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class="clearfix"> <a class="masthead-home-link" href="/global"> <img alt="The Conversation" src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/@theconversation/ui/dist/esm/logos/logo-en-b159aca2598f351db37072c75294e4c8.svg" /> </a> <form class="masthead-search" action="/global/search" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="get"> <fieldset> <legend>Search</legend> <div class="row"> <div class="input-wrapper"> <label for="q"><i class="icon-search"></i></label> <input type="text" name="q" id="q" value="" placeholder="Search analysis, research, academics…" /> </div> <button type="submit" class="button" value="Search"></button> </div> </fieldset> </form> <div class="masthead-tagline"> Academic rigour, journalistic flair </div> </header> <nav id="primary-navigation" class=" nocontent"> <ol> </ol> </nav> </div> </section> <div id="outer"> <article id="article" class="clearfix has-desktop-magazine has-mobile-magazine" data-id="66769" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article"> <figure class="magazine"> <div class="image" style="background-image: url(https://images.theconversation.com/files/142101/original/image-20161018-12440-1f759xc.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1356&h=668&fit=crop);"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:66.25%;--background-color:#3c424c"><img class="lazyloaded" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/142101/original/image-20161018-12440-1f759xc.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=20&auto=format&w=320&fit=clip&dpr=2&usm=12&cs=strip" data-id="142101" itemprop="image"></div> </div> <div class="wrapper"> <figcaption> Research shows that Wikipedia is one of the most read sources of medical information by the general public across the world. <span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/67272961@N03/6123892769/">jfcherry/Flickr</a>, <a class="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">CC BY-SA</a></span> </figcaption> </div> <div class="magazine-title"> <div class="wrapper"> <header class="content-header-container grid-twelve large-grid-eleven"> <div> <div class="content-header-block"> <h1 class="legacy entry-title instapaper_title" itemprop="headline"> <strong> Wikipedia is already the world’s ‘Dr Google’ – it’s time for doctors and researchers to make it better </strong> </h1> </div> </div> <div class="timestamps"> <time datetime="2016-10-18T06:45:58Z" itemprop="datePublished" content="2016-10-18T06:45:58Z">Published: October 18, 2016 7.45am BST</time> </div> </header> </div> </div> </figure> <div class="wrapper"> <div class="content-sidebar grid-four large-grid-four grid-last"> <section class="content-authors"> <div class="content-authors-synopsis"> <a href="#" class="content-authors-toggle"> <i class="icon-caret-down"></i> <i class="icon-caret-up"></i> <span class="nobr">Thomas Shafee</span>, <em class="institution_name">La Trobe University</em> </a> </div> <div class="content-authors-group"> <h3 class="border">Author</h3> <ol> <li class="vcard" id="author-144689" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <a rel="author" itemprop="url" href="/profiles/thomas-shafee-285385"> <img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/avatars/285385/width170/image-20160722-20996-fqr898.jpg" src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/author/width170_default-bea415b3a0223821a698f6e3f6d5ab99.jpg" itemprop="image"> <span class="fn author-name" itemprop="name"> Thomas Shafee </span> </a> <p class="role"> Research Fellow in Biochemistry and Evolution, La Trobe University </p> </li> </ol> </div> </section> <section class="content-disclosure-statement"> <h3 class="border">Disclosure statement</h3> <p><span>Thomas Shafee is an active Wikipedian and is on the WikiJournal of Medicine editorial board. </span></p> </section> <section class="content-partners"> <h3 class="border">Partners</h3> <p class="disclosure-logo clearfix"><a class="logo" 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grid-last content-body content entry-content instapaper_body inline-promos" itemprop="articleBody"> <p>Health professionals have a duty to improve the accuracy of medical entries in Wikipedia, according to a letter published today in <a href="http://www.thelancet.com/journals/langlo/article/PIIS2214-109X(16)30254-6/fulltext">Lancet Global Health</a>, because it’s the first port of call for people all over the world seeking medical information.</p> <p>In our correspondence, a group of international colleagues and I call on medical journals to do more to help experts make Wikipedia more accurate, and for the medical community to make improving its content a top priority. </p> <h2>Use around the world</h2> <p>Ranked the <a href="http://www.alexa.com/topsites">fifth most-visited website</a> in the world, Wikipedia is one of the <a href="http://jamia.oxfordjournals.org/content/16/4/471.full">most-read sources of medical information</a> by the general public. It’s also frequently the first port of call for <a href="http://www.jmir.org/2015/3/e62/?trendmd-shared=1">doctors</a>, <a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3109/0142159X.2012.737064?scroll=top&needAccess=true">medical students</a>, <a href="http://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/yjolt12&section=3">lawmakers</a>, and <a href="http://www.pewinternet.org/2013/02/28/how-teachers-are-using-technology-at-home-and-in-their-classrooms/">educators</a>.</p> <p>Access is provided free of charge on mobile phones in many countries, under the <a href="https://blog.wikimedia.org/c/wikipedia-zero/">Wikipedia Zero scheme</a>. In developing nations, this has helped the site become the main source of information on medical topics. During the <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/27/business/media/wikipedia-is-emerging-as-trusted-internet-source-for-information-on-ebola-.html?_r=0">2014 Ebola outbreak</a>, for instance, page views of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebola_virus_disease">Ebola virus disease</a> peaked at more than <a href="http://www.wikipediatrends.com/Ebola_virus_disease.html">2.5 million per day</a>.</p> <p>Earlier this year, the site launched the free <a href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.kiwix.kiwixcustomwikimed&hl=en">Medical Wikipedia Offline app</a> in seven languages. The Android app has had nearly 100,000 downloads in its first few months of release. It’s particularly useful in low and middle-income countries, where internet access is typically slow and expensive.</p> <p>All this makes Wikipedia’s accuracy vital because every medical entry on the collaborative online encyclopedia has the potential for immediate <a href="http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/87/4/08-056713/en/">real-world health consequences</a>.</p> <h2>A question of priorities</h2> <p>Given its model of allowing anyone to edit entries, Wikipedia is already <a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v438/n7070/full/438900a.html">surprisingly accurate</a>, famously rivalling Encyclopedia Britannica. But even as the online encyclopedia matures, the accuracy of its medical content remains inconsistent.</p> <p>The platform has historically <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/education/2011/mar/29/wikipedia-survey-academic-contributions">struggled to attract expert contributions</a> from researchers. Improving Wikipedia entries tends to be low on the list of priorities for doctors and other health professionals. </p> <p>Finding time to write unpaid content in an unfamiliar format can easily lose out to more immediate career concerns. Doctors consistently work <a href="http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/1475198">long hours</a> with patients, and researchers tend to be busy applying for grants and <a href="http://jmi.sagepub.com/content/14/4/321.short">publishing in academic journals</a>. </p> <p>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stillbirth">entry on stillbirth</a> illustrates well why Wikipedia needs to attract more expert contributors. Every day, there are <a href="http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/topics/maternal_perinatal/stillbirth/en/">7,000 stillbirths worldwide</a>, but before my colleagues and I updated the Wikipedia page, it was was missing crucial information.</p> <p>It didn’t mention key causes, such as malaria, and common complications, such as depression. Having the full picture of a medical condition is extremely <a href="https://www.jmir.org/2003/3/e17/?trendmd-shared=1">important for effective health care</a>. And it’s vital for patients as well. Knowing that depression is a normal side effect of stillbirth, for instance, can help women <a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2524.2008.00814.x/full">cope with the emotional fallout</a>. </p> <p>Similarly, <a href="http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0106930">accurate information on medication</a> affects what doctors prescribe, what patients request, and what students learn.</p> <p>Such important topics quite simply demand accuracy.</p> <h2>Possible solutions</h2> <p>While spotting the shortfall is easy, solving it will require the concerted efforts of multiple communities with unique strengths.</p> <figure class="align-center "> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:66.3129973474801%;--background-color:#414141"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/142102/original/image-20161018-12440-13bev85.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" data-srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/142102/original/image-20161018-12440-13bev85.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=398&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/142102/original/image-20161018-12440-13bev85.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=398&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/142102/original/image-20161018-12440-13bev85.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=398&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/142102/original/image-20161018-12440-13bev85.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=500&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/142102/original/image-20161018-12440-13bev85.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=500&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/142102/original/image-20161018-12440-13bev85.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=500&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></div> <figcaption> <span class="caption">Wikipedia has historically struggled to attract expert contributions from time-poor researchers and doctors.</span> <span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/youraccount/7839794684/">Garnet/Flickr</a>, <a class="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/">CC BY-NC-ND</a></span> </figcaption> </figure> <p>Doctors and researchers can provide expert knowledge about complex topics; medical journals can leverage their infrastructure for robust peer review and indexing; Wikipedians can provide their experience in encyclopedic writing and technical expertise; and medical schools can encourage student involvement. </p> <p>Simultaneously publishing peer-reviewed work in academic journals and in Wikipedia could benefit all participants. This would include both putting existing entries through academic peer review, and converting suitable journal articles into Wikipedia entries. Official recognition of authors’ efforts through their citeable publications by scholarly journals is an important reward for time-pressed contributors.</p> <p>Peer review would ensure the quality of content, and for journals wanting to <a href="http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(16)31771-8/fulltext">have an impact on public health</a>, Wikipedia is the among the best outreach tools available.</p> <p>Several scholarly journals have been exploring academic peer review of Wikipedia entries and more look to soon join them. Examples of joint-publishing include the Wikipedia articles for Dengue fever and the cerebellum, which have been reviewed and published by the medical journals <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4242787">Open Medicine</a> and the <a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/WikiJournal_of_Medicine/The_Cerebellum">WikiJournal of Medicine</a> respectively.</p> <p>PLOS Computational Biology similarly <a href="http://collections.plos.org/topic-pages">joint-publishes review articles</a> in its journal and in Wikipedia for maximum impact. And, the journal RNA Biology requires researchers describing a <a href="http://www.nature.com/news/2008/081216/full/news.2008.1312.html">new RNA family</a> to also write a Wikipedia entry for it.</p> <h2>Embedding the new approach</h2> <p>Progress has been slow, but several independent ventures show how the attitudes of major players in the biomedical ecosystem are beginning to shift further, and take Wikipedia more seriously.</p> <p>Cochrane, which creates medical guidelines after reviewing research data, now finds <a href="http://www.cochranelibrary.com/editorial/10.1002/14651858.ED000069">Wikipedian partners for its Review Groups</a> to help disseminate their information through Wikipedia.</p> <p>Medical schools are also <a href="http://journals.lww.com/academicmedicine/Abstract/publishahead/Why_Medical_Schools_Should_Embrace_Wikipedia__.98408.aspx">getting involved</a> in improving Wikipedia entries. Medical students at University of California, San Francisco, can <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/30/business/media/editing-wikipedia-pages-for-med-school-credit.html?_r=0">gain course credit</a> for supervised editing of Wikipedia articles in need of attention.</p> <p>These and similar schemes can hopefully normalise Wikipedia editing within future medical community. And patients will ultimately be the winners. When it comes to health content, the deadline is now.</p> </div> <div class="grid-ten grid-prepend-two large-grid-nine grid-last content-topics topic-list"> <i class="icon-tag"></i> <ul> <li class="topic-list-item"> <a href="/topics/global-health-968">Global health</a> </li> <li class="topic-list-item"> <a href="/topics/academic-journals-2704">Academic journals</a> </li> <li class="topic-list-item"> <a href="/topics/wikipedia-2920">Wikipedia</a> </li> <li class="topic-list-item"> <a href="/topics/research-impact-3362">Research impact</a> </li> <li class="topic-list-item"> <a href="/topics/medical-schools-13830">Medical schools</a> </li> <li class="topic-list-item"> <a href="/topics/medical-professionals-32308">Medical professionals</a> </li> <li class="topic-list-item"> <a href="/topics/open-access-32477">Open access</a> </li> <li class="topic-list-item"> <a href="/topics/global-perspectives-45141">Global perspectives</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="slot grid-ten 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0!==e.joinArrays?e.joinArrays:this.options.joinArrays,y=!this.i18nFormat||this.i18nFormat.handleAsObject,m=!l(p)&&"boolean"!=typeof p&&"number"!=typeof p;if(!(y&&p&&m&&["[object Number]","[object Function]","[object RegExp]"].indexOf(g)<0)||l(v)&&Array.isArray(p))if(y&&l(v)&&Array.isArray(p))p=p.join(v),p&&(p=this.extendTranslation(p,t,e,n));else{let r=!1,s=!1;const c=void 0!==e.count&&!l(e.count),h=T.hasDefaultValue(e),d=c?this.pluralResolver.getSuffix(u,e.count,e):"",g=e.ordinal&&c?this.pluralResolver.getSuffix(u,e.count,{ordinal:!1}):"",v=c&&!e.ordinal&&0===e.count,y=v&&e[`defaultValue${this.options.pluralSeparator}zero`]||e[`defaultValue${d}`]||e[`defaultValue${g}`]||e.defaultValue;!this.isValidLookup(p)&&h&&(r=!0,p=y),this.isValidLookup(p)||(s=!0,p=i);const m=(e.missingKeyNoValueFallbackToKey||this.options.missingKeyNoValueFallbackToKey)&&s?void 0:p,b=h&&y!==p&&this.options.updateMissing;if(s||r||b){if(this.logger.log(b?"updateKey":"missingKey",u,a,i,b?y:p),o){const t=this.resolve(i,{...e,keySeparator:!1});t&&t.res&&this.logger.warn("Seems the loaded translations were in flat JSON format instead of nested. Either set keySeparator: false on init or make sure your translations are published in nested format.")}let t=[];const n=this.languageUtils.getFallbackCodes(this.options.fallbackLng,e.lng||this.language);if("fallback"===this.options.saveMissingTo&&n&&n[0])for(let e=0;e<n.length;e++)t.push(n[e]);else"all"===this.options.saveMissingTo?t=this.languageUtils.toResolveHierarchy(e.lng||this.language):t.push(e.lng||this.language);const r=(t,n,r)=>{const o=h&&r!==p?r:m;this.options.missingKeyHandler?this.options.missingKeyHandler(t,a,n,o,b,e):this.backendConnector?.saveMissing&&this.backendConnector.saveMissing(t,a,n,o,b,e),this.emit("missingKey",t,a,n,p)};this.options.saveMissing&&(this.options.saveMissingPlurals&&c?t.forEach((t=>{const n=this.pluralResolver.getSuffixes(t,e);v&&e[`defaultValue${this.options.pluralSeparator}zero`]&&n.indexOf(`${this.options.pluralSeparator}zero`)<0&&n.push(`${this.options.pluralSeparator}zero`),n.forEach((n=>{r([t],i+n,e[`defaultValue${n}`]||y)}))})):r(t,i,y))}p=this.extendTranslation(p,t,e,f,n),s&&p===i&&this.options.appendNamespaceToMissingKey&&(p=`${a}:${i}`),(s||r)&&this.options.parseMissingKeyHandler&&(p=this.options.parseMissingKeyHandler(this.options.appendNamespaceToMissingKey?`${a}:${i}`:i,r?p:void 0))}else{if(!e.returnObjects&&!this.options.returnObjects){this.options.returnedObjectHandler||this.logger.warn("accessing an object - but returnObjects options is not enabled!");const t=this.options.returnedObjectHandler?this.options.returnedObjectHandler(h,p,{...e,ns:s}):`key '${i} (${this.language})' returned an object instead of string.`;return r?(f.res=t,f.usedParams=this.getUsedParamsDetails(e),f):t}if(o){const t=Array.isArray(p),n=t?[]:{},r=t?d:h;for(const t in p)if(Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(p,t)){const i=`${r}${o}${t}`;n[t]=this.translate(i,{...e,joinArrays:!1,ns:s}),n[t]===i&&(n[t]=p[t])}p=n}}return r?(f.res=p,f.usedParams=this.getUsedParamsDetails(e),f):p}extendTranslation(t,e,n,r,o){var i=this;if(this.i18nFormat?.parse)t=this.i18nFormat.parse(t,{...this.options.interpolation.defaultVariables,...n},n.lng||this.language||r.usedLng,r.usedNS,r.usedKey,{resolved:r});else if(!n.skipInterpolation){n.interpolation&&this.interpolator.init({...n,interpolation:{...this.options.interpolation,...n.interpolation}});const s=l(t)&&(void 0!==n?.interpolation?.skipOnVariables?n.interpolation.skipOnVariables:this.options.interpolation.skipOnVariables);let a;if(s){const e=t.match(this.interpolator.nestingRegexp);a=e&&e.length}let u=n.replace&&!l(n.replace)?n.replace:n;if(this.options.interpolation.defaultVariables&&(u={...this.options.interpolation.defaultVariables,...u}),t=this.interpolator.interpolate(t,u,n.lng||this.language||r.usedLng,n),s){const e=t.match(this.interpolator.nestingRegexp);a<(e&&e.length)&&(n.nest=!1)}!n.lng&&r&&r.res&&(n.lng=this.language||r.usedLng),!1!==n.nest&&(t=this.interpolator.nest(t,(function(){for(var t=arguments.length,r=new Array(t),s=0;s<t;s++)r[s]=arguments[s];return o?.[0]!==r[0]||n.context?i.translate(...r,e):(i.logger.warn(`It seems you are nesting recursively key: ${r[0]} in key: ${e[0]}`),null)}),n)),n.interpolation&&this.interpolator.reset()}const s=n.postProcess||this.options.postProcess,a=l(s)?[s]:s;return null!=t&&a?.length&&!1!==n.applyPostProcessor&&(t=A.handle(a,t,e,this.options&&this.options.postProcessPassResolved?{i18nResolved:{...r,usedParams:this.getUsedParamsDetails(n)},...n}:n,this)),t}resolve(t){let e,n,r,o,i,s=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{};return l(t)&&(t=[t]),t.forEach((t=>{if(this.isValidLookup(e))return;const a=this.extractFromKey(t,s),u=a.key;n=u;let c=a.namespaces;this.options.fallbackNS&&(c=c.concat(this.options.fallbackNS));const f=void 0!==s.count&&!l(s.count),p=f&&!s.ordinal&&0===s.count,h=void 0!==s.context&&(l(s.context)||"number"==typeof s.context)&&""!==s.context,d=s.lngs?s.lngs:this.languageUtils.toResolveHierarchy(s.lng||this.language,s.fallbackLng);c.forEach((t=>{this.isValidLookup(e)||(i=t,$[`${d[0]}-${t}`]||!this.utils?.hasLoadedNamespace||this.utils?.hasLoadedNamespace(i)||($[`${d[0]}-${t}`]=!0,this.logger.warn(`key "${n}" for languages "${d.join(", ")}" won't get resolved as namespace "${i}" was not yet loaded`,"This means something IS WRONG in your setup. You access the t function before i18next.init / i18next.loadNamespace / i18next.changeLanguage was done. Wait for the callback or Promise to resolve before accessing it!!!")),d.forEach((n=>{if(this.isValidLookup(e))return;o=n;const i=[u];if(this.i18nFormat?.addLookupKeys)this.i18nFormat.addLookupKeys(i,u,n,t,s);else{let t;f&&(t=this.pluralResolver.getSuffix(n,s.count,s));const e=`${this.options.pluralSeparator}zero`,r=`${this.options.pluralSeparator}ordinal${this.options.pluralSeparator}`;if(f&&(i.push(u+t),s.ordinal&&0===t.indexOf(r)&&i.push(u+t.replace(r,this.options.pluralSeparator)),p&&i.push(u+e)),h){const n=`${u}${this.options.contextSeparator}${s.context}`;i.push(n),f&&(i.push(n+t),s.ordinal&&0===t.indexOf(r)&&i.push(n+t.replace(r,this.options.pluralSeparator)),p&&i.push(n+e))}}let a;for(;a=i.pop();)this.isValidLookup(e)||(r=a,e=this.getResource(n,t,a,s))})))}))})),{res:e,usedKey:n,exactUsedKey:r,usedLng:o,usedNS:i}}isValidLookup(t){return!(void 0===t||!this.options.returnNull&&null===t||!this.options.returnEmptyString&&""===t)}getResource(t,e,n){let r=arguments.length>3&&void 0!==arguments[3]?arguments[3]:{};return this.i18nFormat?.getResource?this.i18nFormat.getResource(t,e,n,r):this.resourceStore.getResource(t,e,n,r)}getUsedParamsDetails(){let t=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{};const e=["defaultValue","ordinal","context","replace","lng","lngs","fallbackLng","ns","keySeparator","nsSeparator","returnObjects","returnDetails","joinArrays","postProcess","interpolation"],n=t.replace&&!l(t.replace);let r=n?t.replace:t;if(n&&void 0!==t.count&&(r.count=t.count),this.options.interpolation.defaultVariables&&(r={...this.options.interpolation.defaultVariables,...r}),!n){r={...r};for(const t of e)delete r[t]}return r}static hasDefaultValue(t){const e="defaultValue";for(const n in t)if(Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(t,n)&&e===n.substring(0,12)&&void 0!==t[n])return!0;return!1}}class I{constructor(t){this.options=t,this.supportedLngs=this.options.supportedLngs||!1,this.logger=E.create("languageUtils")}getScriptPartFromCode(t){if(!(t=L(t))||t.indexOf("-")<0)return null;const e=t.split("-");return 2===e.length?null:(e.pop(),"x"===e[e.length-1].toLowerCase()?null:this.formatLanguageCode(e.join("-")))}getLanguagePartFromCode(t){if(!(t=L(t))||t.indexOf("-")<0)return t;const e=t.split("-");return this.formatLanguageCode(e[0])}formatLanguageCode(t){if(l(t)&&t.indexOf("-")>-1){let e;try{e=Intl.getCanonicalLocales(t)[0]}catch(t){}return e&&this.options.lowerCaseLng&&(e=e.toLowerCase()),e||(this.options.lowerCaseLng?t.toLowerCase():t)}return this.options.cleanCode||this.options.lowerCaseLng?t.toLowerCase():t}isSupportedCode(t){return("languageOnly"===this.options.load||this.options.nonExplicitSupportedLngs)&&(t=this.getLanguagePartFromCode(t)),!this.supportedLngs||!this.supportedLngs.length||this.supportedLngs.indexOf(t)>-1}getBestMatchFromCodes(t){if(!t)return null;let e;return t.forEach((t=>{if(e)return;const n=this.formatLanguageCode(t);this.options.supportedLngs&&!this.isSupportedCode(n)||(e=n)})),!e&&this.options.supportedLngs&&t.forEach((t=>{if(e)return;const n=this.getLanguagePartFromCode(t);if(this.isSupportedCode(n))return e=n;e=this.options.supportedLngs.find((t=>t===n?t:t.indexOf("-")<0&&n.indexOf("-")<0?void 0:t.indexOf("-")>0&&n.indexOf("-")<0&&t.substring(0,t.indexOf("-"))===n||0===t.indexOf(n)&&n.length>1?t:void 0))})),e||(e=this.getFallbackCodes(this.options.fallbackLng)[0]),e}getFallbackCodes(t,e){if(!t)return[];if("function"==typeof t&&(t=t(e)),l(t)&&(t=[t]),Array.isArray(t))return t;if(!e)return t.default||[];let n=t[e];return n||(n=t[this.getScriptPartFromCode(e)]),n||(n=t[this.formatLanguageCode(e)]),n||(n=t[this.getLanguagePartFromCode(e)]),n||(n=t.default),n||[]}toResolveHierarchy(t,e){const n=this.getFallbackCodes(e||this.options.fallbackLng||[],t),r=[],o=t=>{t&&(this.isSupportedCode(t)?r.push(t):this.logger.warn(`rejecting language code not found in supportedLngs: ${t}`))};return l(t)&&(t.indexOf("-")>-1||t.indexOf("_")>-1)?("languageOnly"!==this.options.load&&o(this.formatLanguageCode(t)),"languageOnly"!==this.options.load&&"currentOnly"!==this.options.load&&o(this.getScriptPartFromCode(t)),"currentOnly"!==this.options.load&&o(this.getLanguagePartFromCode(t))):l(t)&&o(this.formatLanguageCode(t)),n.forEach((t=>{r.indexOf(t)<0&&o(this.formatLanguageCode(t))})),r}}const F={zero:0,one:1,two:2,few:3,many:4,other:5},D={select:t=>1===t?"one":"other",resolvedOptions:()=>({pluralCategories:["one","other"]})};class M{constructor(t){let e=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{};this.languageUtils=t,this.options=e,this.logger=E.create("pluralResolver"),this.pluralRulesCache={}}addRule(t,e){this.rules[t]=e}clearCache(){this.pluralRulesCache={}}getRule(t){let e=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{};const n=L("dev"===t?"en":t),r=e.ordinal?"ordinal":"cardinal",o=JSON.stringify({cleanedCode:n,type:r});if(o in this.pluralRulesCache)return this.pluralRulesCache[o];let i;try{i=new Intl.PluralRules(n,{type:r})}catch(n){if(!Intl)return this.logger.error("No Intl support, please use an Intl polyfill!"),D;if(!t.match(/-|_/))return D;const r=this.languageUtils.getLanguagePartFromCode(t);i=this.getRule(r,e)}return this.pluralRulesCache[o]=i,i}needsPlural(t){let e=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{},n=this.getRule(t,e);return n||(n=this.getRule("dev",e)),n?.resolvedOptions().pluralCategories.length>1}getPluralFormsOfKey(t,e){let n=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]?arguments[2]:{};return this.getSuffixes(t,n).map((t=>`${e}${t}`))}getSuffixes(t){let e=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{},n=this.getRule(t,e);return n||(n=this.getRule("dev",e)),n?n.resolvedOptions().pluralCategories.sort(((t,e)=>F[t]-F[e])).map((t=>`${this.options.prepend}${e.ordinal?`ordinal${this.options.prepend}`:""}${t}`)):[]}getSuffix(t,e){let n=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]?arguments[2]:{};const r=this.getRule(t,n);return r?`${this.options.prepend}${n.ordinal?`ordinal${this.options.prepend}`:""}${r.select(e)}`:(this.logger.warn(`no plural rule found for: ${t}`),this.getSuffix("dev",e,n))}}const V=function(t,e,n){let r=arguments.length>3&&void 0!==arguments[3]?arguments[3]:".",o=!(arguments.length>4&&void 0!==arguments[4])||arguments[4],i=((t,e,n)=>{const r=m(t,n);return void 0!==r?r:m(e,n)})(t,e,n);return!i&&o&&l(n)&&(i=j(t,n,r),void 0===i&&(i=j(e,n,r))),i},U=t=>t.replace(/\$/g,"$$$$");class _{constructor(){let t=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{};this.logger=E.create("interpolator"),this.options=t,this.format=t?.interpolation?.format||(t=>t),this.init(t)}init(){let t=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{};t.interpolation||(t.interpolation={escapeValue:!0});const{escape:e,escapeValue:n,useRawValueToEscape:r,prefix:o,prefixEscaped:i,suffix:s,suffixEscaped:a,formatSeparator:u,unescapeSuffix:c,unescapePrefix:l,nestingPrefix:f,nestingPrefixEscaped:p,nestingSuffix:h,nestingSuffixEscaped:d,nestingOptionsSeparator:g,maxReplaces:v,alwaysFormat:y}=t.interpolation;this.escape=void 0!==e?e:O,this.escapeValue=void 0===n||n,this.useRawValueToEscape=void 0!==r&&r,this.prefix=o?x(o):i||"{{",this.suffix=s?x(s):a||"}}",this.formatSeparator=u||",",this.unescapePrefix=c?"":l||"-",this.unescapeSuffix=this.unescapePrefix?"":c||"",this.nestingPrefix=f?x(f):p||x("$t("),this.nestingSuffix=h?x(h):d||x(")"),this.nestingOptionsSeparator=g||",",this.maxReplaces=v||1e3,this.alwaysFormat=void 0!==y&&y,this.resetRegExp()}reset(){this.options&&this.init(this.options)}resetRegExp(){const t=(t,e)=>t?.source===e?(t.lastIndex=0,t):new RegExp(e,"g");this.regexp=t(this.regexp,`${this.prefix}(.+?)${this.suffix}`),this.regexpUnescape=t(this.regexpUnescape,`${this.prefix}${this.unescapePrefix}(.+?)${this.unescapeSuffix}${this.suffix}`),this.nestingRegexp=t(this.nestingRegexp,`${this.nestingPrefix}(.+?)${this.nestingSuffix}`)}interpolate(t,e,n,r){let o,i,s;const a=this.options&&this.options.interpolation&&this.options.interpolation.defaultVariables||{},u=t=>{if(t.indexOf(this.formatSeparator)<0){const o=V(e,a,t,this.options.keySeparator,this.options.ignoreJSONStructure);return this.alwaysFormat?this.format(o,void 0,n,{...r,...e,interpolationkey:t}):o}const o=t.split(this.formatSeparator),i=o.shift().trim(),s=o.join(this.formatSeparator).trim();return this.format(V(e,a,i,this.options.keySeparator,this.options.ignoreJSONStructure),s,n,{...r,...e,interpolationkey:i})};this.resetRegExp();const c=r?.missingInterpolationHandler||this.options.missingInterpolationHandler,f=void 0!==r?.interpolation?.skipOnVariables?r.interpolation.skipOnVariables:this.options.interpolation.skipOnVariables;return[{regex:this.regexpUnescape,safeValue:t=>U(t)},{regex:this.regexp,safeValue:t=>this.escapeValue?U(this.escape(t)):U(t)}].forEach((e=>{for(s=0;o=e.regex.exec(t);){const n=o[1].trim();if(i=u(n),void 0===i)if("function"==typeof c){const e=c(t,o,r);i=l(e)?e:""}else if(r&&Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(r,n))i="";else{if(f){i=o[0];continue}this.logger.warn(`missed to pass in variable ${n} for interpolating ${t}`),i=""}else l(i)||this.useRawValueToEscape||(i=p(i));const a=e.safeValue(i);if(t=t.replace(o[0],a),f?(e.regex.lastIndex+=i.length,e.regex.lastIndex-=o[0].length):e.regex.lastIndex=0,s++,s>=this.maxReplaces)break}})),t}nest(t,e){let n,r,o,i=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]?arguments[2]:{};const s=(t,e)=>{const n=this.nestingOptionsSeparator;if(t.indexOf(n)<0)return t;const r=t.split(new RegExp(`${n}[ ]*{`));let i=`{${r[1]}`;t=r[0],i=this.interpolate(i,o);const s=i.match(/'/g),a=i.match(/"/g);((s?.length??0)%2==0&&!a||a.length%2!=0)&&(i=i.replace(/'/g,'"'));try{o=JSON.parse(i),e&&(o={...e,...o})}catch(e){return this.logger.warn(`failed parsing options string in nesting for key ${t}`,e),`${t}${n}${i}`}return o.defaultValue&&o.defaultValue.indexOf(this.prefix)>-1&&delete o.defaultValue,t};for(;n=this.nestingRegexp.exec(t);){let a=[];o={...i},o=o.replace&&!l(o.replace)?o.replace:o,o.applyPostProcessor=!1,delete o.defaultValue;let u=!1;if(-1!==n[0].indexOf(this.formatSeparator)&&!/{.*}/.test(n[1])){const t=n[1].split(this.formatSeparator).map((t=>t.trim()));n[1]=t.shift(),a=t,u=!0}if(r=e(s.call(this,n[1].trim(),o),o),r&&n[0]===t&&!l(r))return r;l(r)||(r=p(r)),r||(this.logger.warn(`missed to resolve ${n[1]} for nesting ${t}`),r=""),u&&(r=a.reduce(((t,e)=>this.format(t,e,i.lng,{...i,interpolationkey:n[1].trim()})),r.trim())),t=t.replace(n[0],r),this.regexp.lastIndex=0}return t}}const H=t=>{const e={};return(n,r,o)=>{let i=o;o&&o.interpolationkey&&o.formatParams&&o.formatParams[o.interpolationkey]&&o[o.interpolationkey]&&(i={...i,[o.interpolationkey]:void 0});const s=r+JSON.stringify(i);let a=e[s];return a||(a=t(L(r),o),e[s]=a),a(n)}};class K{constructor(){let t=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{};this.logger=E.create("formatter"),this.options=t,this.formats={number:H(((t,e)=>{const n=new Intl.NumberFormat(t,{...e});return t=>n.format(t)})),currency:H(((t,e)=>{const n=new Intl.NumberFormat(t,{...e,style:"currency"});return t=>n.format(t)})),datetime:H(((t,e)=>{const n=new Intl.DateTimeFormat(t,{...e});return t=>n.format(t)})),relativetime:H(((t,e)=>{const n=new Intl.RelativeTimeFormat(t,{...e});return t=>n.format(t,e.range||"day")})),list:H(((t,e)=>{const n=new Intl.ListFormat(t,{...e});return t=>n.format(t)}))},this.init(t)}init(t){let e=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{interpolation:{}};this.formatSeparator=e.interpolation.formatSeparator||","}add(t,e){this.formats[t.toLowerCase().trim()]=e}addCached(t,e){this.formats[t.toLowerCase().trim()]=H(e)}format(t,e,n){let r=arguments.length>3&&void 0!==arguments[3]?arguments[3]:{};const o=e.split(this.formatSeparator);if(o.length>1&&o[0].indexOf("(")>1&&o[0].indexOf(")")<0&&o.find((t=>t.indexOf(")")>-1))){const t=o.findIndex((t=>t.indexOf(")")>-1));o[0]=[o[0],...o.splice(1,t)].join(this.formatSeparator)}return o.reduce(((t,e)=>{const{formatName:o,formatOptions:i}=(t=>{let e=t.toLowerCase().trim();const n={};if(t.indexOf("(")>-1){const r=t.split("(");e=r[0].toLowerCase().trim();const 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0!==arguments[3]?arguments[3]:{};super(),this.backend=t,this.store=e,this.services=n,this.languageUtils=n.languageUtils,this.options=r,this.logger=E.create("backendConnector"),this.waitingReads=[],this.maxParallelReads=r.maxParallelReads||10,this.readingCalls=0,this.maxRetries=r.maxRetries>=0?r.maxRetries:5,this.retryTimeout=r.retryTimeout>=1?r.retryTimeout:350,this.state={},this.queue=[],this.backend?.init?.(n,r.backend,r)}queueLoad(t,e,n,r){const o={},i={},s={},a={};return t.forEach((t=>{let r=!0;e.forEach((e=>{const s=`${t}|${e}`;!n.reload&&this.store.hasResourceBundle(t,e)?this.state[s]=2:this.state[s]<0||(1===this.state[s]?void 0===i[s]&&(i[s]=!0):(this.state[s]=1,r=!1,void 0===i[s]&&(i[s]=!0),void 0===o[s]&&(o[s]=!0),void 0===a[e]&&(a[e]=!0)))})),r||(s[t]=!0)})),(Object.keys(o).length||Object.keys(i).length)&&this.queue.push({pending:i,pendingCount:Object.keys(i).length,loaded:{},errors:[],callback:r}),{toLoad:Object.keys(o),pending:Object.keys(i),toLoadLanguages:Object.keys(s),toLoadNamespaces:Object.keys(a)}}loaded(t,e,n){const r=t.split("|"),o=r[0],i=r[1];e&&this.emit("failedLoading",o,i,e),!e&&n&&this.store.addResourceBundle(o,i,n,void 0,void 0,{skipCopy:!0}),this.state[t]=e?-1:2,e&&n&&(this.state[t]=0);const s={};this.queue.forEach((n=>{((t,e,n)=>{const{obj:r,k:o}=v(t,e,Object);r[o]=r[o]||[],r[o].push(n)})(n.loaded,[o],i),((t,e)=>{void 0!==t.pending[e]&&(delete t.pending[e],t.pendingCount--)})(n,t),e&&n.errors.push(e),0!==n.pendingCount||n.done||(Object.keys(n.loaded).forEach((t=>{s[t]||(s[t]={});const e=n.loaded[t];e.length&&e.forEach((e=>{void 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n=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]?arguments[2]:{},r=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0;if(!this.backend)return this.logger.warn("No backend was added via i18next.use. 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You access the t function before i18next.init / i18next.loadNamespace / i18next.changeLanguage was done. Wait for the callback or Promise to resolve before accessing it!!!")}}const B=()=>({debug:!1,initAsync:!0,ns:["translation"],defaultNS:["translation"],fallbackLng:["dev"],fallbackNS:!1,supportedLngs:!1,nonExplicitSupportedLngs:!1,load:"all",preload:!1,simplifyPluralSuffix:!0,keySeparator:".",nsSeparator:":",pluralSeparator:"_",contextSeparator:"_",partialBundledLanguages:!1,saveMissing:!1,updateMissing:!1,saveMissingTo:"fallback",saveMissingPlurals:!0,missingKeyHandler:!1,missingInterpolationHandler:!1,postProcess:!1,postProcessPassResolved:!1,returnNull:!1,returnEmptyString:!0,returnObjects:!1,joinArrays:!1,returnedObjectHandler:!1,parseMissingKeyHandler:!1,appendNamespaceToMissingKey:!1,appendNamespaceToCIMode:!1,overloadTranslationOptionHandler:t=>{let e={};if("object"==typeof t[1]&&(e=t[1]),l(t[1])&&(e.defaultValue=t[1]),l(t[2])&&(e.tDescription=t[2]),"object"==typeof t[2]||"object"==typeof t[3]){const n=t[3]||t[2];Object.keys(n).forEach((t=>{e[t]=n[t]}))}return e},interpolation:{escapeValue:!0,format:t=>t,prefix:"{{",suffix:"}}",formatSeparator:",",unescapePrefix:"-",nestingPrefix:"$t(",nestingSuffix:")",nestingOptionsSeparator:",",maxReplaces:1e3,skipOnVariables:!0}}),q=t=>(l(t.ns)&&(t.ns=[t.ns]),l(t.fallbackLng)&&(t.fallbackLng=[t.fallbackLng]),l(t.fallbackNS)&&(t.fallbackNS=[t.fallbackNS]),t.supportedLngs?.indexOf?.("cimode")<0&&(t.supportedLngs=t.supportedLngs.concat(["cimode"])),"boolean"==typeof t.initImmediate&&(t.initAsync=t.initImmediate),t),G=()=>{};class J extends C{constructor(){let t=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{},e=arguments.length>1?arguments[1]:void 0;var n;if(super(),this.options=q(t),this.services={},this.logger=E,this.modules={external:[]},n=this,Object.getOwnPropertyNames(Object.getPrototypeOf(n)).forEach((t=>{"function"==typeof n[t]&&(n[t]=n[t].bind(n))})),e&&!this.isInitialized&&!t.isClone){if(!this.options.initAsync)return this.init(t,e),this;setTimeout((()=>{this.init(t,e)}),0)}}init(){var t=this;let e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{},n=arguments.length>1?arguments[1]:void 0;this.isInitializing=!0,"function"==typeof e&&(n=e,e={}),null==e.defaultNS&&e.ns&&(l(e.ns)?e.defaultNS=e.ns:e.ns.indexOf("translation")<0&&(e.defaultNS=e.ns[0]));const r=B();this.options={...r,...this.options,...q(e)},this.options.interpolation={...r.interpolation,...this.options.interpolation},void 0!==e.keySeparator&&(this.options.userDefinedKeySeparator=e.keySeparator),void 0!==e.nsSeparator&&(this.options.userDefinedNsSeparator=e.nsSeparator);const o=t=>t?"function"==typeof t?new t:t:null;if(!this.options.isClone){let e;this.modules.logger?E.init(o(this.modules.logger),this.options):E.init(null,this.options),e=this.modules.formatter?this.modules.formatter:K;const n=new I(this.options);this.store=new N(this.options.resources,this.options);const i=this.services;i.logger=E,i.resourceStore=this.store,i.languageUtils=n,i.pluralResolver=new M(n,{prepend:this.options.pluralSeparator,simplifyPluralSuffix:this.options.simplifyPluralSuffix}),!e||this.options.interpolation.format&&this.options.interpolation.format!==r.interpolation.format||(i.formatter=o(e),i.formatter.init(i,this.options),this.options.interpolation.format=i.formatter.format.bind(i.formatter)),i.interpolator=new _(this.options),i.utils={hasLoadedNamespace:this.hasLoadedNamespace.bind(this)},i.backendConnector=new z(o(this.modules.backend),i.resourceStore,i,this.options),i.backendConnector.on("*",(function(e){for(var n=arguments.length,r=new Array(n>1?n-1:0),o=1;o<n;o++)r[o-1]=arguments[o];t.emit(e,...r)})),this.modules.languageDetector&&(i.languageDetector=o(this.modules.languageDetector),i.languageDetector.init&&i.languageDetector.init(i,this.options.detection,this.options)),this.modules.i18nFormat&&(i.i18nFormat=o(this.modules.i18nFormat),i.i18nFormat.init&&i.i18nFormat.init(this)),this.translator=new T(this.services,this.options),this.translator.on("*",(function(e){for(var n=arguments.length,r=new Array(n>1?n-1:0),o=1;o<n;o++)r[o-1]=arguments[o];t.emit(e,...r)})),this.modules.external.forEach((t=>{t.init&&t.init(this)}))}if(this.format=this.options.interpolation.format,n||(n=G),this.options.fallbackLng&&!this.services.languageDetector&&!this.options.lng){const t=this.services.languageUtils.getFallbackCodes(this.options.fallbackLng);t.length>0&&"dev"!==t[0]&&(this.options.lng=t[0])}this.services.languageDetector||this.options.lng||this.logger.warn("init: no languageDetector is used and no lng is defined");["getResource","hasResourceBundle","getResourceBundle","getDataByLanguage"].forEach((e=>{this[e]=function(){return t.store[e](...arguments)}}));["addResource","addResources","addResourceBundle","removeResourceBundle"].forEach((e=>{this[e]=function(){return t.store[e](...arguments),t}}));const i=f(),s=()=>{const t=(t,e)=>{this.isInitializing=!1,this.isInitialized&&!this.initializedStoreOnce&&this.logger.warn("init: i18next is already initialized. You should call init just once!"),this.isInitialized=!0,this.options.isClone||this.logger.log("initialized",this.options),this.emit("initialized",this.options),i.resolve(e),n(t,e)};if(this.languages&&!this.isInitialized)return t(null,this.t.bind(this));this.changeLanguage(this.options.lng,t)};return this.options.resources||!this.options.initAsync?s():setTimeout(s,0),i}loadResources(t){let e=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:G;const n=l(t)?t:this.language;if("function"==typeof t&&(e=t),!this.options.resources||this.options.partialBundledLanguages){if("cimode"===n?.toLowerCase()&&(!this.options.preload||0===this.options.preload.length))return e();const t=[],r=e=>{if(!e)return;if("cimode"===e)return;this.services.languageUtils.toResolveHierarchy(e).forEach((e=>{"cimode"!==e&&t.indexOf(e)<0&&t.push(e)}))};if(n)r(n);else{this.services.languageUtils.getFallbackCodes(this.options.fallbackLng).forEach((t=>r(t)))}this.options.preload?.forEach?.((t=>r(t))),this.services.backendConnector.load(t,this.options.ns,(t=>{t||this.resolvedLanguage||!this.language||this.setResolvedLanguage(this.language),e(t)}))}else e(null)}reloadResources(t,e,n){const r=f();return"function"==typeof t&&(n=t,t=void 0),"function"==typeof e&&(n=e,e=void 0),t||(t=this.languages),e||(e=this.options.ns),n||(n=G),this.services.backendConnector.reload(t,e,(t=>{r.resolve(),n(t)})),r}use(t){if(!t)throw new Error("You are passing an undefined module! Please check the object you are passing to i18next.use()");if(!t.type)throw new Error("You are passing a wrong module! Please check the object you are passing to i18next.use()");return"backend"===t.type&&(this.modules.backend=t),("logger"===t.type||t.log&&t.warn&&t.error)&&(this.modules.logger=t),"languageDetector"===t.type&&(this.modules.languageDetector=t),"i18nFormat"===t.type&&(this.modules.i18nFormat=t),"postProcessor"===t.type&&A.addPostProcessor(t),"formatter"===t.type&&(this.modules.formatter=t),"3rdParty"===t.type&&this.modules.external.push(t),this}setResolvedLanguage(t){if(t&&this.languages&&!(["cimode","dev"].indexOf(t)>-1))for(let t=0;t<this.languages.length;t++){const e=this.languages[t];if(!(["cimode","dev"].indexOf(e)>-1)&&this.store.hasLanguageSomeTranslations(e)){this.resolvedLanguage=e;break}}}changeLanguage(t,e){var n=this;this.isLanguageChangingTo=t;const r=f();this.emit("languageChanging",t);const o=t=>{this.language=t,this.languages=this.services.languageUtils.toResolveHierarchy(t),this.resolvedLanguage=void 0,this.setResolvedLanguage(t)},i=(t,i)=>{i?(o(i),this.translator.changeLanguage(i),this.isLanguageChangingTo=void 0,this.emit("languageChanged",i),this.logger.log("languageChanged",i)):this.isLanguageChangingTo=void 0,r.resolve((function(){return n.t(...arguments)})),e&&e(t,(function(){return n.t(...arguments)}))},s=e=>{t||e||!this.services.languageDetector||(e=[]);const n=l(e)?e:this.services.languageUtils.getBestMatchFromCodes(e);n&&(this.language||o(n),this.translator.language||this.translator.changeLanguage(n),this.services.languageDetector?.cacheUserLanguage?.(n)),this.loadResources(n,(t=>{i(t,n)}))};return t||!this.services.languageDetector||this.services.languageDetector.async?!t&&this.services.languageDetector&&this.services.languageDetector.async?0===this.services.languageDetector.detect.length?this.services.languageDetector.detect().then(s):this.services.languageDetector.detect(s):s(t):s(this.services.languageDetector.detect()),r}getFixedT(t,e,n){var r=this;const o=function(t,e){let i;if("object"!=typeof e){for(var s=arguments.length,a=new Array(s>2?s-2:0),u=2;u<s;u++)a[u-2]=arguments[u];i=r.options.overloadTranslationOptionHandler([t,e].concat(a))}else i={...e};i.lng=i.lng||o.lng,i.lngs=i.lngs||o.lngs,i.ns=i.ns||o.ns,""!==i.keyPrefix&&(i.keyPrefix=i.keyPrefix||n||o.keyPrefix);const c=r.options.keySeparator||".";let l;return l=i.keyPrefix&&Array.isArray(t)?t.map((t=>`${i.keyPrefix}${c}${t}`)):i.keyPrefix?`${i.keyPrefix}${c}${t}`:t,r.t(l,i)};return l(t)?o.lng=t:o.lngs=t,o.ns=e,o.keyPrefix=n,o}t(){for(var t=arguments.length,e=new Array(t),n=0;n<t;n++)e[n]=arguments[n];return this.translator?.translate(...e)}exists(){for(var t=arguments.length,e=new Array(t),n=0;n<t;n++)e[n]=arguments[n];return this.translator?.exists(...e)}setDefaultNamespace(t){this.options.defaultNS=t}hasLoadedNamespace(t){let e=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{};if(!this.isInitialized)return this.logger.warn("hasLoadedNamespace: i18next was not 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r=this.options.preload||[],o=t.filter((t=>r.indexOf(t)<0&&this.services.languageUtils.isSupportedCode(t)));return o.length?(this.options.preload=r.concat(o),this.loadResources((t=>{n.resolve(),e&&e(t)})),n):(e&&e(),Promise.resolve())}dir(t){if(t||(t=this.resolvedLanguage||(this.languages?.length>0?this.languages[0]:this.language)),!t)return"rtl";const e=this.services?.languageUtils||new I(B());return["ar","shu","sqr","ssh","xaa","yhd","yud","aao","abh","abv","acm","acq","acw","acx","acy","adf","ads","aeb","aec","afb","ajp","apc","apd","arb","arq","ars","ary","arz","auz","avl","ayh","ayl","ayn","ayp","bbz","pga","he","iw","ps","pbt","pbu","pst","prp","prd","ug","ur","ydd","yds","yih","ji","yi","hbo","men","xmn","fa","jpr","peo","pes","prs","dv","sam","ckb"].indexOf(e.getLanguagePartFromCode(t))>-1||t.toLowerCase().indexOf("-arab")>1?"rtl":"ltr"}static createInstance(){return new J(arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{},arguments.length>1?arguments[1]:void 0)}cloneInstance(){let t=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{},e=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:G;const n=t.forkResourceStore;n&&delete t.forkResourceStore;const r={...this.options,...t,isClone:!0},o=new J(r);void 0===t.debug&&void 0===t.prefix||(o.logger=o.logger.clone(t));if(["store","services","language"].forEach((t=>{o[t]=this[t]})),o.services={...this.services},o.services.utils={hasLoadedNamespace:o.hasLoadedNamespace.bind(o)},n){const t=Object.keys(this.store.data).reduce(((t,e)=>(t[e]={...this.store.data[e]},Object.keys(t[e]).reduce(((n,r)=>(n[r]={...t[e][r]},n)),{}))),{});o.store=new N(t,r),o.services.resourceStore=o.store}return o.translator=new T(o.services,r),o.translator.on("*",(function(t){for(var e=arguments.length,n=new 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