CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Theodore Parker - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"ee5dba3d-10bc-4bf7-9642-d63ac228e599","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Theodore_Parker","wgTitle":"Theodore Parker","wgCurRevisionId":1245806273,"wgRevisionId":1245806273,"wgArticleId":426996,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference","Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Biography with signature","Articles with hCards","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from EB9","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Articles with Project Gutenberg links", "Articles with Internet Archive links","1810 births","1860 deaths","19th-century deaths from tuberculosis","Abolitionists from Boston","American people of English descent","American temperance activists","American Unitarians","Harvard Divinity School alumni","Tuberculosis deaths in Italy","Members of the Transcendental Club","Secret Six","Infectious disease deaths in Tuscany"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Theodore_Parker","wgRelevantArticleId":426996,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true, "watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q709002","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready", "ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Theodore_Parker_BPL_c1855-crop.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1587"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Theodore_Parker_BPL_c1855-crop.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1058"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="846"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Theodore Parker - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Parker"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Theodore_Parker&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Parker"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Theodore_Parker rootpage-Theodore_Parker skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Theodore+Parker" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Theodore+Parker" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Theodore+Parker" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Theodore+Parker" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Early_life_and_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life_and_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Early life and education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life_and_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Career</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Career-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Career subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_pastorate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_pastorate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>First pastorate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_pastorate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transcendentalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transcendentalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Transcendentalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transcendentalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Break_with_Orthodoxy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Break_with_Orthodoxy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Break with Orthodoxy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Break_with_Orthodoxy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mature_home_life_and_career,_1843–1859" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mature_home_life_and_career,_1843–1859"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Mature home life and career, 1843–1859</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mature_home_life_and_career,_1843–1859-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Mature home life and career, 1843–1859 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mature_home_life_and_career,_1843–1859-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Travel_to_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Travel_to_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Travel to Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Travel_to_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independent_Boston_pastorate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independent_Boston_pastorate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Independent Boston pastorate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independent_Boston_pastorate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reform_movements_and_social_theology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reform_movements_and_social_theology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Reform movements and social theology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reform_movements_and_social_theology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy_and_honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy_and_honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Legacy and honors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy_and_honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Theodore Parker</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 11 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-11" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">11 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%B1" title="ثيودور باركر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ثيودور باركر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Parker" title="Theodore Parker – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Theodore Parker" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Parker" title="Theodore Parker – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Theodore Parker" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Parker" title="Theodore Parker – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Theodore Parker" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Parker" title="Theodore Parker – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Theodore Parker" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%B1" title="ثيودور باركر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ثيودور باركر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%B1" title="تيودور پارکر – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="تيودور پارکر" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Parker" title="Theodore Parker – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Theodore Parker" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Паркер, Теодор – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Паркер, Теодор" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Parker" title="Theodore Parker – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Theodore Parker" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Теодор Паркер – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Теодор Паркер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q709002#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Parker" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Theodore_Parker" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Parker"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodore_Parker&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodore_Parker&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Parker"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodore_Parker&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodore_Parker&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Theodore_Parker" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Theodore_Parker" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodore_Parker&oldid=1245806273" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodore_Parker&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Theodore_Parker&id=1245806273&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTheodore_Parker"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTheodore_Parker"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Theodore_Parker&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodore_Parker&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Parker" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Theodore_Parker" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikisource mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Theodore_Parker" hreflang="en"><span>Wikisource</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q709002" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American transcendentalist and minister (1810–1860)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other individuals named Theodore Parker, see <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Parker_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Theodore Parker (disambiguation)">Theodore Parker (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/The_Reverend" title="The Reverend">The Reverend</a></div><div class="fn">Theodore Parker</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Theodore_Parker_BPL_c1855-crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Theodore_Parker_BPL_c1855-crop.jpg/220px-Theodore_Parker_BPL_c1855-crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Theodore_Parker_BPL_c1855-crop.jpg/330px-Theodore_Parker_BPL_c1855-crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Theodore_Parker_BPL_c1855-crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="363" data-file-height="480" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Parker, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1855</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1810-08-24</span>)</span>August 24, 1810<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Lexington,_Massachusetts" title="Lexington, Massachusetts">Lexington, Massachusetts</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">May 10, 1860<span style="display:none">(1860-05-10)</span> (aged 49)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Florence,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Florence, Italy">Florence</a>, Italy</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role">Minister</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Lydia Dodge Cabot</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Parker_(captain)" title="John Parker (captain)">John Parker (captain)</a> (grandfather)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/American_Unitarian_Association" title="American Unitarian Association">Unitarianism</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Appletons%27_Parker_Theodore_signature.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Appletons%27_Parker_Theodore_signature.png/150px-Appletons%27_Parker_Theodore_signature.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Appletons%27_Parker_Theodore_signature.png/225px-Appletons%27_Parker_Theodore_signature.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Appletons%27_Parker_Theodore_signature.png/300px-Appletons%27_Parker_Theodore_signature.png 2x" data-file-width="504" data-file-height="96" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Theodore Parker</b> (August 24, 1810 – May 10, 1860) was an American <a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">transcendentalist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reform_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform movement">reforming</a> <a href="/wiki/Religious_minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious minister">minister</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarian</a> church. A reformer and <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">abolitionist</a>, his words and popular quotations would later inspire speeches by <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodore_Parker&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Parker was born in <a href="/wiki/Lexington,_Massachusetts" title="Lexington, Massachusetts">Lexington, Massachusetts</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Hankins143_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hankins143-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the youngest child in a large farming family. His paternal grandfather was <a href="/wiki/John_Parker_(captain)" title="John Parker (captain)">John Parker</a>, the leader of the Lexington militia at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lexington" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Lexington">Battle of Lexington</a>. Among his colonial Yankee ancestors were <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hastings_(colonist)" title="Thomas Hastings (colonist)">Thomas Hastings</a>, who came from the East Anglia region of England to the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony" title="Massachusetts Bay Colony">Massachusetts Bay Colony</a> in 1634, and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Parker_(deacon)" title="Thomas Parker (deacon)">Deacon Thomas Parker</a>, who came from England in 1635 and was one of the founders of <a href="/wiki/Reading,_Massachusetts" title="Reading, Massachusetts">Reading</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of Theodore's family had died by the time he was 27,<sup id="cite_ref-UUHS_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UUHS-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> probably due to <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>. Out of eleven siblings, only five remained: three brothers, including Theodore, and two sisters. His mother, to whom he was emotionally close, died when he was eleven. He responded to these tragedies by refusing to lapse into what he called "the valley of tears", focusing instead on other events and demands, and by affirming "the immortality of the soul", later a benchmark of his theology.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Descriptions of Parker as a teenager recall him as "raw" and rough, emotional and poetic, sincere, "arch", "roguish", volatile, witty, and quick. He excelled at academics and gained an early education through country schools and personal study. He studied long and late when farm chores allowed, teaching himself math, Latin, and other subjects. At seventeen he began teaching in local schools. He continued teaching himself and private students in advanced and specialized subjects.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He learned Hebrew from Joshua Seixas (son of <a href="/wiki/Gershom_Mendes_Seixas" title="Gershom Mendes Seixas">Gershom Mendes Seixas</a> and Hannah Manuel<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), whom he may have baptized in a covert conversion to Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also studied for a time under <a href="/wiki/Convers_Francis" title="Convers Francis">Convers Francis</a>, who later preached at Parker's ordination.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Houghton_MS_Am_1506_(14)_-_Cranch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Houghton_MS_Am_1506_%2814%29_-_Cranch.jpg/220px-Houghton_MS_Am_1506_%2814%29_-_Cranch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Houghton_MS_Am_1506_%2814%29_-_Cranch.jpg/330px-Houghton_MS_Am_1506_%2814%29_-_Cranch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Houghton_MS_Am_1506_%2814%29_-_Cranch.jpg/440px-Houghton_MS_Am_1506_%2814%29_-_Cranch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1493" data-file-height="1205" /></a><figcaption>Caricature by <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Pearse_Cranch" title="Christopher Pearse Cranch">Christopher Pearse Cranch</a> depicting Parker's interest in <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">German</a> thinking</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1830, at age 19, Parker walked the ten miles from Lexington to Cambridge to apply to <a href="/wiki/Harvard_College" title="Harvard College">Harvard College</a>. He was accepted but could not pay the tuition, so he lived and studied at home, continued to work on his father's farm, and joined his classmates only for exams. Under that program, he was able to complete three years of study in one.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He then took various posts as a teacher, conducting an academy from 1831 to 1834 at <a href="/wiki/Watertown,_Massachusetts" title="Watertown, Massachusetts">Watertown, Massachusetts</a>, where his late mother's family lived. At Watertown, he met his future wife, Lydia Dodge Cabot. He announced their engagement to his father in October, 1833. Theodore and Lydia were married four years later on April 20, 1837.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While at Watertown, Parker produced his first significant manuscript, <i>The History of the Jews</i>, which outlined his skepticism of biblical miracles and an otherwise liberal approach to the Bible.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were to be themes throughout his career. </p><p>Parker considered a career in law, but his strong <a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">faith</a> led him to theology. He entered the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Divinity_School" title="Harvard Divinity School">Harvard Divinity School</a> in 1834.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He specialized in the study of German theology and was drawn to the ideas of <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a>. He wrote and spoke (with varying degrees of fluency) <a href="/wiki/Latin_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin (language)">Latin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>, and German.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His journal and letters show that he was acquainted with many other languages, including <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Aramaic" title="Biblical Aramaic">Chaldee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez language">Ethiopic</a>. He completed the divinity school program quickly, in 1836, in order to marry and begin preaching without delay.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodore_Parker&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Parker called the late 1830s a "period of…disappointment". Citing "home; children; & a good professional sphere," he wrote in his journal that "All fail me, & all equally."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Increasing controversies in his career culminated in a break with orthodoxy in the early 1840s. The fallout from these events affected him deeply, and it took him a few years to land on his feet and move forward. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_pastorate">First pastorate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodore_Parker&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: First pastorate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Parker had spent 1836 visiting pulpits in the <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> area, but for family reasons accepted a pastorate at <a href="/wiki/West_Roxbury,_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="West Roxbury, Massachusetts">West Roxbury, Massachusetts</a>, in 1837.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At first, he found the location less than stimulating and work constraining.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He adapted to pastoral life, however, and preached in many pulpits around Boston as a visitor. He gained a wide reputation as an earnest, effective speaker. In 1840 Harvard awarded him an honorary master's degree on the basis of his extensive learning.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Parker delivered one especially popular sermon twenty-five times between 1838 and 1841. In it, he argued against the popular notion that religion could be reduced to morality. "The principle of morality is obedience to the Law of con[science]," he wrote, while religion required more: that we "feel naturally, allegiance to a superior Being: dependence on him & accountability to him." The theme of dependence echoes <a href="/wiki/Schleiermacher" class="mw-redirect" title="Schleiermacher">Schleiermacher</a>, an indication of the <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">German</a> influence on his theology. Morality involves right acting, while religion requires love of God and regular prayer, which Parker considered essential to human life. "No feeling is more deeply planted in human nature than the tendency to adore a superior being," he preached, "to reverence him, to bow before him, to feel his presence, to pray to him for aid in times of need" and "to bless him when the heart is full of joy."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodore_Parker&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Transcendentalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1837, Parker had begun attending meetings of the group later known as the <a href="/wiki/Transcendental_Club" title="Transcendental Club">Transcendental Club</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a>'s Divinity School Address that year had been deeply arresting to him,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he welcomed the opportunity to associate with <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amos_Bronson_Alcott" title="Amos Bronson Alcott">Amos Bronson Alcott</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orestes_Brownson" title="Orestes Brownson">Orestes Brownson</a>, and several others.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Transcendentalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcendentalists">Transcendentalists</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a> and Parker wrote of the world as divine, and of themselves as part of this divinity. Unlike Emerson and other Transcendentalists, however, Parker believed the movement was rooted in deeply religious ideas and did not believe it should retreat from religion. All shared a conviction that slavery should be abolished and social reforms should take root.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Parker gradually introduced Transcendentalist ideas into his sermons. He tempered his radicalism with diplomacy and discretion, however. "I preach abundant heresies," he wrote to a friend, "and they all go down—for the listeners do not know how heretical they are."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For years he had wrestled with the factuality of the Hebrew Scriptures, and by 1837 he was wishing "some wise man would now write a book…and show up the absurdity of…the Old Testament miracles, prophecies, dreams, miraculous births, etc.'" He was hardly alone. "'What shall we do with the Old Testament?' asked fellow <a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarian</a> James Walker in 1838. 'That question is of such frequent recurrence among laymen as well as clergymen, that any well-considered attempt to answer it, or supply the means of answering it, is almost sure of hearty welcome."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Questions regarding biblical realism and meaning, and the answers clergy increasingly found through the German-based <a href="/wiki/Higher_criticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher criticism">higher criticism</a>, formed the basis of <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Christianity" title="Liberal Christianity">liberal Christianity</a> as it emerged and developed throughout the nineteenth century. </p><p>In 1838 Parker published his first major article, a critical review of an orthodox work written by his former professor <a href="/wiki/John_Gorham_Palfrey" class="mw-redirect" title="John Gorham Palfrey">John Gorham Palfrey</a>. In it Parker broke for the first time with supernatural realism, as he also increasingly did in his sermons.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To him, Christianity was natural rather than miraculous. More and more, he praised social reform movements such as those for temperance, peace, and the abolition of slavery. In 1840 he described such movements as divinely inspired, though he added that they did not fully address the spiritual and intellectual ills of society.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Controversy mounted regarding these and other Transcendentalist elements in his work. So did criticism, which often saddened and distressed him.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Break_with_Orthodoxy">Break with Orthodoxy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodore_Parker&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Break with Orthodoxy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Theodore_Parker_statue.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Theodore_Parker_statue.JPG/220px-Theodore_Parker_statue.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Theodore_Parker_statue.JPG/330px-Theodore_Parker_statue.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Theodore_Parker_statue.JPG/440px-Theodore_Parker_statue.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Parker's statue in front of the Theodore Parker Church,<sup id="cite_ref-TParkerChurch_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TParkerChurch-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a Unitarian parish in <a href="/wiki/West_Roxbury,_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="West Roxbury, Massachusetts">West Roxbury, Massachusetts</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1841, Parker laid bare his radical theological position in a sermon titled <i>A Discourse on the Transient and Permanent in Christianity</i>, in which he espoused his belief that the traditions of historic Christianity did not reflect the truth.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In so doing, he made an open break with orthodox theology. He instead argued for a type of Christian belief and worship in which the essence of Jesus's teachings remained permanent but the words, traditions, and other forms of their conveyance did not. He stressed the immediacy of God and saw the Church as a communion, looking upon Christ as the supreme expression of God. Ultimately, he rejected all miracles and revelation and saw the Bible as full of contradictions and mistakes. He retained his faith in God but suggested that people experience God intuitively and personally, and that they should center their religious beliefs on individual experience.<sup id="cite_ref-Hankins143_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hankins143-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Parker's West Roxbury church remained loyal. Sermons and media attacked him, however, when he denied Biblical miracles and the literal authority of the Bible and Jesus. Many questioned his Christianity. Nearly all the pulpits in the Boston area were closed to him,<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_nineteen_eleven_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica_nineteen_eleven-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he lost friends. Parker reacted with grief and defiance.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He remained unwilling to concede that his views placed him beyond the outer bounds of Unitarian liberalism. After this unwilling break with the Unitarian establishment, he spent two years (1841–1843) adjusting to the reality of his newly controversial and independent career and increasing his social activism on religious grounds. He began to see himself as a prophetic religious reformer.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodore_Parker&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Parker and Lydia Cabot married in 1837, but the union was rocky from the start.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1840 he befriended a neighbor, Anna Blake Shaw. Although their relationship was by all accounts not sexual, it caused problems with his wife.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mature_home_life_and_career,_1843–1859"><span id="Mature_home_life_and_career.2C_1843.E2.80.931859"></span>Mature home life and career, 1843–1859</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodore_Parker&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Mature home life and career, 1843–1859"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Theodore_Parker_BPL_milk_glass_c1850-crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Theodore_Parker_BPL_milk_glass_c1850-crop.jpg/220px-Theodore_Parker_BPL_milk_glass_c1850-crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Theodore_Parker_BPL_milk_glass_c1850-crop.jpg/330px-Theodore_Parker_BPL_milk_glass_c1850-crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Theodore_Parker_BPL_milk_glass_c1850-crop.jpg/440px-Theodore_Parker_BPL_milk_glass_c1850-crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="449" data-file-height="628" /></a><figcaption>Parker c. 1850</figcaption></figure> <p>Parker's family life, temperament, and work steadied during the 1840s. The second half of his career revolved around antislavery, democracy, and religious social activism. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Travel_to_Europe">Travel to Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodore_Parker&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Travel to Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1843 and 1844, Theodore and Lydia traveled in Europe. While there his theology, career, and personal life matured and steadied. He was no longer as sensitive to criticism and bore difficulties more easily.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Away from extended family problems in West Roxbury, his marriage seems to have improved and become more steadily affectionate. Despite complex issues that occasionally resurfaced, he and Lydia were happier. "My wife is kind as an angel," he would write in his journal during denominational trials in 1845. His travels also seemed to stimulate a growing interest in political and social issues.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independent_Boston_pastorate">Independent Boston pastorate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodore_Parker&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Independent Boston pastorate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Returning to the United States, Parker found Unitarianism on the cusp of a division over his right to fellowship as a minister. His controversial 1841 sermon had created a stir that ballooned into an all-out storm in 1844 at the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Disciples_(Boston)" title="Church of the Disciples (Boston)">Church of the Disciples</a>. The debate over the nature and degree of Parker's "infidelity" caused Unitarians to adopt a liberal creed, which they had formerly declined to do based on an inclusive principle. Their position proved too orthodox to include Parker.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January, 1845, a sizeable group of supporters gathered at Marlboro Chapel in Boston and resolved to provide Parker "a chance to be heard in Boston." Calling themselves "Friends of Theodore Parker," they hired a hall and invited him to preach there on Sunday mornings.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite misgivings, Parker accepted and preached his first sermon at the <a href="/wiki/Melodeon_(Boston,_Massachusetts)" title="Melodeon (Boston, Massachusetts)">Melodeon (Boston, Massachusetts)</a> Theater in February. Although the arrangement was temporary at first,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he resigned his West Roxbury pastorate in early 1846 (to the dismay of his faithful parishioners there). He elected to call his new congregation the 28th Congregational Society of Boston; after the Melodeon, Parker's congregation met in the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Music_Hall" title="Boston Music Hall">Boston Music Hall</a> on Winter Street, Boston.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Parker's congregation grew to 2,000 and included influential figures such as <a href="/wiki/Louisa_May_Alcott" title="Louisa May Alcott">Louisa May Alcott</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Lloyd_Garrison" title="William Lloyd Garrison">William Lloyd Garrison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julia_Ward_Howe" title="Julia Ward Howe">Julia Ward Howe</a> (a personal friend), and <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton" title="Elizabeth Cady Stanton">Elizabeth Cady Stanton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stanton called his sermons "soul-satisfying" when beginning her career, and she credited him with introducing her to the idea of a Heavenly Mother in the Trinity.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parker was increasingly known for preaching what he and his followers identified as a type of prophetic Christian social activism. </p><p>The 28th Congregational Society, now renamed Theodore Parker Unitarian Church, located on 1851 Centre Street in West Roxbury was designated a <a href="/wiki/Boston_Landmark" title="Boston Landmark">Boston Landmark</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Landmarks_Commission" title="Boston Landmarks Commission">Boston Landmarks Commission</a> in 1985. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reform_movements_and_social_theology">Reform movements and social theology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodore_Parker&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Reform movements and social theology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After 1846, Parker shifted from a focus on Transcendentalism and challenging the bounds of Unitarian theology to a focus on the gathering national divisions over <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a> and the challenges of <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a>. In Boston, he led the movement to combat the stricter <a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Fugitive Slave Act">Fugitive Slave Act</a>, a controversial part of the <a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1850" title="Compromise of 1850">Compromise of 1850</a>. This act required law enforcement and citizens of all states—free states as well as slave states—to assist in recovering fugitive slaves. Parker called the law "a hateful statute of kidnappers" and helped organize open resistance to it. He and his followers formed the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Vigilance_Committee" title="Boston Vigilance Committee">Boston Vigilance Committee</a>, which refused to assist with the recovery of fugitive slaves and helped hide them.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, they smuggled away <a href="/wiki/Ellen_and_William_Craft" title="Ellen and William Craft">Ellen and William Craft</a> when Georgian slave catchers came to Boston to arrest them. Due to such efforts, from 1850 to the onset of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> in 1861, only twice were slaves captured in Boston and transported back to the South. On both occasions, Bostonians combatted the actions with mass protests.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As Parker's early biographer John White Chadwick wrote, Parker was involved with almost all of the reform movements of the time: "peace, <a href="/wiki/Temperance_movement" title="Temperance movement">temperance</a>, education, the condition of women, penal legislation, <a href="/wiki/Prison_reform" title="Prison reform">prison discipline</a>, the moral and mental destitution of the rich, the physical destitution of the poor" though none became "a dominant factor in his experience" with the exception of his antislavery views.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He "denounced the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican War</a> and called on his fellow Bostonians in 1847 'to protest against this most infamous war,'"<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while at the same time promoting economic expansionism and exposing a racist view of Mexicans' inherent inferiority, calling them "a wretched people; wretched in their origin, history, and character".<sup id="cite_ref-Zinn_2015_p._157_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zinn_2015_p._157-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Parker_Cobbe_1863_p._23_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parker_Cobbe_1863_p._23-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yet his abolitionism became his most controversial stance.<sup id="cite_ref-Teed_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Teed-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He wrote the scathing <i><a href="/wiki/To_a_Southern_Slaveholder" title="To a Southern Slaveholder">To a Southern Slaveholder</a></i> in 1848, as the abolition crisis was heating up, and took a strong stance against slavery<sup id="cite_ref-Lockard_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lockard-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and advocated violating the <a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Law_of_1850" class="mw-redirect" title="Fugitive Slave Law of 1850">Fugitive Slave Law of 1850</a>, a controversial part of the <a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1850" title="Compromise of 1850">Compromise of 1850</a> which required the return of escaped slaves to their owners. Parker worked with many fugitive slaves, some of whom were among his congregation. As in the case of William and Ellen Craft,<sup id="cite_ref-Stephen_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stephen-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he hid them in his home. Although he was indicted for his actions, he was never convicted.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_nineteen_eleven_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica_nineteen_eleven-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a member of the <a href="/wiki/Secret_Six" title="Secret Six">Secret Six</a>, he supported financially the abolitionist <a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(abolitionist)" title="John Brown (abolitionist)">John Brown</a>, whom many consider a <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Brown's arrest, Parker wrote a public letter, "John Brown's Expedition Reviewed", arguing for the right of slaves to kill their masters and defending Brown's actions.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodore_Parker&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cimitero_degli_inglesi,_tomba_Theodore_Parker.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Cimitero_degli_inglesi%2C_tomba_Theodore_Parker.JPG/220px-Cimitero_degli_inglesi%2C_tomba_Theodore_Parker.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Cimitero_degli_inglesi%2C_tomba_Theodore_Parker.JPG/330px-Cimitero_degli_inglesi%2C_tomba_Theodore_Parker.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Cimitero_degli_inglesi%2C_tomba_Theodore_Parker.JPG/440px-Cimitero_degli_inglesi%2C_tomba_Theodore_Parker.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Parker's tomb in Florence</figcaption></figure> <p>Following a lifetime of overwork, Parker's ill health forced his retirement in 1859. He developed <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>, then without effective treatment, and departed for <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, Italy, where he died on May 10, 1860. He sought refuge in Florence because of his friendship with <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Barrett_Browning" title="Elizabeth Barrett Browning">Elizabeth Barrett</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Browning" title="Robert Browning">Robert Browning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isa_Blagden" title="Isa Blagden">Isa Blagden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frances_Power_Cobbe" title="Frances Power Cobbe">Frances Power Cobbe</a>, but died scarcely a month following his arrival. It was less than a year before the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. </p><p>Parker was a patient of William Wesselhoeft, who practiced <a href="/wiki/Homeopathy" title="Homeopathy">homeopathy</a>. Wesselhoeft gave the oration at Parker's funeral.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is buried in the <a href="/wiki/English_Cemetery,_Florence" title="English Cemetery, Florence">English Cemetery</a> in Florence.<sup id="cite_ref-Santini_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Santini-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a> visited Florence, he went first from the railroad station to Parker's tomb.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Parker's headstone by <a href="/wiki/Joel_Tanner_Hart" title="Joel Tanner Hart">Joel Tanner Hart</a> was later replaced by one by <a href="/wiki/William_Wetmore_Story" title="William Wetmore Story">William Wetmore Story</a>. The British writer <a href="/wiki/Fanny_Trollope" class="mw-redirect" title="Fanny Trollope">Fanny Trollope</a>, also buried here, wrote the first anti-slavery novel and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hildreth" title="Richard Hildreth">Richard Hildreth</a> wrote the second. Both books were used by <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Beecher_Stowe" title="Harriet Beecher Stowe">Harriet Beecher Stowe</a> for her antislavery novel <i><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin" title="Uncle Tom's Cabin">Uncle Tom's Cabin</a></i> (1852). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy_and_honors">Legacy and honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodore_Parker&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Legacy and honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Unitarian Universalists">Unitarian Universalists</a> honor Theodore Parker as "a canonical figure—the model of a prophetic minister in the American Unitarian tradition."<sup id="cite_ref-UUHS_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UUHS-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li>The church in West Roxbury where Parker held his first pastorate (1837–1846) was renamed <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tparkerchurch.org/">Theodore Parker Unitarian Universalist Church</a> in 1962. It retains this name today.</li><li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Power_Cobbe" title="Frances Power Cobbe">Frances P. Cobbe</a> collected and published Parker's writings in 14 volumes.</li><li>According to Unitarian clergyman <a href="/wiki/John_White_Chadwick" title="John White Chadwick">John White Chadwick</a>, Parker made common use of the phrase, "A democracy—of all the people, by all the people, for all the people" in his letters and writing.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It appears publicly in a speech by Parker at an 1850 anti-slavery convention.<sup id="cite_ref-Bartleby_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bartleby-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/William_H._Herndon" class="mw-redirect" title="William H. Herndon">William H. Herndon</a>, Lincoln's law partner, witnessed Parker use the phrase in a July 4, 1858 address and claimed to have given Lincoln a copy, which Lincoln later used in formulating his <a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_Address" title="Gettysburg Address">Gettysburg Address</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bartleby_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bartleby-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Parker himself might have developed his phrase from <a href="/wiki/John_Wycliffe" title="John Wycliffe">John Wycliffe</a>'s prologue to the first English translation of the Bible.)<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li>Parker predicted the inevitable success of the abolitionist cause this way: <blockquote><p>I do not pretend to understand the moral universe; the arc is a long one, my eye reaches but little ways; I cannot calculate the curve and complete the figure by the experience of sight; I can divine it by conscience. And from what I see I am sure it bends towards justice.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> A century later, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> would paraphrase these words in a number of his <a href="/wiki/Sermons_and_speeches_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Sermons and speeches of Martin Luther King Jr.">speeches and sermons</a>, including: a prepared statement he read in 1956 following the conclusion of the <a href="/wiki/Montgomery_bus_boycott" title="Montgomery bus boycott">Montgomery bus boycott</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> his speech "<a href="/wiki/How_Long,_Not_Long" title="How Long, Not Long">How Long, Not Long</a>", delivered in March 1965, when the last of the <a href="/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_marches" title="Selma to Montgomery marches">Selma to Montgomery marches</a> reached the Alabama State Capitol;<sup id="cite_ref-HowLong_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HowLong-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Where Do We Go From Here?", delivered in August 1967 to the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference">Southern Christian Leadership Conference</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Leon-GuerreroZentgraf2008_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leon-GuerreroZentgraf2008-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GoHere_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GoHere-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his "Remaining Awake Through a Great Revolution" sermon, delivered in March 1968 at the <a href="/wiki/National_Cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="National Cathedral">National Cathedral</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RemainingAwake_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RemainingAwake-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In each instance, King's paraphrase included the words "The arc of the moral universe is long, but it bends toward justice".<sup id="cite_ref-HowLong_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HowLong-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GoHere_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GoHere-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RemainingAwake_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RemainingAwake-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li>In 1963, <a href="/wiki/Betty_Friedan" title="Betty Friedan">Betty Friedan</a>'s influential best seller, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Feminine_Mystique" title="The Feminine Mystique">The Feminine Mystique</a></i>, believed to have sparked the 1960s and 70s women's movement, bore the following 1853 <a href="/wiki/Epigraph_(literature)" title="Epigraph (literature)">epigraph</a> from Theodore Parker: <blockquote><p>The domestic function of the woman does not exhaust her powers... To make one half of the human race consume its energies in the functions of housekeeper, wife and mother is a monstrous waste of the most precious material God ever made.</p></blockquote> Eight months after the publication of Friedan's book, <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Vonnegut" title="Kurt Vonnegut">Kurt Vonnegut</a> uses the same quote in his short story "Lovers Anonymous", first published in the October issue of <i>Redbook</i> magazine and reprinted in Vonnegut's 1999 collection <i>Bagombo Snuff Box</i>.</li><li>The beige rug chosen for President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>'s remodeled <a href="/wiki/Oval_Office" title="Oval Office">Oval Office</a> in August 2010, was bordered by five quotations, two of which (by Lincoln and King) are inspired by the writings of Parker, as noted above.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodore_Parker&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Unitarian_Association" title="American Unitarian Association">American Unitarian Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennie_Collins" title="Jennie Collins">Jennie Collins</a>, social reformer inspired by Parker</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_opponents_of_slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="List of opponents of slavery">List of opponents of slavery</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodore_Parker&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodore_Parker&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 21em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Hankins143-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hankins143_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hankins143_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHankins2004">Hankins (2004)</a>, p. 143</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Buckminster, Lydia N.H., <i>The Hastings Memorial, A Genealogical Account of the Descendants of Thomas Hastings of Watertown, Mass. from 1634 to 1864</i>. Boston: Samuel G. Drake Publisher (an undated NEHGS photoduplicate of the 1866 edition), 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parker, Theodore, <i>John Parker of Lexington and his Descendants, Showing his Earlier Ancestry in America from Dea. Thomas Parker of Reading, Mass. from 1635 to 1893</i>, pp. 15–16, 21–30, 34–36, 468–470, Press of Charles Hamilton, Worcester, MA, 1893.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parker, Augustus G., <i>Parker in America, 1630–1910</i>, pp. 5, 27, 49, 53–54, 154, Niagara Frontier Publishing Co., Buffalo, NY, 1911.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UUHS-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UUHS_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UUHS_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDean_Grodzins" class="citation web cs1">Dean Grodzins. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120530203236/http://www25.uua.org/uuhs/duub/articles/theodoreparker.html">"Theodore Parker"</a>. <i>Unitarian Universalist Historical Society</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www25.uua.org/uuhs/duub/articles/theodoreparker.html">the original</a> on 2012-05-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Unitarian+Universalist+Historical+Society&rft.atitle=Theodore+Parker&rft.au=Dean+Grodzins&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww25.uua.org%2Fuuhs%2Fduub%2Farticles%2Ftheodoreparker.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Parker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrodzins2002">Grodzins (2002)</a>, pp. 27–28 Theodore's sisters Rebecca, Ruth, and Hannah all died before he was five; by the time he was eleven, his grandmother and loved mother had also died. His brother John and two remaining sisters, Emily, Mary, and Lydia, died while he was a young man.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrodzins2002">Grodzins (2002)</a>, pp. 20–21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlatowAnflick2019" class="citation web cs1">Flatow, Alisa M.; Anflick, Adina, eds. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findingaids.cjh.org/?pID=109167">"Guide to the Papers of the Seixas Family, undated, 1746–1911, 1926, 1939"</a>. New York: Center for Jewish History, American Jewish Historical Society. *P-60<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Guide+to+the+Papers+of+the+Seixas+Family%2C+undated%2C+1746%E2%80%931911%2C+1926%2C+1939&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Center+for+Jewish+History%2C+American+Jewish+Historical+Society&rft.date=2019&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffindingaids.cjh.org%2F%3FpID%3D109167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Parker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shalom Goldman, <i>God's Sacred Tongue: Hebrew & the American Imagination</i> (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004), 187. Also see Shalom Goldman, "James/Joshua Seixas (1802–1874): Jewish Apostasy and Christian Hebraism in Early Nineteenth-Century America", <i>Jewish History</i> 7:1 (1993), 65–88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gura, Philip F. <i>American Transcendentalism: A History</i>. New York: Hill and Wang, 2007: 117. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8090-3477-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8090-3477-8">0-8090-3477-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrodzins2002">Grodzins (2002)</a>, p. 22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For Parker's time in Watertown and engagement, see Grodzins, <i>American Heretic</i>, 36; an earlier and more poetic account is in Henry Steele Commager, <i>Theodore Parker: Yankee Crusader</i> (Boston: Unitarian Universalist Association, 1947), 23. For marriage, see <a href="#CITEREFGrodzins2002">Grodzins (2002)</a>, p. 87</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrodzins2002">Grodzins (2002)</a>, pp. 31, 391. For an account written by a contemporary describing Parker's time and writings at Watertown, including <i>A History of the Jews</i>, see <a href="/wiki/Octavius_Brooks_Frothingham" class="mw-redirect" title="Octavius Brooks Frothingham">Octavius Brooks Frothingham</a>, <i>Theodore Parker: A Biography</i> (New York: G.P. Putnam, 1880), 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hankins, Barry. The Second Great Awakening and the Transcendentalists. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 2004: 143. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-31848-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-31848-4">0-313-31848-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For his lack of speaking fluency in French and German, despite translating thousands of pages in writing, see <a href="#CITEREFGrodzins2002">Grodzins (2002)</a>, p. 381.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrodzins2002">Grodzins (2002)</a>, p. 39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Commager, <i>Theodore Parker</i>, 23-24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrodzins2002">Grodzins (2002)</a>, p. 118</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140313090117/http://www.tparkerchurch.org/about/our-history/">"Our History | Theodore Parker Church"</a>. March 13, 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tparkerchurch.org/about/our-history/">the original</a> on 2014-03-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Our+History+%26%23124%3B+Theodore+Parker+Church&rft.date=2014-03-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tparkerchurch.org%2Fabout%2Four-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Parker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For pulpit touring, see <a href="#CITEREFGrodzins2002">Grodzins (2002)</a>, p. 80; for his initial response to West Roxbury, see <a href="#CITEREFGrodzins2002">Grodzins (2002)</a>, p. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrodzins2002">Grodzins (2002)</a>, p. 175</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrodzins2002">Grodzins (2002)</a>, p. 145</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gary J. Dorrien, The Making of American Liberal Theology: Imagining Progressive Religion, 1805-1900, 77. Dorrien writes that Emerson's Harvard address "had a formative and catalyzing effect" on Parker.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Buell, Lawrence. <i>Emerson</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2003: 32–33. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-01139-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-01139-2">0-674-01139-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hankins, The Second Great Awakening and the Transcendentalists, 28; 105; 143. On 105, Hankins notes that Parker was a Transcendentalist antislavery advocate and considered "perhaps the most important theologian the movement produced."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrodzins2002">Grodzins (2002)</a>, p. 148</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shalom Goldman, God's Sacred Tongue, 187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrodzins2002">Grodzins (2002)</a>, p. 156</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grodzins, American Heretic, 205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrodzins2002">Grodzins (2002)</a>, p. 184 records one such experience of criticism, after which he "went weeping through the streets."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TParkerChurch-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TParkerChurch_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080509094758/http://www.tparkerchurch.org/about/history.htm">"History of the Theodore Parker Church"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tparkerchurch.org/about/history.htm">the original</a> on 2008-05-09. <q>Established as a Calvinist Protestant church, the congregation adopted a conservative <a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarian</a> theology in the 1830s and followed its minister, Theodore Parker, to a more liberal position in the 1840s. When the First Parish of West Roxbury merged with the Unitarian Church of <a href="/wiki/Roslindale,_Boston,_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Roslindale, Boston, Massachusetts">Roslindale</a> in 1962, the congregation decided to name their new community in memory of Theodore Parker.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Theodore+Parker+Church&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tparkerchurch.org%2Fabout%2Fhistory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Parker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker1841" class="citation conference cs1">Parker, Theodore (19 May 1841). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/etas/14/"><i>A DISCOURSE OF THE TRANSIENT AND PERMANENT IN CHRISTIANITY</i></a>. PREACHED AT THE ORDINATION OF MR. CHARLES C. SHACKFORD, IN THE HAWES PLACE CHURCH IN BOSTON. <i>Electronic Texts in American Studies</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=conference&rft.jtitle=Electronic+Texts+in+American+Studies&rft.atitle=A+DISCOURSE+OF+THE+TRANSIENT+AND+PERMANENT+IN+CHRISTIANITY&rft.date=1841-05-19&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Theodore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.unl.edu%2Fetas%2F14%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Parker" class="Z3988"></span>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/transientandper00unkngoog">alternate digitization at archive.org</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica_nineteen_eleven-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_nineteen_eleven_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_nineteen_eleven_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Parker, Theodore"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Parker,_Theodore">"Parker, Theodore" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 830.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Parker%2C+Theodore&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=830&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Parker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrodzins2002">Grodzins (2002)</a>, pp. 307, 361</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrodzins2002">Grodzins (2002)</a>, p. 344 shows his first open support for <a href="/wiki/Temperance_movement" title="Temperance movement">Temperance</a> activism; <a href="#CITEREFGrodzins2002">Grodzins (2002)</a>, p. 340 notes that "For Parker, the ideal religious reformer was the solitary, heroic prophet. He was starting to see himself in this role."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrodzins2002">Grodzins (2002)</a>, pp. 91–102 sketches out the initial difficulties of their marriage. Also see the journal entry reprinted as the figure "Marital strife" in <a href="#CITEREFGrodzins2002">Grodzins (2002)</a>, p. 294, and taken from the Theodore Parker Papers, bMS 101, Harvard Divinity School Library of Harvard Divinity School, Cambridge, Massachusetts.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For his relationship with Shaw, see <a href="#CITEREFGrodzins2002">Grodzins (2002)</a>, p. 177; for the relationship with his wife, see <a href="#CITEREFGrodzins2002">Grodzins (2002)</a>, pp. 100–102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrodzins2002">Grodzins (2002)</a>, p. 370. In <a href="#CITEREFGrodzins2002">Grodzins (2002)</a>, pp. 401–402 Grodzins write that in Europe, "Parker's temperament grew steadier. The extraordinary sensitivity to rebuff, the intense 'agony of spirit,' seemed to disappear. Before his trip to Europe, he burst easily and often into tears; afterward, he almost never did so. He later would confront controversies far more severe, opponents far more dangerous, than any he had faced in 1841, 1842, and 1843; but none would so deeply affect him."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For "kind as an angel," see <a href="#CITEREFGrodzins2002">Grodzins (2002)</a>, p. 414. For renewed affection between the Parkers during and after their European trip, despite ongoing marital issues, see <a href="#CITEREFGrodzins2002">Grodzins (2002)</a>, pp. 387–401. For more interest in political and social issues, see <a href="#CITEREFGrodzins2002">Grodzins (2002)</a>, p. 403.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrodzins2002">Grodzins (2002)</a>, pp. 412, 431</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrodzins2002">Grodzins (2002)</a>, p. 457</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrodzins2002">Grodzins (2002)</a>, p. 460</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">On his resignation in West Roxbury and choosing a name for his new congregation, see <a href="#CITEREFGrodzins2002">Grodzins (2002)</a>, p. 476. Also see Grodzins. "Theodore Parker". Unitarian Universalist Historical Society. The Boston Music Hall became the Orpheum Theater, with addresses at 6 ½ Hamilton Place and 413-415 Washington Street. “Orpheum Theater,” BOS.1769, Massachusetts Cultural Resources Information System (MACRIS), <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://mhc-macris.net/details?mhcid=bos.1769">https://mhc-macris.net/details?mhcid=bos.1769</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">On the size of Parker's Melodean congregation, see <a href="#CITEREFGrodzins2002">Grodzins (2002)</a>, pp. 477, 491.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kathi Kern, <i>Mrs. Stanton's Bible</i> (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2001). For "soul-satisfying," see 45. For "Heavenly Mother," see 165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Buescher, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://teachinghistory.org/history-content/ask-a-historian/24525">Keep Your Top Eye Open</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.teachinghistory.org">Teachinghistory.org</a> Accessed 2 June 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Potter, David Morris., and Don E. Fehrenbacher. <i>The Impending Crisis, 1848–1861</i>, New York: Harper & Row, 1976</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gura, Philip F. <i>American Transcendentalism: A History</i>. New York: Hill and Wang, 2007: 248. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8090-3477-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8090-3477-8">0-8090-3477-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Polner, Murray (2010-03-01) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amconmag.com/article/2010/mar/01/00032/">Left Behind</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101217063009/http://www.amconmag.com/article/2010/mar/01/00032/">Archived</a> 2010-12-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Conservative" title="The American Conservative">The American Conservative</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zinn_2015_p._157-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zinn_2015_p._157_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZinn2015" class="citation book cs1">Zinn, H. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y8JcCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA157"><i>A People's History of the United States: 1492-Present</i></a>. Harper Perennial modern classics. Taylor & Francis. p. 157. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-32530-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-32530-7"><bdi>978-1-317-32530-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-09-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+People%27s+History+of+the+United+States%3A+1492-Present&rft.series=Harper+Perennial+modern+classics&rft.pages=157&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-32530-7&rft.aulast=Zinn&rft.aufirst=H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY8JcCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Parker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Parker_Cobbe_1863_p._23-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Parker_Cobbe_1863_p._23_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParkerCobbe1863" class="citation book cs1">Parker, T.; Cobbe, F.P. (1863). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/collectedworkst02cobbgoog"><i>The Collected Works of Theodore Parker: Discourses of politics</i></a>. The Collected Works of Theodore Parker: Minister of the Twenty-eighth Congregational Society at Boston, U.S. : Containing His Theological, Polemical, and Critical Writings, Sermons, Speeches, and Addresses, and Literary Miscellanies. publisher not identified. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/collectedworkst02cobbgoog/page/n35">23</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-09-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Collected+Works+of+Theodore+Parker%3A+Discourses+of+politics&rft.series=The+Collected+Works+of+Theodore+Parker%3A+Minister+of+the+Twenty-eighth+Congregational+Society+at+Boston%2C+U.S.+%3A+Containing+His+Theological%2C+Polemical%2C+and+Critical+Writings%2C+Sermons%2C+Speeches%2C+and+Addresses%2C+and+Literary+Miscellanies&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=publisher+not+identified&rft.date=1863&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=T.&rft.au=Cobbe%2C+F.P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcollectedworkst02cobbgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Parker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Teed-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Teed_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_E._Teed2001" class="citation news cs1">Paul E. Teed (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3837/is_200107/ai_n8989233">"A Brave Man's Child: Theodore Parker and the Memory of the American Revolution"</a>. <i>www.wsc.ma.edu (Summer 2001 issue)</i>. <q>Theodore Parker's 1845 pilgrimage to Lexington was a defining moment in the career of one of New England's most influential antislavery activists. Occurring as it did in the very midst of the national crisis over Texas annexation, Parker's mystical connection with the memory of his illustrious revolutionary ancestor emerged as the bedrock of his identity as an abolitionist.<br /> "While other abolitionists frequently claimed the revolutionary tradition for their cause, Parker's antislavery vision also rested upon a deep sense of filial obligation to the revolutionaries themselves.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.wsc.ma.edu+%28Summer+2001+issue%29&rft.atitle=A+Brave+Man%27s+Child%3A+Theodore+Parker+and+the+Memory+of+the+American+Revolution&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Paul+E.+Teed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffindarticles.com%2Fp%2Farticles%2Fmi_qa3837%2Fis_200107%2Fai_n8989233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Parker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lockard-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lockard_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Kendall_Hosmer1910" class="citation web cs1">James Kendall Hosmer, ed. (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080704142306/http://antislavery.eserver.org/treatises/slavepower/">"<i>The Slave Power</i>"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>: <a href="/wiki/American_Unitarian_Association" title="American Unitarian Association">American Unitarian Association</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://antislavery.eserver.org/treatises/slavepower/">the original</a> on 2008-07-04 – via Antislavery Literature Project. <q>First collected edition of the antislavery writings and speeches of abolitionist Theodore Parker</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Slave+Power&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=American+Unitarian+Association&rft.date=1910&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fantislavery.eserver.org%2Ftreatises%2Fslavepower%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Parker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stephen-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stephen_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_Stephen2002" class="citation web cs1">Charles Stephen (25 August 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929002814/http://www.secondunitarianomaha.org/sermons.cgi?id=58">"Theodore Parker, Slavery, and the Troubled Conscience of the Unitarians"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.secondunitarianomaha.org/sermons.cgi?id=58">the original</a> on 29 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Theodore+Parker%2C+Slavery%2C+and+the+Troubled+Conscience+of+the+Unitarians&rft.date=2002-08-25&rft.au=Charles+Stephen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.secondunitarianomaha.org%2Fsermons.cgi%3Fid%3D58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Parker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gradert, Kenyon. <i>Puritan Spirits and the Abolitionist Imagination,</i> pp16-7, University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London, 2020. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-69402-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-69402-3">978-0-226-69402-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/johnbrownsexpedi01park">John Brown's Expedition Reviewed</a>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://homeoint.org/seror/biograph/wesselhoeft.htm">"William Wesselhoeft (1794-1858) - Pioneers of homeopathy by T. L. Bradford"</a>. <i>homeoint.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=homeoint.org&rft.atitle=William+Wesselhoeft+%281794-1858%29+-+Pioneers+of+homeopathy+by+T.+L.+Bradford&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhomeoint.org%2Fseror%2Fbiograph%2Fwesselhoeft.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Parker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Santini-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Santini_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOfficial_guidebook_written_by_Pastore_Luigi_Santini,_published_by_the_Administration_of_the_Cimitero_agli_Allori_in_1981" class="citation web cs1">Official guidebook written by Pastore Luigi Santini, published by the Administration of the Cimitero agli Allori in 1981. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.florin.ms/americantombs.html">"American Tombs in Florence's English Cemetery"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=American+Tombs+in+Florence%27s+English+Cemetery&rft.au=Official+guidebook+written+by+Pastore+Luigi+Santini%2C+published+by+the+Administration+of+the+Cimitero+agli+Allori+in+1981&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.florin.ms%2Famericantombs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Parker" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Douglass, Frederick. <i>Life and Times of Frederick Douglass</i>, 1893. NY: Library of America, reprint, 1994:1015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For more on UUism claiming Parker as a founding figure, see Daniel McKanan, "Unitarianism, Universalism, and Unitarian Universalism," <i>Religion Compass</i> 7/1 (2013), 15–24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaw1901" class="citation magazine cs1">Shaw, Albert (1901). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7hCmMq85tOoC&q=Wycliffe+%22by+all+the+people+for+all+the+people%22&pg=PA336">"A Letter from Mr. John White Chadwick"</a>. <i>The American Monthly Review of Reviews</i>. p. 336<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 Aug</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Monthly+Review+of+Reviews&rft.atitle=A+Letter+from+Mr.+John+White+Chadwick&rft.pages=336&rft.date=1901&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7hCmMq85tOoC%26q%3DWycliffe%2B%2522by%2Ball%2Bthe%2Bpeople%2Bfor%2Ball%2Bthe%2Bpeople%2522%26pg%3DPA336&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Parker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bartleby-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bartleby_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bartleby_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTheodore_Parker1850" class="citation web cs1">Theodore Parker (29 May 1850). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/100/459.html">"The American Idea:" speech at N.E. Anti-Slavery Convention, Boston"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Bartleby.com" title="Bartleby.com">Bartleby.com</a></i>. <q>A democracy,—that is a government of all the people, by all the people, for all the people; of course, a government of the principles of eternal justice, the unchanging law of God; for shortness' sake I will call it the idea of Freedom.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bartleby.com&rft.atitle=The+American+Idea%3A%22+speech+at+N.E.+Anti-Slavery+Convention%2C+Boston&rft.date=1850-05-29&rft.au=Theodore+Parker&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bartleby.com%2F100%2F459.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Parker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/John_Wycliffe" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:John Wycliffe">Wikiquote:John Wycliffe</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManker-Seale2006" class="citation web cs1">Manker-Seale, Susan (2006-01-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070811220256/http://www.uucnwt.org/sermons/TheMoralArcOfTheUniverse%201-15-06.html">"The Moral Arc of the Universe: Bending Toward Justice"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uucnwt.org/sermons/TheMoralArcOfTheUniverse%201-15-06.html">the original</a> on 2007-08-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-02-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Moral+Arc+of+the+Universe%3A+Bending+Toward+Justice&rft.date=2006-01-15&rft.aulast=Manker-Seale&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uucnwt.org%2Fsermons%2FTheMoralArcOfTheUniverse%25201-15-06.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Parker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing1965" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">King, Martin Luther Jr.</a> (25 March 1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/king-papers/documents/statement-ending-bus-boycott">"Statement on Ending the Bus Boycott (statement for Montgomery Improvement Association)"</a>. The Martin Luther King, Jr. Research and Education Institute, Stanford University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2017</span>. <q>There have been moments when roaring waters of disappointment poured upon us in staggering torrents. We can remember days when unfavorable court decisions came upon us like tidal waves, leaving us treading in the deep and confused waters of despair. But amid all of this we have kept going with the faith that as we struggle, God struggles with us, and that the arc of the moral universe, although long, is bending toward justice.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statement+on+Ending+the+Bus+Boycott+%28statement+for+Montgomery+Improvement+Association%29&rft.pub=The+Martin+Luther+King%2C+Jr.+Research+and+Education+Institute%2C+Stanford+University&rft.date=1965-03-25&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Martin+Luther+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkinginstitute.stanford.edu%2Fking-papers%2Fdocuments%2Fstatement-ending-bus-boycott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Parker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HowLong-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HowLong_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HowLong_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing1965" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">King, Martin Luther Jr.</a> (25 March 1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/our-god-marching">"Our God is Marching On!"</a>. The Martin Luther King, Jr. Research and Education Institute, Stanford University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2017</span>. <q>How long? Not long, because the arc of the moral universe is long, but it bends toward justice. (Yes, sir)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Our+God+is+Marching+On%21&rft.pub=The+Martin+Luther+King%2C+Jr.+Research+and+Education+Institute%2C+Stanford+University&rft.date=1965-03-25&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Martin+Luther+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkinginstitute.stanford.edu%2Four-god-marching&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Parker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leon-GuerreroZentgraf2008-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Leon-GuerreroZentgraf2008_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnna_Leon-GuerreroKristine_Zentgraf2008" class="citation book cs1">Anna Leon-Guerrero; Kristine Zentgraf (21 November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BYVE1xbxOYUC"><i>Contemporary Readings in Social Problems</i></a>. SAGE Publications. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-6530-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-6530-9"><bdi>978-1-4129-6530-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Readings+in+Social+Problems&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2008-11-21&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-6530-9&rft.au=Anna+Leon-Guerrero&rft.au=Kristine+Zentgraf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBYVE1xbxOYUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Parker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GoHere-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GoHere_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GoHere_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing1967" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">King, Martin Luther Jr.</a> (16 August 1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170224131612/https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/king-papers/documents/where-do-we-go-here-delivered-11th-annual-sclc-convention">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Where Do We Go From Here?," Delivered at the 11th Annual SCLC Convention"</a>. The Martin Luther King, Jr. Research and Education Institute, Stanford University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/king-papers/documents/where-do-we-go-here-delivered-11th-annual-sclc-convention">the original</a> on 24 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2017</span>. <q>Let us realize that the arc of the moral universe is long, but it bends toward justice.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Where+Do+We+Go+From+Here%3F%2C%22+Delivered+at+the+11th+Annual+SCLC+Convention&rft.pub=The+Martin+Luther+King%2C+Jr.+Research+and+Education+Institute%2C+Stanford+University&rft.date=1967-08-16&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Martin+Luther+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkinginstitute.stanford.edu%2Fking-papers%2Fdocuments%2Fwhere-do-we-go-here-delivered-11th-annual-sclc-convention&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Parker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RemainingAwake-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RemainingAwake_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RemainingAwake_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing1968" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">King, Martin Luther Jr.</a> (31 March 1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170224053913/https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/king-papers/documents/remaining-awake-through-great-revolution-sermon-delivered-national-cathedral">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Remaining Awake Through a Great Revolution," Sermond delivered at the national Cathedral"</a>. The Martin Luther King, Jr. Research and Education Institute, Stanford University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/king-papers/documents/remaining-awake-through-great-revolution-sermon-delivered-national-cathedral">the original</a> on 24 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2017</span>. <q>We shall overcome because the arc of the moral universe is long, but it bends toward justice.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Remaining+Awake+Through+a+Great+Revolution%2C%22+Sermond+delivered+at+the+national+Cathedral&rft.pub=The+Martin+Luther+King%2C+Jr.+Research+and+Education+Institute%2C+Stanford+University&rft.date=1968-03-31&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Martin+Luther+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkinginstitute.stanford.edu%2Fking-papers%2Fdocuments%2Fremaining-awake-through-great-revolution-sermon-delivered-national-cathedral&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Parker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStiehm2010" class="citation news cs1">Stiehm, Jamie (2010-09-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/09/03/AR2010090305100.html">"Oval Office rug gets history wrong"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-09-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Oval+Office+rug+gets+history+wrong&rft.date=2010-09-04&rft.aulast=Stiehm&rft.aufirst=Jamie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2010%2F09%2F03%2FAR2010090305100.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Parker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodore_Parker&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrodzins2002" class="citation book cs1">Grodzins, Dean (2002). <i>American Heretic: Theodore Parker and Transcendentalism</i>. Chapel Hill, NC: <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_Press" title="University of North Carolina Press">University of North Carolina Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Heretic%3A+Theodore+Parker+and+Transcendentalism&rft.place=Chapel+Hill%2C+NC&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Grodzins&rft.aufirst=Dean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Parker" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHankins2004" class="citation book cs1">Hankins, Barry (2004). <i>The Second Great Awakening and the Transcendentalists</i>. Westport, CT: <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenwood Press">Greenwood Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31848-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31848-1"><bdi>978-0-313-31848-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Second+Great+Awakening+and+the+Transcendentalists&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-313-31848-1&rft.aulast=Hankins&rft.aufirst=Barry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Parker" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodore_Parker&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bowden, Henry Warner. "Parker, Theodore" in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anb.org/articles/08/08-01925.html"><i>American National Biography Online</i> 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_White_Chadwick" title="John White Chadwick">Chadwick, John White</a> (1901). <i>Theodore Parker: Preacher and Reformer</i>. Boston: Houghton and Mifflin,. Early biography memorializing Parker.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Steele_Commager" title="Henry Steele Commager">Commager, Henry Steele</a> (1947). <i>Theodore Parker</i>. First scholarly biography; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Theodore-Parker-Henry-Steele-Commager/dp/1419159747/">excerpt and text search</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Steele_Commager" title="Henry Steele Commager">Commager, Henry Steele</a> (1933). "The Dilemma of Theodore Parker". <i>New England Quarterly</i> 6#2 pp 257–277. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/359125">359125</a>.</li> <li>Dirks, John Edward (1948). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/book/the-critical-theology-of-theodore-parker-by-john-edward-dirks.jsp"><i>The Critical Theology of Theodore Parker</i></a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111026191832/http://www.questia.com/library/book/the-critical-theology-of-theodore-parker-by-john-edward-dirks.jsp">Archived</a> 2011-10-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>).</li> <li>Fellman, Michael (1974). "Theodore Parker and the Abolitionist Role in the 1850s," <i>Journal of American History</i> 61#3 pp 666–684. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1899926">1899926</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deangrodzins.com/works.htm">Grodzins, Dean</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uncpress.unc.edu/books/T-5099.html"><i>American Heretic: Theodore Parker and Transcendentalism</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141002000427/http://uncpress.unc.edu/books/T-5099.html">Archived</a> 2014-10-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. Highly acclaimed, award-winning scholarly biography. Examines new evidence and reassesses conclusions of earlier biographies.</li> <li>Kraller, Anna-Lisa. 2016. <i>"Resistance to tyrants is obedience to God": Theodore Parker's proverbial fight for the Ideal American Society.</i> (Supplement Series to <i><a href="/wiki/Proverbium_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Proverbium (journal)">Proverbium: Yearbook of International Proverb Scholarship</a></i> 37.) Burlington, VT: University of Vermont.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1885" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Frederick_Smith" title="John Frederick Smith">Smith, John Frederick</a> (1885). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Parker, Theodore"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Parker,_Theodore">"Parker, Theodore" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. XVIII (9th ed.).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Parker%2C+Theodore&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=9th&rft.date=1885&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=John+Frederick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Parker" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>White, Peter (1980). "Reason and Intuition in the Theology of Theodore Parker". <i>Journal of Religious History</i>. 11#1 pp 111–120.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodore_Parker&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Steele_Commager" title="Henry Steele Commager">Commager, Henry Steele</a>, ed. <i>Theodore Parker: An Anthology</i> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octavius_Brooks_Frothingham" class="mw-redirect" title="Octavius Brooks Frothingham">Octavius Brooks Frothingham</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/theodoreparkerbi00frot">Theodore Parker: A Biography</a> (New York: G.P. Putnam, 1880), 39. Early attempt to memorialize Parker. Most conclusions, methods, and evidence have been superseded, but a valuable early record written by a contemporary.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodore_Parker&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Theodore_Parker" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Theodore Parker">Theodore Parker</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Theodore_Parker" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Theodore Parker">Theodore Parker</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about:<br /><b style="text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Theodore_Parker" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Theodore Parker">Theodore Parker</a></i></b></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/7088">Works by Theodore Parker</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Parker%2C%20Theodore%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Theodore%20Parker%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Parker%2C%20Theodore%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Theodore%20Parker%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Parker%2C%20T%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Theodore%20Parker%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Parker%2C%20Theodore%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Theodore%20Parker%22%29%20OR%20%28%221810-1860%22%20AND%20Parker%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Theodore Parker</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.transcendentalists.com/theodore_parker.htm">Directory of Theodore Parker biographies, works and articles at <i>Transcendentalists</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/collectedworkst11cobbgoog"><i>The Collected Works of Theodore Parker: Sermons. Prayers</i> (1879)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/etas/7/">Review by Parker of David Strauss's <i>Life of Jesus</i> from <i>The Christian Examiner</i> (April 1840)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/etas/6/">"Primitive Christianity" from <i>The Dial</i> (January 1842)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tparkerchurch.org/">Theodore Parker Church in West Roxbury, Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeandwritings00rvgoog"><i>The Life and Writings of Theodore Parker</i> (1865)</a> by <a href="/wiki/Albert_R%C3%A9ville" title="Albert Réville">Albert Réville</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.steamthing.com/parker.html">"The Good Boy; or, Is Christ Necessary?"</a> by <a href="/wiki/Caleb_Crain" title="Caleb Crain">Caleb Crain</a>, a review of <i>American Heretic: Theodore Parker and Transcendentalism</i> by Dean Grodzins</li> <li>Listings of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:DIV.LIB:div00102"><i>The Centenary Edition of the Works of Theodore Parker</i> in the Harvard Divinity School Library</a> at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Divinity_School" title="Harvard Divinity School">Harvard Divinity School</a></li> <li>Listings of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:DIV.LIB:div00101"><i>The Papers of Theodore Parker</i> in the Harvard Divinity School Library</a> at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Divinity_School" title="Harvard Divinity School">Harvard Divinity School</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thomas-hastings.org">Descendants of Thomas Hastings website</a></li> <li>City of Boston, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cityofboston.gov/landmarks/publications/">Boston Landmarks Commission</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cityofboston.gov/images_documents/Theodore%20Parker%20Unitarian%20Church%20Study%20Report%20%2373_tcm3-21371.pdf">Theodore Parker Unitarian Church Study Report</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ixIdL-MjL1MC&pg=PA139">Daguerreotype of Parker c. 1843</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="John_Brown&#039;s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:John_Brown%27s_Raid_on_Harpers_Ferry" title="Template:John Brown's Raid on Harpers Ferry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:John_Brown%27s_Raid_on_Harpers_Ferry" title="Template talk:John Brown's Raid on Harpers Ferry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:John_Brown%27s_Raid_on_Harpers_Ferry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:John Brown's Raid on Harpers Ferry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="John_Brown&#039;s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry" title="John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry">John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_raiders" title="John Brown's raiders">John Brown's raiders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Osborne_Perry_Anderson" title="Osborne Perry Anderson">Osborne Perry Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(abolitionist)" title="John Brown (abolitionist)">John Brown</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_body" title="John Brown's body">body</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Brown_(abolitionist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Oliver Brown (abolitionist)">Oliver Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Brown_(abolitionist,_born_1824)" title="Owen Brown (abolitionist, born 1824)">Owen Brown (son)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watson_Brown_(abolitionist)" title="Watson Brown (abolitionist)">Watson Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Anthony_Copeland_Jr." title="John Anthony Copeland Jr.">John Anthony Copeland Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barclay_Coppock" class="mw-redirect" title="Barclay Coppock">Barclay Coppock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Coppock" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin Coppock">Edwin Coppock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shields_Green" title="Shields Green">Shields Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Hazlett" title="Albert Hazlett">Albert Hazlett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Kagi" title="John Henry Kagi">John Henry Kagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Sheridan_Leary" title="Lewis Sheridan Leary">Lewis Sheridan Leary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Jackson_Meriam" title="Francis Jackson Meriam">Francis Jackson Meriam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dangerfield_Newby" title="Dangerfield Newby">Dangerfield Newby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Dwight_Stevens" title="Aaron Dwight Stevens">Aaron Dwight Stevens</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secret_Six" title="Secret Six">Secret Six</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wentworth_Higginson" title="Thomas Wentworth Higginson">Thomas Wentworth Higginson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Gridley_Howe" title="Samuel Gridley Howe">Samuel Gridley Howe</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Theodore Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Benjamin_Sanborn" title="Franklin Benjamin Sanborn">Franklin Benjamin Sanborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrit_Smith" title="Gerrit Smith">Gerrit Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Luther_Stearns" title="George Luther Stearns">George Luther Stearns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Wilkes_Booth" title="John Wilkes Booth">John Wilkes Booth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Ann_Day_Brown" title="Mary Ann Day Brown">Mary Ann Day Brown</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Brown_(abolitionist,_born_1771)" title="Owen Brown (abolitionist, born 1771)">Owen Brown (father)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown_Junior" title="John Brown Junior">John Brown, Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Chilton" title="Samuel Chilton">Samuel Chilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_E.P._Daingerfield" title="John E.P. Daingerfield">John E.P. Daingerfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Greene" title="Israel Greene">Israel Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Henry_Hoyt" title="George Henry Hoyt">George Henry Hoyt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Hunter_(lawyer)" title="Andrew Hunter (lawyer)">Andrew Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Jackson" title="Stonewall Jackson">Stonewall Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Robert E. Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_M._Mason" title="James M. Mason">James M. Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Parker_(congressman)" title="Richard Parker (congressman)">Richard Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendell_Phillips" title="Wendell Phillips">Wendell Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Realf" title="Richard Realf">Richard Realf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Redpath" title="James Redpath">James Redpath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sennott" title="George Sennott">George Sennott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heyward_Shepherd_monument" title="Heyward Shepherd monument">Heyward Shepherd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Lysander Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._Steuart_(militia_general)" title="George H. Steuart (militia general)">George H. Steuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._E._B._Stuart" title="J. E. B. Stuart">J. E. B. Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Washington" title="Lewis Washington">Lewis Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walt_Whitman" title="Walt Whitman">Walt Whitman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wise" title="Henry A. Wise">Henry A. Wise</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allstadt_House_and_Ordinary" title="Allstadt House and Ordinary">Allstadt House and Ordinary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B_%26_O_Railroad_Potomac_River_Crossing" title="B & O Railroad Potomac River Crossing">B & O Railroad Potomac River Crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beall-Air" title="Beall-Air">Beall-Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Town,_West_Virginia" title="Charles Town, West Virginia">Charles Town, West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibson-Todd_House" title="Gibson-Todd House">Gibson-Todd House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpers_Ferry_Armory" title="Harpers Ferry Armory">Harpers Ferry Armory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpers_Ferry,_West_Virginia" title="Harpers Ferry, West Virginia">Harpers Ferry, West Virginia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harpers_Ferry_Historic_District" title="Harpers Ferry Historic District">Historic District</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_Fort" title="John Brown's Fort">John Brown's Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Farm" class="mw-redirect" title="Kennedy Farm">Kennedy Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Hook,_Maryland" title="Sandy Hook, Maryland">Sandy Hook, Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winchester,_Virginia" title="Winchester, Virginia">Winchester, Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Afterwards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_Hymn_of_the_Republic" title="Battle Hymn of the Republic">Battle Hymn of the Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Winchester_Medical_College" title="Burning of Winchester Medical College">Burning of Winchester Medical College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpers_Ferry_National_Historical_Park" title="Harpers Ferry National Historical Park">Harpers Ferry National Historical Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heyward_Shepherd_monument" title="Heyward Shepherd monument">Heyward Shepherd monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(biography)" title="John Brown (biography)"><i>John Brown</i> (biography)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown_Farm_State_Historic_Site" title="John Brown Farm State Historic Site">John Brown Farm State Historic Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown_Farm,_Tannery_%26_Museum" title="John Brown Farm, Tannery & Museum">John Brown Farm, Tannery & Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Summit_County_Historical_Society_of_Akron,_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="The Summit County Historical Society of Akron, Ohio">John Brown House (Akron, Ohio)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown_Museum_(Osawatomie,_Kansas)" title="John Brown Museum (Osawatomie, Kansas)">John Brown Museum (Osawatomie, Kansas)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_body" title="John Brown's body">John Brown's body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_Body_(poem)" title="John Brown's Body (poem)"><i>John Brown's Body</i> (poem)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_Body" title="John Brown's Body"><i>John Brown's Body</i> (song)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_last_speech" title="John Brown's last speech">John Brown's last speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_Provisional_Constitution" title="John Brown's Provisional Constitution">John Brown's Provisional Constitution</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Days_of_John_Brown" title="The Last Days of John Brown">The Last Days of John Brown</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Moments_of_John_Brown" title="The Last Moments of John Brown">The Last Moments of John Brown</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Plea_for_Captain_John_Brown" title="A Plea for Captain John Brown">A Plea for Captain John Brown</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Remarks_After_the_Hanging_of_John_Brown" title="Remarks After the Hanging of John Brown">Remarks After the Hanging of John Brown</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tragic_Prelude" title="Tragic Prelude">Tragic Prelude</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Virginia_v._John_Brown" title="Virginia v. John Brown">Virginia v. John Brown</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism in the United States</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Amistad" title="La Amistad">La Amistad</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Black_Jack" title="Battle of Black Jack">Battle of Black Jack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Spurs_(Kansas)" title="Battle of the Spurs (Kansas)">Battle of the Spurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Bell" title="James Madison Bell">James Madison Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">Bleeding Kansas</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cloudsplitter" title="Cloudsplitter">Cloudsplitter</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Curry" class="mw-redirect" title="John Stuart Curry">John Stuart Curry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_DeBaptiste" title="George DeBaptiste">George DeBaptiste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson#Civil_War_years" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fire_on_the_Mountain_(Bisson_novel)" title="Fire on the Mountain (Bisson novel)">Fire on the Mountain</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wm._Lloyd_Garrison" class="mw-redirect" title="Wm. Lloyd Garrison">Wm. Lloyd Garrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Good_Lord_Bird" title="The Good Lord Bird"><i>The Good Lord Bird</i> (book, </a><a href="/wiki/The_Good_Lord_Bird_(miniseries)" title="The Good Lord Bird (miniseries)">miniseries)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">Haitian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_P._Lovejoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Elijah P. Lovejoy">Elijah P. Lovejoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marching_Song_(play)" title="Marching Song (play)"><i>Marching Song</i> (play)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Montgomery_(colonel)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Montgomery (colonel)">James Montgomery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Origins of the American Civil War">Origins of the American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Osawatomie" title="Battle of Osawatomie">Battle of Osawatomie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quindaro_Townsite" title="Quindaro Townsite">Quindaro Townsite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Pinkerton" title="Allan Pinkerton">Allan Pinkerton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottawatomie_massacre" title="Pottawatomie massacre">Pottawatomie massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_Trail_(film)" title="Santa Fe Trail (film)"><i>Santa Fe Trail</i> (film)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seven_Angry_Men" title="Seven Angry Men">Seven Angry Men</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storer_College" title="Storer College">Storer College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau#Later_years,_1851–1862" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman" title="Harriet Tubman">Harriet Tubman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat_Turner%27s_slave_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nat Turner's slave rebellion">Nat Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_Vesey" title="Denmark Vesey">Denmark Vesey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakarusa_War" title="Wakarusa War">Wakarusa War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walt_Whitman" title="Walt Whitman">Walt Whitman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winchester_and_Potomac_Railroad" title="Winchester and Potomac Railroad">Winchester and Potomac Railroad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q709002#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q709002#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q709002#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000080785901">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/121939938">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/52664/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJgRVBmK8YcjM3BKkr6dwC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118739336">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80038470">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15555501p">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15555501p">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p105047627">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/42gkn2wn275vn77">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810664195605606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/119610">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007266483005171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14035079">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA05294000?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1533204">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118739336.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118739336">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/058868240">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6w95f3m">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theodore_Parker&oldid=1245806273">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theodore_Parker&oldid=1245806273</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1810_births" title="Category:1810 births">1810 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1860_deaths" title="Category:1860 deaths">1860 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_deaths_from_tuberculosis" title="Category:19th-century deaths from tuberculosis">19th-century deaths from tuberculosis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Abolitionists_from_Boston" title="Category:Abolitionists from Boston">Abolitionists from Boston</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_people_of_English_descent" title="Category:American people of English descent">American people of English descent</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_temperance_activists" title="Category:American temperance activists">American temperance activists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_Unitarians" title="Category:American Unitarians">American Unitarians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Harvard_Divinity_School_alumni" title="Category:Harvard Divinity School alumni">Harvard Divinity School alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tuberculosis_deaths_in_Italy" title="Category:Tuberculosis deaths in Italy">Tuberculosis deaths in Italy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Transcendental_Club" title="Category:Members of the Transcendental Club">Members of the Transcendental Club</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Secret_Six" title="Category:Secret Six">Secret Six</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Infectious_disease_deaths_in_Tuscany" title="Category:Infectious disease deaths in Tuscany">Infectious disease deaths in Tuscany</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Biography_with_signature" title="Category:Biography with signature">Biography with signature</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards" title="Category:Articles with hCards">Articles with hCards</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_EB9" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from EB9">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from EB9</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Project_Gutenberg_links" title="Category:Articles with Project Gutenberg links">Articles with Project Gutenberg links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Internet_Archive_links" title="Category:Articles with Internet Archive links">Articles with Internet Archive links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 15 September 2024, at 06:47<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theodore_Parker&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-tfmgc","wgBackendResponseTime":141,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.862","walltime":"1.161","ppvisitednodes":{"value":6136,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":114728,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":4004,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":2,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":145196,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1014.902 1 -total"," 37.16% 377.113 1 Template:Reflist"," 18.44% 187.115 1 Template:Infobox_clergy"," 13.42% 136.220 14 Template:Cite_web"," 12.08% 122.596 1 Template:Short_description"," 8.54% 86.633 1 Template:John_Brown's_Raid_on_Harpers_Ferry"," 8.24% 83.667 1 Template:Navbox"," 6.77% 68.748 3 Template:Sister_project"," 6.61% 67.037 23 Template:Main_other"," 6.54% 66.405 3 Template:Side_box"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.520","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":10176179,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAnna_Leon-GuerreroKristine_Zentgraf2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCharles_Stephen2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChisholm1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDean_Grodzins\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlatowAnflick2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrodzins2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHankins2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames_Kendall_Hosmer1910\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKing1965\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKing1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKing1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFManker-Seale2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOfficial_guidebook_written_by_Pastore_Luigi_Santini,_published_by_the_Administration_of_the_Cimitero_agli_Allori_in_1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParker1841\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParkerCobbe1863\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaul_E._Teed2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShaw1901\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1885\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStiehm2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTheodore_Parker1850\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZinn2015\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Birth date\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite EB9\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 14,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Parker, Theodore\"] = 1,\n [\"Death date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"For\"] = 1,\n [\"Gutenberg author\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvp\"] = 33,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 5,\n [\"Infobox clergy\"] = 1,\n [\"Internet Archive author\"] = 1,\n [\"John Brown's Raid on Harpers Ferry\"] = 1,\n [\"Jstor\"] = 2,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Ulist\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 3,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikisource author\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-75c465f4c6-mhtx2","timestamp":"20241125141941","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Theodore Parker","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Theodore_Parker","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q709002","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q709002","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-01-11T03:36:21Z","dateModified":"2024-09-15T06:47:45Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/0a\/Theodore_Parker_BPL_c1855-crop.jpg","headline":"American transcendentalist, abolitionist and reforming minister (1810-1860)"}</script> </body> </html>