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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Scottish chemist</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Sir Ian Heilbron</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Isidor Morris Heilbron</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1886-11-06</span>)</span>6 November 1886<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a>, Scotland</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">14 September 1959<span style="display:none">(1959-09-14)</span> (aged 72)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">Scottish</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data">Royal Technical College and University of Leipzig</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Elda Marguerite Davis</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Order" title="Distinguished Service Order">DSO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a> (1931)<sup id="cite_ref-frs_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longstaff_Prize" title="Longstaff Prize">Longstaff Prize</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1939)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Organic_chemistry" title="Organic chemistry">Organic chemistry</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a>,</li> <li>Royal Technical College</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Liverpool" title="University of Liverpool">University of Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_University_of_Manchester" title="Victoria University of Manchester">University of Manchester</a>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_College_London" title="Imperial College London">Imperial College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brewing_Industry_Research_Foundation" title="Brewing Industry Research Foundation">Brewing Industry Research Foundation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Academic advisors</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rudolf_Hantzsch" title="Arthur Rudolf Hantzsch">Arthur Rudolf Hantzsch</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Sir Ian Heilbron</b> <a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Order" title="Distinguished Service Order">DSO</a> <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a> (6 November 1886 – 14 September 1959) was a Scottish chemist,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who pioneered <a href="/wiki/Organic_chemistry" title="Organic chemistry">organic chemistry</a> developed for therapeutic and industrial use.<sup id="cite_ref-whoswho_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whoswho-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ian_Heilbron&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Isidor Morris Heilbron</b> was born in Glasgow on 6 November 1886 to a wine merchant (David Heilbron) and his wife (Fanny Jessel).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was educated at <a href="/wiki/High_School_of_Glasgow" title="High School of Glasgow">Glasgow High School</a> and then the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Technical_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Technical College">Royal Technical College</a> with <a href="/wiki/G._G._Henderson" title="G. G. Henderson">G. G. Henderson</a>. Following an award of a Carnegie Fellowship he went to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Leipzig" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Leipzig">University of Leipzig</a> to study under <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rudolf_Hantzsch" title="Arthur Rudolf Hantzsch">Arthur Rudolf Hantzsch</a> for his doctoral thesis (1907–1910).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was awarded a <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">Ph.D.</a> He received a <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Science" title="Doctor of Science">D.Sc.</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Glasgow" title="University of Glasgow">University of Glasgow</a> in 1918 for his '<i>Contribution to the Study of <a href="/wiki/Semicarbazone" title="Semicarbazone">Semi-carbazones</a></i>' and other papers.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_service">Military service</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ian_Heilbron&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Military service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He served in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Army_Service_Corps" title="Royal Army Service Corps">Royal Army Service Corps</a> (1910–1920). He was awarded a <a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Order" title="Distinguished Service Order">Distinguished Service Order</a> in 1918 for distinguished service related to operations in <a href="/wiki/Salonika" class="mw-redirect" title="Salonika">Salonika</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also appointed an <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Redeemer" title="Order of the Redeemer">Officer of the Order of the Redeemer</a> by the Greek government. He achieved the rank of <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel" title="Lieutenant colonel">lieutenant colonel</a>, Assistant Director of Supplies.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a> from 1939 to 1942 he worked as a scientific advisor to the Department of Scientific Research in the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Supply" title="Ministry of Supply">Ministry of Supply</a>. After 1942 he became a scientific advisor to the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Production" title="Ministry of Production">Ministry of Production</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ian_Heilbron&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>His independent research career focused on the chemistry of <a href="/wiki/Natural_product" title="Natural product">natural products</a>, including work on <a href="/wiki/Sterol" title="Sterol">sterols</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">vitamin D</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">vitamin A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polyene" title="Polyene">polyene synthesis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Squalene" title="Squalene">Squalene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terpene" title="Terpene">terpenes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyrylium_salt" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyrylium salt">pyrylium salts</a>, algal pigments, and <a href="/wiki/Spiropyran" title="Spiropyran">spiropyrans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also instrumental in the development of <a href="/wiki/DDT" title="DDT">DDT</a> to fight <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yellow_fever" title="Yellow fever">yellow fever</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Heilbron, with Arthur Herbert Cook, also studied the synthesis and structure of <a href="/wiki/Penicillin" title="Penicillin">penicillin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Appointments">Appointments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ian_Heilbron&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Appointments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Lecturer, Royal Technical College, 1909–14</li> <li>Scientist, later consultant at <a href="/wiki/British_Dyestuffs_Corporation" title="British Dyestuffs Corporation">British Dyestuffs Corp</a>. (later renamed <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Chemical_Industries" title="Imperial Chemical Industries">Imperial Chemical Industries</a>)</li> <li>Professor of organic chemistry, Royal Technical College, 1919–20</li> <li>Professor, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Liverpool" title="University of Liverpool">University of Liverpool</a>, 1920–33 (Heath Harrison Chair of Organic Chemistry)</li> <li>Professor, <a href="/wiki/Victoria_University_of_Manchester" title="Victoria University of Manchester">University of Manchester</a>, 1933-8 (<a href="/wiki/Sir_Samuel_Hall_Chair_of_Chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Samuel Hall Chair of Chemistry">Sir Samuel Hall Chair of Chemistry</a>, 1935-8)</li> <li>Professor of Organic Chemistry and Director of the Laboratories, <a href="/wiki/Imperial_College_London" title="Imperial College London">Imperial College</a>, 1938–49</li> <li>1949: Retired from academic research<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Director, <a href="/wiki/Brewing_Industry_Research_Foundation" title="Brewing Industry Research Foundation">Brewing Industry Research Foundation</a>, 1949–58</li> <li>Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Military_College_of_Science" title="Royal Military College of Science">Advisory Council of the Royal Military College of Science</a><sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>International Union of Pure & Applied Chemistry</li> <li>Editor-in-chief of the “Dictionary of Organic Compounds” and</li> <li>Chairman of the editorial board of “Thorpe’s Dictionary of Applied Chemistry.”</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notable_trainees">Notable trainees</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ian_Heilbron&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notable trainees"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Source:<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="While_at_University_of_Liverpool">While at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Liverpool" title="University of Liverpool">University of Liverpool</a></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ian_Heilbron&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: While at University of Liverpool"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Stuart_Spring" title="Frank Stuart Spring">Frank Stuart Spring</a>, graduate student (1930)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="While_at_University_of_Manchester">While at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Manchester" title="University of Manchester">University of Manchester</a></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ian_Heilbron&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: While at University of Manchester"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academictree.org/chemistry/peopleinfo.php?pid=52736">Basil Lythgoe</a>, graduate student, (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewart_Jones" title="Ewart Jones">Ewart Ray Herbert Jones</a>, post-doc (1938)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="While_at_Imperial_College">While at <a href="/wiki/Imperial_College_London" title="Imperial College London">Imperial College</a></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ian_Heilbron&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: While at Imperial College"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academictree.org/chemistry/peopleinfo.php?pid=66933">Stanley H. Harper</a>, graduate student (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Barton" title="Derek Barton">Derek Harold Richard Barton</a>, graduate student (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_Weedon" title="Basil Weedon">Basil Weedon</a>, graduate student, (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Raphael" title="Ralph Raphael">Ralph Alexander Raphael</a>, graduate student (1943)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academictree.org/chemistry/peopleinfo.php?pid=70179">Ernest A. R. Braude</a>, graduate student (1944)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academictree.org/chemistry/peopleinfo.php?pid=86892">John Arthur Elvidge</a>, graduate student (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Sondheimer" title="Franz Sondheimer">Franz Sondheimer</a>, graduate student (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Julia" title="Marc Julia">Marc Julia</a>, graduate student (1948)<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="While_at_Imperial_Chemical_Industries">While at <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Chemical_Industries" title="Imperial Chemical Industries">Imperial Chemical Industries</a></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ian_Heilbron&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: While at Imperial Chemical Industries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academictree.org/chemistry/peopleinfo.php?pid=57243">Alan Woodworth Johnson</a>, research scientist (1946)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notable_collaborators">Notable collaborators</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ian_Heilbron&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notable collaborators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="While_at_University_of_Liverpool_2">While at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Liverpool" title="University of Liverpool">University of Liverpool</a></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ian_Heilbron&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: While at University of Liverpool"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Alan_Morton" title="Richard Alan Morton">Richard Alan Morton</a><sup id="cite_ref-Goodwin_1977_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goodwin_1977-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_honours">Awards and honours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ian_Heilbron&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Awards and honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1911: <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Institute_of_Chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Institute of Chemistry">Fellow of the Institute of Chemistry (F.I.C.)</a><sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1931: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_1931" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1931">Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS)</a><sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1939: <a href="/wiki/Longstaff_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Longstaff Medal">Longstaff Medal of the Chemical Society of London</a><sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1943: <a href="/wiki/Davy_Medal" title="Davy Medal">Davy Medal</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> <i>"In recognition of his many notable contributions to organic chemistry, especially to the chemistry of natural products of physiological importance"</i></li> <li>1945: The <a href="/wiki/American_Chemical_Society" title="American Chemical Society">American Chemical Society</a> honored him with its highest prize, the <a href="/wiki/Priestley_Medal" title="Priestley Medal">Priestley Medal</a>. This was the first time the award went to a non-American.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1946: In recognition of his work during war he was appointed a <a href="/wiki/Knight_Bachelor" title="Knight Bachelor">Knight Bachelor</a><sup id="cite_ref-frs_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1951: <a href="/wiki/Royal_Medal" title="Royal Medal">Royal Medal</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ian_Heilbron&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-frs-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-frs_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-frs_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCook1960" class="citation journal cs1">Cook, A. H. (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.1960.0025">"Ian Morris Heilbron. 1886–1959"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Memoirs_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society">Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society</a></i>. <b>6</b>: 65–85. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.1960.0025">10.1098/rsbm.1960.0025</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0080-4606">0080-4606</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Memoirs+of+Fellows+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.atitle=Ian+Morris+Heilbron.+1886%E2%80%931959&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=65-85&rft.date=1960&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbm.1960.0025&rft.issn=0080-4606&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=A.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1098%252Frsbm.1960.0025&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIan+Heilbron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlan_Cook2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Alan Cook (2004). "Heilbron, Sir Ian Morris [formerly Isidor Morris]". In Watson, K. D (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F33799">10.1093/ref:odnb/33799</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Heilbron%2C+Sir+Ian+Morris+%5Bformerly+Isidor+Morris%5D&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F33799&rft.au=Alan+Cook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIan+Heilbron" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.open.ac.uk/ou5/Arts/chemists/person.cfm?SearchID=3737">Profile of Ian Heilbron</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120206170035/http://www.open.ac.uk/ou5/Arts/chemists/person.cfm?SearchID=3737">Archived</a> 6 February 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edu.rsc.org/resources/on-this-day-nov-06--ian-heilbron-was-born/11106.article">"On This Day – Nov 06 : Ian Heilbron was born"</a>. <i>RSC Education</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RSC+Education&rft.atitle=On+This+Day+%E2%80%93+Nov+06+%3A+Ian+Heilbron+was+born&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedu.rsc.org%2Fresources%2Fon-this-day-nov-06--ian-heilbron-was-born%2F11106.article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIan+Heilbron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-whoswho-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-whoswho_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whoswho/U238455">"HEILBRON, Sir Ian Morris"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Who_Was_Who" class="mw-redirect" title="Who Was Who">Who's Who & Who Was Who</a></i>. Vol. 1920–2015 (2015 ed.). A & C Black<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=HEILBRON%2C+Sir+Ian+Morris&rft.btitle=Who%27s+Who+%26+Who+Was+Who&rft.edition=2015&rft.pub=A+%26+C+Black&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukwhoswho.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2Foupww%2Fwhoswho%2FU238455&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIan+Heilbron" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ukwhoswho.com/page/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://universitystory.gla.ac.uk/ww1-biography/?id=58">"University of Glasgow :: Story : Biography of Lieutenant Colonel Isidore Morris Heilbron"</a>. <i>universitystory.gla.ac.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=universitystory.gla.ac.uk&rft.atitle=University+of+Glasgow+%3A%3A+Story+%3A+Biography+of+Lieutenant+Colonel+Isidore+Morris+Heilbron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funiversitystory.gla.ac.uk%2Fww1-biography%2F%3Fid%3D58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIan+Heilbron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubinstein,_W._D.Jolles,_MichaelRubinstein,_Hilary_L.2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Rubinstein" title="William Rubinstein">Rubinstein, W. D.</a>; Jolles, Michael; <a href="/wiki/Hilary_L._Rubinstein" title="Hilary L. Rubinstein">Rubinstein, Hilary L.</a>, eds. (2011). <i>The Palgrave dictionary of Anglo-Jewish history</i>. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 410. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-30466-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-30466-6"><bdi>978-0-230-30466-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/793104984">793104984</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Palgrave+dictionary+of+Anglo-Jewish+history&rft.place=Basingstoke&rft.pages=410&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F793104984&rft.isbn=978-0-230-30466-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIan+Heilbron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevy1955" class="citation journal cs1">Levy, A. 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"The Origins of Scottish Jewry". <i>Transactions (Jewish Historical Society of England)</i>. <b>19</b>: 129–162. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2047-2331">2047-2331</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/29777950">29777950</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+%28Jewish+Historical+Society+of+England%29&rft.atitle=The+Origins+of+Scottish+Jewry&rft.volume=19&rft.pages=129-162&rft.date=1955&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F29777950%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=2047-2331&rft.aulast=Levy&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIan+Heilbron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pubsapp.acs.org/cen/priestley/recipients/1945heilbron.html?">"Chemical & Engineering News: The Priestly Medal – 1945: Ian Morris Heilbron (1886–1959)"</a>. <i>pubsapp.acs.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pubsapp.acs.org&rft.atitle=Chemical+%26+Engineering+News%3A+The+Priestly+Medal+%E2%80%93+1945%3A+Ian+Morris+Heilbron+%281886%E2%80%931959%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubsapp.acs.org%2Fcen%2Fpriestley%2Frecipients%2F1945heilbron.html%3F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIan+Heilbron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Isador M. Heilbron (1881–)". <i>Journal of Chemical Education</i>. <b>17</b> (2): 51. 1 February 1940. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1940JChEd..17...51.">1940JChEd..17...51.</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fed017p51">10.1021/ed017p51</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-9584">0021-9584</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chemical+Education&rft.atitle=Isador+M.+Heilbron+%281881%E2%80%93%29&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=51&rft.date=1940-02-01&rft.issn=0021-9584&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fed017p51&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1940JChEd..17...51.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIan+Heilbron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeilbron1945" class="citation journal cs1">Heilbron, I. M. (1945). "The New Insecticidal Material DDT". <i>Journal of the Royal Society of Arts</i>. <b>93</b> (4682): 65–71. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0035-9114">0035-9114</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41361779">41361779</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Society+of+Arts&rft.atitle=The+New+Insecticidal+Material+DDT&rft.volume=93&rft.issue=4682&rft.pages=65-71&rft.date=1945&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41361779%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0035-9114&rft.aulast=Heilbron&rft.aufirst=I.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIan+Heilbron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBillimoriaCookHeilbron1949" class="citation journal cs1">Billimoria, J. D.; Cook, A. H.; Heilbron, Ian (1949). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=jr9490001437">"307. Studies in the azole series. Part XVI. Synthesis of a new analogue of penicillamine"</a>. <i>Journal of the Chemical Society (Resumed)</i>: 1437–1440. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2Fjr9490001437">10.1039/jr9490001437</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0368-1769">0368-1769</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Chemical+Society+%28Resumed%29&rft.atitle=307.+Studies+in+the+azole+series.+Part+XVI.+Synthesis+of+a+new+analogue+of+penicillamine&rft.pages=1437-1440&rft.date=1949&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2Fjr9490001437&rft.issn=0368-1769&rft.aulast=Billimoria&rft.aufirst=J.+D.&rft.au=Cook%2C+A.+H.&rft.au=Heilbron%2C+Ian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fxlink.rsc.org%2F%3FDOI%3Djr9490001437&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIan+Heilbron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academictree.org/chemistry/tree.php?pid=52042">"Chemistry Tree – Ian (Isidore) Morris Heilbron Family Tree"</a>. <i>academictree.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=academictree.org&rft.atitle=Chemistry+Tree+%E2%80%93+Ian+%28Isidore%29+Morris+Heilbron+Family+Tree&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademictree.org%2Fchemistry%2Ftree.php%3Fpid%3D52042&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIan+Heilbron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGay2016" class="citation book cs1">Gay, Hannah (2016). <i>The Chemistry Department at Imperial College, London : a history, 1845–2000</i>. Griffith, W. P. (William Pettitt), 1936–. New Jersey. p. 227. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78326-974-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78326-974-7"><bdi>978-1-78326-974-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/965146304">965146304</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chemistry+Department+at+Imperial+College%2C+London+%3A+a+history%2C+1845%E2%80%932000&rft.place=New+Jersey&rft.pages=227&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F965146304&rft.isbn=978-1-78326-974-7&rft.aulast=Gay&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIan+Heilbron" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goodwin_1977-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Goodwin_1977_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodwin1977" class="citation journal cs1">Goodwin, T W (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F266394a0">"R. A. Morton"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>266</b> (5600): 394. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1977Natur.266..394G">1977Natur.266..394G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F266394a0">10.1038/266394a0</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:31211784">31211784</a>.</cite><span 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style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1146397631">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n86868351">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Heilbron, Ian <1886-1959>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/MILV304865">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36012549">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mub2012685688&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p067827225">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span 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