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composition</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: chemical composition"> <meta name="keywords" content="chemical composition"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="chemical composition"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 6388</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: chemical composition</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6388</span> Computational Chemical-Composition of Carbohydrates in the Context of Healthcare Informatics</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Chandrasekaran">S. Chandrasekaran</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Nandita"> S. Nandita</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Shivathmika"> M. Shivathmika</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Srikrishnan%20Shivakumar"> Srikrishnan Shivakumar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The objective of the research work is to analyze the computational chemical-composition of carbohydrates in the context of healthcare informatics. The computation involves the representation of complex chemical molecular structure of carbohydrate using graph theory and in a deployable Chemical Markup Language (CML). The parallel molecular structure of the chemical molecules with or without other adulterants for the sake of business profit can be analyzed in terms of robustness and derivatization measures. The rural healthcare program should create awareness in malnutrition to reduce ill-effect of decomposition and help the consumers to know the level of such energy storage mixtures in a quantitative way. The earlier works were based on the empirical and wet data which can vary from time to time but cannot be made to reuse the results of mining. The work is carried out on the quantitative computational chemistry on carbohydrates to provide a safe and secure right to food act and its regulations. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=carbohydrates" title="carbohydrates">carbohydrates</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chemical-composition" title=" chemical-composition"> chemical-composition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chemical%20markup" title=" chemical markup"> chemical markup</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=robustness" title=" robustness"> robustness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=food%20safety" title=" food safety"> food safety</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/5573/computational-chemical-composition-of-carbohydrates-in-the-context-of-healthcare-informatics" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/5573.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">374</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6387</span> Chemical Analysis of Available Portland Cement in Libyan Market Using X-Ray Fluorescence</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20A.%20Elbagermia">M. A. Elbagermia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20I.%20Alajtala"> A. I. Alajtala</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Alkerzab"> M. Alkerzab</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study compares the quality of different brands of Portland Cement (PC) available in Libyan market. The amounts of chemical constituents like SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, CaO, MgO, SO3, and Lime Saturation Factor (LSF) were determined in accordance with Libyan (L.S.S) and Amrican (A.S.S) Standard Specifications. All the cement studies were found to be good for concrete work especially where no special property is required. The chemical and mineralogical analyses for studied clinker samples show that the dominant phases composition are C3S and C2S while the C3A and C4AF are less abundant. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Portland%20cement" title="Portland cement">Portland cement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chemical%20composition" title=" chemical composition"> chemical composition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Libyan%20market" title=" Libyan market"> Libyan market</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=X-Ray%20fluorescence" title=" X-Ray fluorescence"> X-Ray fluorescence</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/1338/chemical-analysis-of-available-portland-cement-in-libyan-market-using-x-ray-fluorescence" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/1338.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">360</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6386</span> Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of the Essential Oil of Mentha piperita Endemic in Khorasan-Iran</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=V.%20Hakimzadeh">V. Hakimzadeh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Noori"> M. Noori</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20maleki"> M. maleki</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The aim of this study was to determine the composition and antimicrobial effect of Mentha piperita essential oil in "in-vitro" condition. The chemical composition of the essential oil obtained by hydro-distillation was examined by GC/MS and the antimicrobial effect was studied on the growth of seven microbial species including Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus vulgaris using micro-dilution method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined. Chemical composition analysis identified a total of 28 compounds in which the main components were menthol (32%), mentone (13.4), menthyl acetate (12%), 1,8-cineole (8.2%) and neomenthol (4%) representing 69.6 % of the total oil. Other separated components accounted for less than 30.4% of the oil. Results of antimicrobial analysis showed that the MIC values for Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus vulgaris was respectively 50, 200 and 100 µg/ml and the MBC was determined at 200, 400 and 200 µg/ml respectively. The results of the present study indicated that Mentha piperita essential oil had significant antimicrobial activity. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antimicrobial%20activity" title="antimicrobial activity">antimicrobial activity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=essential%20oil%20composition" title=" essential oil composition"> essential oil composition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mentha%20piperita" title=" Mentha piperita"> Mentha piperita</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/11605/chemical-composition-and-antimicrobial-activity-of-the-essential-oil-of-mentha-piperita-endemic-in-khorasan-iran" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/11605.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">528</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6385</span> Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Methanolic Extract of Spilanthes acmella Murr.</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wanthani%20Paengsri">Wanthani Paengsri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Thanyarat%20Chuesaard"> Thanyarat Chuesaard</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Napapha%20Promsawan"> Napapha Promsawan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Spilanthes acmella Murr. was extracted with methanol, yielding methanol crude extract 5.86 %w/w. This study aimed to examine the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of methanolic crude extract. The chemical composition of methanolic crude extract was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The predominant components were found to be palmitic acid (40.08%), 2-hexadecanoyl glycerol (6.96%) and octadecanoic acid (4.06%). Antioxidant activity was determined using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical, for evaluating free radicle scavenging activity. The methanolic extract at 150 µg/mL showed an antioxidant activity with high of radical scavenging activity (75.23%). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antioxidant%20activity" title="antioxidant activity">antioxidant activity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GC-MS%20analysis" title=" GC-MS analysis"> GC-MS analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Spilanthes" title=" Spilanthes"> Spilanthes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Phak-Kratt%20Hauwaen" title=" Phak-Kratt Hauwaen"> Phak-Kratt Hauwaen</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/80642/chemical-composition-and-antioxidant-activity-of-methanolic-extract-of-spilanthes-acmella-murr" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/80642.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">531</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6384</span> Comparative Study of Traditional Old and Recent Clay Bricks in the Southwest of Tunisia: Chemical, Mineralogical and Physical Properties</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20Majouri">N. Majouri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20Sghaier"> J. Sghaier</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20El%20Mankibi"> M. El Mankibi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The history of brick manufacturing in south-west Tunisia dates back 1000 years. Most of the bricks are made at local workshops near to the clay supply site. This experimental study aims at studying and comparing the chemical, mineralogical and physical characterization of ancient and recent clay bricks in south-western Tunisia. This was done by collecting a large sample of clay brick specimens from four sites. There was much variability in the properties. The results revealed that there is a difference of up to 50% between old and new bricks; in chemical composition, mineralogy composition and porosity, which are much lower in recent clay bricks. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=clay%20bricks" title="clay bricks">clay bricks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chemical%20properties" title=" chemical properties"> chemical properties</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mineralogical%20properties" title=" mineralogical properties"> mineralogical properties</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=physical%20properties" title=" physical properties"> physical properties</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/165401/comparative-study-of-traditional-old-and-recent-clay-bricks-in-the-southwest-of-tunisia-chemical-mineralogical-and-physical-properties" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/165401.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">81</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6383</span> Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of the Essential Oil of Thymus lanceolatus Desf. an Endemic Thyme from Algeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmed%20Nouasri">Ahmed Nouasri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tahar%20Dob"> Tahar Dob</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Toumi%20Mohamed"> Toumi Mohamed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dahmane%20Dahmane"> Dahmane Dahmane</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Soumioa%20Krimat"> Soumioa Krimat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lynda%20Lamari"> Lynda Lamari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chabane%20Chelghom"> Chabane Chelghom</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The aim of this study is to investigate the chemical composition for the first time, and antimicrobial activities of essential oil (EO) of Thymus lanceolatus Desf., an endemic thyme from Tiaret province of Algeria. The chemical composition of hydrodistilled essential oil from flowering aerial parts has been analyzed by GC and GC/MS techniques, the antimicrobial activity was realised by agar disc diffusion method and MIC was determined in solid medium by direct contact. Essential oil of T. lanceolataus has been yielded of 2.336 (w/w) based on dry weight, the analyses cited above, led to the identiﬁcation of 29 components, which accounted for 97.34% of the total oil. Oxygenated monoterpenes was the main fraction (88.31%) dominated by thymol (80.2%) as major component of this oil, followed by carvacrol (6.25%). The oil was found effective against all tested strains especially fungus, except Pseudomonas aeruginosa were low activity observed, in addition Gram (+) bacteria found to be more sensitive to the EO than Gram (-) bacteria. This activity was ranging from12±2.65mm to 60.00±0.00mm Ø, with the lowest MIC value of under 0.06mg/ml to 12.53mg/ml. This results provided the evidence that the studied plant might indeed be potential sources of natural antimicrobial agents <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Thymus%20lanceolatus%20Desf." title="Thymus lanceolatus Desf.">Thymus lanceolatus Desf.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=essential%20oil" title=" essential oil"> essential oil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chemical%20composition" title=" chemical composition"> chemical composition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antimicrobial%20activities" title=" antimicrobial activities"> antimicrobial activities</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18267/chemical-composition-and-antimicrobial-activity-of-the-essential-oil-of-thymus-lanceolatus-desf-an-endemic-thyme-from-algeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18267.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">476</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6382</span> Seasonal Stirred Variations in Chemical Composition and Antifungal Activity of Medicinal Plants Turraea holstii and Clausena anisata</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Francis%20Machumi">Francis Machumi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ester%20Innocent"> Ester Innocent</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pius%20Yanda"> Pius Yanda</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Philip%20C.%20Stevenson"> Philip C. Stevenson</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Curative dependence of traditionally used medicinal plants on season of harvest is an alleged claim by traditional health practitioners. This study intended to verify these claims by investigating antifungal activity and chemical composition of traditionally used medicinal plants Turraea holstii and Clausena anisata harvested in rainy season and dry season. The antifungal activities were determined by broth microdilution method whereas chemical profiling of the extracts from the plant materials was done by gas chromatography (GC). Results indicated that extracts of plant materials harvested in dry season showed enhanced antifungal activity as compared to extracts of plant materials harvested in rainy season. GC chromatograms showed overalls increase in number and amount of chemical species for extracts of plant materials harvested in dry season as compared to extracts of plant materials harvested in rainy season. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antifungal%20activity" title="antifungal activity">antifungal activity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chemical%20composition" title=" chemical composition"> chemical composition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=medicinal%20plants" title=" medicinal plants"> medicinal plants</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=seasonal%20dependence" title=" seasonal dependence"> seasonal dependence</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/39709/seasonal-stirred-variations-in-chemical-composition-and-antifungal-activity-of-medicinal-plants-turraea-holstii-and-clausena-anisata" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/39709.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">424</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6381</span> Libyan Crude Oil Composition Analysis and Prediction</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Omar%20Hussein%20El%20Ayadi">Omar Hussein El Ayadi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=EmadY.%20El-Mansouri"> EmadY. El-Mansouri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohamed%20B.%20Dozan"> Mohamed B. Dozan </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Production oil process require specific details i.e. oil composition. Generally, types of oil or differentiation between reservoir fluids depend specifically on composition. The main purpose of this study is to correlate and predict the Libyan oil (reservoir fluid and residual) composition utilizing tri-angle-coordinate plots discovered and tasked with Excel. The reservoir fluid data (61 old + 47 new), the residual oil data (33 new) collected from most of Libyan reservoirs were correlated with each others. Moreover, find a relation between stock tank molecular weight and stock tank oil gravity (oAPI), the molecular weight oh (C7+) versus residual oil gravity (oAPI). The average value of every oil composition was estimated including non-hydrocarbon (H2S, CO2, and N2). Nevertheless, the isomers (i-…) and normal (n-…) structure of (C4) and (C5) were also obtained. The summary of the conclusion is; utilizing excel Microsoft office to draw triangle coordinates to find two unknown component if only one is known. However, it is recommended to use the obtained oil composition plots and equations for any oil composition dependents i.e. optimum separator pressure. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PVT" title="PVT">PVT</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phase%20behavior" title=" phase behavior"> phase behavior</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=petroleum" title=" petroleum"> petroleum</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chemical%20engineering" title=" chemical engineering"> chemical engineering</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37446/libyan-crude-oil-composition-analysis-and-prediction" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37446.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">514</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6380</span> Investigation on the Changes in the Chemical Composition and Ecological State of Soils Contaminated with Heavy Metals</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Metodi%20Mladenov">Metodi Mladenov</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Heavy metals contamination of soils is a big problem mainly as a result of industrial production. From this point of view, this is of interests the processes for decontamination of soils for crop of production with low content of heavy metals and suitable for consumption from the animals and the peoples. In the current article, there are presented data for established changes in chemical composition and ecological state on soils contaminated from non-ferrous metallurgy manufacturing, for seven years time period. There was done investigation on alteration of pH, conductivity and contain of the next elements: As, Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, Zn, Co, Mn and Al. Also, there was done visual observations under the processes of recovery of root-inhabitable soil layer and reforestation. Obtained data show friendly changes for the investigated indicators pH and conductivity and decreasing of content of some form analyzed elements. Visual observations show augmentation of plant cover areas and change in species structure with increase of number of shrubby and wood specimens. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=conductivity" title="conductivity">conductivity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=contamination%20of%20soils" title=" contamination of soils"> contamination of soils</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chemical%20composition" title=" chemical composition"> chemical composition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inductively%20coupled%20plasma%E2%80%93optical%20emission%20spectrometry" title=" inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectrometry"> inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectrometry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heavy%20metals" title=" heavy metals"> heavy metals</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=visual%20observation" title=" visual observation"> visual observation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/80139/investigation-on-the-changes-in-the-chemical-composition-and-ecological-state-of-soils-contaminated-with-heavy-metals" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/80139.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">179</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6379</span> Study of Chemical Compounds of Garlic</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20B.%20Bazaralieva">A. B. Bazaralieva</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20A.%20Turgumbayeva"> A. A. Turgumbayeva</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The phytosubstance from garlic was obtained by extraction with liquid carbon dioxide under critical conditions. Methods of processing raw materials are proposed, and the chemical composition of garlic is studied by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. The garlic extract's composition was determined using gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometry (GC-MS). The phytosubstance had 54 constituents. The extract included the following main compounds: Manool (39.56%), Viridifrolol (7%), Podocarpa-1,8,11,13-tetraen-3-one, 14-isopropyl-1,13-dimethoxy- 5,15 percent, (+)-2-Bornanone (4.29%), Thujone (3.49%), Linolic acid ethyl ester (3.41%), and 12-O-Methylcarn. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Allium%20sativum" title="Allium sativum">Allium sativum</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bioactive%20compounds%20of%20garlic" title=" bioactive compounds of garlic"> bioactive compounds of garlic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=carbon%20dioxide%20extraction%20of%20garlic" title=" carbon dioxide extraction of garlic"> carbon dioxide extraction of garlic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GS-MS%20method" title=" GS-MS method"> GS-MS method</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/152011/study-of-chemical-compounds-of-garlic" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/152011.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">111</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6378</span> Chemical Composition of the Essential Oil of Citrus aurantium Isolated by Solvent Free Microwave Assisted Extraction and Hydrodistillation Extraction</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Masume%20Rezaie">Masume Rezaie</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20H.%20Farjam"> Mohammad H. Farjam</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Chemical composition of Citrus aurantium was studied by solvent free microwave extraction (SFME) and hydrodistillation (HD) methods. Limonene (76.06% SFME and 67.04% HD), Linalool (4.91% SFME and 10.08% HD) and Linalyl Acetate (8.52% SFME and 5.10% HD) were the major compounds that obtained by SFME and hydrodistillation, respectively. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microwave-assisted" title="microwave-assisted">microwave-assisted</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GC-MS" title=" GC-MS"> GC-MS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=essential%20oils" title=" essential oils"> essential oils</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrodistillation" title=" hydrodistillation"> hydrodistillation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=citrus%20aurantium" title=" citrus aurantium"> citrus aurantium</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32165/chemical-composition-of-the-essential-oil-of-citrus-aurantium-isolated-by-solvent-free-microwave-assisted-extraction-and-hydrodistillation-extraction" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32165.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">353</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6377</span> Chemical Composition and Characteristics of Organic Solvent Extracts from the Omani Seaweeds Melanothamnus Somalensis and Gelidium Omanense</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdullah%20Al-Nassri">Abdullah Al-Nassri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmed%20Al-Alawi"> Ahmed Al-Alawi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Seaweeds are classified into three groups: red, green, and brown. Each group of seaweeds consists of several types that have differences in composition. Even at the species level, there are differences in some ingredients, although in general composition, they are the same. Environmental conditions, availability of nutrients, and maturity stage are the main reasons for composition differences. In this study, two red seaweed species, Melanothamnus somalensis & Gelidium omanense, were collected in September 2021 from Sadh (Dhofar governorate, Oman). Five organic solvents were used sequentially to achieve extraction. The solvents were applied in the following order: hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, acetone, and methanol. Preparative HPLC (PrepLC) was performed to fraction the extracts. The chemical composition was measured; also, total phenols, flavonoids, and tannins were investigated. The structure of the extracts was analyzed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Seaweeds demonstrated high differences in terms of chemical composition, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and total tannin content (TTC). Gelidium omanense showed high moisture content, lipid content and carbohydrates (9.8 ± 0.15 %, 2.29 ± 0.09 % and 70.15 ± 0.42 %, respectively) compared to Melanothamnus somalensis (6.85 ± 0.01 %, 2.05 ± 0.12 % and 52.7 ± 0.36 % respectively). However, Melanothamnus somalensis showed high ash content and protein (27.68 ± 0.40 % and 52.7 ± 0.36 % respectively) compared to Gelidium omanense (8.07 ± 0.39 % and 9.70 ± 0.22 % respectively). Melanothamnus somalensis showed higher elements and minerals content, especially sodium and potassium. This is attributed to the jelly-like structure of Melanothamnus somalensis, which allows storage of more solutes compared to the leafy-like structure of Gelidium omanense. Furthermore, Melanothamnus somalensis had higher TPC in all fractions except the hexane fraction than Gelidium omanense. Except with hexane, TFC in the other solvents’ extracts was significantly different between Gelidium omanense and Melanothamnus somalensis. In all fractions, except dichloromethane and ethyl acetate fractions, there were no significant differences in TTC between Gelidium omanense and Melanothamnus somalensis. FTIR spectra showed variation between fractions, which is an indication of different functional groups. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chemical%20composition" title="chemical composition">chemical composition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=organic%20extract" title=" organic extract"> organic extract</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Omani%20seaweeds" title=" Omani seaweeds"> Omani seaweeds</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biological%20activity" title=" biological activity"> biological activity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=FTIR" title=" FTIR"> FTIR</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/173835/chemical-composition-and-characteristics-of-organic-solvent-extracts-from-the-omani-seaweeds-melanothamnus-somalensis-and-gelidium-omanense" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/173835.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">69</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6376</span> Study of Chemical Compounds of Garlic</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bazaraliyeva%20Aigerim%20Bakytzhanovna">Bazaraliyeva Aigerim Bakytzhanovna</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Turgumbayeva%20Aknur%20Amanbekovna"> Turgumbayeva Aknur Amanbekovna</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The phytosubstance from garlic was obtained by extraction with liquid carbon dioxide under critical conditions. Methods of processing raw materials are proposed, and the chemical composition of garlic is studied by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. The garlic extract's composition was determined using gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometry (GC-MS). The phytosubstance had 54 constituents. The extract included the following main compounds: Manool (39.56%), Viridifrolol (7%), Podocarpa-1,8,11,13-tetraen-3-one, 14-isopropyl-1,13-dimethoxy- 5,15 percent, (+)-2-Bornanone (4.29%), Thujone (3.49%), Linolic acid ethyl ester (3.41%), and 12-O-Methylcarn. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=allium%20sativum" title="allium sativum">allium sativum</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bioactive%20compounds%20of%20garlic" title=" bioactive compounds of garlic"> bioactive compounds of garlic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=carbon%20dioxide%20extraction%20of%20garlic" title=" carbon dioxide extraction of garlic"> carbon dioxide extraction of garlic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GS-MS%20method" title=" GS-MS method"> GS-MS method</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/151198/study-of-chemical-compounds-of-garlic" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/151198.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">80</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6375</span> Chemical Composition, Petrology and P-T Conditions of Ti-Mg-Biotites within Syenitic Rocks from the Lar Igneous Suite, East of Iran</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sasan%20Ghafaribijar">Sasan Ghafaribijar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Javad%20Hakimi"> Javad Hakimi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohsen%20Arvin"> Mohsen Arvin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Peyman%20Tahernezhad"> Peyman Tahernezhad</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Lar Igneous Suite (LIS), east of Iran, is part of post collisional alkaline magmatism related to Late Cretaceous- mid Eocene Sistan suture zone. The suite consists of a wide variety of igneous rocks, from volcanic to intrusive and hypabissal rocks such as tuffs, trachyte, monzonite, syenites and lamprophyres. Syenitic rocks which mainly occur in a giant ring dike and stocks, are shoshonitic to potassic-ultrapotassic (K<sub>2</sub>O/Na<sub>2</sub>O > 2 wt.%; MgO > 3 wt.%; K<sub>2</sub>O > 3 wt.%) in composition and are also associated with Cu-Mo mineralization. In this study, chemical composition of biotites within the Lar syenites (LS) is determined by electron microprobe analysis. The results show that LS biotites are Ti-Mg-biotites (phlogopite) which contain relatively high Ti and Mg, and low Fe concentrations. The Mg/(Fe<sup>2+</sup>+ Mg) ratio in these biotites range between 0.56 and 0.73 that represent their transitionally chemical evolution. TiO<sub>2</sub> content in these biotites is high and in the range of 3.0-5.4 wt.%. These chemical characteristics indicate that the LS biotites are primary and have been crystallized directly from magma. The investigations also demonstrate that the LS biotites have crystallized from a magma of orogenic nature. Temperature and pressure are the most significant factors controlling Mg and Ti content in the LS biotites, respectively. The results show that the LS biotites crystallized at temperatures (T) between 800 to 842 °C and pressures (P) between 0.99 to 1.44 kbar. These conditions are indicative of a crystallization depth of 3.26-4.74 km. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sistan%20suture%20zone" title="sistan suture zone">sistan suture zone</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lar%20Igneous%20Suite" title=" Lar Igneous Suite"> Lar Igneous Suite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=zahedan" title=" zahedan"> zahedan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=syenite" title=" syenite"> syenite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biotite" title=" biotite"> biotite</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/109121/chemical-composition-petrology-and-p-t-conditions-of-ti-mg-biotites-within-syenitic-rocks-from-the-lar-igneous-suite-east-of-iran" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/109121.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">135</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6374</span> Chemical and Oxygen Isotope Analysis of Roman Glasses from Northern Greece</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20Karalis">P. Karalis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20Dotsika"> E. Dotsika</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Godelitsas"> A. Godelitsas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Tassi"> M. Tassi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D.%20Ignatiadou"> D. Ignatiadou</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Glass artefacts originated from Northern Greece, dated between 1st and 6th AC, were analyzed for their oxygen isotopic and chemical compositions in order to identify their raw materials provenance. The chemical composition of these glasses is rather heterogeneous although they are all obtained with natron as flux, having both K₂O and MgO contents lower than 1.5 wt%. The majority of these samples have a homogeneous oxygen isotopic composition (𝛿18O= 16‰,), which is equal to or very close to the mean value of “Roman” glass (from about 15‰ to 16.0‰). The rest of the samples present heavily enriched 𝛿18O values that indicate that their raw materials differ from those normally used in Roman and Medieval glass production, and this matches with the possibility of the different origins of these materials. So, all these fragments are soda-lime-silica natron-glass produced from natron, possibly coming from more than one source. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ancient%20glass" title="ancient glass">ancient glass</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=provenance%20of%20raw%20materials%20of%20ancient%20glass" title=" provenance of raw materials of ancient glass"> provenance of raw materials of ancient glass</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=roman%20glass" title=" roman glass"> roman glass</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oxygen%20isotope%20analysis%20in%20glass" title=" oxygen isotope analysis in glass"> oxygen isotope analysis in glass</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/151620/chemical-and-oxygen-isotope-analysis-of-roman-glasses-from-northern-greece" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/151620.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">129</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6373</span> Chemical Properties of Yushania alpina and Bamusa oldhamii Bamboo Species</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Getu%20Dessalegn%20Asfaw">Getu Dessalegn Asfaw</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yalew%20Dessalegn%20Asfaw"> Yalew Dessalegn Asfaw</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This research aims to examine the chemical composition of bamboo species in Ethiopia under the effect of age and culm height. The chemical composition of bamboo species in Ethiopia has not been investigated so far. The highest to the lowest cellulose and hemicellulose contents are Injibara (Y. alpina), Mekaneselam (Y. alpina), and Kombolcha (B. oldhamii), whereas lignin, extractives, and ash contents are Kombolcha, Mekanesealm, and Injibra, respectively. As a result of this research, the highest and lowest cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin contents are at the age of 2 and 1 year old, respectively. Whereas extractives and ash contents are decreased at the age of the culm matured. The cellulose, hemicelluloses, lignin, and ash contents of the culm increase from the bottom to top along the height, however, extractive contents decrease from the bottom to top position. The cellulose content of Injibara, Kombolch, and Mekaneselam bamboo was recorded at 51±1.7–53±1.8%, 45±1.6%–48±1.5%, and 48±1.8–51±1.6%, and hemicelluloses content was measured at 20±1.2–23±1.1%, 17±1.0–19±0.9%, and 18±1.0–20±1.0%, lignin content was measured 19±1.0–21±1.1%, 27±1.2–29±1.1%, and 21±1.1–24±1.1%, extractive content was measured 3.9±0.2 –4.5±0.2%, 6.6±0.3–7.8±0.4%, and 4.7±0.2–5.2±0.1%, ash content was measured 1.6±0.1–2.1±0.1%, 2.8±0.1–3.5±0.2%, and 1.9±0.1–2.5±0.1% at the ages of 1–3 years old, respectively. This result demonstrated that bamboo species in Ethiopia can be a source of feedstock for lignocelluloses ethanol and bamboo composite production since they have higher cellulose content. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=age" title="age">age</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bamboo%20species" title=" bamboo species"> bamboo species</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=culm%20height" title=" culm height"> culm height</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chemical%20composition" title=" chemical composition"> chemical composition</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/159115/chemical-properties-of-yushania-alpina-and-bamusa-oldhamii-bamboo-species" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/159115.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">107</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6372</span> The Effect of Soil Contamination on Chemical Composition and Quality of Aronia (Aronia melanocarpa) Fruits</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Violina%20R.%20Angelova">Violina R. Angelova</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sava%20G.%20Tabakov"> Sava G. Tabakov</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aleksander%20B.%20Peltekov"> Aleksander B. Peltekov</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Krasimir%20I.%20Ivanov"> Krasimir I. Ivanov</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A field study was conducted to evaluate the chemical composition and quality of the Aronia fruits, as well as the possibilities of Aronia cultivation on soils contaminated with heavy metals. The experiment was performed on an agricultural field contaminated by the Non-Ferrous-Metal Works (NFMW) near Plovdiv, Bulgaria. The study included four varieties of Aronia; Aron variety, Hugin variety, Viking variety and Nero variety. The Aronia was cultivated according to the conventional technology on areas at a different distance from the source of pollution NFMW- Plovdiv (1 km, 3.5 km, and 15 km). The concentrations of macroelements, microelements, and heavy metals in Aronia fruits were determined. The dry matter content, ash, sugars, proteins, and fats were also determined. Aronia is a crop that is tolerant to heavy metals and can successfully be grown on soils contaminated with heavy metals. The increased content of heavy metals in the soil leads to less absorption of the nutrients (Ca, Mg and P) in the fruit of the Aronia. Soil pollution with heavy metals does not affect the quality of the Aronia fruit varieties. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aronia" title="aronia">aronia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chemical%20composition" title=" chemical composition"> chemical composition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fruits" title=" fruits"> fruits</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quality" title=" quality"> quality</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/79867/the-effect-of-soil-contamination-on-chemical-composition-and-quality-of-aronia-aronia-melanocarpa-fruits" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/79867.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">204</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6371</span> Phytochemical Profile of Ripe Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb. Galbuli from Bulgaria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Stankov">S. Stankov</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20Fidan"> H. Fidan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20Petkova"> N. Petkova</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Stoyanova"> M. Stoyanova</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tz.%20Radoukova"> Tz. Radoukova</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Stoyanova"> A. Stoyanova</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The aim of this study was to evaluate the chemical composition of ripe <em>Juniperus excelsa </em>M. Bieb. galbuli (female cones) collected from "Izgoraloto Gyune" Reserve in Krichim, Bulgaria. The moisture (36.88%), abs. weight 693.96 g/1000 pcs., and the ash content (10.57%) of ripe galbuli were determined. Lipid fraction (9.12%), cellulose (13.54%), protein (13.64%), and total carbohydrates (31.20%) were evaluated in the ripe galbuli. It was found that the ripe galbuli contained glucose (4.00%) and fructose (4.25%), but disaccharide sucrose was not identified. The main macro elements presented in the sample were K (8390.00 mg/kg), Ca (4596.00 g/kg), Mg (837.72 mg/kg), followed by Na (7.69 mg/kg); while the detected microelements consisted of Zn (8.51 mg/kg), Cu (4.66 mg/kg), Mn (3.65 mg/kg), Fe (3.26 mg/kg), Cr (3.00 mg/kg), Cd (< 0.1 mg/kg), and Pb (0.01 mg/kg). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chemical%20composition" title="chemical composition">chemical composition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Juniperus%20excelsa%20M.%20Bieb" title=" Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb"> Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=minerals" title=" minerals"> minerals</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ripe%20galbuli" title=" ripe galbuli"> ripe galbuli</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/128799/phytochemical-profile-of-ripe-juniperus-excelsa-m-bieb-galbuli-from-bulgaria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/128799.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">149</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6370</span> Chemical Composition, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of Essential Oil from the Leaves of Thymus vulgaris L.</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tsige%20Reda">Tsige Reda</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Essential oil of Thymus vulgaris was extracted by means of hydro-distillation. This study was done to investigate the chemical composition, antibacterial and antioxidant activities. The chemical composition of the essential oils was determined using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Using disc diffusion assay the antibacterial activity was assessed on one Gram-positive bacteria and one Gram-negative bacteria. The percentage oil yield of the essential oil was found to be 0.97 ± 0.08% (w/w) with yellow color. The physicochemical constants of the oil were also noted. The phytochemical screening of the plant extract revealed the presence of tannins, saponins, phenol, flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids and alkaloids. A total of 18 chemical constituents were identified by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy analysis representing 100% of the total essential oil of Thymus vulgaris, with thymol (31.977%), o-cymene (29.992%), and carvacrol (14.541%). Previous studies have revealed that the thymol, o-cymen and carvacrol components of Thymus vulgaris are responsible for their biological activities. Thymus vulgaris have been used traditionally to treat a wide variety of infections. Based on the extensive use and lack of scientific evidence, a study was embarked upon to determine its bioactivity. The essential oil of Thymus vulgaris leaves exhibited higher activity towards the Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aurous) than the Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli) and also has good antioxidant activity, and can be used medicinal and therapeutic applications. This activity may be due to the high amount of thymol, o-cymen and carvacrol. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydro-distillation" title="hydro-distillation">hydro-distillation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Thymus%20vulgaris" title=" Thymus vulgaris"> Thymus vulgaris</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=essential%20oil%20composition" title=" essential oil composition"> essential oil composition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phytochemical%20screening" title=" phytochemical screening"> phytochemical screening</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=physicochemical%20constants" title=" physicochemical constants"> physicochemical constants</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antioxidant%20activity" title=" antioxidant activity"> antioxidant activity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antibacterial%20activity" title=" antibacterial activity"> antibacterial activity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/34636/chemical-composition-antioxidant-and-antibacterial-activities-of-essential-oil-from-the-leaves-of-thymus-vulgaris-l" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/34636.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">437</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6369</span> Trace Element Compositions of Placer Gold Samples: Implication for Gold Exploration in Northern Cameroon</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yanick%20Blaise%20Ketchaya">Yanick Blaise Ketchaya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Taofa%20Zhou"> Taofa Zhou</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The type of primary source of gold deposit can be explored by using the study of trace element analysis of placer gold which is a valuable exploration tool. Au-bearing deposits are investigated through the placer gold, which is an important indicator mineral. The hydrothermal fluid interacting with diverse geological settings exerts an important function on the chemical composition of gold. Consequently, alluvial gold particles from the placer deposits within the Gamba district in northern Cameroon were examined by an electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA) to show discriminant chemical signatures. The gold grains from a different locality show the same trace element composition, which appears to be in a solid solution in Au. These trace element compositions, contained in gold grains, indicate a homogeneous source. The placer gold particles have significant chemical characteristics (low Ag content), consistent with a mesothermal source. The gold particle signatures in the Gamba district, with high Te and Bi contents, reflect the chemical characteristics of the felsic host rock superimposed on the chemical signature of the hydrothermal fluid. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hypogene%20source" title="hypogene source">hypogene source</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Northern%20Cameroon" title=" Northern Cameroon"> Northern Cameroon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=placer%20gold" title=" placer gold"> placer gold</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=trace%20element" title=" trace element"> trace element</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/157313/trace-element-compositions-of-placer-gold-samples-implication-for-gold-exploration-in-northern-cameroon" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/157313.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">109</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6368</span> Smelling Our Way through Names: Understanding the Potential of Floral Volatiles as Taxonomic Traits in the Fragrant Ginger Genus Hedychium</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anupama%20Sekhar">Anupama Sekhar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Preeti%20Saryan"> Preeti Saryan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vinita%20Gowda"> Vinita Gowda</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Plants, due to their sedentary lifestyle, have evolved mechanisms to synthesize a huge diversity of complex, specialized chemical metabolites, a majority of them being volatile organic compounds (VOCs). These VOCs are heavily involved in their biotic and abiotic interactions. Since chemical composition could be under the same selection processes as other morphological characters, we test if VOCs can be used to taxonomically distinguish species in the well-studied, fragrant ginger genus -Hedychium (Zingiberaceae). We propose that variations in the volatile profiles are suggestive of adaptation to divergent environments, and their presence could be explained by either phylogenetic conservatism or ecological factors. In this study, we investigate the volatile chemistry within Hedychium, which is endemic to Asian palaeotropics. We used an unsupervised clustering approach which clearly distinguished most taxa, and we used ancestral state reconstruction to estimate phylogenetic signals and chemical trait evolution in the genus. We propose that taxonomically, the chemical composition could aid in species identification, especially in species complexes where taxa are not morphologically distinguishable, and extensive, targeted chemical libraries will help in this effort. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chemotaxonomy" title="chemotaxonomy">chemotaxonomy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dynamic%20headspace%20sampling" title=" dynamic headspace sampling"> dynamic headspace sampling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=floral%20fragrance" title=" floral fragrance"> floral fragrance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=floral%20volatile%20evolution" title=" floral volatile evolution"> floral volatile evolution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gingers" title=" gingers"> gingers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hedychium" title=" Hedychium"> Hedychium</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/161617/smelling-our-way-through-names-understanding-the-potential-of-floral-volatiles-as-taxonomic-traits-in-the-fragrant-ginger-genus-hedychium" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/161617.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">95</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6367</span> Physicochemistry of Pozzolanic Stabilization of a Class A-2-7 Lateritic Soil</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmed%20O.%20Apampa">Ahmed O. Apampa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yinusa%20A.%20Jimoh"> Yinusa A. Jimoh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The paper examines the mechanism of pozzolan-soil reactions, using a recent study on the chemical stabilization of a Class A-2-7 (3) lateritic soil, with corn cob ash (CCA) as case study. The objectives are to establish a nexus between cation exchange capacity of the soil, the alkaline forming compounds in CCA and percentage CCA addition to soil beyond which no more improvement in strength properties can be achieved; and to propose feasible chemical reactions to explain the chemical stabilization of the lateritic soil with CCA alone. The lateritic soil, as well as CCA of pozzolanic quality Class C were separately analysed for their metallic oxide composition using the X-Ray Fluorescence technique. The cation exchange capacity (CEC) of the soil and the CCA were computed theoretically using the percentage composition of the base cations Ca<sup>2+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup> K<sup>+</sup> and Na<sup>2+</sup> as 1.48 meq/100 g and 61.67 meq/100 g respectively, thus indicating a ratio of 0.024 or 2.4%. This figure, taken as the theoretical amount required to just fill up the exchangeable sites of the clay molecules, compares well with the laboratory observation of 1.5% for the optimum level of CCA addition to lateritic soil. The paper went on to present chemical reaction equations between the alkaline earth metals in the CCA and the silica in the lateritic soil to form silicates, thereby proposing an extension of the theory of mechanism of soil stabilization to cover chemical stabilization with pozzolanic ash only. The paper concluded by recommending further research on the molecular structure of soils stabilized with pozzolanic waste ash alone, with a view to confirming the chemical equations advanced in the study. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cation%20exchange%20capacity" title="cation exchange capacity">cation exchange capacity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=corn%20cob%20ash" title=" corn cob ash"> corn cob ash</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lateritic%20soil" title=" lateritic soil"> lateritic soil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soil%20stabilization" title=" soil stabilization"> soil stabilization</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/43830/physicochemistry-of-pozzolanic-stabilization-of-a-class-a-2-7-lateritic-soil" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/43830.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">248</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6366</span> Survey of Web Service Composition</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wala%20Ben%20Messaoud">Wala Ben Messaoud</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Khaled%20Ghedira"> Khaled Ghedira</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Youssef%20Ben%20Halima"> Youssef Ben Halima</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Henda%20Ben%20Ghezala"> Henda Ben Ghezala</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A web service (WS) is called compound or composite when its execution involves interactions with other WS to use their features. The composition of WS specifies which services need to be invoked, in what order and how to handle exception conditions. This paper gives an overview of research efforts of WS composition. The approaches proposed in the literature are diverse, interesting and have opened important research areas. Based on many studies, we extracted the most important role of WS composition use in order to facilitate its introduction in WS concept. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SOA" title="SOA">SOA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=web%20services" title=" web services"> web services</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=composition%20approach" title=" composition approach"> composition approach</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=composite%20WS" title=" composite WS"> composite WS</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/40923/survey-of-web-service-composition" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/40923.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">308</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6365</span> The Changes of Chemical Composition of Rice Straw Treated by a Biodecomposer Developed from Rumen Bacterial of Buffalo</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Natsir">A. Natsir</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Nadir"> M. Nadir</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Syahrir"> S. Syahrir</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Mujnisa"> A. Mujnisa</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In tropical countries such as in Indonesia, rice straw plays an important role in fulfilling the needs of feed for ruminant, especially during the dry season in which the availability of forage is very limited. However, the main problem of using rice straw as a feedstuff is low digestibility due to the existence of the links between lignin and cellulose or hemicellulose, and imbalance of its minerals content. One alternative to solve this problem is by application of biodecomposer (BS) derived from rumen bacterial of the ruminant. This study was designed to assess the effects of BS application on the changes of the chemical composition of rice straw. Four adults local buffalo raised under typical feeding conditions were used as a source of inoculum for BS development. The animal was fed for a month with a diet consisted of rice straw and elephant grass before taking rumen fluid samples. Samples of rumen fluid were inoculated in the carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) media under anaerobic condition for 48 hours at 37°C. The mixture of CMC media and microbes are ready to be used as a biodecomposer following incubation of the mixture under anaerobic condition for 7 days at 45°C. The effectiveness of BS then assessed by applying the BS on the straw according to completely randomized design consisted of four treatments and three replication. One hundred g of ground coarse rice straw was used as the substrate. The BS was applied to the rice straw substrate with the following composition: Rice straw without BS (P0), rice straw + 5% BS (P1), rice straw +10% BS (P2), and rice straw + 15% BS. The mixture of rice straw and BS then fermented under anaerobic for four weeks. Following the fermentation, the chemical composition of rice straw was evaluated. The results indicated that the crude protein content of rice straw significantly increased (P < 0.05) as the level of BS increased. On the other hand, the concentration of crude fiber of the rice straw was significantly decreased (P < 0.05) as the level of BS increased. Other nutrients such as minerals did not change (P > 0.05) due to the treatments. In conclusion, application of BS developed from rumen bacterial of buffalo has a promising prospect to be used as a biological agent to improve the quality of rice straw as feeding for ruminant. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biodecomposer" title="biodecomposer">biodecomposer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=local%20buffalo" title=" local buffalo"> local buffalo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rumen%20microbial" title=" rumen microbial"> rumen microbial</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chemical%20composition" title=" chemical composition"> chemical composition</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/102548/the-changes-of-chemical-composition-of-rice-straw-treated-by-a-biodecomposer-developed-from-rumen-bacterial-of-buffalo" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/102548.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">208</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6364</span> Control of Pipeline Gas Quality to Extend Gas Turbine Life</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Peter%20J.%20H.%20Carnell">Peter J. H. Carnell</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Panayiotis%20Theophanous"> Panayiotis Theophanous</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Natural gas due to its cleaner combustion characteristics is expected to be the most widely used fuel in the move towards less polluting and renewable energy sources. Thus, the developed world is supplied by a complex network of gas pipelines and natural gas is becoming a major source of fuel. Natural gas delivered directly from the well will differ in composition from gas derived from LNG or produced by anaerobic digestion processes. Each will also have specific contaminants and properties although gas from all sources is likely to enter the distribution system and be blended to provide the desired characteristics such as Higher Heating Value and Wobbe No. The absence of a standard gas composition poses problems when the gas is used as a chemical feedstock, in specialised furnaces or on gas turbines. The chemical industry has suffered in the past as a result of variable gas composition. Transition metal catalysts used in ammonia, methanol and hydrogen plants were easily poisoned by sulphur, chlorides and mercury reducing both activity and catalyst expected lives from years to months. These plants now concentrate on purification and conditioning of the natural gas feed using fixed bed technologies, allowing them to run for several years and having transformed their operations. Similar technologies can be applied to the power industry reducing maintenance requirements and extending the operating life of gas turbines. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gas%20composition" title="gas composition">gas composition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gas%20conditioning" title=" gas conditioning"> gas conditioning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gas%20turbines" title=" gas turbines"> gas turbines</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=power%20generation" title=" power generation"> power generation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=purification" title=" purification"> purification</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/69771/control-of-pipeline-gas-quality-to-extend-gas-turbine-life" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/69771.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">286</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6363</span> Long Term Changes of Water Quality in Latvia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maris%20Klavins">Maris Klavins</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Valery%20Rodinov"> Valery Rodinov</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The aim of this study was to analyze long term changes of surface water quality in Latvia, spatial variability of water chemical composition, possible impacts of different pollution sources as well as to analyze the measures to protect national water resources - river basin management. Within this study, the concentrations of major water ingredients and microelements in major rivers and lakes of Latvia have been determined. Metal concentrations in river and lake waters were compared with water chemical composition. The mean concentrations of trace metals in inland waters of Latvia are appreciably lower than the estimated world averages for river waters and close to or lower than background values, unless regional impacts determined by local geochemistry. This may be explained by a comparatively lower level of anthropogenic load. In the same time in several places, direct anthropogenic impacts are evident, regarding influences of point sources both transboundary transport impacts. Also, different processes related to pollution of surface waters in Latvia have been analyzed. At first the analysis of changes and composition of pollutant emissions in Latvia has been realized, and the obtained results were compared with actual composition of atmospheric precipitation and their changes in time. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20quality" title="water quality">water quality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=trend%20analysis" title=" trend analysis"> trend analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pollution" title=" pollution"> pollution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=human%20impact" title=" human impact"> human impact</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/72080/long-term-changes-of-water-quality-in-latvia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/72080.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">268</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6362</span> Study of the Chemical Composition of Rye, Millet and Sorghum from Algeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Soualem%20Mami%20Zoubida">Soualem Mami Zoubida</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Brixi%20Nassima"> Brixi Nassima</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Beghdad%20Choukri"> Beghdad Choukri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Belarbi%20Meriem"> Belarbi Meriem</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Cereals are the most important source of dietary fiber in the Nordic diet. The fiber in cereals is located mainly in the outer layers of the kernel; particularly in the bran. Improved diet can help unlock the door to good health. Whole grains are an important source of nutrients that are in short supply in our diet, including digestible carbohydrates, dietary fiber, trace minerals, and other compounds of interest in disease prevention, including phytoestrogens and antioxidants (1). The objective of this study is to know the composition of whole grain cereals (rye, millet, white, and red sorghum) which a majority pushes in the south of Algeria. This shows that the millet has a high rate of the sugar estimated at 67.6%. The high proportion of proteins has been found in the two varieties of sorghum and rye. The millet presents the great percentage in lipids compared with the others cereals. And at the last, a red sorghum has the highest rate of fiber(2). These nutrients, as well as other components of whole grain cereals, have, in terms of health, an increased effect if they are consumed together. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chemical%20composition" title="chemical composition">chemical composition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=miller" title=" miller"> miller</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Secale%20cereal" title=" Secale cereal"> Secale cereal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sorghum%20bicolor" title=" Sorghum bicolor"> Sorghum bicolor</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/30756/study-of-the-chemical-composition-of-rye-millet-and-sorghum-from-algeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/30756.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">413</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6361</span> The Role of Strategic Metals in Cr-Al-Pt-V Composition of Protective Bond Coats</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20M.%20Pashayev">A. M. Pashayev</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20S.%20Samedov"> A. S. Samedov</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20B.%20Usubaliyev"> T. B. Usubaliyev</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20Sh.%20Yusifov"> N. Sh. Yusifov</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Different types of coating technologies are widely used for gas turbine blades. Thermal barrier coatings, consisting of ceramic top coat, thermally grown oxide and a metallic bond coat are used in applications for thermal protection of hot section components in gas turbine engines. Operational characteristics and longevity of high-temperature turbine blades substantially depend on a right choice of composition of the protective thermal barrier coatings. At a choice of composition of a coating and content of the basic elements it is necessary to consider following factors, as minimum distinctions of coefficients of thermal expansions of elements, level of working temperatures and composition of the oxidizing environment, defining the conditions for the formation of protective layers, intensity of diffusive processes and degradation speed of protective properties of elements, extent of influence on the fatigue durability of details during operation, using of elements with high characteristics of thermal stability and satisfactory resilience of gas corrosion, density, hardness, thermal conduction and other physical characteristics. Forecasting and a choice of a thermal barrier coating composition, all above factors at the same time cannot be considered, as some of these characteristics are defined by experimental studies. The implemented studies and investigations show that one of the main failures of coatings used on gas turbine blades is related to not fully taking the physical-chemical features of elements into consideration during the determination of the composition of alloys. It leads to the formation of more difficult spatial structure, composition which also changes chaotically in some interval of concentration that doesn't promote thermal and structural firmness of a coating. For the purpose of increasing the thermal and structural resistant of gas turbine blade coatings is offered a new approach to forecasting of composition on the basis of analysis of physical-chemical characteristics of alloys taking into account the size factor, electron configuration, type of crystal lattices and Darken-Gurry method. As a result, of calculations and experimental investigations is offered the new four-component metallic bond coat on the basis of chrome for the gas turbine blades. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gas%20turbine%20blades" title="gas turbine blades">gas turbine blades</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermal%20barrier%20coating" title=" thermal barrier coating"> thermal barrier coating</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=metallic%20bond%20coat" title=" metallic bond coat"> metallic bond coat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=strategic%20metals" title=" strategic metals"> strategic metals</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=physical-chemical%20features" title=" physical-chemical features"> physical-chemical features</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/45588/the-role-of-strategic-metals-in-cr-al-pt-v-composition-of-protective-bond-coats" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/45588.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">315</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6360</span> Characterization of Brewery Wastewater Composition</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abimbola%20M.%20Enitan">Abimbola M. Enitan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Josiah%20Adeyemo"> Josiah Adeyemo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sheena%20Kumari"> Sheena Kumari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Feroz%20M.%20Swalaha"> Feroz M. Swalaha</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Faizal%20Bux"> Faizal Bux</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> With the competing demand on water resources and water reuse, discharge of industrial effluents into the aquatic environment has become an important issue. Much attention has been placed on the impact of industrial wastewater on water bodies worldwide due to the accumulation of organic and inorganic matter in the receiving water bodies. The scope of the present work is to assess the physic-chemical composition of the wastewater produced from one of the brewery industry in South Africa. This is to estimate the environmental impact of its discharge into the receiving water bodies or the municipal treatment plant. The parameters monitored for the quantitative analysis of brewery wastewater include biological oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids, volatile suspended solids, ammonia, total oxidized nitrogen, nitrate, nitrite, phosphorus, and alkalinity content. In average, the COD concentration of the brewery effluent was 5340.97 mg/l with average pH values of 4.0 to 6.7. The BOD and the solids content of the wastewater from the brewery industry were high. This means that the effluent is very rich in organic content and its discharge into the water bodies or the municipal treatment plant could cause environmental pollution or damage the treatment plant. In addition, there were variations in the wastewater composition throughout the monitoring period. This might be as a result of different activities that take place during the production process, as well as the effects of the peak period of beer production on the water usage. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Brewery%20wastewater" title="Brewery wastewater">Brewery wastewater</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=environmental%20pollution" title=" environmental pollution"> environmental pollution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=industrial%20effluents" title=" industrial effluents"> industrial effluents</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=physic-chemical%20composition" title=" physic-chemical composition"> physic-chemical composition</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/33988/characterization-of-brewery-wastewater-composition" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/33988.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">453</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6359</span> Investigation of the Effect of Nickel Electrodes as a Stainless Steel Buffer Layer on the Shielded Metal Arc Welding</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Meisam%20Akbari">Meisam Akbari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seyed%20Hossein%20Elahi"> Seyed Hossein Elahi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20Mashadgarmeh"> Mohammad Mashadgarmeh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this study, the effect of nickel-electrode as a stainless steel buffer layer is considered. Then, the effect of dilution of the last layer of welding on two samples of steel plate A516 Gr70 (C-Mn-Si) with SMAW welding process was investigated. Then, in a sample, the ENI-cl nickel electrode was welded as the buffer layer and the E316L-16 electrode as the last layer of welding and another sample with an E316L-16 electrode in two layers. The chemical composition of the latter layer was determined by spectrophotometry method. The results indicate that the chemical composition of the latter layer is different and the lowest dilution rate is obtained using the nickel electrode. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=degree%20of%20dilution" title="degree of dilution">degree of dilution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=C-Mn-Si" title=" C-Mn-Si"> C-Mn-Si</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spectrometry" title=" spectrometry"> spectrometry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nickel%20electrode" title=" nickel electrode"> nickel electrode</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stainless%20steel" title=" stainless steel"> stainless steel</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/106351/investigation-of-the-effect-of-nickel-electrodes-as-a-stainless-steel-buffer-layer-on-the-shielded-metal-arc-welding" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/106351.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">220</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chemical%20composition&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chemical%20composition&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chemical%20composition&page=4">4</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" 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