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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Organization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Infrastructure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_sector_staff" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_sector_staff"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Public sector staff</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_sector_staff-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>By country</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-By_country-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle By country subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-By_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Public sector</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">44 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B9_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85" title="قطاع عام – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قطاع عام" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sector_p%C3%BAblicu" title="Sector públicu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sector públicu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B6vl%C9%99t_qurumu" title="Dövlət qurumu – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dövlət qurumu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Публічны сектар – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Публічны сектар" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Публичен сектор – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Публичен сектор" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sector_p%C3%BAblic" title="Sector públic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sector públic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ve%C5%99ejn%C3%BD_sektor" title="Veřejný sektor – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Veřejný sektor" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sector_cyhoeddus" title="Sector cyhoeddus – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Sector cyhoeddus" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offentlig_sektor" title="Offentlig sektor – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Offentlig sektor" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96ffentliche_Hand" title="Öffentliche Hand – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Öffentliche Hand" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalik_sektor" title="Avalik sektor – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Avalik sektor" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B7%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Δημόσιος τομέας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δημόσιος τομέας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sector_p%C3%BAblico" title="Sector público – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sector público" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publika_sektoro" title="Publika sektoro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Publika sektoro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sektore_publiko" title="Sektore publiko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sektore publiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%B4_%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C" title="بخش عمومی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بخش عمومی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secteur_public" title="Secteur public – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Secteur public" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%B5%EA%B3%B5_%EB%B6%80%EB%AC%B8" title="공공 부문 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="공공 부문" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="सार्वजनिक प्रतिष्ठान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सार्वजनिक प्रतिष्ठान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sektor_publik" title="Sektor publik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sektor publik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Settore_pubblico" title="Settore pubblico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Settore pubblico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%96%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99" title="המגזר הציבורי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המגזר הציבורי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julgine_ala" title="Julgine ala – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Julgine ala" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85" title="القطاع العام – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="القطاع العام" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publieke_sector" title="Publieke sector – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Publieke sector" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%98%E6%A5%AD" title="官業 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="官業" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offentlig_sektor" title="Offentlig sektor – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Offentlig sektor" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sektor_publiczny" title="Sektor publiczny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sektor publiczny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setor_p%C3%BAblico" title="Setor público – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Setor público" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sectorul_public" title="Sectorul public – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sectorul public" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Государственный сектор экономики – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Государственный сектор экономики" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sektori_publik" title="Sektori publik – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Sektori publik" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_sector" title="Public sector – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Public sector" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javni_sektor" title="Javni sektor – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Javni sektor" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%8C_%DA%AF%D8%B4%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="کەرتی گشتی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کەرتی گشتی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Јавни сектор – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јавни сектор" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julkinen_sektori" title="Julkinen sektori – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Julkinen sektori" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offentlig_sektor" title="Offentlig sektor – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Offentlig sektor" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pampublikong_sektor" title="Pampublikong sektor – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pampublikong sektor" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamu_kurumu" title="Kamu kurumu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kamu kurumu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Державний сектор – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Державний сектор" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khu_v%E1%BB%B1c_c%C3%B4ng" title="Khu vực công – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Khu vực công" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%8B%E6%A5%AD" title="公共事業 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="公共事業" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E9%83%A8%E9%97%A8" title="公共部门 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="公共部门" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q294217#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:lightskyblue;"><a href="/wiki/Economic_sector" title="Economic sector">Economic sectors</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Three-sector_model" title="Three-sector model">Three-sector model</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Primary sector of the economy">Primary sector</a> (raw materials)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Secondary sector of the economy">Secondary sector</a> (manufacturing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertiary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Tertiary sector of the economy">Tertiary sector</a> (services)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.5em;"> Additional sectors</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quaternary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Quaternary sector of the economy">Quaternary sector</a> (information services)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinary_sector_of_the_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Quinary sector of the economy">Quinary sector</a> (human services)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.5em;"> Theorists</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allan_George_Barnard_Fisher" title="Allan George Barnard Fisher">AGB Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Clark_(economist)" title="Colin Clark (economist)">Colin Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Fourasti%C3%A9" title="Jean Fourastié">Jean Fourastié</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.5em;"> Sectors by ownership</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_sector" title="Business sector">Business sector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_sector" title="Private sector">Private sector</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Public sector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_sector" title="Voluntary sector">Voluntary sector</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Economic_sectors" title="Template:Economic sectors"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Economic_sectors" title="Template talk:Economic sectors"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Economic_sectors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Economic sectors"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Employment_in_the_UK_Public_Sector,_December_2013.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Employment_in_the_UK_Public_Sector%2C_December_2013.png/220px-Employment_in_the_UK_Public_Sector%2C_December_2013.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Employment_in_the_UK_Public_Sector%2C_December_2013.png/330px-Employment_in_the_UK_Public_Sector%2C_December_2013.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Employment_in_the_UK_Public_Sector%2C_December_2013.png/440px-Employment_in_the_UK_Public_Sector%2C_December_2013.png 2x" data-file-width="635" data-file-height="886" /></a><figcaption>Employment in the UK Public Sector, December 2013</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>public sector</b>, also called the <b>state sector</b>, is the part of the economy composed of both <a href="/wiki/Public_service" title="Public service">public services</a> and <a href="/wiki/Public_enterprise" class="mw-redirect" title="Public enterprise">public enterprises</a>. Public sectors include the public goods and governmental services such as the <a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">military</a>, <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement">law enforcement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">infrastructure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_transit" class="mw-redirect" title="Public transit">public transit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Public education">public education</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Universal_health_care" title="Universal health care">health care</a> and those working for the government itself, such as <a href="/wiki/Official" title="Official">elected officials</a>. The public sector might provide services that a non-payer cannot be excluded from (such as street lighting), services which benefit all of society rather than just the individual who uses the service.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Public enterprises, or state-owned enterprises, are self-financing commercial enterprises that are under <a href="/wiki/Public_ownership" class="mw-redirect" title="Public ownership">public ownership</a> which provide various private goods and services for sale and usually operate on a commercial basis. </p><p>Organizations that are not part of the public sector are either part of the <a href="/wiki/Private_sector" title="Private sector">private sector</a> or <a href="/wiki/Voluntary_sector" title="Voluntary sector">voluntary sector</a>. The private sector is composed of the <a href="/wiki/Economic_sector" title="Economic sector">economic sectors</a> that are intended to earn a profit for the owners of the enterprise. The voluntary, civic, or social sector concerns a diverse array of non-profit organizations emphasizing <a href="/wiki/Civil_society" title="Civil society">civil society</a>. In the United Kingdom, the term "wider public sector" is often used, referring to public sector organizations outside central government.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organization">Organization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_sector&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The organization of the public sector can take several forms, including: </p> <ul><li>Direct administration funded through <a href="/wiki/Taxation" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxation">taxation</a>; the delivering organization generally has no specific requirement to meet <a href="/wiki/Commerce" title="Commerce">commercial</a> success criteria, and production decisions are determined by government.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprise" title="State-owned enterprise">State-owned enterprises</a>; which differ from direct administration in that they have greater management autonomy and operate according to commercial criteria, and production decisions are not generally taken by a government (although goals may be set for them by the government).</li> <li>The public sector in many countries is organized at three levels: Federal or National, Regional (State or Provincial), and Local (Municipal or County).</li> <li>Partial <a href="/wiki/Outsourcing" title="Outsourcing">outsourcing</a> (of the scale many businesses do, e.g. for IT services) is considered a public sector model.</li></ul> <p>A borderline form is as follows: </p> <ul><li>Complete <a href="/wiki/Outsourcing" title="Outsourcing">outsourcing</a> or contracting out, with a privately owned corporation delivering the entire service on behalf of the government. This may be considered a mixture of private sector operations with public ownership of assets, although in some forms the private sector's control and/or risk is so great that the service may no longer be considered part of the public sector (Barlow et al., 2010). (See the United Kingdom's <a href="/wiki/Private_Finance_Initiative" class="mw-redirect" title="Private Finance Initiative">Private Finance Initiative</a>.)</li> <li>Public employee unions represent workers. Since contract negotiations for these workers are dependent on the size of government budgets, this is the one segment of the labor movement that can actually contribute directly to the people with ultimate responsibility for its livelihood. While their giving pattern matches that of other unions, public sector unions also concentrate contributions on members of Congress from both parties who sit on committees that deal with federal budgets and agencies.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_sector&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Infrastructure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Infrastructure</i> includes areas that support both the public's members and the public sector itself. Streets and highways are used both by those who work for the public sector and also by the citizenry. The former, who are public employees, are also part of the citizenry.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Public_road" class="mw-redirect" title="Public road">Public roads</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bridge" title="Bridge">bridges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunnel" title="Tunnel">tunnels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_supply" title="Water supply">water supply</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">sewers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electrical_grid" title="Electrical grid">electrical grids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telecommunication" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunication">telecommunication</a> networks are among the public infrastructure. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_sector_staff">Public sector staff</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_sector&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Public sector staff"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rates of pay for public sector staff may be <a href="/wiki/Negotiation" title="Negotiation">negotiated</a> by employers and their staff or staff representatives such as <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">trade unions</a>. In some cases, for example in the United Kingdom, a <a href="/wiki/Pay_Review_Body" class="mw-redirect" title="Pay Review Body">pay review body</a> is charged with making independent recommendations on rates of pay for groups of public sector staff.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="By_country">By country</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_sector&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: By country"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_sector&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information (in French): <a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_sector_in_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Public sector in France (page does not exist)">Public sector in France</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secteur_public_en_France" class="extiw" title="fr:Secteur public en France">fr</a>]</sup></div> <p>As of 2017, France had 5.6 million <a href="/wiki/Civil_servants_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil servants (France)">civil servants</a>, amounting to 20% of all jobs in France. They are subdivided into three types: the State civil service (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Fonction publique d'État</i></span>, FPE) includes teachers and soldiers, and employs 44% of the workforce. The local civil service (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Fonction publique territoriale</i></span>; FPT) is made up of employees of town halls and regional councils: 25% of the workforce. The hospital civil service (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Fonction publique hospitalière</i></span>, FPH) consists of doctors and nurses and is 21% of the workforce.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_sector&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-libertarian">Right-libertarian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austrian School</a> economists have criticized the idea of public sector provision of goods and services as inherently inefficient.<sup id="cite_ref-Rothbard_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rothbard-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1961, <a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Murray Rothbard</a> wrote: "Any reduction of the public sector, any shift of activities from the public to the private sphere, is a net moral and economic gain."<sup id="cite_ref-Rothbard_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rothbard-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>American <a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">libertarians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-capitalists">anarcho-capitalists</a> have also argued that the system by which the public sector is funded, namely taxation, is itself <a href="/wiki/Taxation_as_theft" title="Taxation as theft">coercive and unjust</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, even notable <a href="/wiki/Small-government" class="mw-redirect" title="Small-government">small-government</a> proponents have pushed back on this point of view, citing the ultimate necessity of a public sector for provision of certain services, such as national defense, public works and utilities, and pollution controls.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_sector&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/28px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/42px-Emblem-money.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/56px-Emblem-money.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Economics" title="Portal:Economics">Economics portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_service" title="Civil service">Civil service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_agency" title="Government agency">Government agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_government_spending_as_percentage_of_GDP" title="List of countries by government spending as percentage of GDP">List of countries by government spending as percentage of GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_public_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by public sector">List of countries by public sector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">Nationalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">Privatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_sector" title="Private sector">Private sector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_ownership" class="mw-redirect" title="Public ownership">Public ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public%E2%80%93private_partnership" title="Public–private partnership">Public–private partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_case#Public_sector_projects" title="Business case">Public sector business cases for projects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special-purpose_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Special-purpose district">Special-purpose district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprise" title="State-owned enterprise">State-owned enterprise</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_sector&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_sector&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.investorwords.com/3947/public_sector.html">"public sector"</a>. <i>Investorwords</i>, WebFinance, Inc. 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Glover, A., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sites.telfer.uottawa.ca/womensenterprise/files/2014/06/Procurement-Glover-Review_Eng.pdf">Accelerating the SME economic engine: through transparent, simple and strategic procurement</a>, paragraph 4.26, accessed 7 October 2022</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFRANCE_22017" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/France_2" title="France 2">FRANCE 2</a> (September 4, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.francetvinfo.fr/economie/retraite/reforme-des-retraites/fonctionnaires-les-chiffres-entre-le-secteur-public-et-prive_2137953.html">"Fonctionnaires : les chiffres entre le secteur public et privé"</a> [Civil servants: figures for the public and private sectors] (in French). <a href="/wiki/Franceinfo" class="mw-redirect" title="Franceinfo">Franceinfo</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 7,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fonctionnaires+%3A+les+chiffres+entre+le+secteur+public+et+priv%C3%A9&rft.pub=Franceinfo&rft.date=2017-09-04&rft.au=FRANCE+2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.francetvinfo.fr%2Feconomie%2Fretraite%2Freforme-des-retraites%2Ffonctionnaires-les-chiffres-entre-le-secteur-public-et-prive_2137953.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+sector" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rothbard-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rothbard_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rothbard_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rothbard, Murray (1961). "The Fallacy of the 'Public Sector'". <i>The Logic of Action Two, Application and Criticism from the Austrian School</i>. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Murray N. Rothbard (1998). "The Moral Status of Relations to the State", chapter 24 of <i>The Ethics of Liberty</i>. Humanities Press 1982, New York University Press 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-7506-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-7506-6">978-0-8147-7506-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ellickson, R. C. (2017). "A Hayekian Case Against Anarcho-Capitalism: Of Street Grids, Lighthouses, and Aid to the Destitute". <i>NYUJL & Liberty</i>, 11, 371.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_sector&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Barlow, J. Roehrich, J.K. and Wright, S. (2010). "De facto privatisation or a renewed role for the EU? Paying for Europe's healthcare infrastructure in a recession." <i>Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine</i>. 103:51–55.</li> <li>Lloyd G. Nigro, <i>Decision Making in the Public Sector</i> (1984), Marcel Dekker Inc.</li> <li>David G. Carnevale, <i>Organizational Development in the Public Sector</i> (2002), Westview Pr.</li> <li>Jan-Erik Lane, <i>The Public Sector: Concepts, Models and Approaches</i> (1995), Sage Pubns.</li> <li>A Primer on Public-Private Partnerships <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog-pfm.imf.org/pfmblog/2008/02/a-primer-on-pub.html#more">PFM blog: A primer on Public-Private Partnerships</a></li> <li>What is the Public Sector? Definition & Examples. (2016, June & July). Retrieved June 10, 2017, from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.privacysense.net/terms/public-sector/">What is the Public Sector? Definition & Examples</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_sector&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Public_sector" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Public sector">Public sector</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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service"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Civil_service" title="Template talk:Civil service"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Civil_service" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Civil service"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Civil_service" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Civil_service" title="Civil service">Civil service</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Public sector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_agency" title="Government agency">Government agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucrat" title="Bureaucrat">Bureaucrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_system" title="Merit system">Merit system</a> / <a href="/wiki/Spoils_system" title="Spoils system">Spoils system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomat" title="Diplomat">Diplomat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">Public administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_policy" title="Public policy">Public policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_service" title="Public service">Public service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulatory_agency" title="Regulatory agency">Regulatory agency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country/territory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Public_Service" title="Australian Public Service">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Civil_Service" title="Bangladesh Civil Service">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Civil_Service" title="Brazilian Civil Service">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Service_of_Canada" title="Public Service of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Service_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Service of China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Civil_Service" title="Hong Kong Civil Service">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Civil_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="French Civil Service">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beamter" title="Beamter">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_Service" title="Greek Civil Service">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Services_of_India" title="Civil Services of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Service_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Civil Service of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Senior_Civil_Service" title="Italian Senior Civil Service">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_service_of_Japan" title="Civil service of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_service_in_Malaysia" title="Civil service in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_sector_organisations_in_New_Zealand#Public_service_departments" class="mw-redirect" title="Public sector organisations in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Civil_Service" title="Nigerian Civil Service">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Superior_Services" title="Central Superior Services">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Service_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Civil Service of the Russian Federation">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_Civil_Service" title="Singapore Civil Service">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Administrative_Service" title="Sri Lanka Administrative Service">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Service_(United_Kingdom)" title="Civil Service (United Kingdom)">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Civil_Service" title="Northern Ireland Civil Service">Northern Ireland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_civil_service" title="United States federal civil service">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Civil_Service" title="European Civil Service">European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Categories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:National_civil_service_commissions" title="Category:National civil service commissions">National civil service commissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Government_occupations" title="Category:Government occupations">Government occupations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Civil_service_by_country" title="Category:Civil service by country">Civil service by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>See also:</i> <a href="/wiki/Civil_service_reform_in_developing_countries" title="Civil service reform in developing countries">Civil service reform in developing countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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