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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Frans_Francken_II_%281581-1642%29_%28studio_of%29_-_Abraham_and_Sarah_Visited_by_Three_Angels_-_1401272_-_National_Trust.jpg/440px-Frans_Francken_II_%281581-1642%29_%28studio_of%29_-_Abraham_and_Sarah_Visited_by_Three_Angels_-_1401272_-_National_Trust.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="789" /></a><figcaption><i>Abraham and Sarah visited by Three Angels</i>, painted between 1581 and 1642 CE. According to the Talmud, both Abraham and Sarah were born tumtum.<sup id="cite_ref-talmudology_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-talmudology-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Tumtum</b> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">טומטום</span>, "hidden") is a term that appears in Jewish <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic literature</a>. It usually refers to a person whose <a href="/wiki/Sex" title="Sex">sex</a> is unknown because their genitalia are hidden, undeveloped, or difficult to determine.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-encyclopedia_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although they are often grouped together, the tumtum has some <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">halakhic</a> ramifications distinct from those of the <i><a href="/wiki/Androgynos" title="Androgynos">androgynos</a></i> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">אנדרוגינוס</span></span>), who have both male and female genitalia.<sup id="cite_ref-Babylonian_Talmud,_Tractate_Hagigah,_4a_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Babylonian_Talmud,_Tractate_Hagigah,_4a-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although <i>tumtum</i> does not appear in the Scripture, it does in other literature.<sup id="cite_ref-encyclopedia_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a> <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">rabbi</a> <a href="/wiki/Elliot_Kukla" title="Elliot Kukla">Elliot Kukla</a> writes, "The <i>tumtum</i> appears 17 times in the <a href="/wiki/Mishna" class="mw-redirect" title="Mishna">Mishna</a>; 23 times in the <a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a>; 119 times in the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Talmud" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian Talmud">Babylonian Talmud</a>; 22 times in the <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Talmud" title="Jerusalem Talmud">Jerusalem Talmud</a>; and hundreds of times in <a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">midrash</a>, commentaries, and halacha."<sup id="cite_ref-kukla_met_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kukla_met-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Babylonian Talmud <a href="/wiki/Yevamot" title="Yevamot">Yevamot</a> 64a–b, <a href="/wiki/Rabbi_Ammi" title="Rabbi Ammi">Rabbi Ammi</a> says that the Biblical figures "<a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sarah" title="Sarah">Sarah</a> were originally tumtumim" and infertile and then miraculously turned into a fertile husband and wife in their old age. Rabbi Ammi points to the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Book of Isaiah</a> 51:1–2, saying that the references to "Look to the rock from where you were hewn, and to the hole of the pit from where you were dug [...] Look to Abraham your father and to Sarah who bore you" explains their genitals being uncovered and remade.<sup id="cite_ref-talmudology_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-talmudology-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumtum_(Judaism)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The eleventh century dictionary, the <i>Aruch</i>, says the word <i>tumtum</i> came from <i>atum</i> (אטום) "sealed."<sup id="cite_ref-talmudology_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-talmudology-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-encyclopedia_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical_characteristics">Physical characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumtum_(Judaism)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Physical characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The classical description of the physical characteristic of <i>tumtum</i> says they have a membrane of skin hiding female or male genitals. One form of a <i>tumtum</i> has exposed testicles and an unexposed penis.<sup id="cite_ref-Babylonian_Talmud,_Tractate_Hagigah,_4a_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Babylonian_Talmud,_Tractate_Hagigah,_4a-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-encyclopedia_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As long as the skin covers their genitals, they are considered doubtful men and women. As long as the skin is present, they are not able to be circumcised or have sex. Their status as <i>tumtum</i> can be changed by surgery, though they will still always have different rights and duties than those of other men and women. In the Talmud, one adult <i>tumtum</i> from the town of Bairi had surgery to cut away this skin, so he was able to be re-categorized as a man. He later fathered seven children. Rabbis differ in whether <i>tumtum</i> are legally obligated to have that surgery.<sup id="cite_ref-encyclopedia_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This description does not exactly match any <a href="/wiki/Intersex" title="Intersex">intersex</a> condition known today.<sup id="cite_ref-talmudology_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-talmudology-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gender_role">Gender role</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumtum_(Judaism)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Gender role"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scholars today differ in whether they see <i>tumtum</i> as a distinct gender. The second-century CE Mishnah, the oldest compendium of the <a href="/wiki/Oral_Torah" title="Oral Torah">Oral Torah</a>, brings the opinion of <a href="/wiki/Rabbi_Meir" title="Rabbi Meir">Rabbi Meir</a> that <i>tumtum</i> is not a distinct gender but a state of doubt between male and female: "Sometimes he is a man, and sometimes he is a woman."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is the position of traditional Judaism.<sup id="cite_ref-chabad_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chabad-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">transgender</a> <a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a> rabbi <a href="/wiki/Elliot_Kukla" title="Elliot Kukla">Elliot Kukla</a> <i>tumtum</i> is one of <a href="/wiki/Gender_and_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender and Judaism">six genders in classical Judaism</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Male" title="Male">male</a>, <a href="/wiki/Female" title="Female">female</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Androgynos" title="Androgynos">androgynos</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ay%27lonit" title="Ay'lonit">ay'lonit</a></i> (a person who was assigned female at birth but is barren and perhaps masculinized), and <i>saris</i> (a <a href="/wiki/Eunuch" title="Eunuch">eunuch</a> by birth either through human intervention, or a person who was <a href="/wiki/Assigned_male_at_birth" class="mw-redirect" title="Assigned male at birth">assigned male at birth</a> but later became feminized).<sup id="cite_ref-kukla_forward_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kukla_forward-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-medwed_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-medwed-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This, he claims, is an example of how the Western <a href="/wiki/Gender_binary" title="Gender binary">gender binary</a> is not universal to all cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-kukla_forward_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kukla_forward-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the definition of <i>tumtum</i> is based on physical characteristics, this is used as a basis for social roles, duties, and prohibitions. This can be considered effectively a <a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">gender role</a>. The strictest gender-dependent obligations or prohibitions apply to <i>tumtum</i> because if the <i>tumtum</i> might genuinely be a man or woman, laws for neither men nor women should be broken. Positive commandments from which women are exempt are considered binding on a <i>tumtum</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-chabad_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chabad-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Tractate Zavim 2, the compiler of the Mishnah says that <i>tumtum</i> and <i>androgynos</i> have both men's and women's <i><a href="/wiki/Khumrot" class="mw-redirect" title="Khumrot">khumrot</a></i>, meaning that where the law is stricter towards men than women, they are treated as men. Still, where the law is more stringent towards women, they are treated as women.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumtum_(Judaism)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Androgynos" title="Androgynos">Androgynos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_and_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender and Judaism">Gender and Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_people_and_religion" title="Intersex people and religion">Intersex people and religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_people_in_history" title="Intersex people in history">Intersex people in history</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumtum_(Judaism)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-talmudology-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-talmudology_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-talmudology_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-talmudology_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-talmudology_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.talmudology.com/jeremybrownmdgmailcom/2019/6/17/arachin-4b-the-tumtum-the-androgyne-and-the-invention-of-gender">"Arachin 4b ~ The Tumtum, the Androgyne, and the Fluidity of Gender"</a>. <i>Talmudology</i>. 2019-06-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Talmudology&rft.atitle=Arachin+4b+~+The+Tumtum%2C+the+Androgyne%2C+and+the+Fluidity+of+Gender&rft.date=2019-06-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.talmudology.com%2Fjeremybrownmdgmailcom%2F2019%2F6%2F17%2Farachin-4b-the-tumtum-the-androgyne-and-the-invention-of-gender&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATumtum+%28Judaism%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFonrobert" class="citation web cs1">Fonrobert, Charlotte Elisheva. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/gender-identity-in-halakhic-discourse">"Gender Identity In Halakhic Discourse"</a>. <i>Jewish Women's Archive</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 25,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Women%27s+Archive&rft.atitle=Gender+Identity+In+Halakhic+Discourse&rft.aulast=Fonrobert&rft.aufirst=Charlotte+Elisheva&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjwa.org%2Fencyclopedia%2Farticle%2Fgender-identity-in-halakhic-discourse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATumtum+%28Judaism%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-encyclopedia-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-encyclopedia_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encyclopedia_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encyclopedia_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encyclopedia_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encyclopedia_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinberg2003" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Steinberg, Avraham (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aaklGZAID08C&dq=%22tumtum%22%20jewish&pg=PA51">"Ambiguous genitalia (tumtum)"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of Jewish Medical Ethics</i>. Translated by Rosner, Fred. Jerusalem: Feldheim Publishers. pp. <span class="nowrap">50–</span>54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781583305928" title="Special:BookSources/9781583305928"><bdi>9781583305928</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 7,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ambiguous+genitalia+%28tumtum%29&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Jewish+Medical+Ethics&rft.place=Jerusalem&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E50-%3C%2Fspan%3E54&rft.pub=Feldheim+Publishers&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781583305928&rft.aulast=Steinberg&rft.aufirst=Avraham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaaklGZAID08C%26dq%3D%2522tumtum%2522%2520jewish%26pg%3DPA51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATumtum+%28Judaism%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScheinerman2022" class="citation web cs1">Scheinerman, Rachel (8 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/the-eight-genders-in-the-talmud/">"The Eight Genders in the Talmud"</a>. <i>My Jewish Learning</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=My+Jewish+Learning&rft.atitle=The+Eight+Genders+in+the+Talmud&rft.date=2022-02-08&rft.aulast=Scheinerman&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.myjewishlearning.com%2Farticle%2Fthe-eight-genders-in-the-talmud%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATumtum+%28Judaism%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Babylonian_Talmud,_Tractate_Hagigah,_4a-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Babylonian_Talmud,_Tractate_Hagigah,_4a_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Babylonian_Talmud,_Tractate_Hagigah,_4a_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Chagigah.4a.7?lang=bi&with=all&lang2=en">"Chagigah 4a:7"</a>. <i>www.sefaria.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-05-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sefaria.org&rft.atitle=Chagigah+4a%3A7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FChagigah.4a.7%3Flang%3Dbi%26with%3Dall%26lang2%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATumtum+%28Judaism%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kukla_met-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kukla_met_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rabbi Elliot Kukla. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://transtorah.org/PDFs/How_I_Met_the_Tumtum.pdf">"A Created Being of Its Own: Toward a Jewish Liberation Theology for Men, Women and Everyone Else"</a>. 2006. <i>TransTorah.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org.il/Mishnah_Bikkurim.4.5?lang=bi&with=all&lang2=en">"Mishnah Bikkurim 4:5"</a>. <i>www.sefaria.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sefaria.org&rft.atitle=Mishnah+Bikkurim+4%3A5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org.il%2FMishnah_Bikkurim.4.5%3Flang%3Dbi%26with%3Dall%26lang2%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATumtum+%28Judaism%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chabad-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chabad_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chabad_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/912371/jewish/Avodat-Kochavim-Chapter-Twelve.htm#v4">"Avodat Kochavim – Chapter Twelve"</a>. <i>Chabad.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 25,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chabad.org&rft.atitle=Avodat+Kochavim+%E2%80%93+Chapter+Twelve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chabad.org%2Flibrary%2Farticle_cdo%2Faid%2F912371%2Fjewish%2FAvodat-Kochavim-Chapter-Twelve.htm%23v4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATumtum+%28Judaism%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kukla_forward-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kukla_forward_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kukla_forward_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rabbi Elliot Kukla, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://forward.com/opinion/412749/for-centuries-jewish-tradition-has-recognized-trans-people/">"For centuries, Jewish tradition has recognized trans people"</a>. <i>Forward</i>. October 26, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-medwed-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-medwed_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150714011440/http://www.sojourngsd.org/blog/sixgenders">"More Than Just Male and Female: The Six Genders in Classical Judaism — SOJOURN"</a>. 2015-07-14. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sojourngsd.org/blog/sixgenders">the original</a> on 2015-07-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=More+Than+Just+Male+and+Female%3A+The+Six+Genders+in+Classical+Judaism+%E2%80%94+SOJOURN&rft.date=2015-07-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sojourngsd.org%2Fblog%2Fsixgenders&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATumtum+%28Judaism%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKulp" class="citation web cs1">Kulp, Dr. Joshua. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220920163641/http://learn.conservativeyeshiva.org/zavim-2-1-htm/">"Zavim, Chapter 2, Mishnah 1"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://learn.conservativeyeshiva.org/zavim-2-1-htm/">the original</a> on September 20, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 25,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zavim%2C+Chapter+2%2C+Mishnah+1&rft.aulast=Kulp&rft.aufirst=Dr.+Joshua&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flearn.conservativeyeshiva.org%2Fzavim-2-1-htm%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATumtum+%28Judaism%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumtum_(Judaism)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Rabbi Elliot Kukla. "A Created Being of Its Own: Toward a Jewish Liberation Theology for Men, Women and Everyone Else." 2006. <i>TransTorah.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://transtorah.org/PDFs/How_I_Met_the_Tumtum.pdf">[1]</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Intersex_people_and_religion" title="Intersex people and religion">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Ancient Greek religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aphroditus" title="Aphroditus">Aphroditus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermaphroditus" title="Hermaphroditus">Hermaphroditus</a></li></ul></li> <li>Judaism <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Androgynos" title="Androgynos">Androgynos</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tumtum</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_researchers_on_intersex" class="mw-redirect" title="List of researchers on intersex">Researchers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_verification_in_sports" title="Sex verification in sports">Sex verification in sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_representation_in_television" title="Intersex representation in television">Television</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History and events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_people_in_history" title="Intersex people in history">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_intersex_surgery" title="History of intersex surgery">of surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_intersex_history" title="Timeline of intersex history">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_Awareness_Day" title="Intersex Awareness Day">Intersex Awareness Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_Day_of_Remembrance" title="Intersex Day of Remembrance">Intersex Day of Remembrance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Intersex_Forum" title="International Intersex Forum">International Intersex Forum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rights by country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_Argentina" title="Intersex rights in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_Australia" title="Intersex rights in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_Canada" title="Intersex rights in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_Chile" title="Intersex rights in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_China" title="Intersex rights in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_Colombia" title="Intersex rights in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_France" title="Intersex rights in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_Germany" title="Intersex rights in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_Kenya" title="Intersex rights in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_Malta" title="Intersex rights in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_Mexico" title="Intersex rights in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_Nepal" title="Intersex rights in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_New_Zealand" title="Intersex rights in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_South_Africa" title="Intersex rights in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_Spain" title="Intersex rights in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_Switzerland" title="Intersex rights in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_Taiwan" title="Intersex rights in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_Uganda" title="Intersex rights in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Intersex rights in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Intersex rights in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_people_in_the_United_States_military" title="Intersex people in the United States military">military</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_rights" title="Children's rights">Children's rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">Disability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disability_rights_movement" title="Disability rights movement">rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT">LGBT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Androgyny" title="Androgyny">Androgyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-binary_gender" title="Non-binary gender">Non-binary gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_recognition_of_non-binary_gender" title="Legal recognition of non-binary gender">Non-binary recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_theory" title="Queer theory">Queer theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_gender" title="Third gender">Third gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">Transgender</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_humans" title="Sex differences in humans">Sex differences in humans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Intersex_topics" title="Category:Intersex topics">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="LGBTQ_topics_and_Judaism335" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_LGBT_organizations" title="List of Jewish LGBT organizations">Organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Wider_Bridge" title="A Wider Bridge">A Wider Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleph_Melbourne" title="Aleph Melbourne">Aleph Melbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bat_Kol_(organization)" title="Bat Kol (organization)">Bat Kol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Haverim" title="Beit Haverim">Beit Haverim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayenu_(organisation)" title="Dayenu (organisation)">Dayenu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eshel_(organization)" title="Eshel (organization)">Eshel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havruta_(organization)" title="Havruta (organization)">Havruta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hod_(organization)" title="Hod (organization)">Hod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JQY" title="JQY">JQY</a></li> <li><a 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