkonzentrat_neu.jpg/345px-Erythrozytenkonzentrat_neu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Erythrozytenkonzentrat_neu.jpg/460px-Erythrozytenkonzentrat_neu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="879" data-file-height="1272" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><span class="nowrap">0.5 - 0.7公升</span>胶袋包含<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="压积红细胞" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="packed red blood cells"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8E%8B%E7%A7%AF%E7%BA%A2%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="压积红细胞（页面不存在）">压积红细胞</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/packed_red_blood_cells" class="extiw" title="en:packed red blood cells"><span lang="en" dir="auto">packed red blood cells</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>于<a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%B8%E6%A9%BC%E9%85%B8%E7%9B%90" class="mw-redirect" title="枸橼酸盐">枸橼酸盐</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%B7%E9%85%B8%E9%B9%BD" title="磷酸鹽">磷酸鹽</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%B3%96" title="葡萄糖">血糖</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%BA%E5%98%8C%E5%91%A4" title="腺嘌呤">腺嘌呤</a>（CPDA）溶液中</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85%E5%92%8C%E6%9C%89%E5%85%B3%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98%E7%9A%84%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="疾病和有关健康问题的国际统计分类">ICD-9-CM</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">99.0</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6%E4%B8%BB%E9%A2%98%E8%AF%8D" title="医学主题词">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2011/MB_cgi?field=uid&term=D001803">D001803</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="OPS-301" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="OPS-301"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS-301&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS-301（页面不存在）">OPS-301</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OPS-301" class="extiw" title="en:OPS-301"><span lang="en" dir="auto">OPS-301</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ops.icd-code.de/ops/code/8-80.html">8-80</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000431.htm">000431</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>輸血</b>是一種治療措施，可算是一種支持性與代償性的療法。出現場合包括了<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E7%A7%91%E6%89%8B%E8%A1%93" class="mw-redirect" title="外科手術">外科手術</a>備血以防術中失血過多、嚴重<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%A7%E8%A1%80" class="mw-redirect" title="貧血">貧血</a>等等。輸血可以針對不同血液成分（或稱「血品」）進行輸入，包括了<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E8%A1%80" title="全血">全血</a>（whole blood）、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E8%A1%80%E7%90%83%E6%BF%83%E5%8E%9A%E6%B6%B2" title="紅血球濃厚液">紅血球濃厚液</a>（packed RBC）、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%97%E6%BB%8C%E7%B4%85%E8%A1%80%E7%90%83" class="mw-redirect" title="洗滌紅血球">洗滌紅血球</a>（washed RBC）、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%BD%E8%A1%80%E7%90%83%E6%BF%83%E7%B8%AE%E6%B6%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="白血球濃縮液（页面不存在）">白血球濃縮液</a>（WBC concentrate）與<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A1%80%E5%B0%8F%E6%9D%BF%E6%BF%83%E7%B8%AE%E6%B6%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="血小板濃縮液（页面不存在）">血小板濃縮液</a>（platelet concentrate）等，視病人需求做出選擇。 </p><p>第一次輸血始于1667年6月15日，由法国御医<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A9-%E5%B7%B4%E8%92%82%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E5%B0%BC" title="让-巴蒂斯特·德尼">丹尼斯</a>（<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:Jean-Baptiste_Denys" class="extiw" title="w:en:Jean-Baptiste Denys">Jean-Baptiste Denis</a>，1643? - 1704<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)进行，开始使用羔羊的血。现代輸血是由法国外科医生卡雷尔博士（Alexis Carrel，1873年6月28日－1944年11月5日）首次進行的，因其创造性进行人与人输血而获得了1912年诺贝尔奖<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。現今的輸血療法是盡可能在<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%80%E5%9E%8B" title="血型">血型</a>相同的個體間進行。在輸血治療前，血液一般已經過基本<a href="/wiki/%E5%82%B3%E6%9F%93%E7%97%85" class="mw-redirect" title="傳染病">傳染病</a>化驗，證實安全，才可使用。但沒有絕對安全的血液，任何方式的輸血療法，都有可能產生感染和出現并发症之危險。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="历史"><span id=".E5.8E.86.E5.8F.B2"></span>历史</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BC%B8%E8%A1%80&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：历史"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="血作为藥物"><span id=".E8.A1.80.E4.BD.9C.E4.B8.BA.E8.97.A5.E7.89.A9"></span>血作为藥物</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BC%B8%E8%A1%80&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：血作为藥物"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>把血當作藥物使用的历史相当久远。雷伊·坦尼希爾指出，差不多有2000年之久，在埃及和其他地方，“血被視為<a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%BB%E9%A3%8E%E7%97%85" title="麻风病">麻风病</a>的特效藥。”<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>羅馬人相信喝人血可以治<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%B2%E7%99%87%E7%97%87" class="mw-redirect" title="癲癇症">癲癇症</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E7%88%BE%E5%9C%96%E8%89%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="德爾圖良">德爾圖良</a>論及血作为“醫藥”用途説：“請想想在競技場的表演結束時，那些貪婪地把邪惡罪犯的鮮血……拿去治療他們的癲癇症的人。” </p><p>當然，那時還沒有輸血這回事，因為人直到差不多16世紀才開始試驗輸血。借着输血疗法，当时的医生(<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%85%B0%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%BD%E6%B3%B0%E7%BA%B3" title="卡尔·兰德施泰纳">卡爾·蘭德施泰納</a>)發現了人類有不同的<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%80%E5%9E%8B" title="血型">血型</a>，这也奠定了ABO血型系统的基础。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="中国传统医学血液用途"><span id=".E4.B8.AD.E5.9B.BD.E4.BC.A0.E7.BB.9F.E5.8C.BB.E5.AD.A6.E8.A1.80.E6.B6.B2.E7.94.A8.E9.80.94"></span>中国传统医学血液用途</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BC%B8%E8%A1%80&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：中国传统医学血液用途"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在中医中，很多动物血液都作为药材使用，但是实际上原理与现代意义上的输血大相径庭且作用有待科学证明。例如明代李时珍著《本草纲目禽部》指出鹅血“咸平，微毒，解药毒。”陶弘景谓：“中射工毒者，饮血，又以涂身。”又如《本草从新》谓：“愈噎膈反胃”。《本草求原》也记载：“苍鹅血治噎隔反胃，白鹅血能吐胸腹诸虫血积”。本草纲目兽部提到鲜羊血治疗多种疾病如鼻血不止，死胎不下，产后大出血。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="现代输血疗法"><span id=".E7.8E.B0.E4.BB.A3.E8.BE.93.E8.A1.80.E7.96.97.E6.B3.95"></span>现代输血疗法</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BC%B8%E8%A1%80&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：现代输血疗法"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Direct-blood-transfusion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Direct-blood-transfusion.jpg/220px-Direct-blood-transfusion.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Direct-blood-transfusion.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="276" data-file-height="283" /></a><figcaption>第二次世界大战中使用的二人直接输血仪器</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="不同血品輸液的場合"><span id=".E4.B8.8D.E5.90.8C.E8.A1.80.E5.93.81.E8.BC.B8.E6.B6.B2.E7.9A.84.E5.A0.B4.E5.90.88"></span>不同血品輸液的場合</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BC%B8%E8%A1%80&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：不同血品輸液的場合"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>全血</li> <li>紅血球濃厚液</li> <li>洗滌紅血球</li> <li>白血球濃縮液</li> <li>血小板濃縮液</li> <li>新鮮冷凍血漿</li> <li>冷凍血漿</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="輸血療法之風險"><span id=".E8.BC.B8.E8.A1.80.E7.99.82.E6.B3.95.E4.B9.8B.E9.A2.A8.E9.9A.AA"></span>輸血療法之風險</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BC%B8%E8%A1%80&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：輸血療法之風險"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="傳染病"><span id=".E5.82.B3.E6.9F.93.E7.97.85"></span>傳染病</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BC%B8%E8%A1%80&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：傳染病"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>根据已知的研究，随血液传播的疾病超过60种，有一些疾病短期内没有明显的症状，具有一定的潜伏期，而且对于不同人种有不一样的反应。一般來說，經由輸血產生的危險分為： </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%82%B3%E6%9F%93%E7%97%85" class="mw-redirect" title="傳染病">傳染病</a>：包括<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E6%BB%8B%E7%97%85" title="艾滋病">艾滋病</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%9D%E7%82%8E" title="肝炎">肝炎</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%96%9F%E7%96%BE" title="疟疾">疟疾</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B9%99%E5%9E%8B%E8%84%91%E7%82%8E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="乙型脑炎（页面不存在）">乙型脑炎</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%BA%E8%A1%80%E7%86%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="出血熱">出血热</a>和未知的病毒等。除此之外，很多传染病包括<a href="/wiki/%E7%96%B1%E7%96%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="疱疹">疱疹</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92" title="病毒">病毒</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E6%9F%93" title="感染">感染</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A0%E6%9F%93%E6%80%A7%E5%8D%95%E6%A0%B8%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E5%A2%9E%E5%A4%9A%E7%97%87" class="mw-redirect" title="传染性单核细胞增多症">傳染性單核細胞增多症</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%93%E5%BD%A2%E9%AB%94%E7%97%85" class="mw-redirect" title="弓形體病">弓形體病</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%8C%90%E8%9F%B2%E7%97%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="錐蟲病（页面不存在）">錐蟲病</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2%E6%98%8F%E7%9D%A1%E7%97%85" class="mw-redirect" title="非洲昏睡病">非洲昏睡病</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%B0%E5%8A%A0%E6%96%AF%E6%B0%8F%E7%97%85" class="mw-redirect" title="恰加斯氏病">恰加斯氏病</a>）、<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E4%BB%80%E6%9B%BC%E7%97%85" title="利什曼病">利什曼病</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E9%AD%AF%E6%B0%8F%E8%8F%8C%E7%97%85" title="布魯氏菌病">布魯氏菌病</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%91%E7%96%B9%E5%82%B7%E5%AF%92" title="斑疹傷寒">斑疹傷寒</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B5%B2%E8%9F%B2%E7%97%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="絲蟲病（页面不存在）">絲蟲病</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%97%B2%E7%96%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="痲疹">痲疹</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B2%99%E9%96%80%E6%B0%8F%E8%8F%8C%E7%97%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="沙門氏菌病（页面不存在）">沙門氏菌病</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E7%BE%85%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%9A%E5%A3%81%E8%99%B1%E7%86%B1%E7%97%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="科羅拉多壁虱熱病（页面不存在）">科羅拉多壁虱熱病</a>等也随着血液传播。<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>并发症：发热、<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%B6%E8%A1%80" class="mw-redirect" title="溶血">溶血</a>反應、<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%87%E6%95%8F" title="过敏">过敏</a>反应。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="安全規定"><span id=".E5.AE.89.E5.85.A8.E8.A6.8F.E5.AE.9A"></span>安全規定</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BC%B8%E8%A1%80&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：安全規定"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vidro_para_transfus%C3%A3o_de_sangue,_Centro_de_Mem%C3%B3rias_do_Curso_de_Enfermagem_da_UFES_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Vidro_para_transfus%C3%A3o_de_sangue%2C_Centro_de_Mem%C3%B3rias_do_Curso_de_Enfermagem_da_UFES_%282%29.jpg/220px-Vidro_para_transfus%C3%A3o_de_sangue%2C_Centro_de_Mem%C3%B3rias_do_Curso_de_Enfermagem_da_UFES_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Vidro_para_transfus%C3%A3o_de_sangue%2C_Centro_de_Mem%C3%B3rias_do_Curso_de_Enfermagem_da_UFES_%282%29.jpg/330px-Vidro_para_transfus%C3%A3o_de_sangue%2C_Centro_de_Mem%C3%B3rias_do_Curso_de_Enfermagem_da_UFES_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Vidro_para_transfus%C3%A3o_de_sangue%2C_Centro_de_Mem%C3%B3rias_do_Curso_de_Enfermagem_da_UFES_%282%29.jpg/440px-Vidro_para_transfus%C3%A3o_de_sangue%2C_Centro_de_Mem%C3%B3rias_do_Curso_de_Enfermagem_da_UFES_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1933" data-file-height="2578" /></a><figcaption>古代输血方法中使用的玻璃。</figcaption></figure> <p>因為上述事項，通常在捐血時會把這些情形列入「<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E5%90%8D%E5%96%AE" title="黑名單">黑名單</a>」，直接拒絕以下人士捐血，亦可能同時禁止其器官捐贈： </p> <ul><li>曾患<a href="/wiki/%E6%83%A1%E6%80%A7%E8%85%AB%E7%98%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="惡性腫瘤">惡性腫瘤</a>、白血病或其他經醫師認為永久不得捐血者。</li> <li>曾有出血不止、抽痙或昏迷之病史者。</li> <li>曾為<a href="/wiki/AIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS">AIDS</a>患者，或其高風險人士：曾有吸毒或慢性酒精中毒者。愛滋病毒第一型及第二型(HIV-1及HIV-2)抗體檢查經確認呈陽性反應者。靜脈注射藥物成癮者、男性間性行為者及長期使用血液製劑者。曾從事性工作者。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E5%97%9CT%E6%B7%8B%E5%B7%B4%E7%90%83%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92%E4%B8%80%E5%9E%8B" title="人類嗜T淋巴球病毒一型">人類嗜T淋巴球病毒一型</a>(HTLV-1)抗體檢查經確認呈陽性反應者。</li> <li>曾罹患<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%AB%E8%B3%88%E6%B0%8F%E7%97%85" class="mw-redirect" title="庫賈氏病">庫賈氏病</a>者(CJD)或其高風險人士：曾注射人類腦下垂體生長荷爾蒙者、曾注射人類腦下垂體親生殖腺素(human pituitary gonadotropins)者、曾注射牛胰島素等生物製劑者、曾接受硬腦膜移植者或家族中有庫賈氏病(CJD)患者。</li></ul> <p>低風險者，也在暫緩名單之列。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="病菌检测的窗口期"><span id=".E7.97.85.E8.8F.8C.E6.A3.80.E6.B5.8B.E7.9A.84.E7.AA.97.E5.8F.A3.E6.9C.9F"></span>病菌检测的窗口期</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BC%B8%E8%A1%80&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：病菌检测的窗口期"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在对献血者的血浆做化验检测常见的艾滋病毒、乙肝病毒、丙肝病毒、梅毒螺旋体等病菌的抗体是否为阳性时，如果献血者感染不久（一般3个月至半年内），那么相应的抗体仍然为阴性。这种情形下如何保证输血安全，可能的技术途径是输血血浆的特殊消杀灭活措施。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="溶血反应风险"><span id=".E6.BA.B6.E8.A1.80.E5.8F.8D.E5.BA.94.E9.A3.8E.E9.99.A9"></span>溶血反应风险</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BC%B8%E8%A1%80&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：溶血反应风险"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>人类的血型系统按照不同的方法可以有不同的分类系统。如果血源血型和患者血型不一致就会发生溶血反应，导致患者死亡。 </p><p>在最常见的<a href="/wiki/ABO%E8%A1%80%E5%9E%8B%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="ABO血型系统">ABO血型系统</a>中，相容血型如下表所示。如果血型不配就会导致受血者发生溶血反应。溶血反应可导致较高的死亡率。早些时候认为O型血是万能血型，但是临床上发现如果输血过快也可发生溶血反应，因此除非在特别紧急情况下才考虑异型受血。一般在有血医疗方法实施之前都要进行严格的配型实验保障患者安全。 </p> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4"> <caption><b>相容的血型</b> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" style="background:#999999"><b>受</b> </th> <th colspan="8" style="background:#999999"><b>捐</b> </th></tr> <tr style="background:#CCCCCC"> <th>O-</th> <th>O+</th> <th>B-</th> <th>B+</th> <th>A-</th> <th>A+</th> <th>AB-</th> <th>AB+ </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <th style="background:#CCCCCC">AB+</th> <th>O</th> <th>O</th> <th>O</th> <th>O</th> <th>O</th> <th>O</th> <th>O</th> <th>O </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <th style="background:#CCCCCC">AB-</th> <th>O</th> <th> </th> <th>O</th> <th> </th> <th>O</th> <th> </th> <th>O</th> <th>  </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <th style="background:#CCCCCC">A+</th> <th>O</th> <th>O</th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th>O</th> <th>O</th> <th> </th> <th>  </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <th style="background:#CCCCCC">A-</th> <th>O</th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th>O</th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th>  </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <th style="background:#CCCCCC">B+</th> <th>O</th> <th>O</th> <th>O</th> <th>O</th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th>  </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <th style="background:#CCCCCC">B-</th> <th>O</th> <th> </th> <th>O</th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th>  </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <th style="background:#CCCCCC">O+</th> <th>O</th> <th>O</th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th>  </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <th style="background:#CCCCCC">O-</th> <th>O</th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th>  </th></tr></tbody></table> <p>即使配型成功也不能保证患者在输血过程中不会出现<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%B6%E8%A1%80%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89" title="溶血反應">溶血反应</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="肝炎传播的重要途径"><span id=".E8.82.9D.E7.82.8E.E4.BC.A0.E6.92.AD.E7.9A.84.E9.87.8D.E8.A6.81.E9.80.94.E5.BE.84"></span>肝炎传播的重要途径</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BC%B8%E8%A1%80&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：肝炎传播的重要途径"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>根据<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F%E5%8F%8A%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E6%9C%8D%E5%8A%A1%E9%83%A8" title="美国卫生及公共服务部">美国卫生部</a>统计，有數目巨大的人曾由於染上<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%9D%E7%82%8E" title="肝炎">肝炎</a>而患病死去。肝炎是沒有特效治療的。據一份美国报纸报道説，美國接受輸血的人大約有百分之5染上肝炎——每年共計17萬5000人。其中半數成為長期携带者，而且每5個當中至少有1個發展成肝硬變或肝癌。據估計有4000人死亡。<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>医务人员在1970年代之前已知有一種較温和的肝炎（<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E5%9E%8B%E8%82%9D%E7%82%8E" title="甲型肝炎">甲型肝炎</a>）藉着不潔的食物或水傳播。後來他們發現有一種較嚴重的類型藉着血而傳播，那時他們尚未有方法普檢染有這種病毒的血。科學家之后才找到快速检测这种肝炎的方法（<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%99%E5%9E%8B%E8%82%9D%E7%82%8E" title="乙型肝炎">乙型肝炎</a>，HBV）。到1970年代早期，在有些國家中血液制品受到普檢。 </p><p>然而，不久之後，临床检查表明仍然有數以千計接受檢驗過的血的人仍然在事後患上肝炎。許多人在經歷使他們體力大為衰弱的疾病之後獲知他們的肝已經損壞了。原因是，经过检测的血液制品中血含有另一種類型的肝炎，稱為非甲非乙型肝炎(NANB，现称之为<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%99%E5%9E%8B%E8%82%9D%E7%82%8E" title="丙型肝炎">丙型肝炎</a>)。有十年之久，有許多接受輸血的病人受到感染——在<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97" title="以色列">以色列</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9" title="意大利">意大利</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC" title="日本">日本</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99" title="西班牙">西班牙</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%A3%AB" title="瑞士">瑞士</a>和美國，接受輸血的人有百分之8至17染上這種病。 </p><p>意大利的研究者報導發現另一種肝炎病毒；這是一種突變體病毒，有三分之一的肝炎病例可能是由這種病毒促成的。哈佛医学院发行的杂誌《哈佛醫學院衛生通訊》）評論説，“有些權威人士擔心肝炎的病毒並非僅限於甲、乙、丙和丁幾種類型；可能還有其他類型出現。”<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>《紐約時報》（1990年2月13日）説：“專家們極懷疑還有其他的病毒可以造成肝炎；如果發現的話，它們會被稱為戊型肝炎等。”<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="输血相关性急性肺损伤(TRALI)"><span id=".E8.BE.93.E8.A1.80.E7.9B.B8.E5.85.B3.E6.80.A7.E6.80.A5.E6.80.A7.E8.82.BA.E6.8D.9F.E4.BC.A4.28TRALI.29"></span>输血相关性急性肺损伤(TRALI)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BC%B8%E8%A1%80&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：输血相关性急性肺损伤(TRALI)"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>20世纪90年代发现，主要发生在多次接受输血的患者中，是因为输血引起的致命免疫反应，每年造成大约几百人死亡<sup id="cite_ref-#1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>（实际死亡人数可能更高，因为很多医务人员并不清楚有这种情况）。主要原因和致病机理目前并不清楚，如果患者接受不同血型的输血则发病率会明显升高。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="对免疫系统影响"><span id=".E5.AF.B9.E5.85.8D.E7.96.AB.E7.B3.BB.E7.BB.9F.E5.BD.B1.E5.93.8D"></span>对免疫系统影响</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BC%B8%E8%A1%80&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：对免疫系统影响"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>由于输入血液是异体细胞，因此可能会触发受血患者的自體免疫系统，使得发生排斥反应的概率增加。即宿主抗移植物。但是临床上也有发现，输血导致患者免疫系统被抑制，令病人变得虚弱，无法抵御手术后的感染和原来处于不活跃状态的病毒导致肺炎、感染、心脏病和中风的概率上升<sup id="cite_ref-#1_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="输血相关移植物抗宿主病" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Transfusion-associated graft versus host disease"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BE%93%E8%A1%80%E7%9B%B8%E5%85%B3%E7%A7%BB%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E6%8A%97%E5%AE%BF%E4%B8%BB%E7%97%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="输血相关移植物抗宿主病（页面不存在）">输血相关移植物抗宿主病</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfusion-associated_graft_versus_host_disease" class="extiw" title="en:Transfusion-associated graft versus host disease"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Transfusion-associated graft versus host disease</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>（TA-GVHD）是输入<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E8%A1%80" title="全血">全血</a>中带有的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%8B%E5%B7%B4%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E" title="淋巴细胞">淋巴细胞</a>在宿主体内迁移、增殖并攻击患者的<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8D%E7%96%AB%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="免疫系统">免疫系统</a>，导致被输血者自身抗原体反应，对患者的肠胃、肝脏以及体内造血系统等产生影响，致死率在90%以上，是最严重的输血并发症。发病率为1%，但在直系亲属间会提高到10-20倍，这是因为直系亲属间有更多地相似的遗传基因，所以在受血者免疫系统低下的情况下极难识别供血者的淋巴细胞。<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>预防方法是：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%90%E5%88%86%E8%BE%93%E8%A1%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="成分输血（页面不存在）">成分输血</a>或者对要输的血液使用辐照仪把其中有活性的免疫细胞灭活。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="特殊人群"><span id=".E7.89.B9.E6.AE.8A.E4.BA.BA.E7.BE.A4"></span>特殊人群</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BC%B8%E8%A1%80&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：特殊人群"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="新生儿"><span id=".E6.96.B0.E7.94.9F.E5.84.BF"></span>新生儿</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BC%B8%E8%A1%80&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：新生儿"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>为确保向儿科患者输血的安全，医院正在采取额外的预防措施以避免感染，并倾向于使用经过特别测试的儿科血液单位，确保对<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A8%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92%E5%B1%AC" title="巨細胞病毒屬">巨细胞病毒</a>呈阴性。大多数指南建议提供CMV阴性的血液成分，而不仅仅是对新生儿或低出生体重婴儿的白细胞减少成分，因为他们的免疫系统尚未完全发育。<sup id="cite_ref-neonatal-CMV_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-neonatal-CMV-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 这些特殊要求对可以捐献给新生儿使用的献血者增加了额外的限制。 </p><p>新生儿输血通常分为以下两类： </p> <ul><li>“补充”输血，以补偿调查损失和纠正贫血。</li> <li>交换（或部分交换）输血用于去除胆红素，去除抗体和替换红细胞（例如，由于<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%AD%E6%B5%B7%E8%B4%AB%E8%A1%80" class="mw-redirect" title="地中海贫血">地中海贫血</a>和其他<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hemoglobinopathy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hemoglobinopathy（页面不存在）">血红蛋白病</a>引起的贫血）。<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="重大失血"><span id=".E9.87.8D.E5.A4.A7.E5.A4.B1.E8.A1.80"></span>重大失血</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BC%B8%E8%A1%80&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节：重大失血"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>当存在重大失血，如<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E5%A4%A7%E5%89%B5%E5%82%B7" title="重大創傷">重大创伤</a>时，会使用“大量输血方案”，需要10个单位以上的血液。通常会输注红细胞、新鲜冷冻血浆和血小板。<sup id="cite_ref-EMB11_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EMB11-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 通常，与<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E8%A1%80%E7%90%83%E6%BF%83%E5%8E%9A%E6%B6%B2" title="紅血球濃厚液">包装红细胞</a>相比，给出<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E9%AE%AE%E5%86%B7%E5%87%8D%E8%A1%80%E6%BC%BF" title="新鮮冷凍血漿">新鲜冷冻血浆</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%80%E5%B0%8F%E6%9D%BF" title="血小板">血小板</a>的比例相对较高。<sup id="cite_ref-EMB11_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EMB11-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="未知血型"><span id=".E6.9C.AA.E7.9F.A5.E8.A1.80.E5.9E.8B"></span>未知血型</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BC%B8%E8%A1%80&action=edit&section=17" title="编辑章节：未知血型"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>因为<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%80%E5%9E%8B" title="血型">血型</a>O阴性与任何人兼容，所以经常过度使用，供应短缺。<sup id="cite_ref-AABBfive-5_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AABBfive-5-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 根据<a href="/w/index.php?title=AABB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AABB（页面不存在）"> Association for the Advancement of Blood and Biotherapies</a>的说法，应将此血液的使用限制为O阴性血液的人，因为没有其他东西与他们兼容，以及可能怀孕的女性，对她们进行紧急治疗前做血型检测是不可能的。<sup id="cite_ref-AABBfive-5_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AABBfive-5-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> AABB建议尽可能通过使用血型测试来确定较不稀缺的替代品来节约O阴性血。<sup id="cite_ref-AABBfive-5_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AABBfive-5-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="宗教反对"><span id=".E5.AE.97.E6.95.99.E5.8F.8D.E5.AF.B9"></span>宗教反对</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BC%B8%E8%A1%80&action=edit&section=18" title="编辑章节：宗教反对"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%B6%E5%92%8C%E5%8D%8E%E8%A7%81%E8%AF%81%E4%BA%BA%E5%92%8C%E8%A1%80" title="耶和华见证人和血">耶和华见证人可能反对输血</a>，因为他们认为血液是神圣的。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="减白血品"><span id=".E5.87.8F.E7.99.BD.E8.A1.80.E5.93.81"></span>减白血品</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BC%B8%E8%A1%80&action=edit&section=19" title="编辑章节：减白血品"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>减白血品（Leukoreduced blood products）是指去除或减除血液中白血球的制品，其可减少病毒感染、<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BC%E7%86%B1%E6%80%A7%E9%9D%9E%E6%BA%B6%E8%A1%80%E6%80%A7%E8%BC%B8%E8%A1%80%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89" title="發熱性非溶血性輸血反應">发热性非溶血性输血反应</a>、血小板输注无效、免疫修饰作用等等不良输血反应。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="手術相關的輸血"><span id=".E6.89.8B.E8.A1.93.E7.9B.B8.E9.97.9C.E7.9A.84.E8.BC.B8.E8.A1.80"></span>手術相關的輸血</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BC%B8%E8%A1%80&action=edit&section=20" title="编辑章节：手術相關的輸血"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>由於輸血之風險，醫學界已開始發展<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E8%A1%80%E6%89%8B%E8%A1%93" title="無血手術">無血手術</a>。 </p><p>在<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="中華人民共和國">中國</a>，除了開始引入無血手術外，現在已提高关注检验血液安全和鼓勵節約用血等措施。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BC%B8%E8%A1%80&action=edit&section=21" title="编辑章节：参考文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbs.org/wnet/redgold/innovators/bio_denis.html">Jean-Baptiste Denys</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2014-07-14</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/6HP8nXrdB?url=http://www.pbs.org/wnet/redgold/innovators/bio_denis.html">存档</a>于2013-06-15）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%BC%B8%E8%A1%80&rft.btitle=Jean-Baptiste+Denys&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwnet%2Fredgold%2Finnovators%2Fbio_denis.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1912/summary/">The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1912</a>. NobelPrize.org. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2019-06-15</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180708162803/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1912/index.html">存档</a>于2018-07-08） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到美国英语网页">（美国英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%BC%B8%E8%A1%80&rft.atitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+1912&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NobelPrize.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fprizes%2Fmedicine%2F1912%2Fsummary%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">参考《Flesh and Blood》，Reay Tannahill</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220501054053/https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%AB%E7%97%AB&oldid=70564253">癫痫</a>. 维基百科，自由的百科全书. 2022-03-11 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-03-11</span>]</span>. （<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%AB%E7%97%AB&oldid=70564253">原始内容</a>存档于2022-05-01） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">（中文）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%BC%B8%E8%A1%80&rft.atitle=%E7%99%AB%E7%97%AB&rft.date=2022-03-11&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%EF%BC%8C%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E7%9A%84%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3D%25E7%2599%25AB%25E7%2597%25AB%26oldid%3D70564253&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">参考 Techniques of Blood Transfusion，1982 <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lifecaresociety.wordpress.com/2008/06/">June 2008</a>. Life Care Society Website 博爱协会. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-03-11</span>]</span> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%BC%B8%E8%A1%80&rft.atitle=June+2008&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Life+Care+Society+Website+%E5%8D%9A%E7%88%B1%E5%8D%8F%E4%BC%9A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flifecaresociety.wordpress.com%2F2008%2F06%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">U.S.News & World Report， May 1, 1989</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">参考《The Harvard Medical School Health Letter》，November 1989</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">参考 The New York Times，February 13, 1990</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-#1-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-#1_10-0"><sup><b>10.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-#1_10-1"><sup><b>10.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">仁愛醫療財團法人. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220613130046/https://www.jah.org.tw/form/index-1.asp?m=3&m1=8&m2=365&gp=361&id=1125#:~:text=%E8%BC%B8%E8%A1%80%E9%99%A4%E4%BA%86%E5%8F%AF%E8%83%BD%E5%82%B3%E6%9F%93%E4%B8%80%E4%BA%9B,%E7%97%85%E4%BA%BA%E8%80%83%E9%87%8F%EF%BC%8C%E6%85%8E%E9%87%8D%E5%9C%B0%E8%A1%A1%E9%87%8F">輸血，您不可不知的風險</a>. 仁愛醫療財團法人. 2022-03-12 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-03-11</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jah.org.tw/form/index-1.asp?m=3&m1=8&m2=365&gp=361&id=1125#:~:text=%E8%BC%B8%E8%A1%80%E9%99%A4%E4%BA%86%E5%8F%AF%E8%83%BD%E5%82%B3%E6%9F%93%E4%B8%80%E4%BA%9B,%E7%97%85%E4%BA%BA%E8%80%83%E9%87%8F%EF%BC%8C%E6%85%8E%E9%87%8D%E5%9C%B0%E8%A1%A1%E9%87%8F">原始内容</a>存档于2022-06-13）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%BC%B8%E8%A1%80&rft.atitle=%E8%BC%B8%E8%A1%80%EF%BC%8C%E6%82%A8%E4%B8%8D%E5%8F%AF%E4%B8%8D%E7%9F%A5%E7%9A%84%E9%A2%A8%E9%9A%AA&rft.au=%E4%BB%81%E6%84%9B%E9%86%AB%E7%99%82%E8%B2%A1%E5%9C%98%E6%B3%95%E4%BA%BA&rft.date=2022-03-12&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E4%BB%81%E6%84%9B%E9%86%AB%E7%99%82%E8%B2%A1%E5%9C%98%E6%B3%95%E4%BA%BA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jah.org.tw%2Fform%2Findex-1.asp%3Fm%3D3%26m1%3D8%26m2%3D365%26gp%3D361%26id%3D1125%23%3A~%3Atext%3D%25E8%25BC%25B8%25E8%25A1%2580%25E9%2599%25A4%25E4%25BA%2586%25E5%258F%25AF%25E8%2583%25BD%25E5%2582%25B3%25E6%259F%2593%25E4%25B8%2580%25E4%25BA%259B%2C%25E7%2597%2585%25E4%25BA%25BA%25E8%2580%2583%25E9%2587%258F%25EF%25BC%258C%25E6%2585%258E%25E9%2587%258D%25E5%259C%25B0%25E8%25A1%25A1%25E9%2587%258F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210306093042/http://tech.sina.com.cn/d/v/2015-04-10/doc-icczmvun8951666.shtml">“流言揭秘：直系亲属间不宜输血？”2015年04月13日《北京科技报》</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2015-11-14</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tech.sina.com.cn/d/v/2015-04-10/doc-icczmvun8951666.shtml">原始内容</a>存档于2021-03-06）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%BC%B8%E8%A1%80&rft.btitle=%E2%80%9C%E6%B5%81%E8%A8%80%E6%8F%AD%E7%A7%98%EF%BC%9A%E7%9B%B4%E7%B3%BB%E4%BA%B2%E5%B1%9E%E9%97%B4%E4%B8%8D%E5%AE%9C%E8%BE%93%E8%A1%80%EF%BC%9F%E2%80%9D2015%E5%B9%B404%E6%9C%8813%E6%97%A5%E3%80%8A%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80%E6%8A%A5%E3%80%8B&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftech.sina.com.cn%2Fd%2Fv%2F2015-04-10%2Fdoc-icczmvun8951666.shtml&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-neonatal-CMV-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-neonatal-CMV_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070203095445/http://www.cps.ca/english/statements/FN/fn02-02.htm#What%20type%20of%20RBCs%20should%20be%20used">Red blood cell transfusion in neonates: revised guidelines</a>. Canadian Pediatric Society (CPS). <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2007-02-02</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cps.ca/english/statements/fn/fn02-02.htm#What%20type%20of%20RBCs%20should%20be%20used">原始内容</a>存档于2007-02-03）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%BC%B8%E8%A1%80&rft.btitle=Red+blood+cell+transfusion+in+neonates%3A+revised+guidelines&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Canadian+Pediatric+Society+%28CPS%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cps.ca%2Fenglish%2Fstatements%2Ffn%2Ffn02-02.htm%23What%2520type%2520of%2520RBCs%2520should%2520be%2520used&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Radhakrishnan KM, Chakravarthi S, Pushkala S, Jayaraju J. Component treatment. Indian journal of pediatrics. 2003年8月, <b>70</b> (8): 661–666. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14510088"><span title="公共医学识别码">PMID 14510088</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:42488187"><span title="Semantic Scholar">S2CID 42488187</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02724257"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1007/BF02724257</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%BC%B8%E8%A1%80&rft.atitle=Component+treatment&rft.au=Chakravarthi%2C+S&rft.au=Jayaraju%2C+J&rft.au=Pushkala%2C+S&rft.aufirst=KM&rft.aulast=Radhakrishnan&rft.date=2003-08&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=8&rft.jtitle=Indian+journal+of+pediatrics&rft.pages=661-666&rft.volume=70&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A42488187&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02724257&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14510088&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EMB11-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EMB11_14-0"><sup><b>14.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EMB11_14-1"><sup><b>14.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Cherkas D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120118152838/http://www.ebmedicine.net/store.php?paction=showProduct&catid=8&pid=244">Traumatic hemorrhagic shock: advances in fluid management</a>. 急诊医学实践. 2011年11月, <b>13</b> (11): 1–19; quiz 19–20. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22164397"><span title="公共医学识别码">PMID 22164397</span></a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ebmedicine.net/store.php?paction=showProduct&catid=8&pid=244">原始内容</a>存档于2012-01-18）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%BC%B8%E8%A1%80&rft.atitle=Traumatic+hemorrhagic+shock%3A+advances+in+fluid+management&rft.aufirst=D&rft.aulast=Cherkas&rft.date=2011-11&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=11&rft.jtitle=%E6%80%A5%E8%AF%8A%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%9E%E8%B7%B5&rft.pages=1-19%3B+quiz+19-20&rft.volume=13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ebmedicine.net%2Fstore.php%3Fpaction%3DshowProduct%26catid%3D8%26pid%3D244&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22164397&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Rohde JM, Dimcheff DE, Blumberg N, Saint S, Langa KM, Kuhn L, et al. (April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quillandfox.com/blog/when-cleaning-up-blood-use-cloth-towels-instead-of-paper-towels/">when cleaning up blood, use cloth towels instead of paper towels</a>. Anesthesia and Analgesia. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2012-02-19</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230820144443/https://quillandfox.com/blog/when-cleaning-up-blood-use-cloth-towels-instead-of-paper-towels/">存档</a>于2023-08-20）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%BC%B8%E8%A1%80&rft.au=Rohde+JM%2C+Dimcheff+DE%2C+Blumberg+N%2C+Saint+S%2C+Langa+KM%2C+Kuhn+L%2C+et+al.+%28April+2012%29&rft.btitle=when+cleaning+up+blood%2C+use+cloth+towels+instead+of+paper+towels&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Anesthesia+and+Analgesia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquillandfox.com%2Fblog%2Fwhen-cleaning-up-blood-use-cloth-towels-instead-of-paper-towels%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AABBfive-5-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AABBfive-5_16-0"><sup><b>16.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AABBfive-5_16-1"><sup><b>16.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AABBfive-5_16-2"><sup><b>16.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAmerican_Association_of_Blood_Banks2014" class="citation">American Association of Blood Banks, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140924075027/http://www.choosingwisely.org/doctor-patient-lists/american-association-of-blood-banks/">Five Questions Physicians and Patients Should Ask</a>, Choosing Wisely：ABIM Foundation的一个倡议 (American Association of Blood Banks), 2014年4月24日 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [2014年7月25日]</span>, （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.choosingwisely.org/doctor-patient-lists/american-association-of-blood-banks/">原始内容</a>存档于2014-09-24）</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%BC%B8%E8%A1%80&rft.atitle=Five+Questions+Physicians+and+Patients+Should+Ask&rft.au=American+Association+of+Blood+Banks&rft.date=2014-04-24&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Choosing+Wisely%EF%BC%9AABIM+Foundation%E7%9A%84%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%AA%E5%80%A1%E8%AE%AE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.choosingwisely.org%2Fdoctor-patient-lists%2Famerican-association-of-blood-banks%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="相關條目"><span id=".E7.9B.B8.E9.97.9C.E6.A2.9D.E7.9B.AE"></span>相關條目</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BC%B8%E8%A1%80&action=edit&section=22" title="编辑章节：相關條目"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%80%E5%9E%8B" title="血型">血型</a></li> <li><a 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mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">輸血</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>73种语言</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>添加话题</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> 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