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.gelicon--search::before { content: '\e009'; } .gelicon--print::before { content: '\e00b'; } .gelicon--print-invert::before { content: '\e00c'; } .gelicon--yes::before { content: '\e00d'; } .gelicon--no::before { content: '\e00e'; } .gelicon--add::before { content: '\e00f'; } .gelicon--help::before { content: '\e010'; } .gelicon--info::before { content: '\e011'; } .gelicon--alert::before { content: '\e012'; } .gelicon--expires::before { content: '\e013'; } .gelicon--duration::before { content: '\e014'; } .gelicon--alarm::before { content: '\e015'; } .gelicon--countdown::before { content: '\e016'; } .gelicon--grid::before { content: '\e017'; } .gelicon--chapters::before { content: '\e018'; } .gelicon--list::before { content: '\e019'; } .gelicon--listthumb::before { content: '\e01a'; } .gelicon--lock::before { content: '\e01b'; } .gelicon--unlock::before { content: '\e01c'; } .gelicon--home::before { content: '\e01d'; } .gelicon--new::before { content: '\e01e'; } .gelicon--vocab::before { content: '\e01f'; } .gelicon--degraded::before { content: '\e020'; } .gelicon--calendar-mini::before { content: '\e021'; } .gelicon--calendar::before { content: '\e022'; } .gelicon--mail::before { content: '\e023'; } .gelicon--location::before { content: '\e024'; } .gelicon--load::before { content: '\e025'; } .gelicon--settings::before { content: '\e026'; } .gelicon--embed::before { content: '\e027'; } .gelicon--external::before { content: '\e028'; } .gelicon--traffic::before { content: '\e029'; } .gelicon--refresh::before { content: '\e02a'; } .gelicon--link::before { content: '\e02b'; } .gelicon--point::before { content: '\e02c'; } .gelicon--upload::before { content: '\e02d'; } .gelicon--download::before { content: '\e02e'; } .gelicon--finder::before { content: '\e02f'; } .gelicon--stations::before { content: '\e030'; } .gelicon--untitled::before { content: '\42'; } .gelicon--untitled-2::before { content: '\43'; } .gelicon--quote::before { content: '\22'; } .gelicon--playlister-add::before { content: '\e031'; } .gelicon--calendar-30::before { content: '\e032'; } .gelicon--download-desktop::before { content: '\e033'; } .gelicon--map::before { content: '\e034'; } .gelicon--previous-alternative::before { content: '\e035'; } .gelicon--next-alternative::before { content: '\e036'; } .gelicon--arrow-down::before { content: '\e038'; } /* Media icons */ .gelicon--menu, .gelicon--live, .gelicon--subtitles, .gelicon--ws, .gelicon--sd, .gelicon--hd, .gelicon--bsl, .gelicon--ad, .gelicon--3d, .gelicon--tv, .gelicon--radio, .gelicon--mobile, .gelicon--desktop, .gelicon--game, .gelicon--tablet, .gelicon--quiz, .gelicon--guidance, .gelicon--record, .gelicon--listen, .gelicon--play, .gelicon--pause, .gelicon--rewind, .gelicon--forward, .gelicon--restart, .gelicon--image, .gelicon--document, .gelicon--slideshow, .gelicon--activity, .gelicon--360, .gelicon--podcast, .gelicon--newsletter, .gelicon--rss, .gelicon--fullscreen, .gelicon--expand, .gelicon--popout, .gelicon--mute, .gelicon--music-on, .gelicon--music-off, .gelicon--windows, .gelicon--apple, .gelicon--interactive { font-family: 'gelicons-media' !important; } /* Begin Icons */ .gelicon--menu::before { content: '\e900'; } .gelicon--live::before { content: '\e100'; } .gelicon--subtitles::before { content: '\e101'; } .gelicon--ws::before { content: '\e102'; } .gelicon--sd::before { content: '\e103'; } .gelicon--hd::before { content: '\e104'; } .gelicon--bsl::before { content: '\e105'; } .gelicon--ad::before { content: '\e106'; } .gelicon--3d::before { content: '\e107'; } .gelicon--tv::before { content: '\e108'; } .gelicon--radio::before { content: '\e109'; } .gelicon--mobile::before { content: '\e10a'; } .gelicon--desktop::before { content: '\e10b'; } .gelicon--game::before { content: '\e10c'; } .gelicon--tablet::before { content: '\e10d'; } .gelicon--quiz::before { content: '\e10e'; } .gelicon--guidance::before { content: '\e10f'; } .gelicon--record::before { content: '\e110'; } .gelicon--listen::before { content: '\e111'; } .gelicon--play::before { content: '\e112'; } .gelicon--pause::before { content: '\e113'; } .gelicon--rewind::before { content: '\e114'; } .gelicon--forward::before { content: '\e115'; } .gelicon--restart::before { content: '\e116'; } .gelicon--image::before { content: '\e117'; } .gelicon--document::before { content: '\e118'; } .gelicon--slideshow::before { content: '\e119'; } .gelicon--activity::before { content: '\e11a'; } .gelicon--360::before { content: '\e11b'; } .gelicon--podcast::before { content: '\e11c'; } .gelicon--newsletter::before { content: '\e11d'; } .gelicon--rss::before { content: '\e11e'; } .gelicon--fullscreen::before { content: '\e11f'; } .gelicon--expand::before { content: '\e120'; } .gelicon--popout::before { content: '\e121'; } .gelicon--mute::before { content: '\e122'; } .gelicon--music-on::before { content: '\e123'; } .gelicon--music-off::before { content: '\e124'; } .gelicon--windows::before { content: '\e125'; } .gelicon--apple::before { content: '\e126'; } .gelicon--interactive::before { content: '\e900'; } /* Social Icons */ .gelicon--share, .gelicon--recommend, .gelicon--comments, .gelicon--blog, .gelicon--smiley, .gelicon--love, .gelicon--twitter, .gelicon--facebook, .gelicon--google-plus, .gelicon--google, .gelicon--spotify, .gelicon--pinterest, .gelicon--tumblr, .gelicon--stumbleupon, .gelicon--linkedin, .gelicon--reddit, .gelicon--digg, .gelicon--instagram, .gelicon--whatsapp { font-family: 'gelicons-social' !important; } /* GEL */ .gelicon--share::before { content: '\e200'; } .gelicon--recommend::before { content: '\e201'; } .gelicon--comments::before { content: '\e202'; } .gelicon--blog::before { content: '\e203'; } .gelicon--smiley::before { content: '\e204'; } .gelicon--love::before { content: '\e205'; } /* THIRD PARTY */ .gelicon--twitter::before { content: '\e300'; } .gelicon--facebook::before { content: '\e301'; } .gelicon--google-plus::before { content: '\e700'; } .gelicon--google::before { content: '\e701'; } .gelicon--spotify::before { content: '\e304'; } .gelicon--pinterest::before { content: '\e305'; } .gelicon--tumblr::before { content: '\e306'; } .gelicon--stumbleupon::before { content: '\e307'; } .gelicon--linkedin::before { content: '\e308'; } .gelicon--reddit::before { content: '\e309'; } .gelicon--digg::before { content: '\e30a'; } .gelicon--instagram::before { content: '\e30b'; } .gelicon--whatsapp::before { content: '\e600'; } .mapboxgl-map { font: 12px/20px Helvetica Neue,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; overflow: hidden; position: relative; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); } .mapboxgl-canvas { position: absolute; left: 0; top: 0; } .mapboxgl-map:-webkit-full-screen { width: 100%; height: 100%; } .mapboxgl-canary { background-color: salmon; } .mapboxgl-canvas-container.mapboxgl-interactive, .mapboxgl-ctrl-group button.mapboxgl-ctrl-compass { cursor: -webkit-grab; cursor: grab; -moz-user-select: none; -webkit-user-select: none; -ms-user-select: none; user-select: none; } .mapboxgl-canvas-container.mapboxgl-interactive.mapboxgl-track-pointer { cursor: pointer; } .mapboxgl-canvas-container.mapboxgl-interactive:active, .mapboxgl-ctrl-group button.mapboxgl-ctrl-compass:active { cursor: -webkit-grabbing; cursor: grabbing; } .mapboxgl-canvas-container.mapboxgl-touch-zoom-rotate, .mapboxgl-canvas-container.mapboxgl-touch-zoom-rotate .mapboxgl-canvas { -ms-touch-action: pan-x pan-y; touch-action: pan-x pan-y; } .mapboxgl-canvas-container.mapboxgl-touch-drag-pan, .mapboxgl-canvas-container.mapboxgl-touch-drag-pan .mapboxgl-canvas { -ms-touch-action: pinch-zoom; touch-action: pinch-zoom; } .mapboxgl-canvas-container.mapboxgl-touch-zoom-rotate.mapboxgl-touch-drag-pan, .mapboxgl-canvas-container.mapboxgl-touch-zoom-rotate.mapboxgl-touch-drag-pan .mapboxgl-canvas { -ms-touch-action: none; touch-action: none; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-bottom-left, .mapboxgl-ctrl-bottom-right, .mapboxgl-ctrl-top-left, .mapboxgl-ctrl-top-right { position: absolute; pointer-events: none; z-index: 2; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-top-left { top: 0; left: 0; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-top-right { top: 0; right: 0; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-bottom-left { bottom: 0; left: 0; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-bottom-right { right: 0; bottom: 0; } .mapboxgl-ctrl { clear: both; pointer-events: auto; -webkit-transform: translate(0); transform: translate(0); } .mapboxgl-ctrl-top-left .mapboxgl-ctrl { margin: 10px 0 0 10px; float: left; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-top-right .mapboxgl-ctrl { margin: 10px 10px 0 0; float: right; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-bottom-left .mapboxgl-ctrl { margin: 0 0 10px 10px; float: left; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-bottom-right .mapboxgl-ctrl { margin: 0 10px 10px 0; float: right; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-group { border-radius: 4px; background: #fff; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-group:not(:empty) { -webkit-box-shadow: 0 0 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); box-shadow: 0 0 0 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); } @media (-ms-high-contrast: active) { .mapboxgl-ctrl-group:not(:empty) { -webkit-box-shadow: 0 0 0 2px ButtonText; box-shadow: 0 0 0 2px ButtonText; } } .mapboxgl-ctrl-group button { width: 29px; height: 29px; display: block; padding: 0; outline: none; border: 0; -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; cursor: pointer; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-group button + button { border-top: 1px solid #ddd; } .mapboxgl-ctrl button .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { display: block; width: 100%; height: 100%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50%; } @media (-ms-high-contrast: active) { .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-color: transparent; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-group button + button { border-top: 1px solid ButtonText; } } .mapboxgl-ctrl button::-moz-focus-inner { border: 0; padding: 0; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-group button:focus { -webkit-box-shadow: 0 0 2px 2px #0096ff; box-shadow: 0 0 2px 2px #0096ff; } .mapboxgl-ctrl button:disabled { cursor: not-allowed; } .mapboxgl-ctrl button:disabled .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { opacity: .25; } .mapboxgl-ctrl button:not(:disabled):hover { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05); } .mapboxgl-ctrl-group button:focus:focus-visible { -webkit-box-shadow: 0 0 2px 2px #0096ff; box-shadow: 0 0 2px 2px #0096ff; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-group button:focus:not(:focus-visible) { -webkit-box-shadow: none; box-shadow: none; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-group button:focus:first-child { border-radius: 4px 4px 0 0; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-group button:focus:last-child { border-radius: 0 0 4px 4px; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-group button:focus:only-child { border-radius: inherit; } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-zoom-out .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23333'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 13c-.75 0-1.5.75-1.5 1.5S9.25 16 10 16h9c.75 0 1.5-.75 1.5-1.5S19.75 13 19 13h-9z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-zoom-in .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23333'%3E%3Cpath d='M14.5 8.5c-.75 0-1.5.75-1.5 1.5v3h-3c-.75 0-1.5.75-1.5 1.5S9.25 16 10 16h3v3c0 .75.75 1.5 1.5 1.5S16 19.75 16 19v-3h3c.75 0 1.5-.75 1.5-1.5S19.75 13 19 13h-3v-3c0-.75-.75-1.5-1.5-1.5z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } @media (-ms-high-contrast: active) { .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-zoom-out .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23fff'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 13c-.75 0-1.5.75-1.5 1.5S9.25 16 10 16h9c.75 0 1.5-.75 1.5-1.5S19.75 13 19 13h-9z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-zoom-in .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23fff'%3E%3Cpath d='M14.5 8.5c-.75 0-1.5.75-1.5 1.5v3h-3c-.75 0-1.5.75-1.5 1.5S9.25 16 10 16h3v3c0 .75.75 1.5 1.5 1.5S16 19.75 16 19v-3h3c.75 0 1.5-.75 1.5-1.5S19.75 13 19 13h-3v-3c0-.75-.75-1.5-1.5-1.5z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } } @media (-ms-high-contrast: black-on-white) { .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-zoom-out .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 13c-.75 0-1.5.75-1.5 1.5S9.25 16 10 16h9c.75 0 1.5-.75 1.5-1.5S19.75 13 19 13h-9z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-zoom-in .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cpath d='M14.5 8.5c-.75 0-1.5.75-1.5 1.5v3h-3c-.75 0-1.5.75-1.5 1.5S9.25 16 10 16h3v3c0 .75.75 1.5 1.5 1.5S16 19.75 16 19v-3h3c.75 0 1.5-.75 1.5-1.5S19.75 13 19 13h-3v-3c0-.75-.75-1.5-1.5-1.5z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-fullscreen .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23333'%3E%3Cpath d='M24 16v5.5c0 1.75-.75 2.5-2.5 2.5H16v-1l3-1.5-4-5.5 1-1 5.5 4 1.5-3h1zM6 16l1.5 3 5.5-4 1 1-4 5.5 3 1.5v1H7.5C5.75 24 5 23.25 5 21.5V16h1zm7-11v1l-3 1.5 4 5.5-1 1-5.5-4L6 13H5V7.5C5 5.75 5.75 5 7.5 5H13zm11 2.5c0-1.75-.75-2.5-2.5-2.5H16v1l3 1.5-4 5.5 1 1 5.5-4 1.5 3h1V7.5z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-shrink .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cpath d='M18.5 16c-1.75 0-2.5.75-2.5 2.5V24h1l1.5-3 5.5 4 1-1-4-5.5 3-1.5v-1h-5.5zM13 18.5c0-1.75-.75-2.5-2.5-2.5H5v1l3 1.5L4 24l1 1 5.5-4 1.5 3h1v-5.5zm3-8c0 1.75.75 2.5 2.5 2.5H24v-1l-3-1.5L25 5l-1-1-5.5 4L17 5h-1v5.5zM10.5 13c1.75 0 2.5-.75 2.5-2.5V5h-1l-1.5 3L5 4 4 5l4 5.5L5 12v1h5.5z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } @media (-ms-high-contrast: active) { .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-fullscreen .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23fff'%3E%3Cpath d='M24 16v5.5c0 1.75-.75 2.5-2.5 2.5H16v-1l3-1.5-4-5.5 1-1 5.5 4 1.5-3h1zM6 16l1.5 3 5.5-4 1 1-4 5.5 3 1.5v1H7.5C5.75 24 5 23.25 5 21.5V16h1zm7-11v1l-3 1.5 4 5.5-1 1-5.5-4L6 13H5V7.5C5 5.75 5.75 5 7.5 5H13zm11 2.5c0-1.75-.75-2.5-2.5-2.5H16v1l3 1.5-4 5.5 1 1 5.5-4 1.5 3h1V7.5z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-shrink .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23fff'%3E%3Cpath d='M18.5 16c-1.75 0-2.5.75-2.5 2.5V24h1l1.5-3 5.5 4 1-1-4-5.5 3-1.5v-1h-5.5zM13 18.5c0-1.75-.75-2.5-2.5-2.5H5v1l3 1.5L4 24l1 1 5.5-4 1.5 3h1v-5.5zm3-8c0 1.75.75 2.5 2.5 2.5H24v-1l-3-1.5L25 5l-1-1-5.5 4L17 5h-1v5.5zM10.5 13c1.75 0 2.5-.75 2.5-2.5V5h-1l-1.5 3L5 4 4 5l4 5.5L5 12v1h5.5z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } } @media (-ms-high-contrast: black-on-white) { .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-fullscreen .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cpath d='M24 16v5.5c0 1.75-.75 2.5-2.5 2.5H16v-1l3-1.5-4-5.5 1-1 5.5 4 1.5-3h1zM6 16l1.5 3 5.5-4 1 1-4 5.5 3 1.5v1H7.5C5.75 24 5 23.25 5 21.5V16h1zm7-11v1l-3 1.5 4 5.5-1 1-5.5-4L6 13H5V7.5C5 5.75 5.75 5 7.5 5H13zm11 2.5c0-1.75-.75-2.5-2.5-2.5H16v1l3 1.5-4 5.5 1 1 5.5-4 1.5 3h1V7.5z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-shrink .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cpath d='M18.5 16c-1.75 0-2.5.75-2.5 2.5V24h1l1.5-3 5.5 4 1-1-4-5.5 3-1.5v-1h-5.5zM13 18.5c0-1.75-.75-2.5-2.5-2.5H5v1l3 1.5L4 24l1 1 5.5-4 1.5 3h1v-5.5zm3-8c0 1.75.75 2.5 2.5 2.5H24v-1l-3-1.5L25 5l-1-1-5.5 4L17 5h-1v5.5zM10.5 13c1.75 0 2.5-.75 2.5-2.5V5h-1l-1.5 3L5 4 4 5l4 5.5L5 12v1h5.5z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-compass .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23333'%3E%3Cpath d='M10.5 14l4-8 4 8h-8z'/%3E%3Cpath d='M10.5 16l4 8 4-8h-8z' fill='%23ccc'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } @media (-ms-high-contrast: active) { .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-compass .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23fff'%3E%3Cpath d='M10.5 14l4-8 4 8h-8z'/%3E%3Cpath d='M10.5 16l4 8 4-8h-8z' fill='%23999'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } } @media (-ms-high-contrast: black-on-white) { .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-compass .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cpath d='M10.5 14l4-8 4 8h-8z'/%3E%3Cpath d='M10.5 16l4 8 4-8h-8z' fill='%23ccc'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23333'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3Ccircle cx='10' cy='10' r='2'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate:disabled .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23aaa'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3Ccircle cx='10' cy='10' r='2'/%3E%3Cpath d='M14 5l1 1-9 9-1-1 9-9z' fill='red'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate-active .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%2333b5e5'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3Ccircle cx='10' cy='10' r='2'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate-active-error .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23e58978'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3Ccircle cx='10' cy='10' r='2'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate-background .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%2333b5e5'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate-background-error .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23e54e33'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate-waiting .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { -webkit-animation: mapboxgl-spin 2s linear infinite; animation: mapboxgl-spin 2s linear infinite; } @media (-ms-high-contrast: active) { .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23fff'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3Ccircle cx='10' cy='10' r='2'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate:disabled .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23999'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3Ccircle cx='10' cy='10' r='2'/%3E%3Cpath d='M14 5l1 1-9 9-1-1 9-9z' fill='red'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate-active .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%2333b5e5'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3Ccircle cx='10' cy='10' r='2'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate-active-error .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23e58978'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3Ccircle cx='10' cy='10' r='2'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate-background .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%2333b5e5'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate-background-error .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23e54e33'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } } @media (-ms-high-contrast: black-on-white) { .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3Ccircle cx='10' cy='10' r='2'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } .mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate:disabled .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23666'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3Ccircle cx='10' cy='10' r='2'/%3E%3Cpath d='M14 5l1 1-9 9-1-1 9-9z' fill='red'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } } @-webkit-keyframes mapboxgl-spin { 0% { -webkit-transform: rotate(0deg); } to { -webkit-transform: rotate(1turn); } } @keyframes mapboxgl-spin { 0% { -webkit-transform: rotate(0deg); transform: rotate(0deg); } to { -webkit-transform: rotate(1turn); transform: rotate(1turn); } } a.mapboxgl-ctrl-logo { width: 88px; height: 23px; margin: 0 0 -4px -4px; display: block; background-repeat: no-repeat; cursor: pointer; overflow: hidden; background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='88' height='23' viewBox='0 0 88 23' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink' fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cdefs%3E%3Cpath id='a' d='M11.5 2.25c5.105 0 9.25 4.145 9.25 9.25s-4.145 9.25-9.25 9.25-9.25-4.145-9.25-9.25 4.145-9.25 9.25-9.25zM6.997 15.983c-.051-.338-.828-5.802 2.233-8.873a4.395 4.395 0 013.13-1.28c1.27 0 2.49.51 3.39 1.42.91.9 1.42 2.12 1.42 3.39 0 1.18-.449 2.301-1.28 3.13C12.72 16.93 7 16 7 16l-.003-.017zM15.3 10.5l-2 .8-.8 2-.8-2-2-.8 2-.8.8-2 .8 2 2 .8z'/%3E%3Cpath id='b' d='M50.63 8c.13 0 .23.1.23.23V9c.7-.76 1.7-1.18 2.73-1.18 2.17 0 3.95 1.85 3.95 4.17s-1.77 4.19-3.94 4.19c-1.04 0-2.03-.43-2.74-1.18v3.77c0 .13-.1.23-.23.23h-1.4c-.13 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height='100%25' fill='%23fff'/%3E%3Cuse xlink:href='%23a'/%3E%3Cuse xlink:href='%23b'/%3E%3C/mask%3E%3Cg opacity='.3' stroke='%23000' stroke-width='3'%3E%3Ccircle mask='url(%23c)' cx='11.5' cy='11.5' r='9.25'/%3E%3Cuse xlink:href='%23b' mask='url(/web/20220313111140im_/https://www.bbc.com/%23c)'/%3E%3C/g%3E%3Cg opacity='.9' fill='%23fff'%3E%3Cuse xlink:href='%23a'/%3E%3Cuse xlink:href='%23b'/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } a.mapboxgl-ctrl-logo.mapboxgl-compact { width: 23px; } @media (-ms-high-contrast: active) { a.mapboxgl-ctrl-logo { background-color: transparent; background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='88' height='23' viewBox='0 0 88 23' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink' fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cdefs%3E%3Cpath id='a' d='M11.5 2.25c5.105 0 9.25 4.145 9.25 9.25s-4.145 9.25-9.25 9.25-9.25-4.145-9.25-9.25 4.145-9.25 9.25-9.25zM6.997 15.983c-.051-.338-.828-5.802 2.233-8.873a4.395 4.395 0 013.13-1.28c1.27 0 2.49.51 3.39 1.42.91.9 1.42 2.12 1.42 3.39 0 1.18-.449 2.301-1.28 3.13C12.72 16.93 7 16 7 16l-.003-.017zM15.3 10.5l-2 .8-.8 2-.8-2-2-.8 2-.8.8-2 .8 2 2 .8z'/%3E%3Cpath id='b' d='M50.63 8c.13 0 .23.1.23.23V9c.7-.76 1.7-1.18 2.73-1.18 2.17 0 3.95 1.85 3.95 4.17s-1.77 4.19-3.94 4.19c-1.04 0-2.03-.43-2.74-1.18v3.77c0 .13-.1.23-.23.23h-1.4c-.13 0-.23-.1-.23-.23V8.23c0-.12.1-.23.23-.23h1.4zm-3.86.01c.01 0 .01 0 .01-.01.13 0 .22.1.22.22v7.55c0 .12-.1.23-.23.23h-1.4c-.13 0-.23-.1-.23-.23V15c-.7.76-1.69 1.19-2.73 1.19-2.17 0-3.94-1.87-3.94-4.19 0-2.32 1.77-4.19 3.94-4.19 1.03 0 2.02.43 2.73 1.18v-.75c0-.12.1-.23.23-.23h1.4zm26.375-.19a4.24 4.24 0 00-4.16 3.29c-.13.59-.13 1.19 0 1.77a4.233 4.233 0 004.17 3.3c2.35 0 4.26-1.87 4.26-4.19 0-2.32-1.9-4.17-4.27-4.17zM60.63 5c.13 0 .23.1.23.23v3.76c.7-.76 1.7-1.18 2.73-1.18 1.88 0 3.45 1.4 3.84 3.28.13.59.13 1.2 0 1.8-.39 1.88-1.96 3.29-3.84 3.29-1.03 0-2.02-.43-2.73-1.18v.77c0 .12-.1.23-.23.23h-1.4c-.13 0-.23-.1-.23-.23V5.23c0-.12.1-.23.23-.23h1.4zm-34 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fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cdefs%3E%3Cpath id='a' d='M11.5 2.25c5.105 0 9.25 4.145 9.25 9.25s-4.145 9.25-9.25 9.25-9.25-4.145-9.25-9.25 4.145-9.25 9.25-9.25zM6.997 15.983c-.051-.338-.828-5.802 2.233-8.873a4.395 4.395 0 013.13-1.28c1.27 0 2.49.51 3.39 1.42.91.9 1.42 2.12 1.42 3.39 0 1.18-.449 2.301-1.28 3.13C12.72 16.93 7 16 7 16l-.003-.017zM15.3 10.5l-2 .8-.8 2-.8-2-2-.8 2-.8.8-2 .8 2 2 .8z'/%3E%3Cpath id='b' d='M50.63 8c.13 0 .23.1.23.23V9c.7-.76 1.7-1.18 2.73-1.18 2.17 0 3.95 1.85 3.95 4.17s-1.77 4.19-3.94 4.19c-1.04 0-2.03-.43-2.74-1.18v3.77c0 .13-.1.23-.23.23h-1.4c-.13 0-.23-.1-.23-.23V8.23c0-.12.1-.23.23-.23h1.4zm-3.86.01c.01 0 .01 0 .01-.01.13 0 .22.1.22.22v7.55c0 .12-.1.23-.23.23h-1.4c-.13 0-.23-.1-.23-.23V15c-.7.76-1.69 1.19-2.73 1.19-2.17 0-3.94-1.87-3.94-4.19 0-2.32 1.77-4.19 3.94-4.19 1.03 0 2.02.43 2.73 1.18v-.75c0-.12.1-.23.23-.23h1.4zm26.375-.19a4.24 4.24 0 00-4.16 3.29c-.13.59-.13 1.19 0 1.77a4.233 4.233 0 004.17 3.3c2.35 0 4.26-1.87 4.26-4.19 0-2.32-1.9-4.17-4.27-4.17zM60.63 5c.13 0 .23.1.23.23v3.76c.7-.76 1.7-1.18 2.73-1.18 1.88 0 3.45 1.4 3.84 3.28.13.59.13 1.2 0 1.8-.39 1.88-1.96 3.29-3.84 3.29-1.03 0-2.02-.43-2.73-1.18v.77c0 .12-.1.23-.23.23h-1.4c-.13 0-.23-.1-.23-.23V5.23c0-.12.1-.23.23-.23h1.4zm-34 11h-1.4c-.13 0-.23-.11-.23-.23V8.22c.01-.13.1-.22.23-.22h1.4c.13 0 .22.11.23.22v.68c.5-.68 1.3-1.09 2.16-1.1h.03c1.09 0 2.09.6 2.6 1.55.45-.95 1.4-1.55 2.44-1.56 1.62 0 2.93 1.25 2.9 2.78l.03 5.2c0 .13-.1.23-.23.23h-1.41c-.13 0-.23-.11-.23-.23v-4.59c0-.98-.74-1.71-1.62-1.71-.8 0-1.46.7-1.59 1.62l.01 4.68c0 .13-.11.23-.23.23h-1.41c-.13 0-.23-.11-.23-.23v-4.59c0-.98-.74-1.71-1.62-1.71-.85 0-1.54.79-1.6 1.8v4.5c0 .13-.1.23-.23.23zm53.615 0h-1.61c-.04 0-.08-.01-.12-.03-.09-.06-.13-.19-.06-.28l2.43-3.71-2.39-3.65a.213.213 0 01-.03-.12c0-.12.09-.21.21-.21h1.61c.13 0 .24.06.3.17l1.41 2.37 1.4-2.37a.34.34 0 01.3-.17h1.6c.04 0 .08.01.12.03.09.06.13.19.06.28l-2.37 3.65 2.43 3.7c0 .05.01.09.01.13 0 .12-.09.21-.21.21h-1.61c-.13 0-.24-.06-.3-.17l-1.44-2.42-1.44 2.42a.34.34 0 01-.3.17zm-7.12-1.49c-1.33 0-2.42-1.12-2.42-2.51 0-1.39 1.08-2.52 2.42-2.52 1.33 0 2.42 1.12 2.42 2.51 0 1.39-1.08 2.51-2.42 2.52zm-19.865 0c-1.32 0-2.39-1.11-2.42-2.48v-.07c.02-1.38 1.09-2.49 2.4-2.49 1.32 0 2.41 1.12 2.41 2.51 0 1.39-1.07 2.52-2.39 2.53zm-8.11-2.48c-.01 1.37-1.09 2.47-2.41 2.47s-2.42-1.12-2.42-2.51c0-1.39 1.08-2.52 2.4-2.52 1.33 0 2.39 1.11 2.41 2.48l.02.08zm18.12 2.47c-1.32 0-2.39-1.11-2.41-2.48v-.06c.02-1.38 1.09-2.48 2.41-2.48s2.42 1.12 2.42 2.51c0 1.39-1.09 2.51-2.42 2.51z'/%3E%3C/defs%3E%3Cmask id='c'%3E%3Crect width='100%25' height='100%25' fill='%23fff'/%3E%3Cuse xlink:href='%23a'/%3E%3Cuse xlink:href='%23b'/%3E%3C/mask%3E%3Cg stroke='%23fff' stroke-width='3' fill='%23fff'%3E%3Ccircle mask='url(%23c)' cx='11.5' cy='11.5' r='9.25'/%3E%3Cuse xlink:href='%23b' mask='url(/web/20220313111140im_/https://www.bbc.com/%23c)'/%3E%3C/g%3E%3Cuse xlink:href='%23a'/%3E%3Cuse xlink:href='%23b'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } } .mapboxgl-ctrl.mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib { padding: 0 5px; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.5); margin: 0; } @media screen { .mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib.mapboxgl-compact { min-height: 20px; padding: 0; margin: 10px; position: relative; background-color: #fff; border-radius: 3px 12px 12px 3px; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib.mapboxgl-compact:hover { padding: 2px 24px 2px 4px; visibility: visible; margin-top: 6px; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-bottom-left > .mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib.mapboxgl-compact:hover, .mapboxgl-ctrl-top-left > .mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib.mapboxgl-compact:hover { padding: 2px 4px 2px 24px; border-radius: 12px 3px 3px 12px; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib.mapboxgl-compact .mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib-inner { display: none; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib.mapboxgl-compact:hover .mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib-inner { display: block; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib.mapboxgl-compact:after { content: ""; cursor: pointer; position: absolute; background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='24' height='24' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cpath d='M4 10a6 6 0 1012 0 6 6 0 10-12 0m5-3a1 1 0 102 0 1 1 0 10-2 0m0 3a1 1 0 112 0v3a1 1 0 11-2 0'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.5); width: 24px; height: 24px; -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; border-radius: 12px; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-bottom-right > .mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib.mapboxgl-compact:after { bottom: 0; right: 0; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-top-right > .mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib.mapboxgl-compact:after { top: 0; right: 0; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-top-left > .mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib.mapboxgl-compact:after { top: 0; left: 0; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-bottom-left > .mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib.mapboxgl-compact:after { bottom: 0; left: 0; } } @media screen and (-ms-high-contrast: active) { .mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib.mapboxgl-compact:after { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='24' height='24' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill-rule='evenodd' fill='%23fff'%3E%3Cpath d='M4 10a6 6 0 1012 0 6 6 0 10-12 0m5-3a1 1 0 102 0 1 1 0 10-2 0m0 3a1 1 0 112 0v3a1 1 0 11-2 0'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } } @media screen and (-ms-high-contrast: black-on-white) { .mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib.mapboxgl-compact:after { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='24' height='24' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cpath d='M4 10a6 6 0 1012 0 6 6 0 10-12 0m5-3a1 1 0 102 0 1 1 0 10-2 0m0 3a1 1 0 112 0v3a1 1 0 11-2 0'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } } .mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib a { color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.75); text-decoration: none; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib a:hover { color: inherit; text-decoration: underline; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib .mapbox-improve-map { font-weight: 700; margin-left: 2px; } .mapboxgl-attrib-empty { display: none; } .mapboxgl-ctrl-scale { background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.75); font-size: 10px; border: 2px solid #333; border-top: #333; padding: 0 5px; color: #333; -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; } .mapboxgl-popup { position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; will-change: transform; pointer-events: none; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-top, .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-top-left, .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-top-right { -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-bottom, .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-bottom-left, .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-bottom-right { -ms-flex-direction: column-reverse; flex-direction: column-reverse; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-left { -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-right { -ms-flex-direction: row-reverse; flex-direction: row-reverse; } .mapboxgl-popup-tip { width: 0; height: 0; border: 10px solid transparent; z-index: 1; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-top .mapboxgl-popup-tip { -ms-flex-item-align: center; -ms-grid-row-align: center; align-self: center; border-top: none; border-bottom-color: #fff; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-top-left .mapboxgl-popup-tip { -ms-flex-item-align: start; align-self: flex-start; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom-color: #fff; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-top-right .mapboxgl-popup-tip { -ms-flex-item-align: end; align-self: flex-end; border-top: none; border-right: none; border-bottom-color: #fff; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-bottom .mapboxgl-popup-tip { -ms-flex-item-align: center; -ms-grid-row-align: center; align-self: center; border-bottom: none; border-top-color: #fff; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-bottom-left .mapboxgl-popup-tip { -ms-flex-item-align: start; align-self: flex-start; border-bottom: none; border-left: none; border-top-color: #fff; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-bottom-right .mapboxgl-popup-tip { -ms-flex-item-align: end; align-self: flex-end; border-bottom: none; border-right: none; border-top-color: #fff; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-left .mapboxgl-popup-tip { -ms-flex-item-align: center; -ms-grid-row-align: center; align-self: center; border-left: none; border-right-color: #fff; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-right .mapboxgl-popup-tip { -ms-flex-item-align: center; -ms-grid-row-align: center; align-self: center; border-right: none; border-left-color: #fff; } .mapboxgl-popup-close-button { position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; border: 0; border-radius: 0 3px 0 0; cursor: pointer; background-color: transparent; } .mapboxgl-popup-close-button:hover { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05); } .mapboxgl-popup-content { position: relative; background: #fff; border-radius: 3px; -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); padding: 10px 10px 15px; pointer-events: auto; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-top-left .mapboxgl-popup-content { border-top-left-radius: 0; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-top-right .mapboxgl-popup-content { border-top-right-radius: 0; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-bottom-left .mapboxgl-popup-content { border-bottom-left-radius: 0; } .mapboxgl-popup-anchor-bottom-right .mapboxgl-popup-content { border-bottom-right-radius: 0; } .mapboxgl-popup-track-pointer { display: none; } .mapboxgl-popup-track-pointer * { pointer-events: none; -webkit-user-select: none; -moz-user-select: none; -ms-user-select: none; user-select: none; } .mapboxgl-map:hover .mapboxgl-popup-track-pointer { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .mapboxgl-map:active .mapboxgl-popup-track-pointer { display: none; } .mapboxgl-marker { position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; will-change: transform; } .mapboxgl-user-location-dot, .mapboxgl-user-location-dot:before { background-color: #1da1f2; width: 15px; height: 15px; border-radius: 50%; } .mapboxgl-user-location-dot:before { content: ""; position: absolute; -webkit-animation: mapboxgl-user-location-dot-pulse 2s infinite; animation: mapboxgl-user-location-dot-pulse 2s infinite; } .mapboxgl-user-location-dot:after { border-radius: 50%; border: 2px solid #fff; content: ""; height: 19px; left: -2px; position: absolute; top: -2px; width: 19px; -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; -webkit-box-shadow: 0 0 3px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.35); box-shadow: 0 0 3px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.35); } @-webkit-keyframes mapboxgl-user-location-dot-pulse { 0% { -webkit-transform: scale(1); opacity: 1; } 70% { -webkit-transform: scale(3); opacity: 0; } to { -webkit-transform: scale(1); opacity: 0; } } @keyframes mapboxgl-user-location-dot-pulse { 0% { -webkit-transform: scale(1); transform: scale(1); opacity: 1; } 70% { -webkit-transform: scale(3); transform: scale(3); opacity: 0; } to { -webkit-transform: scale(1); transform: scale(1); opacity: 0; } } .mapboxgl-user-location-dot-stale { background-color: #aaa; } .mapboxgl-user-location-dot-stale:after { display: none; } .mapboxgl-user-location-accuracy-circle { background-color: rgba(29, 161, 242, 0.2); width: 1px; height: 1px; border-radius: 100%; } .mapboxgl-crosshair, .mapboxgl-crosshair .mapboxgl-interactive, .mapboxgl-crosshair .mapboxgl-interactive:active { cursor: crosshair; } .mapboxgl-boxzoom { position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; width: 0; height: 0; background: #fff; border: 2px dotted #202020; opacity: .5; } @media print { .mapbox-improve-map { display: none; } } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .partner-module { border-bottom: 1px solid #472479; border-top: 0; } .partner-module__link, .partner-module__link:visited { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; color: #444; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; padding: 0; text-decoration: none; } .partner-module__link:hover { background-color: #f5f5f5; } .partner-module__heading { display: inline-block; font-size: 16px; line-height: 22px; margin: 16px 0; } .partner-module__partner-name { font-weight: bold; } .partner-module__partner-logo { display: block; height: 31px; margin: 12px 0; margin-left: 17px; width: 88px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .author-unit { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: -0.1px; line-height: 35px; } .author-unit--small-mobile { line-height: 30px; } .author-unit .author-unit__container { color: #4a4a4a; margin: 0 auto; } .author-unit .author-unit__container--desktop { margin: 0; } .author-unit__container { -ms-flex-align: baseline; align-items: baseline; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; padding: 10px 0; } .author-unit__text { font-style: italic; font-weight: 600; padding-right: 10px; text-decoration: none; } .author-unit__icon { color: #6a6a6a; padding-right: 14px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; top: 1px; } .author-unit__icon:hover { color: #00bbf2; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .uppercase-label { color: #8f8d8d; font-size: 12px; font-style: condensed; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 1px; line-height: 16px; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-transform: uppercase; -webkit-transition: color 0.4s; transition: color 0.4s; } .uppercase-label--small { font-size: 11px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 14px; margin: 0; } .uppercase-label--medium { font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; } .uppercase-label--reith-condensed { font-weight: 400; } .uppercase-label--white { color: #ebebeb; } .uppercase-label--light-grey { color: #999; } .uppercase-label--dark-grey { color: #444; } .uppercase-label--large { font-size: 16px; line-height: 18px; } .uppercase-label--true-white { color: #fff; text-shadow: 0 1px 1px #193e6d; } .uppercase-label--arial { font-family: Arial; } .label-with-line { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .label-with-line__label { margin: 0 16px 0 0; } .body-text-card-inline-video { margin: 24px 0; position: relative; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ @-webkit-keyframes spin { 0% { -webkit-transform: rotate(0deg); transform: rotate(0deg); } 100% { -webkit-transform: rotate(360deg); transform: rotate(360deg); } } @keyframes spin { 0% { -webkit-transform: rotate(0deg); transform: rotate(0deg); } 100% { -webkit-transform: rotate(360deg); transform: rotate(360deg); } } .spinner { fill: #444; } .spinner__image { -webkit-animation: spin 1s linear infinite; animation: spin 1s linear infinite; } .spinner--worklife { fill: #8beed9; } .spinner--future { fill: #ffc857; } .spinner--culture { fill: #472479; } .spinner--travel { fill: #002856; } .spinner--earth { fill: #002856; } .spinner--white { fill: #fff; } .spinner--audio { height: 32px; width: 32px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .inline-video { height: 100%; } .inline-video__container { position: relative; } .inline-video__border-line { padding: 0 10px; } .inline-video .play-button__inline-video { bottom: 0; left: 0; position: absolute; z-index: 1000; } .inline-video__smp { background-color: #000; padding-bottom: 56.25%; } .inline-video__smp--loaded { background-color: unset; padding-bottom: unset; } .inline-video__description { border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(106, 106, 106, 0.43); color: #737373; font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; line-height: 24px; margin: 0 10px 0 3%; padding: 20px 0 12px; } .inline-video__description--desktop { border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(106, 106, 106, 0.43); margin: 0 18px; padding: 28px 0 18px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .inline-image__description { border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(106, 106, 106, 0.43); font-style: italic; margin: 0 10px; padding: 20px 0 12px; } .inline-image__description--desktop { border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(106, 106, 106, 0.43); margin: 0 18px; padding: 20px 0 18px; } .inline-image img { border-radius: 0; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .inline-quote { border-left: 3px solid #575757; color: #575757; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: -1.69px; line-height: 32px; margin: 0; padding-left: 22px; } .inline-quote--worklife { border-left: 3px solid #8beed9; } .inline-quote--future { border-left: 3px solid #ffc857; } .inline-quote--culture { border-left: 3px solid #472479; } .inline-quote--earth { border-left: 3px solid #002856; } .inline-quote h2 { font-weight: 300; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .inline-audio-player { background: none; } .inline-audio-player__smp-container { display: inline-block; width: 100%; } .inline-audio-player__smp-container > div { /* CreateSMPAudio */ display: inline-block; width: 100%; } .inline-audio-player__smp-container > div > div { height: 50px; position: relative; /* stylelint-disable-next-line selector-max-compound-selectors */ } .inline-audio-player__smp-container > div > div > div { padding: 0 !important; } .inline-audio-player__container { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .inline-audio-player__cta-holder { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #ededed; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; padding-right: 8px; } .inline-audio-player__cta-container { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .inline-audio-player__cta-container.initialising * { cursor: initial; pointer-events: none; -webkit-user-select: none; -moz-user-select: none; -ms-user-select: none; user-select: none; } .inline-audio-player__cta-container.initialising button { opacity: 0.6; } .inline-audio-player__text { background: none; border: 0; color: #222; cursor: pointer; font-size: 18px; height: 25px; letter-spacing: -0.1px; line-height: 25px; margin-left: 12px; outline: inherit; padding: 0; } .inline-audio-player__text--offline { cursor: default; pointer-events: none; } .inline-audio-player__disclaimer { background-color: #e6711b; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; height: 25px; left: -110px; line-height: 12px; margin-left: 0; padding: 0 7px; position: relative; top: 25px; width: 66px; } .inline-audio-player__disclaimer:hover .inline-audio-player__arrow { -webkit-transform: rotate(45deg); transform: rotate(45deg); } .inline-audio-player__inner-arrow { color: #4d4d49; font-size: 10px; } .inline-audio-player__arrow-button { background-color: transparent; border: 0; margin-left: auto; outline: none; -webkit-transition: all 0.5s ease; transition: all 0.5s ease; } .inline-audio-player__arrow-button__open { -webkit-transform: rotate(180deg); transform: rotate(180deg); } .inline-audio-player__disclaimer-copy { color: #444; display: block; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 16px; } .inline-audio-player__arrow { border: solid #fff; border-width: 0 2px 2px 0; display: inline-block; padding: 3px; position: relative; top: -1px; -webkit-transform: rotate(-45deg); transform: rotate(-45deg); -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .inline-audio-player__hidden { display: none; } .inline-audio-player .collapsible-container { background-color: #ededed; color: #444; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; padding: 1rem; } .inline-audio-player .collapsible-container__hide { display: none; } .inline-audio-player .previous-button__inline-audio { margin-right: 1px; } .inline-audio-player__line { margin-top: 16px; } .inline-audio-player .previous-media-button { height: 50px; margin-right: 1px; width: 50px; } .inline-audio-player .previous-button__inline-audio { margin-right: 1px; } .copyright__text { color: #737373; font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: center; } @media (max-width: 767px) { .copyright__text { margin-top: 12px; } } .content-embed { width: 100%; } .infographic-embed__frame { width: 100%; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .article-video { height: 100%; position: relative; } .article-video img { bottom: -100%; display: block; height: 100%; left: -100%; margin: auto; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; object-fit: cover; position: absolute; right: -100%; top: -100%; width: 100%; } .article-video__overlay { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; height: 100%; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; top: 0; width: 100%; } .article-video__play-button { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; left: 50%; padding: 0; position: absolute; top: 50%; -webkit-transform: translate(-50%, -50%); transform: translate(-50%, -50%); z-index: 1500; } .article-video__label { margin-bottom: 16px; } .article-video__image { bottom: 0; height: 100%; position: absolute; top: 0; width: 100%; } .article-video__image--hide { opacity: 0; } .article-video__playercore { display: block; } .article-video__playercore--mobile { display: none; position: absolute; top: 0; width: 100%; } .article-video__playercore--show { display: block; } .article-video--bordered { border-radius: 4px; overflow: hidden; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .hero-video { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; height: 180px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; position: relative; z-index: 1; } .hero-video__video { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; height: 80%; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; position: relative; width: 80%; z-index: 2; } .hero-video__video--desktop { left: 0; top: 65px; width: 71.5% !important; } .hero-video__video--mobile { height: 100%; width: 100%; } .hero-video__video--small-desktop { height: 70%; left: 0; top: 78px; width: 67%; } .hero-video--small-desktop, .hero-video--desktop { display: block; height: 720px; } .hero-video img { bottom: -100%; display: block; height: 100%; left: -100%; margin: auto; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; object-fit: cover; position: absolute; right: -100%; top: -100%; width: 100%; -webkit-filter: brightness(40%); filter: brightness(40%); } @media all and (-ms-high-contrast: none), (-ms-high-contrast: active) { .hero-video img { opacity: 0.5; } } .hero-video--mobile { height: 280px; } .hero-video--medium-mobile { height: 430px; } .hero-video--tablet { height: 574px; } .hero-video--tablet .hero-video__video { margin-bottom: 10px; } .hero-video__play-button { position: absolute; z-index: 100; } .hero-video__video div div { position: inherit !important; position: unset !important; } .share-tools-popout { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #fff; border: 1px solid #979797; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; padding: 30px 0 20px; position: relative; width: 300px; } .share-tools-popout__text { color: #444; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3px; margin: 0 18px 18px; text-align: center; text-transform: uppercase; } .share-tools-popout__url-container { padding: 0 18px; width: 100%; } .share-tools-popout__articleurl { border: 1px solid #979797; -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; color: #a39f9f; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: -0.5px; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-top: 0; padding: 12px 10px; text-align: center; width: 262px; } .share-tools-popout__close { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: unset; border: unset; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; position: absolute; right: 8px; top: 20px; } .share-tools-popout__close:hover .share-tools-popout__close-icon { color: #888; -webkit-transform: rotate(90deg); transform: rotate(90deg); } .share-tools-popout__close-icon { color: #000; font-size: 16px; -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .share-tools-popout__border-arrow { background-color: #fff; border: 1px solid #979797; border-bottom: 0; border-right: 0; height: 12px; left: 40px; position: absolute; top: -7px; -webkit-transform: rotate(45deg); transform: rotate(45deg); width: 12px; } .share-tools-popout__tools { margin-bottom: 13px; } .share-tools-popout__details { -ms-flex-item-align: normal; -ms-grid-row-align: normal; align-self: normal; color: #444; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0; line-height: 16px; margin: 0; max-width: 180px; padding-left: 14px; } .share-tools-popout__copied, .share-tools-popout__copy { background-color: #000; border: unset; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding: 12px 6px; text-transform: uppercase; -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; width: 110px; } .share-tools-popout__copy:hover { background-color: #555; } .share-tools-popout__copied .gelicon--yes { color: #ff9700; margin-left: 8px; } .share-button-with-popout { position: relative; z-index: 9999; } .share-button-with-popout__popout { max-width: 330px; padding-right: 8px; position: absolute; top: 53px; width: 100%; } .share-button-with-popout__popout--desktop { width: auto; } .article-end__line--long { margin-bottom: 24px; } .article-end__share-tools { margin-bottom: 0; } .article-end--tablet .article-end__line--long { margin-bottom: 36px; } .article-end--desktop .article-end__line--long { margin-bottom: 44px; } .article-end--desktop .article-end__share-tools { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; margin-bottom: 50px; } .article-end--desktop .article-end__share { margin-top: 0; } .article-end__share { margin-top: 5px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .article-share-tools { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .article-share-tools a, .article-share-tools button { background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid #e4e4e4; border-radius: 0; -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; color: #979797; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; height: 52px; margin-right: 2px; width: 52px; } .article-share-tools--dark a, .article-share-tools--dark button { color: #444; height: 54px; width: 54px; } .article-share-tools--dark a svg, .article-share-tools--dark button svg { stroke: #444; } .article-share-tools a:hover, .article-share-tools button:hover { background-color: #fff; } .article-share-tools .facebook-icon:hover { color: #3b5898; } .article-share-tools .email-icon:hover { color: #615f5d; } .article-share-tools .twitter-icon:hover { color: #47c7fa; } .article-share-tools .linkedin-icon:hover { color: #0077b5; } .article-share-tools .whatsapp-icon:hover { color: #25d366; } .article-share-tools .facebook-messenger { color: #0184ff; } .article-share-tools .ticked-icon { background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid #e4e4e4; border-radius: 0; -webkit-box-shadow: none; box-shadow: none; font-size: 11px; margin-right: 2px; padding: 3px; } .article-share-tools--popout > *, .article-share-tools--popout a { color: #020203; margin-bottom: 3px; -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .domestic-disclaimer { background-color: #333; position: relative; } .domestic-disclaimer__content { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; margin: auto; max-width: 990px; } .domestic-disclaimer__content--desktop-small { max-width: 976px; } .domestic-disclaimer__content--desktop { max-width: 1248px; } .domestic-disclaimer__text { color: #d8d8d8; font-size: 13px; line-height: 14px; margin: auto; padding: 8px 16px; } .domestic-disclaimer__text--tablet { font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px; padding: 16px 54px 16px 16px; } .domestic-disclaimer__text--desktop { font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px; margin-left: 0; max-width: 890px; padding: 14px 16px; } .domestic-disclaimer__close-button { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: unset; border: unset; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; padding: 0 16px 0 0; position: relative; } .domestic-disclaimer__close-button--desktop { padding: 0 16px 0 0; } .domestic-disclaimer__close-icon { color: #d8d8d8; font-size: 16px; } .domestic-disclaimer__close-icon--desktop { font-size: 22px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .section-header-text__text { background-color: #fff; border-radius: 4px; -webkit-box-shadow: 0 0 20px 0 rgba(153, 153, 153, 0.5), 0 2px 5px 0 rgba(153, 153, 153, 0.5); box-shadow: 0 0 20px 0 rgba(153, 153, 153, 0.5), 0 2px 5px 0 rgba(153, 153, 153, 0.5); margin: 0 8px; opacity: 0.95; padding: 16px; position: relative; z-index: 3; } .section-header-text__text--no-margin { margin: 0; } .section-header-text__ad { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: end; justify-content: flex-end; margin: 0 8px 8px; position: relative; top: unset; } .section-header-text__ad--desktop { margin: 0 0 8px; } .section-header-text__title { display: inline-block; } .section-header-text__title--large-margin { margin: 0 40px 16px 0; } .section-header-text__title--premium { border: 1.78px solid; padding: 8px; } .section-header-text__title-content { color: #444; font-size: 22px; font-weight: bold; margin: unset; } .section-header-text__title-content--tablet { font-size: 24px; } .section-header-text__title-content--desktop { font-size: 28px; } .section-header-text__description { color: #555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0; } .section-header-text__description--large { font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .section-header-unit { max-width: 1280px; position: relative; } .section-header-unit--tablet { height: 320px; } .section-header-unit--desktop { border-radius: 4px; height: 320px; overflow: hidden; } .section-header-unit__image { height: 320px; max-height: 320px; overflow: hidden; position: relative; } .section-header-unit__image img { left: 50%; position: relative; top: 50%; -webkit-transform: translate(-50%, -50%); transform: translate(-50%, -50%); } .section-header-unit__image--right img { left: unset; min-width: 100%; right: 0; width: unset; } .section-header-unit__image--left img { left: unset; min-width: 100%; right: unset; width: unset; } .section-header-unit__content { position: relative; -webkit-transform: translateY(-50%); transform: translateY(-50%); } .section-header-unit__content--desktop { bottom: 0; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; max-width: 420px; position: absolute; right: 32px; top: 0; -webkit-transform: none; transform: none; } .section-header-unit__content--advert { -webkit-transform: translateY(calc(-50% - 28px)); transform: translateY(calc(-50% - 28px)); /* - half the height of the advert so the text is still centered. */ } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .label-list { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; position: relative; } .label-list__line { width: 100%; } .label-list__content { margin: 30px 0 0 16px; width: 100%; } .label-list__content--tablet { margin: 34px 0 0 38px; } .label-list__content--desktop { margin: 42px 0 0 32px; } .label-list__list-item { margin: 0; padding: 0; } .label-list__link { color: #444; font-size: 18px; line-height: 24px; text-decoration: none; } .label-list__link:hover { color: #adadad; } .label-list__link--large { font-size: 22px; line-height: 29px; } .label-list__link:not(:first-of-type) { margin-top: 8px; } .label-list__link--large:not(:first-of-type) { margin-top: 12px; } .label-list__list-items { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; margin-top: 36px; } .label-list__list-items--tablet { margin-top: 52px; } .label-list__list-items--desktop { margin-top: 46px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .offline-reading { font-family: 'CuriousSansBold'; -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; } .offline-reading__header { font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0 0 16px; max-width: 220px; text-align: center; } .offline-reading__header--desktop { font-size: 18px; max-width: 460px; } .offline-reading__buttons { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; text-align: center; } .offline-reading__buttons--desktop { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; } .offline-reading__top-stories { margin-bottom: 24px; } .offline-reading__top-stories--desktop { margin: 0 16px 0 0; } .offline-reading__icon { display: block; height: auto; margin-bottom: 24px; width: 120px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .rectangle-image { background-size: cover; height: 74px; max-width: 100%; overflow: hidden; position: relative; width: 132px; } .rectangle-image img { height: 100%; left: 50%; position: absolute; top: 50%; -webkit-transform: translate(-50%, -50%); transform: translate(-50%, -50%); width: auto; } .rectangle-image--small { -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; height: 32px; width: 56px; } .rectangle-image--large { -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; height: 162px; width: 288px; } .rectangle-image--medium { -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; height: 126px; width: 222px; } .rectangle-image--full-screen { padding-top: 56.25%; width: 100%; } .rectangle-image img { -webkit-transition: all 0.4s ease; transition: all 0.4s ease; } .rectangle-image__overlay { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); bottom: 0; height: 100%; left: 0; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; width: 100%; } .rectangle-image__overlay--culture { background-color: rgba(72, 41, 120, 0.6); } .rectangle-image:hover .rectangle-image__overlay { opacity: 1; } .rectangle-image:hover img { height: 108%; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .rectangle-story-item { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; height: 100%; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; margin: auto; max-width: 100%; width: 288px; } .rectangle-story-item__image-container:hover .rectangle-image__overlay { opacity: 1; } .rectangle-story-item__image-container:hover .rectangle-story-item__icon { background-color: #000; } .rectangle-story-item__image-container--culture:hover .rectangle-story-item__icon { background-color: #482978; } .rectangle-story-item__image-container:hover .rectangle-image img { height: 108%; } .rectangle-story-item__image-container { position: relative; width: 100%; } .rectangle-story-item--tablet { width: 222px; } .rectangle-story-item__container { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex: 1 1 auto; flex: 1 1 auto; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; margin-top: 3px; width: 100%; } .rectangle-story-item__label { color: #4a4a4a; display: block; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3px; line-height: 16px; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 20px; padding-bottom: 3px; text-decoration: none; text-transform: uppercase; } .rectangle-story-item__label--worklife:hover, .rectangle-story-item__label--future:hover, .rectangle-story-item__label__travel:hover { background-image: none; } .rectangle-story-item__label--worklife > span:hover, .rectangle-story-item__label--future > span:hover, .rectangle-story-item__label__travel > span:hover { border-bottom: 1px solid #4a4a4a; } .rectangle-story-item__label--culture:hover { background-image: none; } .rectangle-story-item__label--culture > span:hover { border-bottom: 1px solid #482978; } .rectangle-story-item__line { display: block; margin: 16px 0; } .rectangle-story-item__author { color: #4a4a4a; display: block; font-size: 14px; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: 0.1px; line-height: 35px; text-decoration: none; } .rectangle-story-item__title { color: rgba(46, 46, 46, 0.85); display: block; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: -0.21px; line-height: 30px; text-decoration: none; } .rectangle-story-item__icon { background-color: #000; bottom: 0; color: #fff; font-size: 14px; height: 44px; line-height: 44px; position: absolute; text-align: center; -webkit-transition: 0.4s ease; transition: 0.4s ease; width: 44px; } .rectangle-story-item__title--white, .rectangle-story-item__author--white, .rectangle-story-item__label--white { color: #fff; } .rectangle-story-item__label--white:hover { border-bottom: 0; } .rectangle-story-item__label--white > span:hover { border-bottom: 1px solid #fff; } .rectangle-article-group { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex: 1 1; flex: 1 1; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; position: relative; } .rectangle-article-group--tablet, .rectangle-article-group--desktop { -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; } .rectangle-article-group__article { display: inline-block; padding-top: 12px; } .rectangle-article-group__article--tablet { padding: 0 16px 0 0; } .rectangle-article-group__article--desktop { padding: 0 24px 0 0; } .fake-ad { -ms-flex-line-pack: center; align-content: center; -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background: #f6f6f6; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; padding: 8px; } .fake-ad__body { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background: #5ae9cb; color: #fff; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex: 0 0 auto; flex: 0 0 auto; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; } .fake-ad__text { -ms-flex-item-align: center; -ms-grid-row-align: center; align-self: center; color: #444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.5; text-align: right; text-transform: uppercase; } .fake-ad--mpu .fake-ad__body { height: 320px; width: 320px; } .fake-ad--mpu .fake-ad__text { width: 320px; } .fake-ad--mobile-leaderboard .fake-ad__body { height: 50px; width: 300px; } .fake-ad--mobile-leaderboard .fake-ad__text { width: 300px; } .fake-ad--leaderboard .fake-ad__body { height: 90px; width: 728px; } .fake-ad--leaderboard .fake-ad__text { width: 728px; } .body-text-card-inline-image { margin: 24px 0; position: relative; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .body-text-card { color: #444; display: block; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.5; } .body-text-card__image, .body-text-card__video { margin: 24px 0; } .body-text-card__text { display: block; } .body-text-card__advert { margin: 20px 0; } .body-text-card__text div a { cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; } .body-text-card__text a:hover { text-decoration: underline; } .body-text-card__text > div > p { margin: 0 20px 16px; } .body-text-card__text > div > p:last-child { margin-bottom: 0; padding-bottom: 0; } .body-text-card__drop-capped { float: left; margin: 0 8px 0 20px; padding-top: 6px; } .body-text-card__text--drop-capped p:first-of-type::first-letter { color: transparent; font-size: 0; } .body-text-card__text--flush-text > div > p { margin-left: 0; margin-right: 0; } .body-text-card__text--future div a:visited { color: #666; } .body-text-card__text--future div a { color: #002856; -webkit-text-decoration-color: #002856; text-decoration-color: #002856; } .body-text-card__text--travel div a { color: #589e50; -webkit-text-decoration-color: #589e50; text-decoration-color: #589e50; } .body-text-card__text--worklife div a { color: #0052a1; -webkit-text-decoration-color: #0052a1; text-decoration-color: #0052a1; } .body-text-card__text--earth div a { color: #0fbb56; -webkit-text-decoration-color: #0fbb56; text-decoration-color: #0fbb56; } .body-text-card__text--culture div a { color: #472479; -webkit-text-decoration-color: #472479; text-decoration-color: #472479; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .branding { -webkit-box-sizing: content-box !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; display: inline-block; height: 24px; padding: 12px 16px; width: 100%; } .branding__icon { display: inline-block; height: 24px; width: 100%; } .branding__icon g { fill: #fff; } .branding--medium { padding: 16px; } .branding--large { padding: 16px 24px; } .branding--worklife { background-color: #0052a1; } .branding--future { background-color: #002856; } .branding--culture { background-color: #472479; } .branding--earth { background-color: #0fbb56; } .branding--travel { background-color: #589e50; } .branding--travel svg, .branding--earth svg, .branding--culture svg, .branding--future svg, .branding--worklife svg { height: 24px; } .branding--small, .branding--small svg { height: 17px; } .branding__icon--medium, .branding--medium, .branding--medium svg { height: 22px; } .branding__icon--large, .branding--large, .branding--large svg { height: 24px; } .branding__icon--largest, .branding--largest, .branding--largest svg { height: 32px; } .branding__icon--small, .branding--travel .branding__icon--small svg, .branding--earth .branding__icon--small svg, .branding--culture .branding__icon--small svg, .branding--future .branding__icon--small svg, .branding--worklife .branding__icon--small svg { height: 17px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .swimlane-inner { background-position: center; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: auto 100%; display: block; padding: 24px 16px; } .swimlane-inner--small { padding: 24px 8px; } .swimlane-inner--tablet { padding: 28px 16px 42px; } .swimlane-inner--small-desktop { padding: 30px 16px 42px; } .swimlane-inner--desktop { padding: 38px 16px 42px; } .swimlane { overflow: hidden; position: relative; z-index: 0; } .swimlane__black { background-color: #0e0e0e; } .swimlane__background-image { height: 500px; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; width: 915px; z-index: -1; } .swimlane__background-image--mobile { height: 181px; width: 320px; } .swimlane__background-image--tablet { height: 421px; width: 752px; } .swimlane__background-image--desktop { height: 500px; width: 915px; } .swimlane__background-image--atb { background-color: rgba(51, 51, 51, 0.8); background-size: cover; height: 100%; width: 100%; } .swimlane__item { margin: 0 0 25px; width: 100%; } .swimlane__item--desktop { margin: 0; } .swimlane__item--tablet { margin: 0 16px 25px 0; width: calc((100% - 48px) / 3); } .swimlane__item--tablet:nth-of-type(3n + 3) { margin-right: 0; } .swimlane__item--two-columns { margin-right: 0 !important; max-width: 572px; width: 50%; } .swimlane__item--four-columns { -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 25px; margin-right: 16px; width: calc((100% - 48px) / 4); } .swimlane__item--four-columns:nth-of-type(4n + 4) { margin-right: 0; } .swimlane__items { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; margin-top: 24px; text-align: left; } .swimlane__items--desktop { -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; margin-top: 42px; } .swimlane__items--small-desktop { -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-top: 30px; } .swimlane__items--tablet { -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; margin-top: 30px; } .swimlane__items--no-title { margin-top: 0; } .swimlane__content { margin: auto; max-width: 942px; text-align: center; } .swimlane__content--desktop { max-width: 1216px; } .swimlane__title { color: #fff; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 2.92px; line-height: 19px; text-transform: uppercase; } .swimlane__title--black { color: #010101; font-weight: 400; } .see-more-button-container-alt { color: #0e0e0e; } .follow-us-on { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; position: relative; } .follow-us-on__text { color: #fff; font-size: 16px; font-style: condensed; line-height: 20px; margin: 0 0 20px; padding: 0; text-transform: uppercase; } .follow-us-on__links { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; } .follow-us-on__link:first-child { margin-right: 16px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .nav-bar { background-color: #fff; } .nav-bar__hidden-menu { display: none; } .nav-bar__visible-menu { display: block; } .nav-bar__no-scroll { max-height: 100vh; overflow: hidden; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .dot-with-label { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .dot-with-label__text { padding-left: 8px; } .dot-with-label__text a { text-decoration: none; } .dot-with-label__text:hover h2 { color: #adadad; } .sponsor-section { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; height: 100%; max-width: 530px; } .sponsor-section--menu { padding: 20px 0 16px 24px; } .sponsor-section__container { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; height: 100%; } .sponsor-section__container--desktop { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; } .sponsor-section__sponsor { color: #fff; padding-right: 16px; } .sponsor-section__sponsor-name { font-family: 'CuriousSansBold'; color: #4e4e4e; font-size: 26px; margin: 0; white-space: nowrap; } .sponsor-section__sponsor-name--mobile { padding-bottom: 16px; } .sponsor-section__sponsor-name--desktop { font-size: 22px; } .sponsor-section__sponsor-name--menu { color: #fff; } .sponsor-section__sponsor-name--menu-desktop { font-size: 32px; } .sponsor-section__summary { color: #ebebeb; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; padding-top: 16px; } .sponsor-section__advert { display: inline-block; } .icon-with-label { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .icon-with-label__icon { padding-right: 10px; } .full-width-image-article { width: 100%; } .full-width-image-article__container { min-height: 325px; overflow: hidden; position: relative; } .full-width-image-article__container--desktop { min-height: 400px; } .full-width-image-article__image { height: 100%; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; width: 100%; } .full-width-image-article__image img { bottom: -100%; display: block; height: 100%; left: -100%; margin: auto; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; object-fit: cover; position: absolute; right: -100%; top: -100%; width: 100%; } .full-width-image-article__text { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; color: #fff; left: 50%; max-width: 488px; padding: 0 20px; position: absolute; text-align: center; top: 50%; -webkit-transform: translate(-50%, -50%); transform: translate(-50%, -50%); width: 100%; } .full-width-image-article__text a { color: #fff; text-decoration: none; } .full-width-image-article__text .full-width-image-article-text__label { display: inline-block; font-size: 14.4px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3.6px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 11px; text-transform: uppercase; } .full-width-image-article__text .full-width-image-article-text__header { font-size: 24px; letter-spacing: -0.25px; line-height: 42px; margin: 0; padding: 0; } .full-width-image-article__text .full-width-image-article-text__header--desktop { font-size: 33.6px; } .full-width-image-article__text .full-width-image-article-text__author { font-size: 16.6px; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: -0.13px; line-height: 42px; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 28px; } .full-width-image-article__text .full-width-image-article-text__author--desktop { margin-top: 32px; } .full-width-image-article__background { background-image: radial-gradient(50% 49%, rgba(5, 36, 53, 0.37) 50%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 83%); height: 100%; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0; width: 100%; } .full-width-image-article__link { color: #fff; text-decoration: none; } .more-articles { background-position: center; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: cover; -o-object-fit: cover; object-fit: cover; overflow: hidden; position: relative; -webkit-transition: background-image 0.4s; transition: background-image 0.4s; } .more-articles__heading { display: inline-block; margin: auto; max-width: 1272px; padding: 20px 0 0 16px; position: relative; z-index: 5; } .more-articles__stories { margin: 10px 16px 42px; max-width: 1232px; padding: 8px; position: relative; z-index: 4; } .more-articles__stories--small { padding: 0; } .more-articles__stories--tablet { margin: 24px 16px 72px; max-width: 1216px; } .more-articles__stories--desktop { margin: 56px 48px 92px; max-width: 1152px; } .more-articles__story-container:not(:first-of-type) { padding-top: 16px; } .more-articles__line { opacity: 0.3; padding-top: 16px; z-index: 5; } .more-articles__image-overlay { background-color: rgba(25, 62, 109, 0.3); bottom: -100%; display: block; height: 100%; left: -100%; margin: auto; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; -o-object-fit: cover; object-fit: cover; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; right: -100%; top: -100%; width: 100%; z-index: 1; } .more-articles__image { opacity: 0; -webkit-transition: 0.6s; transition: 0.6s; } .more-articles__image img { bottom: -100%; display: block; height: 100%; left: -100%; margin: auto; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; object-fit: cover; position: absolute; right: -100%; top: -100%; width: 100%; } .more-articles__image--right img { left: unset; min-width: 100%; right: 0; width: unset; } .more-articles__image--left img { left: unset; min-width: 100%; right: unset; width: unset; } .more-articles__image--visible { opacity: 1; } .more-articles__story--two-columns, .more-articles__story--three-columns { padding-right: 16px; width: 310px; } .more-articles__story-container:nth-child(even) .more-articles__story--two-columns { padding-right: 0; } .more-articles__story-container:nth-child(3n + 3) .more-articles__story--three-columns { padding-right: 0; } .more-articles__stories--two-columns, .more-articles__stories--three-columns { -ms-flex-align: end; align-items: flex-end; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; padding: 16px; } .more-articles__stories--two-columns .more-articles-item__link, .more-articles__stories--three-columns .more-articles-item__link { pointer-events: all; } .more-articles__story-container--two-columns { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; width: 50%; } .more-articles__story-container--two-columns:nth-child(2) { padding-top: 0; } .more-articles__story-container--three-columns { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; width: 33%; } .more-articles__story-container--three-columns:nth-child(-n + 3) { padding-top: 0; } .more-articles__heading--small { padding: 20px 0 0 8px; } .more-articles__heading--desktop { max-width: 1264px; padding: 38px 0 0 16px; } .more-articles__heading--tablet { max-width: 1264px; padding: 24px 0 0 16px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .more-articles-item { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; position: relative; z-index: 5; } .more-articles-item__link { text-decoration: none; } .more-articles-item__container { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; width: 100%; } .more-articles-item__label { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-top: 8px; } .more-articles-item__type { margin-right: 16px; position: relative; } .more-articles-item__icon { color: #fff; font-size: 12px; margin-right: 8px; } .more-articles-item__text { color: #fff; font-size: 20px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 24px; padding: 0; position: relative; text-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(25, 62, 109, 0.7); -webkit-transition: color 0.4s; transition: color 0.4s; } .more-articles-item__text--medium { font-size: 22px; line-height: 28px; } .more-articles-item__text--large { color: #ebebeb; font-size: 30px; line-height: 37px; } .more-articles-item__container--column { -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; } .more-articles-item__image-container { position: relative; } .more-articles-item--two-columns { margin-right: 16px; } .more-articles-item__label--desktop { margin-top: 16px; } .more-articles-item__label--tablet { margin-top: 16px; } .more-articles-item__link:hover .more-articles-item__text { color: #adadad; } .most-popular { background-color: #f9f9f9; } .most-popular__inner { margin: 0 auto; max-width: 894px; padding: 45px 24px 21px; } .most-popular__inner--desktop { padding: 47px 0 86px; } .most-popular__header { color: #010101; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 2.92px; line-height: 19px; margin: 0; text-align: center; text-transform: uppercase; } .most-popular__items { display: block; } .most-popular__items--desktop { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-top: 57px; } .most-popular-item { box-sizing: border-box; padding-top: 33px; } .most-popular-item:last-of-type { margin-bottom: 42px; } .most-popular-item--desktop { padding: 0 20px; width: calc(33.333%); } .most-popular-item--desktop:nth-child(3n + 2) { -ms-flex-order: 2; order: 2; padding: 38px 20px; } .most-popular-item--desktop:nth-child(3n + 3) { -ms-flex-order: 3; order: 3; } .most-popular-item--desktop:nth-child(n+4) { border-left: 1px solid #dadada; } .most-popular-item--desktop:last-of-type { margin-bottom: 0; } .most-popular-item a { text-decoration: none; } .most-popular-item__content { -ms-flex-align: end; align-items: flex-end; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; margin-top: 5px; } .most-popular-item__number { color: #cbcbcb; font-size: 40px; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; line-height: 32px; margin: 0 20px 0 0; width: 25px; } .most-popular-item__label { color: #4a4a4a; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3px; margin: 0 0 0 45px; text-transform: uppercase; } .most-popular-item__title { color: #2e2e2ecc; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: -0.17px; line-height: 22px; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; } .most-popular-item__title--desktop { font-size: 16px; } .StickyElementContent { -webkit-transition: -webkit-transform 0.5s; transition: -webkit-transform 0.5s; transition: transform 0.5s; transition: transform 0.5s, -webkit-transform 0.5s; } .StickyElementContent--is-undocked { left: 0; position: fixed; top: 0; width: 100%; } .StickyElementContent--is-hidden { -webkit-transform: translateY(-100%); transform: translateY(-100%); } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .error-page-header { position: relative; } .error-page-header__headers { margin-bottom: 16px; position: relative; z-index: 1; } .error-page-header__headers--tablet-plus { margin-bottom: 32px; } .error-page-header__description { color: #444; font-size: 16px; line-height: 20px; } .error-page-header__play-icon { margin-right: 16px; } .error-page-header__play-icon button { color: #adadad; } .error-page-header__dot-label { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .styled-list { list-style: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; } .styled-list__item { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; } .styled-list__item:not(:first-of-type) { padding-top: 8px; } .styled-list__item a { font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; } .styled-list__item--worklife a { color: #8beed9; } .styled-list__item--future a { color: #ffc857; } .styled-list__item--culture a { color: #472479; } .styled-list__item--earth a { color: #002856; } .styled-list__item--travel a { color: #002856; } .styled-list__text { color: #444; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; padding-left: 20px; } .styled-list__dot { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; margin-top: 8px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .image-gallery-item { margin: 26px 0; } .image-gallery-item img { height: 100%; -o-object-fit: cover; object-fit: cover; width: 100%; } .image-gallery-item__image--landscape { margin: 20px 0 20px -3%; width: 106%; } @media (max-width: 1000px) and (min-width: 767px) { .image-gallery-item__image--landscape { margin: 20px 0 20px -16%; width: 116%; } } @media (max-width: 1180px) and (min-width: 1024px) { .image-gallery-item__image--landscape { margin: 20px 0 20px -8%; width: 108%; } } @media (max-width: 1365px) and (min-width: 1280px) { .image-gallery-item__image--landscape { margin: 20px 0 20px -42%; width: 142%; } } @media (min-width: 1366px) { .image-gallery-item__image--landscape { margin: 20px 0 20px -55%; width: 155%; } } .image-gallery-item__image--portrait { margin: 20px 0; width: 100%; } @media (max-width: 599px) { .image-gallery-item__image--portrait { margin-left: -3%; width: 106%; } } .image-gallery-item__image--portrait, .image-gallery-item__image--portrait img { max-height: 507px; min-height: 463px; } @media (max-width: 1279px) and (min-width: 768px) { .image-gallery-item__image--portrait, .image-gallery-item__image--portrait img { min-height: 818px; } } .error-page { position: relative; } .error-page__container { margin-bottom: 16px; } .error-page__container--tablet-plus { margin-bottom: 32px; } .error-page__title { margin-bottom: 12px; } .error-page__title--desktop { margin-bottom: 24px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .article-labels { font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px; text-transform: uppercase; } .article-labels a { color: #fff; letter-spacing: 1px; text-decoration: none; } .article-labels__text:first-child { font-weight: bold; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .rectangle-story-group { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; margin: auto; position: relative; } .rectangle-story-group__articles { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex: 1 1; flex: 1 1; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; position: relative; } .rectangle-story-group__articles--small-tablet { -ms-flex-pack: unset; justify-content: unset; } .rectangle-story-group__articles--full-screen { display: block; } .rectangle-story-group__article { display: inline-block; padding-left: 18px; padding-top: 16px; } .rectangle-story-group__article--tablet { padding-left: 20px; padding-top: 22px; } .rectangle-story-group__article--desktop { padding-left: 22px; padding-top: 24px; } .rectangle-story-group__article--desktop:first-of-type { padding-left: 8px; } .rectangle-story-group__article--small-tablet { -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; width: 50%; } .rectangle-story-group__article--full-screen { display: block; padding: 16px; } .rectangle-story-group__article--full-screen:first-of-type { padding-top: 0; } .rectangle-story-group__article--small-desktop { padding-left: 10px; } .rectangle-story-group__article--small-desktop:last-of-type { padding-right: 8px; } .rectangle-story-group__articles-container { margin: auto; max-width: 950px; overflow: hidden; width: 100%; } .rectangle-story-group__advert-mpu { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 16px 16px 24px; } .rectangle-story-group__advert-mpu--desktop { border-left: 1px solid #dadada; display: block; padding: 0 0 0 16px; padding-top: 0; } .rectangle-story-group__advert-mpu--small-desktop { display: block; padding: 0 0 0 8px; } .rectangle-story-group__hero--desktop { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .rectangle-story-group__article-hero--tablet { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .article-title-card-rectangle { width: 100%; } .article-title-card-rectangle__image:hover .article-title-card-rectangle__overlay { opacity: 1; } .article-title-card-rectangle__overlay { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); bottom: 0; height: 100%; left: 0; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; -webkit-transition: -webkit-transform 0.5s ease; transition: -webkit-transform 0.5s ease; transition: transform 0.5s ease; transition: transform 0.5s ease, -webkit-transform 0.5s ease; width: 100%; will-change: transform; } .article-title-card-rectangle__overlay--culture { background-color: rgba(72, 41, 120, 0.6); } .article-title-card-rectangle__image { margin-right: 40px; max-height: 390px; max-width: 620px; overflow: hidden; position: relative; width: auto; } .article-title-card-rectangle__image img { display: block; min-height: 194px; min-width: 344px; width: 100%; } .article-title-card-rectangle__image--tablet, .article-title-card-rectangle__image--desktop { margin-right: 0; width: 100%; } .article-title-card-rectangle__image--tablet img, .article-title-card-rectangle__image--desktop img { width: 110%; } .article-title-card-rectangle__image--preview-article { margin-right: 0; } .article-title-card-rectangle__image--index { margin-right: 0; max-width: 100%; } .article-title-card-rectangle__container { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; position: relative; } .article-title-card-rectangle__container--tablet, .article-title-card-rectangle__container--desktop { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; } .article-title-card-rectangle__container--preview-article { margin-right: 8px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__container--index { -ms-flex-align: initial; align-items: initial; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box { background-color: #fff; margin-left: 40px; padding: 16px 22px 0; position: relative; top: -22px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label { color: #4a4a4a; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0; text-transform: uppercase; width: -webkit-fit-content; width: -moz-fit-content; width: fit-content; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label--worklife:hover, .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label--future:hover { border-bottom: 1px solid #4a4a4a; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label--culture:hover { border-bottom: 1px solid #482978; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label--index { color: #000; font-size: 20px; font-weight: 300; letter-spacing: -0.53px; line-height: 30px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label--index--tablet { font-size: 28px; letter-spacing: -0.74px; line-height: 44px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label--index--desktop { font-size: 32px; letter-spacing: -0.84px; line-height: 44px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__header { color: #2e2e2e; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: -0.21px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 12px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__header--desktop { font-size: 28px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__header--tablet { font-size: 26px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__header--index { color: #3d3d3d; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: -0.12px; line-height: 31px; margin-top: 4px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__author { color: #4a4a4a; font-size: 14px; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: -0.1px; line-height: 35px; margin: 8px 0 0; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__author--tablet { margin: 14px 0 0; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box--tablet, .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box--desktop { left: -40px; margin: 0; padding: 40px; top: 0; -webkit-transform: none; transform: none; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box--desktop { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box--tablet { padding: 35px 22px 22px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box--index { left: 0; margin-right: 40px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box--index--tablet { margin-left: 50px; margin-right: 50px; padding: 30px 36px 0; top: -80px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box--index--desktop { margin-left: 50px; max-width: 560px; top: -88px; width: 100%; } .article-title-card-rectangle__link { color: #000; text-decoration: none; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-container { display: block; max-width: 252px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-container--tablet, .article-title-card-rectangle__text-container--desktop { max-width: 320px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__preview-container { color: #4d4d4d; text-decoration: none; } .article-title-card-rectangle__preview-text { display: block; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; margin-top: 27px; max-width: 396px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__read-more { display: inline-block; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 4px; margin: 25px 16px 0 0; text-transform: uppercase; } .article-title-card-rectangle__arrow { color: #bababa; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(-90deg); transform: rotate(-90deg); } .article-headline { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; padding: 43px 0; } .article-headline .article-labels { text-align: center; } .article-headline__line--short { margin-bottom: 40px; } .article-headline--largeTablet .article-headline__text { font-size: 32px; text-align: center; } .article-headline--tablet { padding: 31px 0; } .article-headline--tablet .article-headline__collection { margin-bottom: 24px; } .article-headline--tablet .article-headline__text { font-size: 32px; letter-spacing: -0.84px; margin: 0 15px 23px; text-align: center; } .article-headline--mobile { padding: 20px 0; } .article-headline--mobile .article-headline__text { font-size: 24px; letter-spacing: -0.63px; margin: 0 15px 15px; text-align: center; } .article-headline--mobile .article-headline__collection { margin-bottom: 15px; } .article-headline__collection { margin-bottom: 40px; } .article-headline__collection a { color: #242424; } .article-headline__text { font-size: 45px; letter-spacing: -1.26px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 44px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .loading-spinner { margin: 0 auto; text-align: center; } .loading-spinner__message { color: #002756; display: block; font-size: 1.2rem; font-weight: bold; margin: 12px 0; text-align: center; text-transform: uppercase; } .loading-spinner__image { display: block; margin: 0 auto; width: 48px; } @media only screen and (min-width: 1600px) { .hero-image { height: 900px; position: relative; } .hero-image img { bottom: -100%; display: block; height: 100%; left: -100%; margin: auto; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; object-fit: cover; position: absolute; right: -100%; top: -100%; width: 100%; } } @media only screen and (max-width: 1600px) { .hero-image { height: 0; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 56.25%; position: relative; } .hero-image img { height: 100%; left: 0; position: absolute; top: 0; width: 100%; } } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .article-hero { height: 672px; margin: 0; overflow: hidden; position: relative; width: 100%; } .article-hero--small-mobile { height: 373px; } .article-hero--mobile { height: 486px; } .article-hero--small-tablet { height: 433px; } .article-hero--tablet { height: 433px; } .article-hero--tablet .article-hero__content { padding: 60px 15px 0; } .article-hero__content { margin: auto; max-width: 1004px; pointer-events: none; position: relative; z-index: 1; } .article-hero--desktop { height: 573px; } .article-hero--desktop .article-hero__content { padding: 50px 30px 0; } .article-hero--large-desktop .article-hero__content { max-width: 1276px; } .article-hero--small-tablet .article-hero__content, .article-hero--mobile .article-hero__content, .article-hero--small-mobile .article-hero__content { padding: 60px 10px 0; } .article-hero--small-tablet .article-hero__content-title, .article-hero--mobile .article-hero__content-title, .article-hero--small-mobile .article-hero__content-title { font-size: 24px; line-height: 30px; max-width: 220px; } .article-hero--small-tablet .article-hero__content-line, .article-hero--mobile .article-hero__content-line, .article-hero--small-mobile .article-hero__content-line { margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 16px; } .article-hero--small-tablet .article-hero__content-labels, .article-hero--mobile .article-hero__content-labels, .article-hero--small-mobile .article-hero__content-labels { margin-bottom: 15px; } .article-hero--small-tablet .article-hero__content-cta, .article-hero--mobile .article-hero__content-cta, .article-hero--small-mobile .article-hero__content-cta { line-height: 22px; } .article-hero--small-tablet .article-hero__content-cta a, .article-hero--mobile .article-hero__content-cta a, .article-hero--small-mobile .article-hero__content-cta a { letter-spacing: 3px; } .article-hero__ambient-hidden { display: none; } .article-hero__background-ambient { bottom: 0; left: 0; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; z-index: -1; } .article-hero__background::after { background-image: linear-gradient(-63deg, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 0%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.06) 24%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 51%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.32) 67%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.51) 100%); content: ''; height: 100%; left: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0; width: 100%; } .article-hero__background img { bottom: -100%; display: block; height: 100%; left: -100%; margin: auto; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; object-fit: cover; position: absolute; right: -100%; top: -100%; width: 100%; } .article-hero__background--parallax img { -webkit-transform: scale(1.1); transform: scale(1.1); } .article-hero a { color: #fff; letter-spacing: 3px; text-decoration: none; } .article-hero__content-cta { clear: both; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: 4px; line-height: 20px; max-width: 170px; pointer-events: all; text-shadow: 0 2px 4px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5); text-transform: uppercase; } .article-hero__content-cta a { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; letter-spacing: 4px; } .article-hero__content-labels { font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 1px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 20px; pointer-events: all; } .article-hero__content-line { background-color: #fff; border: 0; display: block; float: left; height: 1px; margin-bottom: 18px; margin-right: 300px; margin-top: 25px; width: 120px; } .article-hero__content-right-arrow { position: relative; } .article-hero__content-right-arrow::before { background: #fff; content: ''; height: 2px; left: 5px; margin-top: -1px; opacity: 0.4; position: absolute; top: 50%; -webkit-transition: all 0.3s ease; transition: all 0.3s ease; width: 20px; } .article-hero__content-right-arrow::after { border-right: 2px solid #fff; border-top: 2px solid #fff; content: ''; display: inline-block; height: 10px; left: 16px; margin-top: 5px; opacity: 0.4; position: absolute; -webkit-transform: rotate(45deg); transform: rotate(45deg); width: 10px; } .article-hero__content-right-arrow--small::before { opacity: 1; } .article-hero__content-right-arrow--small::after { margin-top: 6px; opacity: 1; } .article-hero__content-right-arrow img { height: 11px; margin-left: 10px; width: 19px; } .article-hero__content-title { color: #fff; font-size: 50px; line-height: 54px; margin-top: 0; max-width: 450px; pointer-events: all; text-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(51, 51, 51, 0.7); } .article-hero__content-title a { letter-spacing: -1.32px; } .article-hero__title-text { display: inline; } .article-hero__content-title > a:hover > div, .article-hero__content-subtitle > a:hover { background-image: -webkit-gradient(linear, left top, right top, color-stop(100%, currentColor), color-stop(0%, transparent)); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, currentColor 100%, transparent 0%); background-position: 0 1.15em; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: 100% 2px; } .article-hero__content-subtitle { clear: both; color: #fff; font-size: 23px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 32px; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0; max-width: 440px; pointer-events: all; text-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(51, 51, 51, 0.5); } .article-hero__content-subtitle a { letter-spacing: -1px; } .article-hero__content-title--small { font-size: 30px; line-height: 35px; } .article-hero__content-title--tablet { clear: both; font-size: 32px; letter-spacing: -0.84px; line-height: 42px; max-width: 264px; } .article-hero__content-title--small a { letter-spacing: -0.63px; } .article-hero__down-arrow { background-color: transparent; border: 0; bottom: 0; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; left: calc(50% - 29px); margin: 0; margin-bottom: 15px; padding: 0; position: absolute; -webkit-transform: scale(0.5); transform: scale(0.5); } .see-more-button-container { color: #fff; } /* stylelint-disable */ @media screen and (min-width: 1000px) { .similar-articles-story { max-width: 900px; } } @media screen and (min-width: 601px) and (max-width: 999px) { .similar-articles-story { max-width: 600px; } } @media screen and (max-width: 600px) { .similar-articles-story { max-width: 300px; } } .related-articles { position: relative; } .related-articles__header { text-align: center; background-color: #000; color: #fff; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 3px; margin: 0 0 20px; padding: 8px; text-transform: uppercase; } .related-articles__header--bright { margin: 20px 0 1.15ex; font-size: 13px; background-color: #d8d8d8; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.7); letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 3; } .related-articles__list { list-style: none; padding: 0 0 1.5ex 0; margin: 0; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-flow: row wrap; flex-flow: row wrap; /* .with-numbers */ } .related-articles__list li { -ms-flex-preferred-size: 100%; flex-basis: 100%; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-flow: row nowrap; flex-flow: row nowrap; -ms-flex-pack: start; justify-content: flex-start; -ms-flex-align: stretch; align-items: stretch; -ms-flex-line-pack: stretch; align-content: stretch; } .related-articles__list li > div { -ms-flex: 1 1; flex: 1 1; } .related-articles__list.with-numbers { counter-reset: related-numbers; list-style-image: url(data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7); margin: 0 35px; } .related-articles__list.with-numbers li::before { counter-increment: related-numbers; content: counter(related-numbers); font-weight: bold; font-size: 40px; -ms-flex-item-align: end; align-self: flex-end; line-height: 1.85; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: 0; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.18); -ms-flex: 0.1 0.1; flex: 0.1 0.1; -ms-flex-preferred-size: 1ex; flex-basis: 1ex; padding-right: 1ex; text-align: center; display: block; } .related-articles__list.with-numbers li { margin-bottom: 10px; } .related-articles--wide-layout { background-color: initial; margin-top: 20px; } ul.related-articles__list:not(.list-wide) li { max-width: 100%; } ul.related-articles__list:not(.list-wide).with-borders li:not(:last-of-type) { border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); } ul.related-articles__list.list-wide li { max-width: 49.8%; } ul.related-articles__list.list-wide.with-borders li { border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); } .related-article { -ms-flex-align: stretch; align-items: stretch; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-flow: row nowrap; flex-flow: row nowrap; -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 16px; min-height: 90px; } .related-article__image { width: calc(90px + 0.5ex); -ms-flex: 0.3 0.3; flex: 0.3 0.3; min-width: 90px; max-width: calc(90px + 0.5ex); margin: 0; display: block; line-height: 0; -ms-flex-order: -1; order: -1; } .related-article__image img { width: 100%; border: 0; margin: 0 12px 0 0; } .related-article__text { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-flow: column nowrap; flex-flow: column nowrap; width: 100%; -ms-flex-pack: start; justify-content: flex-start; -ms-flex-line-pack: start; align-content: flex-start; position: relative; padding: 12px 6px 12px 0; line-height: 1.5; } .related-article__text a { width: 100%; padding-left: 12px; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; text-decoration: none; } .related-article__text a + a { margin-top: 1ex; } .related-article__text br { display: none; } .related-article__title { color: rgba(46, 46, 46, 0.85); letter-spacing: -0.01em; -ms-flex: 1 1; flex: 1 1; } .related-article__title:hover { color: #2e2e2e; } .related-article__collection { display: block; color: #4a4a4a; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 2.5px; line-height: 1.2; text-decoration: none; text-transform: uppercase; } .related-article__collection span { display: none; } .related-articles__list.square-images .related-article { margin: 0.75ex 0; } .related-articles__list.square-images .related-article:hover { background-color: #f9f9f9; } .related-articles__list.square-images.list-wide .related-article { margin: 1.25ex 1.75ex; } .related-articles__list.round-images a:hover { color: #000; } .related-articles__list.round-images .related-article { margin: 1.25ex 1.75ex; } .related-articles__list.round-images .related-article__title { padding-left: 10px; } .related-articles__list.round-images .related-article__image { width: calc(90px + 15px); max-width: calc(90px + 15px); margin: 0; } .related-articles__list.round-images .related-article__image img { border-radius: 50%; } .related-articles__list.round-images.list-wide .related-article { margin: 1.75ex 1.75ex; } .vertical-story-card-item { cursor: pointer; font-family: 'ReithSans'; height: 456px; margin: 20px 10px; position: relative; width: 297px; } @media only screen and (max-width: 1007px) { .vertical-story-card-item { width: 276px; } } @media only screen and (max-width: 600px) { .vertical-story-card-item { width: 276px; } } .vertical-story-card-item img { width: 100%; } .vertical-story-card-item__content-box { background-color: #fff; bottom: 0; -webkit-box-shadow: 0 0 5px #d8d8d8; box-shadow: 0 0 5px #d8d8d8; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; height: 111px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; position: absolute; right: 0; width: 275px; } @media only screen and (max-width: 1007px) { .vertical-story-card-item__content-box { width: 261px; } } .vertical-story-card-item__content-box h1 { color: #4a4a4a; font-size: 0.75rem; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3px; margin: 0; padding: 0 10px; text-transform: uppercase; } .vertical-story-card-item__content-box h2 { color: #3d3d3d; font-size: 1.3125rem; font-weight: lighter; letter-spacing: -0.06px; line-height: 42px; margin: 0; padding: 0 10px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .see-more-button { border-bottom: 1px solid #979797; text-align: center; } .see-more-button__inner { background-color: transparent; border: 0; color: #6c6c6c; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 2.92px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 13px; position: relative; text-transform: uppercase; -webkit-transition: linear 0.6s; transition: linear 0.6s; } .see-more-button__inner-arrow { color: #6c6c6c; font-size: 10px; position: absolute; right: 9px; top: 2px; -webkit-transition: linear 0.3s; transition: linear 0.3s; } .see-more-button__inner-text { margin-right: 24px; } .see-more-button__inner:hover { color: #4a4a4a; } .see-more-button__inner:hover .see-more-button__inner-arrow { color: #4a4a4a; -webkit-transform: rotate(90deg); transform: rotate(90deg); } .vertical-story-group { font-family: 'ReithSans'; position: relative; } .vertical-story-group img { -o-object-fit: cover; object-fit: cover; width: 100%; } .vertical-story-group__image-container { height: 370px; position: relative; width: 100%; } .vertical-story-group__image-container img { height: 100%; } .vertical-story-group__image-mask { background: -webkit-gradient(linear, left top, right top, from(rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6)), to(rgba(0, 0, 0, 0))); background: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)); bottom: 0; left: 0; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .vertical-story-group__heading-container { color: #fff; left: 50%; position: absolute; text-align: center; top: 80px; -webkit-transform: translate(-50%, -50%); transform: translate(-50%, -50%); } @media only screen and (max-width: 599px) { .vertical-story-group__heading-container { top: 120px; } } .vertical-story-group__heading-container button { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8); border: 0; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; font-size: 0.875rem; letter-spacing: 0.183rem; outline: none; padding: 15px 32px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; } .vertical-story-group__heading-container h1 { font-size: 0.9rem; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3.6px; margin-bottom: 20px; } .vertical-story-group__heading-container h2 { font-size: 2.1rem; font-weight: lighter; letter-spacing: -0.25px; line-height: 42px; } .vertical-story-group__heading-container-landscape { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; left: 0; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 65px; width: 70%; } @media only screen and (max-width: 599px) { .vertical-story-group__heading-container-landscape { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; } } .vertical-story-group__heading-container-landscape h1 { color: #fff; font-size: 2.25rem; font-weight: lighter; letter-spacing: 0.95px; margin: 0; } .vertical-story-group__heading-container-landscape button { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8); border: 0; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; font-size: 0.875rem; height: 60px; letter-spacing: 0.183rem; outline: none; padding: 15px 32px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; width: 260px; } @media only screen and (max-width: 599px) { .vertical-story-group__heading-container-landscape button { margin-top: 50px; } } .vertical-story-group__container { display: -ms-grid; display: grid; grid-auto-rows: minmax(auto, auto); grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(290px, 310px)); height: 100%; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; justify-items: center; margin-top: -210px; width: 100%; } @media only screen and (max-width: 599px) { .vertical-story-group__container { margin-top: -120px; } } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .mapContainer .mapTitle { background: transparent; color: #fff; display: block; font-family: 'curiousSans-Bold', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 0.9rem; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3.6px; line-height: 1.1875em; margin-top: 2%; min-width: 25%; padding: 2%; padding-bottom: 0.375em; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 16px; padding-top: 0.375em; position: relative; text-align: center; z-index: 100; } @media only screen and (max-width: 600px) { .mapContainer .mapTitle { font-size: 2.4em; } } .mapContainer .styled-line { margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; } .mapContainer button { background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.9); border: 0; -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 60px; outline: none; padding: 2px; width: 60px; } .mapContainer button .gelicon { color: #589e50; font-size: 2.5em; vertical-align: middle; } .mapContainer button:hover { background-color: #f2f2f2; } @media only screen and (max-width: 600px) { .mapContainer button { height: 50px; width: 50px; } .mapContainer button .gelicon { font-size: 2em; } } .mapContainer .navigationPanel { -ms-flex-align: end; align-items: flex-end; bottom: 0; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; left: 50%; max-width: 1200px; padding: 10px; position: absolute; -webkit-transform: translate(-50%, 0); transform: translate(-50%, 0); width: 100%; } .mapContainer .zoomControls { background-color: #fff; } .mapContainer .mapboxgl-popup-content { border-radius: 0; -webkit-box-shadow: 0 3px 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) !important; box-shadow: 0 3px 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) !important; cursor: default; font-family: 'curiousSans-Bold', Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 300px; padding: 0 !important; text-align: left; } .mapContainer .mapboxgl-popup-content img { width: 300px; } @media only screen and (max-width: 600px) { .mapContainer .mapboxgl-popup-content { max-width: 190px; } .mapContainer .mapboxgl-popup-content img { width: 190px; } } .mapContainer .mapboxgl-ctrl-logo { display: none !important; } .mapContainer .map-marker svg { -webkit-transition: all 0.1s ease-out; transition: all 0.1s ease-out; } @media only screen and (max-width: 600px) { .mapContainer .map-marker svg { height: 52px; -webkit-transform: scale(0.75); transform: scale(0.75); } } .mapContainer .map-marker-active svg { -webkit-transform: scale(1.3); transform: scale(1.3); } @media only screen and (max-width: 600px) { .mapContainer .map-marker-active svg { height: 52px; -webkit-transform: scale(1); transform: scale(1); } } .mapContainer__articleInfo { padding: 0 18px; } .mapContainer__articleInfo .article-vertical a { color: #4a4a4a; display: block; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3px; line-height: 16px; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 20px; text-decoration: none; text-transform: uppercase; } .mapContainer__articleInfo .article-title { font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: -0.21px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0.725em 0; } .mapContainer__articleInfo .article-title a { color: rgba(46, 46, 46, 0.85); text-decoration: none; } @media only screen and (max-width: 600px) { .mapContainer__articleInfo .article-title { font-size: 1.7em; } } .mapContainer__articleInfo .article-author { color: #4a4a4a; display: block; font-size: 14px; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: 0.1px; line-height: 35px; margin: 1.45em 0; text-decoration: none; } .location-header { font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 2.92px; line-height: 19px; text-transform: uppercase; } .temperature-switcher { background: transparent; border: 0; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14px; font-style: italic; font-weight: 300; white-space: nowrap; } .temperature-switcher:active { color: currentColor; } .temperature-switcher__active { font-weight: bold; } .temperature-switcher span { margin: 0 0.2ex; } .day { --w-day-font-size: 14px; --w-day-temp-font-size: 20px; --w-day-temp-font-size-big: 32px; --w-day-temp-font-weight: 600; --w-day-name-font-weight: 500; -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; color: #959595; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; font-size: var(--w-day-font-size); } .day--desktop { --w-day-temp-font-size: 24px; --w-day-temp-font-weight: normal; --w-day-name-font-weight: 600; } .day:first-of-type { color: #4b4b4b; } .day__name { font-weight: var(--w-day-name-font-weight); line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 0.75em; text-transform: uppercase; } .day__symbol-header { display: block; height: 80px; margin: 7px 0 5px; width: 98px; } .day__symbol { display: block; height: 40px; margin: 7px 0 5px; width: 50px; } .day--desktop .day__symbol { height: 60px; margin-top: 15px; width: 70px; } .day__temp { font-size: var(--w-day-temp-font-size); font-weight: var(--w-day-temp-font-weight); line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0.75em; text-transform: lowercase; } .day__temp--header { color: #4b4b4b; font-size: 32px; font-weight: bold; } .day--mobile:first-of-type { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-flow: row wrap; flex-flow: row wrap; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; margin-bottom: 3em; } .day--mobile:first-of-type .day__symbol { height: 60px; margin-right: 10px; overflow: visible; width: 80px; } .day--mobile:first-of-type .day__temp { font-size: var(--w-day-temp-font-size-big); font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0; } .day--mobile:first-of-type .day__location { font-size: 120%; font-weight: 500; margin: 1em 0; } .day--mobile:first-of-type .day__name { color: #959595; } .day--mobile:first-of-type .day__location, .day--mobile:first-of-type .day__name { text-align: center; width: 100%; } .weather { --w-height: 50px; --w-wrapper-margin: 24px; --w-days-flexbasis: 33%; margin-bottom: 2rem; } .weather--desktop { --w-height: 80px; --w-wrapper-margin: 50px; --w-days-flexbasis: initial; margin-bottom: 1rem; } .weather:not(.weather--desktop) .weather__days { -ms-flex-flow: row wrap; flex-flow: row wrap; } .weather:not(.weather--desktop) .day:first-of-type { -ms-flex-preferred-size: 100%; flex-basis: 100%; width: auto; } .weather__separator { border-right: 1px solid #dcdcdc; display: block; height: var(--w-height); } .weather__days { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-preferred-size: var(--w-days-flexbasis); flex-basis: var(--w-days-flexbasis); -ms-flex-pack: space-evenly; justify-content: space-evenly; margin-top: 2.5rem; } .weather__days--desktop { margin-top: 4rem; } .weather__header { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-flow: column; flex-flow: column; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; margin-bottom: var(--w-wrapper-margin); } .weather__header button { margin-top: 1.5rem; } .weather__header--desktop { /* position the temperature switcher on desktop */ position: relative; } .weather__header--desktop button { margin: 0; position: absolute; right: 0; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .beta-btn { background-color: #e6711b; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; height: 25px; line-height: 12px; padding: 0 7px; width: 66px; } .beta-btn:hover .beta-btn__arrow { cursor: pointer; -webkit-transform: rotate(45deg); transform: rotate(45deg); } .beta-btn:hover .beta-btn__arrow--expanded { -webkit-transform: rotate(-35deg); transform: rotate(-35deg); } .beta-btn__copy { color: #444; display: block; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0; line-height: 17px; margin: 16px auto; max-width: 50%; } .beta-btn__arrow { border: solid #fff; border-width: 0 2px 2px 0; display: inline-block; padding: 3px; position: relative; top: -1px; -webkit-transform: rotate(-45deg); transform: rotate(-45deg); -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .beta-btn__arrow--expanded { -webkit-transform: rotate(45deg); transform: rotate(45deg); } .image-card { position: relative; } .image-card img { -o-object-fit: cover; object-fit: cover; width: 100%; } .image-card__heading-container { color: #fff; left: 50%; position: absolute; text-align: center; top: 80px; -webkit-transform: translate(-50%, -50%); transform: translate(-50%, -50%); } .image-card__heading-container button { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8); border: 0; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; font-size: 0.875rem; letter-spacing: 0.183rem; outline: none; padding: 15px 32px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; } .image-card__heading-container h1 { font-size: 0.9rem; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3.6px; margin-top: 0; } .image-card__heading-container h2 { font-size: 2.1rem; font-weight: lighter; letter-spacing: -0.25px; line-height: 42px; margin-top: 0; } .image-card__heading-container-landscape { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; left: 50%; position: absolute; text-align: center; top: 50%; -webkit-transform: translate(-50%, -50%); transform: translate(-50%, -50%); width: 90%; } .image-card__heading-container-landscape__mobile { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; } .image-card__heading-container-landscape h1 { color: #fff; font-size: 2.25rem; font-weight: lighter; letter-spacing: 0.95px; margin-top: 0; } .image-card__heading-container-landscape button { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8); border: 0; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; font-size: 0.875rem; height: 60px; letter-spacing: 0.183rem; outline: none; padding: 15px 32px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; width: 260px; } .destination-header { width: 100%; } .destination-header__container { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; min-height: 380px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0 16px; position: relative; } .destination-header__image { height: 100%; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; width: 100%; } .destination-header__image img { bottom: -100%; display: block; height: 100%; left: -100%; margin: auto; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; object-fit: cover; position: absolute; right: -100%; top: -100%; width: 100%; } .destination-header__text { color: #fff; font-size: 28px; letter-spacing: -0.95px; line-height: 37.4px; max-width: 488px; padding: 0 20px; position: relative; text-align: center; text-transform: uppercase; width: 100%; } .destination-header__text a { color: #fff; font-weight: 300; text-decoration: none; } .destination-header__text--desktop { font-size: 36px; } .destination-header__text-container { border-bottom: solid 1px #fff; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.3; padding-bottom: 17px; } .destination-header__text-container--desktop { padding-bottom: 0.75ex; } .destination-header__link-page, .destination-header__advert { color: #fff; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0.5px; margin-top: 20px; position: relative; text-align: center; } .destination-header__link-page span, .destination-header__advert span { display: block; width: 100%; } .destination-header__link-page--desktop, .destination-header__advert--desktop { margin-top: 40px; } .destination-header__link-page { left: 14px; margin: 0; position: absolute; text-transform: uppercase; top: 20px; } .destination-header__link-page--desktop { left: 25px; top: 36px; } .destination-header__background { background-image: radial-gradient(50% 49%, rgba(5, 36, 53, 0.37) 50%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 83%); height: 100%; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0; width: 100%; } .destination-header a { color: #fff; text-decoration: none; } .filter { display: inline-block; max-width: 160px; position: relative; } .filter__button { background-color: #000; border: 0; color: #fff; font-size: 16px; padding: 16px; width: 160px; } .filter__content { background-color: #000; display: none; position: absolute; width: 160px; z-index: 1; } .filter:focus .filter__content, .filter:hover .filter__content { display: block; } .filter__content--open { display: block; } .filter__content button { background-color: #000; border: 0; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-style: italic; padding: 12px 16px; text-decoration: none; width: 100%; } .filter__content button:hover { background-color: #494848; } .callout-box-card { background-color: #eaeaea; color: #4a4a4a; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: left; } .callout-box-card img { height: 100%; width: 100%; } .callout-box-card__container { padding: 0.2rem 1.5rem; } .callout-box-card__container h3 { font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3px; line-height: 16px; margin: 1rem 0; text-transform: uppercase; } .callout-box-card__container h4 { font-size: 28px; font-weight: lighter; letter-spacing: -0.21px; line-height: 35px; } .callout-box-card__container .body { font-size: 16px; font-weight: lighter; letter-spacing: -0.12px; line-height: 31px; } .callout-box-card__container .body a { color: #4a4a4a; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .see-more-button { border-bottom: 1px solid #979797; text-align: center; } .see-more-button-inner { background-color: transparent; border: 0; color: #6c6c6c; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 2.92px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 13px; position: relative; text-transform: uppercase; } .see-more-button-inner--light { color: #b4b4b4; } .see-more-button-inner__arrow { color: #6c6c6c; font-size: 10px; position: absolute; right: 9px; top: 2px; } .see-more-button-inner__arrow--light { color: #b4b4b4; } .see-more-button-inner__text { margin-right: 24px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .load-more-button { -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; } .load-more-button__refresh.gelicon--refresh { margin-right: 16px; -webkit-transform: rotate(90deg); transform: rotate(90deg); } .load-more-button__downarrow { color: #adadad; font-size: 22px; -webkit-transition: 0.6s; transition: 0.6s; } .load-more-button__loading .load-more-button__refresh.gelicon--refresh { -webkit-animation: spin 2s linear infinite; animation: spin 2s linear infinite; } .load-more-button__downarrow:first-of-type { padding-right: 16px; } .load-more-button__downarrow:not(:first-of-type) { padding-left: 16px; } @-webkit-keyframes spin { 0% { -webkit-transform: rotate(90deg); transform: rotate(90deg); } 100% { -webkit-transform: rotate(-270deg); transform: rotate(-270deg); } } @keyframes spin { 0% { -webkit-transform: rotate(90deg); transform: rotate(90deg); } 100% { -webkit-transform: rotate(-270deg); transform: rotate(-270deg); } } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .basic-button { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #fff; border: 1px solid #adadad; border-radius: 4px; -webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 0 0 0 #fff, 0 2px 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.08); box-shadow: inset 0 0 0 0 #fff, 0 2px 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.08); color: #193e6d; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 20px; height: 54px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; min-width: 222px; text-align: center; -webkit-transition: 0.6s; transition: 0.6s; } .basic-button--worklife { color: #0052a1; } .basic-button--future { color: #002856; } .basic-button--culture { color: #472479; } .basic-button--earth { color: #0fbb56; } .basic-button--travel { color: #589e50; } .basic-button__text { color: #444; font-family: 'BBC Reith Sans Cd'; font-size: 18px; line-height: 24px; -webkit-transition: 0.6s; transition: 0.6s; } .basic-button__text--white { color: #fff; } .basic-button__text--curious { font-family: 'CuriousSansBold'; } .basic-button__text--worklife { color: #0052a1; } .basic-button__text--future { color: #002856; } .basic-button__text--culture { color: #472479; } .basic-button__text--earth { color: #0fbb56; } .basic-button__text--travel { color: #589e50; } .basic-button::before { padding-right: 16px; } .basic-button:hover { background-color: #dedede; } .basic-button--background-light-blue:hover { background-color: #dfe8ff; } .basic-button--background-worklife { background-color: #0052a1; } .basic-button--background-future { background-color: #002856; } .basic-button--background-culture { background-color: #472479; } .basic-button--background-earth { background-color: #0fbb56; } .basic-button--background-travel { background-color: #589e50; } .basic-button--background-worklife:hover { background-color: #4494e4; } .basic-button--background-future:hover { background-color: #ffc857; } .basic-button--background-culture:hover { background-color: #472479; } .basic-button--background-earth:hover { background-color: #002856; } .basic-button--background-travel:hover { background-color: #002856; } .basic-button__text--bold { font-weight: bold; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .read-more-button { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; font-weight: bold; position: relative; width: 224px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .AdFrame { display: -ms-inline-flexbox; display: inline-flex; } .AdFrame--default { background-color: #f6f6f6; } .AdFrame--dark-grey { background-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.8); } .AdFrame--centre-aligned { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .text-with-styled-background { height: inherit; position: relative; width: 100%; } .text-with-styled-background--collection { display: inline-block; width: unset; } .text-with-styled-background--center-align { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .text-with-styled-background__text { font-family: 'CuriousSansBold'; color: #444; display: block; font-size: 20px; line-height: 24px; padding: 0 0 0 10px; position: relative; } .text-with-styled-background__text--large { font-size: 26px; line-height: 30px; padding: 0 0 0 24px; } .text-with-styled-background__text--medium { font-size: 22px; line-height: 28px; } .text-with-styled-background__text--remove-padding { padding: 0; width: 100%; } .text-with-styled-background__text--largest { font-size: 38px; line-height: 47px; } .text-with-styled-background__text--worklife { color: #0052a1; } .text-with-styled-background__text--future { color: #002856; } .text-with-styled-background__text--culture { color: #472479; } .text-with-styled-background__text--earth { color: #0fbb56; } .text-with-styled-background__text--travel { color: #589e50; } .text-with-styled-background__text--blue { color: #0052a1; } .text-with-styled-background__text--collection { font-size: 28px; line-height: 34px; padding: 0; } .text-with-styled-background__text--collection--medium { font-size: 32px; line-height: 38px; } .text-with-styled-background__text--collection--large { font-size: 38px; line-height: 47px; } .text-with-styled-background__line-container { bottom: 0; margin-left: 13px; position: absolute; width: calc(100% - 26px); } .text-with-styled-background__line { background-color: rgba(25, 62, 109, 0.05); height: 26px; max-width: 240px; position: relative; } .text-with-styled-background__line--large { bottom: -10px; height: 42px; max-width: 340px; } .text-with-styled-background__line--narrow { height: 26px; max-width: 100%; } .text-with-styled-background__line--medium { bottom: -10px; height: 36px; max-width: 340px; } .text-with-styled-background__line--largest { max-width: 100%; } .text-with-styled-background__line-container--collection { width: calc(100% + 26px); } .text-with-styled-background__line-container--no-margin { margin: 0; } .text-with-styled-background__line--collection { height: 26px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .previous-media-button { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #000; border: 0; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 16px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; outline: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; } .previous-media-button__icon--white svg { fill: #fff; } .previous-media-button span { height: 18px; width: 16px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .simple-header { color: #444; font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 24px; margin: 0; } .simple-header--large { font-size: 28px; line-height: 34px; } .simple-header--simple { font-size: 18px; line-height: 22px; } .simple-header--small { font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: -0.5px; line-height: 28px; } .simple-header--smallest { font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; } .simple-header--medium { font-size: 24px; line-height: 28px; } .simple-header--regular { font-size: 22px; line-height: 28px; } .simple-header--condensed-bold { font-stretch: condensed; } .simple-header--condensed-bold.simple-header--large { line-height: 37px; } .simple-header--condensed-bold.simple-header--regular { line-height: 28px; } .simple-header--white { color: #fff; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .play-button__inline-audio, .play-button__inline-video { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #000; border: 0; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 16px; height: 49px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; outline: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 49px; } .play-button__inline-audio .gelicon--play, .play-button__inline-video .gelicon--play { color: #ececec; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; } .play-button__inline-audio--worklife .gelicon--play, .play-button__inline-video--worklife .gelicon--play { color: #8beed9; } .play-button__inline-audio--travel .gelicon--play, .play-button__inline-video--travel .gelicon--play { color: #002856; } .play-button__inline-audio--future .gelicon--play, .play-button__inline-video--future .gelicon--play { color: #ffc857; } .play-button__inline-audio--culture .gelicon--play, .play-button__inline-video--culture .gelicon--play { color: #472479; } .play-button__inline-audio--earth .gelicon--play, .play-button__inline-video--earth .gelicon--play { color: #002856; } .play-button__inline-video:hover { background-color: #ececec; } .play-button__inline-video:hover .gelicon--play { color: #000; } .play-button__inline-audio { color: #fff; font-size: 22px; height: 50px; padding: 0; width: 50px; } .play-button { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); border: 2px solid #5ae9cb; border-radius: 50%; -webkit-box-shadow: 0 2px 4px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); box-shadow: 0 2px 4px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 22px; height: 80px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; outline: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 80px; } .play-button:hover { color: #5ae9cb; } .play-button--white { border: 4px solid #fff; } .play-button--white:hover { color: #fff; } .play-button--white .gelicon--play { color: inherit; } .play-button--worklife { border: 2px solid #8beed9; } .play-button--worklife:hover { color: #8beed9; } .play-button--travel { border: 2px solid #002856; } .play-button--travel:hover { color: #002856; } .play-button--future { border: 2px solid #ffc857; } .play-button--future:hover { color: #ffc857; } .play-button--culture { border: 2px solid #472479; } .play-button--culture:hover { color: #472479; } .play-button--earth { border: 2px solid #002856; } .play-button--earth:hover { color: #002856; } .play-button--desktop { font-size: 30px; height: 76px; width: 76px; } .play-button--background-hover:hover { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .error-button { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #000; border: 0; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 22px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; outline: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; } .error-button .gelicon--alert { color: #ececec; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .simple-p-tag { color: #444; font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 24px; margin: 0; } .simple-p-tag--large { font-size: 28px; line-height: 34px; } .simple-p-tag--medium { font-size: 27px; letter-spacing: -1.69px; line-height: 32px; } .simple-p-tag--quote { color: #575757; } .simple-header--serif-light-italic { font-style: italic; line-height: inherit; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .text-summary__text { font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0; text-align: left; } .text-summary__text--blue { color: #193e6d; } .text-summary__text--black { color: #000; } .text-summary__text--grey { color: #6a6a6a; } .text-summary__text--dark-grey { color: #444; } .text-summary__text--left { text-align: left; } .text-summary__text--right { text-align: right; } .screen-reader-only { border: 0; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); -webkit-clip-path: inset(50%); clip-path: inset(50%); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute !important; width: 1px; word-wrap: normal !important; } .inline-html { display: block; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .drop-capped { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; border: 2px solid #444; color: #444; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; float: left; font-size: 58px; font-weight: bold; height: 84px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; margin: 8px 10px 4px 0; text-transform: uppercase; width: 84px; } .drop-capped--worklife { border-color: #8beed9; } .drop-capped--future { border-color: #ffc857; } .drop-capped--culture { border-color: #444; } .drop-capped--earth { border-color: #002856; } .drop-capped--travel { border-color: #002856; } .drop-capped--desktop { margin-right: 24px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .close-nav { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: unset; border: unset; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; position: relative; -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .close-nav__icon { color: #fff; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 20px; -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .close-nav:hover .close-nav__icon { color: #cecece; -webkit-transform: rotate(90deg); transform: rotate(90deg); } .close-nav__label { display: inline-block; margin-right: 12px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .nav-label { color: #4e4e4e; font-size: 16px; line-height: 22px; margin: auto; max-width: 1280px; -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .nav-label:hover { color: #8e8e8e; } .nav-label--menu { color: #ebebeb; } .nav-label--menu:hover { color: #cecece; } .nav-label--white { color: #fff; } .nav-label--curiousSans { font-family: 'CuriousSansBold'; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .nav-links__link { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; height: 100%; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; padding-right: 24px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; } .nav-links__link--active p { border-bottom: 2px solid #002856; font-weight: bold; } .nav-links__link--active--menu p { border-bottom: unset; } .nav-links__link--active--worklife p { border-bottom: 2px solid #0052a1; } .nav-links__link--active--culture p { border-bottom: 2px solid #472479; } .nav-links__link--active--earth p { border-bottom: 2px solid #0fbb56; } .nav-links__link--active--travel p { border-bottom: 2px solid #589e50; } .nav-links__icon { background-color: #0052a1; bottom: 10px; height: 2px; position: absolute; width: 80px; } .nav-links__link--menu { display: block; padding-right: unset; } .nav-links__icon--menu { display: none; } .nav-links__icon--menu-tablet { width: 60px; } .nav-links__icon--worklife { background-color: #0052a1; } .nav-links__icon--future { background-color: #002856; } .nav-links__icon--culture { background-color: #472479; } .nav-links__icon--earth { background-color: #0fbb56; } .nav-links__icon--travel { background-color: #589e50; } .nav-links__link--menu p { font-size: 26px; padding: 0 0 32px 24px; } .nav-links__link--menu-desktop p { font-size: 32px; line-height: 42px; padding: 0 0 44px 100px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .burger-nav { background: transparent; border: 0; color: #0052a1; cursor: pointer; font-size: 20px; outline: none; padding: 0; } .burger-nav--worklife { color: #0052a1; } .burger-nav--future { color: #002856; } .burger-nav--culture { color: #472479; } .burger-nav--earth { color: #0fbb56; } .burger-nav--travel { color: #589e50; } .burger-nav--medium { font-size: 16px; } .burger-nav--small { font-size: 12px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .nav-menu { background-color: #0052a1; display: block; height: 100%; left: 0; min-height: 100vh; opacity: 0.98; overflow: auto; position: fixed; top: 0; width: 100vw; } .nav-menu--worklife { background-color: #0052a1; } .nav-menu--future { background-color: #002856; } .nav-menu--culture { background-color: #472479; } .nav-menu--earth { background-color: #0fbb56; } .nav-menu--travel { background-color: #589e50; } .nav-menu__close-nav { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; margin: auto; max-width: 1280px; padding: 16px 8px 60px; } .nav-menu__close-nav--desktop { padding: 20px 16px 70px; } .nav-menu__sponsored { background-color: rgba(34, 34, 34, 0.5); height: 100%; margin-bottom: 32px; } .nav-menu__sponsored--desktop { margin-bottom: 44px; } .nav-menu__sponsored-container { padding: 20px 16px 16px 24px; } .nav-menu__sponsored--desktop-container { margin: auto; max-width: 1264px; padding: 20px 16px 20px 100px; } .nav-menu__follow-us { padding: 52px 0 34px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .ad-slot { display: inline-block; } .ad-slot__container { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .ad-slot__label { max-width: 120px; min-width: 112px; padding-right: 8px; text-align: right; } .ad-slot--leaderboard { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; } .ad-slot__label--mpu, .ad-slot__label--leaderboard { margin-bottom: 8px; max-width: unset; padding-right: unset; text-align: right; } .ad-slot__container--mpu, .ad-slot__container--leaderboard { display: inline-block; -ms-flex-wrap: unset; flex-wrap: unset; } .ad-slot__fake--sponsor { background-color: #5ae9cb; height: 31px; min-width: 88px; } .ad-slot__fake--mpu { background-color: #5ae9cb; height: 250px; min-width: 300px; } .ad-slot__fake--mpu-large { background-color: #5ae9cb; height: 600px; min-width: 300px; } .ad-slot__fake--leaderboard-large { background-color: #5ae9cb; height: 90px; min-width: 728px; } .ad-slot__fake--leaderboard-medium { background-color: #5ae9cb; height: 50px; min-width: 320px; } .ad-slot__fake--leaderboard-small { background-color: #5ae9cb; height: 50px; min-width: 300px; } .ad-slot__label--dark { color: #dcdcdc; } .ad-slot--dark { background-color: #f6f6f6; padding: 8px; } .ad-slot--black { background-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.8); padding: 8px; } .open-nav { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: unset; border: unset; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: end; justify-content: flex-end; padding: 0; position: relative; -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .open-nav__icon { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .open-nav__label { display: inline-block; margin-right: 12px; } .play-icon { background: transparent; border: 0; color: #fff; font-size: 12px; outline: none; padding: 0; } .play-icon--red { color: #f00; } .play-icon--grey { color: #999; } .play-icon--medium { font-size: 16px; } .play-icon--large { font-size: 20px; } .camera-icon { background: transparent; border: 0; color: #fff; font-size: 12px; outline: none; padding: 0; } .camera-icon--red { color: #f00; } .camera-icon--grey { color: #999; } .camera-icon--medium { font-size: 16px; } .camera-icon--large { font-size: 20px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .nav-build-bar { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; height: auto; margin: auto; max-width: 1280px; width: 100%; } .nav-build-bar--mobile { height: auto; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; } .nav-build-bar--mobile .nav-build-bar__title-content { white-space: pre-wrap; } .nav-build-bar--tablet { height: 58px; } .nav-build-bar--desktop { height: 60px; } .nav-build-bar__links { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; height: 100%; -ms-flex-pack: end; justify-content: flex-end; margin-left: auto; overflow: hidden; } .nav-build-bar__sponsored-brand { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; margin-left: 8px; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; } .nav-build-bar__sponsored-brand--no-brand { margin-left: 0; } .nav-build-bar__branding { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; padding: 0 8px 0 0; } .nav-build-bar__branding--tablet { padding: 0 30px 0 0; } .nav-build-bar__branding--desktop { padding: 0 80px 0 0; } .nav-build-bar__title-content { border: 1.78px solid; color: #444; font-size: 22px; font-weight: bold; margin: unset; padding: 8px; width: -webkit-fit-content; width: -moz-fit-content; width: fit-content; } .nav-build-bar__title-content--tablet { font-size: 24px; white-space: nowrap; } .nav-build-bar__title-content--desktop { font-size: 28px; } .nav-build-bar__open-nav { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; height: 48px; } .nav-build-bar__open-nav-button { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; padding-left: 8px; } .nav-build-bar__sponsored { background-color: #f6f6f6; border: 1px solid #d3d3d3; height: 48px; padding: 0 16px; } .nav-build-bar__open-nav--desktop { padding-right: 16px; } .nav-build-bar__open-nav--mobile { -ms-flex-pack: end; justify-content: flex-end; max-width: 100px; width: 100%; } .info-icon { background: transparent; border: 0; color: #fff; font-size: 12px; outline: none; padding: 0; } .info-icon--red { color: #f00; } .info-icon--grey { color: #999; } .info-icon--medium { font-size: 16px; } .info-icon--large { font-size: 20px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .styled-dot { background-color: #5ae9cb; border-radius: 50%; -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px 0 rgba(25, 62, 109, 0.5); box-shadow: 0 1px 2px 0 rgba(25, 62, 109, 0.5); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; height: 6px; width: 6px; } .styled-dot--no-cursor { cursor: unset; } .styled-dot--medium { -webkit-box-shadow: unset; box-shadow: unset; height: 10px; width: 10px; } .styled-dot--dark-blue { background-color: #193e6d; } .styled-dot--purple { background-color: #362e67; -webkit-box-shadow: unset; box-shadow: unset; } .styled-dot--black { background-color: #000; -webkit-box-shadow: unset; box-shadow: unset; } .styled-dot--grey-green { background-color: #008e9b; -webkit-box-shadow: unset; box-shadow: unset; } .styled-dot--dark-green { background-color: #589e50; -webkit-box-shadow: unset; box-shadow: unset; } .styled-dot--worklife { background-color: #8beed9; } .styled-dot--future { background-color: #ffc857; } .styled-dot--culture { background-color: #472479; } .styled-dot--earth { background-color: #002856; } .styled-dot--travel { background-color: #002856; } .styled-dot--worklife-prime { background-color: #0052a1; } .styled-dot--future-prime { background-color: #002856; } .styled-dot--culture-prime { background-color: #472479; } .styled-dot--earth-prime { background-color: #0fbb56; } .styled-dot--travel-prime { background-color: #589e50; } .styled-dot--large { -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 1px 0 rgba(25, 62, 109, 0.5); box-shadow: 0 1px 1px 0 rgba(25, 62, 109, 0.5); height: 16px; width: 16px; } .styled-dot--small { -webkit-box-shadow: unset; box-shadow: unset; height: 8px; width: 8px; } .styled-dot--grey { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .email-icon { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #193e6d; border-radius: 50%; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 11px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; z-index: 55; } .email-icon:hover { background-color: #000; } .email-icon--red:hover { background-color: #f00; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .facebook-icon { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #193e6d; border-radius: 50%; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 15px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; text-decoration: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; z-index: 55; } .facebook-icon:hover { background-color: #3b5998; } .facebook-icon--blue { background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid #3b5998; color: #3b5998; } .facebook-icon--blue:hover { background-color: #3b5998; color: #fff; } .facebook-icon--white { background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid #fff; color: #fff; } .facebook-icon--white:hover { background-color: #fff; color: #3b5998; } .facebook-icon--small { font-size: 20px; height: 38px; width: 38px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .hero-header { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .hero-header__header { font-family: 'CuriousSansBold'; color: #fff; font-size: 38px; line-height: 40px; margin: 0; text-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(25, 62, 109, 0.7); } .hero-header__header--large { font-size: 44px; line-height: 48px; } .hero-header__header--medium { font-size: 38px; line-height: 47px; } .hero-header__header--small { font-size: 28px; line-height: 34px; } .hero-header__header--black { color: #000; text-shadow: unset; } .hero-header__header--grey { color: #adadad; text-shadow: unset; } .ticked-icon { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #13de99; border-radius: 50%; -webkit-box-shadow: 0 2px 4px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); box-shadow: 0 2px 4px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; width: 50px; z-index: 55; } .ticked-icon--small { font-size: 12px; height: 38px; width: 38px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .google-plus-icon { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #193e6d; border-radius: 50%; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 26px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; text-decoration: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; z-index: 55; } .google-plus-icon:hover { background-color: #d34836; } .google-plus-icon--red:hover { background-color: #f00; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .reddit-icon { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #193e6d; border-radius: 50%; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 26px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; text-decoration: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; z-index: 55; } .reddit-icon:hover { background-color: #ff4500; } .reddit-icon__hide { display: none; } .reddit-icon--red:hover { background-color: #f00; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .linkedin-icon { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #193e6d; border-radius: 50%; color: 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b-reith-sans-font">designed</span></a><a class="full-width-image-article__link" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220313111140/https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20220207-what-the-nordics-can-teach-us-about-having-fun"><h2 class="full-width-image-article-text__header b-reith-sans-font b-font-weight-300">What the Nordics can teach us about fun</h2></a><p class="full-width-image-article-text__author b-font-family-serif b-font-weight-300">By Clare Dowdy</p></div></div></div></div><div class="vertical-index__latest-articles vertical-index__latest-articles--mobile"><div class="latest-articles__container latest-articles__rectangle latest-articles__container--tablet"><p class="latest-articles__editor b-reith-sans-font latest-articles__editor--tablet">Hot Topics</p><div class="latest-articles__articles latest-articles__articles--tablet latest-articles__articles--tablet-rectangle latest-articles__articles--mobile-rectangle"><div class="rectangle-story-group"><div class="rectangle-story-group__articles-container"><div><div data-bbc-container="latest-stories" data-bbc-title="How the first pop star blazed a trail" data-bbc-metadata="{"APP":"latest-stories","CHD":"card::1"}" data-bbc-result="https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20220223-how-the-first-ever-pop-star-blazed-a-trail-of-innovation" data-bbc-client-routed="true" class="rectangle-story-group__article-hero rectangle-story-group__article-hero--tablet"><div class="article-title-card-rectangle b-reith-sans-font"><div class="article-title-card-rectangle__container"><div class="article-title-card-rectangle__image"><a class="article-title-card-rectangle__link" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220313111140/https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20220223-how-the-first-ever-pop-star-blazed-a-trail-of-innovation"><picture><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220313111140im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p0bqr5hy.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220313111140im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p0bqr5hy.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220313111140im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p0bqr5hy.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220313111140im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p0bqr5hy.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220313111140im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0bqr5hy.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220313111140im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0bqr5hy.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220313111140im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p0bqr5hy.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220313111140im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p0bqr5hy.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><img draggable="false" title="Charles Dibdin" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220313111140im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0bqr5hy.jpg" alt="Charles Dibdin" id=""/></picture><span class="article-title-card-rectangle__overlay article-title-card-rectangle__overlay--culture"></span></a></div><div class="article-title-card-rectangle__text-box"><a class="article-title-card-rectangle__link article-title-card-rectangle__text-container" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220313111140/https://www.bbc.com/culture/columns/music"><span class="article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label--culture">Music</span></a><a class="article-title-card-rectangle__link article-title-card-rectangle__text-container" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220313111140/https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20220223-how-the-first-ever-pop-star-blazed-a-trail-of-innovation"><h2 class="article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__header b-font-weight-300 b-reith-sans-font b-font-weight-300">How the first pop star blazed a trail</h2></a><span class="rectangle-story-item__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--light-grey styled-line--height--small"></div></span><p class="article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__author b-font-family-serif b-reith-sans-font">By Holly Williams</p></div></div></div></div></div><div class="rectangle-story-group__articles rectangle-story-group__articles--full-screen"><div class="rectangle-story-group__article rectangle-story-group__article--tablet rectangle-story-group__article--full-screen"><div data-bbc-container="latest-stories" data-bbc-title="Why we've got the Vikings wrong" data-bbc-metadata="{"APP":"latest-stories","CHD":"card::2"}" data-bbc-result="https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20220222-netflixs-vikings-valhalla-why-weve-got-the-vikings-wrong" data-bbc-client-routed="true" class="rectangle-story-item b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item--tablet"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220313111140/https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20220222-netflixs-vikings-valhalla-why-weve-got-the-vikings-wrong"><div class="rectangle-story-item__image-container rectangle-story-item__image-container--culture"><div class="rectangle-image rectangle-image--medium" style="background-image:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20220313111140im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/960x540/p082b33v.png)"><picture><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220313111140im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p0bqkzw6.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220313111140im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p0bqkzw6.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220313111140im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p0bqkzw6.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220313111140im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p0bqkzw6.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220313111140im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0bqkzw6.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220313111140im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0bqkzw6.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220313111140im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p0bqkzw6.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220313111140im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p0bqkzw6.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><img draggable="false" title="(Credit: Netflix)" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220313111140im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0bqkzw6.jpg" alt="(Credit: Netflix)" id=""/></picture><span class="rectangle-image__overlay rectangle-image__overlay--culture"></span></div></div></a><a class="rectangle-story-item__label b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item__label--tablet rectangle-story-item__label--culture" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220313111140/https://www.bbc.com/culture/tags/television"><span>Television</span></a><div class="rectangle-story-item__container"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220313111140/https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20220222-netflixs-vikings-valhalla-why-weve-got-the-vikings-wrong"><span>Why we've got the Vikings wrong</span></a></div><div><span class="rectangle-story-item__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--culture styled-line--height--small"></div></span><span class="rectangle-story-item__author b-font-family-serif">By Luke Walpole</span></div></div></div><div class="rectangle-story-group__article rectangle-story-group__article--tablet rectangle-story-group__article--full-screen"><div data-bbc-container="latest-stories" data-bbc-title="Britain's most incredible art theft" data-bbc-metadata="{"APP":"latest-stories","CHD":"card::3"}" data-bbc-result="https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20220221-the-duke-the-bus-driver-a-goya-masterpiece" data-bbc-client-routed="true" class="rectangle-story-item b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item--tablet"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220313111140/https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20220221-the-duke-the-bus-driver-a-goya-masterpiece"><div class="rectangle-story-item__image-container rectangle-story-item__image-container--culture"><div class="rectangle-image rectangle-image--medium" style="background-image:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20220313111140im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/960x540/p082b33v.png)"><picture><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220313111140im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p0bqd1l5.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220313111140im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p0bqd1l5.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220313111140im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p0bqd1l5.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220313111140im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p0bqd1l5.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220313111140im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0bqd1l5.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220313111140im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0bqd1l5.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220313111140im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p0bqd1l5.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220313111140im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p0bqd1l5.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><img draggable="false" title="(Credit: Alamy)" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220313111140im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0bqd1l5.jpg" alt="(Credit: Alamy)" id=""/></picture><span class="rectangle-image__overlay rectangle-image__overlay--culture"></span></div></div></a><a class="rectangle-story-item__label b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item__label--tablet rectangle-story-item__label--culture" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220313111140/https://www.bbc.com/culture/columns/film"><span>Film</span></a><div class="rectangle-story-item__container"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220313111140/https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20220221-the-duke-the-bus-driver-a-goya-masterpiece"><span>Britain's most incredible art theft</span></a></div><div><span class="rectangle-story-item__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--culture styled-line--height--small"></div></span><span class="rectangle-story-item__author b-font-family-serif">By Nicholas Barber</span></div></div></div><div class="rectangle-story-group__article rectangle-story-group__article--tablet rectangle-story-group__article--full-screen"><div data-bbc-container="latest-stories" data-bbc-title="The meanings hidden in a masterpiece" data-bbc-metadata="{"APP":"latest-stories","CHD":"card::4"}" data-bbc-result="https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20220217-the-woman-in-white-the-meanings-hidden-in-a-masterpiece" data-bbc-client-routed="true" class="rectangle-story-item b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item--tablet"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220313111140/https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20220217-the-woman-in-white-the-meanings-hidden-in-a-masterpiece"><div class="rectangle-story-item__image-container rectangle-story-item__image-container--culture"><div class="rectangle-image rectangle-image--medium" style="background-image:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20220313111140im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/960x540/p082b33v.png)"><picture><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220313111140im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p0bpnlb7.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220313111140im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p0bpnlb7.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220313111140im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p0bpnlb7.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220313111140im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p0bpnlb7.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220313111140im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0bpnlb7.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220313111140im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0bpnlb7.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220313111140im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p0bpnlb7.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220313111140im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p0bpnlb7.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><img draggable="false" title="The Woman in White by Whistler" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220313111140im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0bpnlb7.jpg" alt="The Woman in White by Whistler" id=""/></picture><span class="rectangle-image__overlay rectangle-image__overlay--culture"></span></div></div></a><a class="rectangle-story-item__label b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item__label--tablet rectangle-story-item__label--culture" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220313111140/https://www.bbc.com/culture/columns/art"><span>Art</span></a><div class="rectangle-story-item__container"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220313111140/https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20220217-the-woman-in-white-the-meanings-hidden-in-a-masterpiece"><span>The meanings hidden in a masterpiece</span></a></div><div><span class="rectangle-story-item__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--culture styled-line--height--small"></div></span><span class="rectangle-story-item__author b-font-family-serif">By Beverley D'Silva</span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="vertical-index__collection-swimlane"></div><div class="around-the-bbc-swimlane"><div class="swimlane"><div class="swimlane-inner swimlane-inner--small"><div class="swimlane__content"><span class="swimlane__title b-reith-sans-font">Around the BBC</span><div class="swimlane__items"></div></div></div><div class="swimlane__background-image swimlane__background-image--atb" style="background-image:linear-gradient(180deg, rgba(0,0,0,0.50) 0%, rgba(0,0,0,0.50) 100%), url(https://web.archive.org/web/20220313111140im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/960x540/p08bmlwb.jpg);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover"></div></div></div></div></main></div></div> <script>window.__PWA_PRELOADED_STATE__ = 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Alamy)","synopsisShort":"Millais","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220313111140\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0bpnnvt.jpg","title":"Millais alamy.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p0bpnnvt","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220313111140\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0bpnnvt.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1647169718103},"p0bpnqjf":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p0bpnqjf","_id":"621d05e345ceed51c9376b8c","copyright":"","fileSizeBytes":0,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1280,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220313111140\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002Fbp\u002Fnq\u002Fp0bpnqjf.jpg","sourceWidth":1024,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"The Artist's Sister at a Window (1869) by Berthe Morisot depicts the subject in diaphanous white attire in an informal, domestic setting (Credit: Getty Images)","synopsisShort":"Morisot","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220313111140\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0bpnqjf.jpg","title":"Morisot 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Alamy)","synopsisShort":"Sandys","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220313111140\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0bpnnpz.jpg","title":"Sandys alamy.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p0bpnnpz","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220313111140\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0bpnnpz.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1647169718103},"p0bpnlb7":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p0bpnlb7","_id":"621d05e345ceed2c8e142ed1","copyright":"National Gallery of Art, Washington","fileSizeBytes":0,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220313111140\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002Fbp\u002Fnl\u002Fp0bpnlb7.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"(Credit: National Gallery of Art, Washington)","synopsisShort":"Whistler","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220313111140\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0bpnlb7.jpg","title":"only for hero 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The mid-Century chairs surround a glass table on a wood base, crafted by Cuban carpenters, who also created the outdoor table. (Credit: Adrian Fernandez)","synopsisMedium":"Mid-Century moment","synopsisShort":"Mid-Century moment","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220313111140\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp05g77jy.jpg","title":"HavanaLiving_p062_crop.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p05g77jy","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220313111140\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp05g77jy.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1647169718103},"p08cz43f":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p08cz43f","_id":"621d04dc45ceed7257567bbd","copyright":"","fileSizeBytes":0,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220313111140\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8c\u002Fz4\u002Fp08cz43f.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"","synopsisShort":"Getty Images","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220313111140\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08cz43f.jpg","title":"designed top getty.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p08cz43f","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220313111140\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08cz43f.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1647169718103}},"articles":{"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220310-buffy-the-vampire-slayer-at-25-how-tainted-is-it":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220310-buffy-the-vampire-slayer-at-25-how-tainted-is-it","_id":"622a911a45ceed7d456c5a51","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["culture\u002Fauthor\u002Fhanna-flint"],"bodyIntro":"In March 1997, Buffy premiered in the US – and changed TV forever. But how does it look in the cold light of 2022, and after recent allegations about its creator, asks Hanna Flint.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAs a UK-based Buffy the Vampire Slayer fan, I can remember the first time I was acquainted with the now era-defining show about a Californian high school girl with the job of protecting humankind from various bloodsuckers, demons and supernatural forces. Limited to five terrestrial channels in our household, I didn't catch the original British premiere on Sky One – but when it then launched on the BBC, more than a year after its US debut, on 30 December 1998 at 8pm, my brothers and I were glued to our seats to watch Welcome to the Hellmouth, the feature-length season-one opener.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EMore like this:\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E– \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002Farticle\u002F20220308-con-artists-and-disruptors-tvs-latest-obsessions\"\u003ETV's latest obsessions\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \u003Cbr \u002F\u003E – \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002Farticle\u002F20220228-10-of-the-best-tv-shows-to-watch-this-march\"\u003E10 shows to watch in March\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E – \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002Farticle\u002F20211015-the-100-greatest-tv-series-of-the-21st-century\"\u003EThe 100 greatest TV series of the 21st Century\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWith each new episode and season following the superpowered escapades of Buffy, played by Sarah Michelle Gellar, it acquired a bigger and ever more passionate fanbase. And for me, as for many a schoolgirl and boy at the time, tuning into Buffy became a religious endeavour. Buffy Summers was a badass teen goddess, and I worshipped the hellish ground she slayed on.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220310-buffy-the-vampire-slayer-at-25-how-tainted-is-it-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0btlz5n"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220310-buffy-the-vampire-slayer-at-25-how-tainted-is-it-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBut now, 25 years ago this week since it first premiered in the US, a cultural reappraisal is happening as fans have increasingly found themselves confronted with certain questions about the show: does it still hold up as the important piece of groundbreaking, feminist television it was once heralded as, in the cold light of 2022? How do they square their ardent affection for the iconic cult series with its more problematic elements? And given the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fentertainment-arts-56023198\"\u003Edisturbing accusations made by the cast\u003C\u002Fa\u003E about its creator Joss Whedon and his allegedly \"toxic\" and \"not appropriate\" behaviour on set, to what extent should the art be separated from the artist – or not – in this case?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EA new take on teen existence\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EProfessor Matthew Pateman, head of English and creative arts at Edge Hill University, first caught on to Buffy as a lecturer in his late 20s. He began including it as part of a popular culture class he taught in the early 2000s, then later in 2006 made it a core feature of his \"televisual narratives\" module. He has subsequently written a book, The Aesthetics of Culture in Buffy the Vampire Slayer, along with  a book about Whedon's work. \"It felt like a really smart, witty, well put together and incredibly fresh piece of television unlike anything else that I was aware of at the time,\" Pateman tells BBC Culture. Sure, it was mostly set in a high school but compared to the in-some-ways equivalent Sabrina, the Teenage Witch, it took its audience more seriously, with its dark humour and complex characterisation. \"It felt like it was saying, 'we think you are interesting, grown-up people who want to be interested in interesting grown-up things,'\" says Pateman.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESpecifically, it took teenage girls seriously. When Whedon first envisioned Buffy in the original 1992 film of the same name, before developing the series for Warner Bros' newly created WB network (now called CW), he wanted to subvert the pretty blonde stereotype of a young woman whose sole purpose in horror movies had been to scream and be murdered. \"I liked the fact that Buffy was the one who makes the monster scream, as opposed to the other way around,\" says Becky Darke, a podcaster and writer on film, horror and 90s pop culture. Neither was Buffy forced to sacrifice (well, not entirely) her female interest in fashion, beauty, dating, sex or socialising as a consequence of her heroic destiny. Season one episode Never Kill a Boy on the First Date articulates this brilliantly in a conversation between the Slayer and her father-like Watcher Rupert Giles (played by Anthony Head), tasked throughout with guiding her slayering efforts. \"Clark Kent has a job – I just want to go on a date,\" she tells Giles. \"…and look, I won't go far, okay! If the apocalypse comes, beep me!\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220310-buffy-the-vampire-slayer-at-25-how-tainted-is-it-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"I like the fact that Buffy is allowed to make mistakes, sometimes catastrophic mistakes, but you don't either give up on her or wish them away – Becky Darke","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220310-buffy-the-vampire-slayer-at-25-how-tainted-is-it-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\"There is a great collision between a high-school girl trying to be popular and then having to fight the forces of darkness at night,\" says Darke. \"I like the fact that she's allowed to make mistakes, sometimes catastrophic mistakes, but you don't either give up on her or wish them away; you actually have to watch her deal with them.\" Those dark forces manifested in a way that also served as a metaphor for the things teens were dealing with, like when Buffy's vampire lover Angel (David Boreanaz) becomes a monster after Buffy loses her virginity to him: a demonic reflection of the first-time experience of some young women when confronted with the coldness of young men once they’ve had sex. \"The writers handled all of that coming-of-age stuff in a mature, thoughtful way by dovetailing the horror and fantasy elements with the teen existence,\" says Marianne McKillop, an English teacher who famously won UK quiz show Mastermind with Buffy as her specialist subject. She cites the example of the season one episode in which a girl \"becomes invisible because she's being ignored at school\", and the \"werewolves, you know, sprouting hair and behaving in weird ways\".\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs the seasons went on, real issues were dealt with in the foreground rather than the subtext: Buffy's aspirational California lifestyle was substituted for greater social realism from season five when she is forced to drop out of college and take a job at a suspicious burger joint to look after her high schooler \"sister\" Dawn (Michelle Trachtenberg) and keep a roof over their heads. \"You feel like she should be rich or someone should just be funding her life so that she can do this full time and that's just not the case,\" says actress and writer Isaura Barbé-Brown. Buffy is certainly more Peter Parker than Tony Stark, and that's what made her so relatable, a quality bolstered by the type of friends she had: the so-called Scooby Gang, who were an eclectic mixture of high-school types. \"I also liked the idea that the popular girl might actually decide that the nerdy one is quite fun, and you can form your own clique of outsiders,\" says Darke.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220310-buffy-the-vampire-slayer-at-25-how-tainted-is-it-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0btlzjw"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220310-buffy-the-vampire-slayer-at-25-how-tainted-is-it-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWhile the Scooby Gang line-up changed over the seven seasons, Giles, Willow Rosenberg (Alyson Hannigan), and Xander Harris (Nicholas Brendan) were its mainstays, with characters like Cordelia (Charisma Carpenter), Oz (Seth Green), Anya (Emma Caulfield), Tara (Amber Benson) and Spike (James Marsters) thrown into the mix. Most of them evolved into effective and powerful people who could be there for Buffy at home and on the battlefield – none more so than Willow, who transformed from being the nerdy best friend into a mighty witch in one of the series' most celebrated character arcs. That her sexuality developed as her powers became more prominent led to what remains a monumental moment for queer representation on the small screen. \"Her coming out to Buffy was deftly handled,\" says Darke. \"Her going from this heterosexual relationship with Oz, a fan favourite, then meeting [fellow witch] Tara, and realising that she had feelings for her, [and] that being a beautiful thing that unfolded in front of the audience's eyes, was just so, so important.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EBuffy and representation  \u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut while Buffy was clearly groundbreaking when it came to representation in some respects, it fell down badly in others. Apart from Bianca Lawson, who played Kendra Young, Buffy's shortlived fellow Slayer who was killed off in the second season after three episodes, and Ara Celi, who played the Inca Mummy Girl in one episode of season two, women of colour were practically nonexistent until season seven when the so-called Potential Slayers (or slayers-in-training) were introduced, adding slightly more ethnic diversity. \"When I was younger, I didn't really notice [the whiteness of the show] because so much of TV was like that and there was a real segregation between watching the show that has all black people in it and then every other show that just [didn't] have any,\" Barbé-Brown says, noting Buffy's mostly white writing staff. \"I don't feel like anyone who [was] running the show [was] capable of handling [race].\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220310-buffy-the-vampire-slayer-at-25-how-tainted-is-it-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"This feeling of entitlement from Xander to Buffy follows him through seven seasons of TV – Becky Darke","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220310-buffy-the-vampire-slayer-at-25-how-tainted-is-it-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAnd then there were the show's gender politics: for while it foregrounded many empowered women, it also featured a problematic male lead in the shape of Xander. There were other examples of toxic and fragile masculinity on the show, like the reprisal of teenage boy villains into The Trio in series six, but the difference was that Xander was positioned as a nice guy – and rewatching the series now, that's something which leaves a particularly bad taste. A pretty girl couldn’t walk by without Xander oggling or pestering them, and it mostly goes unquestioned, especially where Buffy is concerned. His entitled attitude towards her and animosity towards every guy she dates is nauseating to watch. \"In the first episode, Buffy drops her books and he says, 'Can I have you? Oh I mean, can I help you?' and that line follows him through seven seasons of TV, this feeling of entitlement to her that he never gets to fulfill,\" says Darke.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHis character could have probably benefitted from the greater self-introspection that the writers afforded to Buffy, Willow, Anya, Angel, Oz and Spike – and maybe even some training. \"All these powerful people around, and Xander didn't even think for a second, 'let me take a self-defence class,\" adds Barbé-Brown. \"Nor does he really apologise ever for anything he does or to any of the women in it.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor better and for worse, the centring of the show on the Scooby Gang showed how much the so-called Chosen One needed her chosen people, even if the narrator states at the beginning of each episode, \"she alone will stand against the vampires, the demons and the forces of darkness\". At every turn, the writers counter that narrative. Indeed, Buffy loses her Chosen One status, ending up sharing her mantle with Kendra and later Faith (Elisha Dushku) before every Potential Slayer is activated in the final season. The fact that she and all these Slayers, along with the Scooby Gang and Sunnydale residents, team up in the finale to close for good the Hellmouth (that's the demonic portal between Earth and Hell, for the uninitiated) suggests that saving the world never needed to be a one-woman job. \"One of the brilliant things was that idea that the lone superhero would be absolutely no good,\" says Pateman. \"She has to be part of a team.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBehind the scenes though, while also part of a team, Whedon evidently retained a lot of individual power throughout the making of the show: he is credited as a writer on every episode of both Buffy and its spin-off series Angel, while on the DVD commentary of the very first episode of Buffy he quipped that he was \"a perfectionist control-freak guy.\" In a recent profile of him by\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.vulture.com\u002Farticle\u002Fjoss-whedon-allegations.html\"\u003E Vulture\u003C\u002Fa\u003E –  which he agreed to be interviewed for, and which features multiple sources from the show – Whedon is described as \"exerting control over countless aspects of the [Buffy] production, from the story arcs down to the details of makeup and wardrobe,\" even as he was running the sets of Angel and another of his shows, Firefly. The article also describes how \"a cult of personality\" formed around him, with one Buffy writer quoted as saying \"the standard reaction to Joss was worship\".\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220310-buffy-the-vampire-slayer-at-25-how-tainted-is-it-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0btlzm6"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220310-buffy-the-vampire-slayer-at-25-how-tainted-is-it-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\"There [was] a whole heap of other people in the mix and he often presented himself as this young, outsider person who was fighting against the big dogs, which was never really true,\" says Pateman. Those other people included Marti Noxon, Doug Petrie, Steven S DeKnight, Jane Espenson, David Fury, Drew Goddard, Drew Greenberg, David Greenwalt and Rebecca Rand Kirshner, all of whom had the most writing credits on Buffy after Whedon. However, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flatimesblogs.latimes.com\u002Fshowtracker\u002F2011\u002F10\u002Fcreative-minds-jane-espenson-on-once-upon-a-time-and-buffy.html\"\u003Ein a 2011 interview with the Los Angeles Times\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, Espenson noted that the show was done \"very top down\": \"Almost every idea came from Joss [Whedon],\" she said. \"And we got to sit there and watch him come up with these ideas, talk about how he approaches a story.\" If that was the approach, in many ways it worked, to judge by the creative results, certainly, with episodes regularly pushing the boundaries of what a Creature Feature of the week-type series could offer. The episodes Hush, Once More With Feeling, and The Body, in particular, stand out for the innovative techniques used to deliver powerful storytelling; from telling a story in complete silence to creating a dedicated 45-minute musical, to the haunting use of a one-shot to present the most shocking type of death in Buffy the Vampire Slayer – natural causes – these instalments all left viewers in awe, and encouraged repeating viewing.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe limits of its feminism\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHowever season six had fans angry about the direction it took, particularly in its portrayal of its female characters, seemingly switching from celebrating women to bringing them down a peg by having them go through extreme trauma. It saw Willow go dark because of Tara's murder, Anya go back to her demonic ways after Xander left her at the altar, and Buffy's (second) resurrection leading her to have hate-sex with Spike, and him eventually attempting to rape her. In fact, Noxon was promoted to showrunner on the final two series, and so found herself heavily criticised for these narrative turns, though she has suggested that Whedon had considerable influence still. \"With season six, there was this announcement that I was running the show and Joss was going to take a back seat, but in reality, anybody who knows Joss knows that his idea of taking a back seat is \u003Cem\u003Enot every single thing\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, you know?\" \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.vulture.com\u002F2018\u002F07\u002Fmarti-noxon-sharp-objects-buffy-feminist-legacy-dietland.html\"\u003Eshe told Vulture in 2018\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Indeed, at the time Whedon told fans directly on The Bronze Posting Board, maintained on the Buffy website by WB, that he was still in charge: \"Marti (She of the great brain and great beauty) and I shaped this year very carefully,\" he wrote, \"and while we made mistakes (as we do every year), we made our show. We explored what we wanted to, said what we meant. You don't have to like it, but don't think it comes from neglect.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220310-buffy-the-vampire-slayer-at-25-how-tainted-is-it-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"They might not have liked what was happening behind the scenes, but the actors loved being a part of this thing that became something else for them because of the fanbase – Isaura Barbé-Brown","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220310-buffy-the-vampire-slayer-at-25-how-tainted-is-it-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThis messaging board was another of Buffy's innovations: it allowed fans to directly interact with the creators, Whedon especially, way before social media created that sort of online dialogue. \"That website made a huge difference, and I think the network executives understood that people were invested in the show and also invested in Whedon,\" says Pateman. \"[But] the reduction of a creative show to a singular person is always problematic and difficult, and it's very unfortunate that the reasons that Whedon became such a famous and important television producer, in some respects, are the very reasons that his fall from grace has been so dramatic and astonishing.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn hindsight, the treatment of women in season six seemed to foreshadow the allegations subsequently made against him by female cast members about his behaviour during the making of the show. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FAllCharisma\u002Fstatus\u002F1359537746843365381\"\u003EAccording to a message posted on Twitter last year by Charisma Carpenter\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, who played Cordelia in Buffy and then Angel, Whedon was \"casually cruel\", made \"ongoing, passive-aggressive threats\" to fire her, and after she became pregnant, called her \"fat\" to colleagues and, in a private meeting with her, asked her if she was \"going to keep it\". (Incidentally, several characters in the Buffy-verse, including Cordelia in Angel, die in a pregnancy storyline). After Carpenter spoke out, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fp\u002FCLH9ce-ByTV\u002F\"\u003EMichelle Trachtenberg alleged on Instagram\u003C\u002Fa\u003E there was a \"rule\" whereby Whedon was not allowed to be alone in a room with her, while on Twitter, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Famber_benson\u002Fstatus\u002F1359555694098190337?lang=en-GB\"\u003EBenson corroborated Carpenter's suggestion\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that there was a \"toxic environment\": \"It starts at the top…,\" she wrote. \"There was a lot of damage done during that time and many of us are still processing it twenty plus years later.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhedon once told \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ign.com\u002Farticles\u002F2003\u002F06\u002F23\u002Fan-interview-with-joss-whedon\"\u003EIGN\u003C\u002Fa\u003E he was \"raised to be a radical feminist\" and had a \"feminist agenda\" with the original film script. He has claimed he wrote himself into the eponymous character – \"I was writing about me,\" he said in his recent \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.vulture.com\u002Farticle\u002Fjoss-whedon-allegations.html\"\u003EVulture\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cspan\u003E interview\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \"and that my feeling of powerlessness and constant anxiety was at the heart of everything.\" But this self-image contradicts the one that has been circulating in recent times when it comes to his alleged treatment of women. The BBC has contacted Whedon for a response to the allegations against him, but Whedon has already denied some of them in his interview with Vulture, saying that he had no idea what Trachtenberg was talking about in relation to the alleged \"rule\", and asserting that he did not call Carpenter fat and that most of his experiences with her were \"delightful and charming\". However he did say that he had behaved in a way that was \"not mannerly\" towards Carpenter after finding out she was pregnant, and also admitted to having affairs with women on set that \"[messed up] the power dynamic\", saying that he felt he \"had\" to sleep with them, otherwise he would \"always regret it\". The latter is the kind of reasoning that suggests he has less in common with Buffy than the entitled male Xander, a character who the showrunner has indeed \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ffreshairarchive.org\u002Fsegments\u002Fjoss-whedon\"\u003Elong admitted\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to being the basis for.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220310-buffy-the-vampire-slayer-at-25-how-tainted-is-it-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0btlzhq"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220310-buffy-the-vampire-slayer-at-25-how-tainted-is-it-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBoreanaz, Dushku and Gellar have all distanced themselves from Whedon, with the latter \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fp\u002FCLH4s_WjfZF\u002F\"\u003Esaying on Instagram\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that even though she is \"proud\" to have her name associated with Buffy Summers, \"I don't want to be forever associated with the name Joss Whedon.\" Undoubtedly, Gellar's personal contribution to the show's positive legacy should not be overlooked; her searing, relatable yet complex performance over seven seasons was as important to the show as any credited writer, and her name will, deservedly, be forever synonymous with Buffy's – as will those of the cast and their array of beloved characters. \"They might not have liked what was happening behind the scenes, but the actors loved being a part of this thing that became something else for them because of the fanbase,\" says Barbé-Brown. \"They will be loved and adored as these characters for generations.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWith all that to consider, has the show's legacy been irreparably tainted? Whedon's \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.metroactive.com\u002Fpapers\u002Fmetro\u002F09.26.02\u002Fbuffy1-0239.html\"\u003Emission statement\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of delivering \"the joy of female power\" does not always seem to have manifested behind the scenes or in front of the camera. And yet, 25 years on, one cannot deny the importance of what Buffy the Vampire Slayer did, in centring several strong female characters within a populist genre format, thereby pushing the boundaries of what was expected from a female-led TV series. But, as with a lot of old shows, including its peers from the 90s, like Friends, it's hardly a surprise, perhaps, that there are character and narrative elements that have aged badly. \"There are some characters that you're going to look at and go 'why on earth are they behaving that way?' but you have to remember that was 25 years ago, and if you can look at it as a period piece, you can still get a lot of modern day benefits from it,\" says McKillop, who is rewatching the series with her own daughter. \"She's getting a lot out of it. Not necessarily the same things that I got out of it when I first watched it, but she's definitely getting some good messages.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhat is very clear is that both old fans and new are more than willing, like Gellar, to separate the show from its creator. \"I still think it's a really good hearted, smart, influential, inspiring show,\" says Darke. \"Fans have refused to let Whedon sour the show for them. It's like, 'well, actually, it's not yours anymore. It's ours'.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003ELove film and TV? Join \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002Fgroups\u002F440074069852291\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EBBC Culture Film and TV Club\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E on Facebook, a community for cinephiles all over the world.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you would like to comment on this story or anything else you have seen on BBC Culture, head over to our \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002Fpages\u002FBBC-Culture\u002F237388053065908\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E page or message us on\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Fbbc_culture\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EAnd if you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called The Essential List. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220310-buffy-the-vampire-slayer-at-25-how-tainted-is-it-14"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2022-03-11T00:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"How tainted is Buffy the Vampire Slayer, 25 years on?","headlineShort":"Is Buffy tainted forever?","image":["p0btlzxc"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2022-02-27T22:52:24.455144Z","Project":"wwverticals","Slug":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"621e44a645ceed11e20f4866"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"culture","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"In March 1997, Buffy premiered in the US – and changed TV forever. But how does it look in the cold light of 2022, and after recent allegations about its creator, asks Hanna Flint.","summaryShort":"As Buffy the Vampire Slayer turns 25, how the show's reputation has been rocked","tag":["tag\u002Ftelevision"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2022-03-11T00:00:04.921554Z","entity":"article","guid":"fb7a9934-ceb8-4c72-b719-25318a6f9e49","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220310-buffy-the-vampire-slayer-at-25-how-tainted-is-it","modifiedDateTime":"2022-03-11T09:37:07.643946Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220310-buffy-the-vampire-slayer-at-25-how-tainted-is-it","cacheLastUpdated":1647169718099},"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220309-seven-artworks-exploding-the-myth-of-a-movement":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220309-seven-artworks-exploding-the-myth-of-a-movement","_id":"62293f9d45ceed0aae0afef9","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["culture\u002Fauthor\u002Fmatthew-wilson"],"bodyIntro":"An exhibition on Surrealism, co-curated by Tate Modern and the Metropolitan Museum of Art, explores the movement's previously unacknowledged multi-culturalism. These artworks from six continents explain how, says Matt Wilson.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EFrom its beginnings, Surrealism's objective was to subvert the things most people believed to be the very foundations of modern civilisation: logic, convention and reasoning. Surrealism promised intellectual liberty to its followers – initially writers, and only latterly visual artists. These artists aimed to open doorways on to worlds that political authorities can't penetrate: the imagination, impulses and dreams.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EMore like this:\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E-          \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002Farticle\u002F20220307-janet-sobel-the-woman-written-out-of-history\"\u003EThe woman written out of history\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E-          \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002Farticle\u002F20220217-the-woman-in-white-the-meanings-hidden-in-a-masterpiece\"\u003EThe meanings hidden in a masterpiece\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E-          \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002Farticle\u002F20220204-why-portraits-have-fascinated-us-for-millennia\"\u003EThe paintings that reveal the truth\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnd subsequently a history was told by scholars to define Surrealism. This involved a condensed cast of (mostly male) heroes including the movement's father André Breton, who had written the first Surrealist manifesto in 1924. Mostly, it involved his disciples – artists like Salvador Dalí, René Magritte and Max Ernst. It also became intimately linked with Western cities: particularly Paris and New York.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"That's how histories are made and simplified for people to get a grip on,\" Matthew Gale, curator of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.tate.org.uk\u002Fwhats-on\u002Ftate-modern\u002Fsurrealism-beyond-borders\"\u003ESurrealism Beyond Borders\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, an exhibition at London's Tate Modern, tells BBC Culture. \"Historians complicate them by doing research.\" This research, which was undertaken by Gale, his co-curator Stephanie D'Alessandro and a team of scholars, involved going back to original publications and exhibition catalogues, and discovering many lesser-known artists that deserve re-examination. \"We've approached it from a transnational and transhistorical point of view,\" says Gale, \"Surrealism is not a style, it's a state of mind that leads to a free individual creativity.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETo demonstrate this new perspective, Matthew Gale reveals how artists from six continents – Australasia, Asia, Europe, North America, Central America and Africa – were inspired by Surrealist techniques and ideas.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETusalava (1929) by Len Lye, New Zealand\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOne of the exhibition's most extraordinary artworks is Tusalava (1929), a 10-minute animated film by New Zealand-born Len Lye. In it, primordial, worm-like forms wriggle out of a void, give birth to a humanoid figure, and then vanquish him. Lye was inspired by tales of the witchetty grub which came from the Arrernte people of Central Australia, and used imagery inspired by Māori and Samoan art. But these cross-cultural interests were combined with a technique beloved of the Surrealists. \"It is painted directly on to the film, so it is a sort of doodling automatism made directly on to the celluloid,\" Gale explains. Automatism is a characteristic Surrealist process that involves \"free\" writing or drawing, in an attempt to decouple expression from conscious control. The film – the result of two years' worth of painstaking work – brings the spectacle of automatism breathtakingly to life.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220309-seven-artworks-exploding-the-myth-of-a-movement-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0btdrld"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220309-seven-artworks-exploding-the-myth-of-a-movement-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ESea (1929) by Koga Harue, Japan \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWith its factory, sea vessels and airship, Japanese artist Koga Harue's monumental painting The Sea (1929) seems to be a paean to technology. This was an intentional rebellion against what Koga and his colleagues disliked in European Surrealism. They thought that Breton and his followers were decadent in disengaging with modern progress, and proposed a '\"scientific\" Surrealism in Japan. But they retained a technique favoured by the Surrealists in Paris: the combination of otherwise disassociated symbols to create magical effects. \"What Koga Harue does is to show that through unexpected juxtapositions, there is something perhaps irrational in the rational,\" Gale says. This is born out in uncanny visual relationships, such as the oversized Western bather contrasted with a factory's clockwork logic, and the mysterious world of the seabed confronting the deadly stealth of a submarine.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220309-seven-artworks-exploding-the-myth-of-a-movement-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0btds03"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220309-seven-artworks-exploding-the-myth-of-a-movement-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ELobster Telephone (1938) by Salvador Dalí, Spain\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESurrealism was born in Europe, and Salvador Dalí's Lobster Telephone, made in Paris in 1938, is one of its most famous icons. \"It is a brilliant combination of unconnected things that becomes an object that is both functional and completely irrational,\" Gale explains. \"It's a totally marvelous thing, made at that critical moment when Dalí is managing to establish himself as a celebrity around the world.\" Indeed, one of the things that popularised Surrealism internationally was Dalí's involvement in advertising and with Hollywood. He devised a dream sequence for Alfred Hitchcock's Spellbound (1945) and briefly worked at Walt Disney Studios. \"You can't downplay the significance of Dalí's celebrity moment because that's what fixed it in people's minds,\" says Gale. Lobster Telephone was made for Edward James, the London collector, for his house in Wimpole Street. \"As far as I am aware James actually used these phones,\" Gale explained. \"I'm not sure what one does with the claws…\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220309-seven-artworks-exploding-the-myth-of-a-movement-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0btdscv"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220309-seven-artworks-exploding-the-myth-of-a-movement-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EEine Kleine Nachtmusik (1943) by Dorothea Tanning, USA \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe traditional story of Surrealism tells us that it began in Europe and migrated to the US at the outbreak of World War Two, as intellectuals and artists fled from the Nazis. But Gale disagrees. \"There were different points of contact and different points of departure for Surrealism within the United States – much more complex than just the Europeans arriving in 1940.\" Dorothea Tanning, however, did benefit from the appearance of European Surrealists in the US. She saw a Surrealist exhibition in New York in 1936, and visited Paris three years later. She married Max Ernst after his emigration to the USA, and the pair eventually lived together in a remote outpost of the Arizona desert. \"She found in Surrealism a sense of autobiographical release,\" says Gale, \"a way to plumb her personal experience, and find a way to express that through her work. The dreamscape that is implied both by the imagery and the title is a fundamental thread in Surrealism that you can penetrate to the subconscious to elicit new poetic and pictorial images, but also to release those repressed ideas and fears.\" Eine Kleine Nachtmusik hints at imponderable desires, and acts with its ambiguous symbols. These include a life-sized doll, and a girl whose approach to an ominously open door is blocked by an oversized sunflower with ripped petals.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220309-seven-artworks-exploding-the-myth-of-a-movement-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0btdtrf"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220309-seven-artworks-exploding-the-myth-of-a-movement-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EBélial Empereur des Mooches (1948) by Wilfredo Lam, Cuba\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWilfredo Lam's art exposes an incredibly rich vein of Surrealism in South America. His father was Chinese, his mother was Afro-Cuban, and after studying in Cuba he travelled through Europe to work alongside Surrealists in Paris. On the way, he fought on the Republican side in the Spanish Civil War. Leaving Europe at the outset of World War Two, he found himself on the same ship as André Breton. \"When Lam returned to Cuba, he found it a corrupt place, and was deeply shocked by its racism, and its financial and social inequality. He turned this into the fuel for his art which drew upon Afro-Cuban traditions, and turned them against the dominant society – and by implication against the neo-colonialism of the United States,\" says Gale. Bélial Empereur des Mooches translates as \"Belial Emperor of the Flies\". Venus, the Roman goddess of love, stands on the left, and on the right is a figure who is a hybrid of Mars, the god of war, and Changó, the Yoruba thunder god. The title refers to Belial, an alternative name for the devil in Christianity, and also uses forms reminiscent of Vooduo ceremonies Lam witnessed alongside Breton in Haiti. It's testament to one important thread of international Surrealism – its adaptability to local traditions and beliefs, and its frequently vocal opposition to colonialism.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220309-seven-artworks-exploding-the-myth-of-a-movement-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0btdszt"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"square","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220309-seven-artworks-exploding-the-myth-of-a-movement-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EUntitled (1967) by Malangatana Ngwenya, Mozambique \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMalangatana Ngwenya was a Mozambican artist, whose Untitled (1967) gives us one example of how Surrealism had an impact in Africa. A committed Marxist and a member of Frelimo, the anti-Portuguese freedom movement during the time of Mozambique's struggle for independence, he bore witness to the tragic civil war that followed separation from Portugal. In the 1960s, Malangatana was invited to exhibit alongside other Surrealists at the Luanda Museum in Angola. \"He is an interesting figure in relation to Surrealism because other people saw his work and said: 'this looks like Surrealism'. He later showed work in Surrealist exhibitions in Portugal and in Chicago. He is a Surrealist by invitation,\" explained Gale. Like a medieval depiction of hell, Untitled shows figures dismembered and eaten alive by monsters – Malangatana has conveyed a historical tragedy as if perceived at the height of a fever dream.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220309-seven-artworks-exploding-the-myth-of-a-movement-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0btdtjj"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220309-seven-artworks-exploding-the-myth-of-a-movement-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ELong Distance (1976-2005) by Ted Joans, USA\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EArtists from around the globe were electrified by the promise of imaginative freedom offered by Surrealism. They used Surrealist techniques like automatism, juxtaposition and dream imagery to explore the inner life of the mind, sometimes using indigenous cultural forms to make a political – often anti-colonialist – point. The US poet, musician and artist Ted Joans epitomises the uniquely international character of Surrealism. \"Joans was incredibly energetic and constantly on the move in his lifetime,\" Gale explains. Joans's Long Distance exemplifies his life's work. It is a 10m-long game of consequences – the children's game where one player draws part of a scene and covers it for the next player to add to, and pass along for the next turn. \"But this is on a mammoth scale and made over a couple of decades. There are poets and musicians, writers and political thinkers as well as artists who have contributed. Joans was the thread that brings these people together and he made it in Paris, Mali, North and Central America and London.\" You can see all kinds of familiar names involved in the game including Malangatana, Dorothea Tanning, Paul Bowles, Allen Ginsberg, William S Burroughs, James Rosenquist, Roland Penrose and Jacob Lawrence.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220309-seven-artworks-exploding-the-myth-of-a-movement-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0btf0cy"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220309-seven-artworks-exploding-the-myth-of-a-movement-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIt seems to bring all the most wonderful aspects of Surrealism together – the playfulness, the political commitment, the view that the movement aimed to be above creed, race or ethnicity. Gale agrees. \"It embodies the fundamental idea that Surrealism was an international community.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.tate.org.uk\u002Fwhats-on\u002Ftate-modern\u002Fsurrealism-beyond-borders\"\u003ESurrealism Beyond Borders\u003C\u002Fa\u003E is at Tate Modern, London, until 29 August 2022.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you would like to comment on this story or anything else you have seen on BBC Culture, head over to our \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002Fpages\u002FBBC-Culture\u002F237388053065908\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E page or message us on\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Fbbc_culture\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EAnd if you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called The Essential List. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220309-seven-artworks-exploding-the-myth-of-a-movement-14"}],"collection":["culture\u002Fcolumn\u002Fart"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2022-03-10T00:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"Seven artworks exploding the myth of a movement","headlineShort":"Seven artworks exploding a myth","image":["p0btdvcz"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2022-02-27T22:52:24.455144Z","Project":"wwverticals","Slug":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"621e44a645ceed11e20f4866"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"culture","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":["p0btdscv"],"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":["tag\u002Fart-history"],"summaryLong":"An exhibition on Surrealism explores its previously unacknowledged multi-culturalism. These works from six continents explain how, says Matt Wilson.","summaryShort":"A new show explores Surrealism's previously unacknowledged multiculturalism","tag":["tag\u002Fart"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2022-03-10T00:00:10.978919Z","entity":"article","guid":"a447e560-3911-4891-9f17-999e69ef9f10","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220309-seven-artworks-exploding-the-myth-of-a-movement","modifiedDateTime":"2022-03-10T00:00:10.978919Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220309-seven-artworks-exploding-the-myth-of-a-movement","cacheLastUpdated":1647169718100},"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220308-con-artists-and-disruptors-tvs-latest-obsessions":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220308-con-artists-and-disruptors-tvs-latest-obsessions","_id":"6227ee1745ceed1571616ca4","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["culture\u002Fauthor\u002Fcaryn-james"],"bodyIntro":"Why are we so fascinated by the stories of scammers and corporate rule-breakers? Because they are so charismatic, brazen and compelling to watch, writes Caryn James.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\"There's only one thing you need to know about Elizabeth Holmes,\" Stanford professor Phyllis Gardner (played by Laurie Metcalf) says in The Dropout, the absorbing, jaw-dropping  series about the once idolised, now criminally convicted founder of the biotech company Theranos. \"She's a fraud. She's always been a fraud.\" She's not the only one. We live in an age of fakes, on screen and off. Holmes, played with electrifying intensity by Amanda Seyfried, may be the avatar of the type. Her company promised easy, pin-prick blood tests, and faked results to get there. But we are awash with TV series and films based on real-life rule breakers.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EMore like this:\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E-          \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002Farticle\u002F20220222-netflixs-vikings-valhalla-why-weve-got-the-vikings-wrong\"\u003EWhy we've got the Vikings wrong\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E-          \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002Farticle\u002F20220221-the-duke-the-bus-driver-a-goya-masterpiece\"\u003EBritain's most incredible art theft\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E-          \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002Farticle\u002F20220208-inventing-anna-review-the-fake-heiress-drama-is-a-hit\"\u003ENetflix's 'fake heiress' drama is a hit\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENetflix's most popular recent series include \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002Farticle\u002F20220208-inventing-anna-review-the-fake-heiress-drama-is-a-hit\"\u003EInventing Anna\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, with Julia Garner as the poseur and would-be socialite Anna Delvey, and the documentary The Tinder Swindler, in which a  swipe right ultimately leads women to financial ruin. Bad Blood, Adam McKay's feature film with Jennifer Lawrence as Holmes, is in development.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere seems to be a perfect storm of reasons why we're now surrounded by fakes. Recent politics has put us in a world where truth and reality are regularly, and nonsensically, challenged. Social media also plays a role. Maria Konnikova, author of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcanongate.co.uk\u002Fbooks\u002F2204-the-confidence-game-the-psychology-of-the-con-and-why-we-fall-for-it-every-time\u002F\"\u003EThe Confidence Game: The Psychology of the Con and Why We Fall For It… Every Time\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (2016), tells BBC Culture that while there has long been a fascination with scammers, \"The explosion of social media has made conning easier – we are better targets and con artists can craft better stories – and has given cons increased visibility\".\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220308-con-artists-and-disruptors-tvs-latest-obsessions-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0brvj7z"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Inventing Anna","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220308-con-artists-and-disruptors-tvs-latest-obsessions-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAnd there is the simple, enduring fact that fraudsters make for great narratives. Alex Gibney directed \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.hbo.com\u002Fdocumentaries\u002Fthe-inventor-out-for-blood-in-silicon-valley\"\u003EThe Inventor: Out for Blood in Silicon Valley\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, the 2019 documentary that is still the most potent work on Holmes. He tells BBC Culture, \"Usually in these frauds, what you have at the heart of them is a storyteller. Elizabeth Holmes told us a story that we really wanted to hear: Stanford dropout, just like Steve Jobs dropped out of Reed College, by the dint of her own determination and her desire to make the world a better place, ends up becoming a billionaire, and finds a way to help us all.\" If only it were all true.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220308-con-artists-and-disruptors-tvs-latest-obsessions-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The fictions are eye-opening in the way they take us inside the stubborn minds of these characters, allowing us to understand what drives them, and even to identity with them","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220308-con-artists-and-disruptors-tvs-latest-obsessions-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe facts of the case are so dramatic that The Dropout doesn't even exaggerate much. The fictional version is more blatant, the dialogue at times blunter than real life. But it is also eye-opening in the way it takes us inside Holmes' stubborn mind, allowing us to understand what drives her. As in Inventing Anna, this series doesn't glorify the deceptions, but allows for begrudging admiration. As Konnikova says, \"it's easy to get wrapped up in the glamour of the con itself – can you believe she was able to pull that off?!'\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Dropout's characters are vivid and deeply realised, as the series charts Holmes's rise and fall, from wonder-girl founder of a company eventually valued at $10 billion, to a scoundrel who lied to people about their health. Seyfried captures both Holmes's opaque, brittle outer layer and the increasing tumult inside, as well as the spooky, wide-eyed stare, and the distinctive deep voice, which Holmes reportedly lowered intentionally in order to sound more authoritative. On screen, the voice changes so abruptly, it might hurt your throat just to hear it. \"Do you have a cold?\" one of her investors asks. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn The Dropout, Holmes begins with an ambition, to get rich, and an admirable cause, to improve health care. But when the Theranos blood-testing machine – which she did not invent herself – fails to work soon enough, she comes to resemble a pouty child wilfully refusing to accept reality. Instead, she falsifies results. \"We faked the demo,\" Holmes tells her company's COO and her secret lover, Sunny Balwani (Naveen Andrews), in one of those blunt bits of dialogue. He replies, \"Don't tell anyone else.\" \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220308-con-artists-and-disruptors-tvs-latest-obsessions-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0brvl8c"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"The Dropout","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220308-con-artists-and-disruptors-tvs-latest-obsessions-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESeyfried is surrounded by a terrific cast, including Stephen Fry as Ian Gibbons, the honest chemist who finds himself in legal jeopardy because of his association with Holmes. \"I believed in her. I looked in her eyes, and I thought I could see the future,\" he says to his wife (Kate Burton). Holmes also convinces many powerful men, including former US Secretary of State George Shultz (Sam Waterston), who was charmed by her, and joined the Theranos board of directors. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Their charisma is their power, so they're easy to side with,\" Konnikova says of con artists, while pointing out that we should never forget they are also criminals. As observers, she notes, \"it's convenient to separate ourselves from the victims, thinking we'd never be so dumb\u002Fgullible\u002Fgreedy\u002Ffill in the blank.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut the victims have their reasons. The \"Tinder Swindler\", Simon Leviev, posed as a billionaire, and scammed one woman into loaning him money that he used to fly the next woman on his private jet, in a social-media Ponzi scheme. \"The man I loved was never real. He faked everything,\" one of his victims says in the documentary. It's not as if she never thought to Google, but her on-line searches revealed legitimate-seeming articles about his family of diamond dealers. Any catfisher knows how to cover his tracks today. And the allure of a glamorous romance outdid any scepticism she had, something that says a lot about how people wish to believe in a dream, even when their brains tell them otherwise. \"You still have this fairy tale that's going on in your phone,\" that victim says. That will to believe is as strong for everyday people on Tinder as it was for the tycoons who invested in Elizabeth Holmes's misbegotten dream.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EMessianic passion\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIntersecting with these con-artist stories right now is another sub-genre of TV show that depicts the stories of disruptive entrepreneurs – not all of whom were criminals like Holmes or Delvey, but who fast-talked their way to success, fuelled by hubris and talking big, even when their companies' financial reality didn't match their rosy depictions. In Showtime's Super Pumped: The Battle for Uber, about the creation of the rideshare app, Joseph Gordon-Levitt gives a love-to-hate-him performance as its controversial co-founder Travis Kalanick, who broke rules and invaded privacy in the process of changing transportation as we know it. Coming soon is Apple TV+'s WeCrashed, with Jared Leto as Adam Neumann, the high-flying, fast-talking co-founder of WeWork. Both founders were eventually forced out of the companies they started. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn addition to their power to charm and persuade, disruptive entrepreneurs often share  a messianic passion. \"We are  in the world-changing business!\" the fictionalised Kalanick shouts to a roomful of his employees in Super Pumped. In the series, Kalanick and his company are the picture of bro culture run amok. Gordon-Levitt depicts him as a man whose bombastic self-confidence is matched by his cleverness.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220308-con-artists-and-disruptors-tvs-latest-obsessions-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0brvhxv"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"SuperPumped","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220308-con-artists-and-disruptors-tvs-latest-obsessions-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn SuperPumped, Kalanick, like the dramatised Holmes, displays a childish insistence on succeeding no matter how much he has to bend the rules, including hiding some privacy-invading code from Apple executives so Uber will be accepted on the App Store. In the fictionalised version, an employee asks \"Is that legal?\" about one of their many ploys, to a round of laughter from the room of execs. Kyle Chandler plays venture capitalist Bill Gurley, a mentor to Kalanick and, unlike him, a genuine grown-up, and Uma Thurman gives a sly, near-caricature of Arianna Huffington, who advises Kalanick and joins Uber's board. In the series, neither can overcome Kalanick's unbounded and often unfounded confidence. In reality, he did change the world, though. The word Uber is now a verb, the company's app an essential part of life for many. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe reckoning\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESometimes the fakes and hubris-filled hustlers get their comeuppance and observers get some satisfaction. As Gibney points out, our fascination with these figures is complicated. \"People invest in that idea [of them], but then of course they also want them to be punished, which is a way of reckoning with that kind of vicarious thrill. You want to see them pull off the heist, and then you want to see them get caught by the cops.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHolmes, convicted on four charges of fraud, is set to be sentenced in September. Leviev (real name Shimon Hayut) spent 15 months in prison in Israel. Anna Sorokin, the real person behind the sham Anna Delvey, served nearly four years in a New York prison, and is currently in detention fighting deportation to Germany. She recently told the New York Times what she is reading: Super Pumped, the non-fiction book on which the Uber series is based. That too-perfect answer leaves us wondering if she's duping us even now.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHolmes arrives in a long line of fakes. When she named her Theranos machine the Edison, after one of her inventor-idols, it was more revealing than she might have intended. Gibney says of Thomas Edison himself \"there was a long time where he faked the success of his light bulb, because he felt: well, I'm going to get there sooner or later\". However he also points out one crucial difference: \"Edison ultimately came up with the goods\".\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThe Dropout is on Hulu in the US and on Disney + in the UK;\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u003Cem\u003ESuper Pumped: The Battle for Uber is on Showtime, with a UK release date to be announced.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u003Cem\u003EWeCrashed premieres on Apple+ on 18 March.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003ELove film and TV? Join \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002Fgroups\u002F440074069852291\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EBBC Culture Film and TV Club\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E on Facebook, a community for cinephiles all over the world.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you would like to comment on this story or anything else you have seen on BBC Culture, head over to our \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002Fpages\u002FBBC-Culture\u002F237388053065908\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E page or message us on\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Fbbc_culture\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EAnd if you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called The Essential List. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220308-con-artists-and-disruptors-tvs-latest-obsessions-8"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2022-03-09T00:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"Con artists and disruptors – TV's latest obsessions","headlineShort":"TV's latest obsessions","image":["p0brvl0f"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"The Dropout","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2022-02-27T22:52:24.455144Z","Project":"wwverticals","Slug":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"621e44a645ceed11e20f4866"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"culture","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"The Dropout","promoImage":["p0brvl0f"],"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":["tag\u002Ftelevision"],"summaryLong":"Why are we so fascinated by the stories of scammers and corporate rule-breakers? Because they are so charismatic, brazen and compelling to watch, writes Caryn James.","summaryShort":"Why we're fascinated by con artists, disruptors and rule breakers","tag":["tag\u002Ftelevision"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2022-03-09T00:00:05.27983Z","entity":"article","guid":"17028d27-23e6-4c45-bdf8-c2ec326360b5","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220308-con-artists-and-disruptors-tvs-latest-obsessions","modifiedDateTime":"2022-03-09T09:41:51.45033Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220308-con-artists-and-disruptors-tvs-latest-obsessions","cacheLastUpdated":1647169718100},"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220307-janet-sobel-the-woman-written-out-of-history":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220307-janet-sobel-the-woman-written-out-of-history","_id":"6226a39f45ceed45ac60517c","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["culture\u002Fauthor\u002Fkelly-grovier"],"bodyIntro":"In 1938, a Ukrainian-born grandmother created one of art's biggest shocks – but it was attributed to the US painter Jackson Pollock. For International Women's Day, Kelly Grovier explores the influence of Janet Sobel.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThis is the way the story has always been told: in 1947, Jackson Pollock, the pioneering American painter whose rugged name rhymes with the verve of his virile persona, finally lost patience with the fussy finesse of careful brushstrokes that had defined art history. Chucking his bristles and easel aside, he grabbed some sticks and started flinging paint directly on a canvas he'd stretched out on the floor. With a flick of his wrist while galloping around the work like a ranch hand roping a rampant calf – not so much painting a passive image as lassoing an untamable one – Pollock had hit upon a fresh new mode of energetic artistic expression, one with muscle and swagger befitting the wild west of his Wyomingite birth and the wide, dry lightning plains of his unbridled psyche.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EMore like this:\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E - \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002Farticle\u002F20210305-caterina-van-hemessen-an-unknown-visual-pioneer\"\u003EA painting with a mysterious message\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E - \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002Farticle\u002F20211015-marlene-dumas-the-art-exposing-the-evil-in-the-ordinary\"\u003EExposing the evil in the ordinary\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E - \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002Farticle\u002F20211119-lubaina-himid-the-artist-who-skewers-white-privilege\"\u003EThe artist who skewers white privilege\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"During the summer of 1947,\" \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.google.co.uk\u002Fbooks\u002Fedition\u002FGlittering_Images\u002F_ER2NAEACAAJ?hl=en\"\u003ECamille Paglia writes\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in her excellent survey of milestones in the history of image-making, Glittering Images: A Journey Through Art from Egypt to Star Wars, \"there was a major breakthrough: he invented his signature 'drip' style, which would transform contemporary art.\" Pollock's was an instinctive, shoot-from-the-hip technique that didn't painstakingly plot its next move – rather, one that grabs a bottle, takes a swig, wipes its lips on its cracked knuckles, and couldn't care less who's watching. This is painting free from form and formalities, the kind of painting that only an American, a real American, could invent.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOnly it wasn't. Contrary to established myth – a myth accelerated by sensational spreads in Time and Life magazines in 1949 and 1956 under \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbooks.google.co.uk\u002Fbooks?id=y04EAAAAMBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=LIFE+magazine+8+Aug+1949&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjpppft5Kz2AhWHN8AKHUI8BckQ6AF6BAgmEAI#v=onepage&q&f=false\"\u003Esuch eyebrow-raising headlines as\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \"Jack the Dripper\" and \"Is he the greatest living painter in the United States?\" – Pollock's \"signature\" style wasn't his invention at all, but the brainchild of another artist, one whose extraordinary story confounds and invigorates our understanding of one of the most celebrated contours in recent cultural history. Put simply, modern art has a problem. Her name is Janet Sobel.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220307-janet-sobel-the-woman-written-out-of-history-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0bsz3fb"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220307-janet-sobel-the-woman-written-out-of-history-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe true story of the birth of both the \"drip\" technique and so-called \"all-over painting\" (in which the surface of a work is approached holistically from every direction), is no less remarkable than the famous fable: in 1938, a 45-year-old Ukrainian-born grandmother, with no previous artistic training, began fiddling around with her son's painting supplies and changed the course of cultural history. Born Jennie Lechovsky in a Jewish town in eastern Ukraine in 1893, Sobel escaped the violence of anti-Semitic pogroms (in which her father had been killed), and arrived in New York with her mother and three siblings in 1908, when she was 15. Much of the next three decades would be devoted to the rearing of five children who she had with Max Sobel, an engraver and goldsmith, whom she married the year after she reached Ellis Island. It was only when their 19-year-old son Sol, frustrated with his own artist development, palmed off his supplies to his mother in the late 1930s that Sobel herself began to experiment with making paintings.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"One story has it,\" \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.jstor.org\u002Fstable\u002F3566528?refreqid=excelsior%3A3c2d4853ec754423eddb55b1f0d1f64e\"\u003Eaccording to the art historian Gail Levin\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \"that she began to draw on top of some of the drawings that Sol brought home from his art classes... Another is that Sol, while still in high school, had won a scholarship to the Art Students League, which, against his mother's wishes, he sought to give up. When she tried to convince him to continue, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.jstor.org\u002Fstable\u002F3566528?refreqid=excelsior%3A3c2d4853ec754423eddb55b1f0d1f64e\"\u003Ehe reportedly exclaimed\u003C\u002Fa\u003E: 'If you're so interested in art, why don't you paint?'\". She was a natural. Without any instilled deference to rules that mustn't be broken – and with the fearlessness of someone who had survived the traumas of religious persecution and the hardships of the Great Depression – Sobel unselfconsciously set about inventing art as if entirely from scratch. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220307-janet-sobel-the-woman-written-out-of-history-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"She assaulted the surface of canvases laid out on the floor, orchestrating a liquid lyricism of spills, splashes and spits the likes of which had never before been seen","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220307-janet-sobel-the-woman-written-out-of-history-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe first flush of works is characterised by a primitivist poetry of dreamlike forms floating in enchanted landscapes with a levitational allure that recalls the mystical visions of Marc Chagall, whose own fierce folkloric imagination had been forged by the violence of pogroms. But it isn't long before figurative storytelling gives way to a more ambiguously amorphous cadence of expression that strayed beyond Surrealist impulses to pure abstraction. With no inculcated allegiance to any artistic school or prejudice regarding the appropriateness of materials, Sobel began playing both with what a painting can say and how it can say it. Using unconventional implements such as glass eye-droppers to squirt paint and the strong suck of a vacuum to drag wet splatters into thin gossamers that no traditional brush could spin, she assaulted the surface of canvases laid out on the floor, orchestrating a liquid lyricism of spills, splashes and spits the likes of which had never before been seen.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220307-janet-sobel-the-woman-written-out-of-history-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0bsznhm"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220307-janet-sobel-the-woman-written-out-of-history-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe result was works such as \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.moma.org\u002Fcollection\u002Fworks\u002F80636?artist_id=5503&page=1&sov_referrer=artist\"\u003EMilky Way\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, 1945 – a silent symphony of delicate enamel whorls and surging spatters that Sobel created two years before Pollock would fling his first skirl of paint or began producing his own inchoate cosmic sonatas such as \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.joslyn.org\u002Fcollections-and-exhibitions\u002Fpermanent-collections\u002Fpostwar-and-contemporary\u002Fjackson-pollock-galaxy\u002F\"\u003EGalaxy\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (1947). Some creative coincidences can be chalked up to the untraceable synergies of zeitgeist – contemporaneous imaginations incidentally synchronised to the same cultural stimuli. This isn't one of them. Pollock was profoundly influenced by Sobel's work, and history has saved the receipts. Almost as quickly as Sobel had begun to experiment with making images, her son Sol set about attracting  attention to her remarkable efforts, reaching out to everyone from Chagall himself to the influential art collector Sidney Janis, who would prove instrumental in establishing the reputations of everyone from Willem de Kooning to Mark Rothko to Pollock.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBy 1944, Sobel was well on her way to being a formidable fixture in the New York art scene, debuting that year with a solo show at the Puma Gallery on 57th Street – an exhibition that yielded widespread praise for her works' \"astounding sophistication\" and \"absolutely unrestricted\" imagination. Janis (\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.google.co.uk\u002Fbooks\u002Fedition\u002FAbstract_Expressionism\u002FFTFQAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0&bsq=%22probably%20eventually%22%20%22janet%20sobel%22\"\u003Ewho predicted that Sobel\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \"will probably eventually be known as one of the important surrealist artists in this country\"), included her work in a prominent exhibition Abstract and Surrealist Painting in America that toured the country that year.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220307-janet-sobel-the-woman-written-out-of-history-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0bsz44x"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220307-janet-sobel-the-woman-written-out-of-history-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESoon after, Sobel's profile was given a further boost in 1945, when the legendary art promoter Peggy Guggenheim included her in a prominent exhibition, The Women, at Guggenheim's Art of the Century gallery, before offering Sobel her own solo show the following year – an event that incontestably would bring her innovative practice and paintings (if they had not already) to the consciousness of Pollock. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.google.co.uk\u002Fbooks\u002Fedition\u002FArt_and_Culture\u002FOZEDAQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22noticed+one+or+two+curious+paintings+shown+at+Peggy+Guggenheim%E2%80%99s%22&pg=PA218&printsec=frontcover\"\u003EWriting years later in 1955\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, the art critic Clement Greenberg admitted to visiting the exhibition with Pollock and that the two \"noticed one or two curious paintings shown at Peggy Guggenheim's by a 'primitive' painter, Janet Sobel (who was, and still is, a housewife living in Brooklyn)\". Putting to one side Greenberg's derisory instinct to belittle the status and achievement of Sobel (\"curious\", \"primitive\", \"housewife\"), what he goes on to acknowledge places beyond doubt the enduring significance of the encounter: 'Pollock (and I myself) admired these pictures rather furtively… The effect – and it was the first really 'all-over' one that I had ever seen… – was strangely pleasing. Later on, Pollock admitted that these pictures had made an impression on him.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220307-janet-sobel-the-woman-written-out-of-history-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0bt3qzg"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220307-janet-sobel-the-woman-written-out-of-history-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWhy \"furtively\"? It is, after all, a word that admits a level of guilt and secrecy to the act of looking. Despite Pollock's own admission that Sobel's work \"had made an impression on him\", Greenberg can't resist diminishing the magnitude of that acknowledged impact. Greenberg goes on to insist that when Pollock \"began working consistently with skeins and splotches of enamel paint, the very first results he got had a boldness and breadth unparalleled by anything seen\" in the work of any previous painter, including Sobel. \"Even as he selects Sobel as Pollock's predecessor,\" \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.academia.edu\u002F21519689\u002FJanet_Sobel_Primitive_Modern_and_the_Origins_of_Abstract_Expressionism\"\u003Enotes the art historian Sandra Zalman\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \"Greenberg asserts that Pollock had already surpassed her.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFortunately, we have more to measure the \"boldness and breadth\" of the two artists' respective achievements – at this formative stage in the unveiling of the drip technique – than Greenberg's suspiciously \"furtive\" assessment. Placed side-by-side with Sobel's earlier painting Milky Way, Pollock's Galaxy is murky and muddled, like someone still searching for his voice or burying it under lashings of doubt. After all, Pollock's painting is, literally, a cover up. \"At first, in a picture such as Galaxy,\" \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.google.co.uk\u002Fbooks\u002Fedition\u002FJackson_Pollock\u002FvbLYDjP6BZkC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22Pollock+spattered+paint+to+obscure+an+image+that+had+begun+as+a+human+figure%22&pg=PA180&printsec=frontcover\"\u003Eexplains his biographer Deborah Soloman\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \"Pollock spattered paint to obscure an image that had begun as a human figure.\" For Sobel, the invention of drip painting was a ritual of self-revelation. For Pollock, at least initially, the technique was imitative and self-concealing: a mask.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220307-janet-sobel-the-woman-written-out-of-history-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0bszpcb"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220307-janet-sobel-the-woman-written-out-of-history-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWhatever one's estimation of the relative merits of Sobel's and Pollock's work at this moment in the unfolding narrative of modern art, as history would have it, Pollock would prove to be in the far stronger position to advance the technique of drip painting, whether it was his invention or not. Just as Sobel was gaining traction as a creative force in New York – no small feat for a female artist of her or any generation – her circumstances suddenly changed dramatically, and in ways that effectively removed her from the world of art completely. In 1946, the same year that she opened a solo show at Guggenheim's Art of the Century gallery, her husband Max, moved the family from Brooklyn to Plainfield, New Jersey, in order to be nearer to his costume jewellery enterprise. Unable to drive, Sobel quickly found herself cut off from the ebb and flow of the art scene in which she had only just become an important player.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECompounding that geographic disadvantage was the decision taken the following year by her biggest advocate, Peggy Guggenheim, to relocate to Europe, closing behind her the doors of the Art of the Century gallery – Sobel's principal platform. Adding insult to injury, the onset of an allergy to an ingredient in paint forced Sobel to turn instead to media such as crayons that were less conducive to the drip technique, all but forcing her to abandon the innovation entirely. By 1948, Janet Sobel, who would die in obscurity 20 years later, had effectively vanished from the art world. Though not without a trace. Her enduring genius can still be mapped in the innumerable knots and infinite coils of pigment with which Pollock will proceed to intertwine his more famous canvases – endlessly weaving her spirit into the tangled firmament of art history.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you would like to comment on this story or anything else you have seen on BBC Culture, head over to our \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002Fpages\u002FBBC-Culture\u002F237388053065908\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E page or message us on\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Fbbc_culture\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EAnd if you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called The Essential List. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220307-janet-sobel-the-woman-written-out-of-history-12"}],"collection":["culture\u002Fcolumn\u002Fart"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2022-03-08T08:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"Janet Sobel: The woman written out of history","headlineShort":"The woman written out of history","image":["p0bt51dp"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2022-02-27T22:52:24.455144Z","Project":"wwverticals","Slug":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"621e44a645ceed11e20f4866"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"culture","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":["p0bsz3lf"],"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":["tag\u002Fvisual-pioneers"],"summaryLong":"In 1938, a Ukrainian-born grandmother created one of art's biggest shocks – but it was attributed to the US painter Jackson Pollock, writes Kelly Grovier.","summaryShort":"How a grandmother created one of art's biggest shocks","tag":["tag\u002Fvisual-pioneers","tag\u002Fart-history"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2022-03-08T00:30:05.281443Z","entity":"article","guid":"2852f60c-82e6-43e5-9855-922cbffe2061","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220307-janet-sobel-the-woman-written-out-of-history","modifiedDateTime":"2022-03-08T15:11:10.616811Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220307-janet-sobel-the-woman-written-out-of-history","cacheLastUpdated":1647169718100},"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220304-the-coolest-characters-on-television":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220304-the-coolest-characters-on-television","_id":"62254b1945ceed45aa5415b1","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["culture\u002Fauthor\u002Fjennifer-armstrong"],"bodyIntro":"From chic Sylvie in Emily in Paris, to Sam in Better Things, unapologetic and flawed midlife women are ruling the small screen. We need more, argues Jennifer Keishin Armstrong.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EEarlier this year, as the Sex and the City reboot, And Just Like That…, sparked heated weekly debate over the lives of its 55-year-old characters, a meme blazed its way across the internet, shocking many in its wake: The Golden Girls, it reminded us, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpeople.com\u002Ftv\u002Fmain-characters-in-satc-revival-and-just-like-that-are-same-age-as-the-golden-girls\u002F\"\u003Ewere the same age\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in the first season of their series as the Sex and the City women were in this reboot. It's true: Dorothy, Rose and Blanche all indicate they're in their 50s in the early episodes. And it's a bracing realisation, because The Golden Girls has always been perceived as a show about \"old ladies\"– widows (and a divorcée) living out their waning years in Florida together.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EMore like this:\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E-          \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002Farticle\u002F20220228-10-of-the-best-tv-shows-to-watch-this-march\"\u003ETen TV shows to watch this March\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E-          \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002Farticle\u002F20220208-inventing-anna-review-the-fake-heiress-drama-is-a-hit\"\u003ENetflix's 'fake heiress' drama is a hit\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E-          \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002Farticle\u002F20210917-the-books-that-help-us-to-embrace-middle-age\"\u003EWhat happened when Gen X grew up\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnd Just Like That… brought with it great hope for new representation of middle-aged women on television: not as the mothers of teen and 20-something main characters, or the wives of male main characters, but as a group worthy of focus and admiration, the way the original Sex and the City centred on single women in their 30s. Instead, one of the show's major disappointments was its depiction of the characters as not just ageing but as \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002Farticle\u002F20211209-tv-review-and-just-like-that-is-awkward-and-clumsy\"\u003Eout-of-touch, faded and sad\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The Golden Girls may have dressed and styled their hair in a more ageing way, but they had way more fun in the 1980s than Carrie, Charlotte and Miranda seemed to be having in 2022.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220304-the-coolest-characters-on-television-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0bshvh8"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Better Things","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220304-the-coolest-characters-on-television-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWomen over 50 make up 20 percent of the general US population, but only eight percent of on-screen characters on US TV reflect this group, according to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.hollywoodreporter.com\u002Ftv\u002Ftv-news\u002Fsunday-night-football-among-most-watched-programs-for-women-over-50-exclusive-4153416\u002F\"\u003Ea report last year by Nielsen\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Those who are on screen find themselves stuck mainly in motherly roles, according to the report: \"Women 50+ rarely see themselves in content, and when they do, they often find a reflection of a woman that doesn't match their multi-faceted relevance, or reality.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWe've experienced bursts of truly magnificent senior characters of late, from the two leads in Netflix's Grace and Frankie – both Jane Fonda and Lily Tomlin are in their 80s – to Jean Smart, 70, as Vegas comedian Deborah Vance in HBO comedy Hacks. It's inspiring to see these masters ply their craft in funny, meaty roles, the likes of which we've rarely seen before for older women on television. But there's also a gulf of unexplored territory between the 30-somethings looking for love and success on the vast majority of shows, and retirement age. It's a time loaded with dramatic possibility for female characters: divorce, career shifts, disillusionment, parenting, caring for parents, health problems and menopause, yes; but also romance and sex from a wiser perspective, the challenges and beauty of long-term love, and the freedom that comes from letting go of the people-pleasing and rat-racing ways of youth.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220304-the-coolest-characters-on-television-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"These characters are an untapped resource, complex characters full of little-told stories","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220304-the-coolest-characters-on-television-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIf you scan the broader landscape of television, you'll see that female characters in this age group are vastly under-represented, but often wonderful when they do show up. Kristin Scott Thomas, as a powerful female executive, giving a bracingly honest – yet strangely hopeful – \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fwatch?v=RZrnHnASRV8\"\u003Emonologue about menopause\u003C\u002Fa\u003E on the Emmy-winning BBC\u002FAmazon hit Fleabag was just the beginning. Three more recent series demonstrate the great stories that can be told through midlife women. There is Philippine Leroy-Beaulieu as the cutting, glamorous marketing-agency boss Sylvie Grateau on Netflix's Emily in Paris. There is Pamela Adlon as the struggling, but wise and honest, single mother Sam Fox on FX's Better Things. And then there is Bridgett Everett as the grieving Midwesterner Sam Miller, who begins to find her way when she rediscovers her passion for singing, on HBO's Somebody Somewhere.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220304-the-coolest-characters-on-television-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0bshppc"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Sylvie in Emily in Paris","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220304-the-coolest-characters-on-television-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EMidlife women are, in fact, the best characters on TV right now – flawed but powerful, sexy and well aware of their best attributes, as well as their limitations. With Somebody Somewhere recently wrapping a well-received first season and renewed for a second, and with Better Things underway on its fifth season, it's clear that it's time to centre – and celebrate – them far more than we have, and to tell their too-little-told stories.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EStealing the show\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere's no better example of a midlife character who deserves her own show – but is stuck serving the narrative of a particularly vapid 30-something – than Sylvie of Emily in Paris. The title makes it obvious that Emily, an American whose marketing job transfers her to France, is the one we're supposed to focus on. But Sylvie, her boss at the marketing firm, steals the show. Played by 58-year-old Leroy-Beaulieu, Sylvie is stunning and glamorous, always wearing fitted designer clothing – not to mention the occasional bikini.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut Sylvie also unapologetically owns her age and experience. She juggles lovers of various ages, and knows her business well. Most notably, she's one of the few characters who are unfazed by Emily's innocent-American act: \"Look, you come to Paris, you walk into my office, you don't even bother to learn the language,\" she says to Emily, voicing many sceptical viewers' thoughts. \"You treat the city like it's your amusement park, and after a year of food, sex, wine and maybe some culture, you'll go back from where you came. So, perhaps we'll work together. But no, we won't be friends.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220304-the-coolest-characters-on-television-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"In Better Things, the depiction of this era in a woman's life is refreshingly grounded, honest and specific","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220304-the-coolest-characters-on-television-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBetter Things, on the other hand, is one of the few shows that, less glamorously, has centred a woman in midlife and her everyday concerns: raising three daughters and making a living as a single mother. Adlon co-created the series and stars as Sam, a character who hews particularly close to her own life as a mid-level actress and parent. She cares for her ageing mother, parents beautifully – if imperfectly – and occasionally dates. Adlon's depiction of this era in a woman's life is refreshingly grounded, honest and specific: She fights viciously with her eldest daughter, in particular, at times. She's not sure how to handle her headstrong mother's signs of mental decline. She wishes for an end to her periods but brags to her friends when her gynaecologist tells her she has the reproductive organs of a teenager.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220304-the-coolest-characters-on-television-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0bshq4f"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Better Things","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220304-the-coolest-characters-on-television-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESomebody Somewhere is another rare show focused on a midlife woman – and, in this case, it offers a unique depiction of a single, childfree 49-year-old trying to regain her footing after the death of her sister. Everett's Sam isn't trying to flee her small Kansas hometown, and isn't actively seeking love or success. But she is trying to find joy after a devastating loss, and she begins to find it in small ways, by rediscovering her gift for singing and connecting with an old high-school classmate who makes the perfect best friend. She is inspiring in very different ways from the women of Emily in Paris and Better Things, rousing us with her small moments of vulnerability, made all the more poignant by her stage in life.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAt one point in Emily in Paris, Sylvie offers the title character some wise advice about her time in Paris: \"Emily, you've got the rest of your life to be as dull as you wish,\" she says, \"but while you're here, fall in love, make mistakes, leave a disastrous trip in your wake\". But Sylvie and her middle-aged cohorts \u003Cem\u003Ehave\u003C\u002Fem\u003E already made their youthful mistakes, and they're anything but dull for it. That's what makes them even more fun to watch than the overabundance of Emilys on television, and why we need more Sylvies and Sams instead.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003ESeries five of Better Things is airing weekly on FX in the US, and series one to four are on BBC iPlayer in the UK; Somebody Somewhere is available on HBO Max in the US, and Sky Comedy and NOW TV in the UK.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003ELove film and TV? Join \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002Fgroups\u002F440074069852291\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EBBC Culture Film and TV Club\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E on Facebook, a community for cinephiles all over the world.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you would like to comment on this story or anything else you have seen on BBC Culture, head over to our \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002Fpages\u002FBBC-Culture\u002F237388053065908\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E page or message us on\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Fbbc_culture\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220304-the-coolest-characters-on-television-10"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2022-03-07T00:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"The coolest female characters on television","headlineShort":"Why the best TV characters are Gen X","image":["p0bshtft"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Sylvie in Emily in Paris","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2022-02-27T22:52:24.455144Z","Project":"wwverticals","Slug":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"621e44a645ceed11e20f4866"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"culture","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"Sylvie in Emily in Paris","promoImage":["p0bshtft"],"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":["tag\u002Ftelevision"],"summaryLong":"From chic Sylvie in Emily in Paris, to Sam in Better Things, unapologetic and flawed midlife women are ruling the small screen. We need more, argues Jennifer Keishin Armstrong.","summaryShort":"How the most compelling stories are coming from unapologetic midlife women","tag":["tag\u002Ftelevision"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2022-03-07T00:00:07.039067Z","entity":"article","guid":"5e543dd0-e003-42c4-b1ad-01feb5725202","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220304-the-coolest-characters-on-television","modifiedDateTime":"2022-03-07T00:00:07.039067Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220304-the-coolest-characters-on-television","cacheLastUpdated":1647169718101},"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220207-what-the-nordics-can-teach-us-about-having-fun":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220207-what-the-nordics-can-teach-us-about-having-fun","_id":"621e43f445ceed2bd9709031","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["culture\u002Fauthor\u002Fclare-dowdy"],"bodyIntro":"The Scandi and Nordic attitude to play has had a big influence on current design and urban living. Clare Dowdy explores a world of mud, adrenaline and 'skrammellegepladser'.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWhat do you get if you mix a love of foraging and the countryside with a child-centred mindset and a healthy attitude to danger? Answer: playgrounds that are the envy of the world. \"Scandinavia is a special place for children, no doubt,\" says Brit Kieran Long, director of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Farkdes.se\u002Fen\u002F\"\u003EArkDes\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, Sweden's national centre for architecture and design, \"and Sweden has children at the heart of everything it does\". He puts this, in part, down to \"the amazing equality of gender between parents. Parenthood here is not women's work, it's much more equal, and there's huge amounts of parental leave\". That creates an extreme demand for experience, and informs how public play is handled, he adds.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EMore like this:\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E-          \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002Farticle\u002F20211215-why-the-tiny-house-movement-is-big\"\u003EWhy the tiny house is perfect for now\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E-          \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002Farticle\u002F20211125-why-we-still-love-original-anti-minimalist-william-morris\"\u003EThe original master of anti-minimalism\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E-          \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002Farticle\u002F20210525-the-ultimate-island-hideaways\"\u003EThe ultimate island hideaways\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESince the 1940s, kids in the region have been getting muddy and wet and taking risks in well-designed play areas, and these once-pioneering ideas have spread. The idea of actually creating a playground with specifically designed equipment was conceived in 1850s Germany, with the first being built in Manchester, UK and then in Boston, USA.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220207-what-the-nordics-can-teach-us-about-having-fun-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0bmq0l3"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220207-what-the-nordics-can-teach-us-about-having-fun-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBut the Scandi philosophy of play, around free – rather than structured – play, and plenty of it outdoors, led to more inspiring settings. It all began when Danish architect Carl Theodor Sørensen came up with the notion of \u003Cem\u003Eskrammellegepladser\u003C\u002Fem\u003E or \"junk playgrounds\". His aim was to give urban kids the same chance to play as those in the countryside. He'd noticed that kids would rather play anywhere than in the playgrounds that he first designed, and in the 1930s was inspired by seeing resourceful kids turning construction sites into play areas.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220207-what-the-nordics-can-teach-us-about-having-fun-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Play is something that everyone has a right to – it is a like a basic service of urban life – Hanna Harris","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220207-what-the-nordics-can-teach-us-about-having-fun-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESørensen's first adventure playground opened in Emdrup on the outskirts of Copenhagen in 1943. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbooks.google.co.uk\u002Fbooks?id=1vdbEAAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PT153&dq=park+politics+in+the+parish+and+market+town+sorensen&hl=en&source=newbks_fb&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=park%20politics%20in%20the%20parish%20and%20market%20town%20sorensen&f=false\"\u003EHe wrote:\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \"Children's playgrounds are the city's most important form of public plantation.\" The playground was equipped with tools and building materials, so children could dig, construct and change their environment, and get together to create their own play space.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe 1940s and 1950s were a golden era for playgrounds in the region, believes Emelie Brunge, architect at Nyréns Arkitektkontor in Stockholm. \"A new focus on children developed in urban planning with the advent of modernism.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220207-what-the-nordics-can-teach-us-about-having-fun-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0bmq19h"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220207-what-the-nordics-can-teach-us-about-having-fun-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThese seeds were picked up and sown elsewhere. After visiting Emdrup, British landscape architect Lady Marjory Allen created around 35 adventure playgrounds back home in the 1960s and 1970s, with the motto \"better a broken bone than a broken spirit\".\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAround four decades later, Sørensen's influence was felt in Glasgow, via Assemble Studio. In 2013, the Turner Prize-winning collective's \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.balticstreetadventureplay.co.uk\u002F\"\u003EBaltic Street Adventure Playground\u003C\u002Fa\u003E opened. Their design argues for the adventure playground as a counterpoint to the pressures of modern urban childhood. Mud is a key feature.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBack in the post-war Nordics, things continued to be radical. In October 1968, Gunilla Lundahl transformed Stockholm's Moderna Museet into a sprawling adventure playground – a hugely influential project that was free and accessible to all.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECoinciding with this emphasis on children's wellbeing was the notion that everyone should have access to play areas. In the 1950s, a series of parks was developed (known as \"valley parks\") in the new suburbs being built around Stockholm. Importantly, these were not just for children, but were places \"where different generations and social classes could meet\", says Brunge.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220207-what-the-nordics-can-teach-us-about-having-fun-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0bmpzgs"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220207-what-the-nordics-can-teach-us-about-having-fun-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThis sense of inclusivity has persisted, particularly in Denmark. Today, play in cities like Copenhagen is not restricted to specific areas or to children. The capital has put people first with its focus on cycling and walking – much of it courtesy of urban designer Jan Gehl. Play is integrated into the urban environment, with basketball courts in streets and slides built into hillsides.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EState of play\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENot all playground equipment needs to look like play equipment, says British architect Jake Ford of Sweden-based \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwhitearkitekter.com\u002F\"\u003EWhite Arkitekter\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, one of the biggest architecture firms in Scandinavia. \"It could be subtle, like a bench that you can climb on so it becomes a stage, or trees that are climbable.\" Ford is part of the team working on the Gascoigne estate in London's Barking, where the Scandi influence will be felt, as play in the public realm is central to the design.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220207-what-the-nordics-can-teach-us-about-having-fun-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Play doesn't just stop when you get older, if anything, you should make sure you can incorporate play even more – Guy Hollaway","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220207-what-the-nordics-can-teach-us-about-having-fun-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ELikewise, in the Finnish capital, the undulating domes of new art museum Amos Rex designed by JKMM act as a public sphere, where visitors of all ages play, climb up and slide down. Hanna Harris, chief design officer of the City of Helsinki, explains the Finnish attitude to play. \"It's something that everyone has a right to – it is a like a basic service of urban life.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220207-what-the-nordics-can-teach-us-about-having-fun-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0bmq043"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220207-what-the-nordics-can-teach-us-about-having-fun-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESkateboarding appeals to a wide age range, and while some cities discourage it, in Malmö it's embraced. The Swedish city has a full-time skateboarding officer and myriad skate-friendly spots. The British seaside town of Folkestone is also making its mark. F51, an indoor, multi-storey skate park, is set to open there this spring. \"Play doesn't just stop when you get older,\" says Guy Hollaway, F51's architect. \"If anything, you should make sure you can incorporate play even more.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe idea behind these inclusive spaces is reflected in Pinterest's playful \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbusiness.pinterest.com\u002Fpinterest-predicts\u002F2022\u002Fkidding-around?utm_source=Press_Adweek&utm_campaign=PinterestPredicts2022_US&utm_medium=Press&utm_pai=Advertiser\"\u003Etrend tipped for 2022\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The image-sharing service predicts that \"this year, generation X and boomers will be all over playful pastimes like indoor swings... because crafts and toys keep the big kids young at heart.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIf playgrounds are designed to be exciting and unique, they can perform further roles. Malmö families cross town to visit its network of individually themed parks, making them a motor of social exchange, says Long at ArkDes. \"This breaks down barriers between diverse communities\".\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHowever, in places with housing shortages, play areas can suffer. Brunge points out that even in some parts of relatively well-funded Scandinavia, playgrounds are under pressure. \"In the new dense housing areas (of Sweden), it's hard to get a big enough space for things like kindergartens, schools, play areas and parks. The parks get smaller and with the dense exploitation, more people are using them. This has meant that we are having a hard time getting natural vegetation like lawns, flowers and shrubs to survive because of wear and tear.\" Long echoes this. \"Now it's a watered-down version, of 'let's make some nice play equipment'. The radical past is not so alive now.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBrunge also worries that \"we're increasingly moving towards the playgrounds being designed according to safety regulations, which of course is important. But I think we must be careful not to lose what it means to be a developing child at the cost of always keeping them safe\". Guy Holloway feels similarly. \"Despite in many ways the world becoming safer, we're shrouding our children in what feels like cotton wool to protect them all the time, and they are losing that ability to play without fear.\" He describes F51 as a \"controlled adrenaline facility\", adding \"it is what young people need to be able to play properly\".\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESørensen's designs reflected the modernist movement and included strong geometric shapes and graceful landforms. But it wasn't just the Scandinavian modernists who brought geometry into play. The late Japanese-American sculptor Isamu Noguchi's playground designs often referred to geometry and science, says Florence Ostende, curator of the Barbican's recent exhibition Noguchi. She cites \"triangulated structures such as the tetrahedron, which [Noguchi's] close friend R Buckminster Fuller conceived as 'a minimum structural system of the Universe'\".\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHis play equipment graced Japan's Moerenuma Park, and in 2019, Danish artist Danh Vo placed Noguchi's Play Sculpture – a red undulating loop of six large pipes – in the grounds of Pelican Estate in South London, creating somewhere for residents to play, climb and rest. \"Noguchi's fundamental contribution to playground design lies in the free, open and unscripted nature of our relationship to space and the environment,\" adds Ostende, whose exhibition will tour to Cologne, Bern and Lille.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile space and funds for play areas may be under pressure, play areas that make even a nod towards their radical roots are much appreciated. The Nordics' \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fnew.visitfinland.com\u002Fen\u002Farticles\u002Ffinnish-everyman-rights-the-right-to-roam\u002F\"\u003Elove of foraging\u003C\u002Fa\u003E features in the design of some Helsinki playgrounds and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fnuorten.helsinki\u002Fen\u002Fyouth-centers\u002Fedible-park\u002F\"\u003Eyouth centres\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, where edible plants have been grown.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220207-what-the-nordics-can-teach-us-about-having-fun-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0bmpzr1"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220207-what-the-nordics-can-teach-us-about-having-fun-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EMeanwhile, Ford, who lives in Sweden, remembers his mother's reaction to his daughter's pre-school playground. \"She was slightly horrified as it only had a waist-high fence, and there were huge rocks to jump off. There was mud and sand and bushes with berries to eat.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor Brunge, this type of space epitomises what makes a Scandi playground work: \"It is not so important that the children's clothes stay clean and dry. More important is that they're challenged and have fun.\" Sørensen would approve.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you would like to comment on this story or anything else you have seen on BBC Culture, head over to our \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002Fpages\u002FBBC-Culture\u002F237388053065908\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E page or message us on\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Fbbc_culture\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EAnd if you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called The Essential List. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220207-what-the-nordics-can-teach-us-about-having-fun-14"}],"collection":["culture\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Fdesigned"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2022-02-08T00:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"What the Nordics can teach us about having fun","headlineShort":"What the Nordics can teach us about fun","image":["p0bmpzz8"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Amos Rex","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2022-02-27T22:52:24.455144Z","Project":"wwverticals","Slug":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"621e44a645ceed11e20f4866"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"culture","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"Amos Rex","promoImage":["p0bmpzz8"],"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":["tag\u002Fdesign"],"summaryLong":"The Scandi and Nordic attitude to play has had a big influence on current design and urban living. Clare Dowdy explores a world of mud, adrenaline and 'skrammellegepladser'.","summaryShort":"How the Scandi attitude to play has influenced design and urban living","tag":["tag\u002Fdesign"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2022-02-08T00:00:23.637207Z","entity":"article","guid":"aff0f81b-b54f-4b42-b155-4da09432150d","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220207-what-the-nordics-can-teach-us-about-having-fun","modifiedDateTime":"2022-03-10T12:25:42.333737Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220207-what-the-nordics-can-teach-us-about-having-fun","cacheLastUpdated":1647169718101},"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220223-how-the-first-ever-pop-star-blazed-a-trail-of-innovation":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220223-how-the-first-ever-pop-star-blazed-a-trail-of-innovation","_id":"621e43f545ceed2bc9071a9e","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["culture\u002Fauthor\u002Fholly-williams"],"bodyIntro":"In the 18th Century, he set the agenda for today's superstars, yet Charles Dibdin has since been largely forgotten. Holly Williams explores a remarkable career – and the nature of fame.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThink of an era-defining, wildly popular pop star: are you picturing David Bowie? Prince? Elton John? Maybe Taylor Swift, Lady Gaga or Adele? The solo singer-songwriter, whose persona is as well-known as their music and lyrics, is a cornerstone of popular music.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EYet none of those names achieved anything like the domination of arguably Britain's first popular music star: Charles Dibdin. If the name isn't familiar, that's probably because he died in 1814 – although you might recognise the tune of one of his many nautical songs, Tom Bowling, often featured in the UK's popular annual classical concert, Last Night of the Proms.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EMore like this:\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E-          \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002Farticle\u002F20220215-bob-marleys-exodus-an-album-that-defined-the-20th-century\"\u003EAn album that defined the 20th Century\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E-          \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002Farticle\u002F20211117-why-u2s-one-is-the-ultimate-anthem\"\u003EIs this the greatest song of all time?\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E-          \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002Farticle\u002F20210216-the-forgotten-story-of-americas-first-black-superstars\"\u003EAmerica's first black superstars\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EYet in his own lifetime – and indeed for half a century after his death – Dibdin was no one-hit wonder, but a hugely prolific, extremely famous figure. He performed in operas and then wrote his own, composed more than a thousand songs, toured one-man shows around the country, and opened his own London theatre. He penned several novels and a five-volume history of theatre. His own autobiography also stretched to four volumes – the largest memoir of the period, and a good indication of Dibdin's remarkable facility for self-promotion.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"He was the most dominant singer-songwriter that Britain has ever had,\" insists David Chandler, Professor of English Literature at Doshisha University in Kyoto, who has overseen the recent recording of several of Dibdin's shows for CD and digital streaming. \"Who is the great British singer-songwriter? Most people are going to choose someone alive or recently deceased – but most of those would have some competition [in their respective eras]. With Dibdin, you just have someone with no obvious rival. Nobody else could combine his performance skills and his musical talents, and his facility for writing lyrics, \u003Cem\u003Eand\u003C\u002Fem\u003E his ability to self-publicise, all in one. That's what makes him really unique.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220223-how-the-first-ever-pop-star-blazed-a-trail-of-innovation-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0bqrbh6"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Sheet music by Dibdin","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220223-how-the-first-ever-pop-star-blazed-a-trail-of-innovation-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EChandler first became fascinated by Dibdin because, as an academic researching the Romantic era, he kept tripping over Dibdin's name in newspapers. Dibdin clearly had a rather tempestuous nature, and was often getting into financial difficulties, fighting with the critics, and falling out dramatically with other figures in the London theatrical scene – including David Garrick, who exploited Dibdin's musical talents for his Drury Lane theatre in the 1760s and 1770s, when Dibdin was a young man.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDibdin's reputation as being tricky to work with ultimately led to his staging one-man shows from 1787. He called these innovative, touring performances his \"Table Entertainments\", and it is a selection of these – alongside The Jubilee, a work written for Garrick's bonanza Shakespeare festival in 1769 – that have lately been performed and recorded by \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fretrospectopera.org.uk\u002Fold\u002FDIBDIN\u002FShakespeare.html\"\u003ERetrospect Opera\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, with baritone Simon Butteriss bringing Dibdin back to life.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Dibdin made enemies, certainly, like a lot of large personalities do. And that's why he ended up having to work on his own,\" laughs Butteriss. \"It was a struggle – he very much had to do everything himself, having been feted at Drury Lane.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Table Entertainments, however, were a hit. A charming raconteur, Dibdin would play multiple characters, blending comic storytelling with songs played on the piano. In his most successful, titled The Wags, for instance, Dibdin conjures up a villa outside of London – a \"camp of pleasure\" where English eccentrics eat and drink, tell jokes and stories, and sing songs. First performed in 1790, The Wags was his fourth Table Entertainment, and saw Dibdin \"able to refine his product to the point where it had an almost perfect appeal,\" says Chandler. Dibdin performed it 108 times in its first London season alone – and went on to churn out new Table Entertainments for the next 20 years.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220223-how-the-first-ever-pop-star-blazed-a-trail-of-innovation-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Dibdin's comic timing, stage presence and facility for a quick-witted ad-lib were all part of the brand","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220223-how-the-first-ever-pop-star-blazed-a-trail-of-innovation-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\"In the writing, he is so alive,\" says Butteriss, when asked about the attraction of Dibdin's work. \"I do the patter parts in Gilbert and Sullivan, and character roles in opera, and because I think more like an actor than a singer, it really appealed to me that there was so much dramatic and comic meat in his writing. He felt like a kindred spirit.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220223-how-the-first-ever-pop-star-blazed-a-trail-of-innovation-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0bqr9jv"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Portrait of Charles Dibdin","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220223-how-the-first-ever-pop-star-blazed-a-trail-of-innovation-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWhile Butteriss acknowledges that many of Dibdin's songs wouldn't stand up as individual pieces, he suggests the narrative that Dibdin writes around them is what makes them compelling. \"His characters are brilliantly written, and it's all carefully devised so he can play all the parts – it becomes a bravura thing. There's one song called The Margate Hoy in which he plays about 10 characters simultaneously having a conversation with one another. It's very funny indeed – it's this tiny, seven-minute opera on its own, really.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOutside of the London season, Dibdin toured these shows up and down the country – another innovation. \"As far as I know, no one had done this before: [touring as] literally a man and piano, and playing in a very wide range of venues,\" says Chandler. \"Public halls, private venues, clubs… he even did a private show for the Prince Regent.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThat's entertainment\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut key to Dibdin's success was that his characters, stories and songs had wide appeal – they weren't just for the upper classes. \"Dibdin liked his connections to powerful people; he dedicated a book to the prince,\" Chandler says, but adds that Dibdin believed he could entertain anybody: \"He had a very broad cross-section of audience, that varied depending on where he was doing the show – the university towns, where you'd get an intellectual, student audience, but also northern industrial centres. He talks about farmers coming to his show.\" He always enjoyed playing Liverpool, apparently, where his humour went down particularly well. And Dibdin's comic timing, stage presence and facility for a quick-witted ad-lib were certainly all part of the brand. \"His manner of coming upon the stage was in a happy style,\" \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.google.com\u002Fsearch?rlz=1C1GCEA_enGB927GB927&tbm=bks&sxsrf=APq-WBvN4wYPVgEuQx0r6lOvsZ6AX2rO_A:1645632171963&q=playwright+John+O%27Keeffe+His+manner+of+coming+upon+the+stage+was+in+a+happy+style+charles+dibdin&spell=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjH9qjImZb2AhVNecAKHfOxCUwQBSgAegQIARA5&biw=984&bih=620&dpr=1.2\"\u003Ewrote his contemporary, playwright John O'Keeffe\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \"He ran on sprightly and with a nearly laughing face, like a friend who enters hastily to impart you some good news.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EYou could even see Dibdin's shows as a very early form of stand-up; there are tales of him sparring with drunk hecklers. \"I think he is very much part of the history of stand-up as well,\" says Chandler. Such was the success of his solo shows, Dibdin was able to open his own small theatre, the Sans Souci, in London in 1795 to host them – also an unheard-of thing for a performer at the time. \"It was a tiny theatre, but it was a place people wanted to be seen,\" suggests Butteriss.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220223-how-the-first-ever-pop-star-blazed-a-trail-of-innovation-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0bqrbvy"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Illustration for Dibdin book","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220223-how-the-first-ever-pop-star-blazed-a-trail-of-innovation-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAnother of Dibdin's canniest moves was to pioneer merchandise: he would sell his own sheet music, as well as his books, at performances. His self-publishing approach means it's hard to tell exactly how popular his three novels really were, although we do know they appeared in more than one edition.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMore significant are the song sheets, which featured lyrics and scores for keyboard and a kind of widely played flute. \"One of Dibdin's strokes of genius was to start publishing his own music, which was not at all common [at the time],\" points out Chandler. \"He'd sign each one – he must've had these enormous signing sessions.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt was another clever innovation – not only offering audiences a chance to take away a signed memento of a good night out, but also a way to make sure his tunes were heard more widely, sung at home or in taverns. As an indicator of how numerous and widely collected his songs were, in the Bodleian Library's collection of surviving Broadside ballads from the later 18th Century, a whopping 324 are by Dibdin – while his closest rival clocks in with only 11.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220223-how-the-first-ever-pop-star-blazed-a-trail-of-innovation-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Jane Austen's small music collection features several works by Dibdin, copied out in her own hand","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220223-how-the-first-ever-pop-star-blazed-a-trail-of-innovation-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAnd this doesn't take into account how Dibdin fans might themselves make copies of someone else's score. Few such hand-written scores survive, but the practice was likely common – and we know it took place with Dibdin's work thanks to one very high-profile fan: Jane Austen. Her small music collection features several works by Dibdin, copied out in her own hand.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EShe's not the only Dibdin acolyte: he's also thought to have been a major inspiration for Gilbert and Sullivan. \"Dibdin invented the English comic opera that they then developed,\" says Butteriss.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDibdin's operas were enormously popular not only in his lifetime, but throughout much of the 19th Century, and we know WS Gilbert saw Dibdin's work as a young man. Butteriss thinks his influence is explicit. \"[Gilbert] lifts the comedy naval language he puts in HMS Pinafore from Dibdin. And I think the audience would have recognised it – a homage, rather than a stealing.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETwo of Dibdin's most successful operas, The Waterman (1774) and The Quaker (1775), were performed all over the anglophone world – and in Britain continued to be performed for up to hundred years afterwards, says Chandler. \"Which is incredible: no other opera of this period had such a long afterlife as those.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220223-how-the-first-ever-pop-star-blazed-a-trail-of-innovation-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0bqrb6h"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Charles Dibdin performing on stage","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220223-how-the-first-ever-pop-star-blazed-a-trail-of-innovation-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBoth Butteriss and Chandler would love to see his full-scale operas remounted – but we no longer have the original orchestral parts. Those that do exist, for The Waterman for example, hail from those productions from the mid-19th Century. How close these are to the originals is unclear – although they're potentially interesting in their own right. The 1840s – several decades after Dibdin's death – proved to be the peak moment for his legacy. As well as his operas still being staged, there was also a flush of interest in his songs, with numerous new editions published, including one ambitious collection by Charles Dickins's father-in-law, George Hogarth.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnd then… a gradual fade into relative obscurity. A version of The Waterman was performed in Covent Garden in 1911. Another opera, Lionel and Clarissa, was revived at the Lyric Theatre in London in 1925. And people continue to record Tom Bowling to this day… Still, it's a sharp decline from Britain's most prolific and popular singer-songwriter to being remembered for one tune only.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESo can Dibdin's afterlife tell us anything about what we might expect for the reputations of the pop stars of our own time – what afterlife we might anticipate for David Bowie, or Adele? Well, perhaps.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"For a whole generation after his death, Dibdin was really current, a lot of his songs were known,\" points out Chandler – as we now see with the most popular music of the 20th Century. \"There was about 60 years where a lot of English people would have known a number of Dibdin songs. But by the time you get to 80 years after his death, he's fading. So much new stuff comes along, some of the old just has to get displaced.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhether such a fate awaits pop stars in an era of Spotify remains to be seen. But as Dibdin proves, fame can be a fickle mistress – and there's no guarantee that being the most popular figure in one era means you'll be remembered in another.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003ECharles Dibdin's The Wags, The Jubilee, and Christmas Gambols are available on CD and streaming platforms; \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fretrospectopera.org.uk\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003Eretrospectopera.org.uk\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you would like to comment on this story or anything else you have seen on BBC Culture, head over to our \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002Fpages\u002FBBC-Culture\u002F237388053065908\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E page or message us on\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Fbbc_culture\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EAnd if you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called The Essential List. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220223-how-the-first-ever-pop-star-blazed-a-trail-of-innovation-12"}],"collection":["culture\u002Fcolumn\u002Fmusic"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2022-02-24T00:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"How the first ever pop star blazed a trail of innovation","headlineShort":"How the first pop star blazed a trail","image":["p0bqr6zm"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Charles Dibdin","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2022-02-27T22:52:24.455144Z","Project":"wwverticals","Slug":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"621e44a645ceed11e20f4866"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"culture","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"Charles Dibdin","promoImage":["p0bqr5hy"],"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":["tag\u002Fmusic"],"summaryLong":"In the 18th Century, he set the agenda for today's superstars, yet Charles Dibdin has since been largely forgotten. Holly Williams explores a remarkable career, and the nature of fame.","summaryShort":"He set the agenda for today's superstars – but is now largely forgotten. Why?","tag":["tag\u002Fmusic","tag\u002Fclassical-music"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2022-02-24T00:00:53.730644Z","entity":"article","guid":"562f8fe6-0f71-4ff7-88a8-6a980d136c6c","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220223-how-the-first-ever-pop-star-blazed-a-trail-of-innovation","modifiedDateTime":"2022-02-25T12:43:48.744975Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220223-how-the-first-ever-pop-star-blazed-a-trail-of-innovation","cacheLastUpdated":1647169718102},"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220222-netflixs-vikings-valhalla-why-weve-got-the-vikings-wrong":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220222-netflixs-vikings-valhalla-why-weve-got-the-vikings-wrong","_id":"621e43f145ceed2f3e0d4511","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["culture\u002Fauthor\u002Fluke-walpole"],"bodyIntro":"As Vikings: Valhalla premieres on Netflix, Luke Walpole explores how images of marauding pagans are misleading – despite being part of the popular imagination since the 8th-Century Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EYou've probably heard the story by now. It's the late 8th Century, and just off the coast of Northumbria in England, Lindisfarne Priory acts as a beacon of Christianity peering into the North Sea. Yet soon, according to lore, that tranquillity will be replaced by blood and thunder. The year is 793 AD and the Vikings are about to explode onto the historical stage.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EReflecting on the year, the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle – a compendium of historical documents that underpins our understanding of medieval England – \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bl.uk\u002Flearning\u002Ftimeline\u002Fitem126532.html\"\u003Enotes\u003C\u002Fa\u003E: \"This year came dreadful fore-warnings… terrifying the people most woefully: these were immense sheets of light rushing through the air, and whirlwinds, and fiery dragons flying across the firmament.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EMore like this:\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E- \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002Farticle\u002F20210127-the-buried-ship-found-on-an-english-estate\"\u003EThe buried ship found on an English estate\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E - \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002Farticle\u002F20191009-the-mysterious-ancient-figure-challenging-chinas-history\"\u003EThe ancient figure challenging China's history\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E - \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002Farticle\u002F20210111-the-ancient-roots-of-wonder-woman\"\u003EThe 2000-year-old Wonder Women\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe image of the Vikings that would continue in the popular imagination was established then. As the Chronicle continues, soon after, \"the harrowing inroads of heathen men made lamentable havoc in the church of God in Holy-island, by rapine and slaughter\". The Vikings were here in all their terrifying, pagan glory, and would remain key to the history of western Europe until the late 11th Century (even if the name \"Viking\" itself was not coined until well into the 19th Century, likely drawing upon the Old Norse word \u003Cem\u003EVíkingr\u003C\u002Fem\u003E and the Anglo-Saxon word \u003Cem\u003EWicing\u003C\u002Fem\u003E).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220222-netflixs-vikings-valhalla-why-weve-got-the-vikings-wrong-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Accounts – initially recorded through poem-like Eddas – lyrically describe the pantheon of Gods, such as Odin, Thor and Loki, who have become wholly sanitised by Marvel","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220222-netflixs-vikings-valhalla-why-weve-got-the-vikings-wrong-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EEtymology aside, the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle's depiction of Vikings has stuck. Later, in 865 AD, \"the heathen army\" arrived in Thanet, \"stole up the country, and overran all Kent Eastward\". From here, they went on to establish dominion across swathes of the midlands and East Anglia – thereafter known as Danelaw.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBy the 13th Century, much of the contents of Vikings' oral storytelling tradition had been written down by Norse settlers in Iceland, even if this cohesive sense of \"Vikingness\" is a much more modern imposition. These tales – initially recorded in poem collections called Eddas – lyrically describe the pantheon of Gods, such as Odin, Thor and Loki, who have recently become wholly sanitised by Marvel.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220222-netflixs-vikings-valhalla-why-weve-got-the-vikings-wrong-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0bqkzxm"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220222-netflixs-vikings-valhalla-why-weve-got-the-vikings-wrong-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe Icelandic Sagas are less flowery in language – though still full of fantastical elements – and were designed to capture the epic deeds of Viking forefathers. The sons of Ragnar Lothbrok, including the delightfully named Ivar the Boneless, play a huge role in them, and the Ragnar Saga Lodbrokar formed the basis for The History Channel's wildly successful show Vikings, which lasted for six seasons from 2013 to 2020. A sequel, Vikings: Valhalla, premieres on Netflix this Friday – continuing the story of the Norsemen while introducing real-life heroes such as Leif Erikson, who is believed to have travelled all the way to North America. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.thewrap.com\u002Fvikings-valhalla-review-netflix\u002F\"\u003EAccording to The Wrap\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \"Vikings: Valhalla has a narrative elegance and drive without sacrificing the pillaging, passionate sex, pagan rituals and political intrigue\".\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220222-netflixs-vikings-valhalla-why-weve-got-the-vikings-wrong-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The success of Assassins' Creed: Valhalla reflects an ongoing fascination with the heady mix of violence and pagan mysticism that have come to define the Viking era","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220222-netflixs-vikings-valhalla-why-weve-got-the-vikings-wrong-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EEchoes of the Sagas are also felt throughout Assassins' Creed: Valhalla (2020), a counterfactual spin on the \"Great Heathen Army\", which has become the biggest selling instalment in the long-running videogame series. While the impact of lockdowns across the world may have been a factor in its success, it also reflects an ongoing fascination with the heady mix of violence and pagan mysticism that have come to define the Viking era. From the horn-helmeted raiders of Richard Wagner's 1874 opera cycle Der Ring des Nibelungen to the bloodthirsty men of the 1958 epic historical film The Vikings and Bernard Cornwell's recent novel series The Last Kingdom, the image of fierce, adventurous Norsemen has seeped into our collective consciousness.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis is set to continue. As well as Vikings: Valhalla, this spring sees the big-screen release of Robert Eggers' The Northman, a revenge tale in which the film's lead Amleth (Alexander Skarsgård) ominously promises: \"I will avenge you father. I will save you mother. I will kill you Fjölnir,\" an aphorism that captures the classically savage view of the Vikings.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220222-netflixs-vikings-valhalla-why-weve-got-the-vikings-wrong-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0bqkzz3"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220222-netflixs-vikings-valhalla-why-weve-got-the-vikings-wrong-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThis iconography has long held sway in the political sphere. The idea of a tall, strong, blonde-haired and blue-eyed Nordic race was one that came to underpin the Nazis' Aryan ideal and cemented the subsequent right-wing fascination with the Norsemen. Interestingly, JRR Tolkien, whose Middle-earth draws heavily upon the Sagas and Eddas, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.historytoday.com\u002Fmiscellanies\u002Fvikings-warriors-no-nation\"\u003Eadmonished\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \"that ruddy little ignoramus Adolf Hitler\" for \"ruining, misapplying, and making forever accursed, that noble northern spirit.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Vikings have also featured amid the ongoing political tensions in Ukraine, folded into a debate about origins of the Russian and Ukrainian states. Between the 8th and 11th Centuries, it is generally accepted that groups of Swedish travellers and soldiers – and therefore what we would deem Vikings – seized and settled in areas surrounding the river routes between the Black and Caspian seas. Through this, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.history.com\u002Fnews\u002Fvikings-in-russia-kiev-rus-varangians-prince-oleg\"\u003Ethey came to be known as the Kyivan Rus’\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, a group commonly held to be the progenitors of modern-day Russia, Ukraine and Belarus. Yet the influence of Scandinavians in this is hotly contested. Indeed, an extraordinary 2021 historical essay by the Russian president Vladimir Putin wholly omits the Scandinavians and \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fen.kremlin.ru\u002Fevents\u002Fpresident\u002Fnews\u002F66181\"\u003Eclaims that\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \"Russians and Ukrainians were one people – a single whole.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EA different direction\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPolitics aside, the basis of Western culture's understanding of the Vikings is predicated on a male-dominated focus on the Viking's Western expansion, and less of a glance East. This is perhaps surprising, given some of our key reflections of the Vikings come from Middle Eastern historical sources, and the increasing number of Islamic artefacts which are being found across Scandinavia and indeed Britain. For example, Ahmad ibn Fadlan was a 10th-Century chronicler from the Abbasid Caliphate, who encountered a group of Rus'. Fascinated, he noted that while \"they are the filthiest of God's creatures… I have never seen more perfect physical specimens, tall as date palms, blonde and ruddy... Each man has an axe, a sword, and a knife and keeps each by him at all times.\" In just a handful of clauses, Fadlan painted an indelible image of the Vikings.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHe goes on to depict a Viking funeral replete with excessive drinking, the sacrifice of animals and the rape of slaves, and overseen by \"the Angel of Death\", underlining the occult paganism associated with the Vikings before their conversion to Christianity. Fadlan's description of the Vikings and their ways has arguably become a caricature, yet their movements in the East were not always quite so hyper-violent.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220222-netflixs-vikings-valhalla-why-weve-got-the-vikings-wrong-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The Vikings were historical actors across a wide canvas long before they arrived on British shores","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220222-netflixs-vikings-valhalla-why-weve-got-the-vikings-wrong-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EDr Jane Kershaw, associate professor of archaeology at the University of Oxford, has explored the Vikings' relations with the East by analysing silver, a key resource that could \"function as currency and show prestige\" in the period. Her work has uncovered a flood of silver Islamic coins – known as dirhams – that have found their way both into Scandinavia and on to the shores of Britain.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EKershaw notes that dirhams were coming in as early as 800, suggesting \"if we're seeing lots of dirham silver already reaching Scandinavia at the same time as the Lindisfarne raid, that says they already had these links to the East.\" Indeed, she tells BBC Culture, \"it's not like a lot of them would have been in Baghdad or trading within the [Abbasid] Caliphate, but they were successfully establishing trading towns on the rivers which lead down into the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea.\" The Vikings, therefore, were historical actors across a wide canvas long before they arrived on British shores.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETo maintain these trading relations, in which they sold slaves, furs and minerals, the Vikings would have had to curb some of their violent appetites, if not entirely lay down their axes. Indeed, Kershaw notes that during this era of \"muscular trade\", \"there is violence, but there is also a commercial element, and the two often go hand in hand.\" Via connecting rivers, the Vikings made their way deep into the Silk Roads, travelling to towns like Constantinople – known to the Vikings as Miklagaard, \"The Great City\" – Baghdad and Jerusalem.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220222-netflixs-vikings-valhalla-why-weve-got-the-vikings-wrong-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0bql037"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220222-netflixs-vikings-valhalla-why-weve-got-the-vikings-wrong-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn Miklagaard – which \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gutenberg.org\u002Ffiles\u002F1150\u002F1150-h\u002F1150-h.htm\"\u003Esome claim to have provided the visual cues for Asgard\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, the home of the Norse gods – it was possible for the Vikings to gain wealth and employment. Indeed, Vikings made up the vast majority of the Varangian Guard, protectors of the Byzantine Emperors between the 10th and 14th Centuries. During the early 11th Century, one of their number included Harald Hadrada, a name more famous for losing the battle of Stamford Bridge in 1066. Other guards may have been more laconic – in an eave of the great mosque Hagia Sophia in Constantinople, for example, runic graffiti from the 9th Century says the equivalent of \"Halfan was here\".\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EKershaw's findings are referenced in Dr Cat Jarman's recent book River Kings, a sweeping, fascinating piece of archaeological detective work that explores these links further. The book begins with the discovery of an ornate bead found in a warrior's grave dating back to the time of the \"Great Heathen Army\" in Repton, Derbyshire, and reverse engineers the journey back to its source in Gujarat, India. While Vikings may not have even made it to India, this underlines the notion that not only was the East open to the Norsemen, but it was an area with which they proactively and extensively engaged.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAccording to Kershaw, the Vikings' movements in the East recast them as \"part of a globalised network connecting empires\". Such a wide trading operation would require the support of entire societies, in turn suggesting a much more central role for women in this \"raiding economy\". Kershaw notes that to now, \"we've been resistant to the idea that women went with the Vikings to the West,\" seeing this instead as \"a male event\".\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EYet the longevity of the Vikings would have been underpinned by the \"almost industrial\" work of women in creating sails, clothing, rope and other vital materials. While this may sound prosaic, it was integral to the Vikings' success, and there is also the suggestion that women were more directly involved in seafaring, exploration, and warfare during the period. For example, Dr Eleanor Barraclough's Beyond the Northlands traces the Vikings' journey from the edges of the Holy Land to the Americas through the old Sagas. In doing this, she highlights a wide range of female protagonists, including Gudrid Thorbjarnardóttir – known as víðförla (\"well-travelled\") – a woman with \"light chestnut coloured hair\" and \"huge eyes\" who is credited with being the first European to give birth in North America. Gudrid would later take a pilgrimage to Rome following Iceland's conversion to Christianity, and in Barraclough's estimation, she is the \"real hero of the Vinland Sagas\".\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAlternatively, there's the fierce Freydís Eiríksdóttir, who, when faced with indigenous attackers in the Saga of Erik the Red, \"let down her sark and struck her breast with a naked sword\". Such a sight ensured the attackers \"rushed off to their boats and fled away\". Albeit more tenuously, the Eddas include the Valkyrie, an elite force of women soldiers who select which of the Viking war-dead deserve to join them in Valhalla. Recently brought to life in the 2017 Marvel film Thor: Ragnarok, their presence perhaps presupposes the involvement of women in warfare.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220222-netflixs-vikings-valhalla-why-weve-got-the-vikings-wrong-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0bql07k"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220222-netflixs-vikings-valhalla-why-weve-got-the-vikings-wrong-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe Sagas and Eddas do not provide a straightforward history of the Vikings, but they do capture a Viking world that is deeper and broader than might previously have been appreciated – and which has been portrayed in much of Western popular culture until now. Not least, the role of women in the enduring legacy of the Vikings. As Kershaw concludes: \"You need women to sustain cultural influence. Because it's women who pass on language to their children, who uphold cultural tradition and pass on religion. So, if you're looking for the mechanism for preserving Scandinavian culture abroad, you're probably looking at women.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile our historical perception of the Vikings might be changing, the cultural footprint they have left has been indelible. From the Northern reaches of Scandinavia, the Vikings have taken over the world's imagination, providing a mystical and bloodthirsty group whose visual flair and habits have been caricatured in hundreds of films, TV shows and books. In time, our evolving view of who the Vikings were and where they engaged may begin to afford this picture more nuance. But until then, Vikings: Valhalla will join a long line that brings this seafaring, ingenious and undeniably brutal people to life.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EVikings: Valhalla premieres on Netflix on 25 February.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003ELove film and TV? Join \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002Fgroups\u002F440074069852291\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EBBC Culture Film and TV Club\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E on Facebook, a community for cinephiles all over the world.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you would like to comment on this story or anything else you have seen on BBC Culture, head over to our \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002Fpages\u002FBBC-Culture\u002F237388053065908\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E page or message us on\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Fbbc_culture\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EAnd if you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called The Essential List. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220222-netflixs-vikings-valhalla-why-weve-got-the-vikings-wrong-14"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2022-02-23T08:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"Netflix's Vikings: Valhalla – why we've got the Vikings wrong","headlineShort":"Why we've got the Vikings wrong","image":["p0bqkzw6"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2022-02-27T22:52:24.455144Z","Project":"wwverticals","Slug":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"621e44a645ceed11e20f4866"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"culture","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":["tag\u002Ftelevision"],"summaryLong":"As Vikings: Valhalla premieres on Netflix, Luke Walpole explores how images of marauding pagans are misleading – despite being part of the popular imagination since the 8th Century.","summaryShort":"Popular culture's images of marauding pagans are misleading","tag":["tag\u002Ftelevision"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2022-02-23T00:30:47.185921Z","entity":"article","guid":"e5f73226-3146-420c-8a11-5cc39e9375d2","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220222-netflixs-vikings-valhalla-why-weve-got-the-vikings-wrong","modifiedDateTime":"2022-02-23T13:41:44.434819Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220222-netflixs-vikings-valhalla-why-weve-got-the-vikings-wrong","cacheLastUpdated":1647169718102},"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220221-the-duke-the-bus-driver-a-goya-masterpiece":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220221-the-duke-the-bus-driver-a-goya-masterpiece","_id":"621e43f145ceed2f1f22ecd2","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["culture\u002Fauthor\u002Fnicholas-barber"],"bodyIntro":"In 1961, a portrait by the artist vanished from the UK's National Gallery. As The Duke, a film about the theft, is released, Nicholas Barber tells the story of an incredible art heist.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAn hour and a half into the first James Bond film, 007 is strolling through the swanky secret headquarters of the eponymous villain, Dr No, when he pauses to admire a painting on a gilded easel. The moment passes so quickly that today's viewers barely notice it, but to cinema-goers in 1962, this would have been one of the film's sharpest jokes. The painting, a portrait of the Duke of Wellington completed by Francisco Goya in 1814, had been stolen from the National Gallery in London in 1961. Nobody knew who had taken it or where it was, so the idea that it might have fallen into the robotic hands of a megalomaniacal SPECTRE agent seemed as plausible as any other.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EWarning: this article contains plot spoilers for The Duke\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EMore like this:\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E– \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002Farticle\u002F20220127-10-films-to-watch-this-february\"\u003E10 films to watch this February\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E – \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002Farticle\u002F20200406-meet-the-worlds-greatest-art-detective\"\u003EThe Indiana Jones of the art world\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E – \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.google.co.uk\u002Fsearch?q=art+thefts+bbc+culture&sxsrf=APq-WBsvk2j1n1YndJ--ZmUiCNDRMTT4fA%3A1645446929236&source=hp&ei=EYcTYvjXC5GA8gK5j5KADw&iflsig=AHkkrS4AAAAAYhOVIfWGW5e9NoxtIN3t2TkXCur5VTFQ&ved=0ahUKEwi4pNi955D2AhURgFwKHbmHBPAQ4dUDCAk&uact=5&oq=art+thefts+bbc+culture&gs_lcp=Cgdnd3Mtd2l6EAM6CAghEBYQHRAeUABYjRhg-xhoAHAAeACAAecDiAGOB5IBAzQtMpgBAKABAQ&sclient=gws-wiz\"\u003EThe masterpieces stolen by the Nazis\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis was, after all, a mind-boggling heist. The painting had been owned by John Osborne, Duke of Leeds. He sold it at auction to an American collector, Charles Wrightsman, for £140,000, but the British Government was loath to let it leave the country, so the Treasury teamed up with a charity, the Wolfson Foundation, and matched Wrightsman's bid: £2 million in today's prices. The Goya portrait was suddenly the most famous painting in Britain. Visitors flocked to the National Gallery to see what all the money had been spent on, and security was tight. And yet, shortly before the Gallery opened on the morning of 21 August 1961, the guards realised that the painting had been spirited away. They didn't spot any intruders, no damage was done, and there were no traces of any equipment or weapons on the scene. But the Goya was gone. Nothing like this had happened before in the gallery's 138-year history. If Dr No wasn't responsible, then the culprit had to be a similarly cunning, experienced, and well-funded international criminal mastermind.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220221-the-duke-the-bus-driver-a-goya-masterpiece-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0bqd1ws"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220221-the-duke-the-bus-driver-a-goya-masterpiece-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThat was the theory, anyway. But in November 1965, a 61-year-old retired bus driver from the Northern English city of Newcastle upon Tyne stood up in London's Central Criminal Court and declared that he had taken the painting. He had never intended to keep it, he added. \"My sole object in all this was to set up a charity to pay for television licences [which fund the BBC in Britain] for old and poor people who seem to be neglected in our affluent society.\"  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis wasn't the story of a malevolent Dr No or a glamorous Thomas Crown committing the perfect crime, but of a chap named Kempton Bunton who embodied British eccentricity, underdog rebelliousness, have-a-go spirit, absurd luck, and sheer bloody-minded cheek. And now the stranger-than-fiction tale of the world's most unlikely fine-art thief has been made into a sparkling comedy drama, The Duke, starring Jim Broadbent as Bunton and Helen Mirren as his long-suffering wife. One of its executive producers is Chris Bunton, Kempton's grandson. \"It was always a story of working-class struggle,\" Chris tells BBC Culture. \"The family didn’t have two pennies to rub together, they were dealing with poverty as well as a lot of tragedy, and that influenced their psyche and their decision-making process. It's unlike any other heist.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EA dreamer and activist\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EKempton Bunton was a local character in Newcastle long before the theft of the Goya. He was regularly fired from jobs for speaking up for his colleagues against the management, he was an aspiring playwright whose scripts were invariably rejected by the BBC, and he was an activist who saw television as a lifeline for lonely pensioners, especially veterans of World War One, such as his own father. In Britain, it was illegal to own a television without paying an annual licence. Feeling that the fee was too high for poorer people, Bunton protested by refusing to pay his own licence fee, and, as a result, he had three short spells in prison in 1960. \"I loved the fact that Kempton had dreams beyond his station,\" says Nicky Bentham, the producer of The Duke. \"And he held on to those ideals, this sense of community, and this idea that one person could make a difference. I thought it was wonderfully uplifting and inspiring that he finally got a platform to share what he wanted to say with the world.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut, as his grandson says, Bunton's life was rocked by tragedy, too. Directed by the late Roger Michell, and scripted by Richard Bean and Clive Coleman, the film ascribes his wayward behaviour to the grief and guilt he felt about the death of his daughter, Marion, in a cycling accident when she was a teenager. \"I'm not saying that that justifies what he did,\" says Chris, \"but it was horrendous, really.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220221-the-duke-the-bus-driver-a-goya-masterpiece-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0bqd2ds"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220221-the-duke-the-bus-driver-a-goya-masterpiece-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn 1961, Bunton would later tell the court, he heard that the government had paid a fortune for one small painting, and it didn't seem fair. He went to the National Gallery to see what all the fuss was about, he explained, and saw that builders who had been doing some renovations had left a ladder lying in the street outside. A window in the men's toilets had been left unlocked. And the alarm system was switched off every morning when the cleaners came in. Soon, the Goya wasn't on display in Dr No's lair, it was stashed behind a wardrobe in Bunton's council house in Newcastle.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220221-the-duke-the-bus-driver-a-goya-masterpiece-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"There had never been a heist of this kind in the UK, so the police didn't know how to deal with it. Art heists elsewhere had been attributed to very well-established organised crime syndicates, and so that was the assumption – Nicky Bentham","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220221-the-duke-the-bus-driver-a-goya-masterpiece-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe authorities were baffled. Newspaper articles speculated that a gang of Italian crooks was behind the heist, or perhaps a thrill-seeking aristocrat. Bunton sent anonymous notes to various newspapers himself, promising that he would return the painting if £140,000 was donated to charity. But the police's enquiries didn't take them anywhere near this working-class Robin Hood. \"The gap between the establishment and the life of a bus driver in Newcastle was just vast,\" says Bentham. \"But also, there'd never been a heist of this kind in the UK, so they didn’t know how to deal with it. Art heists had happened elsewhere, and they had been attributed to very well-established organised crime syndicates, and so that was the assumption.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEventually Bunton decided that enough was enough. In May 1965, he took the painting to the left luggage office at Birmingham New Street station, and posted the receipt to the Mirror newspaper. Six weeks after that, he marched into New Scotland Yard and announced that he was the thief, and he used the subsequent trial as an opportunity to lecture the public about television licence fees. Because he had returned the painting, he was found not guilty of stealing it, but guilty of stealing the frame it had been in, which had since been lost. He spent three months in prison, content in the knowledge that he had made his political point – and that he had outsmarted the country's most brilliant criminal investigators.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe twist in the tale\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ERemarkably, that's not the whole story. The truth was that Bunton had outsmarted those investigators in more ways than one. Anyone who hasn't seen The Duke yet should stop reading now because it has a big twist towards the end. The person who pinched the Goya wasn't Bunton at all. The actual culprit was his 20-year-old son, John, a boat repairman. In 1969, he belatedly turned himself in, but the Director of Public Prosecutions deemed that as there was no other evidence available, it was simpler to brush the matter under the carpet. Besides, Britain's legal establishment wanted to avoid any further embarrassment. \"If they tried John for the crime,\" says Bentham, \"they would have to call Kempton back to the stand and have him admit to perjury, and they just didn't want to give him a platform again.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220221-the-duke-the-bus-driver-a-goya-masterpiece-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0bqd24z"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220221-the-duke-the-bus-driver-a-goya-masterpiece-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIt wasn't until 2012 that a confidential file detailing John's confession was released to the public. \"My dad never expected to get away with it,\" says Chris, the son of John, who is now aged 80. \"It was an idea, that's all it was. He was working in London at the time, living in a rented room, and he wondered if it was possible. He saw the open window in the bathroom and the ladder behind the gallery, and one thing led to another.\" John was in and out of the gallery within a few minutes of 5.50am. Having wedged the painting on to the back seat of his car, and driven it up the road to his lodgings, he thought that his cash-strapped family might get a few thousand pounds from the insurance company as a ransom payment, and that Kempton's licence-fee campaign would be publicised. \"My dad looked up to Kempton,\" says Chris. \"He was the one person who always supported him.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn return, Kempton supported his son. When he sent those notes to newspapers asking for a charitable donation, he hoped that they would put John in a better light if he was arrested. And then he insisted on taking the blame for John's crime himself, an act of heroism of which James Bond might have approved.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Kempton was a flawed character,\" says Chris. \"He wasn't the best father or the best husband, but he did this extraordinary thing to save his son. If my dad had gone to prison at that age, it would have ruined his life, so I was glad that the film focused on that. Yes, Kempton had the goal of supporting his campaign, but his main goal was to do the right thing for his family.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThe Duke is released in cinemas on 25 February in the UK and 22 April in the US\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003ELove film and TV? Join \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002Fgroups\u002F440074069852291\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EBBC Culture Film and TV Club\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E on Facebook, a community for cinephiles all over the world.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you would like to comment on this story or anything else you have seen on BBC Culture, head over to our \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002Fpages\u002FBBC-Culture\u002F237388053065908\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E page or message us on\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Fbbc_culture\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EAnd if you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called The Essential List. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220221-the-duke-the-bus-driver-a-goya-masterpiece-8"}],"collection":["culture\u002Fcolumn\u002Ffilm","culture\u002Fcolumn\u002Fart"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2022-02-22T00:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"The bus driver who confessed to stealing a Goya masterpiece","headlineShort":"Britain's most incredible art theft","image":["p0bqd1l5"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2022-02-27T22:52:24.455144Z","Project":"wwverticals","Slug":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"621e44a645ceed11e20f4866"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"culture","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"In 1961, a portrait by the artist vanished from the UK's National Gallery. As The Duke, a film about the theft, is released, Nicholas Barber tells the story of an incredible art heist.","summaryShort":"The story of the retired bus driver who confessed to stealing a Goya masterpiece","tag":null,"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2022-02-22T00:00:56.135371Z","entity":"article","guid":"30d74c0a-f1e1-45b3-a5ee-63f534072279","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220221-the-duke-the-bus-driver-a-goya-masterpiece","modifiedDateTime":"2022-02-24T14:11:36.005712Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220221-the-duke-the-bus-driver-a-goya-masterpiece","cacheLastUpdated":1647169718102},"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220217-the-woman-in-white-the-meanings-hidden-in-a-masterpiece":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220217-the-woman-in-white-the-meanings-hidden-in-a-masterpiece","_id":"621e43f345ceed2f3e0d4513","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["culture\u002Fauthor\u002Fbeverley-dsilva"],"bodyIntro":"In art, spirituality and protest, a woman wearing white is a powerful symbol. Is she a goddess, a ghost, a \"fallen woman\" – or something else entirely, asks Beverley D'Silva.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EShe was a vision in a white dress, as she stood, or half floated, before a white curtain. She was an \"apparition\", enthused the artist Gustave Courbet. No, there was nothing ghostly or unearthly about her, according to the art critic Jules-Antoine Castagnary, she was \"a woman after her wedding night,\" he said, leaving no doubt what her rosebud lips and dazzled stare evoked in him. She was \"charming\" felt the poet Charles Baudelaire. While art historian Paul Mantz wondered: \"What does she want with her loose hair, her big eyes drowned in ecstasy, her languid attitude?\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EMore like this:\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003E-          \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002Farticle\u002F20200103-the-tragedy-of-arts-greatest-supermodel\"\u003ETragedy of the world's first supermodel\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003E-          \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002Farticle\u002F20210719-the-unseen-masterpieces-of-frida-kahlo\"\u003EUnseen masterpieces of Frida Kahlo\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003E-          \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002Farticle\u002F20210709-paula-rego-is-this-britains-greatest-living-artist\"\u003EPaintings of 'rage, rebellion and pain'\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EThe \"she\" invoking these notable reactions was the subject of The White Girl, a masterpiece created by artist James McNeill Whistler in 1861-2. The model, Joanna Hiffernan, was also a muse, companion and much more to the US-born artist, who was living between London and Paris when the pair met in 1860. At the time of their meeting, Hiffernan, an Irish-born Londoner, was 21. The artist was 26, smitten by her beauty, and her hair, which was \"the most beautiful that you have ever seen!\" he wrote. \"A red not golden but copper – as Venetian as a dream!\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220217-the-woman-in-white-the-meanings-hidden-in-a-masterpiece-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0bpr1qt"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Jo with Bent Head by Whistler","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220217-the-woman-in-white-the-meanings-hidden-in-a-masterpiece-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EThe painting, which he eventually titled Symphony in White, No 1: The White Girl, was rejected by the Royal Academy and the official Paris Salon, and accepted at the Salon des Refus\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cspan\u003Eé\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003Es in 1863, a home – thanks to Napoleon III – for fine artists rejected elsewhere. It sealed Whistler's fate as a great international artist, and won him huge success in his own time.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220217-the-woman-in-white-the-meanings-hidden-in-a-masterpiece-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Controversy raged around the stereotypes – goddess or \"fallen\" woman – and what all that whiteness could possibly symbolise","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220217-the-woman-in-white-the-meanings-hidden-in-a-masterpiece-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EFrom its first showing in a London gallery, under the title Woman in White, trading up on the popularity of Wilkie Collins's 1859 novel of that name, it caused a stir, was derided publicly and critically praised. Like the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002Farticle\u002F20210211-the-detail-that-unlocks-the-mona-lisa\"\u003EMona Lisa\u003C\u002Fa\u003E centuries before her, Woman in White drew fascinated crowds, speculating about who and what she was.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EMuch conjecture focussed on the dress. A robe of such dazzling light-suffused whiteness was surely a garment worn by saints and the Virgin Mary, with further allusions to purity and innocence invoked by the white lily in her hand. But what of the flame-red hair, hanging loose, possibly indicative of her morals? And the wolfskin beneath her feet; with its links to wildness, sexuality, and the \"beast\" waiting to be unleashed inside her – or maybe those who gazed upon her.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220217-the-woman-in-white-the-meanings-hidden-in-a-masterpiece-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0bpnlqy"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Woman in White by Whistler","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220217-the-woman-in-white-the-meanings-hidden-in-a-masterpiece-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EControversy raged around these stereotypes – goddess or \"fallen\" woman – and what all that whiteness could possibly symbolise: purity, virginity, morality, heaven, goodness, faith, perfection. Whistler was a \"ruthlessly ambitious and hard-working artist\" who was \"determined to make his mark\", according to Professor Margaret MacDonald, a co-curator of an exhibition at London's Royal Academy, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.royalacademy.org.uk\u002Fexhibition\u002Fwhistler-woman-in-white\"\u003EWhistler's Woman in White\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, as well as co-author of the accompanying book, who is an expert on Whistler. The book examines the complex, enduring relationship between the artist and Hiffernan, and explores how the sensation around The White Girl, which stood on the threshold of modern art, secured Whistler's place in art history.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EWhile relishing the publicity it attracted, the artist stayed out of the debate on its white-on-white theme, famously retorting that it \"simply represents a girl dressed in white standing in front of a white curtain\" – in line with the \"art for art's sake\" credo he subscribed to. Yet despite his apparent insouciance, he painted \"Jo\" – as he affectionately called her – in white at least five times, three in his symphonies series. MacDonald tells BBC Culture that, in her view,  Whistler's choice of a white dress was partly because it \"contrasted splendidly with her hair\", and the artist was excited by the technical challenge of painting white on white, a challenge the artist Auguste Renoir spoke later of sharing. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EWhistler and Hiffernan's backgrounds couldn't have been more contrasting. He had a privileged childhood in New England, and grew up surrounded by wealth. Hiffernan came from a poor working-class family from Limerick in Ireland, who arrived penniless in London. She had considerable innate talents; she was (according to Whistler's biographers Elizabeth R Pennell and Joseph Pennell) of \"next to no education, but of keen intelligence… [and] great charm of manner\". MacDonald says that Jo and her sister Agnes (who were close) were \"not quite on the streets… but it was very difficult for somebody with nothing to make a living in London. And they were beautiful, so modelling [for an artist] was certainly one option\".\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220217-the-woman-in-white-the-meanings-hidden-in-a-masterpiece-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0bpnkhc"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Gustav Klimt's Portrait of Hermine Gallia","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220217-the-woman-in-white-the-meanings-hidden-in-a-masterpiece-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EIt was an option even if that modelling could be seen by \"polite society\" of her day as a fall from grace. And when Whistler first painted Hiffernan, he used vivid colours, and told his painter friend, Henri Fantin-Latour, she was like a \"\u003Cem\u003Eputain\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\" (prostitute). Although they never married in the legal sense, their relationship would last 20 years – until her death – and she was vitally important to him.  She not only posed for his best portraits – exposing herself in the process to lead white paint that may well have contributed to her death from a lung disease at 44 – she also cared for his son from an affair for many years, and sometimes managed his estate.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EHer part in his great fame might have mostly gone unsung. But 160 years later, a fascinating spotlight falls on Hiffernan, her personality and their life together, as revealed in the Royal Academy exhibition.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EMacDonald and her team were thrilled to discover, using X-radiographs, images buried under layers of some of his paintings (which he'd painted over to save on canvas) depicting Hiffernan \"her eyes looking devoutly upward, as if to heaven\", in the guise of \"a woman praying, saint or a nun\" as MacDonald puts it. \"All possible spiritual interpretations of the model's expression at this stage.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\"Incandescent beings\"\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EWhite in artworks carries \"a wide spectrum of meanings,\" says Marina Warner, historian, art critic and author of books including Stranger Magic, and Monuments and Maidens. \"If it's shining, as it is with the curtain in The White Girl, it brings a sense of being close to light, and ideas of purity and cleanliness,\" Warner tells BBC Culture However, \"shining white is also associated with angels, which are incandescent beings – \u003Cem\u003Ecandidus\u003C\u002Fem\u003E is Latin for white, and light is the origin of things. If you read Dante's Commedia [later known as The Divine Comedy], as you rise to heaven, it gets brighter and brighter. So that connection of whiteness with goodness is very, very strong.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220217-the-woman-in-white-the-meanings-hidden-in-a-masterpiece-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0bpnnvt"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"The Somnambulist by Millais","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220217-the-woman-in-white-the-meanings-hidden-in-a-masterpiece-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EThe dress in the painting is \"not shiny\" she points out \"and in this she's less angelic than nubile. Also a strong symbolic meaning of whiteness is a threshold – if you're a candidate or a novice up to become a nun, you wear white, as you do for your first communion; and if you marry you wear white and pass across the threshold of maidenhead into the world of sexuality\". \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EWarner notes the model's \"red lips, and hair hanging loose, possibly a sign of availability. She looks apt to surrender without much of a struggle. A hint of dangerous sexuality in the wolfskin… even the flowers in the carpet are hinting at fruition or fertility\". Indeed, the Woman in White curators believe Whistler's white-clad series may have been inspired by Jean-Baptiste Greuze's painting \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcollections.louvre.fr\u002Fen\u002Fark:\u002F53355\u002Fcl010059258\"\u003ELa Cruche Cassée\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (1771),\"with its depiction of fair young flesh and a silky, disarrayed white dress,\" as MacDonald's book describes it. But as Warner says, white conveys a wide spectrum of connotations. She, like Courbet before her, finds the figure \"rather spectral. I mean, in Victorian psychic photographs, ghosts are white, and there's something insubstantial, phantom-like about her. And of course, in many religions, whiteness is the colour of death\".          \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EThe painting's success influenced striking works of that time, such as Frederick Sandys' Gentle Spring (1865); Sir John Everett Millais' The Somnambulist (1871); The Woman in White (1871) by Frederick Walker; Gustav Klimt's Portrait of Hermine Gallia (1904); John Singer Sargent's intriguing Fumée d’Ambre Gris (1880);  and arresting portraits by Berthe Morisot, such as her \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nga.gov\u002Fcollection\u002Fart-object-page.52191.html\"\u003EThe Artist's Sister at a Window\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (1869). MacDonald's co-author, Aileen Ribeiro, notes how Morisot \"loved to depict these soft, floating, semi-transparent white morning gowns in private, informal, domestic settings\". She references The Awakening Conscience by William Holman Hunt (1853), which \"announces the sexual relationship between the young man and his mistress by specificity of her bedroom attire, a looser, striped white bodice over a white cotton broderie-anglaise petticoat… White then is an ambiguous colour; it can encompass a variety of meanings, from innocence to the lack of it\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220217-the-woman-in-white-the-meanings-hidden-in-a-masterpiece-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0bpnqjf"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Berthe Morisot painting","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220217-the-woman-in-white-the-meanings-hidden-in-a-masterpiece-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EWriting on the symbolism of white in relation to fashion, Ribeiro observes: \"It was Wittgenstein who said that white is 'that which does away with darkness', and for this reason is often linked to virtue, purity, cleanliness and humility\". She lists the white \u003Cem\u003Etoga virilis\u003C\u002Fem\u003E of ancient Rome, a symbol of the common good; white worn by monarchs at their coronations to underline their duty to the state and people; white associated with faith and religious rites, such as pilgrims to Mecca. There's the fact Popes have worn white since 1566, as a symbol of purity and sacrifice, and it's worn by priests and priestesses in the Shinto religion in Japan, where white has been an auspicious colour since ancient times.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EOf course there are countless portrayals of white-clad figures in modern art, from Whistler via Klimt's women in dresses gauzy as butterfly wings, through to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.metmuseum.org\u002Fart\u002Fcollection\u002Fsearch\u002F488711#:~:text=Woman%20in%20White%201923&text=Picasso%20painted%20this%20work%2C%20one,expatriates%20Gerald%20and%20Sara%20Murphy.\"\u003EPicasso's Woman in White\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (1923) to the vivid self-portraits by Frida Kahlo. One of Kahlo's paintings in which white plays heavily with colour symbolism is \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fartsandculture.google.com\u002Fstory\u002Fthe-two-fridas-1939\u002F_wJCem8xJOWKLw\"\u003EThe Two Fridas\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (1939).  She depicts herself in two guises – one Frida in Western clothes, the other in a formal white dress with traditional Tehuana trimming, her exposed heart bleeding on to its white skirt; it's been suggested the white Frida was the life she wished to have but eluded her (children, and happiness with Diego Rivera, from whom she had recently divorced). Kahlo said the picture expressed her desperation and loneliness. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.hrc.utexas.edu\u002Ffrida-kahlo-self-portrait\u002F\"\u003ESelf Portrait with Thorn Necklace and Hummingbird\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (1940) is arguably her best-known work featuring herself: her white dress is like a crucifixion shroud, as a neckpiece of thorns, rather than a crown, pierces her skin.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220217-the-woman-in-white-the-meanings-hidden-in-a-masterpiece-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Wearing white to highlight gender equality – and as an emblem of female empowerment – is still very much with us","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220217-the-woman-in-white-the-meanings-hidden-in-a-masterpiece-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EWhite dresses as a tradition for weddings is not as long-held as we might think – in fact, it was Queen Victoria's choice of a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002Farticle\u002F20140503-how-wedding-dresses-evolved\"\u003Ewhite wedding dress\u003C\u002Fa\u003E finished in lace (to help the ailing lace industry), that inspired a public fashion for bridal white. Bridal fashion expert, Peta Hunt recently told wedding website \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fhitched.co.uk\u002F\"\u003Ehitched.co.uk\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that we will see \"a lot more coloured wedding dresses – pinks, blues, blush\" and a return of black wedding dresses \"for high glamour and drama\". Wearing white has figured as a protest tool for women since the early 1900s, notably the British and US Suffragettes. White is the colour \"\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nationalgeographic.com\u002Fhistory\u002Farticle\u002Fdecoding-symbols-womens-suffrage-movement\"\u003Emost associated with suffragists today\u003C\u002Fa\u003E,\" writes Erin Blakemore for National Geographic. \"Long associated with youth, virginity and moral virtue, white suggested that women could be expected to vote for politicians and policies that would better society.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220217-the-woman-in-white-the-meanings-hidden-in-a-masterpiece-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0bpnnpz"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Painting by Sandys","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220217-the-woman-in-white-the-meanings-hidden-in-a-masterpiece-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EWearing white, Emmeline Pankhurst strode out as leader of the Women's Social and Political Union, to promote votes for women at public marches, including the biggest demonstration of its time in the UK, in Hyde Park, June 1908. A long white dress, worn with purple (symbolising dignity, self-reverence and self-respect) or green (for hope and new life), became an easy-to-assemble uniform for Suffragists attending political rallies. White garments also stood out starkly against the crowds of men in dark suits – an early prototype of the clever photo op.    \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EWearing white to highlight gender equality – and as an emblem of female empowerment – is still very much with us. In 2019, Donald Trump faced a sea of suffragette white at his State of the Union address, as female Democratic members of Congress \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.newyorker.com\u002Fnews\u002Fcurrent\u002Fthe-joyful-defiance-of-the-congresswomen-in-white-at-the-state-of-the-union\"\u003Estepped up in pristine white clothes\u003C\u002Fa\u003E: \"We'll honour those who went before us and send a message of solidarity, we're not going back on our hard-earned rights,\" said Lois Frankel, of the House Democratic Women's Working Group. While Christine Holgate, former Australia Post CEO, wore a white jacket when appearing before a Senate inquiry – part of the Wear White 2 Unite campaign to encourage people to support her call for an end to workplace bullying.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EIf she were still alive today, what would Joanna Hiffernan, the original Woman in White, make of the idea of white worn by women as a political statement? She'd probably snort with laughter, and be right behind it, judging by her wry humour and pragmatism, as revealed in the book. And what if she could walk around the Royal Academy, and witness the more than 70 paintings, etchings and Japanese prints that inspired her great friend, to see that the most eagerly sought-out artworks were of herself? That her talents and contributions to Whistler's oeuvre had at last been appreciated, and that she had finally been given her moment in the sun, would be gratifying indeed.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.royalacademy.org.uk\u002Fexhibition\u002Fwhistler-woman-in-white\"\u003EWhistler's Woman in White\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cem\u003E is at the Royal Academy, London, from 26 February to 22 May 2022.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you would like to comment on this story or anything else you have seen on BBC Culture, head over to our \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002Fpages\u002FBBC-Culture\u002F237388053065908\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E page or message us on\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Fbbc_culture\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EAnd if you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called The Essential List. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220217-the-woman-in-white-the-meanings-hidden-in-a-masterpiece-16"}],"collection":["culture\u002Fcolumn\u002Fart"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2022-02-21T00:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"The Woman in White and the meanings hidden in a masterpiece","headlineShort":"The meanings hidden in a masterpiece","image":["p0bpnlb7"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"The Woman in White by Whistler","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2022-02-27T22:52:24.455144Z","Project":"wwverticals","Slug":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"621e44a645ceed11e20f4866"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"culture","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"The Woman in White by Whistler","promoImage":["p0bpnlb7"],"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":["tag\u002Fart"],"summaryLong":"In art, spirituality and protest, a woman wearing white is a powerful symbol. Is she a goddess, a ghost, a \"fallen woman\" – or something else entirely, asks Beverley D'Silva.","summaryShort":"How the enigmatic Woman in White has symbolised sex, spirituality and power","tag":["tag\u002Fart-history"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2022-02-21T00:00:05.116675Z","entity":"article","guid":"c9061b84-79ec-47e6-babf-f9479a6fb2fb","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220217-the-woman-in-white-the-meanings-hidden-in-a-masterpiece","modifiedDateTime":"2022-02-24T14:11:30.754857Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20220217-the-woman-in-white-the-meanings-hidden-in-a-masterpiece","cacheLastUpdated":1647169718103},"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20171013-inside-the-most-lovely-and-quirky-homes-of-havana":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:culture\u002Farticle\u002F20171013-inside-the-most-lovely-and-quirky-homes-of-havana","_id":"621e43e045ceed251e36cd61","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"gallery","assetVideo":null,"author":["culture\u002Fauthor\u002Flindsay-baker"],"bodyIntro":"With an emphasis on mid-Century influences, along with Cuban ingenuity and flair, a new book Havana Living Today, by Hermes Mallea, explores the city’s most beautiful homes.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"ImageGallery","iFrameType":"","imageGallery":["p05jvsvn"],"id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20171013-inside-the-most-lovely-and-quirky-homes-of-havana-0"}],"collection":["culture\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Fdesigned"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2017-10-30T10:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"","headlineLong":"Inside the most distinctive homes of Havana","headlineShort":"Havana’s most beautiful homes","image":["p05g77jy"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":null,"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"culture","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":["p05g77jy"],"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"With an emphasis on mid-Century influences, along with Cuban ingenuity and flair, a new book Havana Living Today, by Hermes Mallea, explores the city’s most beautiful homes.","summaryShort":"A surprising look inside some of Cuba’s most distinctive dwellings","tag":null,"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-04-30T14:49:21.51599Z","entity":"article","guid":"5cfc186c-d104-476f-80b7-c83d1de21ce9","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20171013-inside-the-most-lovely-and-quirky-homes-of-havana","modifiedDateTime":"2022-02-24T12:03:10.238064Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20171013-inside-the-most-lovely-and-quirky-homes-of-havana","cacheLastUpdated":1647169718103},"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20210226-our-love-affair-with-our-homes":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:culture\u002Farticle\u002F20210226-our-love-affair-with-our-homes","_id":"621e43f145ceed2f3e0d4512","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"Right now, fashion fans care about the place where they live just as much as what they wear. Dominic Lutyens explores how, increasingly, our homes are where we express our personal style and tastes.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ECurrent times have kickstarted a passion for new, imaginative homeware. The need for many to work from home has prompted people to look at the places where they live with fresh eyes, and decorate them in ways that precisely suit their taste and needs. Fans of small, independent fashion labels often form deep attachments to their preferred designer or maker – such is their passion for the signature aesthetic. The same goes for loyal devotees of homeware brands.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EMore like this:\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E-          \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002Farticle\u002F20210201-the-french-icon-who-revolutionised-womens-clothes\"\u003EThe ultimate French style icon?\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E-          \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002Farticle\u002F20210205-thoroughly-modern-mullets-styles-unlikeliest-comeback\"\u003EThe return of a controversial haircut\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E-          \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002Farticle\u002F20210119-the-extraordinary-handbags-that-are-both-fashion-and-art\"\u003EThe bags that are both fashion and art\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMore and more,  designers are offering a mix of the two as consumers increasingly covet both. Now people are discovering that they can their dress their homes just like they dress themselves, as makers of fashion are branching out into homeware that matches their sartorial aesthetic, and similarly, homeware brands are pleasing their customers by cannily introducing complementary clothing lines.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20210226-our-love-affair-with-our-homes-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20210226-our-love-affair-with-our-homes-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWhile the trend has arisen through a combination of new consumer habits and unprecedented lockdowns, a cross-pollination of homeware and fashion has proved a successful formula in the past. An early example was legendary 1960s and 1970s label Biba, although it took some time for its homeware range to be established. It all started when Julie Hodges designed a blood-red wallpaper for the first Biba store in London's Kensington in 1964.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe store's founder Barbara Hulanicki took a keen interest in the interiors of her shops and her next, larger premises on Kensington High Street had a household department, while the following incarnation – a gargantuan Big Biba store that opened in 1973 – devoted a floor to homeware, touting everything from satin-fringed lampshades to kitsch flying ducks. In the 1980s, Missoni branched into homeware, its trademark, dynamic Art Deco-inspired ziggurats zipping across everything from towels to throws.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20210226-our-love-affair-with-our-homes-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20210226-our-love-affair-with-our-homes-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAs more fashion labels began producing homeware, the highly commercial, high-end fashion behemoths among them launched their homeware collections at regular intervals. By contrast, today smaller labels bring out homeware lines more spontaneously, and in a more personal way. These are often craft-based, helping to preserve age-old skills threatened with extinction in the process, and using specialist manufacturing methods.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EColville, the Milan-based fashion label co-founded in 2018 by Lucinda Chambers, a former fashion director at British Vogue, Molly Molloy and Kristin Forss, recently launched its first homeware line. Working now as a duo, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.colvilleofficial.com\u002Fpages\u002Fabout-us\"\u003EMolloy and Chambers\u003C\u002Fa\u003E design clothes that express their shared love of exuberant pattern and colour, also found in Colville's homeware. The company takes a firmly collaborative and sustainable approach. It often works alongside skilled artisans, and bills itself as \"anti-fast fashion\", producing clothing, and by extension homeware, designed to have a lasting appeal.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe homeware includes multicoloured, ultra-shaggy, yeti-on-acid rugs made with organic vegetable dyes by weavers in Turkey and jute floor mats in zingy shades created by women in Bangladesh, who learn traditional crafts. It also features wool blankets with super-sized polka dots made at an Italian mill using an ancient skill once practised by Cistercian monks.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20210226-our-love-affair-with-our-homes-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20210226-our-love-affair-with-our-homes-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe debut homeware line arose out of necessity – as well as through a chance encounter, Molloy tells BBC Culture: \"We needed to furnish our office in Milan but couldn't find any furniture we liked. Thanks to the amazing craftsmanship in Italy, we found a carpenter to make our desks, which we painted in bright colours. A Turkish friend told me about weavers in Turkey who could make rugs for us. These are now part of our homeware collection.\" \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20210226-our-love-affair-with-our-homes-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Today, it's less about just what women wear, and more about a 360-degree look – Chelsea Power","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20210226-our-love-affair-with-our-homes-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe homeware line is also rooted in Chambers' and Molloy's long-standing interest in design. Colville's Milan showroom already featured idiosyncratic ceramics by Danny Cremers, one of many creatives who collaborate with Colville. Chambers herself is known for her flair for interior design, evidenced by her oft-photographed, flamboyant West London home, where she's lived for more than 30 years. Its rooms are painted different daring shades – scarlet, pink or yellow – and eccentrically mix trad, chintzy upholstery and ultra-pop pendant lights. She has been greatly influenced by her mother, who bought unmodernised flats and updated them while Chambers was growing up. \"I really admired her taste,\" she says. \"In one house, she painted the ceiling black and attached horizontal planks painted white to the walls at a lower height, creating a sexy, 1970s vibe.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAlternatively, fashion brands are producing lines by joining forces with established homeware brands, resulting in symbiotic relationships. For example, cult fashion label Shrimps has produced two collections with Habitat.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20210226-our-love-affair-with-our-homes-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20210226-our-love-affair-with-our-homes-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EKate Butler, head of product design at Habitat, approached Shrimps with the idea. Butler says this year's Shrimps for Habitat collection fortuitously chimes with current consumer trends: \"During lockdowns, our homes have become more of a focus than going out and there's a new fashion-conscious customer who recognises interiors as an area of expression. Brands such as Shrimps, Off-White, Alice Temperley and Jonathan Saunders have recently extended their creative outlook with interiors collections, which their customers understand and recognise.\" \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe partnership made sense since Shrimps staff had observed that the label's accessories, notably its handbags, were often used in homes as decorative pieces in their own right, not tucked away in a cupboard when not worn. A bedroom-focused collection – mainly bedlinen, throws and rugs – references Shrimps' clothing by featuring the brand's signature faux fur and cartoony motifs. And a collection of armchairs, cabinets and lamps has a \"grown-up feel\", says Nikole de Santis of Shrimps. \"We drew inspiration from the glamour of 1970s Palm Springs, introducing hand-woven rattan furniture and beautiful ceramics.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EHome sweet home\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFashion retailers are fuelling the trend. Matches Fashion, for instance, stocks designer and creative consultant Matilda Goad's retro tableware and the new homeware collection of Yinka Ilori, best known for his upcycled, vibrant furniture painted in offbeat colour combinations.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20210226-our-love-affair-with-our-homes-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20210226-our-love-affair-with-our-homes-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\"We decided to launch our homeware category in 2018 as we noticed people's homes were becoming an extension of their fashion identity,\" says Chelsea Power of Matches Fashion. \"Today, it's less about just what women wear, and more about a 360-degree look; their homes have become a natural extension of their personal style. So expanding our product offering to homeware was a natural development for us. We collaborate with some of our ready-to-wear designers to create products that reflect their aesthetic – such as Colville and its bold blankets, sequined cushions by Ashish and table linen by Emilia Wickstead. \"Yinka came to me with his designs. They were so captivating and unique compared to anything else I'd seen recently that I was immediately drawn in.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EGoad has a fashion background – she has worked with British Vogue fashion director Venetia Scott – and later moved into interiors, launching her homeware brand in 2016 after an early design, a rattan lampshade with scalloped edges, proved hugely popular. \"I think interiors at the higher end can be very intimidating – a vast new territory,\" believes Goad.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20210226-our-love-affair-with-our-homes-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20210226-our-love-affair-with-our-homes-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\"My products might appeal to people who don't have the confidence to do a whole room scheme but are happy to buy individual items. I see my homeware as being like clothing that you can mix and match to suit different seasons. I've designed ceramics with a gold glaze that enhances their cosiness and looks great in winter. For winter, I use my napkins in rich shades – deep green and raspberry – and in summer ones in brighter colours.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhy does she think people are so attracted now to homeware? \"It's partly because everyone's lives are more visible on social media and people want to present their homes as stylish. Also, people are inspired by the ideas of others seen on Instagram.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIlori describes his collection as \"a continuation of my designs inspired by my British Nigerian heritage,\" he explains. \"Functional household items that evoke memories from my own upbringing have been reworked as colourful artworks. Each is meant to instil a sense of optimism and joy, to act in their own small way as a distraction from the dark times that we're facing.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELondon fashion boutique Browns also stocks Ilori's extensive range, which encompasses hand-turned stoneware dishes and hand-woven cotton jacquard cushions and tablecloths from Portugal, Polish enamelware mugs and Nepalese rugs. \"We've spent a lot of time sourcing specialist suppliers with a focus on craft and quality,\" says the designer.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20210226-our-love-affair-with-our-homes-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20210226-our-love-affair-with-our-homes-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EUnforeseen circumstances led Ilori to develop the collection. He also designs vibrantly colourful public installations – including his pavilion, The Colour Palace, at London's Dulwich Picture Library, co-created with architecture studio Pricegore. But in 2020, some of these projects were put on hold, giving him time to create his homeware line.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt's appropriate that Browns stocks Ilori's designs – the shop has always sold a small homeware range but decided to augment this in 2019. \"We got a very positive reaction to this from our customers\", says Hollie Harding, Browns’ womenswear non-apparel buying manager. \"This definitely spiked during lockdown. It felt natural for us to add further brands. We now cover a range of categories, from decorative glassware and ceramics to soft furnishings and bedding. We've also partnered with fashion brand Wandler for our 50th anniversary to curate exclusive pieces from founder Elza Wandler's favourite homeware brands – work by glass artist Jochen Holz, designer Helle Mardahl and ceramicist Fleur Hulleman – and we've launched a collection of plates by Daphne Leon for Jacquemus.\" \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20210226-our-love-affair-with-our-homes-16"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20210226-our-love-affair-with-our-homes-17"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EPerhaps Chambers summarises the spirit of these homeware lines best when she describes Colville: \"We're not a company selling handbags or scent to keep a huge machine going. We're selling clothes and homeware that people enjoy. We're growing our homeware side, which is exciting, but bit by bit. Only if it feels right.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you would like to comment on this story or anything else you have seen on BBC Culture, head over to our \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002Fpages\u002FBBC-Culture\u002F237388053065908\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E page or message us on\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Fbbc_culture\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EAnd if you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called The Essential List. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20210226-our-love-affair-with-our-homes-18"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2021-03-02T00:30:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"Our love affair with our homes","headlineShort":"Our love affair with our homes","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"culture","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":[],"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":[],"summaryLong":"Right now, fashion fans care about the place where they live as much as what they wear. Dominic Lutyens explores how, increasingly, our homes are where we express our personal style.","summaryShort":"Right now, fashion fans care about where they live as much as what they wear","tag":[],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-03-02T00:30:47.002475Z","entity":"article","guid":"ec3725ef-ead5-45bb-91e5-abdc9683c29a","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20210226-our-love-affair-with-our-homes","modifiedDateTime":"2022-02-28T12:54:47.877369Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20210226-our-love-affair-with-our-homes","cacheLastUpdated":1647169718103},"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200526-the-quirky-charm-of-norwegian-design":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200526-the-quirky-charm-of-norwegian-design","_id":"621e43ed45ceed2bb5163a49","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"The national temperament of Norway is shy, and the design aesthetic is playful and unique. Clare Dowdy explores why this overlooked country has a Scandi style all of its own.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EMinimal, functional, good-looking and democratic – Scandinavian design is a major force in furniture and interiors, and has been for decades. This corner of northern Europe is awash with mid-century design legends like Arne Jacobsen, Verner Panton, Alvar Aalto and Bruno Mathsson.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut this catch-all term hasn’t been living up to its name. The big guns of Scandinavian design are the Danes, (like Jacobsen and Panton), the Finns (Aalto), and to a lesser extent the Swedes (Mathsson). What about their next-door neighbours?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMore like this:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E-        \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fculture\u002Farticle\u002F20200512-what-you-didnt-know-about-colour\"\u003EWhat you didn’t know about colour\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E-        \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fculture\u002Farticle\u002F20200414-are-these-the-ultimate-fantasy-homes\"\u003EAre these the ultimate fantasy homes?\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E-        \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fculture\u002Farticle\u002F20200515-designs-new-stone-age-is-here\"\u003EDesign’s new stone age is here\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs far as populations go, Norway isn’t the region’s minnow – with a population of 5.4m, it’s about the same size as Finland and Denmark, and all three are around half the size of 10m-strong Sweden. Despite that, Norwegian design has been punching below its weight. To call this wealthy nation the poor relation seems a bit of a stretch – but when it comes to design, it has a ring of truth. Among its neighbours, the Norwegian national stereotype is of an uneducated country bumpkin in a knitted sweater, with a fish close at hand. Yet this outdated cliché and its lowly position in the Scandi design pecking order has given Norwegian creativity its own flavour, and a potential edge.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200526-the-quirky-charm-of-norwegian-design-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200526-the-quirky-charm-of-norwegian-design-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe locals put their relatively low profile down to a mix of factors, ranging from the highs and lows of oil and poverty, to national temperament. Norway was heavily bombed in World War Two, its furniture factories destroyed. A cottage industry on the rural, elongated west coast took their place. Here, between fjords and mountains, farmers who had always made furniture for themselves and had access to forestry, started businesses. One such entrepreneur was Lars Karl Hjelle, and the third-generation brand LK Hjelle still manufactures in the village of Sykkylven.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“It wasn’t about craftsmanship at that time,” says Morten Hippe, of young Norwegian furniture brand Eikund, “but about producing simple design that could be delivered quickly”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs the nation recovered in the 1950s, those basic home furnishings were in need of an upgrade. A talented cohort of design graduates fresh out of college led the charge. They had been trained up by Arne Korsmo, the head of furniture and interiors at the Norwegian National Academy of Craft and Art Industry. A hugely influential architect in the international style, Korsmo was known for his villa designs, some of which – like the 1930s Villa Stenersen – are regarded as masterpieces of Norwegian functionalism.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200526-the-quirky-charm-of-norwegian-design-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200526-the-quirky-charm-of-norwegian-design-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EHe and his wife Grete Prytz Kittelsen, an equally talented tableware designer, travelled to the US to meet modernist pioneers including Frank Lloyd-Wright, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and Charles and Ray Eames. “They were an amazing couple, networking with high-profile people in both architecture and design,” says Benedicte Sunde, curator of the annual contemporary design exhibition Norwegian Presence.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBack at home, Korsmo’s experiences meant his graduates “were on a par with their neighbours”, says Dr Widar Halén, director of design and decorative arts at Oslo’s National Museum of Art, Architecture and Design. Many, like Fredrik A Kayser, Torbjørn Afdal and Torbjørn Bekken, produced stylish pieces for those west-coast workshops. They and their peers were on a roll, taking part in touring exhibitions of Scandinavian design and winning international awards.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBusiness was booming, until Norway discovered oil in the 1960s. The nation’s gain was design’s loss. “Skilled people left the industry and we now had money to import furniture. We lost a lot of production here,” says Hippe.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200526-the-quirky-charm-of-norwegian-design-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"We don’t want to brag or stand out, we’re a shy country – Morten Hippe","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200526-the-quirky-charm-of-norwegian-design-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESunde elaborates: “When oil struck, the government’s focus and money went into the North Sea, and the focus on design for export disappeared. Small manufacturers couldn’t keep up.” Just as the Norwegian government was taking its eye off the design ball, its neighbours – who could only dream of Norway’s natural resources – were supporting their furniture makers with state funding, and heavily promoting designers abroad.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200526-the-quirky-charm-of-norwegian-design-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200526-the-quirky-charm-of-norwegian-design-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EHowever, Hippe is not convinced that such an approach would have worked for Norwegians, anyway. He believes that the idea of self-promotion wouldn’t have sat well with them. “We don’t want to brag or stand out, we’re a shy country,” he says. Historically, Norwegians have had a reputation for being reserved and distant – hardly suitable traits for trumpeting one’s talents.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESo while Norway’s best mid-century furniture fell out of production, its rivals were keeping the flag flying by relentlessly reissuing. From Finn Juhl’s Model 45 Easy Chair, and Hans Wegner’s Wishbone Chair, to Aalto’s Stool, Model No. 60, and Jacobsen’s Egg Chair and Swan Chair, these pieces were elevated to icons of Scandi design.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EToday, contemporary creatives – even in Norway – are hard pushed to name many Norwegian designers from those halcyon days. London-based Danish designer Nina Tolstrup is blunt about it: “Norway was invisible on the design scene from 1900 to 1990.” Only one mid-century master springs to mind for her: Hans Brattrud, designer of the Skandia chair.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EA free rein\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut the fact that these designs were largely lost or forgotten plays into the hands of the current generation. In those countries where the 1950s have never gone away, “contemporary designers have felt it as a burden – they can’t produce new ideas because reproduction is so dominant,” says Dr Halén. “It hampers them.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200526-the-quirky-charm-of-norwegian-design-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200526-the-quirky-charm-of-norwegian-design-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAs a Dane, Tolstrup feels this: “The new designers in Norway over the last generation have had the benefit of not having a heavy design history, which for Danish designers for many years was a burden, as it was very difficult to rise above the strong historic design legacy.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHaving less conspicuous roots has given the Norwegians more of a free rein. “The design scene in Norway has really been blooming over the last ten years,” Norwegian designer Hallgeir Homstvedt tells BBC Designed. He cites Lars Tornøe’s Dots, a series of large, turned-wood coat hooks. “Millions of Dots have been sold, and they have sparked a whole new product category of sculptural coat hooks,” says Homstvedt.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis freedom has translated into a certain quirkiness. “Many [Norwegian designers] are recognised as having a warm playfulness in the products they design,” says Elizabeth Hurlen, export manager of LK Hjelle, which produces the witty Boy poufs by pioneering design studio, Norway Says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200526-the-quirky-charm-of-norwegian-design-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200526-the-quirky-charm-of-norwegian-design-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EHjelle is one of a handful of homegrown brands, and produces work by some of the country’s most established living designers, including Homstvedt, Andreas Engesvik, and Anderssen & Voll, as well as Norway Says. In contrast, its neighbours can boast of many more world-recognised brands like Hay in Denmark, Hem in Sweden, and Finnish brand Muuto.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200526-the-quirky-charm-of-norwegian-design-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"They don’t go for the beauty that people expect, so it makes us think of beauty in a different way – Benedicte Sunde","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200526-the-quirky-charm-of-norwegian-design-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThis quirkiness and ruggedness has manifested itself at this year’s Norwegian Presence show, where much experimentation with raw materials is evident, such as stone off-cuts and scrap aluminium. Ali Gallefoss has cast aluminium in pieces of stone, while Vilde Hagelund and Nils Stensrud have produced pieces in birchwood. Sunde describes this approach as a reaction against glamour. “This gives them a raw aesthetic which has its own beauty,” she says, “It doesn’t look luscious or elegant, something that high-end people would buy. It’s more new-wave and avant-garde. They don’t go for the beauty that people expect, so it makes us think of beauty in a different way.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe work of Norwegian Presence’s 11 designers sits alongside seven local manufacturers including Fjørdfjesta and Vestre. But with few homegrown brands to design for, much design talent has been exported. “Norway has mainly been incubating designers, who go on to work for international brands,” says Homstvedt. As well as Tornøe’s work for Muuto, he cites Engesvik’s Bollo chair for Fogia, Counterbalance lamp by Daniel Rybakken for Luce Plan, Tibu by Anderssen & Voll for Magis, and Half & Half, which he designed with Jonah Takagi for Roll & Hill.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200526-the-quirky-charm-of-norwegian-design-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200526-the-quirky-charm-of-norwegian-design-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EMeanwhile, it’s catch-up time for those ‘lost’ designers. For Norwegian brands like Fjordfiesta, Eikund and Hjelle, reissuing their country’s mid-century creations is a calling. “Now, our mission is not to just sell fish and pump up oil; we need to know our heritage,” says Hippe at Eikund.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDr Halén believes that the next step is to comfortably accommodate retro nostalgia, alongside the need for fresh talent. “We want good new designers to flourish, but we also want to buy icons. Balance is needed.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPerhaps in Norway, contemporary design can thrive while classics can revive – it’s an interesting two-pronged approach that could help the country take its rightful place at the Scandi-designed table.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you would like to comment on this story or anything else you have seen on BBC Culture, head over to our \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002Fpages\u002FBBC-Culture\u002F237388053065908\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E page or message us on\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Fbbc_culture\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EAnd if you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called The Essential List, a handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200526-the-quirky-charm-of-norwegian-design-16"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-05-27T09:30:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"The quirky charm of Norwegian design","headlineShort":"The quirky charm of Norwegian design","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"culture","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":[],"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":[],"summaryLong":"The national temperament of Norway is shy, and the design aesthetic is playful and unique. Clare Dowdy explores why this overlooked country has a Scandi style all of its own.","summaryShort":"Why shy, reserved Norway has a Scandi style all of its own","tag":[],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-05-27T08:48:28.342467Z","entity":"article","guid":"65545bd9-7d9a-43c4-b71c-3b74ab23cdcc","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200526-the-quirky-charm-of-norwegian-design","modifiedDateTime":"2022-02-24T13:30:43.644402Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200526-the-quirky-charm-of-norwegian-design","cacheLastUpdated":1647169718103},"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20190521-10-dream-homes-from-the-past-century":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:culture\u002Farticle\u002F20190521-10-dream-homes-from-the-past-century","_id":"621e43e845ceed2940532347","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"From a Modernist desert retreat to a camouflaged turf lodge, a new book, Houses: Extraordinary Living, explores the diversity of some of the world’s most awe-inspiring abodes.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThis article was originally published in 2019\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHome should be a sacred space: the place where you feel secure, and can unwind at the end of a long day – it’s also where we entertain friends, and increasingly, a place to work or study. New methods and materials introduced since the early 20th Century have offered architects and daring clients around the world new ways to let creative imaginations run wild in how – and where – people are able to live.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EA new book, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.phaidon.com\u002Fstore\u002Farchitecture\u002Fhouses-extraordinary-living-9780714878096\u002F\"\u003EHouses: Extraordinary Living\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, charts our shift in taste, style, and thinking about domestic living through a cross-section of innovative residences that fully embrace their environment – from a hidden house in a Swedish forest to a California desert retreat. Levitating glass boxes, experimental prototypes, radically open-plan layouts, and residences that relate to their surroundings – with the right architect, no project is impossible.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EGraham House, Canada\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20190521-10-dream-homes-from-the-past-century-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20190521-10-dream-homes-from-the-past-century-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EProminent Canadian architect Arthur Erickson designed this west coast Modernist house on an incredibly steep site in West Vancouver, alongside long-time collaborator Geoffrey Massey. Building on the difficult, rugged cliff face was completed in 1963 with a design of hovering horizontal beams and glass which enclosed the major living areas, as a multi-storey structure descending the slope in four levels, from the carport to the rocky bluff over the Pacific.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EEach area opened onto a roof terrace over the floor below, to achieve maximum access to the stunning views. The late Erickson wrote that: “The Graham house launched my reputation as the architect you went to when you had an impossible site.” Despite its prestige, sadly the Graham house was demolished in 2007.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EDesert House, United States\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20190521-10-dream-homes-from-the-past-century-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20190521-10-dream-homes-from-the-past-century-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EArchitect Jim Jennings and writer Therese Bissell took their time building their elegant desert retreat. After purchasing the land in 1999, a decade passed before the couple spent time in their Palm Springs refuge: “When you’re your own client, you can be as demanding as you like,” Jennings \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.architecturaldigest.com\u002Fstory\u002Fjim-jennings-article-092009\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Etold Architectural Digest.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E “And you know how difficult everything will be, especially when it appears simple.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ERather than opening to the outdoors, the space subverts Desert Modernism’s tradition of the post-and-beam glass box by enclosing the living area in a 2.4m concrete wall of horizontal blocks, supporting a steel roof and two courtyards. From inside, views of the surroundings – palm trees, the San Jacinto Mountains, and molten blue sky – are framed by the floating flat roof, with overhangs providing much-needed shade.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EEdgeland House, United States\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20190521-10-dream-homes-from-the-past-century-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20190521-10-dream-homes-from-the-past-century-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EArchitects Bercy Chen Studio adopted a modern interpretation of the Native American pit house as a model for Edgeland House, digging 2m into the ground in an attempt to restore the land of a former brownfield site which had been scarred by industry in Austin, Texas.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ECompleted in 2012, the turf roof and sunken excavation provides both privacy from the street side and insulative properties to keep the building warm in winter and cool in summer. The lack of any connecting hallway between the living and sleeping quarters is intentional – encouraging its owners to spend more time outside.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EHouse in Itsuura, Japan\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20190521-10-dream-homes-from-the-past-century-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20190521-10-dream-homes-from-the-past-century-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThis single-storey angled house in Japan’s Ibaraki Prefecture is perched on two organically formed pillars, which allow the rest of the structure to be embedded in the hill. The interiors are timber-clad with wood from the local area, and the facade features external angled slats that regulate temperature, let in light and provide privacy.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ELiving spaces are in the longer wing of the structure, while the shorter wing has spaces for sleeping. Architects Life Style Koubou planted 60 trees to help regenerate the area, and over time it’s hoped the dwelling will become more connected to its natural surroundings as the wood takes on a weathered appearance.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EBakkaflöt 1, Iceland\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20190521-10-dream-homes-from-the-past-century-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20190521-10-dream-homes-from-the-past-century-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EShortly after graduating from École des Beaux-Arts in Paris 1960, Högna Sigurðardóttir became the first woman to design a building in a professional capacity in Iceland. A few years later, she would design arguably one of the country’s greatest buildings in the form of a simple modern turf hut for a family in a suburban street south of Reykjavík.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIn 1963, Sigurðardóttir \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.islanders.is\u002Fragnheidur\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Etold the family of six\u003C\u002Fa\u003E “I am going to make you a nest”, and in incorporating three mounds to protect the low house from the harsh Icelandic elements, she kept her promise. The house is made of exposed concrete using Brutalist techniques, as is much of the furniture – such as the sofa and the bathtub – creating a connection between inside and out.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe House on the Cliff, Spain\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20190521-10-dream-homes-from-the-past-century-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20190521-10-dream-homes-from-the-past-century-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ERippling over the contours of a steep hillside slope in Granada is a largely-buried dwelling which architects Pablo Gil and Jaime Bartolomé called “a contemporary Gaudíesque cave” after Anton Gaudì, known as the greatest exponent of Catalan Modernism. Completed in 2015, the two-storey residence uses the natural cooling of the earth to maintain a constant temperature of 19.5C.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ECovered with a curved double shell of reinforced concrete upon a metal frame, its rolling zinc-tiled, handcrafted roof resembles a dragon’s scaly skin, with its pool and cantilevering terrace framing views over the Mediterranean sea. The architects stated: “The metallic roof produces a calculated aesthetic ambiguity between the natural and the artificial, between the skin of a dragon set in the ground, when seen from below, and the waves of the sea, when seen from above.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EDragspel House, Sweden\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20190521-10-dream-homes-from-the-past-century-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20190521-10-dream-homes-from-the-past-century-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EDragspel means accordion in Swedish, referencing the folds of red cedarwood shingles on this extension to an original cabin from the late 19th Century, located on the shore of the lake Övre Gla. The organic shape of the house blends naturally into the Glaskogen nature-reserve setting, and is designed to have a minimal visual impact, with the windows hidden within the skin of the structure.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIn due time, the wood of the cabin skin will have a grey appearance, blending into the rough, rocky forest landscape. Another neat trick: during the summer, the front part of the cabin can be extended to cantilever over a stream, with the windows opening wide to listen to the murmur of the water, and can then be retracted in the winter or on rainy days – adjusting itself to its environment depending on the season or number of guests.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETill House, Chile\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20190521-10-dream-homes-from-the-past-century-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20190521-10-dream-homes-from-the-past-century-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ECut into a deep shelf on a Chilean coastal landscape in Navidad, this small weekend shelter built for a couple on a coastline of cliffs is surrounded on three sides by the roaring Pacific Ocean. Invisible from the road, its open-plan terrace is perfect for lounging with panoramic views, while the rest of the space is for sleeping and eating.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIndividual rooms are sectioned off with shelving units to provide privacy, and the entire roof is a massive open deck which is reached by the cliffside walkway. If that wasn’t enough for relaxation, there is also a wooden jacuzzi called a cuba, where the water is warmed with a fire.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EKirsch Residence, United States\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20190521-10-dream-homes-from-the-past-century-16"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20190521-10-dream-homes-from-the-past-century-17"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn the suburb of Oak Park, Illinois, you would think Frank Lloyd Wright’s home and studio would be the highlight – that is, until you drive by this massive bunker built in 1982 by Errol J Kirsch which resembles the kind of structure more commonly seen in science-fiction movies.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EEnclosed in concrete, the Kirsch residence’s unusual geometric form gives a sense of security – but that’s not all: the sharply pitched roofs, ziggurat form and slit windows were designed for energy efficiency by inhibiting temperature changes and windows that maximise solar gain.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EMalator house, Wales\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20190521-10-dream-homes-from-the-past-century-18"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20190521-10-dream-homes-from-the-past-century-19"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EConverted from old military barracks by Future Systems husband-and-wife architects Jan Kaplický and Amanda Levete, the Malator House – or the ‘Tellytubby house’, as locals have dubbed it – is a two-bedroom holiday retreat sunk into an artificial hill overlooking the Pembrokeshire coastline.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBuilt in 1998 in the Earth-house style, its plywood roof is camouflaged with grass, making it practically invisible. The inside space is divided by multicoloured service pods containing the bathroom and kitchen, and the living room with a large sofa and fireplace. The only clue that there is habitation inside the hill is an elliptical window, like an eye looking out to sea.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EHouses: Extraordinary Living is published by \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.phaidon.com\u002Fstore\u002Farchitecture\u002Fhouses-extraordinary-living-9780714878096\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EPhaidon\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you would like to comment on this story or anything else you have seen on BBC Culture, head over to our \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002Fpages\u002FBBC-Culture\u002F237388053065908\"\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003E page or message us on\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Fbbc_culture\"\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003Cbr \u002F\u003EAnd if you liked this story, sign up for the \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F\"\u003Eweekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, called The Essential List. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Capital and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20190521-10-dream-homes-from-the-past-century-20"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-06-12T10:30:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"","headlineLong":"10 dream homes from the past century","headlineShort":"10 dream homes from the past century","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"culture","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":[],"relatedStories":[],"relatedTag":[],"summaryLong":"From a Modernist desert retreat to a camouflaged turf lodge, a new book, Houses: Extraordinary Living, explores the diversity of some of the world’s most awe-inspiring abodes.","summaryShort":"A selection of remarkable residences of the modern era","tag":[],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-04-06T09:23:06.619891Z","entity":"article","guid":"651934b4-af35-4f16-812c-50ae8b9e7e2f","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20190521-10-dream-homes-from-the-past-century","modifiedDateTime":"2022-02-24T12:54:34.490982Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20190521-10-dream-homes-from-the-past-century","cacheLastUpdated":1647169718104},"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200407-the-surprising-story-of-polands-extraordinary-churches":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200407-the-surprising-story-of-polands-extraordinary-churches","_id":"621e43e945ceed23095eb3b6","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"Built under difficult conditions, the extraordinary Modernist edifices are an outstanding contribution to 20th-Century architecture, writes Clare Dowdy.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn towns and villages across Poland, 3,000 churches were built between 1945 and 1989. Bizarrely, this boom happened despite the fact that religion went against the ideology of the ruling Communist party. Neither legal nor prohibited, these churches – many of them eye-popping edifices that look as if they’ve arrived from outer space – were a godsend for architects.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EMore like this:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E-        \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fculture\u002Fstory\u002F20200331-designer-eileen-grays-home-where-body-and-soul-can-rest\"\u003EA home ‘where body and soul can rest’\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E-        \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fculture\u002Fstory\u002F20200218-the-glamorous-homes-that-reflect-their-owners\"\u003EThe homes that reflect their owners\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E-        \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fculture\u002Fstory\u002F20200117-the-art-of-elegant-compact-living\"\u003EThe art of compact living\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EUnder Polish Communism, there was no free-market economy. “It was impossible to set up an architectural practice,” explains Izabela Cichońska, co-author of the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdom-publishers.com\u002Fproducts\u002Fday-vii-architecture\"\u003Ebook Day-VII Architecture\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, that catalogues these churches.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200407-the-surprising-story-of-polands-extraordinary-churches-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200407-the-surprising-story-of-polands-extraordinary-churches-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESo architects – who spent their days in state design offices creating housing, schools, industrial facilities and cultural centres – worked on churches in their spare time. “It was a great opportunity for an architect to design, away from office structures,” she adds. “They could experiment with forms and take responsibility for their own designs, they could learn how to execute their own ideas and they had a chance to create their own working method.” In the long term, this would stand them in good stead.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200407-the-surprising-story-of-polands-extraordinary-churches-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"They are the most distinctive Polish contribution to the architectural heritage of the 20th Century – Kuba Snopek","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200407-the-surprising-story-of-polands-extraordinary-churches-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EDay-VII Architecture’s co-author Kuba Snopek backs this up: “For the most part, these buildings were created by a young generation of architects… who saw designing churches as a way to realise their creative ambitions. This kind of architecture thus needed an entirely new language of expression and postmodernism, which was infiltrating from the West.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200407-the-surprising-story-of-polands-extraordinary-churches-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200407-the-surprising-story-of-polands-extraordinary-churches-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EHe and Cichońska spent a year and a half collecting data on these structures, many of which are unknown outside of their parish. This is the first time they have been treated as an architectural phenomenon. Despite or perhaps because of their quasi-clandestine nature, these buildings are “the most distinctive Polish contribution to the architectural heritage of the 20th Century,” says Snopek. “Through our project, we were trying to inflict a notion of pride, as many of these churches are the best pieces of architecture in their area.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EMost of them are in marked contrast to their concrete, Modernist, prefabricated neighbours: the vast housing estates that they served. Architect Wojciech Jarząbek – one of Poland’s leading representatives of postmodernism – compares the two experiences. “We had already had several years full of passionate work on a housing project for 23,000 inhabitants,” he says, “but this ended with strong frustration after seeing the very bad quality of execution, and not seeing on site any of the architectural details we had designed.” He wanted his Church of Our Lady, Queen of Peace in Wroclaw “to stand in contrast… to the surrounding architecture”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200407-the-surprising-story-of-polands-extraordinary-churches-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200407-the-surprising-story-of-polands-extraordinary-churches-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EEven when the housing and the neighbouring house of God had the same architect, the style was different. This was the case for Henryk Buszko and Aleksander Franta, who designed the Church of the Holy Cross and Our Lady Healer of the Sick in Katowice, which was surrounded by their own housing estate. “This example shows that 1980s Poland actually had two parallel architectures,” says Snopek, “one sponsored and controlled by the state, and the other by the Catholic Church.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200407-the-surprising-story-of-polands-extraordinary-churches-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200407-the-surprising-story-of-polands-extraordinary-churches-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBut if communism didn’t allow religion, how did these churches get the go-ahead? It was down to a mixture of strong faith and pragmatic politics. “All the PZPR (Communist Party) first secretaries in towns such as Glogów were deeply religious and became party secretaries just for the sake of having a career,” explains architect Jerzy Gurawski in Day-VII Architecture. He designed three churches including Glogów’s Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Queen of Poland. These functionaries needed somewhere to be married and to have their children baptised.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EA new wave\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EMeanwhile, according to the authors, the biggest wave of church construction was triggered by a political event: the general walkouts organised by the influential labour union Solidarity in 1980. “In the aftermath of the strikes, the government made concessions to the Catholic Church,” explain the authors. “To alleviate the revolutionary mood… they began to issue previously unavailable building permits,” for churches.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EDespite the visual feast that the best of these churches represents, their construction is perhaps even more extraordinary than their design. State-controlled building equipment was not available, and nor was there access to building materials. Both had to be borrowed, scavenged or invented, Heath-Robinson-style.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200407-the-surprising-story-of-polands-extraordinary-churches-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200407-the-surprising-story-of-polands-extraordinary-churches-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAs for labour, “those who opposed the regime rallied around the Church, and were inspired to support the construction of new places of worship,” relates architect Maciej Hawrylak in the book. Here, Solidarity indirectly helped again, winning free Saturdays (reducing the working week from six to five days), which allowed labourers spare time to work on their local church.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe hand-built methods using stone and brick were in sharp contrast to the concrete, prefabricated Modernism elsewhere on Polish building sites. “Given the lack of access to machinery, industry and modern-day materials, this move was both ideological and pragmatic,” according to the authors.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200407-the-surprising-story-of-polands-extraordinary-churches-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200407-the-surprising-story-of-polands-extraordinary-churches-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe results could be striking, such as the Church of Our Lady Queen of Peace in Wrocław by Jarząbek, Jan Matkowski and Wacław Hryniewicz, “a post-modernism form complemented by amazing stone and brick work”, says Snopek.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200407-the-surprising-story-of-polands-extraordinary-churches-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"From dawn till dusk, we carried concrete in buckets until we managed to finish the frames – Stanislaw Niemczyk","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200407-the-surprising-story-of-polands-extraordinary-churches-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ETo rally volunteers, priests used the church pulpit on a weekly basis. Architect Marian Tunikowski recounts the unorthodox story of how his Church of Our Lady Queen of Poland in Świdnica got built. “Around 100 to 150 people arrived at the construction site, not knowing what they would do that day. Most of them had no practical experience in construction work.” As it was impossible to get hold of a crane, “this church emerged from a forest of timber scaffolding – just like in the Middle Ages,” he adds.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200407-the-surprising-story-of-polands-extraordinary-churches-16"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200407-the-surprising-story-of-polands-extraordinary-churches-17"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EStanisław Niemczyk – architect of five churches, including Church of the Holy Spirit in Tychy – had a similar experience when industrial cement mixers were unavailable. In the past, each household in Poland had a concrete mixer fashioned out of a bicycle wheel and a barrel, and these were put to use. “From dawn till dusk, we carried concrete in buckets until we managed to finish the frames,” he says in the book.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAs well as being generally better paid than government work, church design could act as a springboard into a professional career in the 1990s, after the collapse of communism in 1989. “The vast majority of architectural offices (along with developers and small construction companies) who dominated the market in the 1990s had their roots in church construction,” says Snopek.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200407-the-surprising-story-of-polands-extraordinary-churches-18"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200407-the-surprising-story-of-polands-extraordinary-churches-19"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThis was the case for Tunikowski, who set up his own practice. Likewise, Jarząbek, who went on to design the Solpol department store in Wrocław, seen as an icon of Polish postmodern architecture. “But the number one (project) in my portfolio is our church,” Jarząbek says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EGiven the nature of the construction, building work often went on for years, and the last project wasn’t completed until 2004. They remain a snapshot in time, because no church has been built since this frenzied period. As Snopek puts it: “The country is saturated.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdom-publishers.com\u002Fproducts\u002Fday-vii-architecture\"\u003EDay-VII Architecture\u003C\u002Fa\u003E: A Catalogue of Polish Churches post 1945 is published by DOM\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you would like to comment on this story or anything else you have seen on BBC Culture, head over to our \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002Fpages\u002FBBC-Culture\u002F237388053065908\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E page or message us on\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Fbbc_culture\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EAnd if you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called The Essential List, a handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200407-the-surprising-story-of-polands-extraordinary-churches-20"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-04-08T09:30:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"","headlineLong":"The eye-popping churches of Communist Poland","headlineShort":"Poland's extraordinary churches","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"culture","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":[],"relatedStories":[],"relatedTag":[],"summaryLong":"Built under difficult conditions, the extraordinary Modernist edifices are an outstanding contribution to 20th-Century architecture, writes Clare Dowdy.","summaryShort":"The unexpected story behind these eye-popping Modernist edifices","tag":[],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-05-12T11:38:38.058722Z","entity":"article","guid":"53f54e01-22ab-49f3-98d8-bc39d3f55b18","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200407-the-surprising-story-of-polands-extraordinary-churches","modifiedDateTime":"2022-02-24T13:27:08.854313Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200407-the-surprising-story-of-polands-extraordinary-churches","cacheLastUpdated":1647169718104},"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20201215-inside-the-homes-of-remarkable-artists-and-writers":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:culture\u002Farticle\u002F20201215-inside-the-homes-of-remarkable-artists-and-writers","_id":"621e43ed45ceed259116ce10","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"What do these intriguing interiors tell us about their creative occupants? Andrea Marechal Watson finds some answers in a new book, Life Meets Art.","businessUnit":"public service","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIf our homes reflect our characters, then the home of an artist is likely to be particularly intriguing. A new book, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.phaidon.com\u002Fstore\u002Fdesign\u002Flife-meets-art-9781838661311\u002F\"\u003ELife Meets Art\u003C\u002Fa\u003E: Inside the Homes of the World’s Most Creative People, opens the doors to a collection of interiors that have all at some point belonged to famous artists, sculptors, musicians or writers.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EMore like this:\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002Farticle\u002F20201208-cottagecore-and-the-rise-of-the-modern-rural-fantasy\"\u003E- How rural bliss became a modern fantasy\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002Farticle\u002F20201113-why-gen-z-and-millennials-go-wild-for-vintage-clothes\"\u003E- Why buying vintage is 'the new luxury'\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002Farticle\u002F20201127-how-dressing-up-can-make-us-happy\"\u003E- How dressing up can make us happy\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWorking his way around the world, author Sam Lubell chose 250 of the most photogenic and memorable residences he found. Some are now museums containing works by the artists who lived and often worked in them; others can best be described as shrines.   \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20201215-inside-the-homes-of-remarkable-artists-and-writers-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20201215-inside-the-homes-of-remarkable-artists-and-writers-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWhat do all these homes say about their owners? Well, for one thing they do not support the common image of the 'starving artist in their garret'. The book, with very few exceptions, is packed with sumptuous, elegant and richly decorated and furnished homes.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20201215-inside-the-homes-of-remarkable-artists-and-writers-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The furnishings and personal effects of an artist can tell their story – Lucy Porten","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20201215-inside-the-homes-of-remarkable-artists-and-writers-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ELubell admits: \"If I did not like a place, I generally rejected it\". But it would be a mistake to think that, given the subject matter, this book is a compendium of good taste or a bible for decorators. Even though many rooms have been heavily curated, there's still usually a sense of personality about them; an aura of the occupant, whether in the old pianos, bookcases and writing desks, or in the collected antiques and personal items. \"The furnishings and personal effects of an artist can tell their story,\" says National Trust curator Lucy Porten.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn the case of the family villa built by the Secessionist architect Otto Wagner, the personal effects of its last owner certainly tell a story. The villa, considered Vienna's greatest Art Nouveau space, is today filled with incongruous artworks by Ernst Fuchs, a founder of the school of Fantastic Realism.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20201215-inside-the-homes-of-remarkable-artists-and-writers-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20201215-inside-the-homes-of-remarkable-artists-and-writers-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe story goes that as a penniless boy, Fuchs knew the house, and promised that he would one day buy it for his mother. By 1970, the then-abandoned villa was due for demolition, and Fuchs was able to fulfil his dream. He restored the villa in a hybrid of styles, and filled it with his fantastical art works. It is now called the Ernst Fuchs Museum.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETempting as it is to assume that musicians and writers and other non-visual artists are generally unaware of their surroundings because their heads are full of higher things, it is not possible to make sweeping generalisations about the way artists live.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe homes of Puccini and Tchaikovsky were both well-ordered sanctuaries full of gorgeous antiques where they could compose in peace, whereas jazz legend Louis Armstrong wanted only to live in a vibrant neighbourhood. Despite the huge wealth he amassed, Armstrong chose to remain in a working-class, racially mixed area in Queens, New York.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20201215-inside-the-homes-of-remarkable-artists-and-writers-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20201215-inside-the-homes-of-remarkable-artists-and-writers-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAnother generalisation that falls apart when you explore the pages of Life Meets Art is that the homes of painters will somehow reflect the style of their paintings. Take a look at the habitat of Peter Paul Rubens, whose oils are a byword for voluptuous women and sometimes distressing scenes. Yet his home in Antwerp, Belgium, for which he drew the plans, is restrained.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile the house is much altered, basic elements like the portico and pavilion – based on Italian Renaissance proportions – remain exactly as Rubens designed them. Why an artist so devoted to perfect proportions in spaces should have produced so many chaotic and disordered paintings is a mystery.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe home of sculptor Gustav Vigeland again displays a taste that seems diametrically opposed to what Lubell calls the \"zestfully physical\" works the Norwegian created, and which are now displayed at Vigeland Park in Oslo. Vigeland's home and studio is located in an austere red-brick building, designed by architect Lorentz Ree, which was built by the city elders in return for the pledge of his art collection.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20201215-inside-the-homes-of-remarkable-artists-and-writers-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20201215-inside-the-homes-of-remarkable-artists-and-writers-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EPerhaps having a home of his own was the incentive, but never having pursued interior design beforehand, Vigeland did an about-face and created a series of graceful pastel drawings of every last item of furniture, from pillows to candlesticks and lamps.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EColourful souls\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe German playwright and poet Friedrich von Schiller died just three years after finally buying his own home. In 1802, at the age of 42, Schiller – a colossus of the Enlightenment and a startlingly modern writer – had moved with his family to a mustard yellow house in Weimar, close to his good friend and collaborator Goethe. It is a fine two-storey town house of a surprisingly high standard for a writer of the period.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"These days I finally realised an old wish to own my own house,\" he wrote to his publisher. \"Because I have now given up all thoughts about moving away from Weimar and think that I will live and die here.\" It was prophetic. Exhausted by his tireless work and illness, sadly Schiller died here just three years later.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20201215-inside-the-homes-of-remarkable-artists-and-writers-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20201215-inside-the-homes-of-remarkable-artists-and-writers-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn the introduction to Life Meets Art we learn that Coco Chanel once said that an interior is \"a natural projection of the soul\". A good example is Villa Santo Sospir in Saint-Jean-Cap-Ferrat near Nice, where Jean Cocteau lived. It belonged to his patron Françine Weisweiller, who in 1950 invited Cocteau to stay for a week's holiday. Little did she know he would stay for 11 years, covering every surface with designs mostly inspired by subjects of the Greek pantheon.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHe used a limited palette and called the sketches \"tattoos\", and so the house, now a national monument, became known as the Tattooed Villa. \"We have tried to vanquish the spirit of destruction that has dominated our era,\" Cocteau said. \"We have decorated surfaces that men dream of destroying.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20201215-inside-the-homes-of-remarkable-artists-and-writers-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20201215-inside-the-homes-of-remarkable-artists-and-writers-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAnother house that dramatically projects the colourful soul of its aristocratic owner is that of Lord Leighton, the Victorian artist and sculptor renowned for his painting \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002Farticle\u002F20161115-the-erotic-masterpiece-we-nearly-lost\"\u003EFlaming June\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, a vision of a Pre-Raphaelite muse swathed in orange silk and fainting from the summer heat.   \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20201215-inside-the-homes-of-remarkable-artists-and-writers-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The studio is the crucible, it's where the alchemical process all begins – Louisa Buck","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20201215-inside-the-homes-of-remarkable-artists-and-writers-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ELeighton House in Holland Park, London, began life as a simple brick structure with a double-height ceiling on a plot that Leighton had purchased. A secret doorway once allowed models to come inside without being seen by prudish Victorian neighbours. Numerous additions – inspired by Leighton’s travels – were later made to the building. The most memorable is the 'Arab hall', modelled after a 12th-Century palace in Sicily, with a peculiar mixture of Moorish tiles and fretwork, gilt friezes and classical columns.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20201215-inside-the-homes-of-remarkable-artists-and-writers-16"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20201215-inside-the-homes-of-remarkable-artists-and-writers-17"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn order to solve the problem of winter smog, Leighton added a large 'winter studio' to the house that looked like a greenhouse on legs. His last addition was the 'silk room' filled with paintings and sculptures, several of them works by artists from a battalion known as the Artists' Rifles – a voluntary force, founded in 1859, of painters, musicians, actors and architects – that Leighton commanded in its early years. Leighton was elevated to baron in 1896 but died of a heart attack at his Kensington home a day later, becoming the shortest-lived hereditary peerage in British history.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPreserved artists' studios are always magnets for visitors, and while Leighton House is atypical, Life Meets Art is crammed with other examples. Among the most famous is the East Hampton barn where Jackson Pollock created his famous drip paintings, traces of which are still to be seen on the floor. \"People are always fascinated by where art comes from. It's a mystery even to the artist often,\" Louisa Buck, contemporary art correspondent for the Art Newspaper, tells BBC Culture. \"The studio is the crucible; it's where the alchemical process all begins.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMany of the interiors in Life Meets Art are of their time, but others feel surprisingly modern for their era. One striking example is the house of Danish furniture designer and architect Finn Juhl, which could have jumped straight from the pages of a current interiors magazine. The open-plan residence with its cool colours, classic Modernist chairs and hand-crafted everything anticipates today's interiors to perfection.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20201215-inside-the-homes-of-remarkable-artists-and-writers-18"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20201215-inside-the-homes-of-remarkable-artists-and-writers-19"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EMeanwhile, the 'Organic House' of contemporary Mexican architect and designer Javier Senosiain near Mexico City may anticipate the future of architecture and design. The hobbit-like building is entirely inspired by curvilinear natural forms, such as mushrooms and seashells.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWith an exterior covered in grass, flowers and shrubs, it boasts one of the world's first fully green roofs. The interior resembles the inside of a cave network. \"The straight line is pretty much absent from nature: everything... shifts in spirals,\" says Senosiain in the book.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn the home of the ceramicist Kawai Kanjirō in Kyoto, Japan we find a shrine to his craft. Kanjirō was one of the founders of the Mingei, a Japanese folk-art movement that has parallels with the Arts and Crafts movement.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20201215-inside-the-homes-of-remarkable-artists-and-writers-20"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20201215-inside-the-homes-of-remarkable-artists-and-writers-21"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWorking with his architect brother, Kanjirō's home is a cross between a rural farmhouse and modern urban home, and it clearly reflects his passion for blending modern techniques with traditional crafts. Within the walls are immaculately ordered and arranged examples of everything that Kanjirō and the Mingei movement admired in the work of humble, ordinary people, from simple organic forms to earthy colours.  It is an aesthetic that captures the spirit of today's young designers to perfection. And like all artists' homes, it gives an intriguing insight into the occupant's temperament and preoccupations.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.phaidon.com\u002Fagenda\u002Fdesign\u002Farticles\u002F2020\u002Fnovember\u002F25\u002Flife-meets-art-is-the-gift-to-rekindle-their-creativity\u002F\"\u003ELife Meets Art: Inside the Homes of the World's Most Creative People\u003C\u002Fa\u003E by Sam Lubell is published by Phaidon.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you would like to comment on this story or anything else you have seen on BBC Culture, head over to our \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002Fpages\u002FBBC-Culture\u002F237388053065908\"\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003E page or message us on\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Fbbc_culture\"\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EAnd if you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F\"\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called The Essential List. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20201215-inside-the-homes-of-remarkable-artists-and-writers-22"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-12-16T00:30:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"Inside the homes of remarkable artists and writers","headlineShort":"Inside the homes of remarkable artists","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"culture","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":[],"relatedStories":[],"relatedTag":[],"summaryLong":"What do these intriguing interiors tell us about their creative occupants? Andrea Marechal Watson finds some answers in a new book, Life Meets Art.","summaryShort":"What do these intriguing interiors tell us about their creative occupants?","tag":[],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-12-16T00:30:48.576224Z","entity":"article","guid":"61e1b81f-90e2-4cfc-95d0-09971f314d2f","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20201215-inside-the-homes-of-remarkable-artists-and-writers","modifiedDateTime":"2022-02-24T13:45:05.511664Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20201215-inside-the-homes-of-remarkable-artists-and-writers","cacheLastUpdated":1647169718104},"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20191217-dubai-design-week-a-traditional-craft-given-a-new-spin":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:culture\u002Farticle\u002F20191217-dubai-design-week-a-traditional-craft-given-a-new-spin","_id":"621e43ea45ceed2bb5163a41","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"video","assetVideo":[],"author":[],"bodyIntro":"The Saudi architect Shahad Alazzaz and local palm-weaving artesans have created a playful pavilion for the Dubai event. In this video, she explains how the project came about.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWhile \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.dubaidesignweek.ae\u002F\"\u003EDubai Design Week\u003C\u002Fa\u003E looks to the future, with Gulf countries embracing the 21st-Century pace of change, the event also celebrates traditional skills. It showcased several designers finding new ways of incorporating time-honoured crafts into their work.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAt this year’s event the palm tree – a national symbol – was given a makeover. Woven fronds from the tree have been used to create an entire pavilion.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe Riyadh-based architect Shahad Alazzaz has joined forces with Ithra, the Eastern Province’s Centre for World Culture, to rework traditional palm-weaving into a modern, accessible design.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe traditional craft of palm-frond weaving was being left behind,  overtaken by rapid modernisation. But Alazzaz is keen to create a new profile for the industry, and her initial step was to take weaving outside its usual domestic milieu. The pavilion aims to showcase both the creativity of the artisans and the flexibility of the material itself.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EClick play on the video above to learn more\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you would like to comment on this story or anything else you have seen on BBC Culture, head over to our \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002Fpages\u002FBBC-Culture\u002F237388053065908\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E page or message us on\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Fbbc_culture\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EAnd if you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called The Essential List, a handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20191217-dubai-design-week-a-traditional-craft-given-a-new-spin-0"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2019-12-17T12:33:10.953Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"","headlineLong":"Dubai Design Week: a traditional craft given a new spin","headlineShort":"A traditional craft given a new spin","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"culture","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":[],"relatedStories":[],"relatedTag":[],"summaryLong":"The Saudi architect Shahad Alazzaz and local palm-weaving artesans have created a playful pavilion for the Dubai event. In this video, she explains how the project came about.","summaryShort":"A Saudi architect at Dubai Design Week has put palm-weaving in the spotlight","tag":[],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-04-06T09:55:39.989784Z","entity":"article","guid":"3fd1525e-d39d-4d33-851b-be8825d5643f","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20191217-dubai-design-week-a-traditional-craft-given-a-new-spin","modifiedDateTime":"2022-02-24T13:18:00.441356Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20191217-dubai-design-week-a-traditional-craft-given-a-new-spin","cacheLastUpdated":1647169718104},"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200331-designer-eileen-grays-home-where-body-and-soul-can-rest":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200331-designer-eileen-grays-home-where-body-and-soul-can-rest","_id":"621e43eb45ceed2bcd1260d3","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"Forgotten for many decades, the architect Eileen Gray was a visionary whose designs engaged with the senses and offered wellbeing. Lindsay Baker looks back at her life and work.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EEileen Gray was a fabulously glamorous figure, at the epicentre of the Parisian beau monde of the Roaring ’20s. She was elegantly dressed by the haute-couture designers of the era, Poiret and Lanvin, and she met many of the starry figures of the times, from Pablo Picasso to Frida Kahlo and James Joyce. Born into a well-to-do Irish family, she was an adventurous, independent soul, who at the age of 20 enrolled at the bohemian Slade School of Art in London. From there she moved to Paris, and proceeded to live in France for the rest of her life, dividing her time between Paris and the Côte d’Azur. She had relationships with notable, creative people – both women and men – and was the first woman in Paris to attain a driving licence; later she took flying lessons too.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EMore like this:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E-        \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002Fstory\u002F20200218-the-glamorous-homes-that-reflect-their-owners\"\u003EThe homes that reflect their owners\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E-        \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002Fstory\u002F20191021-charlotte-perriand-the-radical-unsung-heroine-of-design\"\u003EThe radical, unsung heroine of design\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E-        \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002Fstory\u002F20171103-case-study-houses-the-creation-of-the-modern-dream-home\"\u003ECase study houses: California dreaming\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EHowever the most extraordinary thing about Gray was her talent. She was a visionary, pioneering designer, and uniquely successful in what was then the wholly male-dominated world of architecture and design. Originally a purveyor of Art Deco style, by the mid 1920s she became an architect, and a keen advocate of Modernism.  Her achievements were completely – scandalously – overlooked for decades. She was rediscovered in the 1970s, and since then her work has been widely acclaimed. It is hugely sought after – in 2009, her Dragons armchair was sold at auction in Paris for $28.3m, a record for 20th-Century decorative art.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200331-designer-eileen-grays-home-where-body-and-soul-can-rest-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200331-designer-eileen-grays-home-where-body-and-soul-can-rest-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EShe was recently the subject of a retrospective at \u003Ca href=\"file:\u002F\u002F\u002FVolumes\u002FMedia-10\u002FBBCWorld\u002FBBCCom\u002FCulture\u002FDesigned\u002FEileen%20Gray\u002Fard.edu\u002Fgallery\u002Fexhibitions\u002F99\u002Feileen-gray\"\u003ENew York’s Bard Graduate Center\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in collaboration with the Pompidou Centre, Paris. While the centre is surrently closed, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fexhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\u002Feileengray\u002F\"\u003Ea virtual tour of the exhibition\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and more, can be viewed online. The exhibition’s curator Cloé Pitiot is clear about Gray’s significance. “In terms of art history,” she tells BBC Designed, “Eileen Gray is the one and only designer of her time to have such a varied practice in the creation of furniture and objects… Her very vision of design, beyond the pieces she actually created, was innovative.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWhen she moved to Paris, Gray become the first western practitioner of Japanese lacquer, having studied the challenging craft under Japanese master Seizo Sugawara. By the 1920s she was creating original and distinctive lacquered screens and architectural panelling, as well as deluxe Parisian Art Deco furniture. It was highly unusual at the time for a woman designer to be operating on her own, and in 1910, she set up a workshop for furniture-making and weaving of rugs and carpets. By 1919 she was being commissioned to design home interiors, including the apartments of the Maharajah of Indore, and society hostess Juliette Levy, in Rue de Lota. “Her style is thoroughly modern,” said Harper’s Bazaar magazine.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200331-designer-eileen-grays-home-where-body-and-soul-can-rest-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200331-designer-eileen-grays-home-where-body-and-soul-can-rest-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe furniture in the Rue de Lota apartment included some of the designs that remain her best-known, including the Bibendum Chair – a take on the famous Michelin Man mascot, with tyre-like shapes on a chromed steel frame – and the Pirogue day bed, gondola-shaped, with a patinated bronze lacquer finish. As Pitiot puts it: “Her furniture, whether in lacquer, parchment, burnt pine, metal tube or cork, has always appeared to be avant-garde. The great designers of her time, such as Jean Dunand or Armand-Albert Rateau, worked strictly in their chosen fields to become experts, while Eileen Gray constantly stepped out of her comfort zone to innovate, experiment, and develop new shapes, lines, and functions for her designs.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200331-designer-eileen-grays-home-where-body-and-soul-can-rest-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200331-designer-eileen-grays-home-where-body-and-soul-can-rest-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Gray always maintained an interest in the feel and effect of materials, and her furniture engaged directly with the senses","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200331-designer-eileen-grays-home-where-body-and-soul-can-rest-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAround this time, Gray was in a “discreet relationship” with the nightclub singer Marisa Damia, according to the biography \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Firishacademicpress.ie\u002Fproduct\u002Feileen-gray-her-work-and-her-world\u002F\"\u003EEileen Gray: Her Work and Her World\u003C\u002Fa\u003E by Jennifer Goff, who is also curator of the Gray collection at the National Museum of Ireland. Gray had by then opened a shop, named Jean Desert, on the city’s most fashionable street, Faubourg Saint-Honoré. The boutique offered a range of her work, from furniture and rugs, to paintings and graphics, and became a meeting place for the artistic beau monde – the Rothschilds, Nancy Cunard, Elsa Schiaparelli and writers including James Joyce and Ezra Pound all gathered there. The Chicago Tribune described the shop as “an adventure, an experience with the unheard of, a sojourn into the never-before-seen”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200331-designer-eileen-grays-home-where-body-and-soul-can-rest-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200331-designer-eileen-grays-home-where-body-and-soul-can-rest-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn the mid-to-late 1920s, Gray became a keen advocate of pared-back Modernism, and became interested in architecture, learning technical drawing. She began work on several projects with her mentor, the Romanian architect Jean Badovici, who became her lover. And next came her most extraordinary achievement, the first of several architectural projects, the villa, named E-1027, in Roquebrune Cap-Martin in the south of France. It is a stunning creation, a white cuboid, perched high on a cliff overlooking the sea. It was formulated on the principles of new architecture that had been set out by Le Corbusier – open-plan, the house is raised on pillars and has horizontal windows, an open façade and a roof accessible by stairs. The villa E-1027 is described by Goff in her book as “a masterpiece of 20th-Century architecture”. When it was finished, Gray presented it to Badovici as a gift.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200331-designer-eileen-grays-home-where-body-and-soul-can-rest-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200331-designer-eileen-grays-home-where-body-and-soul-can-rest-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn her book, Goff argues that the villa was Gray’s own creation, rather than a collaboration. “Significantly,” she writes, “all the extant plans are solely in Gray’s hand.” And the villa at Roquebrune Cap-Martin is a remarkable achievement as much on the inside as the outside – unlike many Modernists of the era, Gray saw both as equally important. She wrote at the time: “The interior plan should not be the incidental result of the façade; it should lead to a complete harmonious, and logical life.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200331-designer-eileen-grays-home-where-body-and-soul-can-rest-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Eileen Gray’s architecture breathes, and offers the inhabitant an open space where both body and soul can rest – Cloé Pitiot  ","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200331-designer-eileen-grays-home-where-body-and-soul-can-rest-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWhen Gray designed her own Modernist house, she put into practice her expressed belief that a designer should be guided by “human needs” and that “the art of the engineer” was not enough. “A house is not a machine” is the most frequently quoted remark by Gray, a comment that was in direct opposition to Le Corbusier’s famous phrase in his 1927 manifesto: “A house is a machine for living in”. So what did Gray mean by her remark? As Pitiot puts it: “Architecture for her is a form of journey, an accompaniment for the body and mind of its inhabitant. Through her architectural proposals, she sought to achieve a form of symbiosis between the landscape, space, furniture, body, and soul. Her architecture, in this sense, is elastic, and we see this in elements of her designs. For example, window screens she designed specifically for E-1027 open and close using a system of sliding shutters so they could be adjusted throughout the day depending on sunlight. In this way, Eileen Gray’s architecture breathes and offers the inhabitant an open space where both body and soul can rest.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200331-designer-eileen-grays-home-where-body-and-soul-can-rest-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200331-designer-eileen-grays-home-where-body-and-soul-can-rest-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBadovici himself wrote in 1924 in l’Architecture Vivante, that Gray’s designs revealed “an atmosphere of boundless plasticity, where different perspectives meld, where each object is subsumed into a mysterious, living unity. Space itself is for Eileen Gray just another material that can be transformed and molded depending on the needs of the décor; she allows herself an infinite number of possibilities.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EHuman needs\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EGray was clearly boundary-breaking and adventurous, and her life story certainly suggests a glamorous figure, at the centre of Parisian social life. Yet for all the stunning outfits and famous acquaintances, Gray was much more than a fashionable flapper or social butterfly. There was a bravery, resilience and complexity about her – and, interestingly, in her book Goff describes her as a “shy” person. Certainly her life was not always easy. During World War Two, Gray was interned as a foreign national, her houses were looted, and many of her drawings and models were destroyed by bombing. Nazi soldiers used the walls of the E-1027 villa for target practice.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ESo how did Gray’s life experiences and personality feed into her work?  “She had a very independent, free, and elastic personality,” says Pitiot. “Gray faced many difficult periods throughout her life… She persisted, however, and each time went on to create with ever-greater freedom. Gray was open-minded and sincere. She was passionate about other cultures and other ways of life, and this conscientiousness, curiosity, and humanity is evident in all her projects, from the socially-driven designs like the Camping Tent, which was an economical and demountable home, to her proposals for workers’ housing.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200331-designer-eileen-grays-home-where-body-and-soul-can-rest-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200331-designer-eileen-grays-home-where-body-and-soul-can-rest-16"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EGray was a designer who defied convention and easy categorisation, but always maintained an interest in the feel and effect of materials, and her furniture engaged directly with the senses, in a way that set her apart. As Pitiot says: “She was not afraid to be herself and to embrace and realise her ideas… She creates peaceful spaces that conform to the needs of the people using them, with designs for fixed and mobile furniture that glides, slides, pivots, and serves many purposes simultaneously. In her interiors, this furniture becomes another sort of living being that responds and adapts to serve both the physical and spiritual needs of its user.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200331-designer-eileen-grays-home-where-body-and-soul-can-rest-17"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200331-designer-eileen-grays-home-where-body-and-soul-can-rest-18"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"‘Human needs’ to Gray signify both material and spiritual needs – Cloé Pitiot","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200331-designer-eileen-grays-home-where-body-and-soul-can-rest-19"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAnd the designer’s equal focus on a building’s interior was central to her thinking. She wrote: “The interior plan should not be the incidental result of the façade; it should lead to a complete harmonious, and logical life.” Her ‘camping’ style furniture was functional and lightweight, her elegant armchairs geometric but luxuriously comfortable.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“’Human needs’ to Gray signify both material and spiritual needs,” says Pitiot. “She was one of the few designers during the period to design with the physical and material needs of the user in mind, while also reflecting on psychological needs. For Gray, each object is a considered design that responds to a unique need and, beyond its function, serves to promote the well-being of its human user.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200331-designer-eileen-grays-home-where-body-and-soul-can-rest-20"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200331-designer-eileen-grays-home-where-body-and-soul-can-rest-21"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBy 1930 Gray more or less stopped creating work, and was almost completely forgotten. As head of furniture, textiles and fashion at London’s \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.vam.ac.uk\u002Fcontent\u002Farticles\u002Fe\u002Feileen-gray\u002F\"\u003EV&A\u003C\u002Fa\u003E Museum, Christopher Wilk, puts it: “She really was a figure who was lost to history and to the design community until relatively recently. Now, that’s clearly because she was a woman. She said that she was a no-one as far as the French architectural world was concerned. And the story of Eileen Gray is really the story of retrieval. You look at her work, and you think, how could a woman of this talent ever have been forgotten? How come decades went by when essentially nobody knew about her?”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200331-designer-eileen-grays-home-where-body-and-soul-can-rest-22"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200331-designer-eileen-grays-home-where-body-and-soul-can-rest-23"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EGray lived quietly in the seaside town of Menton, high in the mountains, in her small two-bedroomed house with a large terrace and panoramic view, and disappeared from the public consciousness. Until, that is, the late 1960s, when an essay appeared about her work in the Italian design magazine Domus. At an auction in Paris in 1972 Yves Saint Laurent acquired one of her pieces, and an exhibition in London soon followed, then one in Dublin. At the Dublin event, the 95-year-old Gray was given an honorary fellowship by the Royal Institute of the Architects of Ireland. She died in Paris in 1976 at the age of 98, and though she is buried at Père Lachaise cemetery, because her family omitted to pay the licence fee, her grave is not identifiable.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200331-designer-eileen-grays-home-where-body-and-soul-can-rest-24"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200331-designer-eileen-grays-home-where-body-and-soul-can-rest-25"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBut Gray’s vision is very much still alive. The British architect and furniture designer Amanda Levete is among Gray’s many fans, and \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.vam.ac.uk\u002Fcontent\u002Farticles\u002Fe\u002Feileen-gray\u002F\"\u003Ehas said\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. “The [Transat] chair is very expressive of a direct relationship between architecture and design. In a sense it’s like architecture in miniature.” The E1027 villa, says Levete, was “an opportunity to create a total environment,” and the Transat chair “was named after the deck chair you would find on a transatlantic cruise liner. The very form of the chair is suggestive of a kind of sensualism and a relaxation, and a kind of lying back and observing or reading. This house she designed was like a beached liner that was slung across the rocks, and the form of the chair makes you think of a languid afternoon in the Mediterranean looking out to sea.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFor more information about Eileen Gray, visit the Bard Graduate Center's \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fexhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\u002Feileengray\u002F\"\u003Emicrosite\u003C\u002Fa\u003E dedicated to the exhibition, featuring a virtual tour of the exhibition, a digital flipbook of Gray's portfolio, and more.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you would like to comment on this story or anything else you have seen on BBC Culture, head over to our \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002Fpages\u002FBBC-Culture\u002F237388053065908\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E page or message us on\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Fbbc_culture\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EAnd if you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called The Essential List, a handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"culture\u002Farticle\u002F20200331-designer-eileen-grays-home-where-body-and-soul-can-rest-26"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-04-01T09:30:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"","headlineLong":"A home ‘where body and soul can rest’","headlineShort":"A home ‘where body and soul can rest’","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"culture","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":[],"relatedStories":[],"relatedTag":[],"summaryLong":"Forgotten for many decades, the architect Eileen Gray was a visionary whose designs engaged with the senses and offered wellbeing. 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It was a moment which was quite unnerving but we came together.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ENow the principal of Zaha Hadid Architects, Schumacher explains how the firm set about completing the works started by Hadid, including Beijing airport and the 45-storey Leeza Soho skyscraper, also in Beijing, which has the tallest atrium in the world twisting through its centre.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe firm has also taken on several new commissions, and is researching how it can evolve to meet the challenges of environmental change in the future. There are “architectural solutions” says Schumacher, including what he calls “adaptive” and “passive” systems, that can help us look at the future differently.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EWatch the video with Patrik Schumacher above. 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