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</div> </div> <div id="content" class="site-content"> <div id="primary" class="content-area"> <main id="main" class="site-main"> <article id="post-10372" class="post-10372 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-modern-european-cultures category-miscellaneous tag-england tag-manuscripts tag-rbsc-scholars"> <a class="post-thumbnail" href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/an-18th-century-copper-collective-and-britains-triangular-trade/" aria-hidden="true"> <img width="825" height="510" src="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/04/MSE-EM_3700-02-0001-BLOG_HEADER.jpg" class="attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail wp-post-image" alt="An 18th Century Copper Collective and Britain’s Triangular Trade" decoding="async" fetchpriority="high" srcset="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/04/MSE-EM_3700-02-0001-BLOG_HEADER.jpg 825w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/04/MSE-EM_3700-02-0001-BLOG_HEADER-300x185.jpg 300w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/04/MSE-EM_3700-02-0001-BLOG_HEADER-768x475.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 825px) 100vw, 825px" /> </a> <header class="entry-header"> <h2 class="entry-title"><a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/an-18th-century-copper-collective-and-britains-triangular-trade/" rel="bookmark">An 18th Century Copper Collective and Britain’s Triangular Trade</a></h2> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p>by <a href="https://www.annecrafton.com/" data-type="URL" data-id="https://medieval.nd.edu/people/graduate-students/anne-elise-crafton/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Anne Elise Crafton, PhD, <em>RBSC Postdoctoral Research Fellow, <em>Hesburgh Libraries</em></em></a></p> <p>Although I am trained primarily as a scholar of the medieval world, much of my time as the 2024-2025 Rare Books and Special Collections Postdoctoral Research Fellow has been preoccupied by the <em>early modern </em>documents within the Hesburgh Library’s collection. Among this material is the <a href="https://archivesspace.library.nd.edu/repositories/3/resources/2534" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">White Rock Copper Works Shares Collection</a>, which consists of several “assignments of shares”—documents which recorded the transfer of shares or capital—for an eighteenth-century copper cooperative in Bristol and Swansea, UK. Under various names—including the Thomas Coster and Co. (1736/7-1739), the Joseph Percivall and Copper Co. (1739-1764), and the John Freeman and Copper Co. (1764-)—the merchant cooperative operated the White Rock Copper Works, a copper smelting firm in Pentrechwyth (near Swansea). On the surface, the items in this collection simply record the finances of a copper collective during the first 45 years of its existence. When appropriately contextualized, however, this collection testifies to the ubiquity of the Transatlantic Slave Trade in contemporary British markets.</p> <p>The nineteen items in this collection document the notable growth of the copper cooperative from its creation under Thomas Coster in 1737 until 1781, at which point the controlling interest was held by John Freeman Sr. The financial success of the copper cooperative cannot be understated. In its first year of operation a single share in the cooperative was worth £297 (£56,563 today), but by 1781 a single share was worth £2000 (£266,208, or $345,055 today)!</p> <figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/04/MSE-EM_3700-02-0001-scaled.jpg" target="_blank" rel=" noreferrer noopener"><img decoding="async" width="1024" height="788" src="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/04/MSE-EM_3700-02-0001-1024x788.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-10378" srcset="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/04/MSE-EM_3700-02-0001-1024x788.jpg 1024w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/04/MSE-EM_3700-02-0001-300x231.jpg 300w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/04/MSE-EM_3700-02-0001-768x591.jpg 768w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/04/MSE-EM_3700-02-0001-1536x1182.jpg 1536w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/04/MSE-EM_3700-02-0001-2048x1575.jpg 2048w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Assignment of Shares, Thomas Power to Joseph Percivall and Copper Co., 1746-03-08 (MSE/EM 3700-2)</figcaption></figure> <p>As physical objects, these items are both imposing and underwhelming. They are quite large—most of the parchment documents are approximately 680 x 825 mm (around 2 ¼ x 2 ⅔ ft)—but textually simple. Each document lists the parties involved individually and multiple times (including each member of the copper cooperative at the time of sale), the exact nature of the sale, and the binding nature of the sale in exhaustive and dull legal language.</p> <figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/04/MSE-EM_3700-02-0001-DET_CopperCooperative.jpg" target="_blank" rel=" noreferrer noopener"><img decoding="async" width="1024" height="164" src="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/04/MSE-EM_3700-02-0001-DET_CopperCooperative-1024x164.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-10392" srcset="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/04/MSE-EM_3700-02-0001-DET_CopperCooperative-1024x164.jpg 1024w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/04/MSE-EM_3700-02-0001-DET_CopperCooperative-300x48.jpg 300w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/04/MSE-EM_3700-02-0001-DET_CopperCooperative-768x123.jpg 768w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/04/MSE-EM_3700-02-0001-DET_CopperCooperative-1536x246.jpg 1536w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/04/MSE-EM_3700-02-0001-DET_CopperCooperative-2048x328.jpg 2048w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">MSE/EM 3700-2, beginning of document with list the parties involved in the collective</figcaption></figure> <p>Nowhere in this exhaustive language, however, is there any mention of the primary force behind the collective’s financial success: the Transatlantic Slave Trade.</p> <p>In the eighteenth century, Bristol was “the slave capital” of Britain’s triangular trade. The port, which in 1755 had 237 slave traders, sent thousands of ships full of manufactured goods to Africa, which brought enslaved Africans (purchased with said goods) to the Americas and returned to the city with the products of slave labor. Every Bristol industry profited from this trade, but the copper industry especially so. Copper products—many of which were produced by the copper collective and the White Rock Copper Works—were favored in nearly every theater of the global slave trade. Copper rods were used to purchase enslaved Africans in West Africa, copper products were used to refine sugar in West Indies plantations, slave and merchant ships had copper-plated bottoms to withstand tropical waves, and copper luxury goods were sold around the world to fund Britain’s colonial control. In other words, it is no coincidence that a copper cooperative in Bristol would see such financial success.</p> <figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/04/MSE-EM_3700-02-0001-DET_IsaacHobhouse-scaled.jpg" target="_blank" rel=" noreferrer noopener"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="121" src="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/04/MSE-EM_3700-02-0001-DET_IsaacHobhouse-1024x121.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-10389" srcset="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/04/MSE-EM_3700-02-0001-DET_IsaacHobhouse-1024x121.jpg 1024w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/04/MSE-EM_3700-02-0001-DET_IsaacHobhouse-300x35.jpg 300w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/04/MSE-EM_3700-02-0001-DET_IsaacHobhouse-768x91.jpg 768w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/04/MSE-EM_3700-02-0001-DET_IsaacHobhouse-1536x182.jpg 1536w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/04/MSE-EM_3700-02-0001-DET_IsaacHobhouse-2048x242.jpg 2048w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">MSE/EM 3700-2, detail of Isaac Hobhouse’s name</figcaption></figure> <p>Through the data made available by the <a href="https://www.ucl.ac.uk/lbs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Centre for the Study of the Legacies of British Slavery</a> and the collaborative database <a href="https://www.discoveringbristol.org.uk/slavery/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Bristol and Transatlantic Slavery</a>, I was able to identify several partners in the copper cooperative named in this collection as active participants in the triangular trade. For instance, the document, “Assignment of Shares, Thomas Power to Joseph Percivall and Copper Co., 1746-03-08 (MSE/EM 3700-2)” (seen above) lists an Isaac Hobhouse (d. 1763) as a member of the Bristol copper cooperative. Like many of his fellows, his occupation is listed innocently as “merchant.” More accurately, though, <a href="https://www.ucl.ac.uk/lbs/person/view/2146659087" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Hobhouse’s primary occupation was “slave trader”</a>, with 68 recorded voyages on the Transatlantic Slave Trade between 1722 and 1747.</p> <figure class="wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-1 wp-block-gallery-3 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex"> <figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/04/MSE-EM_3700-08-0001.jpg" target="_blank"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="833" data-id="10384" src="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/04/MSE-EM_3700-08-0001-1024x833.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-10384" srcset="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/04/MSE-EM_3700-08-0001-1024x833.jpg 1024w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/04/MSE-EM_3700-08-0001-300x244.jpg 300w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/04/MSE-EM_3700-08-0001-768x624.jpg 768w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/04/MSE-EM_3700-08-0001-1536x1249.jpg 1536w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/04/MSE-EM_3700-08-0001-2048x1665.jpg 2048w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></a></figure> <figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/04/MSE-EM_3700-08-0001-DET_SamuelMunckley.jpg" target="_blank"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="138" data-id="10383" src="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/04/MSE-EM_3700-08-0001-DET_SamuelMunckley-1024x138.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-10383" srcset="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/04/MSE-EM_3700-08-0001-DET_SamuelMunckley-1024x138.jpg 1024w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/04/MSE-EM_3700-08-0001-DET_SamuelMunckley-300x41.jpg 300w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/04/MSE-EM_3700-08-0001-DET_SamuelMunckley-768x104.jpg 768w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/04/MSE-EM_3700-08-0001-DET_SamuelMunckley-1536x208.jpg 1536w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/04/MSE-EM_3700-08-0001-DET_SamuelMunckley.jpg 1850w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></a></figure> <figcaption class="blocks-gallery-caption wp-element-caption">Assignment of Shares, Sibylla Dymock to John Freeman and Copper Co., 1772-01-24 (MSE/EM 3700-8); full document and detail of Samuel Munckley’s name</figcaption></figure> <p>Another member of the cooperative, Samuel Munckley (1720-1801) (highlighted above in MSE/EM 3700-8), is listed on twelve documents. Like Hobhouse, the designation of “merchant” obscures Munckley’s role as a slave trader and profiteer in the West Indies. <a href="https://www.ucl.ac.uk/lbs/person/view/2146663903" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Munckley’s own ships were used to bring enslaved peoples from Africa to the West Indies</a>, where many were sold as laborers on sugar plantations—an industry in which Munckley was also heavily invested. (See also “<a href="https://www.discoveringbristol.org.uk/slavery/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Bristol and Transatlantic Slavery</a>”, which has compiled dozens of Munckley’s papers and correspondence as they relate to the slave trade.)</p> <p>As I have said: nowhere in the White Rock Copper Works Shares is the slave trade explicitly mentioned. The collection is, at first glance, innocuous to the point of boredom. Yet this does not negate the fact that the wealth described in this collection was gained through an industry which itself relied on the trade of enslaved peoples. For this reason, when creating <a href="https://archivesspace.library.nd.edu/repositories/3/resources/2534" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">the finding aid</a> for this collection, I deliberately included the names of each individual listed on the documents (parties involved, partners in the cooperative, and witnesses). No matter the degree to which these historical figures actively participated in the Bristol slave trade, each individual named in this collection profited from the enslavement of others and for this reason, their legacy—as a part of this archive—must be made explicit.</p> <figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/04/MSE-EM_3700-08-0001-DET_SibyllaDymock.jpg" target="_blank" rel=" noreferrer noopener"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="402" src="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/04/MSE-EM_3700-08-0001-DET_SibyllaDymock-1024x402.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-10380" srcset="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/04/MSE-EM_3700-08-0001-DET_SibyllaDymock-1024x402.jpg 1024w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/04/MSE-EM_3700-08-0001-DET_SibyllaDymock-300x118.jpg 300w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/04/MSE-EM_3700-08-0001-DET_SibyllaDymock-768x301.jpg 768w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/04/MSE-EM_3700-08-0001-DET_SibyllaDymock.jpg 1402w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">MSE/EM 3700-8, detail of Sibylla Dymock’s signature</figcaption></figure> <p>Several of the documents in this collection name women as economic actors—whether as sellers of shares, buyers, or witnesses. Although most of these transactions concern widows selling shares formerly owned by their deceased husbands back to the copper cooperative (like the above Sibylla Dymock of MSE/EM 3700-8, who sold her husband’s share back to the cooperative in 1772), their presence in these documents necessarily complicates our reading. Simultaneously, these documents testify to the names and economic force of women whose lives, in many cases, have otherwise gone undocumented <em>and</em>, they also tangibly record the ways in which these women profited from the slave trade and colluded with prominent slave traders.</p> <h4 class="wp-block-heading">Works Cited:</h4> <p>“<a href="https://gracesguide.co.uk/John_Freeman_and_Copper_Co" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">John Freeman and Copper Co.</a>” Grace’s Guide to British Industrial History. </p> <p>“<a href="https://www.ucl.ac.uk/lbs/person/view/2146659087" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Isaac Hobhouse</a>.” Centre for the Study of the Legacies of British Slavery. </p> <p>“<a href="https://gracesguide.co.uk/Joseph_Percivall_and_Copper_Co" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Joseph Percivall and Copper Co</a>.” Grace’s Guide to British Industrial History. </p> <p>“<a href="https://www.ucl.ac.uk/lbs/person/view/2146663903" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Samuel Munckley.</a>” Centre for the Study of the Legacies of British Slavery. </p> <p>“<a href="https://www.discoveringbristol.org.uk/slavery/people-involved/traders-merchants-planters/slave-economy/suppliers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Suppliers to the trade</a>.” Discovering Bristol: Bristol and Transatlantic Slavery. </p> <p>“<a href="https://gracesguide.co.uk/White_Rock_Copper_Works" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">White Rock Copper Works</a>.” Grace’s Guide to British Industrial History. </p> </div> <footer class="entry-footer"> <span class="posted-on"><span class="screen-reader-text">Posted on </span><a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/an-18th-century-copper-collective-and-britains-triangular-trade/" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2025-04-07T09:00:00-04:00">April 7, 2025</time><time class="updated" datetime="2025-04-07T09:36:20-04:00">April 7, 2025</time></a></span><span class="cat-links"><span class="screen-reader-text">Categories </span><a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/category/collections/modern-european-cultures/" rel="category tag">Modern European Cultures</a>, <a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/category/miscellaneous/" rel="category tag">RBSC News & Info</a></span><span class="tags-links"><span class="screen-reader-text">Tags </span><a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/tag/england/" rel="tag">England</a>, <a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/tag/manuscripts/" rel="tag">manuscripts</a>, <a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/tag/rbsc-scholars/" rel="tag">RBSC scholars</a></span> </footer> </article> <article id="post-10357" class="post-10357 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-events category-exhibits category-modern-european-cultures category-miscellaneous category-russian-east-european-studies category-us-history-culture tag-book tag-broadsides-prints-posters tag-manuscripts tag-news tag-periodicals tag-printed-ephemera tag-recent-acquisitions tag-spotlight"> <a class="post-thumbnail" href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/upcoming-events-april-2025/" aria-hidden="true"> <img width="825" height="510" src="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2018/05/cropped-sm_DSC_0208-v2.jpg" class="attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail wp-post-image" alt="Upcoming Events: April 2025" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2018/05/cropped-sm_DSC_0208-v2.jpg 825w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2018/05/cropped-sm_DSC_0208-v2-300x185.jpg 300w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2018/05/cropped-sm_DSC_0208-v2-768x475.jpg 768w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 825px) 100vw, 825px" /> </a> <header class="entry-header"> <h2 class="entry-title"><a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/upcoming-events-april-2025/" rel="bookmark">Upcoming Events: April 2025</a></h2> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p>Please join us for the following public events and exhibits being hosted in Rare Books and Special Collections:</p> <p><strong>Thursday, April 3 at 4:00pm</strong> | Medieval Institute Working Group “The Materiality of Medieval Texts” Lecture: <a href="https://italianstudies.nd.edu/news-events/events/2025/04/03/workmanly-and-truly-made-everyday-writing-and-the-materiality-of-literature-with-professor-daniel-wakelin-university-of-oxford-a-le/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">“Workmanly and Truly Made: Everyday Writing and the Materiality of Literature” by Daniel Wakelin</a> (University of Oxford).</p> <p><strong>Thursday, April 10 at 3:30pm</strong> | <a href="https://www.library.nd.edu/event/exhibit-tour-2025-04-10/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Exhibit Tour – Tragedies of War: Images of WWII in Print Visual Culture</a>.</p> <p><strong><strong>Thursday, April 10</strong> at 4:30pm</strong> | <a href="https://www.library.nd.edu/event/exhibit-lecture-2025-04-10/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Exhibit Lecture: “The Fascist Lair: the Battle of Berlin</a>” by Robert M. Citino (retired Samuel Zemurray Stone Senior Historian at the National WWII Museum).</p> <p><strong>Thursday, April 22 at 3:30pm</strong> | <a href="https://www.library.nd.edu/event/exhibit-tour-2025-04-22/" data-type="link" data-id="https://www.library.nd.edu/event/exhibit-tour-2025-04-22/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Exhibit Tour – Tragedies of War: Images of WWII in Print Visual Culture</a>.</p> <p><strong><strong>Thursday, April 22</strong> at 4:30pm</strong> | <a href="https://www.library.nd.edu/event/exhibit-lecture-2025-04-10/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Yom HaShoah (Holocaust Remembrance Day) Program</a> commemorating the victims of Holocaust and featuring a live performance of “I Never Saw Another Butterfly” by Lori Laitman, performed by Anne Slovin (Soprano, University of Notre Dame) and Jason Gresl (Clarinet, Saint Mary’s College).</p> <hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity" /> <figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><a href="https://www.library.nd.edu/event/spring-exhibit-2025/" target="_blank" rel=" noreferrer noopener"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="576" src="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/02/2425ii-horizontal-variant_16x9-1024x576.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-10191" srcset="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/02/2425ii-horizontal-variant_16x9-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/02/2425ii-horizontal-variant_16x9-300x169.jpg 300w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/02/2425ii-horizontal-variant_16x9-768x432.jpg 768w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/02/2425ii-horizontal-variant_16x9-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/02/2425ii-horizontal-variant_16x9-2048x1152.jpg 2048w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></a></figure> <p>The Spring 2025 Exhibition — <strong><em><a href="https://www.library.nd.edu/event/spring-exhibit-2025/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Tragedies of War: Images of World War II in Print Visual Culture</a></em></strong> — is now open and runs through the end of July. Based predominantly on recently acquired Rare Books and Special Collections European holdings, the exhibition commemorates the end of the Second World War (1939-1945) and will explore a diverse assortment of themes including Fascist Racial Ideology, the Holocaust, Children in War, Resistance, Liberation, and Memories of War.</p> <p><em>Curated by <strong>Natasha Lyandres</strong> (Curator, Rare Books & Special Collections), <strong>Jean McManus</strong> (Catholic Studies Librarian, University Archives) and <strong>Julia Schneider</strong> (German Language and Literature and Italian Studies Librarian, Hesburgh Libraries).</em></p> <hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity" /> <div class="wp-block-image"> <figure class="alignright size-medium"><a href="https://www.library.nd.edu/event/spotlight-exhibit-2025-1-16/" target="_blank" rel=" noreferrer noopener"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="300" height="169" src="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/02/2025-01_04-HLweb_graphic-300x169.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-10190" srcset="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/02/2025-01_04-HLweb_graphic-300x169.jpg 300w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/02/2025-01_04-HLweb_graphic.jpg 450w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /></a></figure></div> <p>The current spotlight exhibit is <strong><em><a href="https://www.library.nd.edu/event/spotlight-exhibit-2025-1-16/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Building a Campus Boycott to Support Midwestern Farmworkers</a></em></strong> (January–April 2025). In 1980, the University of Notre Dame became the first major university to boycott Campbell Soup products in support of Midwestern farmworkers represented by the Farm Labor Organizing Committee (Toledo, OH). In a few short months, a small and dedicated cohort of students tapped into a growing movement and convinced the campus to act in solidarity.</p> <p><em>Curated by <strong>Emiliano Aguilar</strong> (Assistant Professor of History, University of Notre Dame, and Faculty Fellow, Institute for Latino Studies).</em></p> <hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity" /> <h2 class="wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-medium-pink-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-debb47c541c8defd13dde75ad6158102">Rare Books and Special Collections will be closed April 18 in observance of Good Friday.</h2> <h3 class="wp-block-heading has-text-align-center">We will resume <a href="https://www.library.nd.edu/hours/" data-type="link" data-id="https://www.library.nd.edu/hours/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">regular hours</a> on Monday, April 21.</h3> </div> <footer class="entry-footer"> <span class="posted-on"><span class="screen-reader-text">Posted on </span><a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/upcoming-events-april-2025/" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2025-03-31T09:00:47-04:00">March 31, 2025</time><time class="updated" datetime="2025-03-31T09:01:49-04:00">March 31, 2025</time></a></span><span class="cat-links"><span class="screen-reader-text">Categories </span><a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/category/events/" rel="category tag">Events</a>, <a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/category/exhibits/" rel="category tag">Exhibits</a>, <a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/category/collections/modern-european-cultures/" rel="category tag">Modern European Cultures</a>, <a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/category/miscellaneous/" rel="category tag">RBSC News & Info</a>, <a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/category/collections/russian-east-european-studies/" rel="category tag">Russian & East European Studies</a>, <a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/category/collections/us-history-culture/" rel="category tag">US History & Culture</a></span><span class="tags-links"><span class="screen-reader-text">Tags </span><a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/tag/book/" rel="tag">books</a>, <a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/tag/broadsides-prints-posters/" rel="tag">broadsides prints & posters</a>, <a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/tag/manuscripts/" rel="tag">manuscripts</a>, <a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/tag/news/" rel="tag">news</a>, <a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/tag/periodicals/" rel="tag">periodicals</a>, <a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/tag/printed-ephemera/" rel="tag">printed ephemera</a>, <a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/tag/recent-acquisitions/" rel="tag">recent acquisitions</a>, <a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/tag/spotlight/" rel="tag">spotlight</a></span> </footer> </article> <article id="post-10301" class="post-10301 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-exhibits category-miscellaneous category-us-history-culture tag-printed-ephemera tag-spotlight tag-university-archives"> <a class="post-thumbnail" href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/building-a-campus-boycott-to-support-midwestern-farmworkers/" aria-hidden="true"> <img width="825" height="510" src="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/PRI_006390007-0001-BLOG_HEADER.jpg" class="attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail wp-post-image" alt="<em>Building a Campus Boycott to Support Midwestern Farmworkers</em> — a spotlight exhibit in Special Collections" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/PRI_006390007-0001-BLOG_HEADER.jpg 825w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/PRI_006390007-0001-BLOG_HEADER-300x185.jpg 300w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/PRI_006390007-0001-BLOG_HEADER-768x475.jpg 768w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 825px) 100vw, 825px" /> </a> <header class="entry-header"> <h2 class="entry-title"><a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/building-a-campus-boycott-to-support-midwestern-farmworkers/" rel="bookmark"><em>Building a Campus Boycott to Support Midwestern Farmworkers</em> — a spotlight exhibit in Special Collections</a></h2> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p><em><em>This </em><a href="https://www.library.nd.edu/event/spotlight-exhibit-2025-1-16/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>spotlight exhibit</em></a><em> and blog post were created in conjunction with</em><a href="https://somos.nd.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em> Somos ND</em></a><em>, a campus-wide initiative to honor the history and legacy of Latino and Hispanic contributions to the University.</em></em></p> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">Campbell Soup Boycott</h3> <p>By <a href="https://history.nd.edu/people/emiliano-aguilar/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Emiliano Aguilar, PhD, </a><em><a href="https://history.nd.edu/people/emiliano-aguilar/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Assistant Professor History, University Of Notre Dame</a></em></p> <p>In 1979, a small cadre of University of Notre Dame and Saint Mary’s College students organized to push a boycott of Campbell Soup and Libby Manufacturing goods on their campuses. The group formed the Notre Dame–Saint Mary’s College Farm Worker Project in February to support the Farm Labor Organizing Committee (FLOC), a Midwest-based labor union and advocacy group that supported the rights of migrant farm workers. FLOC had initiated a nation-wide boycott campaign earlier that year to convince these major food manufacturers to pressure their suppliers to negotiate with FLOC to improve migrant farm workers’ salaries and labor conditions.</p> <figure class="wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-2 wp-block-gallery-4 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex"> <figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/PXL_20250122_174439097.jpg" target="_blank"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="768" data-id="10335" src="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/PXL_20250122_174439097-1024x768.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-10335" srcset="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/PXL_20250122_174439097-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/PXL_20250122_174439097-300x225.jpg 300w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/PXL_20250122_174439097-768x576.jpg 768w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/PXL_20250122_174439097-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/PXL_20250122_174439097.jpg 2000w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></a></figure> <figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/PXL_20250122_164914075.jpg" target="_blank"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="768" data-id="10333" src="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/PXL_20250122_164914075-1024x768.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-10333" srcset="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/PXL_20250122_164914075-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/PXL_20250122_164914075-300x225.jpg 300w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/PXL_20250122_164914075-768x576.jpg 768w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/PXL_20250122_164914075-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/PXL_20250122_164914075.jpg 2000w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></a></figure> </figure> <p>The immediate goal of the Notre Dame–Saint Mary’s College Farm Worker Project was to convince the undergraduate student bodies to pass a campus-wide referendum to join the boycott of both Campbell and Libby on their campuses. To do so, the organizers needed to convince most students to not only vote in favor of the boycott but to also participate in the election at all. While the vote favored the boycott, not enough students chose to vote—bringing the ballot initiative short of the university’s guidelines.</p> <p>However, the organizers were not dismayed. When the students reconvened for a new semester, they stressed the need to make their classmates aware of both the issue and the impending ballot initiative. Members of the committee plastered the campus with impromptu posters urging their peers to boycott Campbell and Libby products. Donning small buttons urging a boycott of the companies and handing out business cards that listed all the goods included in the boycott, organizers initiated an awareness campaign and voter drive.</p> <figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/boycott-button.jpg" target="_blank" rel=" noreferrer noopener"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="768" src="http://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/boycott-button-1024x768.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-10326" srcset="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/boycott-button-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/boycott-button-300x225.jpg 300w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/boycott-button-768x576.jpg 768w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/boycott-button-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/boycott-button.jpg 2000w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></a></figure> <p>The calls for a boycott placed the university at the center of a moral battle between the company and Midwestern farmworkers. With a successful vote, Notre Dame would become the first major university to boycott Campbell and Libby goods in solidarity with FLOC. This potential shift would lead the company to engage in an extensive public relations campaign, including publishing <a href="https://archives.nd.edu/Observer/1980-02-21_v14_090.pdf#page=6" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">editorials</a> and <a href="https://archives.nd.edu/Observer/1983-02-04_v17_089.pdf#page=7" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">letters</a> in the campus newspaper, <em>The Observer</em>.</p> <p>A chief piece of ephemera passed around by campus protesters was “The Farmworker Struggle: A Debate By Letter.” This eight-page pamphlet featured FLOC leader Baldemar Velasquez’s response to letters written by the Director of Customer Service at Campbell Soup, D.Y. Robinson. Within his letter, Robinson stressed that the company did not directly employ farmworkers and was not responsible for the demands leveled by FLOC. Robinson asserted Campbell’s policy that the company “should not and will not inject itself into the labor negotiations between our suppliers and organizations representing the employees of their suppliers.”</p> <figure class="wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-default is-cropped wp-block-gallery-5 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex"> <figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/CCUM-53-50-Debate-01-p01.jpg" target="_blank"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="626" height="800" data-id="10328" src="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/CCUM-53-50-Debate-01-p01.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-10328" srcset="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/CCUM-53-50-Debate-01-p01.jpg 626w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/CCUM-53-50-Debate-01-p01-235x300.jpg 235w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 626px) 100vw, 626px" /></a></figure> <figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/CCUM-53-50-Debate-01-p02R.jpg" target="_blank"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="623" height="800" data-id="10329" src="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/CCUM-53-50-Debate-01-p02R.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-10329" srcset="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/CCUM-53-50-Debate-01-p02R.jpg 623w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/CCUM-53-50-Debate-01-p02R-234x300.jpg 234w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 623px) 100vw, 623px" /></a></figure> <figcaption class="blocks-gallery-caption wp-element-caption"><a href="https://archivesspace.library.nd.edu/repositories/2/resources/1792" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Catholic Committee on Urban Ministry Records (CCUM) / University of Notre Dame Archives</a></figcaption></figure> <p>While Robinson argued that it would be “impractical” for the company to get involved, Velasquez’s response noted that the company was directly responsible for creating the conditions the migrants labored in – whether it was the field or a canning facility. Velasquez retorted that when the company dictated prices, that “the wages were automatically set for the farmworker, because the growers can afford only a limited amount of overheard.”</p> <p>As a tool to educate and mobilize, the pamphlet offered not only multiple perspectives in direct conversation with each other but a partial list of supporters and a reprinted card, listing the goods included in the boycott. This pamphlet became one of many entry-ways for campus organizers to educate their peers and the broader community.</p> <figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/DSC08348.jpg" target="_blank" rel=" noreferrer noopener"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="717" src="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/DSC08348-1024x717.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-10338" srcset="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/DSC08348-1024x717.jpg 1024w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/DSC08348-300x210.jpg 300w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/DSC08348-768x538.jpg 768w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/DSC08348-1536x1075.jpg 1536w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/DSC08348.jpg 2000w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></a></figure> <p>Campbell Soup also crafted materials to dissuade the boycott. A contemporary advertisement, for example, invoked the company’s popular “Labels for Education” school fundraising promotional program—as well as its support for Catholic education across the United States—to leverage Campbell’s Catholic identity against FLOC and the increasing support the farmworkers found within the Church. Featuring two young children, the ad hoped to emphasize that the pictured students were both the recipients of the company’s corporate philanthropy and victims of the boycott.</p> <p>On Monday, February 25, 1980, the Notre Dame–Saint Mary’s referendum passed by a close margin, with exactly half of the campus voting. With 2,012 students in support and 1,321 opposed, Notre Dame began a boycott of Campbell and Libby. As one student organizer proclaimed, “We are not stopping. We are moving into South Bend and across the nation through the Catholic Church and the universities” (“FLOC Referendum Takes Voter Majority,” <a href="https://archives.nd.edu/Observer/v14/1980-02-26_v14_093.pdf#page=6" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>The Observer</em> Feb. 26, 1980, pp 1, 6)</a>. Despite students graduating, the campus maintained the boycott for six years.</p> <div class="wp-block-image"> <figure class="alignright size-medium"><a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/PRI_006390007-0001.jpg" target="_blank" rel=" noreferrer noopener"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="210" height="300" src="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/PRI_006390007-0001-210x300.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-10341" srcset="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/PRI_006390007-0001-210x300.jpg 210w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/PRI_006390007-0001-717x1024.jpg 717w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/PRI_006390007-0001-768x1097.jpg 768w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/PRI_006390007-0001-1075x1536.jpg 1075w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/PRI_006390007-0001.jpg 1400w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 210px) 100vw, 210px" /></a></figure></div> <p>The Farm Labor Organizing Committee and its boycott against Campbell Soup, a quintessentially American company, even led to a line in Jesse Jackson’s famous speech to the Democratic National Convention in 1984,<a href="https://teachingamericanhistory.org/document/the-rainbow-coalition-speech-to-the-democratic-national-convention/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> “The Rainbow Coalition.”</a> FLOC organizers and activists were on hand with fliers that invoked the company’s iconic can image, relabeling the soup as “Cream of Exploitation.” The reverse side implored delegates to partake in a floor action during Jackson’s speech, holding signs in support for the nearly 2,000 farmworkers on strike in Campbell’s tomato fields.</p> <p>On February 19, 1986, after seven years of protest, FLOC, the Campbell Soup Company, and their growers, entered into a historic three-way labor contract in Ohio and Michigan—recognizing the union, establishing farmworkers as paid employees, and guaranteeing minimum earnings and benefits.</p> </div> <footer class="entry-footer"> <span class="posted-on"><span class="screen-reader-text">Posted on </span><a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/building-a-campus-boycott-to-support-midwestern-farmworkers/" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2025-03-24T09:00:53-04:00">March 24, 2025</time><time class="updated" datetime="2025-03-24T09:25:31-04:00">March 24, 2025</time></a></span><span class="cat-links"><span class="screen-reader-text">Categories </span><a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/category/exhibits/" rel="category tag">Exhibits</a>, <a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/category/miscellaneous/" rel="category tag">RBSC News & Info</a>, <a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/category/collections/us-history-culture/" rel="category tag">US History & Culture</a></span><span class="tags-links"><span class="screen-reader-text">Tags </span><a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/tag/printed-ephemera/" rel="tag">printed ephemera</a>, <a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/tag/spotlight/" rel="tag">spotlight</a>, <a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/tag/university-archives/" rel="tag">University Archives</a></span> </footer> </article> <article id="post-10299" class="post-10299 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-events category-exhibits category-modern-european-cultures category-miscellaneous category-russian-east-european-studies tag-book tag-broadsides-prints-posters tag-germany tag-manuscripts tag-photographs tag-printed-ephemera"> <a class="post-thumbnail" href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/tragedies-of-war-images-of-world-war-ii-in-print-visual-culture-rbsc-2025-spring-and-summer-exhibition/" aria-hidden="true"> <img width="825" height="510" src="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/2425ii-horizontal-variant-BLOG_HEADER.jpg" class="attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail wp-post-image" alt="<em>Tragedies of War: Images of World War II in Print Visual Culture</em> — RBSC 2025 Spring and Summer Exhibition" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/2425ii-horizontal-variant-BLOG_HEADER.jpg 825w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/2425ii-horizontal-variant-BLOG_HEADER-300x185.jpg 300w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/2425ii-horizontal-variant-BLOG_HEADER-768x475.jpg 768w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 825px) 100vw, 825px" /> </a> <header class="entry-header"> <h2 class="entry-title"><a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/tragedies-of-war-images-of-world-war-ii-in-print-visual-culture-rbsc-2025-spring-and-summer-exhibition/" rel="bookmark"><em>Tragedies of War: Images of World War II in Print Visual Culture</em> — RBSC 2025 Spring and Summer Exhibition</a></h2> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <div class="wp-block-image"> <figure class="alignright size-medium"><a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/DSC08341.jpg" target="_blank" rel=" noreferrer noopener"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" src="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/DSC08341-300x200.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-10315" srcset="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/DSC08341-300x200.jpg 300w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/DSC08341-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/DSC08341-768x512.jpg 768w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/DSC08341-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/DSC08341.jpg 1800w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /></a></figure></div> <p>Rare Books and Special Collections’ spring and summer exhibition, <em><a href="https://www.library.nd.edu/event/spring-exhibit-2025/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Tragedies of War: Images of World War II in Print Visual Culture</a></em>, is open and will run through July 31st.</p> <p>This exhibition commemorates the end of the Second World War (1939-1945). It showcases over forty works on paper, including posters, maps, propaganda ephemera, illustrated books, photographs, and first-hand accounts. Based predominantly on recently acquired Rare Books & Special Collections European holdings, the exhibition explores a diverse assortment of themes ranging from Fascist Racial Ideology, the Holocaust, Children in War, Resistance, Liberation, and Memories of War.</p> <figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/DSC08343.jpg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="478" src="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/DSC08343-1024x478.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-10317" srcset="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/DSC08343-1024x478.jpg 1024w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/DSC08343-300x140.jpg 300w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/DSC08343-768x358.jpg 768w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/DSC08343.jpg 1500w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></a></figure> <p>By examining these topics through images created by both ordinary people for personal use and for state-sponsored propaganda purposes, the exhibition presents a visual narrative of the war’s profound impact on individuals and societies, offering deeper insight into how war was experienced and remembered.</p> <p>Please mark your calendars to join us for:</p> <h5 class="wp-block-heading">Monday, March 31, 2025 – 4:30 pm  </h5> <p>Curator-led tours will be offered at 3:30 pm</p> <p>Martina Cucchiara (Professor of History, Bluffton University) will present her lecture, <a href="https://www.library.nd.edu/event/exhibit-lecture-2025-03-31/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">“Fervent Faith, Relentless Persecution: The Daily Life of Erna Becker-Kohen, a Catholic of Jewish Descent in Nazi Germany.”</a> </p> <h5 class="wp-block-heading">Thursday, April 10, 2025 – 4:30 pm </h5> <p>Curator-led tours will be offered at 3:30 pm</p> <p>Robert M. Citino (American military historian and the Samuel Zemurray Stone Senior Historian at the National WWII Museum) will present his lecture <a href="https://www.library.nd.edu/event/exhibit-lecture-2025-04-10/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">“The Fascist Lair: the Battle of Berlin.”</a></p> <h5 class="wp-block-heading">Tuesday, April 22, 2025 – 4:30 pm </h5> <p>Curator-led tours will be offered at 3:30 pm</p> <p><a href="https://www.library.nd.edu/event/exhibit-event-2025-04-22/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Yom HaShoah (Holocaust Remembrance Day) Program</a> commemorating the victims of Holocaust and featuring a live performance of “I Never Saw Another Butterfly” by Lori Laitman, performed by Anne Slovin (Soprano, University of Notre Dame) and Jason Gresl (Clarinet, Saint Mary’s College). This piece features musical settings of texts by children living in the Theresienstadt ghetto. </p> <p>Following the performance, a discussion on the spiritual resistance of the arts during the Shoah will be led by Philip B. Bohlman (Ludwig Rosenberger Distinguished Service Professor in Jewish History, Music and Humanities, University of Chicago) and Nicolette van den Bogerd (Postdoctoral scholar in Jewish Studies, Indiana University). </p> <hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity" /> <p>The exhibition is open in the Rare Books & Special Collections exhibit room, Hesburgh Library, Monday-Friday 9:30am-5:00pm. All events will take place in the main Reading Room.</p> <p><em>Curator-led tours and all events are free and no reservations are required.</em></p> <p><em>Exhibition tours may also be arranged for classes and other groups by contacting <a href="mailto:rarebook@nd.edu">rarebook@nd.edu</a>.</em></p> </div> <footer class="entry-footer"> <span class="posted-on"><span class="screen-reader-text">Posted on </span><a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/tragedies-of-war-images-of-world-war-ii-in-print-visual-culture-rbsc-2025-spring-and-summer-exhibition/" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2025-03-21T09:00:00-04:00">March 21, 2025</time><time class="updated" datetime="2025-03-21T10:06:24-04:00">March 21, 2025</time></a></span><span class="cat-links"><span class="screen-reader-text">Categories </span><a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/category/events/" rel="category tag">Events</a>, <a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/category/exhibits/" rel="category tag">Exhibits</a>, <a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/category/collections/modern-european-cultures/" rel="category tag">Modern European Cultures</a>, <a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/category/miscellaneous/" rel="category tag">RBSC News & Info</a>, <a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/category/collections/russian-east-european-studies/" rel="category tag">Russian & East European Studies</a></span><span class="tags-links"><span class="screen-reader-text">Tags </span><a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/tag/book/" rel="tag">books</a>, <a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/tag/broadsides-prints-posters/" rel="tag">broadsides prints & posters</a>, <a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/tag/germany/" rel="tag">Germany</a>, <a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/tag/manuscripts/" rel="tag">manuscripts</a>, <a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/tag/photographs/" rel="tag">photographs</a>, <a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/tag/printed-ephemera/" rel="tag">printed ephemera</a></span> </footer> </article> <article id="post-10239" class="post-10239 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-irish-studies category-miscellaneous tag-otd-holidays tag-periodicals tag-printed-ephemera tag-recent-acquisitions"> <a class="post-thumbnail" href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/discovering-fianna-the-voice-of-young-ireland/" aria-hidden="true"> <img width="825" height="510" src="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/BOO_006649434-0007-BLOG_HEADER.jpg" class="attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail wp-post-image" alt="Discovering <em>Fianna: The Voice of Young Ireland</em>" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/BOO_006649434-0007-BLOG_HEADER.jpg 825w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/BOO_006649434-0007-BLOG_HEADER-300x185.jpg 300w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/BOO_006649434-0007-BLOG_HEADER-768x475.jpg 768w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 825px) 100vw, 825px" /> </a> <header class="entry-header"> <h2 class="entry-title"><a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/discovering-fianna-the-voice-of-young-ireland/" rel="bookmark">Discovering <em>Fianna: The Voice of Young Ireland</em></a></h2> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p>by <a href="https://directory.library.nd.edu/directory/employees/mknight2" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Matthew Knight, <em>Irish Studies Librarian and Curator</em></a></p> <p>In honor of St. Patrick’s Day, Rare Books and Special Collections is pleased to showcase this recently-catalogued item, <a href="https://onesearch.library.nd.edu/permalink/f/tgve9/ndu_aleph006649434" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Fianna: The Voice of Young Ireland</em></a>. This journal was published sporadically between 1935-36 by an organization called Na Fianna Éireann—also known as the Boy Scouts of Ireland. The goal of the publication was to rekindle a spirit of patriotism in a new generation of Irish youth. It featured songs, poetry, and prose in English and Irish; biographical sketches of republican heroes and martyrs; patriotic editorials that focused on the glorious past; essays on the joys and benefits of camping; and updates on the various <em>sluaite </em>(troops) across the country. Hesburgh Libraries houses the only complete run of this extremely scarce publication in which, among other things, 13-year-old <a href="https://www.dib.ie/biography/behan-brendan-francis-a0540" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Brendan Behan</a> saw his first articles in print.</p> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">Background</h3> <div class="wp-block-image"> <figure class="alignleft size-medium"><a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/BOO_006348734-0004.jpg" target="_blank" rel=" noreferrer noopener"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="240" height="300" src="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/BOO_006348734-0004-240x300.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-10255" srcset="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/BOO_006348734-0004-240x300.jpg 240w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/BOO_006348734-0004-819x1024.jpg 819w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/BOO_006348734-0004-768x960.jpg 768w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/BOO_006348734-0004-1229x1536.jpg 1229w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/BOO_006348734-0004.jpg 1600w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 240px) 100vw, 240px" /></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Legendary member of the Fianna, Oisín, tells St. Patrick about the deeds of his father, Fionn Mac Cumhaill. Ua Concheanainn, Tomás. <em>Fianna Éireann</em>. Brún agus Ó Nólláin, n.d.</figcaption></figure></div> <p>Na Fianna Éireann was founded in 1909 by Countess Constance Markievicz and Bulmer Hobson to create an Irish nationalist alternative to British uniformed youth groups like the Baden-Powell Boy Scouts (from which the Boy Scouts of America would later be formed). Taking its name from the Fianna, the legendary band of warriors in ancient Irish mythology, the young members of Na Fianna Éireann were provided with both military training and a nationalist education, emphasizing the importance of Irish language, history, and cultural traditions.<sup><a href="#_edn1" id="_ednref1">1</a></sup> Although generally aged between eight and seventeen years, these boys were prepared, mentally and physically, to make the ultimate sacrifice for Ireland.<sup><a href="#_edn2" id="_ednref2">2</a></sup></p> <p>Due to the military nature of Na Fianna Éireann, however, controversies regarding the role of girls in the organization quickly arose. Even though Countess Markievicz, one of Ireland’s most famous woman activists, was a founding member of the Fianna, the annual Ard-Fheis (National Convention) of 1912 voted to make the organization open to boys only.<sup><a href="#_edn3" id="_ednref3">3</a></sup></p> <figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/BOO_003731515-0001.jpg" target="_blank" rel=" noreferrer noopener"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="858" height="1024" src="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/BOO_003731515-0001-858x1024.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-10248" srcset="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/BOO_003731515-0001-858x1024.jpg 858w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/BOO_003731515-0001-251x300.jpg 251w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/BOO_003731515-0001-768x917.jpg 768w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/BOO_003731515-0001-1286x1536.jpg 1286w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/BOO_003731515-0001.jpg 1675w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 858px) 100vw, 858px" /></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">RBSC has a copy of the 1924 <em>Fianna Handbook</em>, revised and expanded from the original 1914 version. Special Collections Rare Books Small DA 954 .F53 192</figcaption></figure> <p>Members of Na Fianna Éireann were also involved in the production and distribution of Irish nationalist publications, including the 1914 <a href="https://onesearch.library.nd.edu/permalink/f/tgve9/ndu_aleph003731515" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Fianna Handbook</em></a><em> </em>and a monthly newspaper, <em>Fianna</em>, which first appeared in February 1915 and ran until Easter 1916. British authorities included this work in a list of publications that they considered to be disseminating “seditious propaganda.” Although the publication contained mostly innocuous fiction, poetry, jokes, historical essays, and a monthly column on folklore written in Irish, it is apparent that British authorities were aware of the nationalist undertones of the contents and likely of Na Fianna Éireann itself.<a href="#_edn4" id="_ednref4"><sup>4</sup></a></p> <figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><a href="http://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/BOO_006649434-0035.jpg" target="_blank" rel=" noreferrer noopener"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="896" height="1024" src="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/BOO_006649434-0035-det-896x1024.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-10271" srcset="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/BOO_006649434-0035-det-896x1024.jpg 896w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/BOO_006649434-0035-det-263x300.jpg 263w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/BOO_006649434-0035-det-768x878.jpg 768w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/BOO_006649434-0035-det-1344x1536.jpg 1344w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/BOO_006649434-0035-det.jpg 1400w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 896px) 100vw, 896px" /></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Detail from page 29. Drill terms in Irish from <em>Fianna: The Voice of Young Ireland</em>, 1935. These terms were in use from the time of the founding of Na Fianna Éireann.</figcaption></figure> <p>Current and former Fianna participated in the 1916 Easter Rising, and the organization later worked alongside the Irish Republican Army (IRA) in the Irish War of Independence (1919-21). As with the broader republican movement, Na Fianna Éireann experienced internal divisions over the 1921 Anglo-Irish Treaty, ultimately taking an anti-Treaty stance (Pro-Treaty members having left the group). The ensuing Irish Civil War (1922-23) nearly destroyed Na Fianna Éireann, as membership numbers collapsed, and many leaders and affiliates were killed or imprisoned. After the Civil War, Countess Markiewicz once again revived her beloved organization, though with a fundamental change in philosophy that disassociated the children’s group from any actual military activity. Instead, they became an independent, non-political, civilian group focused on educating and training young boys to be good Irish citizens.<a href="#_edn5" id="_ednref5"><sup>5</sup></a> Theirs, however, was still to be a republican education.</p> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">Revival of <em>Fianna</em></h3> <p>Revitalizing Na Fianna Éireann proved difficult, as the Free State government did not buy into the notion that the group was truly non-political; thus, in 1931, the IRA and the Fianna were declared illegal organizations. Na Fianna Éireann also faced competition from other youth organizations, especially the Catholic Boy Scouts of Ireland founded in 1927, but membership did continue to increase each year. When Éamon de Valera and his Fianna Fáil party gained power in 1932, and freed republican prisoners and suspended the Act proscribing Na Fianna Éireann, membership exploded across the country.</p> <figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><a href="http://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/BOO_006649434-0007.jpg" target="_blank" rel=" noreferrer noopener"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="819" height="1024" src="http://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/BOO_006649434-0007-819x1024.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-10262" srcset="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/BOO_006649434-0007-819x1024.jpg 819w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/BOO_006649434-0007-240x300.jpg 240w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/BOO_006649434-0007-768x960.jpg 768w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/BOO_006649434-0007-1229x1536.jpg 1229w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/BOO_006649434-0007.jpg 1600w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 819px) 100vw, 819px" /></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption"><em>Fianna: The Voice of Young Ireland</em>, vol 1., no. 1 (October 1935)</figcaption></figure> <p>High-ranking officials in the organization decided to revive the <em>Fianna </em>journal for a new generation of youth. With the help of poet Norah O’Kane of Derry, they published the first issue of <em>Fianna: The Voice of Young Ireland </em>in October 1935.<a href="#_edn6" id="_ednref6"><sup>6</sup></a> Serving and former members of Na Fianna Éireann who died in the Easter Rising were praised and promoted as role models in historical essays, and contributors like young Brendan Behan provided wonder tales and heroic biographies of their own.</p> <figure class="wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-default is-cropped wp-block-gallery-6 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex"> <figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/BOO_006649434-0136.jpg" target="_blank"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="789" height="1024" data-id="10273" src="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/BOO_006649434-0136-789x1024.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-10273" srcset="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/BOO_006649434-0136-789x1024.jpg 789w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/BOO_006649434-0136-231x300.jpg 231w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/BOO_006649434-0136-768x997.jpg 768w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/BOO_006649434-0136-1183x1536.jpg 1183w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/BOO_006649434-0136.jpg 1541w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 789px) 100vw, 789px" /></a></figure> <figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/BOO_006649434-0154.jpg" target="_blank"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="784" height="1024" data-id="10274" src="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/BOO_006649434-0154-784x1024.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-10274" srcset="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/BOO_006649434-0154-784x1024.jpg 784w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/BOO_006649434-0154-230x300.jpg 230w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/BOO_006649434-0154-768x1003.jpg 768w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/BOO_006649434-0154-1176x1536.jpg 1176w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/BOO_006649434-0154.jpg 1531w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 784px) 100vw, 784px" /></a></figure> <figcaption class="blocks-gallery-caption wp-element-caption"><em>Fianna: The Voice of Young Ireland June 1936</em>, page 130; and <br><em>Fianna: The Voice of Young Ireland</em>, July-August 1936, page 148</figcaption></figure> <p>Interestingly, despite its continued existence as a boys-only organization, this incarnation of <em>Fianna </em>devoted as much space in its columns to the past and present contributions of women to the nationalist cause, reprinting the works of—and offering tributes to—Rose Kavanagh, Alice Milligan, Countess Markievicz, Anna Johnston (AKA Ethne Carbery) and several others, while issuing regular reports on the activities of Cumann na mBan, Cumann na gCailíní, Cumann na Gael, and Mná na Poblachta. Since one of the leading editors was Norah O’Kane, one might perceive her guidance, and potentially even the primacy of her input, in these choices.<a href="#_edn7" id="_ednref7"><sup>7</sup></a></p> <figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><a href="http://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/BOO_006649434-0143.jpg" target="_blank" rel=" noreferrer noopener"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="987" height="1024" src="http://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/BOO_006649434-0143-det-987x1024.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-10277" srcset="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/BOO_006649434-0143-det-987x1024.jpg 987w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/BOO_006649434-0143-det-289x300.jpg 289w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/BOO_006649434-0143-det-768x797.jpg 768w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/BOO_006649434-0143-det.jpg 1446w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 987px) 100vw, 987px" /></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Detail from <em>Fianna: The Voice of Young Ireland</em>, July-August, 1936, page 137.</figcaption></figure> <p>Na Fianna Éireann was made illegal in the Free State in the summer of 1936, along with other Republican organizations, and <em>Fianna </em>was shuttered after the July-August issue. The proscription of this journal and its sponsoring organization, along with its association with a children’s cause, may have led to its scarcity in the historical record. Yet, it offers much to researchers interested in the under-studied topics of women’s and children’s contributions to Irish independence. Notre Dame is excited to house this rare publication, and we hope that you will visit Rare Books and Special Collections to see more of this fascinating periodical, and celebrate St. Patrick’s Day and <a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/womens-history-month-2025/" data-type="post" data-id="10196" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Women’s History Month</a> at the same time.</p> <p> </p> <h5 class="wp-block-heading" id="footnotes">Footnotes</h5> <p><a href="#_ednref1" id="_edn1">1.</a> For more information on the history of Na Fianna Éireann see: Marnie Hay, <em><a href="https://onesearch.library.nd.edu/permalink/f/1phik6l/ndu_aleph006602474" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Na Fianna Éireann and the Irish Revolution, 1909-23: Scouting for Rebels</a></em>. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2019.</p> <p><a href="#_ednref2" id="_edn2">2.</a> At age eighteen the Fianna would ‘graduate’ into the Irish Volunteers military group or, after 1919, the IRA.</p> <p><a href="#_ednref3" id="_edn3">3.</a> Some girls joined the Clann na Gael Girl Scouts, an auxiliary to the Hibernian Rifles. When Cumann na mBan (League of Women) was formed in 1914 as an auxiliary to the Irish Volunteers, many of the young women who joined were former Fianna. It was not until 1930 that Cumann na mBan established their own republican scouting organization for girls, Cumann na gCailíní, or the Irish National Girl Scouts. See: Hay, <em>Na Fianna Éireann, </em>11-12.</p> <p><a href="#_ednref4" id="_edn4">4.</a> The organization later revived the journal <em>Fianna</em>—in 1921 and 1926—but it shuttered after one issue each time.</p> <p><a href="#_ednref5" id="_edn5">5.</a> See John R. Watts, “Na Fianna Éireann: A Case Study of a Political Youth Organization,” PhD Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1981. <a href="https://theses.gla.ac.uk/1907/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://theses.gla.ac.uk/1907/</a></p> <p><a href="#_ednref6" id="_edn6">6.</a> Many boys had fathers who served in the British army during WWI, so it was necessary to indoctrinate them into the republican cause. For more on the editors of <em>Fianna </em>see: S.G. O’Kelly, “I Knew the Real Brendan Behan,” in <em>Irish Digest, </em>vol. 78, No. 12, 1964, 67-70.</p> <p><a href="#_ednref7" id="_edn7">7.</a> Note the masthead, unlike previous iterations of the journal, depicts a girl opposite a young boy scout. Also, the inclusion of all women’s groups is especially interesting, as Mná na Poblachta had recently split from Cumann na mBan on political lines. This lack of an editorial preference for which group to highlight in its pages is telling. The Fianna were still referring to Cumann na gCailíní as their female counterpart in 1964 and finally began to accept girls as members in 1968–69.</p> <hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity" /> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Previous St. Patrick’s Day Blog Posts:</h2> <p>2022: <a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/the-breastplate-of-saint-patrick-thomas-kinsella-and-the-dolmen-press/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Breastplate of Saint Patrick — Thomas Kinsella and the Dolmen Press</a><br>2021: <a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/competing-with-finians-rainbow/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Competing with Finian’s Rainbow</a><br>2020: <a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/st-patricks-day-postcards/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">St. Patrick’s Day Postcards</a><br>2019: <a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/st-patrick-and-the-nun-of-kenmare/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">St. Patrick and the Nun of Kenmare</a><br>2018: <a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/st-patricks-day-in-america-1872/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">St. Patrick’s Day in America, 1872</a></p> </div> <footer class="entry-footer"> <span class="posted-on"><span class="screen-reader-text">Posted on </span><a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/discovering-fianna-the-voice-of-young-ireland/" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2025-03-17T09:00:00-04:00">March 17, 2025</time><time class="updated" datetime="2025-03-19T14:09:22-04:00">March 19, 2025</time></a></span><span class="cat-links"><span class="screen-reader-text">Categories </span><a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/category/collections/irish-studies/" rel="category tag">Irish Studies</a>, <a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/category/miscellaneous/" rel="category tag">RBSC News & Info</a></span><span class="tags-links"><span class="screen-reader-text">Tags </span><a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/tag/otd-holidays/" rel="tag">on this day & holidays</a>, <a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/tag/periodicals/" rel="tag">periodicals</a>, <a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/tag/printed-ephemera/" rel="tag">printed ephemera</a>, <a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/tag/recent-acquisitions/" rel="tag">recent acquisitions</a></span> </footer> </article> <article id="post-10196" class="post-10196 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-miscellaneous category-us-history-culture tag-otd-holidays tag-periodicals tag-printed-ephemera tag-recent-acquisitions"> <a class="post-thumbnail" href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/womens-history-month-2025/" aria-hidden="true"> <img width="825" height="510" src="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/womens-party-flyer-0001b-BLOG_HEADER.jpg" class="attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail wp-post-image" alt="Women’s History Month 2025" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/womens-party-flyer-0001b-BLOG_HEADER.jpg 825w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/womens-party-flyer-0001b-BLOG_HEADER-300x185.jpg 300w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/womens-party-flyer-0001b-BLOG_HEADER-768x475.jpg 768w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 825px) 100vw, 825px" /> </a> <header class="entry-header"> <h2 class="entry-title"><a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/womens-history-month-2025/" rel="bookmark">Women’s History Month 2025</a></h2> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p><em>We join the Library of Congress, National Archives and Records Administration, National Endowment for the Humanities, National Gallery of Art, National Park Service, Smithsonian Institution and United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in commemorating and encouraging the study, observance and celebration of the vital role of women in American history by celebrating <a href="https://womenshistorymonth.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Women’s History Month</a>.</em></p> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">The First Women’s Political Party</h3> <p>by <a href="https://directory.library.nd.edu/directory/employees/rbohlman" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Rachel Bohlmann, <em>American History Librarian and Curator</em></a></p> <p>Rare Books and Special Collections recently acquired a small collection of mostly printed materials of the <a href="https://onesearch.library.nd.edu/permalink/f/tgve9/ndu_aleph006604147" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">National Woman’s Party</a> (NWP) and its short-lived precursor, the Congressional Union (CU). Alice Paul and Lucy Burns, CU’s founders, believed the mainstream National American Woman Suffrage Association’s methods were neither effective nor aggressive enough. Paul and Burns engaged in militant (non-violent) protest—like picketing the White House—to bring attention to women’s suffrage. By 1916 the NWP had formed in states where women had won the right to vote. It was the first women’s political party and had a single plank: immediate passage of a suffrage amendment to the Constitution.</p> <p>After passage of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920, the NWP turned to campaigns for women’s full and equal rights at home and abroad. The party championed the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) to the US Constitution and opposed any legislation that constrained women’s choices in the labor market. </p> <figure class="wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-default wp-block-gallery-7 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex"> <figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/womens-party-flyer-0001a-2.jpg" target="_blank"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="891" height="1024" data-id="10235" src="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/womens-party-flyer-0001a-2-891x1024.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-10235" srcset="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/womens-party-flyer-0001a-2-891x1024.jpg 891w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/womens-party-flyer-0001a-2-261x300.jpg 261w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/womens-party-flyer-0001a-2-768x883.jpg 768w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/womens-party-flyer-0001a-2-1336x1536.jpg 1336w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/womens-party-flyer-0001a-2.jpg 1740w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 891px) 100vw, 891px" /></a></figure> <figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/womens-party-flyer-0001b.jpg" target="_blank"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="891" height="1024" data-id="10218" src="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/womens-party-flyer-0001b-891x1024.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-10218" srcset="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/womens-party-flyer-0001b-891x1024.jpg 891w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/womens-party-flyer-0001b-261x300.jpg 261w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/womens-party-flyer-0001b-768x883.jpg 768w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/womens-party-flyer-0001b-1336x1536.jpg 1336w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/womens-party-flyer-0001b.jpg 1740w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 891px) 100vw, 891px" /></a></figure> <figcaption class="blocks-gallery-caption wp-element-caption">“The Woman’s Party and the Minimum Wage for Women” flyer, circa 1923.</figcaption></figure> <p>Protective labor legislation, put into place beginning in the first decade of the twentieth century, safeguarded women from exploitative working conditions. The NWP argued that by restricting the number of hours a woman could work, for example, these laws kept women from competing for the better-paying positions held by men, whose hours were not restricted. Although these arguments did not make much headway during the 1920s, by the 1930s and after World War II, as the job market and women’s place in it changed, the NWP’s campaigns helped dismantle gender-based restrictions on women’s labor. </p> <figure class="wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-default wp-block-gallery-8 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex"> <figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/equal-rights-1924-0001a.jpg" target="_blank"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="845" height="1024" data-id="10211" src="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/equal-rights-1924-0001a-845x1024.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-10211" srcset="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/equal-rights-1924-0001a-845x1024.jpg 845w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/equal-rights-1924-0001a-248x300.jpg 248w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/equal-rights-1924-0001a-768x931.jpg 768w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/equal-rights-1924-0001a-1267x1536.jpg 1267w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/equal-rights-1924-0001a.jpg 1650w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 845px) 100vw, 845px" /></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">“Feminist Leaders From Other Lands Conferring At Woman’s Party Headquarters,” <em>Equal Rights</em>, 1924.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><a href="http://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/equal-rights-1937-0001a.jpg" target="_blank"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="845" height="1024" data-id="10209" src="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/equal-rights-1937-0001a-845x1024.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-10209" srcset="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/equal-rights-1937-0001a-845x1024.jpg 845w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/equal-rights-1937-0001a-248x300.jpg 248w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/equal-rights-1937-0001a-768x931.jpg 768w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/equal-rights-1937-0001a-1267x1536.jpg 1267w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/equal-rights-1937-0001a.jpg 1650w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 845px) 100vw, 845px" /></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption"><em>Equal Rights</em>, 1937.</figcaption></figure> <figcaption class="blocks-gallery-caption wp-element-caption">The NWP’s international focus.</figcaption></figure> <p>The NWP also stressed the importance of creating international ties among women and raising the status of women everywhere. The party formed an international organization and worked for gender equality in the League of Nations and later, the United Nations. The 1937 issue shown here, for example, included news and reports on women from Ireland, the Philippines, Mexico, and in the legal codes of Hinduism and Vedicism, in addition to the United States.</p> <p>The NWP gained some political traction for the ERA in the immediate postwar period, bringing the amendment to a vote in the Senate in 1946. Ultimately, however, the party was unable to secure the measure’s passage. In a notable political success, the NWP helped ensure that the wording of Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act (which prohibits employment discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex or national origin) included women in its purview. The NWP operated as a political action committee until 1997.</p> <figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/equal-rights-1946-0001a.jpg" target="_blank" rel=" noreferrer noopener"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="845" height="1024" src="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/equal-rights-1946-0001a-845x1024.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-10217" srcset="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/equal-rights-1946-0001a-845x1024.jpg 845w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/equal-rights-1946-0001a-248x300.jpg 248w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/equal-rights-1946-0001a-768x931.jpg 768w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/equal-rights-1946-0001a-1267x1536.jpg 1267w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/03/equal-rights-1946-0001a.jpg 1650w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 845px) 100vw, 845px" /></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">“Equal Rights Amendment Reaches Vote In Senate, July 19, 1946,” <em>Equal Rights</em>, 1946.</figcaption></figure> <p>Always a small vanguard of feminist women, the NWP’s forceful tactics and focus on women’s equality in the United States and around the world made it one of the most important political and social organizations of the twentieth century. </p> <p><a href="https://onesearch.library.nd.edu/permalink/f/tgve9/ndu_aleph006604147" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">This collection</a> holds a variety of printed formats: flyers, pamphlets, brochures, programs, a publicity photograph, and a long, although incomplete, run of the NWP’s magazine, <em>Equal Rights</em>—from 1924 to 1951. While the magazine is partially available online (see the <a href="https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000530478" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Hathi Trust catalog record</a>), access to physical copies in RBSC enhances researchers’ experience of these records. </p> <hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity" /> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">Previous Women’s History Month Blog Posts:</h3> <p>2024: <a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/womens-history-month-2024/">Second-Wave Feminist Articles from an Underground Newspaper</a><br>2023: <a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/women-for-peace-and-disarmament/">Women for Peace and Disarmament</a><br>2022: <em><a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/womens-history-month-2022/">The Feminine “Math-tique”</a></em><br>2021: <a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/writing-to-rehabilitate-in-the-house-of-detention-for-women-in-new-york-city/">Writing to Rehabilitate in the House of Detention for Women in New York City</a><br>2020: <a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/womens-history-month-2020/">Mary Taussig Hall and Social Reform</a><br>2017: <a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/womens-history-month-a-womans-sardonic-eye/" data-type="post" data-id="1876">A Woman’s Sardonic Eye</a></p> </div> <footer class="entry-footer"> <span class="posted-on"><span class="screen-reader-text">Posted on </span><a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/womens-history-month-2025/" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2025-03-10T09:00:00-04:00">March 10, 2025</time><time class="updated" datetime="2025-03-10T11:28:44-04:00">March 10, 2025</time></a></span><span class="cat-links"><span class="screen-reader-text">Categories </span><a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/category/miscellaneous/" rel="category tag">RBSC News & Info</a>, <a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/category/collections/us-history-culture/" rel="category tag">US History & Culture</a></span><span class="tags-links"><span class="screen-reader-text">Tags </span><a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/tag/otd-holidays/" rel="tag">on this day & holidays</a>, <a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/tag/periodicals/" rel="tag">periodicals</a>, <a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/tag/printed-ephemera/" rel="tag">printed ephemera</a>, <a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/tag/recent-acquisitions/" rel="tag">recent acquisitions</a></span> </footer> </article> <article id="post-10183" class="post-10183 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-events category-exhibits category-modern-european-cultures category-miscellaneous category-russian-east-european-studies category-us-history-culture tag-book tag-broadsides-prints-posters tag-manuscripts tag-news tag-periodicals tag-printed-ephemera tag-recent-acquisitions tag-spotlight"> <a class="post-thumbnail" href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/upcoming-events-march-2025/" aria-hidden="true"> <img width="825" height="510" src="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2018/05/cropped-sm_DSC_0208-v2.jpg" class="attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail wp-post-image" alt="Upcoming Events: March 2025" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2018/05/cropped-sm_DSC_0208-v2.jpg 825w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2018/05/cropped-sm_DSC_0208-v2-300x185.jpg 300w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2018/05/cropped-sm_DSC_0208-v2-768x475.jpg 768w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 825px) 100vw, 825px" /> </a> <header class="entry-header"> <h2 class="entry-title"><a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/upcoming-events-march-2025/" rel="bookmark">Upcoming Events: March 2025</a></h2> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p>Please join us for the following public events and exhibits being hosted in Rare Books and Special Collections:</p> <p><strong>Thursday, March 6 at 5:00pm</strong> | <a href="https://italianstudies.nd.edu/news-events/events/2025/03/06/talian-research-seminar-m-a-students-presentations/" data-type="link" data-id="https://italianstudies.nd.edu/news-events/events/2025/03/06/talian-research-seminar-m-a-students-presentations/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Italian Research Seminar: M.A. Student Presentations</a> (University of Notre Dame) — This semester’s speakers are: Samantha Civitarese and Carolina Minguzzi.</p> <p><strong>Friday, March 28 at 5:00pm</strong> | <a href="https://www.library.nd.edu/event/spotlight-event-2025-03-28/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Faith in Action: Solidarity with Regional Migrant Farmworkers</a> — view the RBSC Spotlight Exhibit, “Building a Campus Boycott to Support Midwestern Farmworkers,” and join a robust conversation afterward with curator Dr. Emiliano Aguilar (Assistant Professor in the Department of History). <em>After viewing the exhibit, visitors will gather in room 125 for refreshments and discussion.</em></p> <p><strong>Monday, March 31 at 3:30pm</strong> | <a href="https://www.library.nd.edu/event/exhibit-tour-2025-03-31/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Exhibit Tour – Tragedies of War: Images of WWII in Print Visual Culture</a>.</p> <p><strong>CANCELLED</strong>: <s><strong>Monday, March 31 at 4:30pm</strong> | <a href="https://www.library.nd.edu/event/exhibit-lecture-2025-03-31/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Exhibit Lecture: “Fervent Faith, Relentless Persecution: The Daily Life of Erna Becker-Kohen, a Catholic of Jewish Descent in Nazi Germany</a>” by Martina Cucchiara (Bluffton University).</s> <em>This event has been canceled. We apologize for the inconvenience. We <strong>will</strong> have the exhibit tour still.</em></p> <hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity" /> <figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><a href="https://www.library.nd.edu/event/spring-exhibit-2025/" target="_blank" rel=" noreferrer noopener"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="576" src="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/02/2425ii-horizontal-variant_16x9-1024x576.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-10191" srcset="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/02/2425ii-horizontal-variant_16x9-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/02/2425ii-horizontal-variant_16x9-300x169.jpg 300w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/02/2425ii-horizontal-variant_16x9-768x432.jpg 768w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/02/2425ii-horizontal-variant_16x9-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/02/2425ii-horizontal-variant_16x9-2048x1152.jpg 2048w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></a></figure> <p>The Spring 2025 Exhibition — <strong><em><a href="https://www.library.nd.edu/event/spring-exhibit-2025/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Tragedies of War: Images of World War II in Print Visual Culture</a></em></strong> — will open shortly and runs through the end of July 2025. Based predominantly on recently acquired Rare Books and Special Collections European holdings, the exhibition commemorates the end of the Second World War (1939-1945) and will explore a diverse assortment of themes including Fascist Racial Ideology, the Holocaust, Children in War, Resistance, Liberation, and Memories of War.</p> <p><em>Curated by <strong>Natasha Lyandres</strong> (Curator, Rare Books & Special Collections), <strong>Jean McManus</strong> (Catholic Studies Librarian, University Archives) and <strong>Julia Schneider</strong> (German Language and Literature and Italian Studies Librarian, Hesburgh Libraries).</em></p> <hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity" /> <div class="wp-block-image"> <figure class="alignright size-medium"><a href="https://www.library.nd.edu/event/spotlight-exhibit-2025-1-16/" target="_blank" rel=" noreferrer noopener"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="300" height="169" src="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/02/2025-01_04-HLweb_graphic-300x169.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-10190" srcset="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/02/2025-01_04-HLweb_graphic-300x169.jpg 300w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/02/2025-01_04-HLweb_graphic.jpg 450w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /></a></figure></div> <p>The current spotlight exhibit is <strong><em><a href="https://www.library.nd.edu/event/spotlight-exhibit-2025-1-16/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Building a Campus Boycott to Support Midwestern Farmworkers</a></em></strong> (January–April 2025). In 1980, the University of Notre Dame became the first major university to boycott Campbell Soup products in support of Midwestern farmworkers represented by the Farm Labor Organizing Committee (Toledo, OH). In a few short months, a small and dedicated cohort of students tapped into a growing movement and convinced the campus to act in solidarity.</p> <p><em>Curated by <strong>Emiliano Aguilar</strong> (Assistant Professor of History, University of Notre Dame, and Faculty Fellow, Institute for Latino Studies).</em></p> <hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity" /> <h3 class="wp-block-heading has-text-align-center"><em>Special Collections is open <a href="https://www.library.nd.edu/hours/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">regular hours</a> during Notre Dame’s Spring Break (March 10-14).</em></h3> </div> <footer class="entry-footer"> <span class="posted-on"><span class="screen-reader-text">Posted on </span><a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/upcoming-events-march-2025/" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2025-02-24T09:00:00-05:00">February 24, 2025</time><time class="updated" datetime="2025-03-31T08:38:54-04:00">March 31, 2025</time></a></span><span class="cat-links"><span class="screen-reader-text">Categories </span><a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/category/events/" rel="category tag">Events</a>, <a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/category/exhibits/" rel="category tag">Exhibits</a>, <a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/category/collections/modern-european-cultures/" rel="category tag">Modern European Cultures</a>, <a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/category/miscellaneous/" rel="category tag">RBSC News & Info</a>, <a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/category/collections/russian-east-european-studies/" rel="category tag">Russian & East European Studies</a>, <a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/category/collections/us-history-culture/" rel="category tag">US History & Culture</a></span><span class="tags-links"><span class="screen-reader-text">Tags </span><a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/tag/book/" rel="tag">books</a>, <a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/tag/broadsides-prints-posters/" rel="tag">broadsides prints & posters</a>, <a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/tag/manuscripts/" rel="tag">manuscripts</a>, <a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/tag/news/" rel="tag">news</a>, <a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/tag/periodicals/" rel="tag">periodicals</a>, <a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/tag/printed-ephemera/" rel="tag">printed ephemera</a>, <a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/tag/recent-acquisitions/" rel="tag">recent acquisitions</a>, <a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/tag/spotlight/" rel="tag">spotlight</a></span> </footer> </article> <article id="post-10150" class="post-10150 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-miscellaneous category-sports-research category-us-history-culture tag-african-american-history tag-football tag-manuscripts tag-otd-holidays tag-printed-ephemera tag-recent-acquisitions"> <a class="post-thumbnail" href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/black-history-month-2025/" aria-hidden="true"> <img width="825" height="510" src="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/02/MSSP_10118-0001-BLOG_HEADER.jpg" class="attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail wp-post-image" alt="Black History Month 2025" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/02/MSSP_10118-0001-BLOG_HEADER.jpg 825w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/02/MSSP_10118-0001-BLOG_HEADER-300x185.jpg 300w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/02/MSSP_10118-0001-BLOG_HEADER-768x475.jpg 768w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 825px) 100vw, 825px" /> </a> <header class="entry-header"> <h2 class="entry-title"><a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/black-history-month-2025/" rel="bookmark">Black History Month 2025</a></h2> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p><em><a href="https://blackhistorymonth.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">We join with</a> The Library of Congress, National Archives and Records Administration, National Endowment for the Humanities, National Gallery of Art, National Park Service, Smithsonian Institution and United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in paying tribute to the generations of African Americans who struggled with adversity to achieve full citizenship in American society.</em></p> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">Remembering the Harrisburg Trojans, Champion African American Football Team</h3> <p>by <a rel="noreferrer noopener" href="https://directory.library.nd.edu/directory/employees/gbond2" target="_blank">Greg Bond, <em>Sports Archivist and Curator, Joyce Sports Research Collection </em></a></p> <p>In recognition of Black History Month and in conjunction with the upcoming Super Bowl, Rare Books and Special Collections is pleased to highlight the recent acquisition of a unique <a href="https://archivesspace.library.nd.edu/repositories/3/resources/2523" data-type="link" data-id="https://archivesspace.library.nd.edu/repositories/3/resources/2523" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vintage homemade fan poster about the Harrisburg Trojans</a>. </p> <figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/02/MSSP_10118-0001.jpg" target="_blank" rel=" noreferrer noopener"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="781" src="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/02/MSSP_10118-0001-1024x781.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-10167" srcset="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/02/MSSP_10118-0001-1024x781.jpg 1024w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/02/MSSP_10118-0001-300x229.jpg 300w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/02/MSSP_10118-0001-768x586.jpg 768w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/02/MSSP_10118-0001-1536x1171.jpg 1536w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/02/MSSP_10118-0001.jpg 2000w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></a></figure> <p>Although mostly forgotten today, the Trojans were one of the best African American football teams in the World War Two-era and the winner of the unofficial “World Negro Football Championship” in 1941. This 28-inch by 22-inch poster made by an unknown fan in about 1945 celebrates the accomplishments of the Trojans and provides a rare insight into fan culture around African American sports teams during the era of segregation.</p> <div class="wp-block-image"> <figure class="alignright size-medium"><a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/02/MSSP_10118-0001.jpg" target="_blank" rel=" noreferrer noopener"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="195" height="300" src="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/02/MSSP_10118-0001-WillieMoon-195x300.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-10168" srcset="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/02/MSSP_10118-0001-WillieMoon-195x300.jpg 195w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/02/MSSP_10118-0001-WillieMoon-666x1024.jpg 666w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/02/MSSP_10118-0001-WillieMoon-768x1182.jpg 768w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/02/MSSP_10118-0001-WillieMoon-998x1536.jpg 998w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/02/MSSP_10118-0001-WillieMoon.jpg 1300w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 195px) 100vw, 195px" /></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Willie Moon</figcaption></figure></div> <p>Founded in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, in 1938, the Trojans were composed mainly of African American athletes who had played high school football in the region, and they quickly developed a reputation as a talented team. The Trojans attracted considerable press coverage and routinely drew big crowds for the high quality of their play against both white and African American semi-pro, amateur, and professional teams. </p> <p>The Trojans regularly competed at the highest levels of African American football. On Sunday, November 2, 1941, for example, the New York Brown Bombers, one of the best and most well-known African American teams in the country, visited Harrisburg and played the Trojans in a game billed as the “World Negro Football Championship.” </p> <div class="wp-block-image"> <figure class="alignleft size-medium"><a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/02/MSSP_10118-0001.jpg" target="_blank" rel=" noreferrer noopener"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="190" height="300" src="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/02/MSSP_10118-0001-LunchAtwell-190x300.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-10169" srcset="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/02/MSSP_10118-0001-LunchAtwell-190x300.jpg 190w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/02/MSSP_10118-0001-LunchAtwell-647x1024.jpg 647w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/02/MSSP_10118-0001-LunchAtwell-768x1215.jpg 768w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/02/MSSP_10118-0001-LunchAtwell-971x1536.jpg 971w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/02/MSSP_10118-0001-LunchAtwell.jpg 1264w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 190px) 100vw, 190px" /></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Lunch Atwell</figcaption></figure></div> <p>In a thrilling and hard-fought game, the Trojans upset the favored Brown Bombers 12 to 7 to claim the title of best Black football team in the country. Willie Moon was the star for Harrisburg, accounting for all of the Trojans’ points. In the second quarter, Moon blocked a Brown Bombers’ punt and recovered the ball in the end zone for a touchdown. Trailing 7-6, late in the fourth quarter, Harrisburg’s Lunch Atwell recovered a Brown Bombers fumble on a punt return to set up more heroics by Moon. With one minute left in the game, Moon made a leaping catch in the end zone of a 22-yard pass by Sammy Greene for the game-winning touchdown. </p> <p>The local <em>Harrisburg Telegraph</em> newspaper (November 3, 1941, page 12) described the action:</p> <blockquote class="wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow"> <p>When Willie Moon rose up in back of the goal line to snare a long forward pass for a touchdown, in the waning minutes of play, the Harrisburg Trojans football team yesterday beat the highly-touted New York Brown Bombers, 12 to 7, and cinched the World’s Negro football championship.</p> <p>Moon’s spectacular leap into the air for the pass thrown diagonally across the field by Sammy Greene, was the climax of one of the most thrilling grid battles seen here for a long while, and it was also a signal for hundreds of the more than 4000 persons in the stands to rush onto the playing field at Island Park to congratulate the ultimate victors.</p> </blockquote> <div class="wp-block-image"> <figure class="alignright size-medium"><a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/02/MSSP_10118-0001.jpg" target="_blank" rel=" noreferrer noopener"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="186" height="300" src="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/02/MSSP_10118-0001-SammyGreene-186x300.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-10171" srcset="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/02/MSSP_10118-0001-SammyGreene-186x300.jpg 186w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/02/MSSP_10118-0001-SammyGreene-635x1024.jpg 635w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/02/MSSP_10118-0001-SammyGreene-768x1238.jpg 768w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/02/MSSP_10118-0001-SammyGreene-953x1536.jpg 953w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/02/MSSP_10118-0001-SammyGreene.jpg 1241w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 186px) 100vw, 186px" /></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Sammy Greene</figcaption></figure></div> <p>In 1942 and 1943, the strong Washington Lions team visited Harrisburg to challenge the Trojans for the “Negro Football Championship.” In 1942, the two teams played to a 7-7 tie, and, the following year, the Lions beat Harrisburg 8-0 to earn the title. </p> <p>The Trojans’ financial and administrative affairs were handled in these years by business manager Ned R. Givens and promoter William E. “Bud” Marshall. The Trojans continued playing each fall through about the 1950 season.</p> <p>Unusually, although the players on the Trojans were predominantly African American, the team added white players to its roster for both the 1942 and 1945 seasons. In 1942, the Trojans fielded white players Dusan “Duke” Maronic—who would go on to play in the NFL for the Philadelphia Eagles from 1944 through 1950—and John Krovic. In 1945, the team included white players Andy Anderson and Bob Sostar.</p> <p>Years after, Duke Maronic <a href="https://profootballresearchers.com/archives/Website_Files/Coffin_Corner/13-06-441.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">recalled</a> his time with the Trojans: “Later, I played for the Harrisburg Trojans. They were an all-Negro team. I was the only white guy on the Team. I never gave much thought to it. Neither did the black guys, but once in a while one of the opponents would make a remark.”</p> <figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/02/MSSP_10118-0001.jpg" target="_blank" rel=" noreferrer noopener"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="525" src="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/02/MSSP_10118-0001-GHouse-EMcLaughlin-JMcLaughlin-1024x525.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-10172" srcset="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/02/MSSP_10118-0001-GHouse-EMcLaughlin-JMcLaughlin-1024x525.jpg 1024w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/02/MSSP_10118-0001-GHouse-EMcLaughlin-JMcLaughlin-300x154.jpg 300w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/02/MSSP_10118-0001-GHouse-EMcLaughlin-JMcLaughlin-768x394.jpg 768w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/02/MSSP_10118-0001-GHouse-EMcLaughlin-JMcLaughlin-1536x788.jpg 1536w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/02/MSSP_10118-0001-GHouse-EMcLaughlin-JMcLaughlin.jpg 2000w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">George House, Ernest McLaughlin, and John McLaughlin</figcaption></figure> <p>Besides old clippings from the 1930s and 1940s in central Pennsylvania newspapers or in the African American press, however, there is little available information about the Harrisburg Trojans. Fortunately for researchers, the anonymous creator of this remarkable fan poster has preserved an exceedingly rare source about the Trojans. </p> <div class="wp-block-image"> <figure class="alignright size-medium"><a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/02/MSSP_10118-0001.jpg" target="_blank" rel=" noreferrer noopener"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="194" height="300" src="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/02/MSSP_10118-0001-PhilMason-194x300.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-10174" srcset="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/02/MSSP_10118-0001-PhilMason-194x300.jpg 194w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/02/MSSP_10118-0001-PhilMason-662x1024.jpg 662w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/02/MSSP_10118-0001-PhilMason-768x1189.jpg 768w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/02/MSSP_10118-0001-PhilMason-992x1536.jpg 992w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/02/MSSP_10118-0001-PhilMason.jpg 1292w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 194px) 100vw, 194px" /></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Phil Mason</figcaption></figure></div> <p>On a piece of black cardboard underneath a heading that reads “1938-Harrisburg Trojans-1945,” the unknown fan has pasted clippings from a promotional pamphlet written and published by business manager Givens. Except for these extracts, there are apparently no other known extant copies of Givens’s pamphlet. It is also unknown if the publication originally included more material than is seen here.</p> <p>In a clipping from the poster about the history of the team, Givens wrote that the Trojans’ </p> <blockquote class="wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow"> <p>“… policy always was and still is, to play the best teams that they could get, and they never asked anyone for favors or setups. This team was organized in 1938, as one body of athletes, clean living, clean sportsmanship, and sport loving lads. In order to do this, many sacrifices have been made by these boys. Through the guidance of Bill Simpson, Phil Mason and Lewis Carlton they were recognized as one of the most outstanding Negro Professional football teams in the United States.”</p> </blockquote> <div class="wp-block-image"> <figure class="alignleft size-medium"><a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/02/MSSP_10118-0001.jpg" target="_blank" rel=" noreferrer noopener"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="194" height="300" src="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/02/MSSP_10118-0001-VinceWhiting-194x300.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-10173" srcset="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/02/MSSP_10118-0001-VinceWhiting-194x300.jpg 194w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/02/MSSP_10118-0001-VinceWhiting-664x1024.jpg 664w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/02/MSSP_10118-0001-VinceWhiting-768x1185.jpg 768w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/02/MSSP_10118-0001-VinceWhiting-995x1536.jpg 995w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/02/MSSP_10118-0001-VinceWhiting.jpg 1296w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 194px) 100vw, 194px" /></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Coach Vince Whiting</figcaption></figure></div> <p>The poster features rare images and short bios from Givens’s pamphlet about 17 different men who played for the Trojans. The pictures capture talented and serious African American football players ready for action. And the remarkable piece of fan art provides a glimpse into the significance of African American sports teams during the mid-twentieth century and the way in which at least one fan related to the Trojans.</p> <p>In his pamphlet, Givens concluded his brief historical summary of the team by writing: “And to the boys who are now playing as members of the Trojan team, and to those who have played, I dedicate this book.”</p> <p>Today, we remember and celebrate the accomplishments of the Harrisburg Trojans and dedicate this post to their legacy.</p> <hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity" /> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">Previous Black History Month Blog Posts:</h3> <p>2023: <a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/black-history-month-2023/" data-type="link" data-id="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/black-history-month-2023/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">African American Women Activists and Athletes in 1970s Feminist Magazines</a></p> <p>2022: <a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/black-history-month-2022/" data-type="post" data-id="7230" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Searching for Claude Monroe Paris, Unheralded African American Basketball Pioneer: Documenting Black History Using Notre Dame’s Joyce Sports Research Collection</a></p> <p>2021: <a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/african-american-history-month-2021/" data-type="post" data-id="6085" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Paul Laurence Dunbar’s New Literary Tradition Packaged to Sell</a></p> <p>2017: <a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/african-americans-and-populism/" data-type="post" data-id="1762" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">African Americans and Populism</a></p> </div> <footer class="entry-footer"> <span class="posted-on"><span class="screen-reader-text">Posted on </span><a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/black-history-month-2025/" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2025-02-07T09:00:00-05:00">February 7, 2025</time><time class="updated" datetime="2025-02-07T14:04:31-05:00">February 7, 2025</time></a></span><span class="cat-links"><span class="screen-reader-text">Categories </span><a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/category/miscellaneous/" rel="category tag">RBSC News & Info</a>, <a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/category/collections/sports-research/" rel="category tag">Sports Research</a>, <a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/category/collections/us-history-culture/" rel="category tag">US History & Culture</a></span><span class="tags-links"><span class="screen-reader-text">Tags </span><a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/tag/african-american-history/" rel="tag">African American history</a>, <a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/tag/football/" rel="tag">football</a>, <a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/tag/manuscripts/" rel="tag">manuscripts</a>, <a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/tag/otd-holidays/" rel="tag">on this day & holidays</a>, <a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/tag/printed-ephemera/" rel="tag">printed ephemera</a>, <a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/tag/recent-acquisitions/" rel="tag">recent acquisitions</a></span> </footer> </article> <article id="post-10132" class="post-10132 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-events category-exhibits category-italian-literature category-modern-european-cultures category-miscellaneous category-us-history-culture tag-book tag-broadsides-prints-posters tag-printed-ephemera tag-spotlight"> <a class="post-thumbnail" href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/upcoming-events-february-2025/" aria-hidden="true"> <img width="825" height="510" src="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2018/05/cropped-sm_DSC_0208-v2.jpg" class="attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail wp-post-image" alt="Upcoming Events: February 2025" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2018/05/cropped-sm_DSC_0208-v2.jpg 825w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2018/05/cropped-sm_DSC_0208-v2-300x185.jpg 300w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2018/05/cropped-sm_DSC_0208-v2-768x475.jpg 768w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 825px) 100vw, 825px" /> </a> <header class="entry-header"> <h2 class="entry-title"><a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/upcoming-events-february-2025/" rel="bookmark">Upcoming Events: February 2025</a></h2> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p>Please join us for the following public events and exhibits being hosted in Rare Books and Special Collections:</p> <p><strong>Thursday, February 27 at 5:00pm</strong> | <a href="https://italianstudies.nd.edu/news-events/events/2025/02/27/italian-research-seminar-silvana-patriarca-fordham/" data-type="link" data-id="https://italianstudies.nd.edu/news-events/events/2024/12/05/italian-research-seminar-eva-del-soldato-pennsylvania/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Italian Research Seminar: “‘Anticolonialism(s) as antiracism(s)?’ Italian Radicals Facing ‘Race’ and the Colonial Question at the Turn of the Twentieth Century” by Silvana Patriarca</a> (Fordham University).</p> <hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity" /> <p>The Spring 2025 Exhibition — <strong><em>Tragedies of War: Images of World War II in Print Visual Culture</em></strong> — will open in February and run through the end of July 2025. Based predominantly on recently acquired Rare Books and Special Collections European holdings, the exhibition commemorates the end of the Second World War (1939-1945) and will explore a diverse assortment of themes including Nazi racial ideology, the Holocaust, Children in War, Resistance, Liberation, and Memories of War. <em>Curated by <strong>Natasha Lyandres</strong> (Curator, Rare Books & Special Collections), <strong>Jean McManus</strong> (Catholic Studies Librarian, University Archives) and <strong>Julia Schneider</strong> (German Language and Literature and Italian Studies Librarian, Hesburgh Libraries).</em><br></p> <p>(The Fall 2024 Exhibition, <strong><em>Notre Dame Football Kills Prejudice: Citizenship and Faith in 1924</em></strong>, ends January 30. Come see the exhibition while you still can!)</p> <p>The current spotlight exhibit is <strong><em>Building a Campus Boycott to Support Midwestern Farmworkers</em></strong> (January–April 2025). In 1980, the University of Notre Dame became the first major university to boycott Campbell Soup products in support of Midwestern farmworkers represented by the Farm Labor Organizing Committee (Toledo, OH). In a few short months, a small and dedicated cohort of students tapped into a growing movement and convinced the campus to act in solidarity. <em>Curated by <strong>Emiliano Aguilar</strong> (Assistant Professor of History, University of Notre Dame, and Faculty Fellow, Institute for Latino Studies).</em></p> </div> <footer class="entry-footer"> <span class="posted-on"><span class="screen-reader-text">Posted on </span><a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/upcoming-events-february-2025/" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2025-01-27T10:42:03-05:00">January 27, 2025</time><time class="updated" datetime="2025-01-27T11:49:16-05:00">January 27, 2025</time></a></span><span class="cat-links"><span class="screen-reader-text">Categories </span><a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/category/events/" rel="category tag">Events</a>, <a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/category/exhibits/" rel="category tag">Exhibits</a>, <a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/category/collections/italian-literature/" rel="category tag">Italian Literature</a>, <a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/category/collections/modern-european-cultures/" rel="category tag">Modern European Cultures</a>, <a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/category/miscellaneous/" rel="category tag">RBSC News & Info</a>, <a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/category/collections/us-history-culture/" rel="category tag">US History & Culture</a></span><span class="tags-links"><span class="screen-reader-text">Tags </span><a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/tag/book/" rel="tag">books</a>, <a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/tag/broadsides-prints-posters/" rel="tag">broadsides prints & posters</a>, <a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/tag/printed-ephemera/" rel="tag">printed ephemera</a>, <a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/tag/spotlight/" rel="tag">spotlight</a></span> </footer> </article> <article id="post-10116" class="post-10116 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-miscellaneous category-theology-church-history tag-book tag-recent-acquisitions"> <a class="post-thumbnail" href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/a-rare-early-defense-of-the-doctrine-of-the-immaculate-conception/" aria-hidden="true"> <img width="825" height="510" src="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/01/BOO_006624806-0007-BLOG_HEADER.jpg" class="attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail wp-post-image" alt="A Rare Early Defense of the Doctrine of the Immaculate Conception" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/01/BOO_006624806-0007-BLOG_HEADER.jpg 825w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/01/BOO_006624806-0007-BLOG_HEADER-300x185.jpg 300w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/01/BOO_006624806-0007-BLOG_HEADER-768x475.jpg 768w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 825px) 100vw, 825px" /> </a> <header class="entry-header"> <h2 class="entry-title"><a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/a-rare-early-defense-of-the-doctrine-of-the-immaculate-conception/" rel="bookmark">A Rare Early Defense of the Doctrine of the Immaculate Conception</a></h2> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p>by <a href="https://directory.library.nd.edu/directory/employees/akrieger" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Alan Krieger, <em>Theology and Philosophy Librarian</em></a></p> <p>Hesburgh Libraries has recently acquired the second “issue” of the first edition (1621) of Antonio Daza’s <em><a href="https://onesearch.library.nd.edu/permalink/f/tgve9/ndu_aleph006624806" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Libro de la Purissima Concepcion de la Madre de Dios</a></em> (Madrid, 1628), an important early printed defense of the doctrine of the Virgin Mary’s Immaculate Conception. Daza, a Spanish Regular Observant Franciscan, published this vernacular work during the height of the controversy between Franciscans and Dominicans over the orthodoxy of these views.</p> <figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/01/BOO_006624806-0007.jpg" target="_blank" rel=" noreferrer noopener"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="870" height="1024" src="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/01/BOO_006624806-0007-870x1024.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-10123" srcset="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/01/BOO_006624806-0007-870x1024.jpg 870w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/01/BOO_006624806-0007-255x300.jpg 255w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/01/BOO_006624806-0007-768x904.jpg 768w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/01/BOO_006624806-0007-1306x1536.jpg 1306w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/01/BOO_006624806-0007.jpg 1700w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 870px) 100vw, 870px" /></a></figure> <p>The <em><a href="https://onesearch.library.nd.edu/permalink/f/tgve9/ndu_aleph000045735" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></em> (v. 7, page 680) explains the disagreement:</p> <p>“The Friars Minor confirmed in 1621 the election of the Immaculate Mother as patron of the order, and bound themselves by oath to teach the mystery in public and in private. The Dominicans, however, were under special obligation to follow the doctrines of St. Thomas, and the common conclusion was that St. Thomas was opposed to the Immaculate Conception. Therefore, the Dominicans asserted that the doctrine was an error against faith (John of Montesono, 1373); although they adopted the feast, they termed it persistently “Sanctificatio B. M. V.” not “Conceptio”…, until in 1622 Gregory XV abolished the term “sanctificatio”. Paul V (1617) decreed that no one should teach publicly that Mary was conceived in original sin, and Gregory XV (1622) imposed absolute silence (<em>in scriptis et sermonibus etiam privatis</em>) upon the adversaries of the doctrine until the Holy See should define the question.”</p> <p>Daza draws on a fascinating array of evidence, including a 14-month old infant who sang the verses of the Immaculate Conception (f. 90) and the Virgin Mary’s intercession in “regular” conception and ensuring healthy births among devotees (f. 93). Chapter XIII, “<em>De la obediencia y respeto que tienen los demonios a la inmaculada Concepcion de la Virgen; y como conjurados por la virtud deste misterio han salido de los cuerpos humanos, confessando su limpieza</em>” (ff. 107-114) contains accounts of demoniacal possession (generally of women) cured by the intercession of the Virgin Mary; a telling feature of these exorcisms was that the demons “confessed” to Mary’s freedom from sin as they exited their hosts. The following Chapter XIV points out divine punishments imposed on those who have historically spoken against the Immaculate Conception.</p> <figure class="wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-default wp-block-gallery-9 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex"> <figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/01/BOO_006624806-0023.jpg" target="_blank"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="717" height="1024" data-id="10124" src="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/01/BOO_006624806-0023-717x1024.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-10124" srcset="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/01/BOO_006624806-0023-717x1024.jpg 717w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/01/BOO_006624806-0023-210x300.jpg 210w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/01/BOO_006624806-0023-768x1097.jpg 768w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/01/BOO_006624806-0023-1075x1536.jpg 1075w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/01/BOO_006624806-0023.jpg 1400w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 717px) 100vw, 717px" /></a></figure> <figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/01/BOO_006624806-0202.jpg" target="_blank"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="717" height="1024" data-id="10125" src="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/01/BOO_006624806-0202-717x1024.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-10125" srcset="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/01/BOO_006624806-0202-717x1024.jpg 717w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/01/BOO_006624806-0202-210x300.jpg 210w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/01/BOO_006624806-0202-768x1097.jpg 768w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/01/BOO_006624806-0202-1075x1536.jpg 1075w, https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/files/2025/01/BOO_006624806-0202.jpg 1400w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 717px) 100vw, 717px" /></a></figure> </figure> <p>We have found only 1 other North American library holding of this second issue (at the Biblioteca Nacional Mexico) and only 4 holdings worldwide.</p> </div> <footer class="entry-footer"> <span class="posted-on"><span class="screen-reader-text">Posted on </span><a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/a-rare-early-defense-of-the-doctrine-of-the-immaculate-conception/" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2025-01-21T09:00:00-05:00">January 21, 2025</time><time class="updated" datetime="2025-01-21T10:03:33-05:00">January 21, 2025</time></a></span><span class="cat-links"><span class="screen-reader-text">Categories </span><a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/category/miscellaneous/" rel="category tag">RBSC News & Info</a>, <a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/category/collections/theology-church-history/" rel="category tag">Theology & Church History</a></span><span class="tags-links"><span class="screen-reader-text">Tags </span><a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/tag/book/" rel="tag">books</a>, <a href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/tag/recent-acquisitions/" rel="tag">recent acquisitions</a></span> </footer> </article> <nav class="navigation pagination" aria-label="Posts pagination"> <h2 class="screen-reader-text">Posts pagination</h2> <div class="nav-links"><span aria-current="page" class="page-numbers current"><span class="meta-nav screen-reader-text">Page </span>1</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/page/2/"><span class="meta-nav screen-reader-text">Page </span>2</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">…</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/page/45/"><span class="meta-nav screen-reader-text">Page </span>45</a> <a class="next page-numbers" href="https://sites.nd.edu/rbsc/page/2/">Next page</a></div> </nav> </main> </div> </div> <footer id="colophon" class="site-footer"> <div class="site-info"> <a href="https://wordpress.org/" class="imprint"> Proudly powered by WordPress </a> </div> </footer> </div> <script async src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-VDGLM44MF6'></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; 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