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tag-snapchat"> <div class="post_image"> <a href="https://lab.witness.org/fact-checking-reporting-on-migrant-abuse-in-mena/" title="Suicide or Escape? Fact Checking Reporting on Migrant Abuse in MENA"> <img width="700" height="340" src="https://lab.witness.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/29/2018/10/WML1b.png" class="attachment-full size-full wp-post-image" alt="" decoding="async" fetchpriority="high" srcset="https://lab.witness.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/29/2018/10/WML1b.png 700w, https://lab.witness.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/29/2018/10/WML1b-300x146.png 300w" sizes="(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px" /> </a> </div> <div class="post_text"> <div class="post_description"> <span class="post_infos"> <p>Published <span class="month">October, 2018</span> by <a class="post_author" href="https://lab.witness.org/author/webadmin/">WITNESS</a> in <a href="https://lab.witness.org/category/uncategorized/" rel="category tag">Uncategorized</a> </p> </span> </div> <h2>Suicide or Escape? Fact Checking Reporting on Migrant Abuse in MENA</h2> <div class="vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid" style="text-align:left;"><div class="wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-12"><div class="vc_column-inner"><div class="wpb_wrapper"> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element "> <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <h3>How Media Misled the Public with a Viral Snapchat Video</h3> <p><em><i><br /> This post is part of the <a href="https://lab.witness.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">WITNESS Media Lab’s</a> new project, “Perpetrator Video in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA)”. This project examines how human rights advocates and journalists can turn the proliferation of eyewitness and perpetrator video into more ethical and effective storytelling and documentation of human rights abuse in the MENA. Follow along each month as we share resources, case studies, and more to strengthen and protect communities against harm through safer, more ethical and more effective use of video in contemporary reporting and advocacy in the MENA.</i></em></p> <blockquote><p> <span style="font-weight: 400">90% of all Kuwaiti households employ a foreign domestic worker. Over 620,000 migrant domestic workers in Kuwait, accounting for over 21.9% of the country’s total employment.</span></p> <p>Source: <a href="https://www.migrant-rights.org/statistic/domesticworkers/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Migrant-Rights.org</a> </p></blockquote> <p>By Raja Althaibani</p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400">In April 2017, a Kuwaiti woman </span><a href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/ethiopia-maid-fall-seventh-floor-video-kuwait-employer-kill-her-escape-a7666541.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-weight: 400">posted </span></a><span style="font-weight: 400">a horrifying video of Ethiopian domestic worker Adesech Sadik clinging to a windowsill, crying for help and then falling to the street below. Instead of responding to her cries for help, the filmer is heard saying, “oh crazy, come back”</span><span style="font-weight: 400">—</span><span style="font-weight: 400">before the maid lost her grip, and fell several stories. In addition to filming the moment of the fall, the Kuwaiti woman calmly walks to the window and captures one final image of Sadik lying on the roof of the adjoining building below, clearly injured and possibly dead.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400"><a href="https://twitter.com/Almajlliss/status/847402347231707139/video/1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img decoding="async" class="alignright wp-image-52783 size-medium" src="https://lab.witness.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/29/2018/10/Screen-Shot-2018-10-08-at-3.55.29-PM-300x297.png" alt="" width="300" height="297" srcset="https://lab.witness.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/29/2018/10/Screen-Shot-2018-10-08-at-3.55.29-PM-300x297.png 300w, https://lab.witness.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/29/2018/10/Screen-Shot-2018-10-08-at-3.55.29-PM-150x150.png 150w, https://lab.witness.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/29/2018/10/Screen-Shot-2018-10-08-at-3.55.29-PM.png 447w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /></a>Another Snapchat user </span><a href="https://twitter.com/Almajlliss/status/847402347231707139/video/1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-weight: 400">captured</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400"> the paramedics team arriving, treating Sadik’s injuries, and rushing her to the hospital. Both videos were widely circulated online, leading to the Kuwaiti employer’s arrest. She was charged with not helping Sadik even though she was in obvious distress, an offense punishable by up to three years in prison according to the Kuwaiti penal code.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400">Among the final charges confirmed by the </span><a href="https://www.moj.gov.kw/sites/ar/Pages/DynamicContents/NewsPress.aspx" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-weight: 400">Ministry of Justice</span><span style="font-weight: 400"> were the following: </span></a><span style="font-weight: 400">filming an individual without consent and publishing a video of an individual without consent.</span><span style="font-weight: 400"> Months later, </span><span style="font-weight: 400">Kuwait’s Appeals Court </span><a href="https://stepfeed.com/kuwaiti-woman-jailed-for-filming-domestic-worker-s-escape-attempt-8256" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-weight: 400">sentenced the woman</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400"> to one year and eight months in jail.</span></p> <h3><span style="font-weight: 400">Sadik’s Viral Video Sparks a Public Outcry and Competing Narratives</span></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400"><br /> The viral video sparked outrage on social media in the region, with the hashtag #Ethiopia_falling trending for two days in the country</span><span style="font-weight: 400">—</span><span style="font-weight: 400">triggering widespread condemnation and dialogue on migrant abuse. Hum</span><span style="font-weight: 400">an rights organizations also took to their platforms, </span><a href="https://edition.cnn.com/2017/04/02/middleeast/kuwait-ethiopian-window-fall-trnd/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-weight: 400">calling for investigations</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400"> and </span><a href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/04/03/ethiopian-worker-survives-fall-kuwait-building" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-weight: 400">to raise alarm</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400"> over similar cases reported in Kuwait. </span></p> <blockquote class="twitter-tweet" data-width="550" data-dnt="true"> <p lang="en" dir="ltr">Video of a woman in <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/Kuwait?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#Kuwait</a> dangling from window is not the 1st time a domestic worker attempted a dangerous escape <a href="https://t.co/jaSpVDrWwf">https://t.co/jaSpVDrWwf</a></p> <p>— Tara Sepehri Far (@sepehrifar) <a href="https://twitter.com/sepehrifar/status/848928095289606145?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">April 3, 2017</a> </p></blockquote> <p><script async src="https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js" charset="utf-8"></script></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400">Media outlets also rushed to report on the viral video, flooding audiences with competing narratives of Sadik’s attempted “suicide” or “escape”. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400"><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/mar/31/kuwait-woman-arrested-filming-maid-suicide-attempt" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img decoding="async" class="aligncenter wp-image-52778 size-full" src="https://lab.witness.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/29/2018/10/Screen-Shot-2018-10-25-at-2.47.15-PM.png" alt="" width="618" height="82" srcset="https://lab.witness.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/29/2018/10/Screen-Shot-2018-10-25-at-2.47.15-PM.png 618w, https://lab.witness.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/29/2018/10/Screen-Shot-2018-10-25-at-2.47.15-PM-300x40.png 300w" sizes="(max-width: 618px) 100vw, 618px" /></a></span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400"><a href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/ethiopia-maid-fall-seventh-floor-video-kuwait-employer-kill-her-escape-a7666541.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="aligncenter wp-image-52779 size-full" src="https://lab.witness.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/29/2018/10/Screen-Shot-2018-10-25-at-2.50.06-PM.png" alt="" width="990" height="90" srcset="https://lab.witness.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/29/2018/10/Screen-Shot-2018-10-25-at-2.50.06-PM.png 990w, https://lab.witness.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/29/2018/10/Screen-Shot-2018-10-25-at-2.50.06-PM-300x27.png 300w, https://lab.witness.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/29/2018/10/Screen-Shot-2018-10-25-at-2.50.06-PM-768x70.png 768w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 990px) 100vw, 990px" /></a></span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400"><a href="https://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/kuwait/kuwaiti-woman-held-for-filming-maid-attempting-suicide-1.2003514" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="aligncenter wp-image-52780 size-full" src="https://lab.witness.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/29/2018/10/Screen-Shot-2018-10-25-at-2.51.48-PM.png" alt="" width="437" height="136" srcset="https://lab.witness.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/29/2018/10/Screen-Shot-2018-10-25-at-2.51.48-PM.png 437w, https://lab.witness.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/29/2018/10/Screen-Shot-2018-10-25-at-2.51.48-PM-300x93.png 300w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 437px) 100vw, 437px" /></a></span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400">However, even though both social media and news media consistently misreported the incident as an attempted suicide, it was actually an escape. Despite multiple clues that Sadik is attempting escape</span><span style="font-weight: 400">—</span><span style="font-weight: 400">particularly that she calls for help</span><span style="font-weight: 400">—</span><span style="font-weight: 400">prominent newspapers such as </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400">The</span></i> <i><span style="font-weight: 400">Guardian</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400"> still recycled headlines like </span><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/mar/31/kuwait-woman-arrested-filming-maid-suicide-attempt" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-weight: 400">“Kuwait woman detained for filming maid’s suicide without helping</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400">, even though there was no indication from the domestic worker that this was a suicide. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400">Later, Sadik provided video testimony from her hospital correcting this narrative, saying that her accident was not a suicide attempt, but rather an an attempt to escape from her abusive employer who had threatened to kill her. Her testimony was captured and disseminated in multiple </span><a href="https://twitter.com/displacedeast/status/848415047005204480" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-weight: 400">languages</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400"> by </span><a href="https://twitter.com/addisstandard/status/899581637897441281" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-weight: 400">Ethiopian media</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400"> and </span><a href="https://twitter.com/addisstandard/status/899581637897441281" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-weight: 400">rights organizations </span></a><span style="font-weight: 400">who had been monitoring and reporting on this issue and these cases. The website Africa News also </span><a href="http://www.africanews.com/2017/04/02/ethiopian-maid-in-kuwait-i-wasn-t-attempting-suicide-in-cruel-employer-s-viral//" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-weight: 400">posted the video</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400">, contextualizing her testimony in the overall narrative of the experience.</span></p> <p><a href="http://www.africanews.com/2017/04/02/ethiopian-maid-in-kuwait-i-wasn-t-attempting-suicide-in-cruel-employer-s-viral//" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="aligncenter wp-image-52784 size-full" src="https://lab.witness.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/29/2018/10/hqdefault.jpg" alt="" width="480" height="360" srcset="https://lab.witness.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/29/2018/10/hqdefault.jpg 480w, https://lab.witness.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/29/2018/10/hqdefault-300x225.jpg 300w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px" /></a></p> <blockquote><p> “I wasn’t trying to commit suicide, I was trying to escape from the woman who tried to kill me.” </p></blockquote> <h3><span style="font-weight: 400">Migrant Abuse Captured Frequently in Burgeoning Social Media Environment of the Arab Gulf</span></h3> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400">The MENA region is among</span><a href="https://www.arabianbusiness.com/technology/396624-mena-among-top-three-global-markets-for-snapchat" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <span style="font-weight: 400">the top three global markets for the social media platform Snapchat</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400">, developed by technology firm Snap Inc, according to Hussein Freijeh, general manager of the firm’s regional team. People in the Gulf increasingly use social media to discuss issues of public interest, for self-expression, and to communicate and interact with one another in ways that are otherwise restricted in reality because it allows a sense of privacy and anonymity. For example, in Saudi Arabia, social media quickly became an outlet and one of the few spaces where</span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gZ8WPHj6Nhw" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <span style="font-weight: 400">female candidates running for office could campaign</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400"> without getting into trouble. Saudi women also use tools like Snapchat to run their businesses. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400">However, social media platforms are also a window into the prevalence of abuse and negative views of migrant workers. Recently, </span><a href="https://en.vogue.me/archive/legacy/snapchat-instagram-beauty-blogger-nada-adelle-huda-mona-kattan-maya-ahmad-nilo-haq/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-weight: 400">Vogue Arabia’s social media influencer and beauty guru</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400">, Sondos Alqattan, who uses Snapchat and Instagram to give fashion and health advice to her 2.3 million followers, shared </span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iEwT7eiVpSI" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-weight: 400">a video</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400"> where she vocalized her criticism of </span><a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-44088011" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-weight: 400">a new law</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400"> that offers greater protection to migrant workers in Kuwait. During her derogatory rant, </span><span style="font-weight: 400">Alqattan said that domestic workers, who she referred to as “servants”, should not be given days off. Her video went viral, leading to public outrage and</span> <a href="https://www.mintpressnews.com/migrant-worker-turned-activist-speaks-out-about-gulf-slavery-following-rant-by-kuwait-makeup-queen/246810/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-weight: 400">severed ties with leading beauty brands</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400"> where she served as a brand ambassador. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400">These broadcasts are expounding indicators of a culture of dehumanization of migrant workers in Kuwait and the Gulf – also</span> <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jul/25/sondos-alqattan-kuwaiti-blogger-instagram-makeup-beauty" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-weight: 400">highlighting resistance to reforms to end widespread abuse in the Gulf state</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400">. Moreover, it sheds light on the <a href="https://lab.witness.org/trapped-in-the-gulf/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">critical role of the kafala system</a>, which in of itself, creates the inhumane conditions faced by hundreds of thousands of domestic workers while offering protection to culpable sponsors from any accountability or punishment. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400">In an</span><a href="https://thetempest.co/2017/04/05/news/people-gulf-bragging-abusing-domestic-help-social-media-wheres-outrage/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-weight: 400"> interview with the Tempest</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400">, Diana Alghoul, a feminist journalist who covers the region explains that the practice of broadcasting abuse of domestic workers on social media is very common, particularly because people know they could get away with it. </span><span style="font-weight: 400">“It isn’t enough to shut down the Snapchat account, or even hold the perpetrator to account. Widespread reforms must be carried out in all countries that practice the sponsorship system, which must be dismantled for there to be any hope of improving the depressingly substandard conditions domestic workers are forced to endure.” </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400">What these videos and tools have also helped surface is an underlying racism that exists within Gulf culture and what Alghoul explains as a more deep rooted issue of </span><a href="https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20170401-why-is-the-arab-feminist-movement-so-racist/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-weight: 400">racism that extends to the Arab feminist movement</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400"> as well, where self proclaimed “humanitarian” and women’s rights activists have used tools like Snapchat to film and taunt domestic workers.</span></p> <blockquote class="twitter-tweet" data-width="550" data-dnt="true"> <p lang="en" dir="ltr"><a href="https://twitter.com/Loreal?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">@Loreal</a> As a brand that supports women's rights ,is it acceptable for your brand ambassador <a href="https://twitter.com/OlaAlfares?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">@OlaAlfares</a> to treat domestic workers as slaves? <a href="https://t.co/ZgSV0xIPFL">pic.twitter.com/ZgSV0xIPFL</a></p> <p>— Farah Mesmar (@Missmarized) <a href="https://twitter.com/Missmarized/status/846836142112694273?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">March 28, 2017</a> </p></blockquote> <p><script async src="https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js" charset="utf-8"></script></p> <h3><span style="font-weight: 400">How can journalists report ethically on perpetrator videos shared in social media platforms like Snapchat?</span></h3> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400">These videos present a unique challenge for journalists and human rights defenders; while we want to use them to enhance our understanding and reporting on perpetrators’ human rights violations, we do not want to further the objectives of the abusers.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400">This challenge is particularly acute in reporting on migrant abuse in the Gulf where there is a persistent lack of data, fact-checking, and little understanding of the context of these violations, crimes, and risks. However, in some cases, a short video can serve a witness to a crime that is otherwise anecdotal and unproven. </span></p> <p><a href="https://vae.witness.org/video-as-evidence-field-guide/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-weight: 400">Metadata embedded in most cell phone video</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400"> can often provide additional information and evidence on where and when the crime took place, and, in some cases, who committed it. When the video is filmed by the perpetrator themselves, it can provide rare access to information regarding who the abusers are, and who else is involved.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400">But what should we, as journalists and human rights defenders, be aware of when using one of these videos as a source or human rights documentation, or, further yet, posting it? Here are some key safety and ethical considerations to help journalists and human rights defenders report on migrant abuse using Adesech Sadik’s case as an example.</span></p> <h3><span style="font-weight: 400">Fact Checking</span><span style="font-weight: 400"> Migrant Abuse</span></h3> <p> </p> <ol> <li><strong> Consider the local context and biases</strong></li> </ol> <p><span style="font-weight: 400">For international reporters, it is important to consider that migrant labor is reported from the perspective of the employer and from government circulars which are often shared and found in Arabic and English (common search languages), and could very well be biased in their narrative. In the case of Adesech Sadik, some of the reporters using these sources did not further investigate these claims that her accident was an attempted suicide, until Sadik had to come out and correct it herself.</span></p> <ol start="2"> <li><strong> Work with local media and rights groups when searching for stories, content and fact checking</strong></li> </ol> <p><span style="font-weight: 400">Social media and eyewitness footage rarely tells the whole story. Most documentation and evidence of migrant abuse in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) is anecdotal, which makes access to verified video and information difficult. While local and social media can be an invaluable source, it often lacks the context and verification standards needed to create a balanced report. In breaking news situations like in Sadik’s case, it’s important to do a thorough fact check and not rely on one narrative, such as the perpetrator of the abuse who uploaded the video. Try to locate and speak with the victim directly. This problem is exacerbated when international media pick up local stories and don’t verify or conduct original sourcing of their own. Make sure you have access to a diverse range of sources and experts who understand the underlying causes of these issues.</span></p> <ol start="3"> <li><strong> Get perspectives from media outlets in migrants’ countries of origin </strong></li> </ol> <p><span style="font-weight: 400">One way to combat this is to build a list of credible sources from migrants’ countries of origins. Don’t limit your search to English or Arabic-language social networks and sources. </span><span style="font-weight: 400">Broaden your search pattern, and search for content in multiple languages; particularly the language of the migrant involved in the case. Often coverage of these cases starts in the</span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qy_xpUtC66o" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <span style="font-weight: 400">local media</span></a> <span style="font-weight: 400">of the migrants’ home country, and can prove vital to sourcing, verifying and contextualizing a story. These local outlets are also more likely to understand the perspective of the migrant as seen in</span><a href="https://ethsat.com/2018/05/ethiopian-housemaid-viciously-attacked-by-employer-in-beirut/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <span style="font-weight: 400">this article</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400">, from Ethiopian media about a woman who was badly beaten by her employer in Lebanon. They let her speak for herself, or in the most vulnerable cases, coordinate with organizations specializing in migrant rights to strategize the most responsible media coverage.</span></p> <blockquote><p> <i><span style="font-weight: 400">Resource alert! Bellingcat on</span></i><a href="https://www.bellingcat.com/resources/how-tos/2018/07/10/how-to-collect-sources-from-syria-if-you-dont-read-arabic/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <i><span style="font-weight: 400">How to</span></i></a><i><span style="font-weight: 400"> Collect Sources from Syria If You Don’t Read Arabic.</span></i> </p></blockquote> <ol start="4"> <li><strong> Include verified, first-hand accounts from migrant workers in your reporting</strong></li> </ol> <p><span style="font-weight: 400">Often, migrants upload or share their own photo/video testimonies to social media. Search for these first-hand accounts, and build the context from there rather than sifting through the noise on social media. Other videos can be used to elaborate on patterns of migrant abuses which further contextualize the story as part of a trend, rather than an isolated incident.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400">Abdul Sattar Makandar, an Indian man working as a truck driver in Saudi Arabia, </span><a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-35846269" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-weight: 400">filmed a video</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400"> of himself stating how he had been denied to visit his home and that how he hadn’t always been paid in time by his company. He sent the video to Kundan Srivastava, an Indian activist, who then uploaded it to Facebook, where it was watched more than a million times. And though the company denies these claims, you can still compare the claims for consistency with those made by others, as well as reviewing them with local rights groups and interviewing people connected to the case, such as Srivastava.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400">And consider subtitling these first-hand accounts. There is an enormous need for this type of translation and if you are able to provide it, this helps the story spread and get picked up by international media. Local media and rights organizations can assist with translation support, in addition to those sharing the vide</span><span style="font-weight: 400">o on social media (i.e. crowdsourcing).</span></p> <h3><span style="font-weight: 400">Reporting the Bigger Picture</span></h3> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400">Eyewitness and perpetrator videos document the widespread mistreatment of migrant workers, ranging from humiliation to torture and in some cases, murder. While authorities continue to report these cases as isolated instances of abuse, these videos illustrate that these abuses are symptoms of widespread racism and a culture of impunity that results in flagrant disregard for human rights. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400">These videos can support demands for accountability and assist existing efforts to end the structures that have allowed these abuses to perpetuate, unchecked.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400">In upcoming posts, we will explore the role of context and ethical considerations to weigh before publishing, so not to play into the perpetrator’s narrative.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400">Journalists and human rights defenders can advance the conversation by ensuring that their reporting places migrant workers’ stories in the <a href="https://lab.witness.org/trapped-in-the-gulf/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">specific context of the kafala system</a> and broader migrant and labour system</span><span style="font-weight: 400">—</span><span style="font-weight: 400">not just as a one-off incident. These incidents are tied to each other and reveal a troubling pattern of systemic abuse in the region. Ethical reporting can help expose and address these abuses, and make sure that the world listens. </span></p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Additional Resources</strong></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-weight: 400">Refer to our</span><a href="https://library.witness.org/product/video-as-evidence-ethical-guidelines/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <span style="font-weight: 400">ethical guidelines</span></a> <span style="font-weight: 400">for more information on using eyewitness videos in human rights reporting and advocacy and on how you can begin to create your own standards on how to handle footage.</span></li> <li>Although access to accurate and up-to-data data on migration to GCC is hard to find, there is a wealth of information available in countries of origin, especially those in South Asia. See <a style="font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif" href="https://www.migrant-rights.org/our-networks/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Migrant-Rights.org’s network page</a><span style="font-weight: 400"> for more on these and </span><a style="font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif" href="https://www.migrant-rights.org/resources/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">other resources</a><span style="font-weight: 400">.</span></li> <li>The <a style="font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif" href="https://gijn.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Global Investigative Journalism Network</a><span style="font-weight: 400">, in collaboration with Migrant-Rights.org</span> <a style="font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif" href="https://gijn.org/2018/02/28/guide-reporting-gulf-arab-countries/?utm_content=bufferded34&utm_medium=social&utm_source=twitter.com&utm_campaign=buffer" target="_blank" rel="noopener">recently launched their first bilingual guide </a><span style="font-weight: 400">to teach journalists best practices, tools and steps in reporting on human trafficking and forced labor in the Gulf Countries.</span></li> <li>The <a href="https://www.migrant-rights.org/activity_resource/know-your-rights-2/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">“Know Your Rights</a>” guide can serve as a handy <span style="font-weight: 400">resource for journalists and human rights defenders to better understand the risks that workers being interviewed may face as well as legal context for stories you’re reporting on.</span></li> <li>PANOS along with the United Nations Alliance of Civilization has released a comprehensive terms of use: <a style="font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif" href="https://www.ilo.org/global/topics/labour-migration/publications/WCMS_310235/lang--en/index.htm" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Media-friendly Glossary on Migration.</a> <span style="font-weight: 400">This tool comes as an answer to two ongoing trends. On one side, the changing aspect of human migrations and of words used to characterize these movements. 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