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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Values and variation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Values_and_variation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Values and variation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Values_and_variation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Low_(narrow)_pulse_pressure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Low_(narrow)_pulse_pressure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Low (narrow) pulse pressure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Low_(narrow)_pulse_pressure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-High_(wide)_pulse_pressure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High_(wide)_pulse_pressure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>High (wide) pulse pressure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High_(wide)_pulse_pressure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consistently_high" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consistently_high"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Consistently high</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consistently_high-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-From_exercise" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_exercise"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>From exercise</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_exercise-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clinical_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clinical_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Clinical significance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Clinical_significance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Clinical significance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Clinical_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cardiovascular_disease_and_pulse_pressure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cardiovascular_disease_and_pulse_pressure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Cardiovascular disease and pulse pressure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cardiovascular_disease_and_pulse_pressure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects_of_medications_on_pulse_pressure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_of_medications_on_pulse_pressure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Effects of medications on pulse pressure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects_of_medications_on_pulse_pressure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pulse_pressure_and_sepsis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pulse_pressure_and_sepsis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Pulse pressure and sepsis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pulse_pressure_and_sepsis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" 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href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsamplitude" title="Pulsamplitude – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pulsamplitude" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%95%DE%A6%DE%8D%DE%B0%DE%90%DE%B0_%DE%95%DE%B0%DE%83%DE%AC%DE%9D%DE%A6%DE%83%DE%AA" title="ޕަލްސް ޕްރެޝަރު – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޕަލްސް ޕްރެޝަރު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B6" title="فشار نبض – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فشار نبض" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pression_puls%C3%A9e" title="Pression pulsée – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pression pulsée" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%A5%EB%B0%95%EC%95%95" title="맥박압 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="맥박압" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressione_arteriosa_differenziale" title="Pressione arteriosa differenziale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pressione arteriosa differenziale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Pulse_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulse rate">Pulse rate</a> or <a href="/wiki/Heart_rate" title="Heart rate">Heart rate</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical intervention</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: lightblue">Pulse pressure</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:2109_Systemic_Blood_Pressure.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/2109_Systemic_Blood_Pressure.jpg/280px-2109_Systemic_Blood_Pressure.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/2109_Systemic_Blood_Pressure.jpg/420px-2109_Systemic_Blood_Pressure.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/2109_Systemic_Blood_Pressure.jpg/560px-2109_Systemic_Blood_Pressure.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1979" data-file-height="1379" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Pulse pressure variation (PPV) in different arteries and veins</div></td></tr><tr class="noprint"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="text-align: right;">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1759415" class="extiw" title="d:Q1759415">edit on Wikidata</a>]</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Pulse pressure</b> is the difference between <a href="/wiki/Systole" title="Systole">systolic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diastole" title="Diastole">diastolic</a> <a href="/wiki/Blood_pressure" title="Blood pressure">blood pressure</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Homan_Cichowski_2019_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Homan_Cichowski_2019-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is measured in <a href="/wiki/Millimeter_of_mercury" class="mw-redirect" title="Millimeter of mercury">millimeters of mercury</a> (mmHg). It represents the force that the heart generates each time it contracts. Healthy pulse pressure is around 40 mmHg.<sup id="cite_ref-Homan_Cichowski_2019_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Homan_Cichowski_2019-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid21848774_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid21848774-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A pulse pressure that is consistently 60 mmHg or greater is likely to be associated with disease, and a pulse pressure of 50 mmHg or more increases the risk of <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">cardiovascular disease</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Homan_Cichowski_2019_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Homan_Cichowski_2019-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cleveland_Clinic_2021_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cleveland_Clinic_2021-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pulse pressure is considered low if it is less than 25% of the systolic. (For example, if the systolic pressure is 120 mmHg, then the pulse pressure would be considered low if it were less than 30 mmHg, since 30 is 25% of 120.)<sup id="cite_ref-pmid21848774_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid21848774-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A very low pulse pressure can be a symptom of disorders such as <a href="/wiki/Congestive_heart_failure" class="mw-redirect" title="Congestive heart failure">congestive heart failure</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cleveland_Clinic_2021_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cleveland_Clinic_2021-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Calculation">Calculation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulse_pressure&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Calculation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pulse pressure is calculated as the difference between the systolic blood pressure and the diastolic blood pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-Cleveland_Clinic_2021_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cleveland_Clinic_2021-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The systemic pulse pressure is approximately proportional to <a href="/wiki/Stroke_volume" title="Stroke volume">stroke volume</a>, or the amount of blood ejected from the <a href="/wiki/Left_Ventricle" class="mw-redirect" title="Left Ventricle">left ventricle</a> during <a href="/wiki/Systole" title="Systole">systole</a> (pump action) and inversely proportional to the <a href="/wiki/Compliance_(physiology)" title="Compliance (physiology)">compliance</a> (similar to <a href="/wiki/Elasticity_(physics)" title="Elasticity (physics)">elasticity</a>) of the <a href="/wiki/Aorta" title="Aorta">aorta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>Systemic pulse pressure</i> (most commonly measured at the <a href="/wiki/Brachial_artery" title="Brachial artery">brachial artery</a> in the upper arm using a <a href="/wiki/Sphygmomanometer" title="Sphygmomanometer">Sphygmomanometer</a>) = <span class="nowrap">P<sub>systolic</sub> − P<sub>diastolic</sub></span></li></ul> <dl><dd>e.g. normal 120 mmHg – 80 mmHg = 40 mmHg<sup id="cite_ref-Cleveland_Clinic_2021_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cleveland_Clinic_2021-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd>low: <span class="nowrap">100 mmHg − 80 mmHg = 20 mmHg</span></dd> <dd>high: <span class="nowrap">160 mmHg − 80 mmHg = 80 mmHg</span></dd></dl> <ul><li><i>Pulmonary pulse pressure</i> is normally much lower than systemic blood pressure due to the higher compliance of the pulmonary system compared to the arterial circulation.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is measured by <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_artery_catheter" title="Pulmonary artery catheter">right heart catheterization</a> or may be estimated by <a href="/wiki/Echocardiography#Transthoracic_echocardiogram" title="Echocardiography">transthoracic echocardiography</a>. Normal pulmonary artery pressure is 8 mmHg–20 mmHg at rest.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dd>e.g. normal 15mmHg – 8mmHg = 7mmHg</dd> <dd>high 25mmHg – 10mmHg = 15mmHg</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Values_and_variation">Values and variation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulse_pressure&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Values and variation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Low_(narrow)_pulse_pressure"><span id="Low_.28narrow.29_pulse_pressure"></span>Low (narrow) pulse pressure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulse_pressure&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Low (narrow) pulse pressure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A pulse pressure is considered abnormally low if it is less than 25% of the systolic value.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid21848774_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid21848774-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the pulse pressure is extremely low, i.e. 25 mmHg or less, it may indicate low stroke volume, as in <a href="/wiki/Congestive_heart_failure" class="mw-redirect" title="Congestive heart failure">congestive heart failure</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cleveland_Clinic_2021_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cleveland_Clinic_2021-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most common cause of a low (narrow) pulse pressure is a drop in left ventricular stroke volume. In trauma, a low or narrow pulse pressure suggests significant blood loss.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A narrow pulse pressure is also caused by <a href="/wiki/Aortic_stenosis" title="Aortic stenosis">aortic stenosis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cleveland_Clinic_2021_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cleveland_Clinic_2021-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is due to the decreased stroke volume in aortic stenosis.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other conditions that can cause a narrow pulse pressure include blood loss (due to decreased blood volume), and <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_tamponade" title="Cardiac tamponade">cardiac tamponade</a> (due to decreased filling time). In the majority of these conditions, systolic pressure decreases, while diastolic pressure remains normal, leading to a narrow pulse pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Postural_Orthostatic_Tachycardia_Syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome">Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome</a> it is postulated that declining venous return reduces stroke volume and frequently results in low pulse pressure. In extreme cases, patients experience a drop in pulse pressure to 0 mm Hg upon standing, rendering them practically pulseless while upright. This condition leads to significant morbidity, as many affected individuals struggle to remain standing.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="High_(wide)_pulse_pressure"><span id="High_.28wide.29_pulse_pressure"></span>High (wide) pulse pressure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulse_pressure&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: High (wide) pulse pressure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Consistently_high">Consistently high</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulse_pressure&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Consistently high"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A pulse pressure of 50 mmHg or more can increase the risk of heart disease, heart rhythm disorders, stroke and other cardiovascular diseases and events. Higher pulse pressures are also thought to play a role in eye and kidney damage from diseases such as diabetes.<sup id="cite_ref-Cleveland_Clinic_2021_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cleveland_Clinic_2021-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are currently no drugs approved to lower pulse pressure, but some <a href="/wiki/Antihypertensive_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihypertensive drug">antihypertensive drugs</a> have been shown to modestly lower pulse pressure, while other drugs used for <a href="/wiki/Hypertension" title="Hypertension">hypertension</a> can actually have the counterproductive side effect of increasing resting pulse pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-cushman_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cushman-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The aorta has the highest compliance in the arterial system due in part to a relatively greater proportion of <a href="/wiki/Elastic_fiber" title="Elastic fiber">elastin fibers</a> versus <a href="/wiki/Smooth_muscle" title="Smooth muscle">smooth muscle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Collagen" title="Collagen">collagen</a>. This serves to dampen the pulsatile <a href="/wiki/Ejection_fraction" title="Ejection fraction">ejection fraction</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Left_ventricle" class="mw-redirect" title="Left ventricle">left ventricle</a>, thereby reducing the initial systolic pulse pressure, but slightly raising the subsequent diastolic phase. If the aorta becomes rigid, stiff and inextensible because of disorders, such as <a href="/wiki/Arteriosclerosis" title="Arteriosclerosis">arteriosclerosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atherosclerosis" title="Atherosclerosis">atherosclerosis</a> or <a href="/wiki/Connective_tissue_disease" title="Connective tissue disease">elastin defects</a> (in connective tissue diseases), the pulse pressure would be higher due to less compliance of the aorta.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In hypertensive patients, a high pulse pressure can often be an indicator of <a href="/wiki/Conduit_artery" class="mw-redirect" title="Conduit artery">conduit artery</a> stiffness (<a href="/wiki/Arterial_stiffness" title="Arterial stiffness">stiffness of the major arteries</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Mitchell_Izzo_Lacourcière_Ouellet_2002_pp._2955–2961_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mitchell_Izzo_Lacourcière_Ouellet_2002_pp._2955–2961-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the arterial walls are stiffer (less compliant), the heart has to beat harder to overcome the resistance from the stiff arteries, resulting in an increased pulse pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-News-Medical.net_2009_f388_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-News-Medical.net_2009_f388-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other conditions that can lead to a high pulse pressure include <a href="/wiki/Aortic_regurgitation" title="Aortic regurgitation">aortic regurgitation</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Tang2020_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tang2020-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Aortic_sclerosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Aortic sclerosis">aortic sclerosis</a>, severe <a href="/wiki/Iron-deficiency_anemia" title="Iron-deficiency anemia">iron-deficiency anemia</a> (due to decreased <a href="/wiki/Blood_viscosity" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood viscosity">blood viscosity</a>), <a href="/wiki/Arteriosclerosis" title="Arteriosclerosis">arteriosclerosis</a> (due to loss of arterial compliance), and <a href="/wiki/Hyperthyroidism" title="Hyperthyroidism">hyperthyroidism</a><sup id="cite_ref-Tang2020_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tang2020-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (due to increased systolic pressure), or <a href="/wiki/Arteriovenous_malformation" title="Arteriovenous malformation">arteriovenous malformation</a>, among others.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In aortic regurgitation, the aortic valve insufficiency results in the backward flow of blood (regurgitation) that is ejected during systole, and its return to the left ventricle during diastole. This increases the systolic blood pressure, and decreases the diastolic blood pressure, leading to a widened pulse pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cleveland_Clinic_2021_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cleveland_Clinic_2021-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A high pulse pressure combined with <a href="/wiki/Bradycardia" title="Bradycardia">bradycardia</a> and an irregular breathing pattern is associated with increased <a href="/wiki/Intracranial_pressure" title="Intracranial pressure">intracranial pressure</a>, a condition called <a href="/wiki/Cushing%27s_triad" class="mw-redirect" title="Cushing's triad">Cushing's triad</a> seen in people after head trauma with increased intracranial pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-cushing_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cushing-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Common causes of widening pulse pressure include:<sup id="cite_ref-Cleveland_Clinic_2021_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cleveland_Clinic_2021-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)"><span title="Material near this tag needs references to reliable medical sources. (December 2022)">medical citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anemia" title="Anemia">Anemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aortic_dissection" title="Aortic dissection">Aortic dissection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atherosclerosis" title="Atherosclerosis">Atherosclerosis</a><sup id="cite_ref-Tang2020_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tang2020-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arteriovenous_fistula" title="Arteriovenous fistula">Arteriovenous fistula</a><sup id="cite_ref-Tang2020_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tang2020-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aortic_regurgitation" title="Aortic regurgitation">Chronic aortic regurgitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aortic_aneurysm" title="Aortic aneurysm">Aortic root aneurysm</a><sup id="cite_ref-Dilation_of_the_thoracic_aorta:_med_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dilation_of_the_thoracic_aorta:_med-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Aortic root dilation<sup id="cite_ref-Dilation_of_the_thoracic_aorta:_med_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dilation_of_the_thoracic_aorta:_med-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beri_beri" class="mw-redirect" title="Beri beri">Beri beri</a><sup id="cite_ref-Tang2020_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tang2020-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributive_shock" title="Distributive shock">Distributive shock</a><sup id="cite_ref-Tang2020_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tang2020-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endocarditis" title="Endocarditis">Endocarditis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fever" title="Fever">Fever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart_block" title="Heart block">Heart block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intracranial_pressure" title="Intracranial pressure">Increased intracranial pressure</a><sup id="cite_ref-cushing_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cushing-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tang2020_15-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tang2020-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent_ductus_arteriosus" title="Patent ductus arteriosus">Patent ductus arteriosus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">Pregnancy</a><sup id="cite_ref-Tang2020_15-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tang2020-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyrotoxicosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Thyrotoxicosis">Thyrotoxicosis</a><sup id="cite_ref-Tang2020_15-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tang2020-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="From_exercise">From exercise</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulse_pressure&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: From exercise"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For most individuals, during aerobic exercise, the systolic pressure progressively increases while the diastolic pressure remains about the same, thereby widening the pulse pressure. These pressure changes facilitate an increase in <a href="/wiki/Stroke_volume" title="Stroke volume">stroke volume</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_output" title="Cardiac output">cardiac output</a> at a lower <a href="/wiki/Mean_arterial_pressure" title="Mean arterial pressure">mean arterial pressure</a>, enabling greater aerobic capacity and physical performance. The diastolic drop reflects a reduced <a href="/wiki/Vascular_resistance" title="Vascular resistance">systemic vascular resistance</a> of the muscle <a href="/wiki/Arteriole" title="Arteriole">arterioles</a> in response to the exercise.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid10373221_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10373221-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clinical_significance">Clinical significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulse_pressure&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Clinical significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pulse pressure has implications for both cardiovascular disease as well as many non-cardiovascular diseases. Even in people without other risk factors for cardiovascular disease, a consistently wide pulse pressure remains a significant independent predictor of all-cause, cardiovascular, and, in particular, coronary mortality.<sup id="cite_ref-Benetos_Safar_Rudnichi_Smulyan_1997_pp._1410–1415_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benetos_Safar_Rudnichi_Smulyan_1997_pp._1410–1415-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a positive correlation between high pulse pressure and markers of inflammation, such as <a href="/wiki/C-reactive_protein" title="C-reactive protein">c-reactive protein</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Abramson_Vaccarino_2006_pp._223–233_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abramson_Vaccarino_2006_pp._223–233-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cardiovascular_disease_and_pulse_pressure">Cardiovascular disease and pulse pressure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulse_pressure&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Cardiovascular disease and pulse pressure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Awareness of the effects of pulse pressure on morbidity and mortality is lacking relative to the awareness of the effects of elevated systolic and diastolic blood pressure. However, pulse pressure has consistently been found to be a stronger independent predictor of cardiovascular events, especially in older populations, than has systolic, diastolic, or mean arterial pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-Cleveland_Clinic_2021_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cleveland_Clinic_2021-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mitchell_Izzo_Lacourcière_Ouellet_2002_pp._2955–2961_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mitchell_Izzo_Lacourcière_Ouellet_2002_pp._2955–2961-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This increased risk has been observed in both men and women and even when no other cardiovascular risk factors are present. The increased risk also exists even in cases in which high pulse pressure is caused by diastolic pressure decreasing over time while systolic remains steady or even slightly decreases.<sup id="cite_ref-Franklin_Khan_Wong_Larson_1999_pp._354–360_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franklin_Khan_Wong_Larson_1999_pp._354–360-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Benetos_Safar_Rudnichi_Smulyan_1997_pp._1410–1415_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benetos_Safar_Rudnichi_Smulyan_1997_pp._1410–1415-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Meta-analysis" title="Meta-analysis">meta-analysis</a> in 2000 showed that a 10 mmHg increase in pulse pressure was associated with a 20% increased risk of cardiovascular mortality, and a 13% increase in risk for all coronary end points. The study authors also noted that, while risks of cardiovascular end points do increase with higher systolic pressures, at any given systolic blood pressure the risk of major cardiovascular end points increases, rather than decreases, with lower diastolic levels.<sup id="cite_ref-pulse_pressure_not_mean_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pulse_pressure_not_mean-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This suggests that interventions that lower diastolic pressure without also lowering systolic pressure (and thus lowering pulse pressure) could actually be counterproductive.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>People who simultaneously have a resting diastolic pressure of less than 60 mmHg and a pulse pressure of greater than 60 mmHg have double the risk of subclinical <a href="/wiki/Myocardial_ischaemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Myocardial ischaemia">myocardial ischaemia</a> and a risk of stroke that is 5.85 times greater than normal.<sup id="cite_ref-s321_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s321-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For such patients, it may be dangerous to target a peripheral systolic pressure below 120 mmHg due to the fact that this could cause the diastolic blood pressure in the cerebral cortex in the brain to become so low that perfusion (blood flow) is insufficient, leading to <a href="/wiki/White_matter_lesion" class="mw-redirect" title="White matter lesion">white matter lesions</a>. Nearly all coronary perfusion and more than half of cerebral perfusion occurs during diastole, thus a diastolic pressure that is too low can cause harm to both the heart and the brain.<sup id="cite_ref-m918_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m918-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Increased pulse pressure is also a risk factor for the development of <a href="/wiki/Atrial_fibrillation" title="Atrial fibrillation">atrial fibrillation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-staerk_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-staerk-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effects_of_medications_on_pulse_pressure">Effects of medications on pulse pressure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulse_pressure&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Effects of medications on pulse pressure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are no drugs currently approved to lower pulse pressure. Although some anti-hypertensive drugs currently on the market may have the effect of modestly lowering pulse pressure, others may actually have the counterproductive effect of increasing pulse pressure. Among classes of drugs currently on the market, a 2020 review stated that <a href="/wiki/Thiazide_diuretics" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiazide diuretics">thiazide diuretics</a> and long‐acting <a href="/wiki/Nitrate#Medicine" title="Nitrate">nitrates</a> are the two most effective at lowering pulse pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-Tang2020_15-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tang2020-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It has been hypothesized that vasopeptidase inhibitors and <a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide_donors" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitric oxide donors">nitric oxide donors</a> may be useful at lowering pulse pressure in patients with elevated pulse pressure by increasing the distensibility of the large arteries.<sup id="cite_ref-pulse_pressure_not_mean_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pulse_pressure_not_mean-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mitchell_Izzo_Lacourcière_Ouellet_2002_pp._2955–2961_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mitchell_Izzo_Lacourcière_Ouellet_2002_pp._2955–2961-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is evidence that <a href="/wiki/Glyceryl_trinitrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Glyceryl trinitrate">glyceryl trinitrate</a>, a nitric oxide donor, may be effective at lowering both pulse pressure and overall blood pressure in patients with acute and sub-acute stroke.<sup id="cite_ref-Gray_Sprigg_Rashid_Willmot_2006_j585_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gray_Sprigg_Rashid_Willmot_2006_j585-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2001 randomized, placebo-controlled trial of 1,292 males, compared the effects of <a href="/wiki/Hydrochlorothiazide" title="Hydrochlorothiazide">hydrochlorothiazide</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Thiazide_diuretic" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiazide diuretic">thiazide diuretic</a>), <a href="/wiki/Atenolol" title="Atenolol">atenolol</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Beta-blocker" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-blocker">beta-blocker</a>), <a href="/wiki/Captopril" title="Captopril">captopril</a> (an <a href="/wiki/ACE_inhibitor" title="ACE inhibitor">ACE inhibitor</a>), <a href="/wiki/Clonidine" title="Clonidine">clonidine</a> (a central <a href="/wiki/Alpha-2_agonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-2 agonist">α<sub>2</sub>-agonist</a>), <a href="/wiki/Diltiazem" title="Diltiazem">diltiazem</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Calcium_channel_blocker" title="Calcium channel blocker">calcium channel blocker</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Prazosin" title="Prazosin">prazosin</a> (an <a href="/wiki/Alpha-1_blocker" title="Alpha-1 blocker">α<sub>1</sub>-blocker</a>) on pulse pressure and found that, after one year of treatment, hydrochlorothiazide was the most effective at lowering pulse pressure, with an average decrease of 8.6 mmHg. Captopril and atenolol were equal as least effective, with an average decrease of 4.1 mmHg. Clonidine (decrease of 6.3 mmHg), diltiazem (decrease of 5.5 mmHg), and prazosin (decrease of 5.0 mmHg) were intermediate.<sup id="cite_ref-cushman_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cushman-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pulse_pressure_and_sepsis">Pulse pressure and sepsis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulse_pressure&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Pulse pressure and sepsis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Diastolic blood pressure falls during the early stages of <a href="/wiki/Sepsis" title="Sepsis">sepsis</a>, causing a widening of pulse pressure. If sepsis becomes severe and <a href="/wiki/Hemodynamic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemodynamic">hemodynamic</a> compromise advances, the systolic pressure also decreases, causing a narrowing of pulse pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-pedsepsis_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pedsepsis-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A pulse pressure of over 70 mmHg in patients with sepsis is correlated with an increased chance of survival. A widened pulse pressure is also correlated with an increased chance that someone with sepsis will benefit from and respond to <a href="/wiki/Fluid_replacement#Intravenous" title="Fluid replacement">IV fluids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-widesepsis_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-widesepsis-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulse_pressure&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold_pressor_test" title="Cold pressor test">Cold pressor test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehypertension" title="Prehypertension">Prehypertension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent_ductus_arteriosus" title="Patent ductus arteriosus">Patent ductus arteriosus</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulse_pressure&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Homan_Cichowski_2019-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Homan_Cichowski_2019_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Homan_Cichowski_2019_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Homan_Cichowski_2019_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHomanBordesCichowski2022" class="citation book cs1">Homan TD, Bordes SJ, Cichowski E (12 July 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482408/">"Physiology, Pulse Pressure"</a>. <i>StatPearls [Internet]</i>. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29494015">29494015</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-07-21</span></span> – via NCBI Bookshelf.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Physiology%2C+Pulse+Pressure&rft.btitle=StatPearls+%5BInternet%5D.&rft.place=Treasure+Island+%28FL%29&rft.pub=StatPearls+Publishing&rft.date=2022-07-12&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29494015&rft.aulast=Homan&rft.aufirst=TD&rft.au=Bordes%2C+SJ&rft.au=Cichowski%2C+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK482408%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulse+pressure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid21848774-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid21848774_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid21848774_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid21848774_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLiawScherpbierKlainin-YobasRethans2011" class="citation journal cs1">Liaw SY, Scherpbier A, Klainin-Yobas P, Rethans JJ (September 2011). "A review of educational strategies to improve nurses' roles in recognizing and responding to deteriorating patients". <i>International Nursing Review</i>. <b>58</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">296–</span>303. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1466-7657.2011.00915.x">10.1111/j.1466-7657.2011.00915.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21848774">21848774</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Nursing+Review&rft.atitle=A+review+of+educational+strategies+to+improve+nurses%27+roles+in+recognizing+and+responding+to+deteriorating+patients&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E296-%3C%2Fspan%3E303&rft.date=2011-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1466-7657.2011.00915.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21848774&rft.aulast=Liaw&rft.aufirst=SY&rft.au=Scherpbier%2C+A&rft.au=Klainin-Yobas%2C+P&rft.au=Rethans%2C+JJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulse+pressure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cleveland_Clinic_2021-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cleveland_Clinic_2021_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cleveland_Clinic_2021_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cleveland_Clinic_2021_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cleveland_Clinic_2021_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cleveland_Clinic_2021_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cleveland_Clinic_2021_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cleveland_Clinic_2021_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cleveland_Clinic_2021_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cleveland_Clinic_2021_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cleveland_Clinic_2021_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/21629-pulse-pressure">"Pulse pressure"</a>. Cleveland Clinic. 28 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2023</span>. <q>If you check your blood pressure regularly and notice you have an unusually wide (60 mmHg or more) or narrow pulse pressure (where your pulse pressure is less than one-quarter of the top blood pressure number), you should schedule an appointment with your healthcare provider to talk about it. [...] Pulse pressures of 50 mmHg or more can increase your risk of heart disease, heart rhythm disorders, stroke and more. Higher pulse pressures are also thought to play a role in eye and kidney damage from diseases like diabetes.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pulse+pressure&rft.pub=Cleveland+Clinic&rft.date=2021-07-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmy.clevelandclinic.org%2Fhealth%2Fsymptoms%2F21629-pulse-pressure&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulse+pressure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeber2022" class="citation web cs1">Weber CO (24 February 2022). Shah A (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090217151343/http://highbloodpressure.about.com/od/highbloodpressure101/p/pulse_pressure.htm">"Pulse Pressure"</a>. <i>about.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://highbloodpressure.about.com/od/highbloodpressure101/p/pulse_pressure.htm">the original</a> on 17 February 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=about.com&rft.atitle=Pulse+Pressure&rft.date=2022-02-24&rft.aulast=Weber&rft.aufirst=CO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhighbloodpressure.about.com%2Fod%2Fhighbloodpressure101%2Fp%2Fpulse_pressure.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulse+pressure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKlabunde2007" class="citation web cs1">Klabunde RE (29 March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080516033607/http://www.cvphysiology.com/Blood%20Pressure/BP003.htm">"Arterial pulse pressure"</a>. <i>Cardiovascular Physiology Concepts</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cvphysiology.com/Blood%20Pressure/BP003.htm">the original</a> on 16 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cardiovascular+Physiology+Concepts&rft.atitle=Arterial+pulse+pressure&rft.date=2007-03-29&rft.aulast=Klabunde&rft.aufirst=RE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cvphysiology.com%2FBlood%2520Pressure%2FBP003.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulse+pressure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlacherEvansArveilerAmouyel2010" class="citation journal cs1">Blacher J, Evans A, Arveiler D, et al. 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Chicago, IL: American College of Surgeons. 2008. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-880696-31-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-880696-31-6"><bdi>978-1-880696-31-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advanced+Trauma+Life+Support+%28ATLS%29+Program+for+Doctors&rft.place=Chicago%2C+IL&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=American+College+of+Surgeons&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-880696-31-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulse+pressure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHomanBordesCichowski2023" class="citation cs2">Homan, Travis D.; Bordes, Stephen J.; Cichowski, Erica (2023), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482408/">"Physiology, Pulse Pressure"</a>, <i>StatPearls</i>, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29494015">29494015</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-10-25</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=StatPearls&rft.atitle=Physiology%2C+Pulse+Pressure&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29494015&rft.aulast=Homan&rft.aufirst=Travis+D.&rft.au=Bordes%2C+Stephen+J.&rft.au=Cichowski%2C+Erica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK482408%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulse+pressure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Homan TD, Bordes SJ, Cichowski E (2024), "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482408/">Physiology, Pulse Pressure</a>", StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, PMID 29494015, archived from the original on 2024-04-21, retrieved 2024-04-22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cushman-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cushman_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cushman_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCushmanMatersonWilliamsReda2001" class="citation journal cs1">Cushman, William C.; Materson, Barry J.; Williams, David W.; Reda, Domenic J. (1 Oct 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1161%2Fhy1001.096212">"Pulse Pressure Changes With Six Classes of Antihypertensive Agents in a Randomized, Controlled Trial"</a>. <i>Hypertension</i>. <b>38</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">953–</span>957. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1161%2Fhy1001.096212">10.1161/hy1001.096212</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11641316">11641316</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19241872">19241872</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hypertension&rft.atitle=Pulse+Pressure+Changes+With+Six+Classes+of+Antihypertensive+Agents+in+a+Randomized%2C+Controlled+Trial&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E953-%3C%2Fspan%3E957&rft.date=2001-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A19241872%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11641316&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1161%2Fhy1001.096212&rft.aulast=Cushman&rft.aufirst=William+C.&rft.au=Materson%2C+Barry+J.&rft.au=Williams%2C+David+W.&rft.au=Reda%2C+Domenic+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1161%252Fhy1001.096212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulse+pressure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See also: <a href="/wiki/Central_aortic_blood_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Central aortic blood pressure">Central aortic blood pressure</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mitchell_Izzo_Lacourcière_Ouellet_2002_pp._2955–2961-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mitchell_Izzo_Lacourcière_Ouellet_2002_pp._2955–2961_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mitchell_Izzo_Lacourcière_Ouellet_2002_pp._2955–2961_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mitchell_Izzo_Lacourcière_Ouellet_2002_pp._2955–2961_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMitchellIzzoLacourcièreOuellet2002" class="citation journal cs1">Mitchell, Gary F.; Izzo, Joseph L.; Lacourcière, Yves; Ouellet, Jean-Pascal; Neutel, Joel; Qian, Chunlin; Kerwin, Linda J.; Block, Alan J.; Pfeffer, Marc A. (25 Jun 2002). "Omapatrilat Reduces Pulse Pressure and Proximal Aortic Stiffness in Patients With Systolic Hypertension". <i>Circulation</i>. <b>105</b> (25). 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href="/wiki/Cardiac_pacemaker" title="Cardiac pacemaker">Cardiac pacemaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronotropic" title="Chronotropic">Chronotropic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Heart_rate" title="Heart rate">Heart rate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dromotropic" title="Dromotropic">Dromotropic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nerve_conduction_velocity" title="Nerve conduction velocity">Conduction velocity</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inotrope" title="Inotrope">Inotropic</a> (Contractility)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathmotropic" title="Bathmotropic">Bathmotropic</a> (Excitability)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusitropy" title="Lusitropy">Lusitropic</a> (Relaxation)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conduction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_conduction_system_of_the_heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical conduction system of the heart">Conduction system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_electrophysiology" title="Cardiac electrophysiology">Cardiac electrophysiology</a></li> <li>Action potential <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_action_potential" title="Cardiac action potential">cardiac </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atrial_action_potential" title="Atrial action potential">atrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventricular_action_potential" title="Ventricular action potential">ventricular</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effective_refractory_period" title="Effective refractory period">Effective refractory period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacemaker_potential" title="Pacemaker potential">Pacemaker potential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrocardiography" title="Electrocardiography">Electrocardiography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/P_wave_(electrocardiography)" title="P wave (electrocardiography)">P wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PR_interval" title="PR interval">PR interval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QRS_complex" title="QRS complex">QRS complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QT_interval" title="QT interval">QT interval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ST_segment" title="ST segment">ST segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T_wave" title="T wave">T wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U_wave" title="U wave">U wave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexaxial_reference_system" title="Hexaxial reference system">Hexaxial reference system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chamber pressure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_venous_pressure" title="Central venous pressure">Central venous</a></li> <li>Right <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Right_atrial_pressure" title="Right atrial pressure">atrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_ventricular_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Right ventricular pressure">ventricular</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_artery_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulmonary artery pressure">pulmonary artery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_wedge_pressure" title="Pulmonary wedge pressure">wedge</a></li></ul></li> <li>Left <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_wedge_pressure" title="Pulmonary wedge pressure">atrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_ventricular_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Left ventricular pressure">ventricular</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aortic_pressure" title="Aortic pressure">Aortic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ventricular_remodeling" title="Ventricular remodeling">Ventricular remodeling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">Vascular system</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Hemodynamics" title="Hemodynamics">hemodynamics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hemodynamics" title="Hemodynamics">Blood flow</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compliance_(physiology)" title="Compliance (physiology)">Compliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_resistance" title="Vascular resistance">Vascular resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulse" title="Pulse">Pulse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perfusion" title="Perfusion">Perfusion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Blood_pressure" title="Blood pressure">Blood pressure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pulse pressure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Systole" title="Systole">Systolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diastole" title="Diastole">Diastolic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mean_arterial_pressure" title="Mean arterial pressure">Mean arterial pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugular_venous_pressure" title="Jugular venous pressure">Jugular venous pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal_venous_pressure" title="Portal venous pressure">Portal venous pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_closing_pressure" title="Critical closing pressure">Critical closing pressure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_physiology#Regulation_of_blood_pressure" 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