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<li id="toc-Foundation_and_early_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foundation_and_early_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Foundation and early years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foundation_and_early_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II_and_decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II_and_decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>World War II and decline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II_and_decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Government</span> </div> </a> <ul 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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Society</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Society-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Society subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Demography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Demography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_service_infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_service_infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Public service infrastructure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_service_infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">North Borneo</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88" title="شمال بورنيو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شمال بورنيو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borneo_del_Nord" title="Borneo del Nord – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Borneo del Nord" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britisk_Nordborneo" title="Britisk Nordborneo – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Britisk Nordborneo" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord-Borneo" title="Nord-Borneo – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nord-Borneo" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borneo_Septentrional_brit%C3%A1nico" title="Borneo Septentrional británico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Borneo Septentrional británico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord-Borneo" title="Nord-Borneo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nord-Borneo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A6%D9%88" title="شمال بورنئو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شمال بورنئو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Born%C3%A9o_du_Nord" title="Bornéo du Nord – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bornéo du Nord" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B6%81%EB%B3%B4%EB%A5%B4%EB%84%A4%EC%98%A4" title="북보르네오 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="북보르네오" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borneo_Utara_Britania" title="Borneo Utara Britania – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Borneo Utara Britania" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borneo_del_Nord" title="Borneo del Nord – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Borneo del Nord" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98_%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D" title="ჩრდილოეთი ბორნეო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჩრდილოეთი ბორნეო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%82%D2%AF%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BE" title="Солтүстік Борнео – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Солтүстік Борнео" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borneo_Utara" title="Borneo Utara – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Borneo Utara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brits_Noord-Borneo" title="Brits Noord-Borneo – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Brits Noord-Borneo" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AE%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E9%A0%98%E5%8C%97%E3%83%9C%E3%83%AB%E3%83%8D%E3%82%AA" title="イギリス領北ボルネオ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イギリス領北ボルネオ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britisk_Nord-Borneo" title="Britisk Nord-Borneo – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Britisk Nord-Borneo" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borneo_P%C3%B3%C5%82nocne" title="Borneo Północne – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Borneo Północne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Born%C3%A9u_do_Norte" title="Bornéu do Norte – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bornéu do Norte" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borneo_de_Nord" title="Borneo de Nord – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Borneo de Nord" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BE" title="Северное Борнео – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Северное Борнео" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Borneo" title="North Borneo – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="North Borneo" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pohjois-Borneo" title="Pohjois-Borneo – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pohjois-Borneo" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordborneo" title="Nordborneo – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nordborneo" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8B" title="பிரித்தானிய வடக்கு போர்னியோ – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பிரித்தானிய வடக்கு போர்னியோ" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD" title="บอร์เนียวเหนือ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="บอร์เนียวเหนือ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BE" title="Північний Борнео – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Північний Борнео" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88" title="شمالی بورنیو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="شمالی بورنیو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BA%AFc_Borneo" title="Bắc Borneo – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bắc Borneo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%A9%86%E7%BE%85%E6%B4%B2" title="北婆羅洲 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="北婆羅洲" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1147441#sitelinks-wikipedia" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">British protectorate in Asia from 1877 to 1946</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about a former British protectorate. For a former unsuccessful proposed country, see <a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_Federation" title="North Borneo Federation">North Borneo Federation</a>. For the Crown colony that succeeded the protectorate of North Borneo, see <a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_North_Borneo" title="Crown Colony of North Borneo">Crown Colony of North Borneo</a>. For the modern Indonesian province, see <a href="/wiki/North_Kalimantan" title="North Kalimantan">North Kalimantan</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">North Borneo</div><div class="ib-country-names"><i>Borneo Utara</i></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1881–1942<br />1945–1946</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_North_Borneo_(1902%E2%80%931946).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of North Borneo"><img alt="Flag of North Borneo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Flag_of_North_Borneo_%281902%E2%80%931946%29.svg/125px-Flag_of_North_Borneo_%281902%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Flag_of_North_Borneo_%281902%E2%80%931946%29.svg/188px-Flag_of_North_Borneo_%281902%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Flag_of_North_Borneo_%281902%E2%80%931946%29.svg/250px-Flag_of_North_Borneo_%281902%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_North_Borneo" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of North Borneo">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Badge_of_North_Borneo_(1902%E2%80%931946).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Badge_of_North_Borneo_%281902%E2%80%931946%29.svg/70px-Badge_of_North_Borneo_%281902%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Badge_of_North_Borneo_%281902%E2%80%931946%29.svg/105px-Badge_of_North_Borneo_%281902%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Badge_of_North_Borneo_%281902%E2%80%931946%29.svg/140px-Badge_of_North_Borneo_%281902%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="501" data-file-height="501" /></a></span></div> <div>Badge</div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Motto: </b><a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Pergo et Perago</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreat_Britain._Colonial_Office19566_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreat_Britain._Colonial_Office19566-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />(I persevere and I achieve)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreat_Britain._Colonial_Office19566_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreat_Britain._Colonial_Office19566-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> <a href="/wiki/God_Save_the_King" title="God Save the King">God Save the Queen</a> (1881–1901)<br /><a href="/wiki/God_Save_the_King" title="God Save the King">God Save the King</a> (1901–1942; 1945–1946)<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="64" data-mwtitle="United_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/United_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source 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srclang="zh-Hant" label="中文（繁體） ‪(zh-hant)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=zh-hk&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant-HK" label="中文（香港） ‪(zh-hk)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=zh-tw&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant-TW" label="中文（臺灣） ‪(zh-tw)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=zh&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh" label="中文 ‪(zh)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:A_map_of_British_North_Borneo_(II).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of North Borneo, 1903"><img alt="Map of North Borneo, 1903" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/A_map_of_British_North_Borneo_%28II%29.jpg/250px-A_map_of_British_North_Borneo_%28II%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/A_map_of_British_North_Borneo_%28II%29.jpg/375px-A_map_of_British_North_Borneo_%28II%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/A_map_of_British_North_Borneo_%28II%29.jpg/500px-A_map_of_British_North_Borneo_%28II%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9932" data-file-height="6812" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Map of North Borneo, 1903</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/British_Protectorate" class="mw-redirect" title="British Protectorate">Protectorate</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kudat" title="Kudat">Kudat</a> (1881–1884);<br /><a href="/wiki/Sandakan" title="Sandakan">Sandakan</a> (1884–1945);<br /><a href="/wiki/Kota_Kinabalu" title="Kota Kinabalu">Jesselton</a> (1946)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kadazan_Dusun_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kadazan Dusun language">Kadazan-Dusun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bajau_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bajau language">Bajau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Murutic_languages" title="Murutic languages">Murut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lundayeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Lundayeh">Lundayeh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Momogun_language" title="Momogun language">Rungus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sabah_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabah Malay">Sabah Malay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> etc.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chartered_company" title="Chartered company">Chartered company</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">Protectorate</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">Monarch</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1881–1901 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Victoria</a> (first)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1936–1942, 1945–1946 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a> (last)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_North_Borneo" title="Governor of North Borneo">Governor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1881–1887 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Hood_Treacher" title="William Hood Treacher">William Hood Treacher</a> (first)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1937–1946 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Smith_(colonial_administrator)" title="Robert Smith (colonial administrator)">Charles Robert Smith</a> (last)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/New_Imperialism" title="New Imperialism">New Imperialism</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• North Borneo Provisional Association Ltd </div></th><td class="infobox-data">26 August 1881</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Granted <a href="/wiki/Royal_charter" title="Royal charter">royal charter</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 November 1881</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_Chartered_Company" title="North Borneo Chartered Company">North Borneo Chartered Company</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">May 1882</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Protectorate </div></th><td class="infobox-data">12 May 1888</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_British_Borneo" title="Japanese occupation of British Borneo">Japanese invasion</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">2 January 1942</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Borneo_campaign_(1945)" class="mw-redirect" title="Borneo campaign (1945)">Allied liberation</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">10 June 1945</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Ceded to the <a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_North_Borneo" title="Crown Colony of North Borneo">Crown colony</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">15 July 1946</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/British_North_Borneo_dollar" title="British North Borneo dollar">North Borneo dollar</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Empire">Bruneian Empire</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu" title="Sultanate of Sulu">Sultanate of Sulu</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Bulungan" title="Sultanate of Bulungan">Sultanate of Bulungan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Labuan" title="Crown Colony of Labuan">Crown Colony of Labuan</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_British_Borneo" title="Japanese occupation of British Borneo">Japanese occupation of British Borneo</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/British_Military_Administration_(Borneo)" title="British Military Administration (Borneo)">British Military Administration (Borneo)</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_North_Borneo" title="Crown Colony of North Borneo">Crown Colony of North Borneo</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Malaysia" title="Category:History of Malaysia">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Malaysia" title="History of Malaysia">History of <span class="fn org label">Malaysia</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Johnston_S.E._Peninsula_and_Malaysia_Map_National_Atlas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Johnston_S.E._Peninsula_and_Malaysia_Map_National_Atlas.jpg/205px-Johnston_S.E._Peninsula_and_Malaysia_Map_National_Atlas.jpg" decoding="async" width="205" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Johnston_S.E._Peninsula_and_Malaysia_Map_National_Atlas.jpg/308px-Johnston_S.E._Peninsula_and_Malaysia_Map_National_Atlas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Johnston_S.E._Peninsula_and_Malaysia_Map_National_Atlas.jpg/410px-Johnston_S.E._Peninsula_and_Malaysia_Map_National_Atlas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10281" data-file-height="8421" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em; padding-top:0.5em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Malaysia" title="Prehistoric Malaysia">Prehistoric period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span style="padding-left:1em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Lenggong" title="Lenggong">Lenggong Valley</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2,000,0000 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span style="padding-left:1em;"> </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mansuli_Valley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mansuli Valley (page does not exist)">Mansuli Valley</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">235,000 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span style="padding-left:1em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Niah_National_Park" title="Niah National Park">Niah cultures</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 65,000–40,000 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span style="padding-left:1em;"> </span>Bewah man/woman</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 16,000 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span style="padding-left:1em;"> </span>Perak man/woman</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 11,000–200 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span style="padding-left:1em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Klang_Bell" title="Klang Bell">Neolithic Klang</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 500 – 200 BCE</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Early kingdoms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Kedah" title="History of Kedah">Ancient Kedah</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <100 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Chi_Tu" title="Chi Tu">Chi Tu</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 100 BCE–642 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Langkasuka" title="Langkasuka">Langkasuka</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 100 BCE–1474 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Gangga_Negara" title="Gangga Negara">Gangga Negara</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 100 CE–1025</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pan_Pan_(kingdom)" title="Pan Pan (kingdom)">Pan Pan</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 424–775</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Kedah" title="History of Kedah">Old Kedah</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 170–1135</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Old_Pahang_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Pahang Kingdom">Old Pahang</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 449–1454</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 700s–1025</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1300s</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Rise of Muslim states</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kedah_Sultanate" title="Kedah Sultanate">Kedah Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1136–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Samudera_Pasai_Sultanate" title="Samudera Pasai Sultanate">Samudera Pasai Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1267–1521</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Empire">Brunei Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1368–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Malacca_Sultanate" title="Malacca Sultanate">Malacca Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1402–1511</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu" title="Sultanate of Sulu">Sulu Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1450–1899</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pahang_Sultanate" title="Pahang Sultanate">Pahang Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1470–1623</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Aceh_Sultanate" title="Aceh Sultanate">Aceh Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1496–1903</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pattani_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pattani Kingdom">Pattani Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1516– 1902</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Johor_Sultanate" title="Johor Sultanate">Johor Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1528–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sarawak" title="Sultanate of Sarawak">Sarawak Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1599–1641</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Selangor" title="Sultan of Selangor">Selangor Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1766–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Besut_Darul_Iman" title="Kingdom of Besut Darul Iman">Besut Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1780–1899</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Setul_Mambang_Segara" title="Kingdom of Setul Mambang Segara">Setul Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1808–1916</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Reman" title="Kingdom of Reman">Reman Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1810–1902</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kubang_Pasu_Darul_Qiyam" title="Kingdom of Kubang Pasu Darul Qiyam">Kubang Pasu Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1839–1864</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Colonial period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Malacca" title="Portuguese Malacca">Portuguese Malacca</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1511–1641</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Dutch%E2%80%93Portuguese_War" title="Dutch–Portuguese War">Dutch–Portuguese War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1601–1661</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Malacca" title="Dutch Malacca">Dutch Malacca</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1641–1824</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pahang_Kingdom" title="Pahang Kingdom">Pahang Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1770–1881</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Straits_Settlements" title="Straits Settlements">Straits Settlements</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1786–1946</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Siamese_invasion_of_Kedah" title="Siamese invasion of Kedah">Siamese invasion of Kedah</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1821–1826</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Dutch_Treaty_of_1824" title="Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824">Anglo-Dutch Treaty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1824</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Burney_Treaty" title="Burney Treaty">Burney Treaty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1826</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Naning_War" title="Naning War">Naning War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1831–1832</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Raj_of_Sarawak" title="Raj of Sarawak">Kingdom of Sarawak</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1841–1946</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/House_of_Jamalullail_(Perlis)" title="House of Jamalullail (Perlis)">Separation of Perlis from Kedah</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1843</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Labuan" title="Crown Colony of Labuan">Crown Colony of Labuan</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1848–1946</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pahang_Civil_War" title="Pahang Civil War">Pahang Civil War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1857–1863</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Larut_Wars" title="Larut Wars">Larut Wars</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1861–1874</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Klang_War" title="Klang War">Klang War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1867–1874</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pangkor_Treaty_of_1874" title="Pangkor Treaty of 1874">Pangkor Treaty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1874</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Perak_War" title="Perak War">Perak War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1875–1876</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">British Malaya</a> / <a href="/wiki/British_Borneo" title="British Borneo">Borneo</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1874–1946</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Jementah_Civil_War" title="Jementah Civil War">Jementah Civil War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1879</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">North Borneo</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1882–1946</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pahang_Uprising" title="Pahang Uprising">Pahang Uprising</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1891–1895</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mat_Salleh_Rebellion" title="Mat Salleh Rebellion">Mat Salleh Rebellion</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1894–1905</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Federated_Malay_States" title="Federated Malay States">Federated Malay States</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1895–1946</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Siamese_Treaty_of_1909" title="Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909">Anglo-Siamese Treaty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1909</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Unfederated_Malay_States" title="Unfederated Malay States">Unfederated Malay States</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1909–1946</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Penang" title="Battle of Penang">Battle of Penang</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1914</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kelantan_rebellion" title="Kelantan rebellion">Kelantan rebellion</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1915</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">World War II</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Malaya" title="Japanese occupation of Malaya">Japanese occupation of Malaya</a> / <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_British_Borneo" title="Japanese occupation of British Borneo">Borneo</a></div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <br />1941–1945</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Malayan campaign</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1941–1942</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borneo_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Borneo (1941–1942)">Bornean Campaign</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1941–1942</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Muar" title="Battle of Muar">Battle of Muar</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1942</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Parit_Sulong_Massacre" title="Parit Sulong Massacre">Parit Sulong Massacre</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1942</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Singapore">Battle of Singapore</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1942</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sook_Ching" title="Sook Ching">Sook Ching</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1942</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Syburi" title="Syburi">Syburi</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1942</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sandakan_Death_Marches" title="Sandakan Death Marches">Sandakan Death Marches</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1942–1945</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Si_Rat_Malai" title="Si Rat Malai">Si Rat Malai</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1943–1945</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Jesselton_revolt" title="Jesselton revolt">Jesselton revolt</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1943–1944</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Formative period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/British_Military_Administration_(Malaya)" title="British Military Administration (Malaya)">BMA of Malaya</a>/<a href="/wiki/British_Military_Administration_(Borneo)" title="British Military Administration (Borneo)">Borneo</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1945–1946</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_North_Borneo" title="Crown Colony of North Borneo">Crown Colony of N. Borneo</a>/<a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Sarawak" title="Crown Colony of Sarawak">Sarawak</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1946–1963</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Anti-cession_movement_of_Sarawak" title="Anti-cession movement of Sarawak">Anti-cession movement</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1946–1963</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Malayan_Union" title="Malayan Union">Malayan Union</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1946–1948</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya" title="Federation of Malaya">Federation of Malaya</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1948–1963</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1948–1960</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Baling_Talks" title="Baling Talks">Baling Talks</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1955</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Independence period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Malayan_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Malayan Declaration of Independence">Malayan Independence</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1957</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Self-governance_of_Singapore" title="Self-governance of Singapore">Singapore self-governance</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1959</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Internal_Security_Act_1960" title="Internal Security Act 1960">ISA 1960</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1960–2012</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Sarawak" title="Communist insurgency in Sarawak">Sarawak Insurgency</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1962–1990</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_Self-government_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="North Borneo Self-government Day">North Borneo self-governance</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1963</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation" title="Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation">Konfrontasi</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1963–1966</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sarawak_Independence_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarawak Independence Day">Sarawak self-governance</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1963</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Day" title="Malaysia Day">Formation of Malaysia</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1963</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Singapore_in_Malaysia" title="Singapore in Malaysia">Singapore in Malaysia</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1963–1965</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Declaration" title="ASEAN Declaration">ASEAN Declaration</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1967</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Malaysia_(1968%E2%80%931989)" title="Communist insurgency in Malaysia (1968–1989)">Second communist insurgency</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1968–1989</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Modern period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/13_May_incident" title="13 May incident">13 May incident</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1969</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/National_Operations_Council" title="National Operations Council">National Operations Council</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1969–1971</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Rukun_Negara" title="Rukun Negara">Declaration of Rukun Negara</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1970</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_New_Economic_Policy" title="Malaysian New Economic Policy">New Economic Policy</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1971–1990</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Federal_Territories_of_Malaysia" title="Federal Territories of Malaysia">Federal Territory of KL</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1974</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1977_Kelantan_Emergency" title="1977 Kelantan Emergency">1977 Kelantan Emergency</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1977</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pedra_Branca_dispute" title="Pedra Branca dispute">Pedra Branca dispute</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1979–2008</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Territorial_disputes_in_the_South_China_Sea" title="Territorial disputes in the South China Sea">South China Sea dispute</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Spratly_Islands_dispute" title="Spratly Islands dispute">Spratly</a>)</small></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1980–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Dawn_Raid_(Malaysia)" title="Dawn Raid (Malaysia)">Dawn Raid</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1981</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Labuan" title="Labuan">Federal Territory of Labuan</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1984</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Memali_Incident" title="Memali Incident">Memali incident</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1985</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Operation_Lalang" title="Operation Lalang">Operation Lalang</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1987</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1988_Malaysian_constitutional_crisis" title="1988 Malaysian constitutional crisis">Constitutional crisis</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1987–1988</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Peace_Agreement_of_Hat_Yai_(1989)" title="Peace Agreement of Hat Yai (1989)">Peace Agreement of Hat Yai</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1989</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1993_amendments_to_the_Constitution_of_Malaysia" title="1993 amendments to the Constitution of Malaysia">Royal Immunity Amendments</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1993</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1997_Asian_financial_crisis#Malaysia" title="1997 Asian financial crisis">Asian financial crisis</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1997–1998</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Reformasi_(Malaysia)" title="Reformasi (Malaysia)">Reformasi Movement</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1998–2022</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2008_Malaysian_Opposition_Wave" title="2008 Malaysian Opposition Wave">2008 Malaysian Opposition Wave</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2008</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2009_swine_flu_pandemic_in_Malaysia" title="2009 swine flu pandemic in Malaysia">H1N1 flu pandemic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2009–2010</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2014_Malaysian_sedition_dragnet" title="2014 Malaysian sedition dragnet">Sedition Dragnet</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2014</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1Malaysia_Development_Berhad_scandal" title="1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal">1MDB scandal</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2015–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2018_Malaysian_general_election" title="2018 Malaysian general election">Pakatan Harapan takeover</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2018</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia">COVID-19 pandemic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2020–2022</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932022_Malaysian_political_crisis" title="2020–2022 Malaysian political crisis">Political crisis</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2020–2022</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2021_amendment_to_the_Constitution_of_Malaysia" title="2021 amendment to the Constitution of Malaysia">Bornean Amendment</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2021–2023</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Green_Wave_(Malaysia)" title="Green Wave (Malaysia)">Green Wave</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2022–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em; border-top:#aaa 1px solid;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Incidents</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Brunei_revolt" title="Brunei revolt">Brunei revolt</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1962–1966</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_dispute" title="North Borneo dispute">North Borneo dispute</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cross_border_attacks_in_Sabah" title="Cross border attacks in Sabah">Philippine militant attacks</a>)</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1962–present</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1964_race_riots_in_Singapore" title="1964 race riots in Singapore">Singapore race riots</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1964</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Limbang_District" title="Limbang District">Brunei's Limbang claim</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1967–2009</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1967_Penang_Hartal_riot" title="1967 Penang Hartal riot">Penang Hartal riot</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1967</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/13_May_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="13 May Incident">13 May Incident</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1969</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ligitan_and_Sipadan_dispute" title="Ligitan and Sipadan dispute">Ligitan and Sipadan dispute</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1969–2002</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1971_Kuala_Lumpur_floods" title="1971 Kuala Lumpur floods">Kuala Lumpur flash floods</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1971</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_haze" title="Southeast Asian haze">Malaysian haze crisis</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1972–present</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1975_AIA_building_hostage_crisis" title="1975 AIA building hostage crisis">AIA building hostage crisis</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1975</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/National_Monument_(Malaysia)" title="National Monument (Malaysia)">National Monument bombing</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1975</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Campbell_Shopping_Complex_fire" title="Campbell Shopping Complex fire">Campbell Shopping Complex fire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1976</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1976_Sabah_Air_GAF_Nomad_crash" title="1976 Sabah Air GAF Nomad crash">Sabah Air GAF Nomad crash</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1976</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Japan_Air_Lines_Flight_715" title="Japan Air Lines Flight 715">Japan Airlines Flight 715 incident</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1977</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Airline_System_Flight_653" title="Malaysian Airline System Flight 653">MH653 incident</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1977</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1985_Lahad_Datu_ambush" title="1985 Lahad Datu ambush">1985 Lahad Datu ambush</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1985</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Memali_Incident" title="Memali Incident">Memali Incident</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1985</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1986_Sabah_riots" title="1986 Sabah riots">Sabah Emergency</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1986</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1987_Ming_Court_Affair" title="1987 Ming Court Affair">Ming Court Affair</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1987</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Abdul_Halim_ferry_terminal_bridge_collapse" title="Sultan Abdul Halim ferry terminal bridge collapse">Penang terminal bridge collapse</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1988</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1989_Taufiqiah_Al-Khairiah_madrasa_fire" title="1989 Taufiqiah Al-Khairiah madrasa fire">Taufiqiah Al-Khairiah madrasa fire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1989</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bright_Sparklers_Fireworks_disaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Bright Sparklers Fireworks disaster">Bright Sparklers disaster</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1991</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Highland_Towers_collapse" title="Highland Towers collapse">Highland Towers collapse</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1993</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Genting_Sempah%E2%80%93Genting_Highlands_Highway" title="Genting Sempah–Genting Highlands Highway">Genting landslide</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1995</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Airlines_Flight_2133" title="Malaysia Airlines Flight 2133">MH2133 incident</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1995</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1996_Pos_Dipang_mudflow" class="mw-redirect" title="1996 Pos Dipang mudflow">Pos Dipang mudflow</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1996</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tropical_Depression_Greg_(1996)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical Depression Greg (1996)">Tropical Storm Greg</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1996</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1998%E2%80%931999_Malaysia_Nipah_virus_outbreak" title="1998–1999 Malaysia Nipah virus outbreak">1998–1999 Malaysia Nipah virus outbreak</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1998–1999</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2000_Sipadan_kidnappings" title="2000 Sipadan kidnappings">2000 Sipadan kidnappings</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2000</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Al-Ma%27unah" title="Al-Ma'unah">Al-Ma'unah incident</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2000</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sauk_Siege" title="Sauk Siege">Sauk Siege</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2000</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2001_Kampung_Medan_riots" title="2001 Kampung Medan riots">2001 Kampung Medan riots</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2001</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2002_Taman_Hillview_landslide" title="2002 Taman Hillview landslide">2002 Taman Hillview landslide</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2002</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Effect_of_the_2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake_on_Malaysia" title="Effect of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake on Malaysia">Indian Ocean tsunami</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2004</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2006%E2%80%932007_Southeast_Asian_floods" title="2006–2007 Southeast Asian floods">2006–2007 Southeast Asian floods</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2006–2007</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2007_Bukit_Gantang_bus_crash" title="2007 Bukit Gantang bus crash">Bukit Gantang bus crash</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2007</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2008_Bukit_Antarabangsa_landslide" title="2008 Bukit Antarabangsa landslide">Bukit Antarabangsa landslide</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2008</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2009_swine_flu_pandemic_in_Malaysia" title="2009 swine flu pandemic in Malaysia">H1N1 flu pandemic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2009</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2010_attacks_against_places_of_worship_in_Malaysia" title="2010 attacks against places of worship in Malaysia">Attacks against places of worship</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2010</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2010_Cameron_Highlands_bus_crash" title="2010 Cameron Highlands bus crash">Cameron Highlands bus crash</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2010</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2011_Hulu_Langat_landslide" title="2011 Hulu Langat landslide">Hulu Langat landslide</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2011</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2013_Genting_Highlands_bus_crash" title="2013 Genting Highlands bus crash">Genting Highlands bus crash</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2013</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Airlines_Flight_370" title="Malaysia Airlines Flight 370">MH370 incident</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2014</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Airlines_Flight_17" title="Malaysia Airlines Flight 17">MH17 incident</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2014</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_Malaysia_floods" class="mw-redirect" title="2014–15 Malaysia floods">2014–15 Malaysia floods</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2014–2015</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2015_Sabah_earthquake" title="2015 Sabah earthquake">Sabah earthquake</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2015</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2015_Plaza_Low_Yat_riot" title="2015 Plaza Low Yat riot">2015 Plaza Low Yat riot</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">2015</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2016_Movida_Bar_grenade_attack" title="2016 Movida Bar grenade attack">Movida Bar grenade attack</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2016</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Kim_Jong-nam" title="Assassination of Kim Jong-nam">Kim Jong-nam's Assassination</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2017</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2017_Darul_Quran_Ittifaqiyah_madrasa_fire" title="2017 Darul Quran Ittifaqiyah madrasa fire">Darul Quran madrasa fire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">2017</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sri_Maha_Mariamman_Temple_riot" title="Sri Maha Mariamman Temple riot">2018 Subang Temple riot</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2018</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_Malaysian_floods" class="mw-redirect" title="2020–21 Malaysian floods">2020-21 Malaysia floods</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2021</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2021_Kelana_Jaya_LRT_collision" title="2021 Kelana Jaya LRT collision">LRT train collision</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2021</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%932022_Malaysian_floods" title="2021–2022 Malaysian floods">2021-22 Malaysia floods</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2021–2022</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2022_Batang_Kali_landslide" title="2022 Batang Kali landslide">2022 Batang Kali landslide</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2022</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2023_Elmina_plane_crash" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Elmina plane crash">2023 Elmina plane crash</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2023</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2024_Lumut_mid-air_collision" title="2024 Lumut mid-air collision">2024 Lumut helicopters crash</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2024</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2024_Ulu_Tiram_police_station_attack" title="2024 Ulu Tiram police station attack">2024 Ulu Tiram police station attack</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2024</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">By topic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunications_in_Malaysia" title="History of telecommunications in Malaysia">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Malaysian_Constitution" title="History of the Malaysian Constitution">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Malaysia" title="Economic history of Malaysia">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Malaysia#History" title="Immigration to Malaysia">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_legal_history" title="Malaysian legal history">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Malaysia" title="Military history of Malaysia">Military</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">By region</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kedah" title="History of Kedah">Kedah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kuala_Lumpur" title="History of Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Penang" title="History of Penang">Penang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_George_Town,_Penang" title="History of George Town, Penang">George Town</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sabah" title="History of Sabah">Sabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sarawak" title="History of Sarawak">Sarawak</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/16px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/24px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Malaysia" title="Portal:Malaysia">Malaysia portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Malaysia" title="Template:History of Malaysia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Malaysia" title="Template talk:History of Malaysia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Malaysia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Malaysia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>North Borneo</b> (usually known as <b>British North Borneo</b>, also known as the <b>State of North Borneo</b>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreat_Britain._Foreign_Office1888238_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreat_Britain._Foreign_Office1888238-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a <a href="/wiki/British_Protectorate" class="mw-redirect" title="British Protectorate">British protectorate</a> in the northern part of the island of <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a>, (present-day <a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a>). The territory of North Borneo was originally established by <a href="/wiki/Concession_(territory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Concession (territory)">concessions</a> of the Sultanates of <a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Empire">Brunei</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu" title="Sultanate of Sulu">Sulu</a> in 1877 and 1878 to a <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German</a>-born representative of <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>, businessman and diplomat, <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Overbeck" title="Gustav Overbeck">Gustav Overbeck</a>. </p><p>Overbeck had recently purchased a small tract of land on the western coast of Borneo in 1876 from American merchant <a href="/wiki/Joseph_William_Torrey" title="Joseph William Torrey">Joseph William Torrey</a>, who had promoted the territory in <a href="/wiki/British_Hong_Kong" title="British Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> since 1866. Overbeck then transferred all his rights to <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Dent" title="Alfred Dent">Alfred Dent</a> before withdrawing in 1879. In 1881, Dent established the North Borneo Provisional Association Ltd to manage the territory, which was granted a <a href="/wiki/Royal_charter" title="Royal charter">royal charter</a> in the same year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_London_Gazette18815448_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_London_Gazette18815448-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following year, the Provisional Association was replaced by the <a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_Chartered_Company" title="North Borneo Chartered Company">North Borneo Chartered Company</a>. The granting of a royal charter worried both the neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Spanish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch</a> authorities; as a result, the Spanish began to stake their claim of northern Borneo. A protocol known as the <a href="/wiki/Madrid_Protocol_of_1885" title="Madrid Protocol of 1885">Madrid Protocol</a> was signed in 1885 to recognise Spanish presence in the Philippine archipelago, in return establishing the definite border of Spanish influence beyond northern Borneo. To avoid further claims from other European powers, North Borneo was made a British protectorate in 1888. </p><p>As the population was too small to effectively serve the economy, the British sponsored various migration schemes for <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese" title="Overseas Chinese">Chinese workers</a> from Hong Kong and <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">China</a> to work in the European plantations, and for <a href="/wiki/Japanese_diaspora" title="Japanese diaspora">Japanese immigrants</a> to participate in the economic activities of North Borneo. The start of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> with the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Armed_Forces" title="Imperial Japanese Armed Forces">Japanese forces</a> brought an end to protectorate administration, with the territory placed under a military administration and then designated as a <a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_North_Borneo" title="Crown Colony of North Borneo">Crown colony</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Borneo&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Sabah" title="History of Sabah">History of Sabah</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foundation_and_early_years">Foundation and early years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Borneo&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Foundation and early years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AlfredDent.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/AlfredDent.jpg/170px-AlfredDent.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/AlfredDent.jpg/255px-AlfredDent.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/AlfredDent.jpg/340px-AlfredDent.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1506" data-file-height="2225" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Dent" title="Alfred Dent">Alfred Dent</a>, the founder of North Borneo Provisional Association Ltd (later replaced by the <a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_Chartered_Company" title="North Borneo Chartered Company">North Borneo Chartered Company</a>) was the key player to the establishment of solid British presence in northern Borneo.</figcaption></figure> <p>North Borneo was founded in 1877–1878 through a series of land <a href="/wiki/Concession_(territory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Concession (territory)">concessions</a> in northern Borneo from the <a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Sultanate_(1368%E2%80%931888)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Sultanate (1368–1888)">Sultanate of Brunei</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu" title="Sultanate of Sulu">Sulu</a> to an Austrian-German businessman and diplomat, <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Overbeck" title="Gustav Overbeck">Gustav Overbeck</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryer200111_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryer200111-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright1988107_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright1988107-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoolittle201132_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoolittle201132-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A former <a href="/wiki/American_Trading_Company_of_Borneo" title="American Trading Company of Borneo">American Trading Company of Borneo</a> territory on the western coast of northern Borneo had already passed to Overbeck,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOoi2004265_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOoi2004265-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> requiring him to go to Brunei to renew the concession of the land he bought from Joseph William Torrey.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryer200110_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryer200110-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright1988143_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright1988143-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaunders201387_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaunders201387-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/William_Cowie_(merchant)" title="William Cowie (merchant)">William Clark Cowie</a> played an important role as a close friend of the Sultanate of Sulu in helping Overbeck to buy additional land on the eastern coast of Borneo.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPress201761_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPress201761-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreat_Britain._Colonial_Office1958164_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreat_Britain._Colonial_Office1958164-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKratoska2001282_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKratoska2001282-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Bulungan" title="Sultanate of Bulungan">Sultanate of Bulungan</a>'s influence also reached <a href="/wiki/Tawau" title="Tawau">Tawau</a> on the south-eastern coast,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrost1998234_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrost1998234-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but came under the influence of the more powerful Sultanate of Sulu.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagenda201042_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagenda201042-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following his success in leasing large tracts of land from both the western and eastern parts of northern Borneo, Overbeck went to Europe to promote the territory in <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a> as well as in his own country of <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a>, but none showed any real interest.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOoi2004265_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOoi2004265-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPress2017150_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPress2017150-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">Great Britain</a>, which had sought to control trade routes in the <a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a> since the 18th century, responded.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFry201315_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFry201315-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzgerald201670_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzgerald201670-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarbara_WatsonLeonard_Y2016193_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbara_WatsonLeonard_Y2016193-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The interest of the British was strengthened by their presence in the <a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Labuan" title="Crown Colony of Labuan">Crown Colony of Labuan</a> since 1846.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHong_Kong_Daily_Press_Office19121504_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHong_Kong_Daily_Press_Office19121504-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebster1998130_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebster1998130-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCordPurdue2007220_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCordPurdue2007220-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, Overbeck received financial support from the British Dent brothers (<a href="/wiki/Alfred_Dent" title="Alfred Dent">Alfred Dent</a> and Edward Dent) and diplomatic and military support from the British government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoolittle201132_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoolittle201132-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzgerald201670_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzgerald201670-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebster1998200_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebster1998200-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the support from Britain, a clause was included in the treaties that the ceded territories could not be sold or given to another party without the permission of the British government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryer200111_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryer200111-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unable to attract the interest of the governments of Austria, Italy and Germany, Overbeck withdrew in 1879; all his treaty rights with the Sultanates were transferred to Alfred Dent, who in 1881 formed the North Borneo Provisional Association Ltd with the support of countrymen <a href="/wiki/Rutherford_Alcock" title="Rutherford Alcock">Rutherford Alcock</a>, Admiral <a href="/wiki/Henry_Keppel" title="Henry Keppel">Henry Keppel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sir_Richard_Martin,_1st_Baronet,_of_Overbury_Court" title="Sir Richard Martin, 1st Baronet, of Overbury Court">Richard Biddulph Martin</a>, Admiral <a href="/wiki/Richard_Mayne_(explorer)" title="Richard Mayne (explorer)">Richard Mayne</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Macleod_Read" title="William Henry Macleod Read">William Henry Read</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBritish_North_Borneo_Chartered_Company1886113_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBritish_North_Borneo_Chartered_Company1886113-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHiltonTate196682_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiltonTate196682-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Vienne201585_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Vienne201585-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Provisional Association then applied to <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> for a <a href="/wiki/Royal_charter" title="Royal charter">royal charter</a>, which was granted on 1 November 1881.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOoi2004265_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOoi2004265-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoolittle2011173_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoolittle2011173-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlson199192_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlson199192-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/William_Hood_Treacher" title="William Hood Treacher">William Hood Treacher</a> was appointed as the first governor,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETregonning196513_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETregonning196513-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Kudat" title="Kudat">Kudat</a> at the northern tip of Borneo was chosen as the Provisional Association administration capital.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreat_Britain._Colonial_Office1958172_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreat_Britain._Colonial_Office1958172-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYong196525_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYong196525-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The granting of the royal charter had worried both the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Spanish</a>, who feared that Britain might threaten the position of their colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlsonShadle1996192_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlsonShadle1996192-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 1882, the Provisional Association was replaced by the newly formed <a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_Chartered_Company" title="North Borneo Chartered Company">North Borneo Chartered Company</a>, with Alcock acting as the first President and Dent becoming the company managing director.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWelman2017163_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelman2017163-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The administration is not considered a British acquisition of the territory, but rather a private enterprise with government guidelines to protect the territory from being encroached upon by other European powers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryer200112_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryer200112-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under Governor Treacher, the company gained more territories on the western coast from the Sultanate of Brunei.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright1988185_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright1988185-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The company subsequently acquired further sovereign and territorial rights from the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Sultans_of_Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Sultans of Brunei">Sultan of Brunei</a>, expanding the territory under their control to the Putatan River (May 1884), the Padas district (November 1884), the Kawang River (February 1885), the <a href="/wiki/Mantanani_Islands" title="Mantanani Islands">Mantanani Islands</a> (April 1885) and additional minor Padas territories (March 1898).<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the early stage of the administration, there was a claim in northern Borneo by the Spanish authorities in the Philippines, and an attempt to raise the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Spain" title="Flag of Spain">Spanish flag</a> over <a href="/wiki/Sandakan" title="Sandakan">Sandakan</a> was met with interference by a British warship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarbara_WatsonLeonard_Y2016193_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbara_WatsonLeonard_Y2016193-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To prevent further conflict and to end the Spanish claim to northern Borneo, in 1885 an agreement known as the <a href="/wiki/Madrid_Protocol_of_1885" title="Madrid Protocol of 1885">Madrid Protocol</a> was signed in <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a> between the United Kingdom, Germany and <a href="/wiki/Restoration_(Spain)" title="Restoration (Spain)">Spain</a>, recognising the Spanish presence in the Philippine archipelago.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlson199192_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlson199192-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChamber's1950448_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChamber's1950448-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the company did not wish to be involved in further foreign affairs issues,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlsonShadle1996192_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlsonShadle1996192-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> North Borneo was made a <a href="/wiki/British_Protectorate" class="mw-redirect" title="British Protectorate">British Protectorate</a> on 12 May 1888.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDahlhoff20121133_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDahlhoff20121133-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanton201590_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanton201590-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1890, the Crown Colony of Labuan was incorporated into the administration of North Borneo, before returning to direct British rule in 1904.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlsonShadle1996645_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlsonShadle1996645-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were several local insurrections from 1894 to 1900 by <a href="/wiki/Mat_Salleh_Rebellion" title="Mat Salleh Rebellion">Mat Salleh</a> and by <a href="/wiki/Antanum" title="Antanum">Antanum</a> in 1915.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWelman2017153_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelman2017153-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a> did not greatly affect the territory, and <a href="/wiki/Logging" title="Logging">logging</a> business grew during the <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">interwar period</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones201312_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones201312-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II_and_decline">World War II and decline</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Borneo&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: World War II and decline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borneo_(1941%E2%80%9342)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Borneo (1941–42)">Battle of Borneo (1941–42)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_British_Borneo" title="Japanese occupation of British Borneo">Japanese occupation of British Borneo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_North_Borneo" title="Battle of North Borneo">Battle of North Borneo</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ABDA_Japanese_attacks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/ABDA_Japanese_attacks.jpg/220px-ABDA_Japanese_attacks.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/ABDA_Japanese_attacks.jpg/330px-ABDA_Japanese_attacks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/ABDA_Japanese_attacks.jpg/440px-ABDA_Japanese_attacks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="546" /></a><figcaption>Japanese military movement throughout the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Archipelago" title="Malay Archipelago">Malay Archipelago</a> from 1941 to 1942</figcaption></figure> <p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the Japanese invasion of Borneo began with the unopposed landing of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Armed_Forces" title="Imperial Japanese Armed Forces">Japanese forces</a> at Miri and Seria on 16 December 1941, with the objective of securing oil supplies.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 1 January 1942, the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Japanese navy</a> landed unopposed in Labuan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETregonning1965216_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETregonning1965216-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next day, the Japanese landed at Mempakul in North Borneo. After negotiations with the Officers-in-charge of Jesselton for its surrender, while they were waiting for troop reinforcements, Jesselton was occupied by the Japanese on 8 January. Another <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Japanese army</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_military_detachments_in_World_War_II" title="List of Japanese military detachments in World War II">detachment</a> arrived from <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a> and began to land on <a href="/wiki/Tarakan_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarakan Island">Tarakan Island</a>, before proceeding to Sandakan on 17 January.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERottman2002206_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERottman2002206-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Japanese arrival was met with no strong resistance, as the protectorate mainly relied on the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> for defence. Although North Borneo had a police force, it never had its own army or navy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETregonning196014_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETregonning196014-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of January, North Borneo was completely occupied by the Japanese.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELines1991193_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELines1991193-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was administered as part of the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a>, with the officers of the chartered company being allowed to continued administration under Japanese supervision.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans201216_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans201216-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The arrival of the Japanese forces to Borneo and the fall of <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Japanese_Alliance" title="Anglo-Japanese Alliance">Anglo-Japanese Alliance</a> had already been predicted by revelation through secret <a href="/wiki/Telegram" class="mw-redirect" title="Telegram">telegrams</a> that Japanese ships docked regularly at Jesselton were engaged in espionage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESayaTakashi199354_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESayaTakashi199354-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the British and Australian soldiers captured after the <a href="/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">fall of Malaya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Singapore" title="Fall of Singapore">Singapore</a> were brought to North Borneo and held as <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoners of wars</a> (POWs) in <a href="/wiki/Sandakan_camp" title="Sandakan camp">Sandakan camp</a> where they were then forced to <a href="/wiki/Sandakan_Death_March" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandakan Death March">march from Sandakan</a> to <a href="/wiki/Ranau" title="Ranau">Ranau</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBickerstethHinton199619_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBickerstethHinton199619-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBraithwaite2016347_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBraithwaite2016347-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other POWs were also sent to <a href="/wiki/Batu_Lintang_camp" title="Batu Lintang camp">Batu Lintang camp</a> in neighbouring Sarawak. The occupation drove residents in the coastal areas to the interior in search of food and to escape the brutality of the war period,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELim200836_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELim200836-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which led to the creation of several resistance movements; one of the such movement known as the Kinabalu Guerrillas which was led by <a href="/wiki/Albert_Kwok" title="Albert Kwok">Albert Kwok</a> and supported by indigenous groups in North Borneo.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans199050_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans199050-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKratoska2013124_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKratoska2013124-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As part of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Allied Campaign</a> to retake their possessions in the East, Allied forces deployed to Borneo under the <a href="/wiki/Borneo_campaign" title="Borneo campaign">Borneo campaign</a> to liberate the island. The <a href="/wiki/Second_Australian_Imperial_Force" title="Second Australian Imperial Force">Australian Imperial Force</a> (AIF) played a significant part in the mission,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOoi2010201_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOoi2010201-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the force being sent to Tarakan and Labuan islands to secure eastern and western Borneo.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeimann1998174_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeimann1998174-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Allied <a href="/wiki/Z_Special_Unit" title="Z Special Unit">Z Special Unit</a> provided intelligence and other information from the Japanese that facilitated the AIF landings,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeimann1998174_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeimann1998174-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while <a href="/wiki/Allied_submarines_in_the_Pacific_War" title="Allied submarines in the Pacific War">US submarines</a> were used to transport Australian commandos to Borneo.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeuer200527_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeuer200527-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the major towns of North Borneo were heavily bombed during this period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOoi201377_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOoi201377-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The war ended on 15 August 1945 following the <a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Japanese surrender</a> and the administration of North Borneo was undertaken by the <a href="/wiki/British_Military_Administration_(Borneo)" title="British Military Administration (Borneo)">British Military Administration</a> (BMA) from September.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOoi2010208_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOoi2010208-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The company official administration returned to administer the territory but, unable to finance the reconstruction cost after the war, ceded administration of the protectorate to the <a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_North_Borneo" title="Crown Colony of North Borneo">crown colony</a> government on 15 July 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreat_Britain._Colonial_Office19566_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreat_Britain._Colonial_Office19566-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJeffreysGrimsditchHerreroKuncinas201113_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeffreysGrimsditchHerreroKuncinas201113-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWelman2017159_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelman2017159-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Borneo&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_North_Borneo" title="Governor of North Borneo">Governor of North Borneo</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sandakan-Sabah-GovernmentOfficeSandakan-2.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sandakan-Sabah-GovernmentOfficeSandakan-2.PNG/220px-Sandakan-Sabah-GovernmentOfficeSandakan-2.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sandakan-Sabah-GovernmentOfficeSandakan-2.PNG/330px-Sandakan-Sabah-GovernmentOfficeSandakan-2.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sandakan-Sabah-GovernmentOfficeSandakan-2.PNG/440px-Sandakan-Sabah-GovernmentOfficeSandakan-2.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1269" data-file-height="923" /></a><figcaption>1899 photograph of the British administration building in <a href="/wiki/Sandakan" title="Sandakan">Sandakan</a>, capital of North Borneo from 1884 to 1945</figcaption></figure> <p>The Chartered Company's system of administration was based on standard <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British colonial empire</a> administrative structure, with the land divided into Residencies, and sub-divided into districts. Initially, there were only two Residencies: East Coast and West Coast, with Residents based at <a href="/wiki/Sandakan" title="Sandakan">Sandakan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kota_Kinabalu" title="Kota Kinabalu">Jesselton</a> respectively. Each Residency was divided into provinces, later known as districts, which were run by <a href="/wiki/District_officer" title="District officer">district officers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELovegrove1912545–554_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELovegrove1912545–554-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1922, there were five Residencies to accommodate new areas that were opened up for development. These were the <a href="/wiki/West_Coast_Division" title="West Coast Division">West Coast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kudat_Division" title="Kudat Division">Kudat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tawau_Division" title="Tawau Division">Tawau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interior_Division" title="Interior Division">Interior</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sandakan_Division" title="Sandakan Division">East Coast</a> Residencies. These Residencies were in turn divided into 17 districts. Under this system, British held top posts, while native chiefs managed the people at lower levels. This was not a conscious attempt by the British to instill <a href="/wiki/Indirect_rule" title="Indirect rule">indirect rule</a> but a convenient arrangement for the district officers who were unfamiliar with local customs and politics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECai202052_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECai202052-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The company administration established a foundation for economic growth in North Borneo by restoring peace to a land where <a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">piracy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">tribal feuds</a> had grown rampant. It abolished <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a> and set up transport, health and education services for the people, and allowed <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous people">indigenous communities</a> to continue their traditional lifestyles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkutsch2013679_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkutsch2013679-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British North Borneo Constabulary, the territory's police force, in 1883 comprised 3 <a href="/wiki/British_people" title="British people">Europeans</a>, 50 <a href="/wiki/Indian_people" title="Indian people">Indians</a> (<a href="/wiki/Punjabis" title="Punjabis">Punjabis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pashtuns" title="Pashtuns">Pashtuns</a>), 30 <a href="/wiki/Dayak_people" title="Dayak people">Dayaks</a>, 50 <a href="/wiki/Somalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Somalis">Somalis</a> and 20 <a href="/wiki/Malays_(ethnic_group)" title="Malays (ethnic group)">Malays</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams1929310_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams1929310-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Constables trained at depot an average of three days per week.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorthwestern_University193528_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorthwestern_University193528-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1884 the force had a total of 176 members,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams1929310_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams1929310-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which increased to about 510 over three years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorthwestern_University193528_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorthwestern_University193528-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While under the protectorate, international relations were managed by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">British government</a>, internally North Borneo was governed by the <a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_Chartered_Company" title="North Borneo Chartered Company">North Borneo Chartered Company</a> as an independent state with British protection.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreat_Britain._Foreign_Office1888238_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreat_Britain._Foreign_Office1888238-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The treaty signed on 12 May 1888 stipulated: </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <blockquote style="background:#EAECF0; border:1px solid gray; padding:2px;"> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_map_of_British_North_Borneo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="North Borneo, 1888"><img alt="North Borneo, 1888" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/A_map_of_British_North_Borneo.jpg/700px-A_map_of_British_North_Borneo.jpg" decoding="async" width="700" height="469" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/A_map_of_British_North_Borneo.jpg/1050px-A_map_of_British_North_Borneo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/A_map_of_British_North_Borneo.jpg/1400px-A_map_of_British_North_Borneo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9901" data-file-height="6637" /></a><figcaption>North Borneo, 1888</figcaption></figure> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Agreement between the British Government and the British North Borneo Company for the establishment of a British Protectorate —Signed at <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, 12 May 1888<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreat_Britain._Foreign_Office1888238_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreat_Britain._Foreign_Office1888238-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div><p><br /> </p><p><b>I.</b> The State of North Borneo comprises the territories specified in the said Royal Charter, and such other territories as the Company have acquired, or may hereafter acquire, ‘under the provisions of Article XV of the said Charter.<br /> It is divided into nine Provinces, namely:<br /> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <dl><dd>Province Alcock;</dd> <dd>Province Cunliffe;</dd> <dd>Province Dent;</dd> <dd>Province Dewhurst;</dd> <dd>Province Elphinstone;</dd> <dd>Province Keppel;</dd> <dd>Province Martin;</dd> <dd>Province Mayne;</dd> <dd>Province Myburgh.</dd></dl> </div> <p><b>II.</b> The State of North Borneo shall continue to be governed and administered as an independent State by the company in conformity with the provisions of the said Charter; under the protection of Great Britain; but such protection shall confer no right on Her Majesty's Government to interfere with the internal administration of the State further than is provided herein or by the Charter of the Company.<br /> <b>III.</b> The relations between the State of North Borneo and all foreign States, including the States of Brunei and of Sarawak, shall be conducted by Her Majesty's Government, or in accordance with its directions; and if any difference should arise between the Government of North Borneo and that of any other State, the Company, as representing the State of North Borneo, agrees to abide by the decision of Her Majesty's Government, and to take all necessary to give effect thereto. <br /> <b>IV.</b> Her Majesty's Government shall have the right to establish British Consular officers in any part of the said territories, who shall receive exequaturs in the name of the Government of North Borneo. They shall enjoy whatever privileges are usually granted to Consular officers, and they shall be entitled to hoist the British flag over their residences and public offices.<br /> <b>V.</b> British subjects, commerce, and shipping shall enjoy the same right, privileges, and advantages as the subjects, commerce, and shipping of the most favoured nation, as well as any other rights, privileges, and advantages which may be enjoyed by the subjects, commerce and shipping of North Borneo.<br /> <b>VI.</b> No cession or other alienation of any part of the territory of the State of North Borneo shall be made by its Government to any foreign State, or the subjects or the citizens thereof, without the consent of Her Majesty's Government; but this restriction shall not apply to ordinary grants or leases of lands or houses to private individuals for purposes of residence, agriculture, commerce, or other business. </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Borneo&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TheFirstTrainInNorthBorneo-3rdFebruary1898.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/TheFirstTrainInNorthBorneo-3rdFebruary1898.PNG/220px-TheFirstTrainInNorthBorneo-3rdFebruary1898.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/TheFirstTrainInNorthBorneo-3rdFebruary1898.PNG/330px-TheFirstTrainInNorthBorneo-3rdFebruary1898.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/TheFirstTrainInNorthBorneo-3rdFebruary1898.PNG/440px-TheFirstTrainInNorthBorneo-3rdFebruary1898.PNG 2x" data-file-width="884" data-file-height="616" /></a><figcaption>The opening of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Sabah_Railway_Line" title="Western Sabah Railway Line">North Borneo Railway Line</a> on 3 February 1898 to transport commodity in the west coast area</figcaption></figure> <p>With the beginning of planned economic activities under British administration, the North Borneo authorities began to open land for <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_title" title="Aboriginal title">native land rights</a> began to be formed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECleary1992170_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECleary1992170-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColchester201187_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColchester201187-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government however felt that the native population was too small and unsuited to meet the requirements of modern development, so they began to sponsor various schemes for the migration of <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese" title="Overseas Chinese">Chinese workers</a> from <a href="/wiki/British_Hong_Kong" title="British Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDanny1999134_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanny1999134-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWordie2016_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWordie2016-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1882, the North Borneo authorities appointed <a href="/wiki/Walter_Henry_Medhurst_(consul)" title="Walter Henry Medhurst (consul)">Walter Henry Medhurst</a> as Commissioner for Chinese Immigration with the mission of attracting more businessmen to invest in North Borneo by providing a workforce.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarling2003215_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarling2003215-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Medhurst's efforts were costly and unsuccessful; however, the <a href="/wiki/Hakka_people" title="Hakka people">Hakka</a>, not part of the plan, began to migrate to North Borneo where they formed an agricultural community.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarling2003215_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarling2003215-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gaya_Street,_Jesselton,_British_North_Borneo_in_1930.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Gaya_Street%2C_Jesselton%2C_British_North_Borneo_in_1930.jpg/220px-Gaya_Street%2C_Jesselton%2C_British_North_Borneo_in_1930.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Gaya_Street%2C_Jesselton%2C_British_North_Borneo_in_1930.jpg/330px-Gaya_Street%2C_Jesselton%2C_British_North_Borneo_in_1930.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Gaya_Street%2C_Jesselton%2C_British_North_Borneo_in_1930.jpg/440px-Gaya_Street%2C_Jesselton%2C_British_North_Borneo_in_1930.jpg 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="301" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gaya_Street,_Kota_Kinabalu" title="Gaya Street, Kota Kinabalu">Bond Street</a> in Jesselton with Chinese shoplots, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1930</span></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TobaccoEstateLahadDatu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/TobaccoEstateLahadDatu.jpg/220px-TobaccoEstateLahadDatu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/TobaccoEstateLahadDatu.jpg/330px-TobaccoEstateLahadDatu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/TobaccoEstateLahadDatu.jpg/440px-TobaccoEstateLahadDatu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="987" data-file-height="718" /></a><figcaption>Tobacco estate in <a href="/wiki/Lahad_Datu_District" title="Lahad Datu District">Lahad Datu</a>, 1899</figcaption></figure> <p>Since the 18th century, <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a> was North Borneo's foremost planting industry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnJackson197388_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnJackson197388-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Logging" title="Logging">logging</a> history in North Borneo can be traced since the 1870s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIbbotson2014116_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIbbotson2014116-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1890s, hardwood exports increased,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDixon1991107_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDixon1991107-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with logging expanding during the <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">interwar period</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones201312_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones201312-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1900s, North Borneo joined the <a href="/wiki/Natural_rubber" title="Natural rubber">rubber</a> boom. The completion of <a href="/wiki/Western_Sabah_Railway_Line" title="Western Sabah Railway Line">North Borneo Railway Line</a> helped to transport the resources to a major port on the west coast. By 1915, around 34,828 acres (14,094 ha) of land, in addition to Chinese and North Borneo smallholdings, had been planted with <a href="/wiki/Hevea_brasiliensis" title="Hevea brasiliensis">rubber tree</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarling2003215_71-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarling2003215-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year, the Governor of North Borneo, Aylmer Cavendish Pearson invited Japanese emigrants to participate in the economic activities there. The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Japan" title="Government of Japan">Japanese government</a> received the request warmly and sent researchers to discover potential economic opportunities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkashiYoshimura200823_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkashiYoshimura200823-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the early stage, the Japanese encouraged their farmers to go to North Borneo to cultivate rice, as their country depended on rice imports. With increasing economic interest from the Japanese, they purchased a rubber estate owned by the North Borneo government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkashiYoshimura200823_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkashiYoshimura200823-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1937, North Borneo exported 178,000 cubic metres of timber, surpassing <a href="/wiki/History_of_Thailand_(1932%E2%80%931973)" title="History of Thailand (1932–1973)">Siam</a>, which exporting 85,000 cubic metres of timber.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDixon1991107_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDixon1991107-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the privately owned Japanese estates and companies had been involved in the economic sectors of North Borneo since being invited by the British.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertson197964_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertson197964-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the increasing numbers of Japanese investments, many Japanese also migrated with their family to the east coast of North Borneo, primarily to <a href="/wiki/Tawau_District" title="Tawau District">Tawau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kunak_District" title="Kunak District">Kunak</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESabah_Museum_and_State_Archives_Department198616–22_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESabah_Museum_and_State_Archives_Department198616–22-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Currency">Currency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Borneo&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Currency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/British_North_Borneo_dollar" title="British North Borneo dollar">British North Borneo dollar</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BritishNorthBorneoP29-1Dollar-1940-donatedTW_f.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/BritishNorthBorneoP29-1Dollar-1940-donatedTW_f.jpg/220px-BritishNorthBorneoP29-1Dollar-1940-donatedTW_f.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/BritishNorthBorneoP29-1Dollar-1940-donatedTW_f.jpg/330px-BritishNorthBorneoP29-1Dollar-1940-donatedTW_f.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/BritishNorthBorneoP29-1Dollar-1940-donatedTW_f.jpg/440px-BritishNorthBorneoP29-1Dollar-1940-donatedTW_f.jpg 2x" data-file-width="498" data-file-height="260" /></a><figcaption>One North Borneo dollar, 1940</figcaption></figure> <p>The original monetary unit of North Borneo was the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_dollar" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican dollar">Mexican dollar</a>. The dollar was later matched to the <a href="/wiki/Straits_dollar" title="Straits dollar">Straits dollar</a> and rated at 9 Straits dollars (equal to 5 <a href="/wiki/US_dollar" class="mw-redirect" title="US dollar">US dollars</a> at the time).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELane201051_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELane201051-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Different notes were issued throughout the administration, with backgrounds featuring the <a href="/wiki/Mount_Kinabalu" title="Mount Kinabalu">Mount Kinabalu</a> or the company arms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJudkins2016149_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJudkins2016149-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society">Society</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Borneo&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Natives_of_Sarawak_and_British_North_Borneo_1896.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/The_Natives_of_Sarawak_and_British_North_Borneo_1896.png/220px-The_Natives_of_Sarawak_and_British_North_Borneo_1896.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/The_Natives_of_Sarawak_and_British_North_Borneo_1896.png/330px-The_Natives_of_Sarawak_and_British_North_Borneo_1896.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/The_Natives_of_Sarawak_and_British_North_Borneo_1896.png/440px-The_Natives_of_Sarawak_and_British_North_Borneo_1896.png 2x" data-file-width="4958" data-file-height="5254" /></a><figcaption>Ethnic composition map of the natives of North Borneo and the neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Raj_of_Sarawak" title="Raj of Sarawak">Raj of Sarawak</a>, 1896</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:North_Borneo_1911_Specimen_Stamps.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/North_Borneo_1911_Specimen_Stamps.jpg/220px-North_Borneo_1911_Specimen_Stamps.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/North_Borneo_1911_Specimen_Stamps.jpg/330px-North_Borneo_1911_Specimen_Stamps.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/North_Borneo_1911_Specimen_Stamps.jpg/440px-North_Borneo_1911_Specimen_Stamps.jpg 2x" data-file-width="822" data-file-height="638" /></a><figcaption>1911 <a href="/wiki/Specimen_stamp" title="Specimen stamp">specimen stamps</a> of North Borneo</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demography">Demography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Borneo&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Demography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1881, 60,000 to 100,000 indigenous people lived in North Borneo.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDanny1999134_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanny1999134-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The people on the coast were mainly Muslims, with the aborigines mostly located inland.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELane201051_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELane201051-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Kadazan-Dusun" title="Kadazan-Dusun">Kadazan-Dusun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Murut_people" title="Murut people">Murut</a> were the largest indigenous group in the interior, while <a href="/wiki/Bajau_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bajau people">Bajau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Malay_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Malay people">Bruneian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illanun_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Illanun people">Illanun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kedayan" title="Kedayan">Kedayan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taus%C5%ABg_people" title="Tausūg people">Suluk</a> dominated the coastal areas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerbKaplan20081215_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerbKaplan20081215-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following various immigration schemes initiated by the British, the population increased to 200,000 in 1920,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoseMcDougallHaddon191228_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoseMcDougallHaddon191228-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 257,804 in 1930,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELane201051_78-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELane201051-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 285,000 in 1935,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorthwestern_University193528_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorthwestern_University193528-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 331,000 in 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVinogradov198073_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinogradov198073-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under company rule, the government of North Borneo not only recruited Chinese workers but also Japanese immigrants to overcome the shortage of manpower in the economic sectors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJude2016_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJude2016-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1911 until 1951, the total of Chinese population increased from only 27,801 to 74,374 which is divided between <a href="/wiki/Hakka" class="mw-redirect" title="Hakka">Hakka</a> (44,505), <a href="/wiki/Cantonese_people" title="Cantonese people">Cantonese</a> (11,833), <a href="/wiki/Hokkien_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Hokkien people">Hokkien</a> (7,336), <a href="/wiki/Teochew_people" title="Teochew people">Teochew</a> (3,948), some <a href="/wiki/Hainan_people" title="Hainan people">Hailam</a> (Hainan) (3,571) and other Chinese groups (3,181).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE林開忠201367_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE林開忠201367-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_service_infrastructure">Public service infrastructure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Borneo&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Public service infrastructure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>North Borneo was connected to the Singapore-Hongkong submarine cable by a link from the island of <a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Labuan" title="Crown Colony of Labuan">Labuan</a> to <a href="/wiki/Menumbok" title="Menumbok">Menumbok</a>. The first message from the Borneo mainland to London was sent on 19 May 1894. A few days later, the work on a telegraph line from the West Coast to Sandakan was started. It took three years and exacted a heavy toll in human life to push the line through the almost uninhabited interior territory, until on 7 April 1897 a congratulatory message from the Governor in Sandakan for transmission to the Court of Directors in London was successfully transmitted from Sandakan to Labuan. In the early 1910s the technical and financial problems with the telegraph line prompted the company to venture into the construction of a wireless network, based on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Quench-spark_system&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quench-spark system (page does not exist)">quench-spark system</a> of the German <a href="/wiki/Telefunken" title="Telefunken">Telefunken</a> Company. The first stage of this network comprised stations in Sandakan, <a href="/wiki/Jesselton" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesselton">Jesselton</a>, Tawau and Kudat. The first wireless communication was established on 24 October 1913 between British North Borneo and Jolo on the Philippine Islands. Inland communication was effected on 14 January 1914 between Sandakan and Jesselton.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAranas2018_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAranas2018-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (May 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="North Borneo Railway">North Borneo Railway</a> opened to the public on 1 August 1914 as the main transportation facility for west coast communities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELajiun2017_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELajiun2017-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_North_Borneo" title="Postage stamps and postal history of North Borneo">Postal service</a> was also available throughout the administration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArmstrong192032_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmstrong192032-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Borneo&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_Royal_Asiatic_Society" title="Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society">Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society</a></i> (since 1820), <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i> (since 1881), and <i><a href="/wiki/British_North_Borneo_Herald" title="British North Borneo Herald">British North Borneo Herald</a></i> (since 1883) held a significant amount of records regarding North Borneo before and during the British administration. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Borneo&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sabah" title="History of Sabah">History of Sabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_North_Borneo" title="Postage stamps and postal history of North Borneo">Postage stamps and postal history of North Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal_orders_of_British_North_Borneo" title="Postal orders of British North Borneo">Postal orders of British North Borneo</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Borneo&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sagc.sabah.gov.my/?q=en/law-category/treaties-and-engagements-and-orders-page">Treaties and Engagements and Orders of Her Britannic Majesty in Council</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Borneo&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreat_Britain._Colonial_Office19566-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreat_Britain._Colonial_Office19566_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreat_Britain._Colonial_Office19566_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreat_Britain._Colonial_Office19566_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreat_Britain._Colonial_Office1956">Great Britain. Colonial Office 1956</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreat_Britain._Foreign_Office1888238-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreat_Britain._Foreign_Office1888238_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreat_Britain._Foreign_Office1888238_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreat_Britain._Foreign_Office1888238_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreat_Britain._Foreign_Office1888">Great Britain. Foreign Office 1888</a>, p. 238.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_London_Gazette18815448-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_London_Gazette18815448_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThe_London_Gazette1881">The London Gazette 1881</a>, p. 5448.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryer200111-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryer200111_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryer200111_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPryer2001">Pryer 2001</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright1988107-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright1988107_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWright1988">Wright 1988</a>, p. 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoolittle201132-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoolittle201132_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoolittle201132_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDoolittle2011">Doolittle 2011</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOoi2004265-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOoi2004265_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOoi2004265_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOoi2004265_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOoi2004">Ooi 2004</a>, p. 265.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryer200110-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryer200110_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPryer2001">Pryer 2001</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright1988143-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright1988143_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWright1988">Wright 1988</a>, p. 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaunders201387-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaunders201387_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSaunders2013">Saunders 2013</a>, p. 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPress201761-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPress201761_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPress2017">Press 2017</a>, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreat_Britain._Colonial_Office1958164-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreat_Britain._Colonial_Office1958164_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreat_Britain._Colonial_Office1958">Great Britain. Colonial Office 1958</a>, p. 164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKratoska2001282-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKratoska2001282_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKratoska2001">Kratoska 2001</a>, p. 282.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrost1998234-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrost1998234_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrost1998">Trost 1998</a>, p. 234.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagenda201042-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagenda201042_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMagenda2010">Magenda 2010</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPress2017150-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPress2017150_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPress2017">Press 2017</a>, p. 150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFry201315-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFry201315_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFry2013">Fry 2013</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzgerald201670-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzgerald201670_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzgerald201670_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFitzgerald2016">Fitzgerald 2016</a>, p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbara_WatsonLeonard_Y2016193-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarbara_WatsonLeonard_Y2016193_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarbara_WatsonLeonard_Y2016193_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarbara_WatsonLeonard_Y2016">Barbara Watson & Leonard Y 2016</a>, p. 193.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHong_Kong_Daily_Press_Office19121504-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHong_Kong_Daily_Press_Office19121504_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHong_Kong_Daily_Press_Office1912">Hong Kong Daily Press Office 1912</a>, p. 1504.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebster1998130-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebster1998130_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWebster1998">Webster 1998</a>, p. 130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCordPurdue2007220-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCordPurdue2007220_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCordPurdue2007">McCord & Purdue 2007</a>, p. 220.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebster1998200-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebster1998200_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWebster1998">Webster 1998</a>, p. 200.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBritish_North_Borneo_Chartered_Company1886113-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBritish_North_Borneo_Chartered_Company1886113_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBritish_North_Borneo_Chartered_Company1886">British North Borneo Chartered Company 1886</a>, p. 113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiltonTate196682-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHiltonTate196682_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHiltonTate1966">Hilton & Tate 1966</a>, p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Vienne201585-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Vienne201585_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFde_Vienne2015">de Vienne 2015</a>, p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoolittle2011173-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoolittle2011173_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDoolittle2011">Doolittle 2011</a>, p. 173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlson199192-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlson199192_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlson199192_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlson1991">Olson 1991</a>, p. 92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETregonning196513-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETregonning196513_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTregonning1965">Tregonning 1965</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreat_Britain._Colonial_Office1958172-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreat_Britain._Colonial_Office1958172_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreat_Britain._Colonial_Office1958">Great Britain. Colonial Office 1958</a>, p. 172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYong196525-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYong196525_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYong1965">Yong 1965</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlsonShadle1996192-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlsonShadle1996192_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlsonShadle1996192_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlsonShadle1996">Olson & Shadle 1996</a>, p. 192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelman2017163-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWelman2017163_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWelman2017">Welman 2017</a>, p. 163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryer200112-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a 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Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-26257-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-26257-9"><bdi>978-0-313-26257-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+European+Imperialism&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-313-26257-9&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=James+Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDixon1991" class="citation book cs1">Dixon, Chris (1991). <i>South East Asia in the World-Economy</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-31237-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-31237-0"><bdi>978-0-521-31237-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+East+Asia+in+the+World-Economy&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-521-31237-0&rft.aulast=Dixon&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLines1991" class="citation book cs1">Lines, William J. (1991). <i>Taming the Great South Land: A History of the Conquest of Nature in Australia</i>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07830-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07830-7"><bdi>978-0-520-07830-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taming+the+Great+South+Land%3A+A+History+of+the+Conquest+of+Nature+in+Australia&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-520-07830-7&rft.aulast=Lines&rft.aufirst=William+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCleary1992" class="citation journal cs1">Cleary, M. C. (1992). "Plantation Agriculture and the Formulation of Native Land Rights in British North Borneo c. 1880-1930". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Geographical_Journal" title="The Geographical Journal">The Geographical Journal</a></i>. <b>158</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">170–</span>181. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992GeogJ.158..170C">1992GeogJ.158..170C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3059786">10.2307/3059786</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3059786">3059786</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Geographical+Journal&rft.atitle=Plantation+Agriculture+and+the+Formulation+of+Native+Land+Rights+in+British+North+Borneo+c.+1880-1930&rft.volume=158&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E170-%3C%2Fspan%3E181&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3059786%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3059786&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1992GeogJ.158..170C&rft.aulast=Cleary&rft.aufirst=M.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSayaTakashi1993" class="citation book cs1">Saya, Shiraishi; Takashi, Shiraishi (1993). <i>The Japanese in Colonial Southeast Asia</i>. SEAP Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87727-402-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87727-402-5"><bdi>978-0-87727-402-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Japanese+in+Colonial+Southeast+Asia&rft.pub=SEAP+Publications&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-87727-402-5&rft.aulast=Saya&rft.aufirst=Shiraishi&rft.au=Takashi%2C+Shiraishi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlsonShadle1996" class="citation book cs1">Olson, James Stuart; Shadle, Robert (1996). <i>Historical Dictionary of the British Empire</i>. Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29366-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29366-5"><bdi>978-0-313-29366-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+British+Empire&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-313-29366-5&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=James+Stuart&rft.au=Shadle%2C+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBickerstethHinton1996" class="citation book cs1">Bickersteth, Jane; Hinton, Amanda (1996). <i>Malaysia & Singapore Handbook</i>. Footprint Handbooks. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8442-4909-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8442-4909-4"><bdi>978-0-8442-4909-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Malaysia+%26+Singapore+Handbook&rft.pub=Footprint+Handbooks&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8442-4909-4&rft.aulast=Bickersteth&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft.au=Hinton%2C+Amanda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeimann1998" class="citation book cs1">Heimann, Judith M. (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mostoffendingsou00judi"><i>The Most Offending Soul Alive: Tom Harrisson and His Remarkable Life</i></a></span>. University of Hawaii Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2199-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2199-9"><bdi>978-0-8248-2199-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Most+Offending+Soul+Alive%3A+Tom+Harrisson+and+His+Remarkable+Life&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-2199-9&rft.aulast=Heimann&rft.aufirst=Judith+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmostoffendingsou00judi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebster1998" class="citation book cs1">Webster, Anthony (1998). <i>Gentleman Capitalists: British Imperialism in Southeast Asia 1770-1890</i>. I.B.Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-171-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-171-8"><bdi>978-1-86064-171-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gentleman+Capitalists%3A+British+Imperialism+in+Southeast+Asia+1770-1890&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-86064-171-8&rft.aulast=Webster&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrost1998" class="citation book cs1">Trost, R. Haller (1998). <i>The Contested Maritime and Territorial Boundaries of Malaysia: An International Law Perspective</i>. Kluwer Law International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-411-9652-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-411-9652-1"><bdi>978-90-411-9652-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Contested+Maritime+and+Territorial+Boundaries+of+Malaysia%3A+An+International+Law+Perspective&rft.pub=Kluwer+Law+International&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-90-411-9652-1&rft.aulast=Trost&rft.aufirst=R.+Haller&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanny1999" class="citation journal cs1">Danny, Wong Tze-Ken (1999). "Chinese Migration to Sabah Before the Second World War". <i>Archipel</i>. <b>58</b> (3). <a href="/wiki/Pers%C3%A9e_(web_portal)" title="Persée (web portal)">Persée</a>: <span class="nowrap">131–</span>158. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Farch.1999.3538">10.3406/arch.1999.3538</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archipel&rft.atitle=Chinese+Migration+to+Sabah+Before+the+Second+World+War&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E131-%3C%2Fspan%3E158&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Farch.1999.3538&rft.aulast=Danny&rft.aufirst=Wong+Tze-Ken&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPryer2001" class="citation book cs1">Pryer, Ada (2001). <i>A Decade in Borneo</i>. A&C Black. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7185-0197-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7185-0197-6"><bdi>978-0-7185-0197-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Decade+in+Borneo&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7185-0197-6&rft.aulast=Pryer&rft.aufirst=Ada&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKratoska2001" class="citation book cs1">Kratoska, Paul H. (2001). <i>South East Asia, Colonial History: Empire-building in the nineteenth century</i>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-21541-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-21541-1"><bdi>978-0-415-21541-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+East+Asia%2C+Colonial+History%3A+Empire-building+in+the+nineteenth+century&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-415-21541-1&rft.aulast=Kratoska&rft.aufirst=Paul+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRottman2002" class="citation book cs1">Rottman, Gordon L. (2002). <i>World War II Pacific Island Guide: A Geo-military Study</i>. Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31395-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31395-0"><bdi>978-0-313-31395-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+War+II+Pacific+Island+Guide%3A+A+Geo-military+Study&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-313-31395-0&rft.aulast=Rottman&rft.aufirst=Gordon+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTarling2003" class="citation book cs1">Tarling, Nicholas (2003). <i>Imperialism in Southeast Asia</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-57082-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-57082-9"><bdi>978-1-134-57082-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperialism+in+Southeast+Asia&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-134-57082-9&rft.aulast=Tarling&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOoi2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Keat_Gin_Ooi" title="Keat Gin Ooi">Ooi, Keat Gin</a> (2004). <i>Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor</i>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-770-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-770-2"><bdi>978-1-57607-770-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southeast+Asia%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia%2C+from+Angkor+Wat+to+East+Timor&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-770-2&rft.aulast=Ooi&rft.aufirst=Keat+Gin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeuer2005" class="citation book cs1">Feuer, A. B. (2005). <i>Australian Commandos: Their Secret War Against the Japanese in World War II</i>. Stackpole Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-3294-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-3294-9"><bdi>978-0-8117-3294-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Australian+Commandos%3A+Their+Secret+War+Against+the+Japanese+in+World+War+II&rft.pub=Stackpole+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8117-3294-9&rft.aulast=Feuer&rft.aufirst=A.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCordPurdue2007" class="citation book cs1">McCord, Norman; Purdue, Bill (2007). <i>British History 1815-1914</i>. OUP Oxford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926164-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926164-2"><bdi>978-0-19-926164-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+History+1815-1914&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-926164-2&rft.aulast=McCord&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft.au=Purdue%2C+Bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbKaplan2008" class="citation book cs1">Herb, Guntram H.; Kaplan, David H. (2008). <i>Nations and Nationalism: A Global Historical Overview [4 volumes]: A Global Historical Overview</i>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-908-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-908-5"><bdi>978-1-85109-908-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nations+and+Nationalism%3A+A+Global+Historical+Overview+%26%2391%3B4+volumes%26%2393%3B%3A+A+Global+Historical+Overview&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-908-5&rft.aulast=Herb&rft.aufirst=Guntram+H.&rft.au=Kaplan%2C+David+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLim2008" class="citation book cs1">Lim, Regina (2008). <i>Federal-state Relations in Sabah, Malaysia: The Berjaya Administration, 1976–85</i>. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-230-812-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-230-812-2"><bdi>978-981-230-812-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Federal-state+Relations+in+Sabah%2C+Malaysia%3A+The+Berjaya+Administration%2C+1976%E2%80%9385&rft.pub=Institute+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-981-230-812-2&rft.aulast=Lim&rft.aufirst=Regina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkashiYoshimura2008" class="citation book cs1">Akashi, Yōji; Yoshimura, Mako (2008). <i>New Perspectives on the Japanese Occupation in Malaya and Singapore, 1941-1945</i>. NUS Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-299-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-299-5"><bdi>978-9971-69-299-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Perspectives+on+the+Japanese+Occupation+in+Malaya+and+Singapore%2C+1941-1945&rft.pub=NUS+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-9971-69-299-5&rft.aulast=Akashi&rft.aufirst=Y%C5%8Dji&rft.au=Yoshimura%2C+Mako&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagenda2010" class="citation book cs1">Magenda, Burhan Djabier (2010). <i>East Kalimantan: The Decline of a Commercial Aristocracy</i>. Equinox Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-602-8397-21-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-602-8397-21-6"><bdi>978-602-8397-21-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=East+Kalimantan%3A+The+Decline+of+a+Commercial+Aristocracy&rft.pub=Equinox+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-602-8397-21-6&rft.aulast=Magenda&rft.aufirst=Burhan+Djabier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOoi2010" class="citation book cs1">Ooi, Keat Gin (2010). <i>The Japanese Occupation of Borneo, 1941-45</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-96309-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-96309-4"><bdi>978-1-136-96309-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Japanese+Occupation+of+Borneo%2C+1941-45&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-136-96309-4&rft.aulast=Ooi&rft.aufirst=Keat+Gin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLane2010" class="citation book cs1">Lane, Roger Dewardt (2010). <i>Encyclopedia Small Silver Coins</i>. Roger deWardt Lane. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-615-24479-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-615-24479-2"><bdi>978-0-615-24479-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Small+Silver+Coins&rft.pub=Roger+deWardt+Lane&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-615-24479-2&rft.aulast=Lane&rft.aufirst=Roger+Dewardt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoolittle2011" class="citation book cs1">Doolittle, Amity A. (2011). <i>Property and Politics in Sabah, Malaysia: Native Struggles Over Land Rights</i>. University of Washington Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-295-80116-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-295-80116-2"><bdi>978-0-295-80116-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Property+and+Politics+in+Sabah%2C+Malaysia%3A+Native+Struggles+Over+Land+Rights&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-295-80116-2&rft.aulast=Doolittle&rft.aufirst=Amity+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColchester2011" class="citation book cs1">Colchester, Marcus (2011). <i>Divers Paths to Justice: Legal Pluralism and the Rights of Indigenous Peoples in Southeast Asia</i>. Forest Peoples Programme. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-616-90611-7-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-616-90611-7-5"><bdi>978-616-90611-7-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Divers+Paths+to+Justice%3A+Legal+Pluralism+and+the+Rights+of+Indigenous+Peoples+in+Southeast+Asia&rft.pub=Forest+Peoples+Programme&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-616-90611-7-5&rft.aulast=Colchester&rft.aufirst=Marcus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeffreysGrimsditchHerreroKuncinas2011" class="citation book cs1">Jeffreys, Andrew; Grimsditch, Peter; Herrero, Laura; Kuncinas, Paulus (2011). <i>The Report: Sabah</i>. Oxford Business Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-907065-36-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-907065-36-1"><bdi>978-1-907065-36-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Report%3A+Sabah&rft.pub=Oxford+Business+Group&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-907065-36-1&rft.aulast=Jeffreys&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Grimsditch%2C+Peter&rft.au=Herrero%2C+Laura&rft.au=Kuncinas%2C+Paulus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDahlhoff2012" class="citation book cs1">Dahlhoff, Guenther (2012). <i>Bibliographic Set (2 Vol Set). International Court of Justice, Digest of Judgments and Advisory Opinions, Canon and Case Law 1946 - 2011</i>. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-23062-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-23062-0"><bdi>978-90-04-23062-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bibliographic+Set+%282+Vol+Set%29.+International+Court+of+Justice%2C+Digest+of+Judgments+and+Advisory+Opinions%2C+Canon+and+Case+Law+1946+-+2011&rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff+Publishers&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-90-04-23062-0&rft.aulast=Dahlhoff&rft.aufirst=Guenther&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2012" class="citation book cs1">Evans, I. H. N. (2012). <i>The Religion of the Tempasuk Dusuns of North Borneo</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-64603-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-64603-2"><bdi>978-1-107-64603-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Religion+of+the+Tempasuk+Dusuns+of+North+Borneo&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-107-64603-2&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=I.+H.+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkutsch2013" class="citation book cs1">Skutsch, Carl (2013). <i>Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-19388-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-19388-1"><bdi>978-1-135-19388-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+World%27s+Minorities&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-135-19388-1&rft.aulast=Skutsch&rft.aufirst=Carl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2013" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Geoffrey G (2013). <i>The Multinational Traders</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-68001-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-68001-6"><bdi>978-1-134-68001-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Multinational+Traders&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-134-68001-6&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaunders2013" class="citation book cs1">Saunders, Graham (2013). <i>A History of Brunei</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-87394-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-87394-2"><bdi>978-1-136-87394-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Brunei&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-87394-2&rft.aulast=Saunders&rft.aufirst=Graham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFry2013" class="citation book cs1">Fry, Howard T. (2013). <i>Alexander Dalrymple and the Expansion of British Trade</i>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-60694-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-60694-6"><bdi>978-1-136-60694-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+Dalrymple+and+the+Expansion+of+British+Trade&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-60694-6&rft.aulast=Fry&rft.aufirst=Howard+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOoi2013" class="citation book cs1">Ooi, Keat Gin (2013). <i>Post-war Borneo, 1945-50: Nationalism, Empire and State-Building</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-05803-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-05803-7"><bdi>978-1-134-05803-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Post-war+Borneo%2C+1945-50%3A+Nationalism%2C+Empire+and+State-Building&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-134-05803-7&rft.aulast=Ooi&rft.aufirst=Keat+Gin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF林開忠2013" class="citation book cs1">林開忠 (2013). <i>客居他鄉－東南亞客家族群的生活與文化</i> [<i>Living in a hometown - the life and culture of the Southeast Asian Hakka family</i>]. 客家委員會客家文化發展中心 [Hakka Committee, Hakka Cultural Development Centre]. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-986-03-7668-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-986-03-7668-5"><bdi>978-986-03-7668-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%AE%A2%E5%B1%85%E4%BB%96%E9%84%89%EF%BC%8D%E6%9D%B1%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9E%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E6%97%8F%E7%BE%A4%E7%9A%84%E7%94%9F%E6%B4%BB%E8%88%87%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96&rft.pub=%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E6%9C%83%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83+%5BHakka+Committee%2C+Hakka+Cultural+Development+Centre%5D&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-986-03-7668-5&rft.au=%E6%9E%97%E9%96%8B%E5%BF%A0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKratoska2013" class="citation book cs1">Kratoska, Paul H. (2013). <i>Southeast Asian Minorities in the Wartime Japanese Empire</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-12506-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-12506-5"><bdi>978-1-136-12506-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southeast+Asian+Minorities+in+the+Wartime+Japanese+Empire&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-12506-5&rft.aulast=Kratoska&rft.aufirst=Paul+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbbotson2014" class="citation book cs1">Ibbotson, Ross (2014). <i>The History of Logging in North Borneo</i>. Vol. 87. Opus Publications. pp. <span class="nowrap">116–</span>118. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fras.2014.0011">10.1353/ras.2014.0011</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-983-3987504" title="Special:BookSources/978-983-3987504"><bdi>978-983-3987504</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:160334993">160334993</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Logging+in+North+Borneo&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E116-%3C%2Fspan%3E118&rft.pub=Opus+Publications&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A160334993%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fras.2014.0011&rft.isbn=978-983-3987504&rft.aulast=Ibbotson&rft.aufirst=Ross&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanton2015" class="citation book cs1">Panton, Kenneth J. (2015). <i>Historical Dictionary of the British Empire</i>. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7524-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7524-1"><bdi>978-0-8108-7524-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+British+Empire&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-7524-1&rft.aulast=Panton&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Vienne2015" class="citation book cs1">de Vienne, Marie-Sybille (2015). <i>Brunei: From the Age of Commerce to the 21st Century</i>. NUS Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-818-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-818-8"><bdi>978-9971-69-818-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brunei%3A+From+the+Age+of+Commerce+to+the+21st+Century&rft.pub=NUS+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-9971-69-818-8&rft.aulast=de+Vienne&rft.aufirst=Marie-Sybille&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarbara_WatsonLeonard_Y2016" class="citation book cs1">Barbara Watson, Andaya; Leonard Y, Andaya (2016). <i>A History of Malaysia</i>. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-60515-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-60515-3"><bdi>978-1-137-60515-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Malaysia&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-137-60515-3&rft.aulast=Barbara+Watson&rft.aufirst=Andaya&rft.au=Leonard+Y%2C+Andaya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJudkins2016" class="citation book cs1">Judkins, Maggie (2016). <i>Standard Catalog of World Paper Money, General Issues, 1368-1960</i>. F+W Media, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4402-4707-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4402-4707-1"><bdi>978-1-4402-4707-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Standard+Catalog+of+World+Paper+Money%2C+General+Issues%2C+1368-1960&rft.pub=F%2BW+Media%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4402-4707-1&rft.aulast=Judkins&rft.aufirst=Maggie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJude2016" class="citation web cs1">Jude, Marcel (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pressreader.com/malaysia/the-borneo-post-sabah/20160417/281779923295566">"Japanese community in North Borneo long before World War II"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Borneo_Post" title="The Borneo Post">The Borneo Post</a></i> – via <a href="/wiki/PressReader" title="PressReader">PressReader</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Borneo+Post&rft.atitle=Japanese+community+in+North+Borneo+long+before+World+War+II&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Jude&rft.aufirst=Marcel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pressreader.com%2Fmalaysia%2Fthe-borneo-post-sabah%2F20160417%2F281779923295566&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEpstein2016" class="citation book cs1">Epstein, Mortimer (2016). <i>The Statesman's Year-Book: Statistical and Historical Annual of the States of the World for the Year 1943</i>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-27072-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-27072-5"><bdi>978-0-230-27072-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Statesman%27s+Year-Book%3A+Statistical+and+Historical+Annual+of+the+States+of+the+World+for+the+Year+1943&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-230-27072-5&rft.aulast=Epstein&rft.aufirst=Mortimer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBraithwaite2016" class="citation book cs1">Braithwaite, Richard Wallace (2016). <i>Fighting Monsters: An Intimate History of the Sandakan Tragedy</i>. Australian Scholarly Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-925333-76-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-925333-76-3"><bdi>978-1-925333-76-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fighting+Monsters%3A+An+Intimate+History+of+the+Sandakan+Tragedy&rft.pub=Australian+Scholarly+Publishing&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-925333-76-3&rft.aulast=Braithwaite&rft.aufirst=Richard+Wallace&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzgerald2016" class="citation book cs1">Fitzgerald, Robert (2016). <i>The Rise of the Global Company: Multinationals and the Making of the Modern World</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84974-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84974-6"><bdi>978-0-521-84974-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+the+Global+Company%3A+Multinationals+and+the+Making+of+the+Modern+World&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-521-84974-6&rft.aulast=Fitzgerald&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWordie2016" class="citation news cs1">Wordie, Jason (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170731141552/http://m.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/article/1970381/settlers-snorkelling-hong-kong-has-long-had-links-sabah">"From settlers to snorkelling, Hong Kong has long had links to Sabah"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post" title="South China Morning Post">South China Morning Post</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://m.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/article/1970381/settlers-snorkelling-hong-kong-has-long-had-links-sabah">the original</a> on 31 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=From+settlers+to+snorkelling%2C+Hong+Kong+has+long+had+links+to+Sabah&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Wordie&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fm.scmp.com%2Fmagazines%2Fpost-magazine%2Farticle%2F1970381%2Fsettlers-snorkelling-hong-kong-has-long-had-links-sabah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWelman2017" class="citation book cs1">Welman, Frans (2017). <i>Borneo Trilogy Volume 1: Sabah</i>. Booksmango. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-616-245-078-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-616-245-078-5"><bdi>978-616-245-078-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Borneo+Trilogy+Volume+1%3A+Sabah&rft.pub=Booksmango&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-616-245-078-5&rft.aulast=Welman&rft.aufirst=Frans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLajiun2017" class="citation news cs1">Lajiun, Jenne (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170719080505/http://www.theborneopost.com/2017/03/10/sabahs-first-railway-station-proposed-as-historical-heritage-site/">"Sabah's first railway station proposed as historical heritage site"</a>. <i>The Borneo Post</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theborneopost.com/2017/03/10/sabahs-first-railway-station-proposed-as-historical-heritage-site/">the original</a> on 19 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Borneo+Post&rft.atitle=Sabah%27s+first+railway+station+proposed+as+historical+heritage+site&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Lajiun&rft.aufirst=Jenne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theborneopost.com%2F2017%2F03%2F10%2Fsabahs-first-railway-station-proposed-as-historical-heritage-site%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPress2017" class="citation book cs1">Press, Steven (2017). <i>Rogue Empires: Contracts and Conmen in Europe's Scramble for Africa</i>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-97185-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-97185-1"><bdi>978-0-674-97185-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rogue+Empires%3A+Contracts+and+Conmen+in+Europe%27s+Scramble+for+Africa&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-674-97185-1&rft.aulast=Press&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAranas2018" class="citation book cs1">Aranas, Uwe (2018). <i>The History of Wireless Telegraphy in British North Borneo</i>. Department of Sabah Museum, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-983-9638356" title="Special:BookSources/978-983-9638356"><bdi>978-983-9638356</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Wireless+Telegraphy+in+British+North+Borneo&rft.pub=Department+of+Sabah+Museum%2C+Kota+Kinabalu%2C+Sabah%2C+Malaysia&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-983-9638356&rft.aulast=Aranas&rft.aufirst=Uwe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCai2020" class="citation book cs1">Cai, Y. (2020). <i>Staging Indigenous Heritage: Instrumentalisation, Brokerage, and Representation in Malaysia</i>. Routledge Studies in Culture and Development. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-62076-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-429-62076-8"><bdi>978-0-429-62076-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Staging+Indigenous+Heritage%3A+Instrumentalisation%2C+Brokerage%2C+and+Representation+in+Malaysia&rft.series=Routledge+Studies+in+Culture+and+Development&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-429-62076-8&rft.aulast=Cai&rft.aufirst=Y.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Borneo&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeppelBrookeWalterKeating1847" class="citation web cs1">Keppel, Henry; Brooke, James; WalterKeating, Kelly (1847). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/expeditiontobor00kellgoog">"The expedition to Borneo of H.M.S. Dido for the suppression of piracy : with extracts from the journal of James Brooke, Esq., of Sarawak"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Libraries" title="University of California Libraries">University of California Libraries</a></i>. London : Chapman and Hall. p. 347.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+California+Libraries&rft.atitle=The+expedition+to+Borneo+of+H.M.S.+Dido+for+the+suppression+of+piracy+%3A+with+extracts+from+the+journal+of+James+Brooke%2C+Esq.%2C+of+Sarawak&rft.pages=347&rft.date=1847&rft.aulast=Keppel&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft.au=Brooke%2C+James&rft.au=WalterKeating%2C+Kelly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fexpeditiontobor00kellgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Open_access#Free_access" title="Free to read"><img alt="Free access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a></span></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBritish_North_Borneo_Chartered_Company1878" class="citation web cs1">British North Borneo Chartered Company (1878). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924078409665">"British North Borneo company charter"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Library" title="Cornell University Library">Cornell University Library</a></i>. [S.l. : s.n. p. 32.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cornell+University+Library&rft.atitle=British+North+Borneo+company+charter&rft.pages=32&rft.date=1878&rft.au=British+North+Borneo+Chartered+Company&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924078409665&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Open_access#Free_access" title="Free to read"><img alt="Free access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a></span></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaly1888" class="citation journal cs1">Daly, D. D. (1888). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1449420">"Explorations in British North Borneo, 1883–87"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society</i>. <b>10</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">Wiley</a> on behalf of The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Geographical_Society" title="Royal Geographical Society">Royal Geographical Society</a> (with the Institute of British Geographers): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1801441">10.2307/1801441</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1801441">1801441</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Geographical+Society&rft.atitle=Explorations+in+British+North+Borneo%2C+1883%E2%80%9387&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E24&rft.date=1888&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1801441&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1801441%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Daly&rft.aufirst=D.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1449420&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayne1888" class="citation journal cs1">Mayne, R. C. (1888). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1449406">"Summary of Explorations in British North Borneo"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society</i>. <b>10</b> (3). Wiley on behalf of The Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers): <span class="nowrap">134–</span>146. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1800783">10.2307/1800783</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1800783">1800783</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Geographical+Society&rft.atitle=Summary+of+Explorations+in+British+North+Borneo&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E134-%3C%2Fspan%3E146&rft.date=1888&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1800783&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1800783%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Mayne&rft.aufirst=R.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1449406&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTreacher1891" class="citation web cs1">Treacher, W. 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Singapore, Govt. print. dept. p. 190.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+California+Libraries&rft.atitle=British+Borneo%3A+sketches+of+Brunai%2C+Sarawak%2C+Labuan%2C+and+North+Borneo&rft.pages=190&rft.date=1891&rft.aulast=Treacher&rft.aufirst=W.+H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fyonderyo00gavarich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Open_access#Free_access" title="Free to read"><img alt="Free access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a></span></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRothLow1896" class="citation web cs1">Roth, Henry Ling; Low, Hugh Brooke (1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nativessarawaka01lowgoog">"The natives of Sarawak and British North Borneo; based chiefly on the mss. of the late H. 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London : Constable & Co. Ltd. p. 496.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cornell+University+Library&rft.atitle=British+North+Borneo+%3A+an+account+of+its+history%2C+resources%2C+and+native+tribes&rft.pages=496&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Rutter&rft.aufirst=Owen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924023151933&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Borneo" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Open_access#Free_access" title="Free to read"><img alt="Free access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" 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id="Borneo295" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political<br />divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Kalimantan" title="Kalimantan">Kalimantan</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Kalimantan" title="West Kalimantan">West Kalimantan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Kalimantan" title="Central Kalimantan">Central Kalimantan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Kalimantan" title="South Kalimantan">South Kalimantan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Kalimantan" title="East Kalimantan">East Kalimantan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusantara_(city)" title="Nusantara (city)">Nusantara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Kalimantan" title="North Kalimantan">North Kalimantan</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/East_Malaysia" title="East Malaysia">East Malaysia</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labuan" title="Labuan">Labuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eco-regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borneo_lowland_rain_forests" title="Borneo lowland rain forests">Borneo lowland rain forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borneo_montane_rain_forests" title="Borneo montane rain forests">Borneo montane rain forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borneo_peat_swamp_forests" title="Borneo peat swamp forests">Borneo peat swamp forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinabalu_montane_alpine_meadows" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinabalu montane alpine meadows">Kinabalu montane alpine meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Borneo_freshwater_swamp_forests" title="Southwest Borneo freshwater swamp forests">Southwest Borneo freshwater swamp forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundaland_heath_forests" title="Sundaland heath forests">Sundaland heath forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_Shelf_mangroves" title="Sunda Shelf mangroves">Sunda Shelf mangroves</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Environment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Borneo" title="Biodiversity of Borneo">Biodiversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Borneo" title="Flora of Borneo">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Borneo" title="Fauna of Borneo">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Borneo" title="List of mammals of Borneo">Mammals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_Borneo" title="Geological history of Borneo">Geological history of Borneo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sundaland" title="Sundaland">Sundaland</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deforestation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Borneo" title="Deforestation in Borneo">Deforestation in Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Malaysia" title="Deforestation in Malaysia">Deforestation in Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Indonesia" title="Deforestation in Indonesia">Deforestation in Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mega_Rice_Project" title="Mega Rice Project">Mega Rice Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Southeast_Asian_haze" title="1997 Southeast Asian haze">1997 Southeast Asian haze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Indonesian_forest_fires" title="1997 Indonesian forest fires">1997 Indonesian forest fires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Southeast_Asian_haze" title="2006 Southeast Asian haze">2006 Southeast Asian haze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Southeast_Asian_haze" title="2015 Southeast Asian haze">2015 Southeast Asian haze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Southeast_Asian_haze" title="2016 Southeast Asian haze">2016 Southeast Asian haze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Southeast_Asian_haze" title="2017 Southeast Asian haze">2017 Southeast Asian haze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Southeast_Asian_haze" title="2019 Southeast Asian haze">2019 Southeast Asian haze</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conservation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bornean_Sun_Bear_Conservation_Centre" title="Bornean Sun Bear Conservation Centre">Bornean Sun Bear Conservation Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borneo_Orangutan_Survival" title="Borneo Orangutan Survival">Borneo Orangutan Survival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukit_Perai_Protection_Forest" title="Bukit Perai Protection Forest">Bukit Perai Protection Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danum_Valley_Conservation_Area" title="Danum Valley Conservation Area">Danum Valley Conservation Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunung_Berau_Nature_Reserve" title="Gunung Berau Nature Reserve">Gunung Berau Nature Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart_of_Borneo" title="Heart of Borneo">Heart of Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayan_Mentarang_National_Park" title="Kayan Mentarang National Park">Kayan Mentarang National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinabalu_Park" title="Kinabalu Park">Kinabalu Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulamba_Wildlife_Reserve" title="Kulamba Wildlife Reserve">Kulamba Wildlife Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamandau_Nature_Reserve" title="Lamandau Nature Reserve">Lamandau Nature Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanjak_Entimau_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Lanjak Entimau Wildlife Sanctuary">Lanjak Entimau Wildlife Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepilok_Orangutan_Rehabilitation_Centre" title="Sepilok Orangutan Rehabilitation Centre">Sepilok Orangutan Rehabilitation Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silabukan_Protection_Forest_Reserve" title="Silabukan Protection Forest Reserve">Silabukan Protection Forest Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usun_Apau_National_Park" title="Usun Apau National Park">Usun Apau National Park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brunei" title="History of Brunei">History of Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sabah" title="History of Sabah">History of Sabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sarawak" title="History of Sarawak">History of Sarawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Borneo" title="British Borneo">British Borneo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dayak_people" title="Dayak people">Dayak people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjar_people" title="Banjar people">Banjar people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_North_Borneo_languages" title="Greater North Borneo languages">Greater North Borneo languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barito_languages" title="Barito languages">Barito languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayic_languages" title="Malayic languages">Malayic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Kalimantan" title="Languages of Kalimantan">Languages of Kalimantan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Borneo" title="Category:Borneo">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Borneo" class="extiw" title="commons:Borneo">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Protectorates_and_Crown_colonies_of_British_Malaya_and_Borneo117" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_rule_in_Malaysian_history" title="Template:British rule in Malaysian history"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_rule_in_Malaysian_history" title="Template talk:British rule in Malaysian history"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_rule_in_Malaysian_history" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British rule in Malaysian history"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Protectorates_and_Crown_colonies_of_British_Malaya_and_Borneo117" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">Protectorates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crown_colony" title="Crown colony">Crown colonies</a> of <a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">British Malaya</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Borneo" title="British Borneo">Borneo</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Malaya</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Straits_Settlements" title="Straits Settlements">Straits Settlements</a> <small>(1826–1946)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unfederated_Malay_States" title="Unfederated Malay States">Unfederated Malay States</a> <small>(1885–1946)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federated_Malay_States" title="Federated Malay States">Federated Malay States</a> <small>(1895–1946)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Union" title="Malayan Union">Malayan Union</a> <small>(1946–1948)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Malacca" title="Crown Colony of Malacca">Crown Colony of Malacca</a> <small>(1946–1957)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Penang" title="Crown Colony of Penang">Crown Colony of Penang</a> <small>(1946–1957)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Singapore" title="Colony of Singapore">Colony of Singapore</a> <small>(1946–1963)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya" title="Federation of Malaya">Federation of Malaya</a> <small>(1948–1957)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Borneo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raj_of_Sarawak" title="Raj of Sarawak">Raj of Sarawak</a> <small>(1841–1946)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Labuan" title="Crown Colony of Labuan">Crown Colony of Labuan</a> <small>(1848–1946)</small></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">North Borneo</a> <small>(1882–1946)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a> <small>(1888–1984)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Sarawak" title="Crown Colony of Sarawak">Crown Colony of Sarawak</a> <small>(1946–1963)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_North_Borneo" title="Crown Colony of North Borneo">Crown Colony of North Borneo</a> <small>(1946–1963)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Former_British_Empire_and_Current_British_Overseas_Territories685" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_overseas_territories" title="Template:British overseas territories"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_overseas_territories" title="Template talk:British overseas territories"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_overseas_territories" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British overseas territories"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Former_British_Empire_and_Current_British_Overseas_Territories685" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Former <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> and Current <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territories</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Legend</span></dt> <dd>Former territory</dd> <dd><b>Current territory</b></dd> <dd>*Current <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realm</a></dd> <dd><sup>†</sup>Current member of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Europe6" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Europe</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></b> since 1960 (before as part of <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Corsican_Kingdom" title="Anglo-Corsican Kingdom">Corsica</a> 1794–1796</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Cyprus" title="British Cyprus">Cyprus</a> 1878–1960</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></b> since 1713</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heligoland" title="Heligoland">Heligoland</a> 1807–1890</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_the_Ionian_Islands" title="United States of the Ionian Islands">Ionian Islands</a> 1809–1864</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Ireland" title="Lordship of Ireland">Lordship of Ireland</a> 1177–1542</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Kingdom of Ireland</a> 1542–1800 <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Act_of_Union_1800" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Union 1800">integrated into the UK</a>)</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Free State</a> 1921–1931</li></ul></li> <li><sup>†</sup>Malta <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malta_Protectorate" title="Malta Protectorate">Protectorate</a> 1800–1813</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Malta" title="Crown Colony of Malta">Colony</a> 1813–1964</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menorca" title="Menorca">Minorca</a> 1708–1757, 1763–1782 and 1798–1802</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Africa667" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Africa</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1815</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basutoland" title="Basutoland">Basutoland</a> (<sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a>) 1868–1966</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bechuanaland_Protectorate" title="Bechuanaland Protectorate">Bechuanaland</a> (<sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a>) 1884–1966</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Cameroons" title="British Cameroons">Cameroons</a><sup>13</sup> 1919–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a> 1795–1803</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape of Good Hope</a> 1806–1910</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Central_Africa_Protectorate" title="British Central Africa Protectorate">Central Africa</a> 1891–1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Africa_Protectorate" title="East Africa Protectorate">East Africa</a> 1895–1920</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Egypt" title="Sultanate of Egypt">Egypt</a> 1882–1922</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Gambia_Colony_and_Protectorate" title="Gambia Colony and Protectorate">The Gambia</a> 1816–1965</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_(British_colony)" title="Gold Coast (British colony)">Gold Coast</a> (<sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>) 1874–1957</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Kenya_Colony" title="Kenya Colony">Kenya</a> 1920–1963</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagos_Colony" title="Lagos Colony">Lagos</a> 1862–1906</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Madeira" title="History of Madeira">Madeira</a> 1807–1808</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Mauritius" title="British Mauritius">Mauritius</a> 1810–1968</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Natal" title="Colony of Natal">Natal</a> 1856–1910</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger_Coast_Protectorate" title="Niger Coast Protectorate">Niger Coast</a> 1884–1900</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Nigeria" title="Colonial Nigeria">Nigeria</a> 1914–1960</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Nigeria_Protectorate" title="Northern Nigeria Protectorate">Northern Nigeria</a> 1900–1914</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Rhodesia" title="Northern Rhodesia">Northern Rhodesia</a><sup>15</sup> 1924–1964</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyasaland" title="Nyasaland">Nyasaland</a> 1891–1964</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_River_Colony" title="Orange River Colony">Orange River</a> 1900–1910</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1658</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Seychelles" title="History of Seychelles">Seychelles</a> 1903–1976</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Colony_and_Protectorate" title="Sierra Leone Colony and Protectorate">Sierra Leone</a> 1792–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Somaliland" title="British Somaliland">Somaliland</a> 1884–1960</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">South Africa</a> 1910–1931</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-West_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="South-West Africa">South-West Africa</a><sup>12</sup> 1915–1931</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</a><sup>14</sup> 1923–1965 and 1979–1980</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Nigeria_Protectorate" title="Southern Nigeria Protectorate">Southern Nigeria</a> 1900–1914</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Swaziland" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Swaziland">Swaziland</a> 1893–1968</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan" title="Anglo-Egyptian Sudan">Sudan</a> 1899–1956</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanganyika_Territory" title="Tanganyika Territory">Tanganyika</a><sup>13</sup> 1922–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transvaal_Colony" title="Transvaal Colony">Transvaal</a> 1900–1910</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1816</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Uganda_Protectorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Uganda Protectorate">Uganda</a> 1890–1962</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a> 1890–1963</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_Kingdom" title="Zulu Kingdom">Zululand</a> 1887–1897</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>12</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><sup>13</sup><a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">League of Nations mandate</a>. British Cameroons is now part of <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>, while Tanganyika is part of <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>.</li> <li><sup>14</sup><a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">Self-governing</a> Southern Rhodesia <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia%27s_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence">unilaterally declared independence</a> in 1965 (as <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a>) and continued as an <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_recognition" title="Diplomatic recognition">unrecognised</a> state until the 1979 <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_House_Agreement" title="Lancaster House Agreement">Lancaster House Agreement</a>. After recognised independence in 1980, Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003.</li> <li><sup>15</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Asia334" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Asia</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Colony" title="Aden Colony">Aden Colony</a> 1839–1967</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="First Anglo-Afghan War">Afghanistan</a> 1839–1842 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_influence_in_Afghanistan" title="European influence in Afghanistan">Protectorate</a> 1879–1919</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Bencoolen" title="British Bencoolen">Bencoolen</a> 1685–1824</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangka_Island" title="Bangka Island">Banka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belitung" title="Belitung">Billiton</a> 1812–1824</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal</a> 1757–1947</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bhutan" title="History of Bhutan">Bhutan</a> (protectorate) 1907–1949</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Borneo" title="British Borneo">Borneo</a> 1874–1963</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></b> since 1965 (before as part of <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a>)<sup>26</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_rule_in_Burma" title="British rule in Burma">Burma</a> 1824–1948</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Empire">Brunei</a> 1888–1984</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Ceylon" title="British Ceylon">Ceylon</a> 1795–1948</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Cyprus" title="British Cyprus">Cyprus</a> 1878–1960</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Hong_Kong" title="British Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> 1841–1997</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">India</a><sup>18</sup> 1858–1947</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a> 1811–1816</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikhdom_of_Kuwait" title="Sheikhdom of Kuwait">Kuwait</a> 1918–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Labuan" title="Crown Colony of Labuan">Labuan</a> 1848–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">Malaya</a> 1819–1826 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federated_Malay_States" title="Federated Malay States">Federated States</a> 1895–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unfederated_Malay_States" title="Unfederated Malay States">Unfederated States</a> 1885–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Union" title="Malayan Union">Union</a> 1946–1948</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya" title="Federation of Malaya">Federation</a> 1948–1957</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Malacca" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Malacca">Malacca</a> 1824–1946 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Malacca" title="Crown Colony of Malacca">Crown Colony</a> 1946–1957</li></ul></li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_the_Maldives" title="Independence of the Maldives">Maldives</a> 1796–1965</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_occupation_of_Manila" title="British occupation of Manila">Manila and Cavite</a> 1762–1764</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Mesopotamia" title="Mandate for Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a><sup>19</sup> 1920–1932</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat_and_Oman" title="Muscat and Oman">Muscat and Oman</a> 1891–1971</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">North Borneo</a> 1882–1963 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_North_Borneo" title="Crown Colony of North Borneo">Crown Colony</a> 1946–1963</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padang" title="Padang">Padang</a> 1781–1784 and 1795–1819</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Palestine</a><sup>19</sup> 1923–1948</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Penang" title="History of Penang">Penang</a> 1786–1946 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Penang" title="Crown Colony of Penang">Crown Colony</a> 1946–1957</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4n_S%C6%A1n_Island" title="Côn Sơn Island">Pulo Condore</a> 1702–1705</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_of_Sarawak" title="Raj of Sarawak">Sarawak</a> 1841–1946 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Sarawak" title="Crown Colony of Sarawak">Crown Colony</a> 1946–1963</li></ul></li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Singapore" title="Colony of Singapore">Singapore</a> 1946–1963</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%931946)" title="War in Vietnam (1945–1946)">South Vietnam</a> 1945–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straits_Settlements" title="Straits Settlements">Straits Settlements</a> 1826–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Transjordan" title="Emirate of Transjordan">Transjordan</a> 1921–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trucial_States" title="Trucial States">Trucial States</a> 1892–1971</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weihaiwei_under_British_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Weihaiwei under British rule">Weihai</a> 1898–1930</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>18</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> and <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><sup>19</sup><a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">League of Nations mandate</a>. Iraq's mandate was not enacted and replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Iraqi Treaty">Anglo-Iraqi Treaty</a></li> <li><sup>26</sup>Legitimacy of territorial establishment <a href="/wiki/Chagos_Archipelago_sovereignty_dispute" title="Chagos Archipelago sovereignty dispute">disputed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="North_America13" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">North America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></b> since 1650</li> <li>*<a href="/wiki/Antigua" title="Antigua">Antigua</a> 1632–1860</li> <li>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="History of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a> 1860–1981</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Bahamas" title="History of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a> 1670–1973</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Barbados" title="History of Barbados">Barbados</a> 1624–1966</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Islands_Department" title="Bay Islands Department">Bay Islands</a> 1643–1860</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/British_Honduras" title="British Honduras">Belize</a> 1871–1981</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></b> since 1619</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Arctic_Territories" title="British Arctic Territories">British Arctic Territories</a> 16th c.–1880</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1858%E2%80%931866)" title="Colony of British Columbia (1858–1866)">British Columbia</a> 1858–1866 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1866%E2%80%931871)" title="Colony of British Columbia (1866–1871)">1866–1871</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island" title="Cape Breton Island">Cape Breton Island</a> 1754–1820</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Dominica" title="History of Dominica">Dominica</a> 1763–1978</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Florida" title="East Florida">East Florida</a> 1763–1783</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Grenada" title="History of Grenada">Grenada</a> 1762–1974</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada" title="Lower Canada">Lower</a> 1791–1841</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper</a> 1791–1841</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Canada" title="Province of Canada">Province</a> 1841–1867</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Confederation_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931914)" title="Post-Confederation Canada (1867–1914)">Dominion</a> 1867–1931</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Carolina" title="Province of Carolina">Carolina</a> 1663–1712</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></b> since 1670</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_District" title="Columbia District">Columbia District</a>/<a href="/wiki/Oregon_Country" title="Oregon Country">Oregon Country</a> 1818–1846</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Colony" title="Connecticut Colony">Connecticut</a> 1636–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Colony" title="Delaware Colony">Delaware</a> 1701–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Jersey" title="East Jersey">East Jersey</a> 1674–1702</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Georgia" title="Province of Georgia">Georgia</a> 1733–1776</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Jamaica" title="Colony of Jamaica">Jamaica</a> 1655–1962</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Leeward_Islands" title="British Leeward Islands">Leeward Islands</a> 1671–1816, 1833–1960</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony" title="Massachusetts Bay Colony">MassachusettsBay</a> 1629–1691 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay" title="Province of Massachusetts Bay">Province</a>, 1691–1776</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Maryland" title="Province of Maryland">Maryland</a> 1632–1776</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></b> since 1632</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosquito_Coast" title="Mosquito Coast">Mosquito Coast</a> 1655–1860</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevis" title="Nevis">Nevis</a> 1628–1983</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Albion" title="New Albion">New Albion</a> 1579</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Brunswick" title="History of New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a> 1784–1867</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_England" title="Dominion of New England">New England</a> 1686–1689</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_Hampshire" title="Province of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> 1680–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Haven_Colony" title="New Haven Colony">New Haven</a> 1637–1662</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_Jersey" title="Province of New Jersey">New Jersey</a> 1665–1674 and 1702–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_York" title="Province of New York">New York</a> 1664–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Newfoundland" title="Dominion of Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a> 1907–1949</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="History of Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a> 1583–1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_North_Carolina" title="Province of North Carolina">North Carolina</a> 1712–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-Western_Territory" title="North-Western Territory">North-Western Territory</a> 1859–1870</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nova_Scotia" title="History of Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a> 1713–1867</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulet_affair_(1843)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulet affair (1843)">Paulet affair</a> 1843</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Prince_Edward_Island" title="History of Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a> 1763–1873</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pennsylvania" title="Province of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> 1681–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Colony" title="Plymouth Colony">Plymouth</a> 1620–1691</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">Quebec</a> 1763–1791* <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_the_Queen_Charlotte_Islands" title="Colony of the Queen Charlotte Islands">Queen Charlotte Islands</a> 1853–1863</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Rhode_Island_and_Providence_Plantations" title="Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations">Rhode Island</a> 1636–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert%27s_Land" title="Rupert's Land">Rupert's Land</a> 1670–1870</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Croix,_U.S._Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands">Saint Croix</a> 1625–1650</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts" title="Saint Kitts">Saint Kitts</a> 1623–1983</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="History of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a> 1882–1983</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/British_Saint_Lucia" class="mw-redirect" title="British Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a> 1605–1979</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="History of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a> 1627–1979</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saybrook_Colony" title="Saybrook Colony">Saybrook</a> 1635–1644</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_South_Carolina" title="Province of South Carolina">South Carolina</a> 1712–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stickeen_Territories" title="Stickeen Territories">Stickeen</a> 1862–1863</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="History of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a> 1889–1962</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></b> since 1799</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Vancouver_Island" title="Colony of Vancouver Island">Vancouver Island</a> 1849–1866</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></b> since 1666</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Virginia</a> 1607–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_West_Florida" title="British West Florida">West Florida</a> 1763–1783</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies_Federation" title="West Indies Federation">West Indies Federation</a> 1958–1962 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies_Associated_States" title="West Indies Associated States">Associated States</a> 1967–1983</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Jersey" title="West Jersey">West Jersey</a> 1674–1702</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Windward_Islands" title="British Windward Islands">Windward Islands</a> 1833–1960</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Navbox_with_columns" title="Template:Navbox with columns"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Navbox_with_columns" title="Template talk:Navbox with columns"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox_with_columns" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox with columns"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Oceania230" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Oceania</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">18th and 19th centuries</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">20th century</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_South_Wales" title="Colony of New South Wales">New South Wales</a> 1788–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Diemen%27s_Land" title="Van Diemen's Land">Van Diemen's Land</a>/<a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Tasmania" title="Colony of Tasmania">Tasmania</a> 1803–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auckland_Islands" title="Auckland Islands">Auckland Islands</a><sup>20</sup> 1807–1863</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hebrides" title="New Hebrides">New Hebrides</a><sup>21</sup> 1824–1980</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Queensland" title="Colony of Queensland">Queensland</a> 1824–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swan_River_Colony" title="Swan River Colony">Swan River</a>/<a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Western_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of Western Australia">Western Australia</a> 1829–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_South_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of South Australia">South Australia</a> 1836–1901</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands" title="History of the Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></b> since 1838</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_Zealand" title="Colony of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> 1841–1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Australia" title="North Australia">North Australia</a> 1846–1847</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Victoria" title="Colony of Victoria">Victoria</a> 1851–1901</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Fiji" title="Colony of Fiji">Fiji</a> 1874–1970</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Western_Pacific_Territories" title="British Western Pacific Territories">Western Pacific Territories</a> 1877–1976</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Papua" title="Territory of Papua">Papua</a> 1884–1902</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rarotonga" title="Kingdom of Rarotonga">Rarotonga</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_Federation" title="Cook Islands Federation">Cook Islands</a><sup>20</sup> 1888–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Islands">Union Islands</a><sup>20</sup> 1889–1948</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands" title="Gilbert and Ellice Islands">Gilbert and Ellice Islands</a><sup>22</sup> 1892–1979</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/British_Solomon_Islands" title="British Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a> 1893–1978</li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tonga" title="History of Tonga">Tonga</a> 1900–1970</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Niue" title="History of Niue">Niue</a><sup>20</sup> 1900–1974</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1901%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Australia (1901–1945)">Australia</a> 1901–1942</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_Zealand" title="Dominion of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> 1907–1947</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Western_Samoa_Trust_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Samoa Trust Territory">Samoa</a> 1914–1962</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nauru" title="History of Nauru">Nauru</a> 1919–1942 and 1945–1968</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>20</sup>Now part of the <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand</a></li> <li><sup>21</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><sup>22</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a> and <sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="South_America174" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">South America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Providence_Island_colony" title="Providence Island colony">Providence Island</a> 1631–1641</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willoughbyland" class="mw-redirect" title="Willoughbyland">Willoughbyland</a> 1651–1667</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archipelago_of_San_Andr%C3%A9s,_Providencia_and_Santa_Catalina" title="Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina">Saint Andrew and Providence Islands</a><sup>4</sup> 1670–1688</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Guiana" title="British Guiana">Guiana</a> 1831–1966</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></b><sup>5</sup> since 1833</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></b><sup>5</sup> since 1908</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>4</sup>Now a <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Colombia" title="Departments of Colombia">department</a> of <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><sup>5</sup>Occupied by Argentina during the <a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a> of April–June 1982.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Antarctica_and_the_South_Atlantic463" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Antarctica and the South Atlantic</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1658</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1815</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1816</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></b> since 1833</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Territory" title="Australian Antarctic Territory">Australian Antarctic Territory</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Commonwealth of Australia</a>)</span> 1841–1933</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Ross_Dependency" title="Ross Dependency">Ross Dependency</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand</a>)</span> 1841–1947</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Territory" title="British Antarctic Territory">British Antarctic Territory</a></b><sup>24</sup> since 1908</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></b><sup>25</sup> since 1908</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>23</sup>Since 2009 part of <b><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></b>; Ascension Island (1922–) and Tristan da Cunha (1938–) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena.</li> <li><sup>24</sup>Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1962; overlaps portions of Argentine and Chilean claims, borders not enforced but claim not renounced under the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic Treaty">Antarctic Treaty</a>.</li> <li><sup>25</sup>Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1985</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_flags_of_the_British_Empire_and_the_overseas_territories" title="Historical flags of the British Empire and the overseas territories">Historical flags of the British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a> culture</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:British_Empire" title="Category:British Empire">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:British_Empire" title="Portal:British Empire">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Governors,_civil_commissioners_and_administrators_of_British_dependencies387" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_dependencies_governors" title="Template:British dependencies governors"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_dependencies_governors" title="Template talk:British dependencies governors"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_dependencies_governors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British dependencies governors"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Governors,_civil_commissioners_and_administrators_of_British_dependencies387" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_viceregal_representatives_of_The_Crown" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current viceregal representatives of The Crown">Governors, civil commissioners and administrators of British dependencies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown<br />Dependencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Guernsey" title="Lieutenant Governor of Guernsey">Lieutenant Governor of Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Lieutenant Governor of the Isle of Man">Lieutenant Governor of the Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Jersey" title="Lieutenant Governor of Jersey">Lieutenant Governor of Jersey</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(HM_Government,_1901-1952).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Royal_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%2C_1901-1952%29.svg/100px-Royal_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%2C_1901-1952%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Royal_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%2C_1901-1952%29.svg/150px-Royal_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%2C_1901-1952%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Royal_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%2C_1901-1952%29.svg/200px-Royal_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%2C_1901-1952%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="402" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">Overseas<br />territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Anguilla" title="Governor of Anguilla">Governor of Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Ascension" title="Governor of Ascension">Governor of Ascension (Administrator of Ascension)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Bermuda" title="Governor of Bermuda">Governor of Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commissioner_for_the_British_Antarctic_Territory" title="Commissioner for the British Antarctic Territory">Commissioner for the British Antarctic Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commissioner_for_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="Commissioner for the British Indian Ocean Territory">Commissioner for the British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_the_Virgin_Islands" title="Governor of the Virgin Islands">Governor of the Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_the_Cayman_Islands" title="Governor of the Cayman Islands">Governor of the Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_the_Falkland_Islands" title="List of governors of the Falkland Islands">Governor of the Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Gibraltar" title="Governor of Gibraltar">Governor of Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Montserrat" title="Governor of Montserrat">Governor of Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Pitcairn" title="Governor of Pitcairn">Governor of Pitcairn</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrator_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands" title="Administrator of the Pitcairn Islands">Administrator of the Pitcairn Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commissioner_for_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="Commissioner for South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">Commissioner for South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Saint_Helena" title="Governor of Saint Helena">Governor of Saint Helena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Governor of Tristan da Cunha">Governor of Tristan da Cunha (Administrator of Tristan da Cunha)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Governor of the Turks and Caicos Islands">Governor of the Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former posts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_British_Mauritius" title="Governor of British Mauritius">Governor of British Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_and_administrators_of_British_Cameroons" class="mw-redirect" title="List of colonial governors and administrators of British Cameroons">Governor of British Cameroons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_the_Gambia" title="List of colonial governors of the Gambia">Governor of the Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Gold_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Gold Coast">Governor of Gold Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griqualand_West" title="Griqualand West">Lieutenant Governor of Griqualand West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Kenya">Governor of Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Lagos_Colony" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Lagos Colony">Governor of Lagos Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_Federation_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland" title="Governor-General of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland">Governor-General of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Northern_Rhodesia" title="Governor of Northern Rhodesia">Governor of Northern Rhodesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Nyasaland" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Nyasaland">Governor of Nyasaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Southern_Rhodesia" title="Governor of Southern Rhodesia">Governor of Southern Rhodesia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Nigeria">Governor of Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Senegal" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Senegal">Governor of Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_the_Seychelles" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of the Seychelles">Governor of the Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Sierra_Leone" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Sierra Leone">Governor of Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_South_Africa" title="Governor-General of South Africa">Governor-General of South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Commissioner_for_Southern_Africa" title="High Commissioner for Southern Africa">High Commissioner for Southern Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_British_South_African_colonies" title="List of governors of British South African colonies">Governors of British South African colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_British_Somaliland" title="List of colonial governors of British Somaliland">Governor of British Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Tanganyika" title="List of governors of Tanganyika">Governor of Tanganyika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Uganda" title="List of governors of Uganda">Governor of Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_representatives_in_Zanzibar" title="List of British representatives in Zanzibar">Resident in Zanzibar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_the_Bahamas" title="List of governors of the Bahamas">Governor of the Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Barbados" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Barbados">Governor of Barbados</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Grenada" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant Governor of Grenada">Lieutenant Governor of Grenada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berbice" title="Berbice">Lieutenant-Governor of Berbice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_British_Guiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of British Guiana">Governor of British Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_British_Honduras" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of British Honduras">Governor of British Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Cuba">Governor of Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_and_administrators_of_Dominica" title="List of colonial governors and administrators of Dominica">Governor of Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demerara-Essequibo" title="Demerara-Essequibo">Lieutenant-Governor of Demerara-Essequibo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Grenada#British_governors_of_Grenada_(1762–1802)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of colonial governors of Grenada">Governor of Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Jamaica">Governor of Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_the_Leeward_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of the Leeward Islands">Governor of the Leeward Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_St._Lucia" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of St. Lucia">Governor of St. Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_St._Vincent" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of St. Vincent">Governor of St. Vincent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Trinidad and Tobago">Governor of Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Tobago" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Tobago">Lieutenant governors of Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Trinidad" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Trinidad">Governor of Trinidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" class="mw-redirect" title="List of lieutenant governors of Newfoundland and Labrador">Governor of Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_general_of_Canada" title="List of governors general of Canada">Governor General of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of British Columbia">Governor of British Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_Brunswick" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of New Brunswick">Governor of New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_Nova_Scotia" title="List of lieutenant governors of Nova Scotia">Governor of Nova-Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Prince_Edward_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Prince Edward Island">Governor of Prince Edward Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_Quebec#Lieutenant_Governors_of_the_Province_of_Quebec,_1760–1791" title="List of lieutenant governors of Quebec">Lieutenant Governor of Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Saint_Christopher,_Nevis_and_Anguilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Saint Christopher, Nevis and Anguilla">Governor of Saint Christopher, Nevis and Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor-in-Chief_of_the_Windward_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor-in-Chief of the Windward Islands">Governor-in-Chief of the Windward Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_West_Indies_Federation" title="Governor-General of the West Indies Federation">Governor-General of the West Indies Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Connecticut" title="List of colonial governors of Connecticut">Governor of Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Pennsylvania" title="List of colonial governors of Pennsylvania">Governor of Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Florida" title="List of colonial governors of Florida">Governor of Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Georgia" title="List of colonial governors of Georgia">Governor of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Maryland" title="List of colonial governors of Maryland">Governor of Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Massachusetts" title="List of colonial governors of Massachusetts">Governor of Massachusetts-Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_New_Hampshire" title="List of colonial governors of New Hampshire">Governor of New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_New_Jersey" title="List of colonial governors of New Jersey">Governor of New-Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Governor_of_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonial Governor of New York">Governor of New-York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_North-Carolina_(1712%E2%80%931776)" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of North-Carolina (1712–1776)">Governor of North-Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Pennsylvania" title="List of colonial governors of Pennsylvania">Governor of Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Rhode_Island" title="List of colonial governors of Rhode Island">Governor of Rhode-island and Providence Plantations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_South_Carolina" title="List of colonial governors of South Carolina">Governor of South-Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Virginia" title="List of colonial governors of Virginia">Governor of Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_colonial_administrators_of_Aden" title="List of British colonial administrators of Aden">Governor of Aden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Burma" title="List of colonial governors of Burma">Governor of Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governors_of_British_Ceylon" title="Governors of British Ceylon">Governor of Ceylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_High_Commissioners_of_the_United_Kingdom_for_Malaya" class="mw-redirect" title="List of High Commissioners of the United Kingdom for Malaya">High Commissioner for the Federated Malay States</a> <ul><li>Senior British representatives in the constituent protected states</li> <li>Senior British representatives in the neighbouring Malayan protected states <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Adviser_to_the_Government_of_Johore" class="mw-redirect" title="General Adviser to the Government of Johore">General Adviser to the Government of Johore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adviser_to_the_Sultan_of_Kedah" class="mw-redirect" title="Adviser to the Sultan of Kedah">Adviser to the Sultan of Kedah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adviser_to_the_Government_of_Kelantan" class="mw-redirect" title="Adviser to the Government of Kelantan">Adviser to the Government of Kelantan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adviser_to_the_Government_of_Perlis" class="mw-redirect" title="Adviser to the Government of Perlis">Adviser to the Government of Perlis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adviser,_Trengganu" class="mw-redirect" title="Adviser, Trengganu">Adviser, Trengganu</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Hong_Kong" title="Governor of Hong Kong">Governor of Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors-general_of_India" title="List of governors-general of India">Viceroy and Governor-General of India</a> <ul><li>Heads of the provinces of British India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_colonial_administrators_of_Aden" title="List of British colonial administrators of Aden">Governor of Aden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Bengal_Presidency" title="List of governors of Bengal Presidency">Governor of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Bombay_Presidency" title="List of governors of Bombay Presidency">Governor of Bombay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_Governors_and_Presidents_of_Madras_Presidency" class="mw-redirect" title="List of colonial Governors and Presidents of Madras Presidency">Governor of Madras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_commissioners_and_governors_of_Sind_in_British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of commissioners and governors of Sind in British India">Governor of Sindh</a></li></ul></li> <li>Senior British representatives in neighbouring protected states <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resident_of_Gwalior" class="mw-redirect" title="Resident of Gwalior">Resident of Gwalior</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Iraq#British_High_Commissioners_to_the_Kingdom_of_Iraq" title="Mandatory Iraq">High Commissioner for Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Labuan" title="Governor of Labuan">Governor of Labuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_representatives_in_Muscat_and_Oman" title="List of British representatives in Muscat and Oman">Representative in Muscat and Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Commissioner_for_Malaya" class="mw-redirect" title="High Commissioner for Malaya">High Commissioner for Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_the_Malayan_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of the Malayan Union">Governor of the Malayan Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_North_Borneo" title="Governor of North Borneo">Governor of North Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_resident_ministers_in_Nepal" title="List of British resident ministers in Nepal">Resident Minister in Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Commissioners_for_Palestine_and_Transjordan" class="mw-redirect" title="High Commissioners for Palestine and Transjordan">High Commissioners for Palestine and Transjordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Penang" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Penang">Governor of Penang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_representatives_in_the_Raj_of_Sarawak" title="List of British representatives in the Raj of Sarawak">Representative in the Raj of Sarawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Sarawak#Administration" title="Crown Colony of Sarawak">Governor of the Crown Colony of Sarawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Singapore" title="List of governors of Singapore">Governor of Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_representatives_in_the_Trucial_States" title="List of British representatives in the Trucial States">Representative in the Trucial States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_and_administrators_of_British_Cyprus" title="List of colonial governors and administrators of British Cyprus">Governor of Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heligoland" title="Heligoland">Lieutenant Governor of Heligoland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Commissioner_of_the_Ionian_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="High Commissioner of the Ionian Islands">High Commissioner of the Ionian Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_the_Isle_of_Wight" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of the Isle of Wight">Governor of the Isle of Wight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_commissioners_of_Malta" title="List of civil commissioners of Malta">Civil Commissioner of Malta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Malta" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Malta">Governor of Malta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Minorca" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Minorca">Governor of Minorca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Governor of Northern Ireland">Governor of Northern Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors-general_of_Australia" title="List of governors-general of Australia">Governor-General of Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_Resident_of_Central_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Government Resident of Central Australia">Government Resident of Central Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_South_Wales" title="Governor of New South Wales">Governor of New South Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Resident_of_North_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Government Resident of North Australia">Government Resident of North Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Queensland" title="Governor of Queensland">Governor of Queensland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_South_Australia" title="Governor of South Australia">Governor of South Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Tasmania" title="Governor of Tasmania">Governor of Tasmania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Victoria" title="Governor of Victoria">Governor of Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Western_Australia" title="Governor of Western Australia">Governor of Western Australia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Fiji" title="Governor of Fiji">Governor of Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors-general_of_New_Zealand" title="List of governors-general of New Zealand">Governor-General of New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Governor-General of Papua New Guinea">Governor-General of Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_resident_commissioners_and_governors_of_the_Solomon_Islands" title="List of resident commissioners and governors of the Solomon Islands">Governor of the Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_the_Swan_River_Colony" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant Governor of the Swan River Colony">Lieutenant Governor of the Swan River Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_consuls_in_Tonga" title="List of British consuls in Tonga">Consul in Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Commissioner_for_the_Western_Pacific" title="High Commissioner for the Western Pacific">High Commissioner for the Western Pacific</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Viceroys_of_the_British_monarch" title="Category:Viceroys of the British monarch">category</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_East_Malaysia250" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_East_Malaysia" title="Template:History of East Malaysia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_East_Malaysia" title="Template talk:History of East Malaysia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_East_Malaysia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of East Malaysia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_East_Malaysia250" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Malaysia" title="History of Malaysia">History</a> of <a href="/wiki/East_Malaysia" title="East Malaysia">East Malaysia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Common<br />history<sup>1</sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Sultanate_(1368%E2%80%931888)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Sultanate (1368–1888)">Bruneian Sultanate (1368–1888)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_British_Borneo" title="Japanese occupation of British Borneo">Japanese occupation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borneo_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Borneo (1941–1942)">Battle of Borneo (1941–1942)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borneo_campaign" title="Borneo campaign">Borneo campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Military_Administration_(Borneo)" title="British Military Administration (Borneo)">British Military Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation" title="Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation">Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Agreement" title="Malaysia Agreement">Malaysia Agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_Malaysia" title="Proclamation of Malaysia">Proclamation of Malaysia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_2019_amendment_to_the_Constitution_of_Malaysia" title="Proposed 2019 amendment to the Constitution of Malaysia">2019 federal constitution amendment</a> <span style="color:darkred;">(on hold) ★ first tabling</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia#March_2020" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia">2020 Malaysia coronavirus pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_amendment_to_the_Constitution_of_Malaysia" title="2021 amendment to the Constitution of Malaysia">2021 federal constitution amendment</a> <span style="color:darkgreen;">(passed) ★ second tabling</span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:British_and_Dutch_Borneo,_1898.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of British and Dutch Borneo, 1898."><img alt="Map of British and Dutch Borneo, 1898." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/British_and_Dutch_Borneo%2C_1898.png/150px-British_and_Dutch_Borneo%2C_1898.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/British_and_Dutch_Borneo%2C_1898.png/225px-British_and_Dutch_Borneo%2C_1898.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/British_and_Dutch_Borneo%2C_1898.png/300px-British_and_Dutch_Borneo%2C_1898.png 2x" data-file-width="495" data-file-height="639" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sabah" title="History of Sabah">History of<br />Sabah</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brunei_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Brunei Civil War">Brunei Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu" title="Sultanate of Sulu">Sultanate of Sulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabah_conflict_(1771)" title="Sabah conflict (1771)">Sabah conflict (1771)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_colonial_policy#North_Borneo" title="Austrian colonial policy">Austrian colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_Chartered_Company" title="North Borneo Chartered Company">North Borneo Chartered Company</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">North Borneo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antanum" title="Antanum">Antanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mat_Salleh_Rebellion" title="Mat Salleh Rebellion">Mat Salleh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrid_Protocol_of_1885" title="Madrid Protocol of 1885">Madrid Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesselton_revolt" title="Jesselton revolt">Jesselton revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandakan_camp" title="Sandakan camp">Sandakan camp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sandakan_Death_Marches" title="Sandakan Death Marches">Sandakan Death Marches</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_North_Borneo" title="Battle of North Borneo">Battle of North Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_North_Borneo" title="Crown Colony of North Borneo">Crown Colony of North Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_Self-government_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="North Borneo Self-government Day">Self-government of North Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobbold_Commission" title="Cobbold Commission">Cobbold Commission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/20-point_agreement" title="20-point agreement">20-point agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keningau_Oath_Stone" title="Keningau Oath Stone">Keningau Oath Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Sabah_Air_GAF_Nomad_crash" title="1976 Sabah Air GAF Nomad crash">Double Six Crash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_border_attacks_in_Sabah" title="Cross border attacks in Sabah">Cross border attacks from the Philippines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1985_Lahad_Datu_ambush" title="1985 Lahad Datu ambush">1985 Lahad Datu ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Sipadan_kidnappings" title="2000 Sipadan kidnappings">2000 Sipadan kidnappings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Lahad_Datu_standoff" title="2013 Lahad Datu standoff">2013 Lahad Datu standoff</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Sabah_riots" title="1986 Sabah riots">1986 Sabah riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Sabah_political_arrests" title="1991 Sabah political arrests">1991 Sabah political arrests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_IC" title="Project IC">Project IC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabah_State_Water_Department_corruption_probe" title="Sabah State Water Department corruption probe">Sabah State Water Department corruption probe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sabah" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Sabah">2020 Sabah coronavirus pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sarawak" title="History of Sarawak">History of<br />Sarawak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sarawak" title="Sultanate of Sarawak">Sultanate of Sarawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_of_Sarawak" title="Raj of Sarawak">Raj of Sarawak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rentap" title="Rentap">Rentap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Shan_Bang" title="Liu Shan Bang">Liu Shan Bang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syarif_Masahor" title="Syarif Masahor">Syarif Masahor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Sarawak" title="Crown Colony of Sarawak">Crown Colony of Sarawak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-cession_movement_of_Sarawak" title="Anti-cession movement of Sarawak">Anti-cession movement of Sarawak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Sarawak" title="Communist insurgency in Sarawak">Communist insurgency in Sarawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarawak_Independence_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarawak Independence Day">Self-government of Sarawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobbold_Commission" title="Cobbold Commission">Cobbold Commission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/18-point_agreement" title="18-point agreement">18-point agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Sarawak_constitutional_crisis" title="1966 Sarawak constitutional crisis">1966 Sarawak constitutional crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Ming_Court_Affair" title="1987 Ming Court Affair">1987 Ming Court Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Sarawak_HFMD_outbreak" title="1997 Sarawak HFMD outbreak">1997 Sarawak HFMD outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarawak_rabies_outbreak" title="Sarawak rabies outbreak">Sarawak rabies outbreak</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2017–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sarawak" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Sarawak">2020 Sarawak coronavirus pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Labuan#History" title="Labuan">History of<br />Labuan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Labuan" title="Crown Colony of Labuan">Crown Colony of Labuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_Chartered_Company" title="North Borneo Chartered Company">North Borneo Chartered Company</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">North Borneo</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1890–1904)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straits_Settlements" title="Straits Settlements">Straits Settlements</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1907–46)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_North_Borneo" title="Battle of North Borneo">Battle of North Borneo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Labuan" title="Battle of Labuan">Battle of Labuan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Singapore" title="Colony of Singapore">Colony of Singapore</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1946)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_North_Borneo" title="Crown Colony of North Borneo">Crown Colony of North Borneo</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1946–63)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobbold_Commission" title="Cobbold Commission">Cobbold Commission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/20-point_agreement" title="20-point agreement">20-point agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1963–84)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Territories_of_Malaysia" title="Federal Territories of Malaysia">Federal territory</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1984–)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><sup>1</sup> Covers the three territories</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Malaysia_articles675" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Malaysia_topics" title="Template:Malaysia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Malaysia_topics" title="Template talk:Malaysia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Malaysia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Malaysia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Malaysia_articles675" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Malaysia" title="Outline of Malaysia">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Malaysia" title="History of Malaysia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Malaysian_history" title="Timeline of Malaysian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Malaysia" title="Prehistoric Malaysia">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Malacca" title="Portuguese Malacca">Portuguese Malacca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Malacca" title="Dutch Malacca">Dutch Malacca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">British Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Borneo" title="British Borneo">British Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Malaya" title="Japanese occupation of Malaya">Japanese occupation of Malaya</a> / <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_British_Borneo" title="Japanese occupation of British Borneo">Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Union" title="Malayan Union">Malayan Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya" title="Federation of Malaya">Federation of Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Agreement" title="Malaysia Agreement">Malaysia Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation" title="Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation">Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Sarawak" title="Communist insurgency in Sarawak">Sarawak communist insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_in_Malaysia" title="Singapore in Malaysia">Singapore in Malaysia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Singapore_Agreement_1965" title="Independence of Singapore Agreement 1965">Independence of Singapore Agreement 1965</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Malaysia_(1968%E2%80%931989)" title="Communist insurgency in Malaysia (1968–1989)">Second Malayan Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13_May_incident" title="13 May incident">13 May incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Malaysian_constitutional_crisis" title="1988 Malaysian constitutional crisis">1988 constitutional crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Asian_financial_crisis#Malaysia" title="1997 Asian financial crisis">1997 Asian financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1Malaysia_Development_Berhad_scandal" title="1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal">1MDB scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932022_Malaysian_political_crisis" title="2020–2022 Malaysian political crisis">2020–2022 Malaysian political crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Malaysia" title="Geography of Malaysia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Malaysia" title="Template:Borders of Malaysia">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Populated_places_in_Malaysia" title="Category:Populated places in Malaysia">Cities, towns and villages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_in_Malaysia" title="List of districts in Malaysia">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divisions_of_Malaysia" title="Divisions of Malaysia">Divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Malaysia" title="East Malaysia">East Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Malaysia" title="Environment of Malaysia">Environment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Malaysia" title="Climate change in Malaysia">climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Malaysia" title="Conservation in Malaysia">conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Malaysia" title="Environmental issues in Malaysia">environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Malaysia" title="Deforestation in Malaysia">deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Malaysia" title="Wildlife of Malaysia">wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plants_of_Malaysia" title="List of plants of Malaysia">plants</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Malaysia" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Malaysia">World Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hill_stations_in_Malaysia" title="List of hill stations in Malaysia">Hill stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Malaysia" title="List of islands of Malaysia">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Malaysia" title="List of lakes of Malaysia">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Malaysia" title="List of mountains in Malaysia">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_in_Malaysia" title="List of national parks in Malaysia">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Malaysia" title="Peninsular Malaysia">Peninsular Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Malaysia" title="List of rivers of Malaysia">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_and_federal_territories_of_Malaysia" title="States and federal territories of Malaysia">States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Malaysia" title="List of earthquakes in Malaysia">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Malaysia" title="List of volcanoes in Malaysia">Volcanoes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Malaysia" title="Politics of Malaysia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Malaysia" title="Cabinet of Malaysia">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Cabinet_of_Malaysia" title="Shadow Cabinet of Malaysia">Shadow Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Malaysia" title="Constitution of Malaysia">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Malaysia" title="Elections in Malaysia">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Malaysia" title="Foreign relations of Malaysia">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Malaysia" title="Government of Malaysia">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Malaysia" title="King of Malaysia">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Malaysia" title="Human rights in Malaysia">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Malaysia" title="Censorship in Malaysia">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Malaysia" title="Judiciary of Malaysia">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Malaysia" title="Law of Malaysia">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Malaysia" title="Law enforcement in Malaysia">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Armed_Forces" title="Malaysian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_of_Malaysia" title="Monarchies of Malaysia">Monarchies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Malaysia" title="Parliament of Malaysia">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Malaysia" title="List of political parties in Malaysia">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Malaysia" title="Prime Minister of Malaysia">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_legislative_assemblies_of_Malaysia" title="State legislative assemblies of Malaysia">State legislative assemblies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Malaysia" title="Economy of Malaysia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Malaysia" title="Agriculture in Malaysia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Malaysia" title="List of banks in Malaysia">Banks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Malaysia" title="Central Bank of Malaysia">Central bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Malaysia" title="Energy policy of Malaysia">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_federal_budget" title="Malaysian federal budget">Federal budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_ringgit" title="Malaysian ringgit">Ringgit <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Malaysian_states_by_GDP" title="List of Malaysian states by GDP">States by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Malaysian_states_and_municipalities_by_exports" title="List of Malaysian states and municipalities by exports">States and municipalities by exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Malaysia" title="Science and technology in Malaysia">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bursa_Malaysia" title="Bursa Malaysia">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Malaysia" title="Telecommunications in Malaysia">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Malaysia" title="Tourism in Malaysia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Malaysia" title="Transport in Malaysia">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Malaysia" title="Trade unions in Malaysia">Unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia_and_the_World_Bank" title="Malaysia and the World Bank">World Bank Relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Malaysia" title="Category:Society of Malaysia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Malaysia" title="Abortion in Malaysia">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Malaysia" title="Crime in Malaysia">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Malaysia" title="Corruption in Malaysia">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Malaysia" title="Demographics of Malaysia">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Malaysia" title="Education in Malaysia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Malaysia" title="Template:Ethnic groups in Malaysia">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Malaysia" title="Health in Malaysia">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Malaysia" title="Healthcare in Malaysia">Healthcare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Malaysia" title="Human trafficking in Malaysia">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_Malaysia" title="Income inequality in Malaysia">Income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Malaysia" title="Languages of Malaysia">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Malaysia">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_diaspora" title="Malaysian diaspora">Malaysian diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Malaysia" title="Poverty in Malaysia">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Malaysia" title="Prostitution in Malaysia">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malaysia" title="Religion in Malaysia">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Malaysia" title="Sex trafficking in Malaysia">Sex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Malaysia" title="Squatting in Malaysia">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Malaysia" title="Water supply and sanitation in Malaysia">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Malaysia" title="Women in Malaysia">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Malaysia" title="Culture of Malaysia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_art" title="Malaysian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Architecture_in_Malaysia" title="Category:Architecture in Malaysia">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Malaysia" title="Cinema of Malaysia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_cuisine" title="Malaysian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Malaysia" title="Folklore of Malaysia">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_literature" title="Malaysian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuanan_Melayu" title="Ketuanan Melayu">Malay ethnic nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Malaysia">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Malaysia" title="Music of Malaysia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_names" title="Malaysian names">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Malaysia" title="Public holidays in Malaysia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Malaysia" title="Sport in Malaysia">Sport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Malaysia" title="National symbols of Malaysia">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_tiger" title="Malayan tiger">Animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negaraku" title="Negaraku">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Malaysia" title="Coat of arms of Malaysia">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Malaysia" title="Flag of Malaysia">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibiscus_rosa-sinensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hibiscus rosa-sinensis">Flower</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rukun_Negara" title="Rukun Negara">Rukun Negara</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Malaysia" title="Outline of Malaysia">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Malaysia" title="Outline of Malaysia">Index</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Malaysia" title="Bibliography of Malaysia">Bibliography</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Malaysia" title="Category:Malaysia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Malaysia" title="Portal:Malaysia">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Former_Austrian_colonies53" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Former_Austrian_colonies" title="Template:Former Austrian colonies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Former_Austrian_colonies" title="Template talk:Former Austrian colonies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Former_Austrian_colonies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Former Austrian colonies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Former_Austrian_colonies53" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Austrian_colonial_policy" title="Austrian colonial policy">Former Austrian colonies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">India & South East Asia</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">China</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">Africa & Middle East</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">Arctic</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">Europe</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align:center;width:25%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surat" title="Surat">Surat (Trading Partner)</a> (1715–1723)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covelong" title="Covelong">Cabelon</a> (1722–1727)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banquibazar" class="mw-redirect" title="Banquibazar">Banquibazar</a> (1722–1737)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangalore" title="Mangalore">Mangalore</a> (1776–1783)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karwar" title="Karwar">Karwar</a> (1776–1783)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valapattanam" title="Valapattanam">Baliapatam</a> (1776–1783)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_colonization_of_the_Nicobar_Islands" title="Austrian colonization of the Nicobar Islands">Nicobar Islands</a> (1778–1783)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">North Borneo</a> (1878–1880)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:25%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_concession_of_Tianjin" title="Austro-Hungarian concession of Tianjin">Tianjin concession</a> (1898–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quongzhou" class="mw-redirect" title="Quongzhou">Canton (Trading Partner)</a> (1719–1732, 1776–1785)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:25%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maputo_Bay" title="Maputo Bay">Delagoa Bay</a> (1778–1781)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mocha,_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mocha, Yemen">Mocha (Trading Partner)</a> (1715–1723)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:25%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Josef_Land" title="Franz Josef Land">Franz Josef Land</a> (1873–1926)<br /><small>(unofficial)</small></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:25%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Netherlands" title="Austrian Netherlands">South Netherlands</a> (1714–1797)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_rule_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> (1878–1918}</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Territories_claimed_by_the_Philippines98" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Philippine_territorial_disputes" title="Template:Philippine territorial disputes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Philippine_territorial_disputes" title="Template talk:Philippine territorial disputes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Philippine_territorial_disputes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Philippine territorial disputes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Territories_claimed_by_the_Philippines98" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Territories_claimed_by_the_Philippines" title="Territories claimed by the Philippines">Territories claimed</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a> / <a class="mw-selflink selflink">North Borneo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_dispute" title="North Borneo dispute">dispute</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_disputes_in_the_South_China_Sea" title="Territorial disputes in the South China Sea">South China Sea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Philippine_Sea" title="West Philippine Sea">West Philippine Sea designation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea_Arbitration" title="South China Sea Arbitration">PCA arbitration case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarborough_Shoal" title="Scarborough Shoal">Scarborough Shoal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spratly_Islands" title="Spratly Islands">Spratly 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