CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>South Georgia - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"1c88a871-1bae-40e9-b6e8-0da6d244d434","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"South_Georgia","wgTitle":"South Georgia","wgCurRevisionId":1251857265,"wgRevisionId":1251857265,"wgArticleId":525307,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas","CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)","CS1 maint: location missing publisher","CS1 Danish-language sources (da)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from October 2021","Coordinates on Wikidata","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from December 2020", "Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference","South Georgia","Islands of South Georgia","Seal hunting"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"South_Georgia","wgRelevantArticleId":525307,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"South_Georgia_Island","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/South_Georgia", "wgCoordinates":{"lat":-54.4,"lon":-36.7},"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q1137202","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready", "ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/South_Georgia_Island_as_seen_by_Sentinel-2.jpg/1200px-South_Georgia_Island_as_seen_by_Sentinel-2.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="910"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/South_Georgia_Island_as_seen_by_Sentinel-2.jpg/800px-South_Georgia_Island_as_seen_by_Sentinel-2.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="607"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/South_Georgia_Island_as_seen_by_Sentinel-2.jpg/640px-South_Georgia_Island_as_seen_by_Sentinel-2.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="485"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="South Georgia - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Georgia"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=South_Georgia&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Georgia"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-South_Georgia rootpage-South_Georgia skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=South+Georgia" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=South+Georgia" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=South+Georgia" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=South+Georgia" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Surveying_by_Carse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surveying_by_Carse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Surveying by Carse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surveying_by_Carse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Argentine_occupation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Argentine_occupation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Argentine occupation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Argentine_occupation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography_and_fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography_and_fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geography and fauna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography_and_fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">South Georgia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">44 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="جزيرة جورجيا الجنوبية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جزيرة جورجيا الجنوبية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C9%99nubi_Georgiya" title="Cənubi Georgiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Cənubi Georgiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%91%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Паўднёвая Георгія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Паўднёвая Георгія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidgeorgien" title="Sidgeorgien – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Sidgeorgien" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ju%C5%BEna_Georgia" title="Južna Georgia – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Južna Georgia" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_ar_Su" title="Georgia ar Su – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Georgia ar Su" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illa_de_Ge%C3%B2rgia_del_Sud" title="Illa de Geòrgia del Sud – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Illa de Geòrgia del Sud" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Georgia" title="South Georgia – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="South Georgia" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ji%C5%BEn%C3%AD_Georgie" title="Jižní Georgie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jižní Georgie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCdgeorgien" title="Südgeorgien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Südgeorgien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B5una-Georgia" title="Lõuna-Georgia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lõuna-Georgia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isla_San_Pedro_(Georgia_del_Sur)" title="Isla San Pedro (Georgia del Sur) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Isla San Pedro (Georgia del Sur)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hego_Georgia" title="Hego Georgia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hego Georgia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="جزیره جورجیای جنوبی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جزیره جورجیای جنوبی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9orgie_du_Sud" title="Géorgie du Sud – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Géorgie du Sud" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAd-Georgje" title="Súd-Georgje – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Súd-Georgje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_tSeoirsia_Theas" title="An tSeoirsia Theas – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An tSeoirsia Theas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeorxia_do_Sur" title="Xeorxia do Sur – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Xeorxia do Sur" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EC%9A%B0%EC%8A%A4%EC%A1%B0%EC%A7%80%EC%95%84%EC%84%AC" title="사우스조지아섬 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사우스조지아섬" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%8B%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%BB%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Հարավային Ջորջիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հարավային Ջորջիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ju%C5%BEna_Georgia" title="Južna Georgia – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Južna Georgia" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_del_Sud" title="Georgia del Sud – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Georgia del Sud" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Georgia" title="South Georgia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="South Georgia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_Australis" title="Georgia Australis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Georgia Australis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dienvidd%C5%BEord%C5%BEija" title="Dienviddžordžija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dienviddžordžija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCdgeorgien" title="Südgeorgien – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Südgeorgien" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piet%C5%B3_D%C5%BEord%C5%BEija" title="Pietų Džordžija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pietų Džordžija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AB_%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="سوث جيورجيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سوث جيورجيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuid-Georgia" title="Zuid-Georgia – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zuid-Georgia" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B9%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A2%E5%B3%B6" title="サウスジョージア島 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サウスジョージア島" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8r-Georgia" title="Sør-Georgia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sør-Georgia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8r-Georgia" title="Sør-Georgia – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sør-Georgia" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_del_Sud" title="Georgia del Sud – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Georgia del Sud" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_Po%C5%82udniowa" title="Georgia Południowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Georgia Południowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ge%C3%B3rgia_do_Sul" title="Geórgia do Sul – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Geórgia do Sul" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Южная Георгия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Южная Георгия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydgeorgien" title="Sydgeorgien – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sydgeorgien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="เกาะเซาท์จอร์เจีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เกาะเซาท์จอร์เจีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCney_Georgia_Adas%C4%B1" title="Güney Georgia Adası – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Güney Georgia Adası" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Південна Джорджія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Південна Джорджія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%A7_(%D8%AC%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%81)" title="جنوبی جارجیا (جزیرہ) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جنوبی جارجیا (جزیرہ)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A3o_Nam_Georgia" title="Đảo Nam Georgia – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đảo Nam Georgia" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%BD%90%E6%B2%BB%E4%BA%9E" title="南佐治亞 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="南佐治亞" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%BD%90%E6%B2%BB%E4%BA%9E%E5%B3%B6" title="南佐治亞島 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="南佐治亞島" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1137202#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:South_Georgia" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Georgia&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Georgia&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Georgia&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Georgia&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/South_Georgia" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/South_Georgia" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Georgia&oldid=1251857265" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Georgia&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=South_Georgia&id=1251857265&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSouth_Georgia"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSouth_Georgia"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=South_Georgia&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Georgia&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:South_Georgia" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/South_Georgia_Island" hreflang="en"><span>Wikivoyage</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1137202" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=South_Georgia&params=54.4_S_36.7_W_region:GS_type:isle"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">54°24′S</span> <span class="longitude">36°42′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">54.4°S 36.7°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-54.4; -36.7</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Georgia_Island&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="South Georgia Island">South Georgia Island</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Island in the South Atlantic Ocean</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="South Georgia (disambiguation)">South Georgia (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129712854">.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-title-embed{background-color:#efefef;font-weight:bold;padding:0.3em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-nick,.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-native{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-native>div{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands .infobox-header{background-color:#efefef}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-country{border-top:1px solid black;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-country2{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands .infobox-below{text-align:left;border-top:#aaa 1px solid}</style><table class="infobox ib-islands vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">South Georgia</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Georgia_Island_as_seen_by_Sentinel-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/South_Georgia_Island_as_seen_by_Sentinel-2.jpg/250px-South_Georgia_Island_as_seen_by_Sentinel-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/South_Georgia_Island_as_seen_by_Sentinel-2.jpg/375px-South_Georgia_Island_as_seen_by_Sentinel-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/South_Georgia_Island_as_seen_by_Sentinel-2.jpg/500px-South_Georgia_Island_as_seen_by_Sentinel-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7618" data-file-height="5777" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">February 2018 ESA satellite photograph of South Georgia</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SG-Settlements.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/SG-Settlements.png/250px-SG-Settlements.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/SG-Settlements.png/375px-SG-Settlements.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/SG-Settlements.png/500px-SG-Settlements.png 2x" data-file-width="3702" data-file-height="2684" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Map of South Georgia Island</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Geography</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">South Atlantic Ocean</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=South_Georgia&params=54.4_S_36.7_W_region:GS_type:isle"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">54°24′S</span> <span class="longitude">36°42′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">54.4°S 36.7°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-54.4; -36.7</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Archipelago</th><td class="infobox-data note">South Georgia Group</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data">3,528 km<sup>2</sup> (1,362 sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Length</th><td class="infobox-data">170 km (106 mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Width</th><td class="infobox-data">35 km (21.7 mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest elevation</th><td class="infobox-data">2,934 m (9626 ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest point</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mount_Paget" title="Mount Paget">Mount Paget</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Administration</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">Overseas Territory</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest settlement</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/King_Edward_Point" title="King Edward Point">King Edward Point</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Demographics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Population</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>32 (summer)</li><li>16 (winter)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul></div> 30 (1945)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>South Georgia</b> is an island in the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">South Atlantic Ocean</a> that is part of the <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territory</a> of <a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a>. It lies around 1,400 kilometres (870 mi) east of the <a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a>. Stretching in the east–west direction, South Georgia is around 170 kilometres (106 mi) long and has a maximum width of 35 kilometres (22 mi). The terrain is mountainous, with the central ridge rising to 2,935 metres (9,629 ft) at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Paget" title="Mount Paget">Mount Paget</a>. The northern coast is indented with numerous bays and fjords, serving as good <a href="/wiki/Harbor" title="Harbor">harbours</a>. </p><p>Discovered by Europeans in 1675, South Georgia had no indigenous population due to its harsh climate and remoteness. Captain <a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">James Cook</a> in <a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolution_(1771)" title="HMS Resolution (1771)">HMS <i>Resolution</i></a> made the first landing, survey and mapping of the island, and on 17 January 1775 he claimed it a British possession, naming it "Isle of Georgia" after <a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">King George III</a>. Through its <a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="History of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">history</a>, it served as a <a href="/wiki/Whaling" title="Whaling">whaling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seal_hunting" title="Seal hunting">seal hunting</a> base, with intermittent population scattered in several whaling bases, the most important historically being <a href="/wiki/Grytviken" title="Grytviken">Grytviken</a>. The main settlement and the capital today is <a href="/wiki/King_Edward_Point" title="King Edward Point">King Edward Point</a> near Grytviken, a <a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Survey" title="British Antarctic Survey">British Antarctic Survey</a> research station, with a population of about 20 people. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Georgia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="History of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">History of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></div> <p>The island of South Georgia was probably discovered in 1675 by <a href="/wiki/Anthony_de_la_Roch%C3%A9" title="Anthony de la Roché">Anthony de la Roché</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Antarctic_book_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Antarctic_book-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a London merchant, and was named <i>Roche Island</i> on a number of early maps. It was sighted by a commercial Spanish ship named <i>León</i> operating out of <a href="/wiki/Saint-Malo" title="Saint-Malo">Saint-Malo</a> on 28 or 29 June 1756.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Argentine historians, it was explored on 29 June 1756, <a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Saints_Peter_and_Paul" title="Feast of Saints Peter and Paul">St Peter's Day</a>, hence its Spanish name <i>Isla San Pedro</i>, literally "St Peter's Island".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The mariner Captain <a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">James Cook</a> in <a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolution_(1771)" title="HMS Resolution (1771)">HMS <i>Resolution</i></a> made the first landing, survey and mapping of South Georgia. As mandated by the <a href="/wiki/British_Admiralty" class="mw-redirect" title="British Admiralty">Admiralty</a>, on 17 January 1775 he took possession for Britain and renamed the island 'Isle of Georgia' for <a href="/wiki/King_George_III" class="mw-redirect" title="King George III">King George III</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After making a foot crossing of the island with <a href="/wiki/Tom_Crean_(explorer)" title="Tom Crean (explorer)">Tom Crean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frank_Worsley" title="Frank Worsley">Frank Worsley</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-BBC220204_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC220204-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Shackleton" title="Ernest Shackleton">Ernest Shackleton</a> organised the rescue of his party from <a href="/wiki/Elephant_Island" title="Elephant Island">Elephant Island</a> following the disaster that befell the 1916 <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition" title="Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition">Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition</a>, which he led.<sup id="cite_ref-South_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-South-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is buried in the cemetery at <a href="/wiki/Grytviken" title="Grytviken">Grytviken</a> alongside <a href="/wiki/Frank_Wild" title="Frank Wild">Frank Wild</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Commercial <a href="/wiki/Seal_hunting" title="Seal hunting">sealing</a> was conducted on the island between 1786 and 1913. During that period 131 sealing visits are recorded, eight of which ended when the vessel was wrecked.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern industrial sealing associated with whaling stations was carried out between 1909 and 1964. Sealing era relics include iron <a href="/wiki/Try_pot" title="Try pot">try pots</a>, hut ruins, graves and inscriptions, and the <a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_Museum" title="South Georgia Museum">South Georgia Museum</a> was established on the island in 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC220120_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC220120-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surveying_by_Carse">Surveying by Carse</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Georgia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Surveying by Carse"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The island was surveyed by explorer <a href="/wiki/Duncan_Carse" title="Duncan Carse">Duncan Carse</a>. He organised and led the <a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_Survey" title="South Georgia Survey">South Georgia Survey</a> of 1951–1957, surveying much of the interior of the island. <a href="/wiki/Mount_Carse" title="Mount Carse">Mount Carse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carse_Point" title="Carse Point">Carse Point</a> are named after him. In 1961 he lived as a <a href="/wiki/Hermit" title="Hermit">hermit</a> in a remote part of South Georgia. Carse built a house at <a href="/wiki/Ducloz_Head" title="Ducloz Head">Ducloz Head</a> on the southern coast of the island, intending to live there through the winter. However, in May, three months into the experiment, surge waves destroyed his camp. He managed to salvage enough gear to survive the winter until making contact with a ship 116 days later.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His knowledge and mapping proved helpful to the British during the Falklands conflicts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Argentine_occupation">Argentine occupation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Georgia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Argentine occupation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_South_Georgia" title="Invasion of South Georgia">Invasion of South Georgia</a></div> <p>On 19 March 1982, a group of Argentinians arrived at <a href="/wiki/Leith_Harbour" title="Leith Harbour">Leith Harbour</a> and raised the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Argentina" title="Flag of Argentina">Argentine flag</a> on the island. On 3 April, the second day of the <a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a>, Argentine naval forces occupied the island. South Georgia was retaken by British forces on 25 April during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Paraquet" title="Operation Paraquet">Operation Paraquet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography_and_fauna">Geography and fauna</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Georgia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Geography and fauna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Georgia%2Bbathymetry.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/South_Georgia%2Bbathymetry.png/220px-South_Georgia%2Bbathymetry.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/South_Georgia%2Bbathymetry.png/330px-South_Georgia%2Bbathymetry.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/South_Georgia%2Bbathymetry.png/440px-South_Georgia%2Bbathymetry.png 2x" data-file-width="2160" data-file-height="2160" /></a><figcaption>Topographic map of the Island of South Georgia</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grytviken_church.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Grytviken_church.jpg/220px-Grytviken_church.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Grytviken_church.jpg/330px-Grytviken_church.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Grytviken_church.jpg/440px-Grytviken_church.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Anglican_Church,_Grytviken" title="Norwegian Anglican Church, Grytviken">Church at Grytviken</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The island's climate is classified as an ET or polar tundra climate on the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen-Geiger classification system</a>. It has no tree cover, and there is generally snow on the island during the winter months (April–November). The terrain is mountainous, with a central ridge and many fjords and bays along the coast. South Georgia is a breeding ground for <a href="/wiki/Elephant_seal" title="Elephant seal">elephant seals</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fur_seal" title="Fur seal">fur seals</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/King_penguin" title="King penguin">king penguins</a>. The island is home to the <a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_pintail" title="South Georgia pintail">South Georgia pintail</a> and the <a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_pipit" title="South Georgia pipit">South Georgia pipit</a>, which are endemic to the island.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are 25 native vascular <a href="/wiki/Flora_of_South_Georgia" title="Flora of South Georgia">plants on South Georgia</a>, and 76 non-native species have been recorded.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The island's topography includes a stepped sequence of flat surfaces interpreted as <a href="/wiki/Abrasion_platform" class="mw-redirect" title="Abrasion platform">wave-cut platforms</a> formed when sea level was higher relative to the island. At sea level <a href="/wiki/Strandflat" title="Strandflat">strandflats</a> have been described.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2013, teams of Norwegian government shooters and <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sámi people">Sámi</a> <a href="/wiki/Reindeer_herding" title="Reindeer herding">reindeer herders</a> culled all 3,500 reindeer on the island. The animals had been introduced by Norwegian whalers in the early 20th century for food and sport hunting, but were later seen as a pest, damaging the island's flora and wider ecosystem. Karl Erik Kilander, the project manager, said the culled reindeer were frozen and taken to the Falkland Islands where they were sold to local residents and cruise ship operators.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sheathnest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Sheathnest.jpg/220px-Sheathnest.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Sheathnest.jpg/330px-Sheathnest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Sheathnest.jpg/440px-Sheathnest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="706" data-file-height="437" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Snowy_sheathbill" title="Snowy sheathbill">Snowy sheathbill</a> in nest</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2018, after a multiyear extermination effort, the island was declared free of <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive</a> <a href="/wiki/Rodent" title="Rodent">rodents</a> and the number of <a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_pipit" title="South Georgia pipit">South Georgia pipits</a> had clearly increased.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the central north coast, five years after poisoning the rats, the populations of <a href="/wiki/Snowy_sheathbill" title="Snowy sheathbill">snowy sheathbills</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_pintail" title="South Georgia pintail">South Georgia pintails</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wilson%27s_storm_petrel" title="Wilson's storm petrel">Wilson's storm petrels</a> had grown.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The island lies in the path of large icebergs drifting northward from Antarctica. <a href="/wiki/Iceberg_A-38" title="Iceberg A-38">Iceberg A-38</a> grounded off the island in 2004, resulting in indirect but severe effects on local wildlife by disturbing life on the seafloor and blocking foraging routes of seals and penguins. In 2020, the colossal 4,200-square-kilometre (1,600 sq mi) <a href="/wiki/Iceberg_A-68" title="Iceberg A-68">Iceberg A-68</a>, similar in size to the island itself, was initially believed to be on a similar collision course but broke apart before collision with the island.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for <a href="/wiki/Grytviken" title="Grytviken">Grytviken</a>/<a href="/wiki/King_Edward_Point" title="King Edward Point">King Edward Point</a> (Köppen ET) (2006–2020) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF7F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.0<br />(73.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.0<br />(73.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF8913; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.6<br />(70.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF8811; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.7<br />(71.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFA851; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.1<br />(62.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFBC7A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.1<br />(57.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFB76F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.9<br />(58.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFBE7D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.9<br />(57.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF60; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.0<br />(60.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF9226; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.2<br />(68.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9123; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.4<br />(68.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF6800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.4<br />(79.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF6800; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">26.4<br />(79.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0<br />(50.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFD3A8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.8<br />(51.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFDDBB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.4<br />(48.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFF3E8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.1<br />(43.0) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.9<br />(39.0) </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.2<br />(36.0) </td> <td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.7<br />(35.1) </td> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.4<br />(36.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.5<br />(40.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFEEDD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.9<br />(44.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFE0C2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.9<br />(48.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFDAB5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.8<br />(49.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFF1E4; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">6.4<br />(43.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFF2E6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.3<br />(43.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFEEDD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.9<br />(44.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFF6ED; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.8<br />(42.4) </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.2<br />(37.8) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.0<br />(33.8) </td> <td style="background: #E4E4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.4<br />(31.3) </td> <td style="background: #E0E0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.2<br />(29.8) </td> <td style="background: #E3E3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.6<br />(30.9) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.1<br />(34.0) </td> <td style="background: #F8F8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.3<br />(37.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFFBF8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.0<br />(41.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFF3E8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.1<br />(43.0) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">3.0<br />(37.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.6<br />(36.7) </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.1<br />(37.6) </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.2<br />(36.0) </td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2<br />(32.4) </td> <td style="background: #DBDBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.0<br />(28.4) </td> <td style="background: #CDCDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.6<br />(23.7) </td> <td style="background: #D1D1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.0<br />(24.8) </td> <td style="background: #D2D2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.7<br />(25.3) </td> <td style="background: #DADAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.3<br />(27.9) </td> <td style="background: #E5E5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.3<br />(31.5) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.0<br />(33.8) </td> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.3<br />(36.1) </td> <td style="background: #E4E4FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−0.5<br />(31.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #D9D9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.5<br />(27.5) </td> <td style="background: #D6D6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.0<br />(26.6) </td> <td style="background: #D1D1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.0<br />(24.8) </td> <td style="background: #C0C0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.0<br />(19.4) </td> <td style="background: #B0B0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−10.0<br />(14.0) </td> <td style="background: #AAAAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−11.2<br />(11.8) </td> <td style="background: #9595FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−15.1<br />(4.8) </td> <td style="background: #A0A0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−13.0<br />(8.6) </td> <td style="background: #ABABFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−11.0<br />(12.2) </td> <td style="background: #B3B3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−9.5<br />(14.9) </td> <td style="background: #CBCBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.0<br />(23.0) </td> <td style="background: #D1D1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.0<br />(24.8) </td> <td style="background: #9595FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−15.1<br />(4.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #75FF75; color:#000000;" class="notheme">92<br />(3.6) </td> <td style="background: #44FF44; color:#000000;" class="notheme">114<br />(4.5) </td> <td style="background: #34FF34; color:#000000;" class="notheme">136<br />(5.4) </td> <td style="background: #28FF28; color:#000000;" class="notheme">139<br />(5.5) </td> <td style="background: #32FF32; color:#000000;" class="notheme">137<br />(5.4) </td> <td style="background: #2FFF2F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">135<br />(5.3) </td> <td style="background: #20FF20; color:#000000;" class="notheme">149<br />(5.9) </td> <td style="background: #20FF20; color:#000000;" class="notheme">149<br />(5.9) </td> <td style="background: #71FF71; color:#000000;" class="notheme">92<br />(3.6) </td> <td style="background: #87FF87; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80<br />(3.1) </td> <td style="background: #6FFF6F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">93<br />(3.7) </td> <td style="background: #7BFF7B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">88<br />(3.5) </td> <td style="background: #4EFF4E; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,394<br />(54.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 0.1 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #6A6AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12 </td> <td style="background: #4E4EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13 </td> <td style="background: #5252FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14 </td> <td style="background: #4C4CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14 </td> <td style="background: #6A6AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12 </td> <td style="background: #3F3FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15 </td> <td style="background: #4545FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15 </td> <td style="background: #5252FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14 </td> <td style="background: #7272FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11 </td> <td style="background: #6A6AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12 </td> <td style="background: #7272FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11 </td> <td style="background: #7777FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11 </td> <td style="background: #5D5DFF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">154 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000EA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">72 </td> <td style="background: #0000F6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">69 </td> <td style="background: #0000F6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">69 </td> <td style="background: #0000F2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">70 </td> <td style="background: #0000E2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">74 </td> <td style="background: #0000DF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">75 </td> <td style="background: #0000E2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">74 </td> <td style="background: #0000E6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">73 </td> <td style="background: #0000EA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">72 </td> <td style="background: #0000F2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">70 </td> <td style="background: #0000F6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">69 </td> <td style="background: #0000EE; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">71 </td> <td style="background: #0000EA; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">72 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #C4C408; color:#000000;" class="notheme">152 </td> <td style="background: #CFCF00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">160 </td> <td style="background: #B9B94C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">127 </td> <td style="background: #7C7C7C; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">66 </td> <td style="background: #3E3E3E; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">34 </td> <td style="background: #161616; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12 </td> <td style="background: #282828; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">22 </td> <td style="background: #878787; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">74 </td> <td style="background: #B9B94C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">123 </td> <td style="background: #CDCD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">171 </td> <td style="background: #D1D100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">174 </td> <td style="background: #CBCB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">167 </td> <td style="background: #B1B17E; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,282 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: Meteomanz<sup id="cite_ref-Meteomanz_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meteomanz-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: Globalbioclimatics/Salvador Rivas-Martínez p(recipitation 1901–1950)<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>DMI/Danish Meteorology Institute (sun, humidity, and precipitation days 1931–1960)<sup id="cite_ref-GrytvikenDMI_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GrytvikenDMI-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>Météo Climat (extremes)<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for <a href="/wiki/Bird_Island,_South_Georgia" title="Bird Island, South Georgia">Bird Island</a> (Köppen ET) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFD0A2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.2<br />(52.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFD4A9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.7<br />(51.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFD5AC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.5<br />(50.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFD7B0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.2<br />(50.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFEEDD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.9<br />(44.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFF4EA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.0<br />(42.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFF5EB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.9<br />(42.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFFCFA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.8<br />(40.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFEAD5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.5<br />(45.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFD6AD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.4<br />(50.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFBF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.1<br />(48.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFDDBB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.4<br />(48.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFD0A2; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">11.2<br />(52.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFF8F1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.5<br />(41.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFF7EF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.6<br />(42.1) </td> <td style="background: #FEFEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.4<br />(39.9) </td> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.9<br />(35.4) </td> <td style="background: #E4E4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.5<br />(31.1) </td> <td style="background: #DDDDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.8<br />(28.8) </td> <td style="background: #D9D9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.4<br />(27.7) </td> <td style="background: #DCDCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.9<br />(28.6) </td> <td style="background: #E5E5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.2<br />(31.6) </td> <td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.6<br />(34.9) </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.4<br />(38.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.5<br />(40.1) </td> <td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1.7<br />(35.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.1<br />(37.6) </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.5<br />(38.3) </td> <td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.5<br />(36.5) </td> <td style="background: #E8E8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.4<br />(32.7) </td> <td style="background: #DBDBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.1<br />(28.2) </td> <td style="background: #D5D5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.2<br />(26.2) </td> <td style="background: #D1D1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.9<br />(25.0) </td> <td style="background: #D4D4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.3<br />(26.1) </td> <td style="background: #DDDDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.8<br />(28.8) </td> <td style="background: #E5E5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.2<br />(31.6) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.0<br />(33.8) </td> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.0<br />(35.6) </td> <td style="background: #E5E5FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−0.2<br />(31.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #EAEAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.7<br />(33.3) </td> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.4<br />(34.5) </td> <td style="background: #E9E9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.6<br />(33.1) </td> <td style="background: #E1E1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1<br />(30) </td> <td style="background: #D2D2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.8<br />(25.2) </td> <td style="background: #CDCDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.6<br />(23.7) </td> <td style="background: #C9C9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.4<br />(22.3) </td> <td style="background: #CCCCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.8<br />(23.4) </td> <td style="background: #D4D4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.4<br />(25.9) </td> <td style="background: #DCDCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.9<br />(28.6) </td> <td style="background: #DEDEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.5<br />(29.3) </td> <td style="background: #E3E3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.6<br />(30.9) </td> <td style="background: #DBDBFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−2.0<br />(28.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #DBDBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2<br />(28) </td> <td style="background: #DDDDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.7<br />(28.9) </td> <td style="background: #D5D5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.2<br />(26.2) </td> <td style="background: #CDCDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.6<br />(23.7) </td> <td style="background: #BFBFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.3<br />(18.9) </td> <td style="background: #B8B8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8.5<br />(16.7) </td> <td style="background: #A9A9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−11.4<br />(11.5) </td> <td style="background: #ADADFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−10.6<br />(12.9) </td> <td style="background: #B8B8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8.5<br />(16.7) </td> <td style="background: #C3C3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.6<br />(20.1) </td> <td style="background: #CFCFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.3<br />(24.3) </td> <td style="background: #D7D7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.8<br />(27.0) </td> <td style="background: #A9A9FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−11.4<br />(11.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #81FF81; color:#000000;" class="notheme">84<br />(3.3) </td> <td style="background: #7CFF7C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80<br />(3.1) </td> <td style="background: #71FF71; color:#000000;" class="notheme">95<br />(3.7) </td> <td style="background: #41FF41; color:#000000;" class="notheme">123<br />(4.8) </td> <td style="background: #5EFF5E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">108<br />(4.3) </td> <td style="background: #58FF58; color:#000000;" class="notheme">108<br />(4.3) </td> <td style="background: #4CFF4C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">120<br />(4.7) </td> <td style="background: #55FF55; color:#000000;" class="notheme">114<br />(4.5) </td> <td style="background: #5AFF5A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">107<br />(4.2) </td> <td style="background: #6CFF6C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">98<br />(3.9) </td> <td style="background: #77FF77; color:#000000;" class="notheme">88<br />(3.5) </td> <td style="background: #8CFF8C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">77<br />(3.0) </td> <td style="background: #66FF66; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,204<br />(47.4) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: Climatic Research Unit, UEA<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: Météo Climat<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Georgia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_de_la_Roch%C3%A9" title="Anthony de la Roché">Anthony de la Roché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_landforms_of_South_Georgia" title="List of landforms of South Georgia">List of landforms of South Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryan_Reef" title="Ryan Reef">Ryan Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storer_Reef" title="Storer Reef">Storer Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutton_Crag" title="Sutton Crag">Sutton Crag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whalers_Passage" title="Whalers Passage">Whalers Passage</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Georgia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHayward1983" class="citation journal cs1">Hayward, R.J.C. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/222836762.pdf">"Glacier fluctuations in South Georgia, 1883–1974"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>British Antarctic Survey Bulletin</i> (52): 47<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Antarctic+Survey+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Glacier+fluctuations+in+South+Georgia%2C+1883%E2%80%931974&rft.issue=52&rft.pages=47&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Hayward&rft.aufirst=R.J.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F222836762.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Georgia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Antarctic_book-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Antarctic_book_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">L. Ivanov and N. Ivanova. Roché Island / South Georgia. In: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/364087925_The_World_of_Antarctica"><i>The World of Antarctica</i>.</a> Generis Publishing, 2022. pp. 68-70. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-8-88676-403-1" title="Special:BookSources/979-8-88676-403-1">979-8-88676-403-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923174944/http://www.argentina-rree.com/7/7-104.htm">"Historia General de las Relaciones Exteriores de la República Argentina: Georgias del Sur"</a> [General History of Foreign Relations of the Argentine Republic: South Georgia Islands]. <i>www.argentina-rree.com</i> (in Spanish). Instituto Iberoamérica y el Mundo. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.argentina-rree.com/7/7-104.htm">the original</a> on 23 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.argentina-rree.com&rft.atitle=Historia+General+de+las+Relaciones+Exteriores+de+la+Rep%C3%BAblica+Argentina%3A+Georgias+del+Sur&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.argentina-rree.com%2F7%2F7-104.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Georgia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDestéfani1982" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Destéfani, Laurio Hedelvio (1982). <i>Malvinas, Georgias y Sandwich del Sur ante el conflicto con Gran Bretaña</i> (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Edipress. p. 111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9500169002" title="Special:BookSources/9500169002"><bdi>9500169002</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Malvinas%2C+Georgias+y+Sandwich+del+Sur+ante+el+conflicto+con+Gran+Breta%C3%B1a&rft.place=Buenos+Aires&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=Edipress&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=9500169002&rft.aulast=Dest%C3%A9fani&rft.aufirst=Laurio+Hedelvio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Georgia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kippis, Andrew. The Life and Voyages of Captain James Cook, p. 254. United Kingdom, G. Newnes, limited, 1904.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC220204-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC220204_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonathan_Amos2022" class="citation news cs1">Jonathan Amos (4 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-41030235">"Walking in Shackleton's footsteps"</a>. <i>BBC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Walking+in+Shackleton%27s+footsteps&rft.date=2022-02-04&rft.au=Jonathan+Amos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fscience-environment-41030235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Georgia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-South-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-South_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShackleton1919" class="citation book cs1">Shackleton, E. (1919). <a href="/wiki/South_(book)" title="South (book)"><i>South</i></a>. London: <a href="/wiki/W._Heinemann" class="mw-redirect" title="W. Heinemann">W. Heinemann</a>. pp. 208–213. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/715091038">715091038</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South&rft.place=London&rft.pages=208-213&rft.pub=W.+Heinemann&rft.date=1919&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F715091038&rft.aulast=Shackleton&rft.aufirst=E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Georgia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111128051949/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/antarctica/8917630/Forgotten-hero-of-Antarctic-exploration-finally-laid-to-rest-beside-his-boss-Sir-Ernest-Shackleton.html">"Forgotten hero Frank Wild of Antarctic exploration finally laid to rest, beside his 'boss' Sir Ernest Shackleton"</a>. <i>Telegraph</i>. London, UK. 27 November 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/antarctica/8917630/Forgotten-hero-of-Antarctic-exploration-finally-laid-to-rest-beside-his-boss-Sir-Ernest-Shackleton.html">the original</a> on 28 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Telegraph&rft.atitle=Forgotten+hero+Frank+Wild+of+Antarctic+exploration+finally+laid+to+rest%2C+beside+his+%27boss%27+Sir+Ernest+Shackleton&rft.date=2011-11-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fantarctica%2F8917630%2FForgotten-hero-of-Antarctic-exploration-finally-laid-to-rest-beside-his-boss-Sir-Ernest-Shackleton.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Georgia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R.K. Headland, (ed.) <i>Historical Antarctic sealing industry</i>, Scott Polar Research Institute (Cambridge University), 2018, p. 168, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-901021-26-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-901021-26-7">978-0-901021-26-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC220120-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC220120_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmos2022" class="citation news cs1">Amos, Owen (20 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-60010608">"South Georgia: The museum at the end of the world reopens for business"</a>. BBC News<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=South+Georgia%3A+The+museum+at+the+end+of+the+world+reopens+for+business&rft.date=2022-01-20&rft.aulast=Amos&rft.aufirst=Owen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-60010608&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Georgia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoncetCrosbie2005" class="citation book cs1">Poncet, Sally; Crosbie, Kim (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/76990564"><i>A visitor's guide to South Georgia</i></a>. Great Britain: WildGuides. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-903657-08-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-903657-08-3"><bdi>1-903657-08-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/76990564">76990564</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+visitor%27s+guide+to+South+Georgia&rft.place=Great+Britain&rft.pub=WildGuides&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F76990564&rft.isbn=1-903657-08-3&rft.aulast=Poncet&rft.aufirst=Sally&rft.au=Crosbie%2C+Kim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F76990564&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Georgia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreedman2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Freedman" title="Lawrence Freedman">Freedman, Lawrence</a> (2005). <i>The Official History of the Falklands Campaign: The origins of the Falklands war</i>. Routledge. p. 222. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7146-5206-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7146-5206-7"><bdi>0-7146-5206-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Official+History+of+the+Falklands+Campaign%3A+The+origins+of+the+Falklands+war&rft.pages=222&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-7146-5206-7&rft.aulast=Freedman&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Georgia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoydWalkerPoncet1996" class="citation journal cs1">Boyd, I. L.; Walker, T. R. & Poncet, J. (1996). "Status of southern elephant seals at South Georgia". <i>Antarctic Science</i>. <b>8</b> (3): 237–244. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996AntSc...8..237B">1996AntSc...8..237B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0954102096000338">10.1017/S0954102096000338</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:140165365">140165365</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antarctic+Science&rft.atitle=Status+of+southern+elephant+seals+at+South+Georgia&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=237-244&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A140165365%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0954102096000338&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1996AntSc...8..237B&rft.aulast=Boyd&rft.aufirst=I.+L.&rft.au=Walker%2C+T.+R.&rft.au=Poncet%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Georgia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoydMcCaffertyWalker1997" class="citation journal cs1">Boyd, I. L.; McCafferty, D. J. & Walker, T. R. (1997). "Variation in foraging effort by lactating Antarctic fur seals: response to simulated increased foraging costs". <i>Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology</i>. <b>40</b> (3): 135–144. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs002650050326">10.1007/s002650050326</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:27894509">27894509</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Behavioral+Ecology+and+Sociobiology&rft.atitle=Variation+in+foraging+effort+by+lactating+Antarctic+fur+seals%3A+response+to+simulated+increased+foraging+costs&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=135-144&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs002650050326&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A27894509%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Boyd&rft.aufirst=I.+L.&rft.au=McCafferty%2C+D.+J.&rft.au=Walker%2C+T.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Georgia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoydMcCaffertyReidTaylor1998" class="citation journal cs1">Boyd, I. L.; McCafferty, D. J.; Reid, K.; Taylor, R. & Walker, T. R. (1998). "Dispersal of male and female Antarctic fur seals (<i>Arctocephalus gazella</i>". <i>Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences</i>. <b>55</b> (4): 845–852. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1139%2Ff97-314">10.1139/f97-314</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+Fisheries+and+Aquatic+Sciences&rft.atitle=Dispersal+of+male+and+female+Antarctic+fur+seals+%28Arctocephalus+gazella&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=845-852&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1139%2Ff97-314&rft.aulast=Boyd&rft.aufirst=I.+L.&rft.au=McCafferty%2C+D.+J.&rft.au=Reid%2C+K.&rft.au=Taylor%2C+R.&rft.au=Walker%2C+T.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Georgia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmos2018" class="citation news cs1">Amos, Jonathan (9 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-44046472">"Rodents driven from South Georgia"</a>. <i>BBC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Rodents+driven+from+South+Georgia&rft.date=2018-05-09&rft.aulast=Amos&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fscience-environment-44046472&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Georgia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalbraith2011" class="citation book cs1">Galbraith, Deirdre (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/714041780"><i>A field guide to the flora of South Georgia</i></a>. Great Britain: South Georgia Heritage Trust. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9564546-0-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9564546-0-7"><bdi>978-0-9564546-0-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/714041780">714041780</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+field+guide+to+the+flora+of+South+Georgia&rft.place=Great+Britain&rft.pub=South+Georgia+Heritage+Trust&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F714041780&rft.isbn=978-0-9564546-0-7&rft.aulast=Galbraith&rft.aufirst=Deirdre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F714041780&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Georgia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUpsonMyerFloydLee2018" class="citation book cs1">Upson, Rebecca; Myer, Bradley; Floyd, Kelvin; Lee, Jennifer; Clubbe, Colin (15 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1007331209"><i>Field guide to the introduced flora of South Georgia</i></a>. Richmond, Surrey, UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84246-652-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84246-652-0"><bdi>978-1-84246-652-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1007331209">1007331209</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Field+guide+to+the+introduced+flora+of+South+Georgia&rft.place=Richmond%2C+Surrey%2C+UK&rft.date=2018-03-15&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1007331209&rft.isbn=978-1-84246-652-0&rft.aulast=Upson&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft.au=Myer%2C+Bradley&rft.au=Floyd%2C+Kelvin&rft.au=Lee%2C+Jennifer&rft.au=Clubbe%2C+Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1007331209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Georgia" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChalmersClapperton1970" class="citation report cs1">Chalmers, M.; Clapperton, M.A. (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/509217/1/Geomorphology%20of%20the%20Stromness%20Bay-Cumberland%20Bay%20area%2C%20South%20Georgia%20-%20BAS%20Scientific%20Report%2070.pdf">Geomorphology of the Stromness Bay – Cumberland Bay area, South Georgia</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). British Antarctic Survey Scientific Reports. Vol. 70. pp. 1–25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Geomorphology+of+the+Stromness+Bay+%E2%80%93+Cumberland+Bay+area%2C+South+Georgia&rft.series=British+Antarctic+Survey+Scientific+Reports&rft.pages=1-25&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Chalmers&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Clapperton%2C+M.A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnora.nerc.ac.uk%2Fid%2Feprint%2F509217%2F1%2FGeomorphology%2520of%2520the%2520Stromness%2520Bay-Cumberland%2520Bay%2520area%252C%2520South%2520Georgia%2520-%2520BAS%2520Scientific%2520Report%252070.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Georgia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBazilchuk2013" class="citation journal cs1">Bazilchuk, Nancy (2013). "Reining in Reindeer on South Georgia Island". <i>Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment</i>. <b>11</b> (4): 176. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23470940">23470940</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Ecology+and+the+Environment&rft.atitle=Reining+in+Reindeer+on+South+Georgia+Island&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=176&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23470940%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Bazilchuk&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Georgia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarren2018" class="citation news cs1">Warren, Matt (8 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/content/article/rat-begone-record-eradication-effort-rids-sub-antarctic-island-invasive-rodents">"Rat begone: Record eradication effort rids sub-Antarctic island of invasive rodents"</a>. <i>Science</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Rat+begone%3A+Record+eradication+effort+rids+sub-Antarctic+island+of+invasive+rodents&rft.date=2018-05-08&rft.aulast=Warren&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2Frat-begone-record-eradication-effort-rids-sub-antarctic-island-invasive-rodents&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Georgia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/how-to-exterminate-rats-on-an-island">"The Intrepid Rat-Sniffing Terriers of South Georgia Island"</a>. <i>Atlas Obscura</i>. 17 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Atlas+Obscura&rft.atitle=The+Intrepid+Rat-Sniffing+Terriers+of+South+Georgia+Island&rft.date=2018-05-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atlasobscura.com%2Farticles%2Fhow-to-exterminate-rats-on-an-island&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Georgia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarris2018" class="citation web cs1">Marris, Emma (11 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/animals/2018/05/birdlife-recovering-rat-free-island">"Birdlife Recovering on Rat-Free Island"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic" title="National Geographic">National Geographic</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Birdlife+Recovering+on+Rat-Free+Island&rft.date=2018-05-11&rft.aulast=Marris&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.co.uk%2Fanimals%2F2018%2F05%2Fbirdlife-recovering-rat-free-island&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Georgia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartinRichardson2019" class="citation journal cs1">Martin, A.R.; Richardson, M.G. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/files/18036425/rodent_eradication_scaled_up_clearing_rats_and_mice_from_south_georgia.pdf">"Rodent eradication scaled up: clearing rats and mice from South Georgia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Oryx</i>. <b>53</b> (1): 27–35. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS003060531700028X">10.1017/S003060531700028X</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0030-6053">0030-6053</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:43274303">43274303</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oryx&rft.atitle=Rodent+eradication+scaled+up%3A+clearing+rats+and+mice+from+South+Georgia&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=27-35&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A43274303%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0030-6053&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS003060531700028X&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=A.R.&rft.au=Richardson%2C+M.G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.dundee.ac.uk%2Ffiles%2F18036425%2Frodent_eradication_scaled_up_clearing_rats_and_mice_from_south_georgia.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Georgia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonathan_Amos2020" class="citation news cs1">Jonathan Amos (4 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-54798031">"A68 iceberg on collision path with South Georgia"</a>. BBC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A68+iceberg+on+collision+path+with+South+Georgia&rft.date=2020-11-04&rft.au=Jonathan+Amos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fscience-environment-54798031&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Georgia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEuropean_Space_Agency2020" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a> (10 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2020/11/Giant_berg_on_collision_course_with_South_Georgia">"Giant berg on collision course with South Georgia"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Giant+berg+on+collision+course+with+South+Georgia&rft.date=2020-11-10&rft.au=European+Space+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.esa.int%2FESA_Multimedia%2FImages%2F2020%2F11%2FGiant_berg_on_collision_course_with_South_Georgia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Georgia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/penguins-spared-after-mammoth-iceberg-splits-into-smaller-pieces-11612616401">"Penguins Spared After Mammoth Iceberg Splits Into Smaller Pieces"</a>. <i>The Wall Street Journal</i>. 6 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Penguins+Spared+After+Mammoth+Iceberg+Splits+Into+Smaller+Pieces&rft.date=2021-02-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fpenguins-spared-after-mammoth-iceberg-splits-into-smaller-pieces-11612616401&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Georgia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meteomanz-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Meteomanz_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.meteomanz.com/sy3?l=1&cou=3140&ind=88903&y1=2006&m1=01&y2=2020&m2=12&so=000&fm=00">"SYNOP/BUFR observations. Data by months"</a>. Meteomanz<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SYNOP%2FBUFR+observations.+Data+by+months&rft.pub=Meteomanz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.meteomanz.com%2Fsy3%3Fl%3D1%26cou%3D3140%26ind%3D88903%26y1%3D2006%26m1%3D01%26y2%3D2020%26m2%3D12%26so%3D000%26fm%3D00&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Georgia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801113052/http://www.globalbioclimatics.org/pdf/ar-georg.pdf">"Temp/Rain 1901–1950"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Globalbioclimatics. April 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalbioclimatics.org/pdf/ar-georg.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 1 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Temp%2FRain+1901%E2%80%931950&rft.pub=Globalbioclimatics&rft.date=2012-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalbioclimatics.org%2Fpdf%2Far-georg.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Georgia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GrytvikenDMI-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GrytvikenDMI_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCappelenJensen" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cappelen, John; Jensen, Jens. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130427173827/http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf">"South Georgia–Grytviken"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Climate Data for Selected Stations (1931–1960)</i> (in Danish). Danish Meteorological Institute. p. 242. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 27 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Climate+Data+for+Selected+Stations+%281931%E2%80%931960%29&rft.atitle=South+Georgia%E2%80%93Grytviken&rft.pages=242&rft.aulast=Cappelen&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Jensen%2C+Jens&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dmi.dk%2Fdmi%2Ftr01-17.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Georgia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/station-202.php">"Weather extremes for Grytviken"</a>. Météo Climat<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Weather+extremes+for+Grytviken&rft.pub=M%C3%A9t%C3%A9o+Climat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmeteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org%2Fstation-202.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Georgia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/~timm/cty/obs/data/obs.South_Georgia.htm">"Climate Normals"</a>. Climatic Research Unit, UEA. July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Climate+Normals&rft.pub=Climatic+Research+Unit%2C+UEA&rft.date=2011-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cru.uea.ac.uk%2F~timm%2Fcty%2Fobs%2Fdata%2Fobs.South_Georgia.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Georgia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/station-1493.php">"Weather extremes for Bird Island"</a>. Météo Climat<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Weather+extremes+for+Bird+Island&rft.pub=M%C3%A9t%C3%A9o+Climat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmeteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org%2Fstation-1493.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Georgia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Georgia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/South Georgia"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/South_Georgia">"South Georgia" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 513.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=South+Georgia&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=513&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Georgia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Venables" title="Stephen Venables">Venables, Stephen</a> (1991). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islandatedgeofwo0000vena_o0c1/page/n5/mode/2up"><i>Island at the Edge of the World: a South Georgia odyssey</i></a></span>. London: <a href="/wiki/Hodder_%26_Stoughton" title="Hodder & Stoughton">Hodder & Stoughton</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-03405-5-600-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-03405-5-600-9"><bdi>978-03405-5-600-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Island+at+the+Edge+of+the+World%3A+a+South+Georgia+odyssey&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hodder+%26+Stoughton&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-03405-5-600-9&rft.aulast=Venables&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fislandatedgeofwo0000vena_o0c1%2Fpage%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Georgia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Wilkin, Jack. et al. (2024) South Georgia marine productivity over the past 15 ka and implications for glacial evolution. <i>Journal of Micropalaeontology</i> <b>43</b>(1): 165-186. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-43-165-2024">https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-43-165-2024</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="Template:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="Template talk:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="Special:EditPage/Template:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span data-sort-value="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg/46px-Flag_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="375" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Capital: <a href="/wiki/King_Edward_Point" title="King Edward Point">King Edward Point</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commissioner_for_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="Commissioner for South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">Commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign relations of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="History of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_South_Georgians" title="List of South Georgians">List of South Georgians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Paraquet" title="Operation Paraquet">Operation "Paraquet"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="Public holidays in South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">Public holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toothfish_Day" title="Toothfish Day">Toothfish Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_Museum" title="South Georgia Museum">South Georgia Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.gs" title=".gs">.gs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands_sovereignty_dispute" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands sovereignty dispute">Sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_South_Georgia" title="Invasion of South Georgia">Invasion of South Georgia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Settlements / Whaling stations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bird_Island,_South_Georgia" title="Bird Island, South Georgia">Bird Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grytviken" title="Grytviken">Grytviken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godthul" title="Godthul">Godthul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husvik" title="Husvik">Husvik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Edward_Point" title="King Edward Point">King Edward Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leith_Harbour" title="Leith Harbour">Leith Harbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_Harbour" title="Ocean Harbour">Ocean Harbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Olav_Harbour" title="Prince Olav Harbour">Prince Olav Harbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stromness,_South_Georgia" title="Stromness, South Georgia">Stromness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corbeta_Uruguay_base" title="Corbeta Uruguay base">Corbeta Uruguay base</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South Georgia islands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annenkov_Island" title="Annenkov Island">Annenkov Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_Island,_South_Georgia" title="Bird Island, South Georgia">Bird Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Rock,_South_Georgia" title="Black Rock, South Georgia">Black Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Rocks,_South_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Rocks, South Georgia">Black Rocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerke_Rocks" title="Clerke Rocks">Clerke Rocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooper_Island_(South_Georgia)" title="Cooper Island (South Georgia)">Cooper Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grass_Island,_South_Georgia" title="Grass Island, South Georgia">Grass Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grassholm,_South_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Grassholm, South Georgia">Grassholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kupriyanov_Islands" title="Kupriyanov Islands">Kupriyanov Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickersgill_Islands" title="Pickersgill Islands">Pickersgill Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prion_Island" title="Prion Island">Prion Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddle_Island,_South_Georgia" title="Saddle Island, South Georgia">Saddle Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shag_Rocks_(South_Georgia)" title="Shag Rocks (South Georgia)">Shag Rocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="South Georgia Island">South Georgia Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welcome_Islands" title="Welcome Islands">Welcome Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willis_Islands" title="Willis Islands">Willis Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South Sandwich Islands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_Island" title="Bristol Island">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montagu_Island" title="Montagu Island">Montagu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saunders_Island,_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="Saunders Island, South Sandwich Islands">Saunders</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Candlemas_Islands" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Candlemas_Islands" title="Candlemas Islands">Candlemas Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candlemas_Island" title="Candlemas Island">Candlemas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vindication_Island" title="Vindication Island">Vindication</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Traversay_Islands" title="Traversay Islands">Traversay Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leskov_Island" title="Leskov Island">Leskov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visokoi_Island" title="Visokoi Island">Visokoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zavodovski_Island" title="Zavodovski Island">Zavodovski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Thule" title="Southern Thule">Southern Thule</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bellingshausen_Island" title="Bellingshausen Island">Bellingshausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Island,_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="Cook Island, South Sandwich Islands">Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thule_Island" title="Thule Island">Thule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Seamounts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protector_Shoal" title="Protector Shoal">Protector Shoal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemp_Caldera" title="Kemp Caldera">Kemp Caldera</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landmarks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Admiralty_Peak" title="Admiralty Peak">Admiralty Peak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allardyce_Range" title="Allardyce Range">Allardyce Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barff_Peninsula" title="Barff Peninsula">Barff Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortuna_Glacier" title="Fortuna Glacier">Fortuna Glacier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Harbour" title="Gold Harbour">Gold Harbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larsen_Harbour" title="Larsen Harbour">Larsen Harbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Baume" title="Mount Baume">Mount Baume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Belinda" title="Mount Belinda">Mount Belinda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Cunningham" title="Mount Cunningham">Mount Cunningham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Paget" title="Mount Paget">Mount Paget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Roots" title="Mount Roots">Mount Roots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orca_Peak" title="Orca Peak">Orca Peak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peggotty_Bluff" class="mw-redirect" title="Peggotty Bluff">Peggotty Bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salisbury_Plain,_South_Georgia" title="Salisbury Plain, South Georgia">Salisbury Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvesen_Range" title="Salvesen Range">Salvesen Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Thule" title="Southern Thule">Southern Thule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thatcher_Peninsula" title="Thatcher Peninsula">Thatcher Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Isles" title="Bay of Isles">Bay of Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stromness_Bay,_South_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Stromness Bay, South Georgia">Stromness Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Bay" title="Cumberland Bay">Cumberland Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possession_Bay" title="Possession Bay">Possession Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Busen_Point" title="Busen Point">Busen Point</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1137202#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1137202#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1137202#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/239448905">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJkxQttcBpK3crBgdvdJDq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4058425-2">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Jižní Georgie (Jižní Georgie a Jižní Sandwichovy ostrovy : souostroví)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge594237&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/86lnntfs05t59cd">Sweden</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027998428">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Georgia&oldid=1251857265">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Georgia&oldid=1251857265</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:South_Georgia" title="Category:South Georgia">South Georgia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islands_of_South_Georgia" title="Category:Islands of South Georgia">Islands of South Georgia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Seal_hunting" title="Category:Seal hunting">Seal hunting</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Spanish-language_sources_(es)" title="Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)">CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Danish-language_sources_(da)" title="Category:CS1 Danish-language sources (da)">CS1 Danish-language sources (da)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_October_2021" title="Category:Use dmy dates from October 2021">Use dmy dates from October 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Coordinates on Wikidata">Coordinates on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_December_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from December 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 18 October 2024, at 13:53<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Georgia&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-dj6bk","wgBackendResponseTime":180,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.794","walltime":"0.986","ppvisitednodes":{"value":6912,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":148501,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":5568,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":18,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":6,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":134180,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 869.563 1 -total"," 33.03% 287.215 1 Template:Reflist"," 27.68% 240.709 1 Template:Infobox_islands"," 25.62% 222.765 1 Template:Infobox"," 12.59% 109.492 6 Template:Cite_journal"," 11.35% 98.699 1 Template:SGSSI"," 10.87% 94.558 4 Template:Navbox"," 7.76% 67.459 1 Template:Short_description"," 5.11% 44.468 7 Template:Cite_book"," 5.03% 43.767 2 Template:Weather_box"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.483","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":11294575,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-phpnv","timestamp":"20241122141833","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"South Georgia","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/South_Georgia","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1137202","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1137202","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-03-14T04:08:08Z","dateModified":"2024-10-18T13:53:26Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/3\/32\/South_Georgia_Island_as_seen_by_Sentinel-2.jpg","headline":"island in the South Atlantic"}</script> </body> </html>