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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Concepts_of_information_behavior" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concepts_of_information_behavior"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Concepts of information behavior</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Concepts_of_information_behavior-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Concepts of information behavior subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Concepts_of_information_behavior-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Information_need" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Information_need"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Information need</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Information_need-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Information-seeking_behavior" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Information-seeking_behavior"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Information-seeking behavior</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Information-seeking_behavior-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Information_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Information_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Information use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Information_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Information_poverty_and_barriers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Information_poverty_and_barriers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Information poverty and barriers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Information_poverty_and_barriers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metatheories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metatheories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Metatheories</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Metatheories-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Metatheories subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Metatheories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cognitivist_approach" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cognitivist_approach"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Cognitivist approach</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cognitivist_approach-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constructionist_approach" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constructionist_approach"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Constructionist approach</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constructionist_approach-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constructivist_approach" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constructivist_approach"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Constructivist approach</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constructivist_approach-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Theories</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Theories-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Theories subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wilson's_theory_of_information_behavior_(1981)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wilson's_theory_of_information_behavior_(1981)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Wilson's theory of information behavior (1981)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wilson's_theory_of_information_behavior_(1981)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Small_worlds_and_life_in_the_round" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Small_worlds_and_life_in_the_round"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Small worlds and life in the round</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Small_worlds_and_life_in_the_round-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Navigators_and_explorers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Navigators_and_explorers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Navigators and explorers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Navigators_and_explorers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sensemaking" 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cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Models subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-McKenzie's_two-dimensional_model" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#McKenzie's_two-dimensional_model"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>McKenzie's two-dimensional model</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-McKenzie's_two-dimensional_model-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Information_search_process_(ISP)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Information_search_process_(ISP)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Information search process (ISP)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Information_search_process_(ISP)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Information-seeking_process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Information-seeking_process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Information-seeking process</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Information-seeking_process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Information_foraging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Information_foraging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Information foraging</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Information_foraging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-linear_information_behavior_model" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-linear_information_behavior_model"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Non-linear information behavior model</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-linear_information_behavior_model-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Everyday_life_information_seeking_model" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Everyday_life_information_seeking_model"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Everyday life information seeking model</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Everyday_life_information_seeking_model-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Information_behavior_v._information_practices_debate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Information_behavior_v._information_practices_debate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Information behavior v. information practices debate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Information_behavior_v._information_practices_debate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_future_of_information_behavior_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_future_of_information_behavior_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>The future of information behavior research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_future_of_information_behavior_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="padding: 0.3em"><a href="/wiki/Information_science" title="Information science">Information science</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px solid #CCC;"> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_information_science" title="Outline of information science">General aspects</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Information_access" title="Information access">Access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_architecture" title="Information architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_management" title="Information management">Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_retrieval" title="Information retrieval">Retrieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_seeking" title="Information seeking">Seeking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_society" title="Information society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_organization" title="Knowledge organization">Knowledge organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontology_(information_science)" title="Ontology (information science)">Ontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_information" title="Philosophy of information">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_studies" title="Science and technology studies">Science and technology studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy" title="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px solid #CCC;"> Related fields and subfields</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliometrics" title="Bibliometrics">Bibliometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Categorization" class="mw-redirect" title="Categorization">Categorization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_classification" title="Library classification">Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage">Computer data storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_studies" title="Cultural studies">Cultural studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_modeling" title="Data modeling">Data modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Informatics" title="Informatics">Informatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">Information technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_freedom" title="Intellectual freedom">Intellectual freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">Intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_and_information_science" title="Library and information science">Library and information science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory" title="Memory">Memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preservation_(library_and_archival_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Preservation (library and archival science)">Preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privacy" title="Privacy">Privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_information_science" title="Quantum information science">Quantum information science</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Information_science" title="Template:Information science"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Information_science" title="Template talk:Information science"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Information_science" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Information science"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Information behavior</b> is a field of <a href="/wiki/Information_science" title="Information science">information science</a> research that seeks to understand the way people search for and use information<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in various contexts. It can include <a href="/wiki/Information_seeking" title="Information seeking">information seeking</a> and <a href="/wiki/Information_retrieval" title="Information retrieval">information retrieval</a>, but it also aims to understand why people seek information and how they use it. The term 'information behavior' was coined by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_D._Wilson" title="Thomas D. Wilson">Thomas D. Wilson</a> in 1982<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and sparked controversy upon its introduction.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term has now been adopted and <a href="/wiki/Wilson%27s_model_of_information_behavior" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilson's model of information behavior">Wilson's model of information behavior</a> is widely cited in information behavior literature.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2000, Wilson defined information behavior as "the totality of human behavior in relation to sources and channels of information".<sup id="cite_ref-:4_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A variety of theories of information behavior seek to understand the processes that surround information seeking.<sup id="cite_ref-Case,_DO_2012_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Case,_DO_2012-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An analysis of the most cited publications on information behavior during the early 21st century shows its theoretical nature.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Information behavior research can employ various research methodologies grounded in broader research paradigms from psychology, sociology and education.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2003, a framework for information-seeking studies was introduced that aims to guide the production of clear, structured descriptions of research objects and positions information-seeking as a concept within information behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Concepts_of_information_behavior">Concepts of information behavior</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_behavior&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Concepts of information behavior"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Information_need">Information need</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_behavior&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Information need"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Information need is a concept introduced by Wilson. Understanding the information need of an individual involved three elements: </p> <ol><li>Why the individual decides to look for information,</li> <li>What purpose the information they find will serve, and</li> <li>How the information is used once it is retrieved <sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Information-seeking_behavior">Information-seeking behavior</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_behavior&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Information-seeking behavior"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Information-seeking behavior is a more specific concept of information behavior. It specifically focuses on searching, finding, and retrieving information. Information-seeking behavior research can focus on improving information systems or, if it includes information need, can also focus on why the user behaves the way they do. A review study on information search behavior of users highlighted that behavioral factors, personal factors, product/service factors and situational factors affect information search behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Information-seeking behavior can be more or less explicit on the part of users: users might seek to solve some task or to establish some piece of knowledge which can be found in the data in question,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or alternatively the search process itself is part of the objective of the user, in use cases for exploring visual content or for familiarising oneself with the content of an information service.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the general case, information-seeking needs to be understood and analysed as a session rather than as a one-off transaction with a search engine, and in a broader context which includes user high-level intentions in addition to the immediate information need.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Information_use">Information use</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_behavior&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Information use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>User studies vs. usage studies </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Information_poverty_and_barriers">Information poverty and barriers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_behavior&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Information poverty and barriers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Introduced by <a href="/wiki/Elfreda_Chatman" title="Elfreda Chatman">Elfreda Chatman</a> in 1987,<sup id="cite_ref-:6_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> information poverty is informed by the understanding that information is not equally accessible to all people. Information poverty does not describe a lack of information, but rather a worldview in which one's own experiences inside their own small world may create a distrust in the information provided by those outside their own lived experiences.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Metatheories">Metatheories</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_behavior&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Metatheories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Library and Information Science (LIS), a <a href="/wiki/Metatheory" title="Metatheory">metatheory</a> is described "a set of assumptions that orient and direct theorizing about a given phenomenon".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Library_and_information_science" title="Library and information science">Library and information science</a> researchers have adopted a number of different metatheories in their research. A common concern among LIS researchers, and a prominent discussion in the field, is the broad spectrum of theories that inform the study of information behavior, information users, or information use. This variation has been noted as a cause of concern because it makes individual studies difficult to compare or synthesize if they are not guided by the same theory. This sentiment has been expressed in studies of information behavior literature from the early 1980s <sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and more recent literature reviews have declared it necessary to refine their reviews to specific contexts or situations due to the sheer breadth of information behavior research available.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Below are descriptions of some, but not all, metatheories that have guided LIS research. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cognitivist_approach">Cognitivist approach</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_behavior&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Cognitivist approach"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A cognitive approach to understanding information behavior is grounded in psychology. It holds the assumption that a person's thinking influences how they seek, retrieve, and use information. Researchers that approach information behavior with the assumption that it is influenced by cognition, seek to understand what someone is thinking while they engage in information behavior and how those thoughts influence their behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wilson's attempt to understand information-seeking behavior by defining information need includes a cognitive approach. Wilson theorizes that information behavior is influenced by the cognitive need of an individual. By understanding the cognitive information need of an individual, we may gain insight into their information behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nigel Ford takes a cognitive approach to information-seeking, focusing on the intellectual processes of information-seeking. In 2004, Ford proposed an information-seeking model using a cognitive approach that focuses on how to improve information retrieval systems and serves to establish information-seeking and information behavior as concepts in and of themselves, rather than synonymous terms<i><b>.</b></i> <sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constructionist_approach">Constructionist approach</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_behavior&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Constructionist approach"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The constructionist approach to information behavior has roots in the humanities and social sciences. It relies on <a href="/wiki/Social_constructionism" title="Social constructionism">social constructionism</a>, which assumes that a person's information behavior is influenced by their experiences in society.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In order to understand information behavior, constructionist researchers must first understand the social discourse that surrounds the behavior. The most popular thinker referenced in constructionist information behavior research is <a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Michel Foucault</a>, who famously rejected the concept of a universal human nature. The constructionist approach to information behavior research creates space for contextualizing the behavior based on the social experiences of the individual. </p><p>One study that approaches information behavior research through the social constructionist approach is a study of the information behavior of a public library knitting group.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The authors use a collectivist theory to frame their research, which denies the universality of information behavior and focuses on "understanding the ways that discourse communities collectively construct information needs, seeking, sources, and uses".<sup id="cite_ref-:2_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constructivist_approach">Constructivist approach</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_behavior&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Constructivist approach"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The constructivist approach is born out of education and sociology in which, "individuals are seen as actively constructing an understanding of their worlds, heavily influenced by the social world(s) in which they are operating".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Constructivist approaches to information behavior research generally treat the individual's reality as constructed within their own mind rather than built by the society in which they live.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The constructivist metatheory makes space for the influence of society and culture with social constructivism, "which argues that, while the mind constructs reality in its relationship to the world, this mental process is significantly informed by influences received from societal conventions, history and interaction with significant others".<sup id="cite_ref-:3_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theories">Theories</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_behavior&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Theories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A common concern among LIS researchers, and a prominent discussion in the field, is the broad spectrum of theories that inform LIS research. This variation has been noted as a cause of concern because it makes individual studies difficult to compare if they are not guided by the same theory. Recent studies have shown that the impact of these theories and theoretical models is very limited.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> LIS researchers have applied concepts and theories from many disciplines, including sociology, psychology, communication, organizational behavior, and computer science.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wilson's_theory_of_information_behavior_(1981)"><span id="Wilson.27s_theory_of_information_behavior_.281981.29"></span>Wilson's theory of information behavior (1981)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_behavior&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Wilson's theory of information behavior (1981)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wilson%27s_model_of_information_behavior" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilson's model of information behavior">Wilson's model of information behavior</a></div> <p>The term was coined by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_D._Wilson" title="Thomas D. Wilson">Thomas D. Wilson</a> in his 1981 paper, on the grounds that the current term, 'information needs' was unhelpful since 'need' could not be directly observed, while how people behaved in seeking information could be observed and investigated.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there is increasing work in the information-searching field that is relating behaviors to underlying needs.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2000, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_D._Wilson" title="Thomas D. Wilson">Wilson</a> described information behavior as the totality of human behavior in relation to sources and channels of information, including both active and passive information-seeking, and information use.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He described information-seeking behavior as purposive seeking of information as a consequence of a need to satisfy some goal. Information-seeking behavior is the micro-level of behavior employed by the searcher in interacting with information systems of all kinds, be it between the seeker and the system, or the pure method of creating and following up on a search. </p><p>Thomas Wilson proposed that information behavior covers all aspects of human information behavior, whether active or passive. Information-s<i>eeking</i> behavior is the act of actively seeking information in order to answer a specific query. Information-s<i>earching</i> behavior is the behavior which stems from the searcher interacting with the system in question. Information <i>use</i> behavior pertains to the searcher adopting the <a href="/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">knowledge</a> they sought. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Small_worlds_and_life_in_the_round">Small worlds and life in the round</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_behavior&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Small worlds and life in the round"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Elfreda_Chatman" title="Elfreda Chatman">Elfreda Chatman</a> developed the theory of life in the round, which she defines as a world of tolerated approximation. It acknowledges reality at its most routine, predictable enough that unless an initial problem should arise, there is no point in seeking information.<sup id="cite_ref-Chatman_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chatman-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chatman examined this principle within a small world: a world which imposes on its participants similar concerns and awareness of who is important; which ideas are relevant and whom to trust. Participants in this world are considered insiders.<sup id="cite_ref-Chatman_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chatman-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chatman focused her study on women at a maximum security prison. She learned that over time, prisoner's private views were assimilated to a communal acceptance of life in the round: a small world perceived in accordance with agreed upon standards and communal perspective. Members who live in the round will not cross the boundaries of their world to seek information unless it is critical; there is a collective expectation that information is relevant; or life lived in the round no longer functions. The world outside prison has secondary importance to inmates who are absent from this reality which is changing with time.<sup id="cite_ref-Chatman_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chatman-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Navigators_and_explorers">Navigators and explorers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_behavior&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Navigators and explorers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This compares the internet search methods of experienced information seekers (navigators) and inexperienced information seekers (explorers). Navigators revisit domains; follow sequential searches and have few deviations or regressions within their search patterns and interactions. Explorers visit many domains; submit many questions and their search trails branch frequently.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sensemaking">Sensemaking</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_behavior&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sensemaking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sensemaking_(information_science)" title="Sensemaking (information science)">Sensemaking (information science)</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Brenda_Dervin" title="Brenda Dervin">Brenda Dervin</a> developed the concept of sensemaking. Sensemaking considers how we (attempt to) make sense of uncertain situations.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her description of Sensemaking consisted of the definition of how we interpret information to use for our own information related decisions. </p><p>Brenda Dervin described sensemaking as a method through which people make sense of their worlds in their own language. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anomalous_state_of_knowledge_(ASK)"><span id="Anomalous_state_of_knowledge_.28ASK.29"></span>Anomalous state of knowledge (ASK)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_behavior&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Anomalous state of knowledge (ASK)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ASK was also developed by Nicholas J. Belkin. </p><p>An anomalous state of knowledge is one in which the searcher recognises a gap in the state of knowledge. This, his or her further hypothesis, is influential in studying why people start to search.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Models">Models</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_behavior&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Models"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="McKenzie's_two-dimensional_model"><span id="McKenzie.27s_two-dimensional_model"></span>McKenzie's two-dimensional model</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_behavior&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: McKenzie's two-dimensional model"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>McKenzie's model proposes that the information-seeking in everyday life of individuals occurs on a "continuum of information practices... from actively seeking out a known source... to being given un-asked for advice."<sup id="cite_ref-:5_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This model crosses the threshold in information-seeking studies from information behavior research to information practices research. Information practices research creates space for understanding encounters with information that may not be a result of the individual's behavior.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>McKenzie's two-dimensional model includes four modes of information practices (active seeking, active scanning, non-directed monitoring, by proxy) over two phases of the information process (connecting and interacting).<sup id="cite_ref-:5_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Mckenzie's two-dimensional model of information practices in everyday life <sup id="cite_ref-:5_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Phase --> <p>Mode (below) </p> </th> <th><b>Connecting</b> </th> <th>Interacting </th></tr> <tr> <td>Active-seeking </td> <td>Actively seeking contact with an identified source in a specific information ground </td> <td>Asking a pre-planned question; active questioning strategies, e.g. list-making </td></tr> <tr> <td>Active-scanning </td> <td>Identifying a likely source; browsing in a likely information ground </td> <td>Identifying an opportunity to ask a question; actively observing or listening </td></tr> <tr> <td>Non-directed monitoring </td> <td>Serendipitous encounters in unexpected places </td> <td>Observing or overhearing in unexpected settings, chatting with acquaintances </td></tr> <tr> <td>By proxy </td> <td>Being identified as an information seeker; being referred to a source through a gatekeeper </td> <td>Being told </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Information_search_process_(ISP)"><span id="Information_search_process_.28ISP.29"></span>Information search process (ISP) <span class="anchor" id="Information_search_process"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_behavior&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Information search process (ISP)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Library_and_information_science" title="Library and information science">library and information science</a>, <b>Information search process</b> (ISP) is a model proposed by <a href="/wiki/Carol_Kuhlthau" title="Carol Kuhlthau">Carol Kuhlthau</a> in 1991 that represents a tighter focus on information-seeking behavior. Kuhlthau's framework was based on research into high school students,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but extended over time to include a diverse range of people, including those in the workplace. It examined the role of emotions, specifically uncertainty, in the information-seeking process, concluding that many searches are abandoned due to an overwhelmingly high level of uncertainty.<sup id="cite_ref-Kuhlthau_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuhlthau-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ISP is a 6-stage process, with each stage each encompassing 4 aspects:<sup id="cite_ref-Kuhlthau2004_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuhlthau2004-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Thoughts (cognitive): what is to be accomplished</li> <li>Feelings (affective): what the searcher was feeling</li> <li>Actions: what the searcher did</li> <li>Strategies: what the searcher was trying to achieve <sup id="cite_ref-Kuhlthau_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuhlthau-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Stage </th> <th>Task </th> <th>Thoughts </th> <th>Feelings </th> <th>Actions </th> <th>Strategies </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td>Task initiation </td> <td>Contemplating assignment, comprehending task, relating prior experience and knowledge, considering possible topics, recognizing the need for new information to complete an assignment </td> <td>Apprehension of work ahead, uncertainty </td> <td>Talking with others, brainstorming, browsing library </td> <td>Brainstorming, discussing, contemplating possibilities, tolerating uncertainty<sup id="cite_ref-Shannon_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shannon-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td>Topic selection </td> <td>Weighing topics against criteria such as personal interest, project requirements, information available, time available; predicting outcome of possible choices, choosing topic with potential for success </td> <td>Confusion, sometimes anxiety, brief elation (after selection), anticipation of task </td> <td>Consulting informal mediators, using reference collections, preliminary searches </td> <td>Discussing possible topics, predicting outcomes of choices, gaining general overview of topic. When <a href="/wiki/Information_retrieval" title="Information retrieval">information retrieval</a> occurs at this point, multiple rounds of query reformulation may result.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td>Pre-focus exploration </td> <td>Becoming informed about general topic, seeking focus in general information found, identifying possible foci, inability to express precise information needed. Information on the topic is gathered and new personal <a href="/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">knowledge</a> is created.<sup id="cite_ref-Isbell_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Isbell-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Confusion, doubt, sometimes threat, uncertainty may return if the information seeker finds inconsistent or incompatible information. </td> <td>Locating relevant information, reading to become informed, taking notes, making bibliographic citations, situate new information within previous understanding of the topic. </td> <td>Reading to learn about topic, tolerating inconsistency and incompatibility of information encountered, intentionally seeking possible focus, listing descriptors </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td>Focus formation </td> <td>Predicting outcome of possible foci, using stage 2 task criteria, identifying ideas in information to form focus, sometimes characterised by a sudden moment of insight </td> <td>Optimism, confidence of ability to complete task<sup id="cite_ref-Isbell_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Isbell-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Reading notes for themes </td> <td>Making a survey of notes, listing possible foci, choosing a focus while rejecting others OR combining several themes to form one focus. Formulation is considered to be the most important stage of the process.<sup id="cite_ref-Shannon_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shannon-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The information seeker will here formulate a personalized construction of the topic from the general information gathered in the exploration phase. </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td>Information collection </td> <td>Seeking information to support focus, defining and extending focus through information, gathering pertinent information, organising information in notes </td> <td>Realisation of extensive work to be done. Presented with a clearly focused, personalized topic, the information seeker will experience greater interest and increased confidence.<sup id="cite_ref-Rubin_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rubin-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Using library to collect pertinent information, requesting specific sources, taking detailed notes with bibliographic citations </td> <td>Using descriptors to search out pertinent information, making comprehensive search of various types of materials i.e. reference, periodicals, non-fiction and biography, using indexes, requesting assistance of librarian </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td>Search closure </td> <td>Identify need for any additional information, considering time limit, diminishing relevance, increasing redundancy, exhausting resources </td> <td>Sense of relief, sometimes satisfaction, sometimes disappointment </td> <td>Re-checking information for information initially overlooked, confirming information and bibliographic citations </td> <td>Returning to library to make search summary, keeping books until completion of writing to re-check information. </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kuhlthau's work is <a href="/wiki/Constructivism_(philosophy_of_science)" title="Constructivism (philosophy of science)">constructivist</a> and explores information-seeking beyond the user's cognitive experience into their emotional experience while seeking information. She finds that the process of information-searching begins with feelings of uncertainty, navigates through feelings of anxiety, confusion, or doubt, and ultimately completes their information-seeking with feelings of relief or satisfaction, or disappointment. The consideration of an information-seeker's affect has been replicated more recently in Keilty and Leazer's study which focuses on physical affect and esthetics instead of emotional affect.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The usefulness of the model has been re-evaluated in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-kuhltau2008_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kuhltau2008-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Information-seeking_process">Information-seeking process</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_behavior&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Information-seeking process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>David Ellis investigated the behavior of researchers in the physical and social sciences,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and engineers and research scientists<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> through <a href="/wiki/Semi-structured_interview" title="Semi-structured interview">semi-structured interviews</a> using a <a href="/wiki/Grounded_theory" title="Grounded theory">grounded theory</a> approach, with a focus on describing the activities associated with information seeking rather than describing a process. Ellis' initial investigations produced six key activities within the information-seeking process: </p> <ol><li>Starting (activities that form the information search)</li> <li>Chaining (following references)</li> <li>Browsing (semi-directed search)</li> <li>Differentiating (filtering and selecting sources based on judgement of quality and relevance)</li> <li>Monitoring (keeping track of developments in an area)</li> <li>Extracting (systematic extraction of material of interest from sources)</li></ol> <p>Later studies by Ellis (focusing on academic researchers in other disciplines) resulted in the addition of two more activities<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>: </p> <ol><li>Verifying (checking accuracy)</li> <li>Ending (a final search, checking all material covered)</li></ol> <p>Choo, Detlor and Turnbull elaborated on Ellis' model by applying it to information-searching on the web. Choo identified the key activities associated with Ellis in online searching episodes and connected them with four types of searching (undirected viewing, conditioned viewing, information search, and formal search).<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Information_foraging">Information foraging</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_behavior&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Information foraging"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Information_foraging" title="Information foraging">Information foraging</a></div> <p>Developed by <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Card" title="Stuart Card">Stuart Card</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ed_H._Chi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ed H. Chi">Ed H. Chi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Pirolli" title="Peter Pirolli">Peter Pirolli</a>, this model is derived from anthropological theories and is comparable to foraging for food. Information seekers use clues (or information scents) such as links, summaries and images to estimate how close they are to target information. A scent must be obvious as users often browse aimlessly or look for specific information. Information foraging is descriptive of why people search in particular ways rather than how they search.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-linear_information_behavior_model">Non-linear information behavior model</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_behavior&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Non-linear information behavior model"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Foster and Urquhart provide a rich understanding of their model for nonlinear information behavior. This model takes into consideration varying contexts and personalities when researching information behavior. The authors of this article are themselves cautious of this new model since it still requires more development<i><b>.</b></i><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Everyday_life_information_seeking_model">Everyday life information seeking model</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_behavior&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Everyday life information seeking model"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Reijo Savolainen published his ELIS model in 1995. It is based on three basic concepts: way of life, life domain and information search in everyday life (ELIS).<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Information_behavior_v._information_practices_debate">Information behavior v. information practices debate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_behavior&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Information behavior v. information practices debate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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.mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Empty_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>This section is empty.</b> You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Information_behavior&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2020</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_future_of_information_behavior_research">The future of information behavior research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_behavior&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: The future of information behavior research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Empty_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>This section is empty.</b> You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Information_behavior&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2020</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_behavior&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fairer–Wessels, 1990, page 361.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWilson1981" class="citation journal cs1">Wilson, T.D. (1981). "On user studies and information needs". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Documentation" title="Journal of Documentation">Journal of Documentation</a></i>. <b>37</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">3–</span>15. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1108%2Feb026702">10.1108/eb026702</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14390097">14390097</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Documentation&rft.atitle=On+user+studies+and+information+needs&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E15&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1108%2Feb026702&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14390097%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=T.D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInformation+behavior" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">JESSE, discussion list <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://listserv.utk.edu/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind9912&L=JESSE&D=0&P=3346">http://listserv.utk.edu/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind9912&L=JESSE&D=0&P=3346</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.ca/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0,5&as_vis=1&q=On+user+studies+and+information+needs+1981&btnG=">"Google Scholar"</a>. <i>scholar.google.ca</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-03-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=First+Monday&rft.atitle=View+of+Information+seeking+on+the+Web%3A+An+integrated+model+of+browsing+and+searching+%7C+First+Monday&rft.date=2000-02-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5210%2Ffm.v5i2.729&rft.aulast=Choo&rft.aufirst=Chun+Wei&rft.au=Detlor%2C+Brian&rft.au=Turnbull%2C+Don&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffirstmonday.org%2Fojs%2Findex.php%2Ffm%2Farticle%2Fview%2F729%2F638&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInformation+behavior" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChiPirolliChenPitkow" class="citation journal cs1">Chi, E.H; Pirolli, P; Chen, K; Pitkow, J. 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Case (2002). <i>Looking for information: a survey of research on information seeking, needs and behavior</i>. Academic Press. p. 370. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/012150381-X" title="Special:BookSources/012150381-X"><bdi>012150381-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Looking+for+information%3A+a+survey+of+research+on+information+seeking%2C+needs+and+behavior&rft.pages=370&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=012150381-X&rft.au=Donald+O.+Case&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInformation+behavior" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHepworthGrunewaldWalton2014" class="citation journal cs1">Hepworth, Mark; Grunewald, Philipp; Walton, Geoff (7 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://e-space.mmu.ac.uk/620256/3/Research_and_practice_in_peoples_information_behaviour.pdf">"Research and practice: A critical reflection on approaches that underpin research into people's information behaviour"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Documentation</i>. <b>70</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">1039–</span>1053. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1108%2FJD-02-2014-0040">10.1108/JD-02-2014-0040</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:20392689">20392689</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Documentation&rft.atitle=Research+and+practice%3A+A+critical+reflection+on+approaches+that+underpin+research+into+people%27s+information+behaviour&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1039-%3C%2Fspan%3E1053&rft.date=2014-10-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1108%2FJD-02-2014-0040&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A20392689%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hepworth&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Grunewald%2C+Philipp&rft.au=Walton%2C+Geoff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fe-space.mmu.ac.uk%2F620256%2F3%2FResearch_and_practice_in_peoples_information_behaviour.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInformation+behavior" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSavolainen2018" class="citation journal cs1">Savolainen, Reijo (3 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trepo.tuni.fi/handle/10024/104259">"Pioneering models for information interaction in the context of information seeking and retrieval"</a>. <i>Journal of Documentation</i>. <b>74</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">966–</span>986. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1108%2FJD-11-2017-0154">10.1108/JD-11-2017-0154</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Documentation&rft.atitle=Pioneering+models+for+information+interaction+in+the+context+of+information+seeking+and+retrieval&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E966-%3C%2Fspan%3E986&rft.date=2018-08-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1108%2FJD-11-2017-0154&rft.aulast=Savolainen&rft.aufirst=Reijo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrepo.tuni.fi%2Fhandle%2F10024%2F104259&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInformation+behavior" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJulienO’Brien2014" class="citation journal cs1">Julien, Heidi; O’Brien, Michael (2014). "Information Behaviour Research: Where Have We Been, Where Are We Going? / La recherche en comportement informationnel : D'où nous venons, vers quoi nous nous dirigeons?". <i>Canadian Journal of Information and Library Science</i>. <b>38</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">239–</span>250. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fils.2014.0016">10.1353/ils.2014.0016</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:60370411">60370411</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+Information+and+Library+Science&rft.atitle=Information+Behaviour+Research%3A+Where+Have+We+Been%2C+Where+Are+We+Going%3F+%2F+La+recherche+en+comportement+informationnel+%3A+D%27o%C3%B9+nous+venons%2C+vers+quoi+nous+nous+dirigeons%3F&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E239-%3C%2Fspan%3E250&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fils.2014.0016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A60370411%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Julien&rft.aufirst=Heidi&rft.au=O%E2%80%99Brien%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInformation+behavior" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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